 Q. 921 layer 8802 3 8802 4 8802 5 8802 7 CCITT Physical CCITT layer X.21/V.24 1.430/1.431 LOCAL AREA NETWORKING WIDE AREA NETWORKING Figure 16.11 Some of the standards contained within the OSI seven layers OSI network management concepts 16/11 Virtual Terminal (VT) 16.7.2 Managers and Agents This provides functions for remote terminal access between open Two illustrations are usually used to demonstrate the concept of a systems. manager process and an agent process, as in Figure 16.12 and Figure 16.13. The concept is that since a manager cannot effectively Distributed Transaction Processing (DTP) control a large number of objects directly, it employs agents (also known as agent managers or agent processes) who control subsets. This provides functions which enable distributed transaction- Manager and agent applications in the same or different open oriented processing between open systems. It uses CCR as an system exchange management information using CMIS/CMIP. The underlying service provider. agent performs the following functions on behalf of the manager: Job Transfer and Manipulation (JTM) MANAGING SYSTEM This provides functions to control processes in a remote computer. It enables work to be submitted to one open system and to be run on MANAGER another system. Common Management Information Service Element (CMISE) This Application Service Element provides functions for transmit- ting management information between open systems and is there- fore of prime importance in network management. It is a transaction oriented standard which uses services of common standards, such as ACSE and ROSE. Contained within CMISE are CMIS (Common Management Information Service), which provides the service necessary to support CMISE capabilities, and CMIP (Common Management Information Protocol) which is the protocol used to carry CMIS. CREATE DELETE OSI network management concepts EVENT-REPORT There are several management concepts defined within OSI, as described in the following sections. ACTION 16.7.1 Managed objects OSI manag