work with Robust architecture for emergency services and conventional communications used for- Backup Primary emergency services Failover Citizens' alert network AWT Network (e.g. for police/fire/ ambulance to replace PAMR trunked radio) Security Public warnings Guidance and precautions - permanent and first choice for reasons of Public updates Community services Rapid rollout and ease of expansion Spectrum availability and speed Coverage Robust architecture Multiple sensor networks Capture/monitor local parameters Secured industrial areas Personal area vital signs RFID/Smart Motes Disaster site networks Ad hoc establishment - portable RF nodes Health and medical sensors on patient and /beacons, sensors and handsets deployed throughout treatment centres Instant infrastructure Sheltered housing support Capture/monitor/report City and village surveillance and policing Track and co-ordinate resources, Disaster management emergency workers and victims Environmental monitoring and alerts Industrial plant monitoring and controls Vehicle and road monitoring Source: Mapping European Wireless Trends and drivers EC/IPTS/JRC, September 2005, to be published. micro-satellites into low orbit space, if a lower cost of payload in space per kg can be achieved, to give reduced signal power in the handset and to squeeze up- link and down-link latencies to a minimum. Handsets might use MIMO (multiple input/multiple output) solid state directional antennae technology to track multiple micro-satellites as they come over the horizon. For in-building communications, repeater hubs to assure signal propagation inside the building would be required. The shoal's adaptive structure could also carry and switch the long distance traffic. LEOs are an unlikely infrastructure component. Possible use of high altitude long endurance systems (HALES): These systems propose the use of circling aircraft high enough in the stratosphere SO that there is no weather perturbation - as a (fairly exotic) regional or urban mobile solution that has been mooted