support MBMS in flat EPS architecture. These reference points are as follows: M1: It is the reference point between MBMS GW and E-UTRAN/UTRAN for MBMS data delivery. S1-MME: It is the reference point between MME and E-UTRAN as specified in TS 23.401. For the purpose of supporting MBMS service, it is a control plane interface for session control. Sm: It is the reference point for the control plane between MME and MBMS GW. Sn: It is the reference point for the control plane between MBMS GW and SGSN. SGi-mb: It is the reference point between BM-SC and MBMS GW function for MBMS data delivery. SGmb: It is the reference point for the control plane between BM-SC and MBMS GW. Lastly, the mobile terminals need to support functions for the activation/deactivation of the MBMS bearer service. Once a particular MBMS bearer service is activated, no further explicit user request is required to receive MBMS data. Next Generation Mobile Communications Ecosystem Gateway S1-MME E-UTRAN Uu E-UTRAN BM-SC Content Provider SGi-mb UTRAN Figure 9.20 Reference architecture to support eMBMS in EPS. Reproduced with permission from 2009 3GPP2 9.12.2.8 3GPP2 BCMCS (Broadcast Multicast Service) 3GPP2 has formulated BCMCS (Gold) and BCMCS (Platinum) standards for EV-DO (Rev. 0) and EV- DO (Rev. A) systems respectively. The purpose of the BCMCS is to allow optimization of the EV-DO radio interface for delivery of content streams to one or more terminals in one or more regions of an operator's network. The network operator can control each BCMCS Content Stream with regard to accounting aspects, regions of the network where the BCMCS Content Streams are available to various users, and encryption of the content of Multicast IP Flow(s) to protect against unauthorized reception [30]. 9.12.2.8.1 BCMCS System BCMCS in cdma2000 1xEV-DO radio access networks provide point-to-multipoint transmission of data from a single source to all users, or to a group of users in a specific area. The main purpose of BCMCS is to allow efficient use of the EV-DO radio i