GOP potential presidential candidate Wisconsin Gov. Scott Walker, who is expected to announce his candidacy next month, attends the Road to Majority 2015 convention, Saturday June 20, 2015, in Washington.... (Associated Press) 
 
 WASHINGTON (AP) — Mitt Romney, the Republican nominee for president in 2012, called for the immediate removal of the Confederate battle flag from outside the South Carolina Statehouse, scrambling the 2016 GOP presidential contenders into staking a position on a contentious cultural issue. 
 
 Some still steered clear from the sensitive debate, even after the shooting deaths of nine people in a historic African-American church in Charleston further exposed the raw emotions about the flying the flag. 
 
 Many see the Confederate flag as "a symbol of racial hatred," Romney tweeted on Saturday. "Remove it now to honor #Charleston victims." 
 
 The former Massachusetts governor joins President Barack Obama and civil rights leaders in calling for the flag to come down as the nation grapples with Wednesday's murders. The man charged with the crimes, Dylann Storm Roof, held the Confederate flag in a photograph on a website and displayed the flags of defeated white-supremacist governments in Africa on his Facebook page. 
 
 Romney's statement prompted most of the Republican Party's leading presidential contenders to weigh in on flying the Confederate battle flag, although few took a definitive position one way or the other. Many instead expressed personal dislike for the flag, but suggested it was up to the people of South Carolina to decide. 
 
 Former Florida Gov. Jeb Bush said Saturday his position is clear: "In Florida we acted, moving the flag from the state grounds to a museum where it belonged," he said in a statement provided to The Associated Press, referring to his 2001 order to remove the Confederate battle flag from the grounds of the historic Old Capitol building. 
 
 "Following a period of mourning there will rightly be a discussion among leaders in the state about how South Carolina should move forward, and I'm confident they will do the right thing," Bush said. 
 
 Wisconsin Gov. Scott Walker declined to offer his position. "I think they're going to have a good, healthy debate — and should have a healthy debate in South Carolina amongst officials at the state level," he told reporters after a speech Saturday night in Washington. "I think out of deference, before we have that discussion, we should allow the families of the loved ones to bury their dead." 
 
 South Carolina was the last state to fly the Confederate battle flag from its Capitol dome. A compromise in 2000 moved the flag to a 30-foot flagpole elsewhere on Statehouse grounds, where it has been flying at full staff. 
 
 The debate holds political risks for Republicans eager to win over South Carolina conservatives who support the display of the battle flag on public grounds. The state will host the nation's third presidential primary contest in February, a critical contest in the 2016 race. 
 
 South Carolina Sen. Lindsey Graham, one of four Republican senators running for president, told CNN he's open to revisiting the decision to use the flag, but it "is a part of who we are." 
 
 Former technology executive Carly Fiorina said Saturday she agrees the flag is a "symbol of racial hatred" yet declined to call for its removal, saying her "personal opinion is not what's relevant here." 
 
 Texas Sen. Ted Cruz said the last thing the people of South Carolina need is "people from outside of the state coming in and dictating how they should resolve it," Cruz said in a statement provided to The Associated Press. 
 
 He said he understands both sides of the debate — including those who see the flag as a symbol of "racial oppression and a history of slavery" and "those who want to remember the sacrifices of their ancestors and the traditions of their states — not the racial oppression, but the historical traditions." 
 
 Ohio Gov. John Kasich said it's ultimately "up to the people of South Carolina to decide, but if I were a citizen of South Carolina I'd be for taking it down." 
 
 Spokesmen for most of the other Republican presidential contenders also either ignored such questions or formally declined to comment. They include Louisiana Gov. Bobby Jindal, former Arkansas Gov. Mike Huckabee, businessman Donald Trump and Sens. Rand Paul and Marco Rubio. 
 
 Democrats have been more willing to offer their opinions. 
 
 A White House spokesman said Friday that Obama continues to believe the flag belongs in a museum. Democratic presidential contender Hillary Rodham Clinton has yet to address the issue this week, but in 2007 called for the flag's removal, in part because the nation should unite under one banner while at war. 
 
 ___ 
 
 Associated Press writers Jill Colvin in Philadelphia and Lisa Lerer in Washington contributed to this report. 
 
 ___ 
 
 Follow Steve Peoples on Twitter at: http://twitter.com/sppeoples 
 
 ___ 
 
 This story has been corrected to show that the controversy is over the Confederate battle flag, not the Confederate Stars and Bars. ||||| Take down the # ConfederateFlag at the SC Capitol. To many, it is a symbol of racial hatred. Remove it now to honor # Charleston victims. ||||| Hunter tells us what to do in foreign policy debates. Huckabee's compassionate and lost a lot of weight. Tancredo says let's build a fence across the whole Southwest. McCain is loved by many, and hated by the rest. (Laughter.) 
 
 We don't know who we're voting for. We don't know who will win. That's why use YouTube to ask our questions of these men. Time is short. We're voting soon, and I just thought I'd mention: If we don't reach consensus, then we'll decide at convention. (Applause.) 
 
 MR. COOPER: All right. 
 
 You've got a guitar, right? Yeah. 
 
 All right. Enough of the singing, enough of the snowmen,. Let's begin the debate. From one tough-talking New Yorker, a question to another tough-talking New Yorker. 
 
 Q This is Ernie Nardy (sp) from Dyker Heights in Brooklyn, New York, with a question for the Ex-Mayor Giuliani. Under your administration as well as others, New York City was operated as a sanctuary city, aiding and abetting illegal aliens. I would like to know, if you become president of the United States, will you continue to aid and abet the flight of illegal aliens into this country? 
 
 MR. COOPER: Mayor Giuliani? 
 
 MR. GUILIANI: Ernie, that was a very good question. And the reality is that New York City was not a sanctuary city. (Audio break) -- single illegal immigrant that New York City could find that either committed a crime or was suspected of a crime. That was in the executive order originally done by Ed Koch, continued by David Dinkins and then done by me. 
 
 And the reason for the confusion is, there were three areas in which New York City made an exception. New York City allowed the children of illegal immigrants to go to school. If we didn't allow the children of illegal immigrants to go to school, we would have had 70,000 children on the streets at a time in which New York City was going through a massive crime wave, averaging 2,000 murders a year, 10,000 felonies a week. 
 
 The only two exceptions related to care -- emergency care in the hospital and being able to report crimes. If we didn't allow illegals to report crimes, a lot of criminals would have gone free because they're the ones who had the information. 
 
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 But the most important point is, we reported thousands and thousands and thousands of names of illegal immigrants who committed crimes to the immigration service. 
 
 They did not deport them. And what we did, the policies that we had were necessary because the federal policies weren't working. The federal policies weren't working, stopping people coming in to the United States. 
 
 If I were president of the United States, I could do something about that by deploying a fence, by deploying a virtual fence, by having a BorderStat system like my COMSTAT system that brought down crime in New York and just stopping people from coming in, and then having a tamper-proof ID card. 
 
 MR. COOPER: Governor Romney, was New York a sanctuary city? 
 
 MR. ROMNEY: Absolutely. Called itself a sanctuary city, and as a matter of fact, when the Welfare Reform Act that President Clinton brought forward said that they were going to end the sanctuary policy of New York City, the mayor brought a suit to maintain its sanctuary city status. And the idea that they reported any illegal alien that committed a crime, how about the fact that people who are here illegally are violating the law. They didn't report everybody they found that was here illegally, and -- (interrupted by cheers, applause) -- this -- this just happens to be a difference between Mayor Giuliani and myself and probably others on the stage as well, which is we're going to have to recognize in this country that we welcome people here legally. But the mayor said, and I quote almost verbatim, which is, if you happen to be in this country in an undocumented status -- and that means you're here illegally -- then we welcome you here. We want you here. We'll protect you here. That's the wrong attitude. Instead we should say, if you're illegally, you should not be here; we're not going to give you benefits other than those required by the law, like health care and education. And that's the course we're going to have to pursue. 
 
 MR. COOPER: Mayor Giuliani? 
 
 MR. GIULIANI: It's unfortunate, but Mitt generally criticizes people in a situation in which he's had far the worst record. For example, in his case, there were six sanctuary cities; he did nothing about them. There was even a sanctuary mansion. At his own home illegal immigrants were being employed -- (laughter, cheers, applause) -- not -- not -- not being turned in to anybody or by anyone. 
 
 And then, when he deputized the police, he did it two weeks before he was going to leave office, and they never seemed to even catch the illegal immigrants who were working at his mansion. So I would say he had sanctuary mansion, not just sanctuary city. (Cheers, applause.) 
 
 MR. COOPER: All right. I got to allow Governor Romney just to respond, then we'll move on. 
 
 MR. ROMNEY: Mayor, you know better than that. 
 
 MR. GIULIANI: No, I -- 
 
 MR. ROMNEY: Yeah? Okay, then let -- then listen, all right? Then listen. First of all -- 
 
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 MR. GIULIANI: You did -- you did -- you did have illegal immigrants working at your mansion, didn't you? 
 
 MR. ROMNEY: No, I did not. So let's just talk about that. 
 
 Are you suggesting, Mr. Mayor -- because I -- I think it's really kind of offensive, actually, to suggest -- to say look, you know what, if -- if you're a homeowner and you hire a company to come provide a service at your home -- paint the home, put on the roof -- if you hear someone that's working out there -- not that you've employed, but that the company has -- if you hear someone with a funny accent, you as a homeowner are supposed to go out there and say, I want to see your papers? Is that what you're suggesting? 
 
 MR. GIULIANI: What I -- what I'm suggesting is if you -- 
 
 MR. ROMNEY: No, no, let's -- that's -- that's what -- (inaudible). 
 
 MR. GIULIANI: -- if you -- if you -- if -- if you are -- if you are going to -- (cheers, applause) -- 
 
 MR. ROMNEY: Let me -- let me just -- 
 
 MR. GIULIANI: If you -- if you are going to take -- 
 
 MR. ROMNEY: Let me finish the rest of my story. 
 
 MR. GIULIANI: If you're going to take -- 
 
 MR. ROMNEY: Let me finish the rest of -- 
 
 MR. COOPER: No, you asked him a question, let him respond, and we got to move on. 
 
 MR. GIULIANI: If you're going to take this holier-than-thou attitude that your whole approach to immigration was so -- was so -- 
 
 MR. ROMNEY: I'm sorry, immigration is not holier-than-thou, Mayor; it's the law. 
 
 MR. GIULIANI: You're going to take a holier-than-thou attitude that you are perfect on immigration -- 
 
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 MR. ROMNEY: I'm not perfect. 
 
 MR. GIULIANI: It just so happens that you have a special immigration problem that nobody else here has. (Laughter.) You were employing illegal immigrants. 
 
 MR. ROMNEY: You know, one -- one -- 
 
 MR. GIULIANI: That is a pretty serious thing. (Applause.) They were under your nose. (Applause.) And -- 
 
 MR. COOPER: All right, we need to -- 
 
 MR. GIULIANI: -- and -- and -- 
 
 MR. ROMNEY: I ask the mayor again: Are you suggesting, Mayor, that if you have a company that you hired to provide a service -- 
 
 REP. HUNTER (?): Cooper, let us jump in here. 
 
 MR. ROMNEY: -- that you now are responsible for going out and checking the employees of that company, particularly those that -- that might look different or don't -- doesn't have an accent like yours, and ask for their papers? I don't think that's America, number one. 
 
 Number two, let me -- 
 
 MR. COOPER: We got to move on. 
 
 MR. ROMNEY: -- let me tell you what I did as governor. I said no to drivers' licenses for illegals. I said, number two, we're going to make sure that those that come here don't get a tuition break in our schools, which -- I disagree with other folks on that one. (Applause.) 
 
 Number three, number three, I applied to have our state police enforce the immigration laws in May, seven months before I was out of office. It took the federal government a long time to get the approvals. 
 
 MR. COOPER: Okay -- 
 
 MR. ROMNEY: And we enforced the law, and Massachusetts is not a sanctuary state. And the -- the policies of the mayor of pursuing a sanctuary nation or pursuing a sanctuary city are frankly wrong. 
 
 MR. COOPER: We've got a number -- 
 
 MR. GIULIANI: It's -- 
 
 MR. COOPER: -- we've got a number of questions from our viewers on this topic. So where -- we have a lot more to talk about on this. (Applause.) You will have another chance to respond. 
 
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 MR. GIULIANI: And it is really hard -- it's really hard to have employer sanctions. (Booing.) 
 
 MR. COOPER: All right. 
 
 MR. GIULIANI: It's really hard to have employer sanctions. (Booing.) 
 
 MR. COOPER: Okay. Let's play next video from the same topic. 
 
 MICHAEL WEITZ (Franklin, New Jersey): Good evening. There are thousands of people in Canada and Mexico waiting to come to America legally. They want to become American citizens. They want to be part of the American dream. Yet there are those in the Senate that want to grant amnesty for those that come here illegally. Will you pledge tonight, if elected president, to veto any immigration bill that involves amnesty for those that have come here illegally? Thank you. (Applause.) 
 
 MR. COOPER: Senator Thompson? 
 
 MR. THOMPSON: Yes, I'd pledge that. A nation that cannot and will not defend its own borders will not forever remain a sovereign nation. And it's unfair -- (applause) -- we have -- we have thousands of people standing in line at embassies around the world to become United States American citizens, to come here, to get a green card, to come here and to assimilate and be a part of our culture. 
 
 They are part of what has made our country great, some of our better citizens. We all know them and love them. Nowit'sour country together, theirs and ours now together. It's ourhome. And we now get to decide who comes into our home. And to placesomebody above them or in front of them in line is the wrong thing todo. We've got to strengthen the border, we've got to enforce theborder, we've got to punish employers -- the employers who will not obeythe law, and we've got to eliminate sanctuary cities and say tosanctuary cities, if you continue this we're going to cut off federalfunding for you; you're not going to do it with federal money. (Applause.) 
 
 Now, there are parts of what both of these gentlemen have just said that I would like to associate myself with. First of all, of course, Governor Romney supported the Bush immigration plan until a short time ago. Now he's taken another position, surprisingly. (Laughter.) 
 
 MR. : (Inaudible.) 
 
 MR. THOMPSON: As far as Mayor Giuliani is concerned, I am a little surprised the mayor says, you know, everybody's responsible for everybody that they hire, but we'll have to address that a little bit further later. I think we've all had people, probably, that we have hired that in retrospect probably it was a bad decision. 
 
 (Inaudible cross talk.) 
 
 He did have -- he did have a sanctuary city. In 1996 I helped pass the bill outlawing sanctuary cities. The mayor went to court to overturn it. So if it wasn't a sanctuary city, I'd call that a frivolous lawsuit. (Laughter.) 
 
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 (Audio break.) 
 
 MR. COOPER: (Inaudible) -- allow you to respond. Thirty seconds, please. 
 
 MR. GIULIANI: New York City was not a sanctuary city. New York City did three exceptions. The three exceptions were to allow children to go to school; to allow those illegal immigrants who were the victims of crimes to report the person who assaulted them, beat them up, mugged them; and third, to allow emergency care in the hospitals, which we were required to do by federal law. 
 
 We had a policy of reporting every single illegal immigrant, other than those three, who committed any kind of crime -- 
 
 MR. COOPER: Time. 
 
 MR. GIULIANI: -- or were suspected of crime, and we reported thousands of them to the immigration service and few of them were deported. 
 
 MR. COOPER: Senator McCain, let me bring you back to the question that was asked by the YouTube user. Would you be willing to veto any immigration bill that involves amnesty for those who have come here illegally? 
 
 SEN. MCCAIN: Yes, of course, and we never proposed amnesty. But you know -- 
 
 HECKLER: (Off mike.) 
 
 SEN. MCCAIN: -- this whole debate -- 
 
 MR. COOPER: Come on. Please, let him answer. 
 
 SEN. MCCAIN: You know, this whole debate saddens me a little bit because we do have a serious situation in America. In 1986, we passed a law that said we would enforce our borders and gave amnesty to a couple million people. We gave the amnesty, now we have 12 million people and still borders that are not enforced. 
 
 I came to the Senate not to do the easy things, but to do the hard things. Mel Martinez and I knew that this was going to be a tough issue, but we thought the status quo was unacceptable -- broken borders, 12 million people here illegally, a need for a temporary worker program certainly in my state in the agricultural sector, certainly in the state of Florida. And we tried to get something done. We said we'd enforce the borders. The American people didn't believe us. They don't believe us because of our failure in Katrina, our failure in Iraq, our failures in -- reining in corruption and out- of-control spending. So we tried and we failed. 
 
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 And I appreciate the president's efforts. He comes from a border state, too. And what we've learned is that the American people -- 
 
 MR. COOPER: Time. 
 
 SEN. MCCAIN: -- want the borders enforced. We mustenforce the -- secure the bordersfirst. 
 
 But then you've still got two otheraspects of this issue that have to be resolved as well. And we sit -- we need to sitdown -- 
 
 MR. COOPER: Okay, time. 
 
 SEN. MCCAIN: -- as Americans and recognize these are God's children as well and they need some protections under the law and they need -- (applause) -- and they -- they need some of our love and compassion. 
 
 MR. COOPER: Thank you, sir. 
 
 SEN. MCCAIN: And I want to ensure you that I'll enforce the borders first, but as president of the United States, we'll solve this immigration problem and we won't demagogue it and we won't -- 
 
 MR. COOPER: Thank you. 
 
 SEN. MCCAIN: -- have sanctuary cities and we won't have all this other rhetoric that unfortunately -- 
 
 MR. COOPER: Thank you. 
 
 SEN. MCCAIN: -- contributes nothing to the national dialogue. (Applause.) 
 
 MR. COOPER: Thank you, Senator. 
 
 Michael Weitz, who actually asked that question, is here in the audience. Michael, do you feel you got an answer? 
 
 Advertisement Continue reading the main story 
 
 MICHAEL WEITZ: Am I happy with the answer? 
 
 MR. COOPER: Yeah. 
 
 MR. WEITZ: One yes, one no and one sort of. (Laughter.) 
 
 MR. COOPER: All right. Appreciate you -- 
 
 MR. WEITZ: (Inaudible.) 
 
 MR. COOPER: (Laughs.) I -- well, Congressman Tancredo? 
 
 REP. TANCREDO: Yeah, well, I tell you, this has been wonderful. I -- and Senator McCain may not be happy with this -- the spirit of this debate. As -- for a guy who usually stands on the bookend -- here -- side and just listens all the time, that's kind of frustrating, you know, in other debates. I have to tell you, so far it's been wonderful -- (laughter) -- because -- because all I've heard is -- is -- is people trying to out-Tancredo Tancredo. (Laughter.) It is great. I am so happy to hear it. (Applause.) It is a wonderful thing, and it's a good message. Yes, we want to secure the borders. And -- 
 
 MR. COOPER: Our next question is actually directly to you, so let's bring it up. (Laughter.) 
 
 REP. TANCREDO: Let me go ahead and answer it. Next question. 
 
 MR. COOPER: All right. 
 
 JACK BROOKS (CAMBRIDGE, MARYLAND): Hammered by competition with imports, our family owned business struggles each year to find seasonal groceries. 
 
 Q We've been working with a seasonal guest-worker program, the H2-B program, bringing in and sending home workers every year. With Congress failing to enact a comprehensive immigration and guest- worker bill -- 
 
 Q I want to know -- 
 
 Q (In Spanish.) 
 
 Q I want to know whether I'll have a job next year. 
 
 Q And what are you going to do to keep these guest workers coming to the U.S. to save our business? 
 
 MR. COOPER: Congressman Tancredo? 
 
 REP. TANCREDO: Okay. The gist of the question, as I understand it, is what I'm going to do to stop guest workers from coming in here? 
 
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 MR. COOPER: No, no, to help. 
 
 REP. TANCREDO: To aid it? 
 
 MR. COOPER: This small business needs guest workers. 
 
 REP. TANCREDO: I'm sorry. I could not hear that. I'm sorry. 
 
 Well, I'll tell you, I'm not going to aid any more immigration into this country, because in fact immigration -- (applause) -- massive immigration into the country -- massive immigration, both legal and illegal, does a couple of things. One of it is makes it difficult for us to assimilate. The other thing is that it does take jobs -- I reject the idea -- I reject the idea categorically that there are jobs that, quote, "no American will take." I reject it. (Applause.) 
 
 Now what they will do -- what you can say -- what you absolutely can say that is truthful is that there are no -- there are no -- there are some jobs Americans won't take for what I can get an illegal immigrant to do that job. Yeah, that's true. (Applause.) But -- but am I going to feel sorry if a business has to increase its wages in order for somebody in this country to make a good living? No, I don't feel sorry about that, and I won't apologize for it for a moment. And there are plenty of Americans who will do those jobs. (Applause.) 
 
 MR. COOPER: Congressman Hunter? 
 
 REP. HUNTER: Yeah. Super -- super -- a great debate. It's nice to listen to -- to lots of statements about what the other candidates will do with respect to the borders. 
 
 I built that border fence in San Diego, and it does work. (Cheers, applause.) It's a -- (off mike). 
 
 Well, you know, we built a double fence. We had the number-one smugglers' corridor in America, with most of the illegal aliens and most of the drugs that came into the entire country coming in through that number-one corridor between Tijuana, Mexico, and San Diego, California. 
 
 We built the double border fence with a road in between, and we reduced the smuggling of people and drugs by more than 90 percent. And as a result of that, the crime rate -- (applause) -- the crime rate in the city of San Diego went down by 53 percent by FBI statistic. 
 
 And a result of that, I wrote the law that the president signed last October 26, incidentally, passed the Senate 80 to 19, that mandates 854 miles of double border fence across Arizona, New Mexico and Texas. Now the administration has $800 million -- 
 
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 MR. COOPER: Time. 
 
 REP. HUNTER: -- on hand right now, cash on hand; they haven't built a linear inch of that fence in Texas. And as president of the United States, I would build the double border fence, all 854 miles, in six months. 
 
 MR. COOPER: Next question is -- 
 
 REP. HUNTER: That's my commitment. (Cheers, applause.) 
 
 MR. COOPER: -- on immigration as well, and it's going go for Governor Huckabee. Let's watch. 
 
 Q Governor Huckabee, as governor in Arkansas, you gave illegal aliens a discount for college in Arkansas by allowing them to pay lower in-state tuition rates. However, we have thousands of military members currently serving our country in Iraq with children at home. If these children chose to move to Arkansas to attend college, they would have to pay three times the tuition rate that illegal aliens pay. Would you support a federal law which would require any state to give these tuition rates to illegal aliens to give the same rate to the children of our military members? 
 
 MR. COOPER: Governor Huckabee, you have 90 seconds. 
 
 MR. HUCKABEE: Thank you very much. 
 
 Ashley, first of all, let me just express that you're a little misinformed. We never passed a bill that gave special privileges to the children of illegals to go to college. 
 
 Now, let me tell you what I did do. I supported a bill that would have allowed those children who had been in our schools their entire school life the opportunity to have the same scholarship that their peers had who had also gone to high school with them and sat in the same classrooms. They couldn't just move in in their senior year and go to college. It wasn't about out-of-state tuition; it was an academic meritorious scholarship called the Academic Challenge Scholarship. 
 
 Now, let me tell you a couple of provisions of it. 
 
 And by the way, it didn't pass. It passed the House, but gotin the Senate and got caught up in the same kind of controversy thatthis country's caught up in. 
 
 Here's what happened. This billwould have said that if youcame here not because you made the choice but because your parents did, that we're not going to punish a child because the parent committeda crime. That's not what we typically do in this country. It said that if you'd sat in our schools from the time you're 5 or 6 years oldand you had become an A-plus student, you completed the corecurriculum, you were an exceptional student, and you also had to be drugand alcohol free, and the other provision, you had to be applyingfor citizenship. 
 
 It accomplished two thing that we knew we wanted to do, and that is, number one, bring people from illegal status to legal status; and the second thing, we wanted people to be taxpayers, not tax takers, and that's what that provision did. 
 
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 And finally, would we give that provision to the children of veterans personally? What we've done with not just the children of veterans but, most importantly, veterans, is disgraceful in this country. And that's why I've proposed a Veterans Bill of Rights that, if anything, would give our veterans the most -- 
 
 MR. COOPER: Time. 
 
 MR. HUCKABEE: -- exceptional privileges of all, because they are the ones who have earned all of our freedom, every single one of them. (Cheers, applause.) 
 
 MR. COOPER: Governor Romney, you called -- you called Governor Huckabee a liberal on immigration. 
 
 (Applause for Mr. Huckabee continues.) 
 
 MR. ROMNEY: Well, you know, I like Mike, and I heard what he just said. But he basically said that he fought for giving scholarships to illegal aliens. And he had a great reason for doing so. It reminds me of what it's like talking to liberals in Massachusetts. All right? They have great reasons for taking taxpayer money and using it for things they think are the right thing to do. 
 
 Mike, that's not your money. That's the taxpayers' money. (Cheers, applause.) And the right thing here is to say to people that are here legally as citizens or legal aliens, we're going to help you. 
 
 But if you're here illegally, you ought to be able to return home or get in line with everybody else, but illegals are -- are not going to get taxpayer-funded breaks that are better than our own citizens', those that come from other states or those that come here -- (inaudible). 
 
 MR. COOPER: You have 30 seconds to respond. 
 
 MR. HUCKABEE: Well, but they didn't get something better; they had to earn it. 
 
 And you know something, I worked my way through college. I started work when I was 14 and I had to pay my own way through, and I know how hard it was to get that degree. I'm standing here tonight on this stage because I got an education. If I hadn't had the education, I wouldn't be standing on this stage. I might be picking lettuce. I might be a person who needed government support rather than who was giving so much money in taxes I want to get rid of the tax code that we've got and make it really different. 
 
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 MR. ROMNEY: I -- 
 
 MR. HUCKABEE: Mitt, let me finish. No, let me finish, Mitt. 
 
 MR. COOPER: Time. 
 
 MR. HUCKABEE: In all due respect, we're a better country than to punish children for what their parents did. We're a better country than that. (Cheers, applause.) 
 
 MR. COOPER: We've got another question -- we've got one more question for -- 
 
 MR. ROMNEY: I get -- I get a chance to just respond to that. 
 
 We're not punishing children for what their parents did. And I respect the fact that you worked your way through college and it got you to where you are. That's wonderful. A lot of people in this country do tremendous things to get their education. 
 
 But the question is, are we going to give taxpayer-funded benefits to kids that are here illegally and put them ahead of kids that are here legally? There's only so much money to go around -- 
 
 MR. HUCKABEE: No -- (inaudible) -- (number of scholarships ?), Mitt. 
 
 MR. ROMNEY: -- and we decide -- there's only so much money to go around -- let me finish too. 
 
 MR. HUCKABEE: Well, let's just be factual. 
 
 MR. COOPER: You've got 30 seconds. Your time's up. 
 
 MR. ROMNEY: There's only so much money. Are we going to say that kids that are here illegally are going to get a special deal? Are they going to get a deal better than other kids? Do they get benefits by virtue of coming here illegally? And the answer is no. 
 
 MR. HUCKABEE: No, they've got to earn it. That was the difference. They had to earn it by their record. 
 
 MR. ROMNEY: They had to be here illegally. 
 
 MR. COOPER: We've got another question from a YouTube watcher. Let's watch. 
 
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 Q Good evening, candidates. This is Seepser (ph) from Arlington, Texas, and this question's for Ron Paul. 
 
 Now, I've met a lot of your supporters online, but I've noticed that a good number of them seem to buy into this conspiracy theory regarding the Council on Foreign Relations and some plan to make a North American Union by merging the United States with Canada and Mexico. These supporters of yours seem to think that you also believe in this theory. 
 
 So my question to you is, do you really believe in all this, or are people just putting words in yourmouth? 
 
 MR. COOPER: (Off mike) -- Paul, 90seconds. 
 
 REP. PAUL: Well, that all depends on what you mean by "all of this." The CFR exists. The Trilateral Commission exists. And it's a, quote, "conspiracy of ideas." This is an ideological battle. Some people believe in globalism. Others of us believe in national sovereignty. 
 
 And there is a move on toward a North American Union, just like early on there was am move on for a European Union, and it eventually ended up -- so we had NAFTA and moving toward a NAFTA highway. These are real things. It's not somebody made these up. It's not a conspiracy. They don't talk about it, and they might not admit about it, but there's been money spent on it. There was legislation passed in the Texas legislature unanimously to put a hold on it. They're planning on millions of acres taken by eminent domain for an international highway from Mexico to Canada, which is going to make the immigration problem that much worse. 
 
 So it's not so much a secretive conspiracy. It's a contest between ideologies, whether we believe in our institutions here, our national sovereignty, our Constitution, or are we going to further move in the direction of international government, more U.N.? 
 
 You know, this country goes to war under U.N. resolutions. I don't like big government in Washington, so I don't like this trend toward international government. We have a WTO that wants to control our drug industry, our nutritional products. So I'm against all that, but it's not so much it's a sinister conspiracy; it's just knowledge is out there. If we look for it, you'll realize that our national sovereignty is under threat. 
 
 MR. COOPER: Congressman Paul, thank you. (Cheers, applause.) 
 
 We've got a question moving onto another topic -- the economy, money. 
 
 Advertisement Continue reading the main story 
 
 Next question. 
 
 Q My name is Sarah Loderock (sp). I'm 18 years old, and I'm from Scottdale, Pennsylvania, and I'm a student at Penn State University. Often I've heard both politicians and voters express their concern with providing a better future for their children. A concern of my generation is the trillions of dollars in national debt and what kind of responsibility we will have for that in the future. My question for you all is: If elected, what measures will you take to tackle the national debt and control spending? 
 
 MR. COOPER: Senator McCain, have the Republicans forgotten how to control spending? 
 
 SEN. MCCAIN: Absolutely. Absolutely. When we came to power in 1994 -- (applause) -- the government -- changed government and government changed us. We let spending lurch completely out of control. We spent $3 million to study the DNA of bears in Montana. I don't know if that was a paternity issue or a criminal issue. (Laughter.) We've presided over great expansion of government; the latest being in the SCHIP, which was going to be paid for supposedly with a dollar a pack increase in the tax on a pack of cigarettes. So we're going to help children with their health insurance and hope that they continue to smoke. 
 
 So I have a record of fighting against wasteful spending. I have a clear record of winning. I saved the taxpayers $2 billion on a bogus Air Force Boeing tanker deal where people went to jail. 
 
 I led in the Abramoff hearings in the obscure IndianAffairs Committee, for which people are still testifying and going tojail. 
 
 As president of the United States, I'dtake an old veto pen that Ronald Reagan gave me and I'd veto every single pork-barrel billthat comes across my desk. I'd make the authors famous. Andwe've got to stop it, and stop it now. And I can do it, and I've done it,and I've got the record. (Applause.) And I know how Washingtonworks, and I look forward to it. 
 
 MR. COOPER: Governor Romney, whatwould you do to control spending? 
 
 MR. ROMNEY: Well, the senator is absolutely right. Every bill that comes forward that's got pork in it and earmarks that are unnecessary, we've got to veto them and send them back. And that's a lesson that's going to have to be done. 
 
 But, you know, it's got to be broader than that. We're going to have to see fundamental change in the way Washington works. We're just not going to get out-of-the-box thinking with inside-the-Beltway politics. And we're going to have to fundamentally go at something like our entitlements and say, "We've got to reform those." 
 
 I took on a major issue, which was health care, found a way to get people health insurance without having to expand government, without having to raise taxes. We're going to have to go after entitlements. We're going to have to set a cap, as I have proposed, on all non-military discretionary spending at inflation less 1 percent. Anything above that, we veto it. 
 
 Advertisement Continue reading the main story 
 
 MR. COOPER: Mayor Giuliani? 
 
 MR. GIULIANI: I think you have to do across-the-board spending cuts the way Ronald Reagan did, at 5, 10 percent per civilian agency. It should be done right now, actually. President Bush should do it to strengthen the dollar. 
 
 We should commit not to rehire half of the civilian employees that will retire in the next 10 years. That's 42 percent of the federal workforce will retire in the next 10 years. Don't rehire half of them. Use technology, one person doing the job of two or three. Every business has done it. The government has to do it. 
 
 And we should look at those programs. There are -- about 3 percent of programs that OMB finds every year are failing. They should be zeroed out. Twenty-two percent are found to be not able to be evaluated. They should be looked at. 
 
 MR. COOPER: Time. 
 
 MR. GIULIANI: We need that kind of approach. 
 
 MR. COOPER: The next question is going to go to Senator Thompson as well as Ron Paul. Let's watch it. 
 
 Q Hi. I'm Emily and I'm from Los Angeles. The Republican Party once stood for limited government, which meant reduced federal spending because we taxed less and we spent less. However, over the past decade, real discretionary federal spending has, in fact, increased 40 percent, more than half of which has been non-defense- related. 
 
 So my question is, what are the names of the top three federal programs you would reduce in size in order to decrease -- 
 
 MR. COOPER: Senator Thompson. 
 
 MR. THOMPSON: Well, it's a target-rich environment; there's no question about it. What most of these gentlemen have said are absolutely correct. The difficulty is, most of the programs that we talk about, most of the ones that get the headlines, would not begin to solve the problem. 
 
 Mitt's right when he mentions entitlements. That's why I have laid out a program to not attack entitlements but to save Social Security. Everybody talks about wanting to do something about it. Social Security and Medicare and Medicaid are the ones that we're really going to have to reform if we're going to make any headway in the spending. 
 
 MR. COOPER: So the top three, you would say Social Security -- 
 
 MR. THOMPSON: No, I didn't say that. There is -- the OMB has come out with a list of over 100 programs. I would take all 100 of them, the ones that are full of waste, fraud and duplication. I filed a report in 2001, when I was chairman of the Governmental Affairs Committee, and identified billions of dollars that we should be saving. 
 
 But my point is that we're going to have to reform Social Security. We're going to have to reform Medicare. I've laid out a detailed plan that will give individual retirement accounts for people, matched by the government, and also reindex the way benefits are calculated initially when a person retires. 
 
 And together, that program has been said by the experts already to say that -- have said that it would, after 75 years, make Social Security actuarially sound. I've got the only program out there that really addresses specifically one of the programs that's going to have to be reformed. 
 
 MR. COOPER: Congressman Paul, the question was three programs. Can you name three? 
 
 REP. PAUL: Yes. And I would like to state that the statement earlier made that we all went to Washington to change Washington and Washington changed us, I don't think that applies to me. Washington did not change me. (Cheers, applause.) 
 
 I would have liked to have changed Washington, and we could by cutting three programs such as the Department of Education -- Ronald Reagan used to talk about that; Department of Energy. Department of Homeland Security is the biggest bureaucracy we ever had. (Applause.) 
 
 MR. COOPER: Time. 
 
 REP. PAUL: And besides, what we can do is we can have a stronger national defense by changing our foreign policy. 
 
 MR. COOPER: Time. 
 
 REP. PAUL: Our foreign policy is costing us a trillion dollars. And we can spend most of that or a lot of that money home if we would bring our troops home. (Cheers, applause.) 
 
 MR. COOPER: Governor Huckabee, 30 seconds -- three programs. 
 
 MR. HUCKABEE: Anderson, the first thing that I would get rid of would be the Internal Revenue Service. (Cheers, applause.) We'd have a complete getting rid of a $10-billion-a-year industry. (Sustained applause.) I'm not being facetious. If we enacted the Fair Tax, one of the most researched ways to revive our economic future. (Cheers, applause.) We will get rid of the IRS. 
 
 econdly, I agree we need to revamp Homeland Security. It's a mess, and we have a real problem with the way that it'scurrently structured. And the third -- 
 
 MR. COOPER: Thirty seconds isup. 
 
 MR. HUCKABEE: What's that? 
 
 MR. COOPER: Thirty seconds is up. 
 
 MR. HUCKABEE: Oh, okay. (Laughter.) I'd get rid of the IRS, and that would count for most of the problems. Most people in this country are more afraid of an audit than they are a mugging, and there's a reason why. (Applause.) 
 
 MR. COOPER: We got more questions on the (sales tax ?). This next question is for Senator McCain. 
 
 Q My name is Ronald Lanham from Mobile, Alabama. And I want you to tell me, do you support the elimination of the federal income tax in favor of a national retail sales tax, also known as the FairTax? Thank you. 
 
 MR. COOPER: Governor Huckabee supports it. Do you? 
 
 SEN. MCCAIN: I do not. And I think we should look very carefully at it and I think we should look very carefully at some of the provisions, which, according to the Wall Street Journal, would increase an individual's tax rate up into the 30s. 
 
 Obviously, we need a simpler, fairer tax code. Everybody knows that. We need to have a commission that reports out a credible proposal. And then we do what we do with the base-closing commissions. Congress can't full around; they either vote yes or no. If Congress can't fix the tax code, give me the job and I'll fix it. 
 
 I just want to also say that Congressman Paul, I've heard him now in many debates talking about bringing our troops home and about the war in Iraq and how it's failed. 
 
 And I want to tell you that that kind of isolationism, sir, is what caused World War II. We allowed -- we allowed -- (cheers, applause, boos) -- 
 
 MR. COOPER: Allow him his answer. Allow him his answer, please. (Cheers, applause, boos.) 
 
 SEN. MCCAIN: We have -- we allowed -- we allowed Hitler to come to power with that kind of attitude of isolationism and appeasement. (Boos, cheers, applause.) 
 
 MR. COOPER: Okay. 
 
 SEN. MCCAIN: I want to -- and I want to tell you something, sir. I just finished having Thanksgiving with the troops, and their message to you is -- the message of these brave men and women who are serving over there is: Let us win. Let us win. (Cheers, applause.) 
 
 MR. COOPER: All right. We will -- please. (Cheers, applause.) We will get to Iraq -- (cheers, applause) --- all right. Let me just remind -- let me just remind everyone that these people did take a lot of time to ask these questions, and so we do want direct questions to the answers (sic). We will get to Iraq later, but I do have to allow Congressman Paul 30 seconds to respond. 
 
 REP. PAUL: Absolutely. 
 
 The real question you have to ask is, why do I get the most money from active-duty officers -- military personnel? (Cheers, applause.) 
 
 So what John is saying is just totally distorted. He doesn't even understand the difference between non-intervention and isolationism. (Scattered boos.) 
 
 I'm not an isolationism -- an isolationist. I want to trade with people, talk with people, travel, but I don't want -- 
 
 MR. COOPER: Time is up, but we're going to talk about this later. 
 
 REP. PAUL: -- to send our troops overseas using force to tell them how to live. We would object to it here, and they're going to object to us over there. (Cheers, applause.) 
 
 MR. COOPER: All right. We will have a lot more on Iraq coming up. It's obviously a very heated topic. 
 
 Sticking on the economy, though, a familiar face asking a very simple question. 
 
 Q President Bush made a commitment when he ran for president in 2000 and 2004 that he would oppose and veto any tax increase that Congress sent him. My question to each of the candidates is: Would you promise to the people watching this right now that you will oppose and veto any effort to raise taxes as long as you're president? 
 
 MR. COOPER: I doubt you can do it, but very short answers. 
 
 Congressman Tancredo. 
 
 REP. TANCREDO: Yes, I can. I have the highest rating, by the way, from the American Conservative Union of anybody on this stage -- 
 
 MR. COOPER: Oh yeah? 
 
 REP. TANCREDO: -- and yes, to Grover because he knows I have the highest rating from the Americans For Tax Reform. (Scattered cheers.) Thank you very much, Grover. Appreciate it. 
 
 MR. COOPER: Governor Huckabee. 
 
 MR. HUCKABEE: I would. Anderson, in fact, I've signed a pledge to that effect and would keep that pledge. 
 
 MR. COOPER: Governor Romney? 
 
 MR. ROMNEY: I've signed Grover's pledge as well. I believe I was the first person on this stage to do so. 
 
 MR. COOPER: Mayor Giuliani? 
 
 MR. GIULIANI: Yes, I would. I did it as mayor. I would do it as president. I had one of the best records in the country for lowering taxes while I was mayor. I expect to have a great record as president. 
 
 MR. COOPER: Senator Thompson. 
 
 MR. THOMPSON: Cut tax cuts for eight years when I was in the United States Senate. Never met a tax I like. I've got a tax cut bill on the table, but I don't do pledges to anybody but the American people. (Cheers, applause.) 
 
 MR. COOPER: Senator McCain? 
 
 SEN. MCCAIN: I have a 24-year record of opposing tax increases and supporting of tax reductions, and no, I -- like Fred, my pledge and my record is up to the American people, not up to any other organization. 
 
 MR. COOPER: Congressman Paul? 
 
 REP. PAUL: I have never voted for a tax increase, never will. But the tax issue is only one half of it. You can easily pledge not to raise taxes, but you have to cut spending. (Cheers, applause.) 
 
 MR. COOPER: Congressman Hunter? 
 
 REP. HUNTER: You know, I came in with Ronald Reagan in 1980 to -- to cut taxes, and I probably voted for more tax cuts than anybody here. 
 
 But you could have an emergency, a time of war, and I think it would be wrong to say absolutely I would pledge to Grover Norquist that I would never raise taxes. Could have a national emergency. 
 
 MR. COOPER: All right. 
 
 Next question. 
 
 Q Hi. I'm Ted Fatirous (sp) from Manhattan Beach, California. Mm. Nothing says delicious like cheap corn subsidized by the American taxpayer. For a lot of Americans, however, a bitter taste is left in their mouth when they learn about how the U.S. taxpayer bankrolls billions of dollars in farm subsidies that mostly go to large agribusiness interests. I'm curious which candidates who label themselves fiscally responsible will endorse the elimination of farm subsidies if they are elected president in 2008. 
 
 MR. COOPER: Governor Romney, a lot of folks in Iowa interested in this answer. (Laughter.) 
 
 MR. ROMNEY: (Chuckles.) 
 
 MR. COOPER: So I hear. 
 
 MR. ROMNEY: Not to mention Kansas, Missouri, North Dakota, South Dakota, and so forth. 
 
 We don't want to find ourselves with regards to our food supply in the same kind of position we're in with regards to our energy supply. And so it's important for us to make sure that our farmers are able to stay on the -- on the farm and raise the crops that we need to have a secure source of food. And so I believe in supports that will allow us to do that. 
 
 At the same time, I recognize that we're also investing in new technologies to get ourselves energy-independent, and I happen to believe that some of the best sources for having renewable energy come from the farm. And so we're investing with subsidies in those areas to create new -- new technology that otherwise wouldn't be ready for the market yet. 
 
 So I support theseprograms. 
 
 And finally, I'd say this. We havein our nation about one out of three acres that are planted are for sale overseas. Wesend products around the world. We're competing with Europeanand Brazilian and other farmers, and we're competing in amarketplace where they are heavily subsidized, at great disadvantage forour farmers. And so if we're going to change our supportstructure, we want to make sure that they change their support structure and wedo this together, as opposed to unilaterally saying we're going toput our farmers in a tough position and have the farmers of the restof the world continue to be subsidized. 
 
 So, open markets, let our goods go around the world, and secure our source of food. 
 
 MR. COOPER: Mayor Giuliani, 30 seconds. 
 
 MR. GIULIANI: The governor is right, it isn't a level playing field. The subsidies in Europe are far higher than they are in the United States. We could reduce subsidies here if they would do it there, but we shouldn't do it on our own. And also, we have to be very aware of the fact that we have to have our own supply of food. We can't be dependent on foreign countries for our food. 
 
 So, both of those reasons would say that although simplistically it might seem like you'd want to get rid of all the subsidies, we've got to do this very carefully and you have to do it in concert with these free-trade agreements and other agreements you're making so that European countries reduce their much heavier subsidies. 
 
 MR. COOPER: Since we're on fiscal matters, I would be remiss if I didn't ask this question, since it did just break a couple hours ago. This is to Mayor Giuliani. 
 
 Politico broke a story a few hours ago questioning your accounting of taxpayer dollars as mayor. They say that as mayor -- the report says you took trips to the Hamptons and expensed the cost of your police detail to obscure city offices. 
 
 One, is that true? And if so, was it appropriate? 
 
 MR. GIULIANI: First of all, it's not true. I had 24-hour security for the eight years that I was mayor. They followed me every place I went. It was because there were, you know, threats, threats that I don't generally talk about. Some have become public recently; most of them haven't. And they took care of me, and they put it in their records, and they handled them in the way they handled them. I had nothing to do with the handling of their records. And they were handled, as far as I know, perfectly appropriately. 
 
 MR. COOPER: Great. 
 
 We have asked all the campaigns, we should point out, to submit 30-second or so campaign-style videos, YouTube-style videos. It was open to them to do it in any format they wanted. Our first video -- and we're going to be playing them throughout the night, some of them out of commercials, some of them during the program -- is from Congressman Tancredo. 
 
 (Begin videotaped segment.) 
 
 (Music.) 
 
 REP. TANCREDO: Because this issue of immigration is one of the most serious public policy issues we face. 
 
 SEN. HILLARY CLINTON (D-NY): What do we do now? 
 
 REP. TANCREDO: We have got to actually begin the process of assimilating people. 
 
 SEN. CLINTON: They may not talk to you if they think you're also going to be enforcing the immigration laws. 
 
 REP. TANCREDO: No more obfuscating, with using words like, well, I am not for amnesty, but I'm for letting them stay. 
 
 SEN. CLINTON: Well, I don't have enough time to tell you all the mistakes I've made. (Chuckles.) 
 
 REP. TANCREDO: The Republicans can stop this. 
 
 (End videotaped segment.) (Applause.) 
 
 MR. : That's great. 
 
 MR. COOPER: That's the first of many that we will see tonight. 
 
 All right, let's have our next question from a YouTube viewer. 
 
 Q Hi, my name isLeeann Anderson, and I'm from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. And these are my kids, Evan and Mya (sp). Mya (sp) is from China, and we adopted her to give her a better life. Wenever dreamed that she'd be exposed to lead after leaving China, and nowwe find trains like this that are covered with lead in ourhome. 
 
 My question for the candidates are: What are you going to do to make sure that these kind of toys don't make their way into our homes and that we have safe toys that are made in America again and we keep jobs in America? 
 
 MR. COOPER: (Off mike) -- Tancredo, you have 90 seconds. 
 
 REP. TANCREDO: It is illegal to import that kind of thing. The problem is, of course, no one really pays a lot of attention to a lot of our laws with regard to immigration of both people and in this case, of course, items, goods and services. I voted against permanent normalized trade relations with China. This is one reason why. It wasn't -- it was never devised simply to be a place for us to sell our products. It was devised to be a place where we could get cheap labor to then import products to the United States. 
 
 So one of the things you would have to do and I certainly would intend to do was to change our trade arrangement entirely with China, by the way, in particular, but with other countries as well that violate those agreements. (Applause.) 
 
 MR. COOPER: Congressman Hunter, you have 30 seconds. 
 
 REP. HUNTER: China is cheating on trade, and they're using that $200 billion trade deficit over the United States to buy ships, planes and missiles. They are clearly arming, and it's in the interests of the United States -- (applause) -- to stop China's cheating. My bill, incidentally, that's up right now would do that. 
 
 But what we all ought to do in this Christmas season with about a month to go before Christmas is buy American. (Cheers, applause.) That might hire the young person. That'll result in -- (interrupted by applause). You know, that just might keep your neighbor from losing his job, and it might help that young person coming back from Iraq and Afghanistan in uniform to have a job when they get back. 
 
 Let's buy American this Christmas season. (applause.) 
 
 MR. COOPER: All right. We're going to have three commercial breaks throughout this entire debate. This is the first one, and as we go to it, we go to another campaign-style video, this one from Senator Fred Thompson. 
 
 (Begin video.) 
 
 MR. ROMNEY: I believe that abortion should be safe and legal in this country. I believe that since Roe v. Wade has been the law for 20 years., that we should sustain and support it. 
 
 MR. HUCKABEE: Others have suggested a surcharge on the income tax. That's acceptable. I'm fine with that. Others have suggested perhaps a sales tax. That's fine. 
 
 (End video.) (Applause.) 
 
 MR. COOPER: Actually, given the nature of that video, we're not going to go to break right now. (Laughter, applause.) 
 
 MR. : (Off mike.) 
 
 MR. COOPER: I think it's something we should talk about. 
 
 Senator Thompson, what's up with that? (Laughter, applause.) 
 
 MR. THOMPSON: Just want to give my buddies here a little extra air time. (Laughter, applause.) 
 
 I mean -- I mean, what's -- what do you mean, what's up with it? These are their words. 
 
 MR. COOPER: Okay. I should allow time to respond. (Applause.) 
 
 Governor Romney? 
 
 MR. ROMNEY: I'm not sure who that young guy was at the beginning of that film, but I can tell you this, which is -- I don't know how many times I could tell it -- I was wrong. All right? (Applause.) I was effectively pro-choice when I ran for office. If -- if people in this country are looking for someone who's never made a mistake on a policy issue and is not willing to admit they're ever wrong, why, then they're going to have to find somebody else, because on abortion, I was wrong and I changed my mind. 
 
 As the governor -- this didn't just happen the last couple of weeksor the last year, this happened when I was governor -- the first timea bill came to my desk that related to life, I could not sign abill that would take away human life. I came down on the side oflife every single instance as governor of Massachusetts. I wasawarded by the Massachusetts Citizens for Life with their leadership award formy record. I'm proud to be pro-life, and I'm not going to beapologizing to people for becoming pro-life. (Applause.) 
 
 MR. COOPER: Governor Huckabee, a 30-seconds response. 
 
 MR. HUCKABEE: Well, I was governor nearly 11 years, and in that time I cut 90 taxes. Over that period of time, the income tax remained exactly what it was. The sales tax was one penny higher. But I did do a number of tax cuts that helped a lot of people all over the place, like eliminating the marriage penalty, doubling the child care tax credit, getting rid of capital gains on the sale of a home, cutting capital gains on other things. I have a great record on fiscal conservatism. 
 
 But one thing I've learned. You know, when you get attacked, it's not always bad. It's like my old pastor used to tell me: When they're kicking you in the rear, it's just proving you're still out front. (Applause.) 
 
 MR. COOPER: I'm sure there are some -- (inaudible) -- who might want to change their videos that they've given us after seeing Senator Thompson's, but it's too late to do that. 
 
 We're going to go take a short break. We'll be right back. (Applause.) 
 
 (Announcements.) 
 
 Q Hi, I'm Jay Fox, a lifetime member of the NRA. Now I'm from a small town, and as in any small town we like our big guns. So my question to you is: What is your opinion of gun control? And don't worry, you can answer however you like. (Laughter, cheers, applause.) 
 
 MR. COOPER: Congressman Hunter, I'll give that to you. Ninety seconds. 
 
 REP. HUNTER: Well, first, I've got to inform Jay that as a guy who got his first hunting license at the age of 10 and really believes in the right to keep and bear arms and used them in the military, as my son did in Fallujah, you should never throw a gun to a person. He should have taken that gun hand it off from his fellow hunter. So you got to be safe with guns, Jay. 
 
 But the right to keep and bear arms is an important element of community security, home security and national security, and I think it's a tradition -- (cheers, applause) -- the tradition of the American soldier from Bunker Hill to New Orleans to the rooftops of Fallujah the right to keep and bear arms and use them effectively is an important part of America's security. And I will strongly enforce the Second Amendment as president of the United States. (Cheers, applause.) 
 
 MR. COOPER: All right. On the same topic another question. Let's watch. 
 
 Q Hello. My name is Andrew Fink, and I have a question for Rudy Giuliani. 
 
 Mr. Giuliani, at a recent NRA convention you stated that it's every American's right to be secure. Yet on March 21st of the year 2000, the Boston Globe quoted you as saying, "Anyone wanting to own a gun should have to pass a written exam." 
 
 Considering the Constitution grants us the right to bear arms as a means of protection, why do you believe that citizens should be required to pass an exam in order to exercise their right to protect themselves and their families? Thank you. 
 
 MR. COOPER: Mayor Giuliani, 90 seconds. 
 
 MR. GIULIANI: Andrew, what I believe is that we have to be very aggressive about enforcing the gun laws that exist. I had a city in which, when I took over, there were 2,000 murders a year, 10,000 felonies a week, and I enforced the gun laws very aggressively. I enforced all laws very aggressively, and that's the reason we reduced shootings by 74 percent, we reduced homicide by 67 percent, and we went from being one of the most dangerous cities in the country to being one of the safest. 
 
 As far as that's concerned, what I believe is the Second Amendment gives people an individual right to keep and to bear arms. Government can impose reasonable regulations. Generally, those reasonable regulations would be about -- (boos) -- 
 
 MR. COOPER: Let him answer. 
 
 MR. GIULIANI: Let me finish. Generally, those reasonable regulations would be about criminal background, a background of mental instability, basically the ones that are outlined in the opinion of -- of the judge who wrote the Parker decision, Judge Silberman. And if those -- if those regulations go beyond that, then those are unconstitutional. 
 
 I think states can have a little bit of leeway. New York can have a -- somewhat stricter rules than, let's say, Kentucky. Texas might have different rules than Ohio. But generally, you've got to comply with this rule. 
 
 Now the Supreme Court's going to decide this. The SupremeCourt's going to decide this probably within the next six months. TheParker case has been taken to the Supreme Court. They're going todecide whether it's a right that pertains to the militias, which Idon't believe it is, or is it a right that is a personal right. Ibelieve that it is, and I will live by that. And people will beallowed to have guns. I'm not going to interfere with that. Generally, decisions are going to be made on a state basis, and they're goingto have to comply with theConstitution. 
 
 MR. COOPER: Senator Thompson, last week you said that you don't think Mayor Giuliani's ever been a supporter of the Second Amendment. Why do you say that? Thirty seconds. 
 
 MR. THOMPSON: No, well, the mayor has supported a wide array of gun control laws. I'm not sure there's ever one that didn't come up for consideration in terms of legislation that he didn't support; signing ceremonies with people in President Clinton's Cabinet and that sort of thing when they came up. 
 
 The Second Amendment is not a choice thing. I mean it's in the Constitution of the United States. That's a protection that the people have against -- (interrupted cheers, applause) -- (off mike). 
 
 The case that the mayor refers to is the Washington, D.C. case, and they were taking the same position basically the mayor took as far as the city of New York is concerned. They said, you know, it'll make a safer city if we have -- if we outlaw law-abiding citizens having the right to possess a firearm. It didn't make them a safer city. The D.C. Court of Appeals held that it was a violation of their Second Amendment rights, and hopefully, the Supreme Court will uphold the D.C. court. 
 
 MR. COOPER: Mayor? Thirty seconds. 
 
 MR. GIULIANI: I agree with the senator that it didn't make it a safer city, and some of these gun laws do not make a city a safer city. The things we did in New York indisputably made New York City a much safer city. 
 
 And the law in the District of Columbia and the law in New York are different. The law in the District of Columbia made it impossible for you to have a firearm. And if New York City went that far, it should also be declared unconstitutional. The Second Amendment clearly gives you the right to carry and to bear arms. In my reading of it, it's an individual right. And I believe the Supreme Court will declare that. And that protection comes from the Constitution, not just the president. 
 
 MR. COOPER: Staying on the topic, another question from the viewer. 
 
 ERIC BERNTSEN (PHOENIX, ARIZONA): Hi there. I'm Eric Berntsen from Phoenix, Arizona. Got a quick question for all you candidates. 
 
 Any of you want to tell us about your gun collection -- roughly how many you own; what your favorite make, model and caliber is; if any of them require a tax stamp? 
 
 MR. COOPER: A stamp is needed if you have a machine gun or a silencer. 
 
 Senator Thompson. 
 
 MR. THOMPSON: I own a couple of guns, but I'm not going to tell you what they are or where they are. (Laughter, applause, cheers.) 
 
 MR. COOPER: Senator McCain. 
 
 SEN. MCCAIN: For a long time I used a lot of guns, including carrying a .45 as a pilot flying in combat over Vietnam. I know how to use guns. I don't -- I don't own one now. 
 
 MR. COOPER: Congressman Hunter. 
 
 REP. HUNTER: I've got an old 20-gauge L.C. Smith. It's just like the gun that my dad used to carry when I would walk behind him as a nine-year-old kid and pick up the shells when he was hunting quail. And I finally got a chance to buy one of those a few years ago, same gun that he'd had and given to me when I was nine or 10 years old, when I bought my first hunting license. 
 
 The right to keep and bear arms in the 2nd Amendment is -- is a large part protection. 
 
 MR. COOPER: Okay. 
 
 REP. HUNTER: It's also a large part family tradition. 
 
 MR. COOPER: Is there anyone here besides Senator McCain who does not own a gun? Mayor Giuliani, you don't? 
 
 MR. ROMNEY: Let -- 
 
 MR. COOPER: Governor Romney? 
 
 MR. ROMNEY: I have two guns in my home. They're owned by my son Josh. 
 
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 MR. COOPER: All right. So yes. 
 
 We have another question on a similar topic. 
 
 MR. ROMNEY: He buys expensive things for me. 
 
 (Begin YouTube video.) 
 
 Q Hi. This is me and my son, Prentice (sp). We're from Atlanta. 
 
 Q I want to ask you guys a question. I notice you spend billions of dollars on the war in Iraq every year, but what about the war going on in your own country, black on black crime? Two hundred to 400 black men die yearly in one city alone. What are you going to do about that war? It feels like the Taliban's right outside. 
 
 MR. COOPER: Talking about black-on-black crime, crime in the inner cities. Governor Romney? 
 
 MR. ROMNEY: Well, first of all, Prentice (sp) is pretty fortunate, because he's got a dad standing next to him that apparently loves him, by all appearances there, and that's probably the best thing you can do for a kid, is to have a mom and a dad. (Applause.) 
 
 And it's time in this -- in this country that we go back to the kind of values that allow kids to have moms and dads. In the African- American community today, 68 percent of kids born are born out of wedlock. And so we're going to try and once again re-inculcate in this country the kind of values that have made us so strong -- family values. 
 
 Secondly -- 
 
 MR. COOPER: The question's what are you going to do about the war in the inner city? 
 
 MR. ROMNEY: Well, one -- about the war in the innercity? Number one is to get more moms and dads. That's numberone. And thank heavens Bill Cosby said it like it was. That's wherethe root of crime starts. 
 
 Number two, we've got to have better education in our schools. I think that the civil rights issue of our time is the failure of inner city schools to prepare kids in the inner city for the jobs of tomorrow. 
 
 And number three, of course, you have to do a better job with our policing. And I was very proud that I added one state police class after another. We had the largest state police in the history of our state during my term. We put in place tough laws related to drunk driving. Sex offenders. They have their pictures now posted on the Internet. We took actions to be tough on crime, and I was pleased that violent crime in my state during my term reduced by 7 percent. 
 
 MR. COOPER: Mayor Giuliani, your campaign manager last week called Governor Romney a mediocre, one-term governor. On the issue of fighting crime, is he a crime fighter? 
 
 MR. GIULIANI: The governor has a mixed record in fighting crime. For example, murder went up by 7.5 percent. Burglary went up. One other category of violent crime went up. Some categories of violent crime went down. So it would be fair to say it's a mixed record. The reality is, I had a very strong record in doing precisely what the young man was asking about, and that is, reducing crime, and specifically in neighborhoods that would be regarded as poor neighborhoods, the neighborhoods that had the most crime. 
 
 For example, in Harlem we reduced crime by about 80 percent. We reduced shootings overall in the city by 74 percent. The City of New York was one of the most dangerous cities in America. And particularly in the neighborhoods this young man is worried about -- they were really dangerous -- they are not that way anymore. 
 
 And we made the changes with the COMPSTAT program, the broken windows theory and with very, very good leadership. 
 
 MR. COOPER: Governor Romney, I have to allow you 30 seconds to respond. 
 
 MR. ROMNEY: Oh, I think we all recognize that the mayor did a wonderful reducing crime in the city of New York. I'm not a mayor; I'm not running for a mayor's job. I didn't have a police commissioner. But I did take the actions that I could as a state -- as a state governor to improve our state police, to strengthen our state police, to be able to put in place the DNA laboratory. We more than tripled the size of our DNA laboratory and did the things we could to improve our crime -- our crime enforcement, and I'm proud of the fact that we were able to reduce crime during my tenure. 
 
 MR. COOPER: The next topic is abortion. 
 
 Next question. 
 
 Q Hi. My name is Journey. I'm from Texas, and this question is for all politically pro-life candidates. In the event that abortion becomes illegal and a woman obtains an abortion anyway, what should she be charged with, and what should her punishment be? What about the doctor who performs the abortion? 
 
 MR. COOPER: Congressman Paul? Ninety seconds. 
 
 REP. PAUL: You know, it's not a federal function to determine the penalties for a crime of abortion if it's illegal in a state. It's up to the state, it's up to the juries. And it should be up to discretion because it's not an easy issue to deal with, but the first thing we have to do is get the federal government out of it. We don't need a federal abortion police. That's the last thing that we need. (Cheers, applause.) 
 
 But -- 
 
 MR. COOPER: Should a woman be charged with a crime? 
 
 REP. PAUL: Pardon me? 
 
 MR. COOPER: Should the woman be charge with a crime? 
 
 REP. PAUL: I don't personally think so. I'm an OB doctor and I practiced medicine for 30 years, and I, of course, never saw one time when a medically necessary abortion had to be done. But -- so I think it certainly is a crime, but I also understand the difficulties. I think when you're talking about third trimester deliberate abortion and partial-birth abortions, I mean, there has to be a criminal penalty for the person that's committing that crime. But I really think it's the person who commits the crime, and I think that is the abortionist. 
 
 MR. COOPER: So you're saying a doctor should be punished. What sort of punishment should they get? 
 
 REP. PAUL: Well, I think it's up to the states. I'm not -- in the state. I'm not in -- I'm not running for governor, and I think it's different, and I don't think it should be all 50 states the same way. So I -- I don't think that should be up to the president to decide that. 
 
 MR. COOPER: Senator Thompson. 
 
 MR. THOMPSON: Yeah, the young lady's question is -- (applause) -- the -- the young lady's question is premised on if abortion becomes illegal. That presumes Roe versus Wade is overturned, which I think should be our number one focus right now. And that has to do with the kind of Supreme Court justices we put on the bench. (Applause.) 
 
 MR. COOPER: But the question is -- 
 
 MR. THOMPSON: We should have -- we got to -- I'm getting there. I'm getting there. 
 
 That would mean that it goes back to the states, and then the states would have to outlaw it at an earlier stage than they outlaw it now. And then the question would be, who gets penalized and what should the penalty be? I think it should be fashioned along the same lines that it is now. 
 
 Most states have abortion laws that pertain -- that -- and --and prohibit abortion after viability. And it goes to thedoctor performing the abortion, not the girl or the young girl orher parents, whomever it might be. 
 
 MR. COOPER: Time. 
 
 MR. THOMPSON: I think that same pattern needs to be followed. It could just be moved up earlier or much earlier in the process if the -- 
 
 MR. COOPER: All right. 
 
 MR. THOMPSON: -- if the state so determined. 
 
 MR. COOPER: Another question. 
 
 Q Hello. My name is A.J., and I'm from Millstone, New Jersey. I would like all the candidates to give an answer on this. If hypothetically Roe versus Wade was overturned, and the Congress passed a federal ban on all abortion, and it came to your desk, would you sign it? Yes or no. 
 
 MR. COOPER: Mayor Giuliani? 
 
 MR. GIULIANI: If Congress passed a ban on all abortions throughout the United States -- 
 
 MR. COOPER: If Roe v. Wade was returned, Congress passed a federal ban on all abortions, and it came to your desk, would you sign it? Yes or no. 
 
 MR. GIULIANI: I probably would not sign it. I would leave it to the states to make that decision. (Applause.) I think that that -- I think -- look, the problem with Roe against Wade is that it took the decision away from the state. If Roe against Wade -- if Roe against Wade were overturned because it was poorly decided, if the justices decide that, it would then go back to the states, and it would seem to me that that would be the answer. The answer is that each state would make a different decision. 
 
 I don't believe, in the circumstance that you asked before, that it should be criminalized. I think that would be a mistake, unless we're talking about partial-birth abortion or late-term abortion. 
 
 I think you should have parental consent. I think we should have access to adoptions instead of abortion. But ultimately, I think, these decisions should be made on a state-by-state basis. 
 
 MR. COOPER: Governor Romney? 
 
 MR. ROMNEY: I agree with Senator Thompson, which is we should overturn Roe v. Wade and return these issues to the states. I would welcome a circumstance where there was such a consensus in this country that we said we don't want to have abortion in this country at all, period. That would be wonderful. I'd be delighted. I'd be -- 
 
 MR. COOPER: The question is, would you sign that bill? 
 
 MR. ROMNEY: Let me say it. I'd be delighted to sign that bill. But that's not where we are. That's not where America is today. Where America is is ready to overturn Roe v. Wade and return to the states that authority. But if the Congress got there, we had that kind of consensus in the country, terrific. 
 
 MR. COOPER: All right. The next question is for Governor Huckabee. Let's listen. 
 
 Q Hi. This is Tyler Overman from Memphis, Tennessee, and I have a quick question for those of you who would call yourselves Christian conservatives. The death penalty. What would Jesus do? 
 
 MR. COOPER: Governor Huckabee? 
 
 MR. HUCKABEE: You know, one of the toughest challenges that I ever faced as a governor was carrying out the death penalty. I did it more than any other governor ever had to do it in my state. As I look on this stage, I'm pretty sure that I'm the only person on this stage that's ever had to actually do it. 
 
 Let me tell you, it was the toughest decision I ever made as a human being. I read every page of every document of every case that ever came before me, because it was the one decision that came to my desk that, once I made it, was irrevocable. 
 
 Every other decision, somebody else could go back and overturn, could fix if it was a mistake. That was one that was irrevocable. 
 
 I believe there is a place for a death penalty. Some crimes are so heinous, so horrible, that the only response that we as a civilized nation have for a most uncivil action is not only to try to deter that person from ever committing that crime again, but also as a warning to others that some crimes truly are beyond any other capacity for us to fix. (Applause.) 
 
 Now, having said that, there are those who say, "How can you be pro-life and believe in a death penalty?" Because there's a real difference between the process of adjudication where a person is deemed guilty after a thorough judicial process and is put to death by all of us as citizens under a law, as opposed to an individual making a decision to terminate a life that has never been deemed guilty because the life never was given a chance to even exist. That's the fundamental difference. (Applause.) 
 
 MR. COOPER: Governor, I do have to press, though, the question, which -- the question from the viewer was, "What would Jesus do?" Would Jesus support the death penalty? 
 
 MR. HUCKABEE: Jesus was too smart to ever run for public office, Anderson. (Laughter.) That's what Jesus would do. (Cheers, applause.) 
 
 MR. COOPER: Congressman Tancredo, 30 seconds. 
 
 REP. TANCREDO: The question is, what would Jesus do? Well, I'll tell you this. I would pray to him for the wisdom and the courage to do the right thing. And I believe that with prayer he would give it to me. And I believe that justice was done in the situations that the governor has explained. And as I say, I look to him for guidance in all those kinds of situations. 
 
 MR. COOPER: Time. 
 
 Similar question. Let's watch. 
 
 Q I'm Joseph. I'm from Dallas, Texas. And how you answer this question will tell us everything we need to know about you. Do you believe every word of this book? (Shows a Bible.) And I mean specifically this book that I'm holding in my hand. Do you believe this book? 
 
 MR. COOPER: I think we got his question. Mayor Giuliani? 
 
 MR. GIULIANI: Well, I -- 
 
 MR. HUCKABEE: Do I need to help you out, Mayor, on this one? (Laughter.) 
 
 MR. GIULIANI: What was it? 
 
 MR. HUCKABEE: I said, do I need to help you out on this one here? (Laughs.) 
 
 MR. GIULIANI: Do you want me to help you out? Wait a second. You're the minister. You're going to help me out on this one. 
 
 MR. HUCKABEE: I'm trying to help you out. 
 
 MR. GIULIANI: Okay. The reality is, I believe it, but I don't believe it necessarily literally true in every single respect. I think there are parts of the Bible that are interpretive. I think there are parts of the Bible that are allegorical. I think there are parts of the Bible that are meant to be interpreted in a modern context. 
 
 So, yes, I believe it. I think it's the greatest book ever written. I read it frequently. I read it very frequently when I've gone through the bigger crises in my life, and I find great wisdom in it. And it does define, to a very large extent, my faith. But I don't believe every single thing in the literal sense of Jonah being in the belly of the whale. You know, there are some things in it that I think were put there as allegorical. 
 
 MR. COOPER: Governor Romney. 
 
 MR. ROMNEY: I believe the Bible is the word of God, absolutely. (Applause.) And I try to live by it as well as I can, but I miss in a lot of ways. But it's a guide for my life and for hundreds of millions, billions of people around the world. I believe in the Bible. 
 
 MR. COOPER: Does that mean you believe every word? 
 
 MR. ROMNEY: You know -- yeah, I believe it's the word of God. The Bible is the word of God. I mean, I might interpret the word differently than you interpret the word, but I read the Bible and I believe the Bible is the word of God. I don't disagree with the Bible. I try to live by it. 
 
 MR. COOPER: Governor Huckabee. 
 
 MR. HUCKABEE: Sure, I believe the Bible is exactly what it is. It's the word of revelation to us from God himself. (Applause.) And the fact is that when people ask do we believe all of it, you either believe it or you don't believe it. 
 
 But in a greater sense, I think what the question tried to make us feel like was that, well, if you believe the part that says, "Go and pluck out your eye" -- well, none of us believe that we ought to go pluck out our eye. That obviously is allegorical. 
 
 But the Bible has some messages that nobody really can confuse and really not left up to interpretation: "Love your neighbor as yourself," "Inasmuch as you've done it to the least of these brethren, you've done it unto me." Until we get those simple, real easy things right, I'm not sure we ought to spend a whole lot of time fighting over the other parts that are a little bit complicated. 
 
 And as the only person here probably on this stage with a theology degree, there are parts of it I don't fully comprehend and understand, but I'm not supposed to, because the Bible is a revelation of an infinite God, and no finite person is ever going to fully understand it. If they do, their God is too small. (Applause.) 
 
 MR. COOPER: We've got a lot more coming up. We're going to take a short break. And as we go to the break, we'll watch a video, this one from the campaign of Governor Romney. 
 
 (Begin videotaped segment.) 
 
 ANNOUNCER: It's an election like no other. An enemy lurks, waiting to strike. Our Main Street economy is competing with Mainland China. Legal versus illegal doesn't seem to matter. Basic values like marriage are suddenly open to debate. 
 
 For these challenges, ordinary isn't good enough. We need the leader who gets the big stuff done -- take charge, demand results, no excuses. Mitt Romney -- the right experience, the right values, the right time. 
 
 MR. ROMNEY: I'm Mitt Romney and I approved this message. 
 
 (End videotaped segment.) 
 
 (Announcements.) 
 
 (Begin videotapedsegment.) 
 
 ANNOUNCER: As mayor of New York,Rudy Giuliani faced unheard-of challenges: runaway taxes, out-of-control crime, and ofcourse, the city's nemesis, King Kong. Yet Rudy prevailed: crimedown by half, taxes cut and annual snowfall dramatically reduced. Timecalled Rudy "Person of the Year," Newsweek "the new mayor ofAmerica." And when asked, Hillary Clinton called him -- (silence) -- but sheprobably planted the question. 
 
 (End videotaped segment.) (Laughter,cheers, applause.) 
 
 MR. COOPER: That was the commercial by the Giuliani campaign, obviously. We are playing these commercials all throughout this two- hour debate. 
 
 Let's go to our next topic, which is foreign policy. Our first question. 
 
 YASMIN OHADI NAHEL (PH) (HUNTSVILLE, ALABAMA): Good evening, gentlemen. My name is Yasmin Ohadi Nahel (ph) from Huntsville, Alabama. 
 
 My question has to do with the current crisis in Iraq, as well as the U.S. efforts in Afghanistan. After living abroad personally in the Middle East for a year, I realized just how much damage the Iraq war and the perception of invasion has done to the image of America. What would you do as president to repair the image of America in the eyes of the Muslim world? 
 
 MR. COOPER: Mayor Giuliani, 90 seconds. 
 
 MR. GIULIANI: Well, the most important thing to do is to make certain we remain on offense against Islamic terrorism. (Cheers, applause.) 
 
 And -- and then make it clear that what that means is this is a small group of people -- Islamic terrorists -- who have defiled a great religion; that the vast majority of people who are Islamic, the vast majority of people who are Arab, the vast majority of people living in these countries are good people. We should be trading with them, we should have contact with them, we should expand our contacts with them. 
 
 We should have cultural exchanges with them. The night of September 11th, 2001 when we were beginning to recover -- or not really recover, but maybe just first catch our breath after the attack of September 11th, you'll see one of the first things I said was -- I said to the people of my city and then probably to the people of America that we should not engage in group blame. We shouldn't do the thing that we're being attacked for. We shouldn't blame an entire group of people for the horrible acts of a few people who have distorted a great religion, and they've turned it into an ideology of hatred and an ideology of violence. But by the same token, we can't do what the Democrats do. We can't put our head in the sand. 
 
 You had a Democratic debate and not a single one of those Democratic candidates used the word Islamic terrorism. I don't know who they think they're offending. The people they're offending are the people we want to offend, the Islamic terrorists -- (cheers, applause) -- and not -- and not decent people like Yasmin. We are intelligent enough and good enough as Americans to make this distinction. (Scattered applause.) 
 
 MR. COOPER: Senator McCain? 
 
 SEN. MCCAIN: Well, I'd do a lot of things, but the first and most important and vital element is to continue this surge, which is succeeding, and we are winning the war in Iraq. (Cheers, applause.) That's the first thing I would do. And I would make sure that we do what we can to help reconstruct the country, to help the Maliki government move forward as rapidly as possible to train the police. But I'll tell you one other thing where (sic) I'm going to do, is we're going to fight back the Democrats' efforts to set a date for withdrawal, which is a date for surrender. (Applause.) 
 
 Now, my friends, I'm the only one on this stage -- I'm the only one on this stage that said that the Rumsfeld strategy was failing and was doomed to failure. I'm the only one on this stage that said we've got to have a new strategy, and that's the strategy we're employing now. And I got a lot of heat when I said when I said that that strategy was failing and it had to be changed. It's because I've had the experience and the background and the knowledge of every national security issue we've faced for the last 20 years. And I'm telling you that if we continue this strategy, we can succeed. And if we'd have done what the Democrats said to do six months ago, al Qaeda would be telling the world they beat America. 
 
 MR. COOPER: Time. 
 
 SEN. MCCAIN: This is a lot at stake here, my friends. And thank God for the young men and women who are sending the message I repeat to you again, after having been there over Thanksgiving weekend, "Let us win. Let us win." (Cheers, applause.) 
 
 MR. COOPER: Thirty seconds, Congressman Hunter. The question is, how do you repair the image of America in the Muslim world? 
 
 REP. HUNTER: Cooper, very simply, to the critics of -- of America, I would say this. When you were -- were faced with disease and starvation, the Americans brought food and medicine. When you had earthquakes and tsunamis and floods, the Americans came and helped you. And when you were threatened from outside, the Americans left the safety of their own homes to come and defend you. 
 
 I will never apologize for the United States of America. (Cheers, applause.) 
 
 MR. COOPER: Our next question -- our next question comes from Seattle, Washington. 
 
 ANDREW JONES (SEATTLE, WASHINGTON): Hello, gentlemen. I'm Andrew, and I'm a college student from Seattle, Washington. 
 
 Recently, Senator McCain has come strongly against using waterboarding as an instrument of interrogation. My question for the rest of you is, considering that Mr. McCain is the only one with any firsthand knowledge on the subject, how can those of you sharing the stage with him disagree with his position? 
 
 MR. COOPER: Governor Romney. 
 
 MR. ROMNEY: Well, he certainly is an expert, and I -- and I certainly would want to get his counsel on a matter of this nature. But I do not believe that as a -- a presidential candidate it is wise for us to describe precisely what techniques we will use in interrogating people. 
 
 I oppose torture. I would not be in favor of torture in any way, shape or form. We -- 
 
 MR. COOPER: Is waterboarding torture? 
 
 MR. ROMNEY: And -- as I just said, as a presidential candidate, I don't think it's wise for us to describe specifically which measures we would and would not use. And that is something which I would want to receive the counsel not only of Senator McCain, but of a lot of other people. And there are people who -- who, for many, many years, get the information we need to make sure that we protect our country. 
 
 And by the way, I want to make sure these folks are kept at Guantanamo. I don't want the people that are carrying out attacks in this country to be brought into our jail system and to be given legal representation in this country. I want to make sure that -- that what happened to -- (applause) -- to Khalid Sheikh Mohammed happens to other people who are terrorists. He was captured. He was the so- called mastermind of the 9/11 tragedy. And he turned to his captors and he said, "I'll see you in New York with my lawyers." I presume ACLU lawyers. But that's not what happened. (Laughter.) 
 
 He went to Guantanamo and he met GIs and CIA interrogators, andthat's just exactly how it ought to be. (Cheers,applause.) 
 
 MR. COOPER: There are -- SenatorMcCain. There are reports Khalid Sheikh Mohammed waswaterboarded. 
 
 SEN. MCCAIN: Well, Governor, I'mastonished that you haven't found out what waterboarding is. 
 
 MR. ROMNEY: I know what waterboarding is, Senator. 
 
 SEN. MCCAIN: Then I am astonished that you would think such a torture would be inflicted on anyone in our -- who we are -- held captive, and anyone who could believe that that's not torture. It's in violation of the Geneva Conventions. (Applause.) It's in violation of existing law. 
 
 And Governor, let me tell you, if we're going to get the high ground in this world and we're going to be America that we have cherished and loved for more than 200 years, we're not going to torture people. We're not going to do what Pol Pot did. We're not going Pot do what's being done to Burmese monks as we speak. 
 
 And I suggest that you talk to retired military officers and active duty military officers like Colin Powell and others. And how in the world anybody could think that that kind of thing could be inflicted by Americans on people who are held in our custody is absolutely beyond me. (Cheers, applause.) 
 
 MR. COOPER: Governor Romney, 30 seconds to respond, please. 
 
 MR. ROMNEY: Senator McCain, I appreciate your strong response, and you have the credentials upon which to make that response. I did not say, and I do not say, that we're in -- that I'm in favor of torture. I am not. I'm not going to specify the specific means of what is and what is not torture so that the people that we capture will know what things we're able to do and what things we're not able to do. 
 
 And I get that -- and I get that advice from Cofer Black, who is a person who was responsible for counterterrorism in the CIA for some 35 years. I'd get that advice by talking to former general in our military, and I don't believe -- 
 
 MR. COOPER: Time. 
 
 MR. ROMNEY: -- I don't believe it's appropriate for me as a presidential candidate to lay out all of the issues one by one -- 
 
 MR. COOPER: Time. 
 
 MR. ROMNEY: -- get question one by one, is this torture, is that torture. 
 
 MR. COOPER: Senator McCain? 
 
 MR. ROMNEY: That's something which I'm going to take your and other people's counsel on. 
 
 MR. COOPER: Senator McCain, 30 seconds to respond. 
 
 SEN. MCCAIN: Well, then you would have to advocate that we withdraw from the Geneva Conventions, which were for the treatment of people who are held prisoner, whether they be illegal combatants or regular prisoners of war, because it's clearly the definition of torture. It's in violation of laws we have passed. 
 
 And again, I would hope that we would understand, my friends, that life is not 24 and Jack Bauer. Life is interrogation techniques which are humane and yet effective. And I just came back from visiting a prison in Iraq. They army general there said that the techniques under the Army Field Manual are working and working effectively, and he didn't think they need to do anything else. 
 
 My friends, this is what America is all about. This is a defining issue, and clearly, we should be able if we want to be commander in chief of the U.S. armed forces to take a definite and positive position on, and that is we will never allow torture to take place in the United States of America -- (off mike) -- (cheers, applause.) 
 
 MR. COOPER: Staying -- staying on this issue, let's watch. 
 
 Q Hello. My name is Buzz Brockway from Lawrenceville, Georgia. 
 
 All the talk about the war in Iraq centers around how quickly we can get out. I think that's the wrong question. We need to make a permanent or long-term military commitment to the region. By staying in Iraq, we provide long-term stability to the region. We provide support for our allies, and we act as a deterrent to the troublemakers in the region. Which presidential candidate will make a permanent or long-term military commitment to the people of Iraq? Thank you. 
 
 MR. COOPER: Senator Thompson. 
 
 MR. THOMPSON: We shouldn't be in there longer than necessary, and we don't know how long that will be. But we should be there absolutely as long as it takes to complete our mission there. It will -- it will -- it will make for a safer United States of America. 
 
 We're all focused, understandably, on Iraq and Afghanistan right now, but it is part of a much bigger picture. Islamic terrorism has declared war on us in Western civilization. They would like nothing better than to kill millions of people as they bring us down. They would like to be able to advertise to young radicals around the world that you, too, could help bring down the United States of America. Iran is waiting there to fill that vacuum. You think $90 or $100 a barrel is -- is high for oil now, wait until that happens. But more importantly, it would make for a less secure United States of America. 
 
 We have to do what's necessary. We have to take the opportunity that we have now. John's absolutely right. What's going on there is -- is -- is progress. 
 
 It's called progress. Too many people in this country arevested in a scenario of defeat. I'm vested in a scenario of victory, andI see it happening there in Iraq today. (Applause.) 
 
 MR. COOPER: Congressman Paul, 30seconds. 
 
 REP. PAUL: The best commitment wecan make to the Iraqi people is to give them their country back. That's the most importantthing that we can do. (Cheers, applause.) 
 
 Already -- already part of their country has been taken back. In the south, they claim the surge has worked, but the surge really hasn't worked. There's less violence, but al-Sadr has essentially won in the south. The British are leaving. The brigade of al-Sadr now is in charge. So they are getting their country back. They're in charge up north. The -- the -- the Shi'a -- the people in the north are in charge, as well, and there's no violence up there, or nearly as much. So let the people have their country back again. 
 
 Just think of the -- the cleaning up of the mess after we left Vietnam. Vietnam now is a friend of ours. We trade with them. The president comes here. What we achieved in peace was unachievable in 20 years of the French and the Americans being in Vietnam. 
 
 MR. COOPER: Time. 
 
 REP. PAUL: So it's time for us to take care of America first. (Cheers, applause.) 
 
 MR. COOPER: Senator McCain, 30 seconds. 
 
 SEN. MCCAIN: Well, let -- let me remind you, Congressman, we never lost a battle in Vietnam. (Applause.) It was American public opinion that forced us to lose that conflict. And if you -- (applause continues). 
 
 And I think it's important for all Americans to understand the fundamental difference. After we left Vietnam, they didn't want to follow us home. They wanted to build their own workers' paradise. If you read Zarqawi, if you read bin Laden, if you read Zawahiri, read what they say, they want to follow us home. They want Iraq to be a base for al Qaeda to launch attacks against the United States. Their ultimate destination is not Iraq. Their ultimate destination is New York City, Washington, D.C., Chicago and Phoenix, Arizona. This is a transcendent challenge of our time. I believe that we can meet it, and we will defeat it. (Cheers, applause, booing.) 
 
 MR. COOPER: Congressman Paul. I know a lot of you -- we'll get everyone in on this. 
 
 Congressman Paul, just wanted to allow you to respond. 
 
 REP. PAUL: Shortly after the Vietnam War ended, Colonel Two (sp) and Colonel Summers (sp) met, and they were talking about this. And our -- and the American colonel said, you know, we never lost one battle, and Colonel Two (sp), the Vietnami, says, yes, but that's irrelevant. And it is irrelevant. But we have to realize why they want to come here. Wolfowitz even admitted that one of the major reasons that the al Qaeda was organized and energized was because of our military base in Saudi Arabia. He says, oh, now we can take -- 
 
 MR. COOPER: Time. 
 
 REP. PAUL: -- the base away. He understood why they came here.They come here because we're occupying -- 
 
 MR. COOPER: Time. 
 
 REP. PAUL: -- their country. (Applause.) 
 
 MR. COOPER: Time. 
 
 REP. PAUL: Just as we would object if they occupied our country. (Boos, cheers.) 
 
 MR. COOPER: I just want to let Congressman Tancredo in. We're running short on time, so please, let's try to get to these. You have 30 seconds. 
 
 REP. TANCREDO: I wish that we lived in the world that Ron has described. I wish that we lived in a world where we did not have to worry, by simply removing our forces, we would be safe. Unfortunately, Ron, honest to God, I don't believe that that is the case. We are living in a world where we are threatened. (Cheers, applause.) It is radical Islam. 
 
 It is the -- the ideology -- the political and religious ideology of radical Islam is a threat to America, and it would be a threat -- 
 
 MR. COOPER: Time. 
 
 REP. TANCREDO: -- to America if we never had a single person -- 
 
 REP. PAUL: He mentioned my name. 
 
 REP. TANCREDO: -- serving anywhere outside this country. (Cheers, applause.) 
 
 MR. COOPER: We got another question. This one's going for Mayor Giuliani. 
 
 SAM GARCIA (COLORADO SPRINGS, COLORADO): Hi. My name is Sam Garcia. I'm from Colorado Springs, Colorado. The following question is for Rudy Giuliani. 
 
 Mr. Giuliani, a while back a friend and I were having a discussion about you and some of the other Republican candidates. He blatantly made this statement somewhere along the line: "Rudy Giuliani is using September 11th, 2001 to propel himself into the White House." My question to you is, how do you respond to this accusation and other accusations similar to it? 
 
 MR. COOPER: Ninety seconds. 
 
 MR. GIULIANI: Sam, what I -- what I say is I would like people to look at my whole record. Long before September 11, 2001 I was the third-ranking official in the Reagan Justice Department. During that period of time, I actually did something about illegal immigration. 
 
 I played a large part in stopping the Haitian illegalimmigration into South Florida. I negotiated the agreement with the Haitiangovernment that allowed us to put a Coast Guard cutter in the waters outsideof Port-au-Prince as well as the legal agreements that were necessaryto do the examinations there, and this terrible problem that was goingon that was also leading to the loss of life was ended, or atleast ameliorated tremendously. 
 
 I was the United Sates attorney in the Southern District of New York. I prosecuted thousands of organized crime figures. I prosecuted Sicilian mafia members, never done before in an American court. I was mayor of a city that was described as one of the greatest turnarounds of any city in the history of America. George Will said I ran the most conservative government in this country, most successful conservative government in this country in the last 50 or 60 years. 
 
 This is all before September 11th, 2001. I reduced taxes. I reduced spending. I reduced welfare. I reduced abortions, increased adoptions. These are all things that I did before September 11, 2001. 
 
 And the reason that I believe I'm qualified to be president of the United States is not because of September 11th, 2001; it's because I've been tested. I've been tested in a way in which I ran the third- largest government in this country, the 17th-largest economy in the world, and I got very, very remarkable results. And that is the evaluation of other people, not me. 
 
 MR. COOPER: All right. 
 
 We've got a question which -- (applause) -- definitely a reminder this is a YouTube/CNN debate. Let's watch. 
 
 FAKE VICE PRESIDENT CHENEY: (Laughs.) Yeah. Will you grant your vice president as much power and influence as I've had. (Laughter.) And remember, before you answer, I'm watching you! (Laughter.) 
 
 MR. COOPER: Funny video, serious question. Senator Thompson, would you have a vice president? 
 
 MR. THOMPSON: Well, first of all, I'm greatly relieved. For a second there, I thought that was me. (Laughter.) 
 
 MR. COOPER: The power of the vice president. 
 
 MR. THOMPSON: I think -- I think that the vice president, of course, has a dual role. He has a place in the executive branch of government and he also presides over the Senate, so he has a place in the legislative branch also. But a vice president ought to chosen basically on his ability to serve as president of the United States if that situation were called for. Therefore, he needs to be brought into the administration. 
 
 I think that a vice president ought to have substantial authority, I think especially in national security areas. Expertise in that area is especially beneficial to a president, who's having to deal with all the issues a president has to deal with. But certainly some expertise either in the domestic area or the national security area. Some legal training also might be helpful. I think one of the most important things that we're going to be facing for this next president is a selection of United States judges to the Supreme Court. 
 
 So I think that all of those are things that you have to take in consideration and decide even what kind of authority the vice president should have. Basically, he should have the authority that the president gives him, and he should adhere to that authority. 
 
 MR. COOPER: Senator McCain, has this president given too much authority to the vice president? 
 
 SEN. MCCAIN: Look, I'm going to give you some straight talk. This president came to office in a time of peace, and then we found ourselves in 2001. And he did not have as much national security experience as I do, so he had to rely more on the vice president of the United States and that's obvious. I wouldn't have to do that. I might have to rely on a vice president that I select on some other issues. He may have more expertise in telecommunications, on information technology, which is the future of this nation's economy. He may have more expertise in a lot of areas, but I would rely on a vice president of the United States, but, as Fred said, the primary responsibility is to select one who will immediately take your place if necessary. 
 
 MR. COOPER: Time. 
 
 SEN. MCCAIN: But the vice president of the United States is a key and important issue and must add in carrying out the responsibilities as president of the United States. 
 
 MR. COOPER: We've got a short break, our last break of the debate. We'll watch a video. This one from the Hunter campaign as we go to break. 
 
 REP. HUNTER: Hey, hey. 
 
 (Announcements.) 
 
 MR. COOPER: Let's get back to thedebate. 
 
 Another question from a YouTubeviewer. Let's watch. 
 
 Q My name is Keith Kerr, from Santa Rosa, California. I'm retired brigadier general with 43 years of service, and I'm a graduate of the Special Forces Officer Course, the Command and General Staff Course, and the Army War College. And I'm an openly gay man. 
 
 I want to know why you think that American men and women in uniform are not professional enough to serve with gays and lesbians. 
 
 MR. COOPER: I want to point out that Brigadier General Keith Kerr is here with us tonight. Glad you're here. (Applause.) 
 
 I'll give the question to Congressman Hunter. 
 
 REP. HUNTER: Yeah. General, General, thanks for your service, but I believe in what Colin Powell said when he said that having openly homosexual people serving in the ranks would be bad for unit cohesion. And the reason for that -- even though people point to the Israelis and point to the Brits and point to other people as having homosexuals serve, is that most Americans, most kids who leave that -- that breakfast table and go and serve in the military and make that corporate decision with their family -- most of them are conservatives. And they have conservative values, and they have Judeo-Christian values. And to force those people to work in a small, tight unit with somebody who is homoment (sic) -- openly homosexual goes against what they believe to be their principles -- and it is their principles -- is, I think, a disservice to them. And I -- I agree with Colin Powell that it would be bad for unit cohesion. (Applause.) 
 
 MR. COOPER: I want to direct that to Governor Huckabee. Thirty seconds. 
 
 MR. HUCKABEE: The Uniform Code of Military Justice is probably the best rule, and it has to do with conduct. People have a right to have whatever feelings, whatever attitudes they wish. 
 
 But when their conduct could put at risk the morale or put at risk even the cohesion that Duncan Hunter spoke of, I think that's what is at issue, and that's why our policy is what it is. 
 
 MR. COOPER: Governor Romney, you said in 1994 that you looked forward to the day when gays and lesbians could serve, and I quote, "openly and honestly" in our nation's military. Do you stand by that? 
 
 MR. ROMNEY: This isn't that time. This is not that time. We're in a middle of a war. The people who have watched -- 
 
 MR. COOPER: Do you look forward to that time, though, one day? 
 
 MR. ROMNEY: I'm going to listen to the people who run the military to see what the circumstances are like. And my view is that at this stage this is not the time for us to make that kind of a change. 
 
 MR. COOPER: Is there a change in your position from 1994? 
 
 MR. ROMNEY: Yeah, I didn't think it would work. I didn't think "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" would work. That was my -- I didn't think that would work. I thought that was a policy -- when I heard about it, I laughed. I said that doesn't make any sense to me. And you know what? It's been there now for what, 15 years? Seems to have worked. 
 
 MR. COOPER: So just on clear -- at this point, do you still look forward to a day when gays can serve openly in the military, or no longer? 
 
 MR. ROMNEY: I look forward to hearing from the military exactly what they believe is the right way to have the right kind of cohesion and support in our -- in our troops, and I'll listen to what they have to say. (Boos.) 
 
 MR. COOPER: All right. 
 
 General Kerr is, as I said, is here. Please stand up, General. Thank you very much for being with us. Do you feel you got an answer to your question? 
 
 GEN. KERR: With all due respect, I did not get an answer from the candidates. (Applause.) 
 
 MR. COOPER: What do you -- what do you feel you got? 
 
 GEN. KERR: American -- American men and women in the military are professional enough to serve with gays and lesbians. For 42 years, I wore the Army uniform on active duty, in the Reserve, and also for the state of California. I revealed I was a gay man after I retired. Today, "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" is destructive to our military policy. Every -- every day, the Department of Defense discharges two people not for misconduct, not for the unit cohesion -- (mike cuts off). 
 
 MR. COOPER: The mike is -- you've lost the -- is the microphone not working? All right. Please, just finish your -- finish your -- what is your -- 
 
 GEN. KERR: Not for the unit cohesion that Congressman Hunter is talking about, but simply because they happen to be gay. 
 
 MR. COOPER: Okay. Senator McCain -- 
 
 GEN. KERR: And we're talking about doctors, nurses, pilots, and the surgeon who sews -- (boos) -- sews somebody up when they're taken from the battlefield. 
 
 MR. COOPER: I appreciate your comment. 
 
 Senator McCain, I want to give you 30 seconds. You served in the military. (Applause.) 
 
 SEN. MCCAIN: General, I thank you for your service to our nation. I respect it. 
 
 All the time I talk to our military leaders, beginning with our Joint Chiefs of Staff and leaders in the field such as General Petraeus and General Odierno and others who are designated leaders with the responsibility of the safety of the men and women under their command and their security and protect them as best they can. Almost unanimously, they tell me that this present policy is working, that we have the best military in history, we have the bravest, most professional -- 
 
 MR. COOPER: Time. 
 
 SEN. MCCAIN: -- best-prepared, and that this policy ought to be continued because it's working. 
 
 MR. COOPER: All right. We've got another question. Let's listen. (Applause.) 
 
 DAVID CERCONE (POMPANO BEACH, FLORIDA): Hi. My name is David Cercone. I would like to ask all the candidates if they accept the support of the Log Cabin Republicans. And why should the Log Cabin Republicans support their candidacy? Thank you. 
 
 MR. COOPER: Governor Huckabee, would you support -- would you get -- would you allow support from the Log Cabin Republicans, a group of gay Republicans? 
 
 MR. HUCKABEE: You know, in my position in this entire election, I need the support of anybody and everybody I can get. (Laughter, applause.) So I'm happy -- 
 
 MR. COOPER: Should they support you? 
 
 MR. HUCKABEE: Sure they should. I disagree with them -- strongly disagree with them -- on the idea of same-sex marriage. But in a democracy, we can have disagreements over some policies and still agree on the greater things that make us Republicans. 
 
 So would I accept their support? Of course. Would I change my position on same-sex marriage? No, I wouldn't. But if they're willing to support me -- (applause) -- I'll be their president. I'll be anybody's president, but I'll be true to my convictions. And I think that's what Americans look for -- not someone they're going to agree with on everything, but somebody who at least has some convictions -- (applause) -- sticks with them, can explain them, and can at least have respect for people who have different ones. (Applause.) 
 
 MR. COOPER: Another question about a local economy. 
 
 ADAM FLORZAK (ILLINOIS): This is Adam Florzak of Illinois. 
 
 The national debt is now growing so quickly it will have increased by over half a million dollars in just the time it takes to ask this question. Over the years, politicians have borrowed just under $2 trillion from the Social Security trust fund to cover these massive budget deficits, and now the retirements of our generation are at risk. What will you do as president to help repay this money and restore the trust? 
 
 MR. COOPER: Senator Thompson, a lot of retirees here in Florida. Ninety seconds. 
 
 MR. THOMPSON: One of the things I would do for his generation is protect him from our generation. (Laughter, applause.) We're -- he's absolutely right: We're spending his money, we're spending his children's money, and we're spending the money of kids yet to be born. 
 
 In 2017, Social Security will be in the red. Pretty soon itwill be out of money. It will go bankrupt. In fact, ourentitlement programs put together will take over the entire budget by about 2040. So that's why I get back to the point I made earlier. All theseprograms that we talk about on the news every day are a thimbleful in theocean compared to the entitlement tsunami that's coming to hitus. 
 
 Now, we can do some things now, as I'veproposed aboutSocial Security, without having to really hurt anybody and give people to invest for their future while they're their working, or we canwait and let our grandkids or children, depending on how old theyare, solve this problem that we have left them. It's not only afiscal issue, it's a moral issue, as far as I'mconcerned. 
 
 MR. COOPER: Govern McCain? Sorry -- Governor Romney, 30 seconds. 
 
 MR. ROMNEY: Thank you. 
 
 That's one of the problems we face, and a big one, which is the overspending in Washington and the debt and the obligations we have. We also face tough new competition coming from Asia. We face global jihad, which we just talked about very briefly. We face a whole series of extraordinary problems. Overuse of oil. Entitlements out of control. 
 
 It's time for us to recognize we're going to have to take a new course in this country, not follow Hillary Clinton off to the left, instead to follow the pathway Ronald Reagan blazed, which is to say we're going to have a stronger America with a stronger economy and have somebody who understands how jobs come and go, who understands what propels our economy will strengthen then our economy, strengthen our military and strengthen our families. 
 
 MR. COOPER: I want to get as many of the YouTube questions in as possible. Let's get another one here from another viewer. 
 
 Q My name is Steve Nielson, and this question comes to you from Denver, Colorado. 
 
 JFK's vision put a man on the moon from a non-existent space program in about seven years. The new vision for space exploration has provided about 15 years for that same feat. Meanwhile, Congress is pulling funding for humans-to-Mars research all together. Is there a candidate amongst you willing to take a pledge on behalf of the Mars Society of sending an American to the surface of Mars by 2020? If not, what is your vision for human space exploration? 
 
 MR. COOPER: Governor Huckabee? NASA pumped some five -- let's see -- how many -- $5 billion into Florida's economy. 
 
 MR. HUCKABEE: Whether we ought to go to Mars is not a decision that I would want to make, but I would certainly want to make sure that we expand the space program because every one of us who are sitting here tonight had our lives dramatically improved because there was a space program, whether it's these screens that we see or the incredible electronics that we use, including the GPS system that got many of you to this arena tonight. (Laughter.) Some of you were late because you didn't have one, by the way. (Laughter.) Or whether it's the medical technologies that save many of our lives or the lives of our families. It's the direct result of the space program, and we need to put more money into science and technology and exploration. Now whether we need to send somebody to Mars, I don't know, but I'll tell you what, if we do, I've got a few suggestions and maybe Hillary could be on the first rocket to Mars. (Laughter, cheers, applause.) 
 
 MR. COOPER: Congressman Tancredo, 30 seconds, please. 
 
 REP. TANCREDO: The question is a serious one and deserves a serious answer, and that is this: Look, we have been -- how many times up here -- how many questions have dealt with the issue of deficit spending, the debt out of control, and yet we have somebody saying, but would you spend more money on going to Mars. And the suggestion that we need to spend more money on space exploration -- this is it, folks. 
 
 That's why we have such incredible problems with our debt because everybody's trying to do everything to all people. (Applause.) We can't afford some things, and by the way, going to Mars is one of them. Scattered laughter, applause.) 
 
 MR. COOPER: All right. Let's move on. Another question here from Los Angeles. (Short pause.) Actually, let's show -- 
 
 Q Hi. My name is David McMillan, and I'm from Los Angeles, California. On a variety of specific issues -- gay marriage, taxes, the death penalty, immigration, faith-based initiatives, school vouchers, school prayer -- many African Americans hold fairly conservative views, and yet we overwhelmingly vote Democrat in most elections. So my question to any of the Republican candidates here is: Why don't we vote for you? (Laughter.) 
 
 MR. COOPER: Mayor Giuliani. 
 
 MR. GIULIANI: We probably haven't done a good enough job as a party in pointing out that our solutions, our philosophy is really the philosophy that would be the most attractive to the overwhelming majority of people in the African American and Hispanic community. Whether they are upper middle class, rich, middle class or poor, good education is something that everyone in all these communities and all communities want. The idea of choice in education is something that would be -- would totally turn around education in this country. It's something that large percentages of African American Hispanic parents support. They would like to be able to choose a private school, a parochial school, a charter school, home schooling for their children, and instead they have the government telling them that their children has to go to an inadequate school. 
 
 So there are many, many issues on which we can reach out. 
 
 I found that one of the best was moving people off welfare. Imoved 640,000 people off welfare, most of them to jobs. I changedthe welfare agency into a job agency. And all of a sudden, I hadpeople that had a future, people that had great hope in life. 
 
 I think the reason that crime not onlydeclined in New York more than any place else, but continues to decline, is that many ofthose people who were hopeless 10, 12 years ago now have hope, they havea future, they have -- they have gotten the genius of the Americanway of life. 
 
 MR. COOPER: Time. 
 
 MR. GIULIANI: We haven't made it available to all people, and we have to do that. We will be a very popular party -- 
 
 MR. COOPER: Time. 
 
 MR. GIULIANI: -- in those communities. 
 
 MR. COOPER: Governor Huckabee, 30 seconds. (Light applause.) 
 
 MR. HUCKABEE: Well, according to your network's exit polls, some 48 percent of the African-Americans in my state did in fact vote for me, which is unusually high for African-Americans voting for a Republican. Here's a reason why: because I asked for their vote, and I didn't wait till October of the election year to do it. And while I was governor, I tried to make sure that we included people not only in appointments and employment, but also in the programs that would truly make a difference, by putting disproportionate amounts of help for health problems specifically targeted to African-Americans, like hypertension and AIDS and diabetes. 
 
 MR. COOPER: Time. 
 
 MR. HUCKABEE: So there's a reason. And I just want to express that our party had better reach out, not just to African-Americans but to Hispanics and to all people of this country. I don't want to be a part of a Republican Party that is a tiny, minute -- 
 
 MR. COOPER: Time. 
 
 MR. HUCKABEE: -- and ever-decreasing party, but one that touches every American from top to bottom -- 
 
 MR. COOPER: Time. 
 
 MR. HUCKABEE: -- regardless of race. (Applause.) 
 
 MR. COOPER: Our next question. Let's watch. 
 
 Q Hello. My name is Leroy Brooks. I am from Houston, Texas. And my question is for all the candidates. Does this flag right here represent the symbol of racism, the symbol of political ideology, the symbol of Southern heritage, or is it something completely different? 
 
 MR. COOPER: Talking about the stars and bars. Governor Romney? 
 
 MR. ROMNEY: I -- right now with the kinds of issues we got in this country, I'm not going to get involved in a flag like that. That's not a flag that I recognize so that I would (haul/hold ?) it up in my room. The people of our country have decided not to fly that flag. I think that's the right thing. (Applause.) 
 
 My own view is that this country can go beyond that kind of stuff and that instead we can do as a party what we need to do, which is to reach out to all Americans. 
 
 Every time I listen to someone like John Edwards get on TV and say there are two Americans (sic), I just want to -- I just want to throw something at the TV, because there are not two Americas. There's one America. We are a nation united. We face extraordinary challenges right now, and Democrats dividing us and tearing down this country are doing exactly the wrong thing. 
 
 We're succeeding in Iraq. We've got tough challenges. We can overcome them. But we do not need to have that kind of divisive talk. And that flag, frankly, is divisive and it shouldn't be shown. 
 
 MR. COOPER: Governor Thompson? Excuse me; Senator Thompson. Maybe one day. 
 
 MR. THOMPSON: No. The -- I know that everybody who hangs a flag up in their room like that is not racist. 
 
 I also know that for a great many Americans it's a symbol of racism. So therefore, as a public place -- he's free to do whatever he wants to in his home. As far as a public place is concerned, I am glad that people have made the decision not to display it as a prominent flag symbolic of something in a state capital. As a part of a group of flags or something of that nature, you know, honoring various service people at different times in different parts of the country, I think that's different. But as a nation, we don't need to go out of our way to be bringing up things to certain people in our country that -- 
 
 MR. COOPER: Time. 
 
 MR. THOMPSON: -- that's bad for them. 
 
 MR. COOPER: We're running short on time. I want to get Ron Paul's video in. Let's watch. 
 
 (Representative Ron Paul's campaign video is played.) (Cheers, applause.) 
 
 MR. COOPER: That was by the Paul campaign. Let's get to another YouTube question. 
 
 Q Good evening. My name is Dr. Hank Campbell. I'm in Lake Worth, Florida. My question is our infrastructure. 
 
 It's been estimated that to fix the bridges, the tunnels, the power grids, the water delivery systems in this country will bein excess of $2 trillion -- that's T for trillion, and it isplural. 
 
 Who among the candidates here is willingto step forward and begin to articulate the very difficult sacrifices which we needto make in order to start repairing America? Thankyou. 
 
 MR. COOPER: Mayor Giuliani? 
 
 MR. GIULIANI: Well, I faced a situation like this -- a microcosm of it -- in New York City. New York City hadn't invested in infrastructure for a very, very long time; it had kind of got through its fiscal crisis that way. And we started a long-term capital investment program in the infrastructure. 
 
 My predecessor started it, I continued it, I turned it over to my successor, and it really has done, I think, remarkable work in rebuilding the infrastructure of New York. That's what America needs. It can't be done by one president. This is something where you're going to need a succession of presidents to have a sustained program -- probably, we should have budgeting that allows for -- we can't really have a capital budget under federal budgeting, but we could have a separate accounting for that kind of budgeting that's long term because this is going to help America over a 20 or a 30-year period. 
 
 And most of the time when we're spending money, as Senator Thompson said, we're spending the next generation's money, and we shouldn't be doing that. And fiscal conservatism is about preventing that. But when we're rebuilding our roads, rebuilding our bridges, building new bridges, rebuilding our infrastructure, that's actually going to benefit the next generation and the generation after. 
 
 And there are ways to spread that out over a long period of time. But it needs a sustained program, and it cannot be done just by the federal government. It needs to be done as a partnership with state and local governments, and I believe I'd be in a good position to lead that. 
 
 MR. COOPER: Congressman Paul, 30 seconds. 
 
 REP. PAUL: The infrastructure problem in this country is very, very serious. We as Americans are taxed to blow up the bridges overseas, we're taxed to go over and rebuild the bridges overseas, while our bridges are falling down in this country. 
 
 This country is going bankrupt and we can't afford this. We need to take care of ourselves. We do not need to sacrifice one thing more. We just need to take care of ourselves and get the government out of our lives and off our back and out of our wallets. (Cheers, applause.) 
 
 MR. COOPER: Senator McCain, 30 seconds. 
 
 SEN. MCCAIN: First thing I'll do, my friends, is take out my veto pen and veto every single pork-barrel project that comes across my desk. And there will be no more bridges to nowhere under my administration, I promise you that. And we'll -- and we'll -- and we'll give the president of the United States a line-item veto, which Rudy Giuliani opposed so that he can protect his $250 million worth of pork. 
 
 MR. COOPER: Time. 
 
 SEN. MCCAIN: My friends, we will take the money and give it back to the states, and we'll let them make these decisions. But we'll never have another pork-barrel project as long as I'm capable of wielding a -- 
 
 MR. COOPER: Time. I -- 
 
 SEN. MCCAIN: -- veto pen. 
 
 MR. COOPER: Time. We got another question -- 
 
 MR. GIULIANI: Anderson? 
 
 MR. COOPER: Yeah. 
 
 MR. GIULIANI: May I please respond to the -- 
 
 MR. COOPER: Yeah. You can go ahead, 30 seconds. 
 
 MR. GIULIANI: -- to the -- with a side shot? 
 
 MR. COOPER: Thirty seconds. 
 
 MR. GIULIANI: The reality is that the line-item veto is unconstitutional. 
 
 MR. COOPER: Quiet. 
 
 MR. GIULIANI: The line-item veto is unconstitutional. 
 
 SEN. MCCAIN: The line-item veto is constitutional. 
 
 MR. GIULIANI: The line-item veto is unconstitutional determined not by John McCain, but by the Supreme Court. And the Supreme Court found that the line-item veto is unconstitutional. If I hadn't challenged that, I would not have been carrying out my fiduciary duties for the people of New York City. That was money that was illegally deprived to the people of my city. I fought for them. 
 
 MR. COOPER: Time. 
 
 MR. GIULIANI: I beat Bill Clinton. Not bad to have a Republican who can beat Bill Clinton. (Applause.) 
 
 MR. COOPER: Let's go to the next question. It's for Ron Paul. 
 
 Q Mark Strauss, Davenport, Iowa. This question is for Ron Paul. Mr. Paul, I think we both know that the Republican Party's never going to give you the nomination, but I'm hoping that you're crazy like a fox like that and you're using this exposure to propel yourself into an Independent run. 
 
 My question is for Ron Paul. Mr. Paul, are you going to let America down by not running as an Independent? 
 
 Thank you. 
 
 REP. PAUL: Now, that's what I call a tough question because I have no intention of doing this. I am a Republican. I have won 10 times as a Republican, and we're doing quite well. We had 5,000 people show up and rally in front of the Independence Hall with blacks and Hispanics and a cross-section of this country. Do you know that we raised $4.3 million in one day -- (cheers, applause) -- without spending one cent. We didn't even pay an individual to go out, and they weren't professional fundraisers. 
 
 It came in here. It was automatic. We're struggling to figure out how to spend the money. This country is in a revolution. They're sick and tired of what they're getting, and I happen to be lucky enough to be part of it. (Cheers, applause.) 
 
 MR. COOPER: I'll take that as a no. Okay. 
 
 We -- unfortunately, this is our last question of the night. 
 
 Q (Chris Krul, Bonita Springs, FL): Guiliani, can you explain why you, being a lifelong Yankees, fan, that this year, at the -- after the Yankees lost everything, you rooted for the Red Sox in the postseason. Can you explain that position for me? (Cheers, applause.) 
 
 MR. COOPER: Mayor Giuliani? 
 
 REP. PAUL: Yeah. I want to ask him that question, too. 
 
 (Cross talk.) 
 
 MR. GIULIANI: Hey, Krul. I'm Giuliani, he's Krul -- (laughter) -- so I'll explain it to him like in Brooklyn. I am American League fan. I root for the American League team when they get into the World Series; I've done it for 50 years. I actually rooted for the Red Sox -- (boos) -- I can't help it, I'm an American League fan. I rooted for the White Sox, the Tigers, the Red Sox. 
 
 As soon as the World Series are over, I rooted for the Yankees again, we're going to beat you next year. (Cheers, applause.) I, unfortunately, have lost a bet already to John McCain with the Arizona Diamondbacks, so I don't have a 100 (sic) record. But I do point out that when I was mayor of New York City, the Yankees won four world championships. (Cheers, applause.) 
 
 And -- wait, wait, wait -- I wanted to put this in our reel, but they cut it out, so I'm going to get it in -- and since I've left being mayor of New York City, the Yankees have won none. (Laughter, applause.) 
 
 MR. COOPER: Governor Romney, very quickly, your chance. 
 
 MR. ROMNEY: Eighty-seven -- 87 long years -- we waited 87 long years. And true suffering Red Sox fans that my family and I are, we could not have been more happy than to see the Red Sox win the World Series except by being able to beat the Yankees when they were ahead three games to none. 
 
 And so I have to tell you that, like most Americans, we love our sports teams and we hate the Yankees. (Laughter, applause.) 
 
 MR. COOPER: I want to thank you all for participating tonight. I want to thank all those viewers who submitted the questions -- 5,000 questions. I want to thank everyone in the audience and the Republican Party of Florida for hosting us. 
 
 Thank you very much. (Cheers, applause.) ||||| 
 
 Mitt Romney, photographed in Davenport, Iowa, on Oct. 29, 2012. (Emmanuel Dunand/AFP/Getty) 
 
 This post has been updated. 
 
 Mitt Romney, the Republican Party's 2012 presidential nominee, strongly condemned the flying of the Confederate flag on the grounds of the South Carolina state capitol on Saturday, prompting current GOP candidates to weigh in on a subject controversial across the "First in the South" primary state. 
 
 Romney's comments repeating his longtime position came in the wake of a shooting that left nine people dead Wednesday night at a historic black church in Charleston, S.C. Authorities were working on Saturday to determine whether the man accused of killing the nine African Americans attending a church Bible study was the author of a racist manifesto targeting blacks, Jews and Hispanics that was found on a Web site as part of an ongoing investigation. 
 
 In the wake of the shootings, critics have denounced South Carolina leaders for failing to lower to half staff a Confederate flag flying on State Capitol grounds -- and for its placement near the Capitol at all. The flag has flown atop or next to the Capitol in Columbia, S.C., since 1962. It was removed from atop the Capitol dome in 2000 and now flies at a Civil War memorial next to the Capitol. 
 
 On Saturday, Romney took to Twitter to call the flag "a symbol of racial hatred" and said it should be removed as a tribute to the victims of the shooting. 
 
 Take down the #ConfederateFlag at the SC Capitol. To many, it is a symbol of racial hatred. Remove it now to honor #Charleston victims. — Mitt Romney (@MittRomney) June 20, 2015 
 
 Romney first weighed in on the flag as a Republican presidential candidate in 2007, when he said "That's not a flag I recognize." 
 
 "That flag, frankly, is divisive, and it shouldn't be shown," he said during a debate sponsored by CNN. 
 
 The comments sparked outrage among some South Carolina conservatives, a key voting bloc in the Palmetto State. In protest, a group called the Americans for the Preservation of American Culture ran several radio ads attacking Romney for not supporting the state's heritage. Ultimately, Romney placed fourth in the South Carolina primary. 
 
 But Romney restated his opposition to the flag in 2012, when he won the GOP nomination. While he took a pass on running for president yet again in 2016, Rommey remains a widely influential figure in the Republican Party. He hosted a summit for former top donors two weeks ago that was attended by several presidential candidates or their representatives. 
 
 His comments Saturday came amid the struggle by several candidates to articulate whether or not the flag should remain in place -- and whether the motives of the church shooter were racist. 
 
 Ohio Gov. John Kasich, who is expected to launch a presidential campaign soon, said in a statement Saturday that the flag issue "is up to the people of South Carolina to decide, but if I were a citizen of South Carolina I'd be for taking it down." 
 
 Former Florida governor Jeb Bush said in a statement that "My position on how to address the Confederate flag is clear. In Florida we acted, moving the flag from the state grounds to a museum where it belonged." 
 
 In 2001, Bush ordered the removal of the Confederate flag from the Florida State Capitol, where it had flown since 1978. 
 
 But Bush's statement didn't explicitly call on South Carolina to do the same: "This is obviously a very sensitive time in South Carolina and our prayers are with the families, the AME church community and the entire state. Following a period of mourning there will rightly be a discussion among leaders in the state about how South Carolina should move forward, and I'm confident they will do the right thing." 
 
 Late Friday, Bush told a Tampa Republican fundraiser that "It breaks my heart that somebody, a racist, would do the things he did" in Charleston. 
 
 In Miami, Sen. Marco Rubio (R-Fla.) said Saturday that it is up to the people of South Carolina, not "outsiders," to decide whether to remove the Confederate flag. 
 
 "This is an issue that they should debate and work through and not have a bunch of outsiders going in and telling them what to do," he told reporters. 
 
 In his most expansive remarks on the deadly mass shooting, Rubio said the white man charged with the killings "carried out an act motivated by racial hatred." 
 
 "It's an atrocity. It's a horrifying instance," he added. 
 
 Rubio said he now supports Bush's decision to remove the Confederate flag from the Florida capitol and place it in a museum. But as a state legislator, Rubio co-sponsored a war monuments preservation bill that would have preserved the Confederate flag's placement on Capitol grounds. 
 
 Sen. Ted Cruz (R-Tex.), in an interview with The Washington Post, said Saturday that decisions about the flag are for South Carolina to decide, but that he understands "both sides" of the debate. 
 
 “Both those who see a history of racial oppression and a history of slavery, which is the original sin of our nation, and we fought a bloody civil war to expunge that sin," he said while campaigning in Iowa. 
 
 But, he added: "I also understand those who want to remember the sacrifices of their ancestors and the traditions of their states, not the racial oppression, but the historical traditions and I think often this issue is used as a wedge to try to divide people." 
 
 In Philadelphia, Wisconsin Gov. Scott Walker, who is poised to launch a GOP presidential campaign, began a speech on Saturday by asking for a moment of silence in memory "of those nine lives" killed in Charleston. As he watched media coverage from South Carolina, he said he was struck by how many "family and friends were already talking about forgiveness." 
 
 Later in a statement, Walker said that "The horrific crime committed on Wednesday in Charleston was done by a racist and evil man. I condemn both his acts and his beliefs." 
 
 He added later that "The placement of a Confederate flag on the Capitol grounds is a state issue and I fully expect the leaders of South Carolina to debate this but the conversation should wait until after the families have had a chance to bury and mourn their loved ones." 
 
 Carly Fiorina, the former corporate executive also running for president, didn't mention the shooting during a 20-minute speech Saturday at a Faith and Freedom Coalition conference in Washington. Asked about Romney's comments after her speech, she told reporters "personally I agree with him but I believe it's up to the people of South Carolina." 
 
 A spokesman for Sen. Rand Paul (R-Ky.) said he had no comment. 
 
 On Friday, former Texas governor Rick Perry referred to the shooting as an "accident" -- with campaign aides quickly saying that he meant "incident." His slip of the tongue in an interview sparked a social media backlash and immediately invited comparisons to his so-called "oops" moment during a 2011 debate, when he couldn't remember the three federal agencies he wanted to eliminate as president. 
 
 Perry said during the interview with Newsmax that he would be open to taking down the flag in South Carolina, saying "maybe there's a good conversation that needs to be had." 
 
 But Sen. Lindsey O. Graham (R-S.C.), who is also a GOP presidential candidate, dismissed questions about removing the flag when asked on Friday, telling CNN that "We're not going to give this a guy an excuse about a book he might have read or a movie he watched or a song he listened to or a symbol out anywhere. It's him ... not the flag." 
 
 The senator said in a statement Saturday that "There can be no doubt" that the shooting was racially motivated. 
 
 "At an appropriate time, we will move forward to have a discussion on a variety of fronts about what will make us stronger as a nation and what solutions need to be found to achieve that goal. But now, please join me in continuing to pray for the victims, for the citizens of Charleston, of my home state, and of our nation." 
 
 Jenna Johnson in Philadelphia; Sean Sullivan in Miami; Vanessa Williams in Washington; Katie Zezima in Johnston, Iowa; and Patrick Svitek of the Texas Tribune contributed to this report.
– Mitt Romney has long been vocal about his distaste for the Confederate flag flying on South Carolina Capitol grounds, saying in a 2007 presidential debate, "That's not a flag I recognize. That flag, frankly, is divisive, and it shouldn't be shown." He refueled that fire Saturday when he tweeted in response to the Charleston church shootings, writing, "Take down the #ConfederateFlag at the SC Capitol. To many, it is a symbol of racial hatred. Remove it now to honor #Charleston victims." Other Republican POTUS contenders are now offering their own take, per the AP and the Washington Post.: South Carolina's own Sen. Lindsey Graham insists the flag "is a part of who we are" and that we shouldn't be blaming what happened in Charleston on it: "We're not going to give this a guy an excuse … . It's him … not the flag." Former Florida Gov. Jeb Bush says via a statement, "In Florida we acted, moving the flag from the state grounds to a museum where it belonged," but "following a period of mourning there will rightly be a discussion among leaders in the state about how South Carolina should move forward, and I'm confident they will do the right thing." One person who wants to table the discussion: Wisconsin Gov. Scott Walker, who says, "I fully expect the leaders of South Carolina to debate this, but the conversation should wait until after the families have had a chance to bury and mourn their loved ones." Texas Sen. Ted Cruz is trying to see both sides, saying he understands "those who see a history of racial oppression and a history of slavery" embedded in the flag, but that he also gets "those who want to remember the sacrifices of their ancestors and the traditions of their states, not the racial oppression." Sen. Marco Rubio, businesswoman Carly Fiorina, and expected presidential candidate Ohio Gov. John Kasich are taking a non-interventionist approach (though Fiorina and Kasich say they agree personally with taking the flag down), stating it's up to the people of South Carolina to decide what to do—not "outsiders," as Rubio puts it. Still silent on the matter: Louisiana Gov. Bobby Jindal, ex-Arkansas Gov. Mike Huckabee, Sen. Rand Paul, and the latest GOP contender, a surprisingly quiet Donald Trump.