James Cook University scientists have helped invent a clever technique to tell black leopards apart - a trick that may end up saving their skins. 
 
 Scientists from JCU in Australia and others have been studying the leopards on the Malay Peninsula - where almost all of the big cats are jet black. 
 
 Experts have no idea why the leopards are black and, until recently, could not tell them apart, hindering research and conservation efforts. 
 
 But researchers have now devised a simple method to solve the problem by manipulating the mechanism of automatic cameras. 
 
 "Most automatic cameras have an infrared flash, but it's only activated at night", said Dr Gopalasamy Reuben Clements from JCU. "However, by blocking the camera's light sensor, we can fool the camera into thinking it's night even during the day, so it always flashes." 
 
 With the infrared flash firing, the seemingly black leopards suddenly showed complex patterns of spotting. These spots could be used to distinguish different animals, and help estimate the population size of the species. 
 
 The researchers tested this method in the north east of Peninsular Malaysia. "We found we could accurately identify 94% of the animals," said Dr Clements, who also works with a local research institute from Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. "This will allow us to study and monitor this population over time, which is critical for its conservation." 
 
 The researchers want to use their new method to study black leopards in other parts of Peninsular Malaysia where there is abundant prey but few leopards to be seen. It's thought widespread poaching is to blame. 
 
 "Many dead leopards bearing injuries inflicted by wire snares have been discovered in Malaysia," said Distinguished Professor William Laurance from James Cook University. He said that leopard skins and body parts are increasingly showing up in wildlife trading markets in places such as on the Myanmar-China border. 
 
 At the same time, suitable leopard habitats are disappearing faster in Malaysia than perhaps anywhere else in the world, as forests are felled for timber and replaced with oil palm and rubber plantations. 
 
 "Understanding how leopards are faring in an increasingly human-dominated world is vital," said Laurie Hedges from the University of Nottingham - Malaysia, lead author of a study on the cats just published in Journal of Wildlife Management. "This new approach gives us a novel tool to help save this unique and endangered animal." 
 
 Leopards, found from the frozen forests of Russia to the scorching sands of the Kalahari Desert, are the most widely distributed large cat on earth. Their iconic spotted coat has been admired and coveted by humans for millennia. 
 
 The black leopards of Peninsular Malaysia are extremely rare. "This is perhaps the only known example of a wild mammal with virtually an entire population composed of black individuals," said Laurie Hedges. 
 
 Black coloration--also known as 'melanism'--is found in some mammal species, especially big cats, where individuals that normally have patterns or colours in their coat are instead completely black. However, scientists have no idea why it predominates in the Malay Peninsula. 
 
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 Black leopard near road in the Kenyir Wildlife Corridor. Photo by: William Yap. 
 
 The black panther has a mythical aura: Rudyard Kipling chose the animal for one of his heroes in, in the 1970s it became the symbol of an African-American socialist party, while comic guru Stan Lee selected the stunning feline for his first black superhero. But the real black panther isn't an actual species, instead it's a rare dark pigmentation found most commonly in leopards, but also occasionally in jaguars and other wild cats. The rarity of the black panther—not to mention its striking appearance—has added to their mystery. However, recent studies have found that black panthers, in this case 'black leopards,' are astoundingly common in one part of the world: the Malayan peninsula."In the same way a genetic mutation can cause some individuals within a species to display albino characteristics, black panthers are simply individuals that have a genotype causing a uniformly black coloration on their coat," Laurie Hedges, a carnivore researcher working with the non-profit research group Rimba , told mongabay.com in a recent interview. "In total 13 species of wild felids have been documented with 'melanistic' or black forms, but apart from the difference in coloration, they are still the same species as their patterned counter parts."Rimba, which means 'jungle' in Malay, is currently conducing camera trapping in two wildlife corridors in Malaysia: the Kenyir Wildlife Corridor and the Bintang Hijau Wildlife Corridors. The camera trapping research, headed by Rimba's co-founder Gopalasamy Reuben Clements, has so far taken some astounding images and even video of the black leopard (see below). Here, black leopards are actually the dominant form of leopard. A complete reversal from what occurs across the rest of the leopard's massive range."The Malay Peninsula is entirely unique—nowhere else in the world do melanistic individuals constitute almost the entire leopard population," says Hedges, who points to a 2010 study by Kawanishi et al in the Journal of Zoology which, "revealed that while leopards north of the Isthmus of kra between the Thai and Malay peninsula are mainly spotted, almost all records of leopards south of this famous ecological transition zone are melanistic."No one is entirely sure why this is the case, however it may be a combination of natural selection—i.e. black leopards survive better in this forest due to their type of camouflage—and genetics within the local population simply straying over time toward melanistic individuals.Clements and his team are putting together a proposal to work with infrared camera traps to identify individual black leopards with the end goal of compiling a population estimate. The infrared makes the leopard's spots, hidden beneath the dark coat, stand out in photos, allowing scientists to tell individuals apart."We are quite excited as, to our knowledge, this will be the first study investigating the population density of melanistic leopards in Malaysia," says Clements who is affiliated with James Cook University and University of Malaya.But even with its imposing presence and the mythos surrounding it, black panthers are in no way secure. Like all of the world's great cats, leopards—whether black or spotted—face numerous perils."The threats to black leopards are similar to those faced by other large mammals in the area, which are mainly habitat loss and poaching," notes Clements. "Large tracts of forests were recently cleared for a hydroelectric dam in the corridor, while poachers from Indochina still roam the forests and set snares targeting tigers."There has been good news recently, however, as the state government froze all development along the Kenyir Wildlife Corridor pending a government study. If Malaysia's rainforests are preserved and anti-poaching laws enforced, this kingdom of the black panther may reign long.AN INTERVIEW WITH LAURIE HEDGES AND GOPALASAMY REUBEN CLEMENTSThe term "black panther" can actually refer to a number of different species of the felid genus Panthera such as the jaguar or leopard. In the same way a genetic mutation can cause some individuals within a species to display albino characteristics, black panthers are simply individuals that have a genotype causing a uniformly black coloration on their coat. As such, they are not considered a species. In total 13 species of wild felids have been documented with "melanistic" or black forms, but apart from the difference in coloration, they are still the same species as their patterned counter parts. The only 'black panther' recorded in Peninsular Malaysia so far has been the black leopard ().While melanistic individuals of leopards can be found across its range, the Malay Peninsula is entirely unique - nowhere else in the world do melanistic individuals constitute almost the entire leopard population. A study by Kawanishi et al. 2010 in the Journal of Zoology, revealed that while leopards north of the Isthmus of kra between the Thai and Malay peninsula are mainly spotted, almost all records of leopards south of this famous ecological transition zone are melanistic. However in 2010, researchers from the Wildlife Conservation Society and Panthera recorded a spotted leopard on their camera traps down in the southernmost state of Johor! So the Malay Peninsula is a really exciting place to study the evolutionary and genetic processes driving melanism in leopards.This has been something of a mystery. One hypothesis is that having a black coat may confer some kind of selective advantage to melanistic leopards. In Malaysia, for example, there is competition for prey between leopards and the Malayan tiger. Perhaps light conditions caused by a dense rainforest canopy allowed darker leopards to be more concealed and hence successful at hunting prey than spotted ones. Another theory is that a population crash of leopards in the region at some period may have left a few surviving individuals which, by chance, may have been black. This crash may have been caused by the super eruption of Mount Toba in Sumatra 74,000 years ago or changing sea levels. The remnant population would have created a "founder effect," where offspring would inherit the genes of these few "founders." Alternatively, the genetic make-up of the population could have simply ‘drifted’ by chance towards melanism, due to the isolation from other leopards north of the Isthmus. Scientists believe that a combination of natural selection and random genetic drift probably resulted in today’s prevalence of melanistic leopards in Peninsular Malaysia.CONSERVATION OF THE BLACK LEOPARDWe still do not know if the Kenyir Wildlife Corridor is important for black leopards because a population density estimate for this species has yet to be determined in Malaysia. Based on our camera trap surveys so far, however, we do know that the Kenyir Wildlife Corridor is important for wild cat conservation—six out of eight of Peninsular Malaysia’s wild cat species can be found here, including the black leopard.We are currently working with the Terengganu State Government to improve the protection of this corridor, which is still threatened by habitat loss and poaching. We are happy that the state government has so far been receptive to our recommendations and has stepped up its commitment to protect the state’s natural heritage. For example, the state recently froze all development along the highway bisecting the corridor after we showed them the diversity of wildlife species detected by our camera traps in Kenyir. We are also currently working with the state wildlife and forestry departments to improve the enforcement capacity of the state to deter poaching in the corridor.The threats to black leopards are similar to those faced by other large mammals in the area, which are mainly habitat loss and poaching. Large tracts of forests were recently cleared for a hydroelectric dam in the corridor, while poachers from Indochina still roam the forests and set snares targeting tigers. There is hope however as the Terengganu state government has laudably stepped up efforts to address these threats in the corridor.We have been using infrared camera traps since 2010 to document the richness of mammals in the Kenyir Wildlife Corridor. We plan to continue our camera trapping surveys in Kenyir to provide long-term data for the Terengganu state government. Camera traps allow us to identify cat individuals with unique individual patterns such as tigers and clouded leopards. However, the uniform black coloration of the leopards makes identifying them from color photos quite impossible. As our camera traps are equipped with infrared light, the "rosette" spot patterns on their coat have become much clearer and we are now confident of identifying leopard individuals.We hope to determine population density estimates of the black leopard and other carnivore species in the Kenyir Wildlife Corridor, which can then be used as a baseline to compare with in later years. We are quite excited as, to our knowledge, this will be the first study investigating the population density of melanistic leopards in Malaysia. Ultimately, a long-term monitoring program in Kenyir would help us measure the effectiveness of our management interventions.To date, 43 mammal species have been recorded by our camera trap in this corridor, including 18 threatened mammal species according to the IUCN Red list. Also, at least 290 bird species have been documented in Kenyir, including 9 out 10 of Peninsular Malaysia’s hornbill species. Unfortunately, almost a quarter of the total, or 66 bird species, are threatened according to the IUCN. Finally, two species of the world's largest flower, the Rafflesia, can be found in this corridor. The Kenyir Wildlife Corridor therefore contains a large proportion of Terengganu’s natural heritage that we want to help preserve as much as possible. 
 
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– Black leopards may owe thanks to a team of scientists at Australia’s James Cook University. The rare leopards, an endangered species living on the Malay Peninsula, have been hard to identify because each one appeared the same—until now. The researchers discovered that the big cats actually have complex designs of spotting when viewed through an infrared flash, according to a press release. "Most automatic cameras have an infrared flash, but it's only activated at night," says a researcher on the project. "However, by blocking the camera's light sensor, we can fool the camera into thinking it's night even during the day, so it always flashes." The spots make it easier for humans to identify and track black leopards, which should save more leopard lives. "Understanding how leopards are faring in an increasingly human-dominated world is vital," says lead author Laurie Hedges. Few leopards actually live on the Malay Peninsula, perhaps due to poaching, while wire snares are killing them and wildlife markets are selling leopard body parts and skins. The rapid elimination of Malaysian forests is also depriving leopards of suitable habitats. The black panther—or leopard in Asia and Africa—has long had a "mythical aura" dating back to Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book and Stan Lee's creation of the Black Panther superhero, Mongabay.com reports. Another neat fact: The black leopard is "perhaps the only known example of a wild mammal with virtually an entire population composed of black individuals," says Hedges. (See how "sexed-up bachelor birds" could save their species.)