h respect to different multi-connectivity configurations, that is, whether different data streams are transmitted over different links or multiple links are simply used for redundant data transmission. In 5G, both transmitter and receiver can be user devices considering D2D communication. In D2D communications, the user terminal may need some time for downlink/uplink synchronization. HARQ retransmission time which is typically calculated assuming 10%-30% error rate for transmission over the air prior to HARQ. Both control-plane and user-plane multi- connectivity impact this delay component. 5. BS/UE (receiver) processing delay (typically two to four subframes) Control-Plane Latency: The control-plane latency is the time for the UE to transition from the IDLE state to the CONNECTED state. In other words, the time that it takes to establish the control-plane and data bearer for data transmission over the access link excludes down- link paging delay and backhaul signaling delay. The control-plane latency includes random access procedure duration, uplink synchronization time, connection establishment and HARQ retransmission interval, and data bearer establishment inclusive of HARQ retrans- missions. More specifically, the breakdown of control-plane latency components is as fol- lows [10,39]: 1. UE wakeup time: Wakeup time may significantly depend on the implementation. 3GPP NR has introduced an intermediate state referred to as INACTIVE state in addition to the LTE IDLE and CONNECTED states, for the purpose of control-plane latency reduction and improving device energy consumption. The new NR UE state provides a broadly configurable discontinuous reception (DRX) and thus contributes to different control-plane latencies for different traffic patterns and power saving modes. Since UE can be configured by the network with different DRX cycles in different conditions, this delay component is better characterized through simulation. Downlink scanning and synchronization + broadcast channel acquisition: This step may furth