, transmission of accessing, 282 ad revenue on, 286 competition, 215-216 competition in, 286 content available on, 284-285 definition of, 280-281 ease of use, 281, 287-289 growth in, 281 industry impact, 127 Pay-TV, 289 set-top boxes for, 283 technical challenges, 289-290 worldwide availability, 287 Stringify, 134 submarine network systems, 185 cable cuts in, 186-187 cloud and content providers, 186 power limitations, 186 technological advances in, 185-186 Sub-Saharan Africa, mobile service in, 338 subsidies e-rate, 143 Lifeline, 142-143 SuddenLink, 135 super channels, 8 Superclick, 133 sustainability, 218-220 SW (Serving Gateway), 344 switches, 70-74 Layer 2, 71, 121 40/100Gbps Ethernet switch standards, 74 criticality of, 73 MAC (Media Access Control) addresses in, 72 www.TechnicalPDF.com Layer 3, 121 criticality of, 73 IP addresses in, 71 redundancy, 74 Layer 4, 121 user errors, 75 symmetric channels, transitioning to coaxial cable capacity, 214 DOCSIS standards, 213-215, 225 QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation), 214-215 Symmetric High-Data Rate DSL (SHDSL), 268 Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH), 191 Synchronous Ethernet, 188 Synchronous Optical Network. See SONET (Synchronous Optical Network) synchronous protocols, 191 T1 services, 251-252, 267 T3 services, 251-252, 267 tandem offices, 276 Target, 153-154 TBH app, 161 Tbps (terabits per second), 39 TCP (Transmission Control Protocol), 275 TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol), 40, 78 TDM (Time-Division Multiplexing), 38, 189, 224, 233, Telapex, Inc.151 telecommunications, definition of, 219 Telecommunications Act, 128-130, 219 telecommunications industry, 132. See also individual telecommunications companies cable TV, 126, 135-137 www.TechnicalPDF.com capital depreciation in, 182 churn rates, 150 competition, 130-131, 148-149. See also consolidation via mergers agents, 153-154 MVNOs (Mobile Virtual Network Operators), 154-155 nontraditional competitors, 155-167 overbuilders, 153 prisoner telephony providers, 155 quarterly residential sub