munications for the year 2000 (IMT-2000) frequency spectrum including the 2010-2025 MHz band. This harmoni- sation placed some constraints on the type of technologies that could be used in this frequency Technology, Business and Policy range: in general this meant that non IMT-2000 could not be considered. While as sovereign nation the ministry could choose any technology and disregard an international policy, the fric- tions it would cause with the UN would be troublesome. This policy was decisive in the choice of TD-CDMA and IPMobile. Other technologies proposed by eAccess and DDI Pocket could not be chosen as neither were part of IMT-2000. Another government policy helpful to the cause of IPMobile was the government decision to introduce more competition to the Japanese mobile operator market. Two of the incumbent operators, NTT Docomo and Japan Vodafone, would have been likely to choose TD-CDMA to complement their other 3G standard of WCDMA. Had they also been candidates, IPMobile would have had no chance. The spectrum allocation process itself resulted from a government policy decision. The policy of encouraging usage of broadband wireless communication led to opening of the spec- trum and seeking expressions of interest from prospective mobile operators. All these policies factored in the decision by the government to grant the licence to IPMobile. Private Enterprise Policy Analysis As noted above, policy analysis can be carried out by the private sector as well as the government. The main goals of a company in policy analysis are two-fold. One is to influence policy decision through lobbying. This can be accomplished by proposing and arguing for alternative policies and courses of action, which are presumably more favourable to the company. The other goal is to understand the consequences of national and international policies and align company strategies to take advantage or avoid conflict. For example, a policy analysis by the other two candidates for the Japanese 2 GHz spectrum allocation, eAccess and D