gain achieved can be around 5 dB. Cable and connector losses are case specific and need to be measured or calculated separately. Thicker cable causes less loss, but it is more difficult to install due to weight and a larger bending radius. Thicker cables are also more expensive and therefore the usage needs to be considered. Obviously a longer cable gives a higher loss and because of this the shortest possible route for the cable should be used. Some idea of the cable losses can be seen from Table 2.3. An individual connector gives a loss of around 0.1 dB, but depending on the cable installations there can be several in one antenna line. Other equipment loss factors consist of isolator, combiner and filter losses. The isolator isolates the transmitted signal from the transmitter. The combiner combines TX (transmission) signals to one antenna. The filter combines transmitted and received signals to one feeder cable as well as to a single antenna and antenna cable. The isolator, combiner and filter together give around 2-3 dB losses. Two other gain factors, which need to be considered in the link budget if used, are the mast head amplifier (MHA) and booster. The MHA, which is located close to the antenna in BTS reception, is used to amplify the received signal. This decreases the unbalance between the uplink and downlink by giving extra gain in the uplink the direction. The booster can be used to amplify the BTS transmission power. The interference degradation margin describes the loss due to frequency reuse. Therefore the frequency reuse rate corresponds to the degradation margin value. The suggested value for the interference degradation margin in an average suburban and rural area is 3 dB according to the ETSI recommendation 03.30. In the case of high frequency reuse in urban areas the degradation margin can have a value of 4-5 dB. An example of power budget calculations is presented in Table 2.4. This example is for GSM 1800 and the more calculations are described in more detail in the following using the value