h its shape virtually unchanged. The reason for the waveform shape not changing is because the Fourier am- plitude and phase relationships have not been changed. G + jwC = (4mS+j(2nx5x 106 x 48 nF)) In the frequency range 5-10 MHz, the attenuation constant a tends to remain at 0.33 nepers per km and the = +j1508) mS km-superscript(1) phase propagation B also increases linearly with fre- quency. See cases (d) and (e). If you now compare the Hence above set of cases from Example 2.2.12 with an identical r=V(23+ j3926.99)(4 + j1508) x 10-3 X set from Example 2.2.4, you will see that within these frequency ranges, Z and a tend to remain constant and = 76.95 /1.567 rad B tends to vary linearly with frequency. Therefore the same argument in the foregoing paragraphs applies to this = (0.33 nepers + 76.95 rad) km-superscript(1) frequency range. This is also known as the 'distortionless' range of the transmission line. In the intermediate frequency range of operation (see case (c) of Examples 2.2.4 and 2.2.12), both the propa- 50.03 S / 0.00 rad gation constant a and B, and the characteristic impedance of the line Z vary. Fourier amplitude and phase relations are not maintained as waveforms are transmitted along the line and waveform distortion is the result. (e) At 10 MHz 2.2.12.3 Summary of propagation properties of transmission lines R + jwL = (23+j(2x 10 x 106 x 125uH) There are two frequency regions where signals can be = (23 - 77853.98) O km-superscript(1) passed through transmission lines with minimum CHAPTER 2.2 Transmission lines distortion: a low frequency region and a high frequency region. The low frequency region occurs when R and G >> wC. The high frequency region occurs when R and wC >> G. The high frequency region is Line (Zo) also sometimes called the 'lossless' region of of length / transmission. At both these high and low frequency regions of op- eration, the simplified expressions for Z (Equations 2.2.18 and 2.2.19) and r (Equations 2.2.43 and 2.2.44) show that there is little distortion and that the t