 decided to split the Early Spread-Spectrum Systems research possibilities, with Fano studying radar applications and Davenport developing the communication applications. This was a fortunate juxtaposi- tion with radar work alongside communications since covertness could not be maintained in radar applications and jamming was always a possibility. The AJ potential of SS systems was appreciated immediately and reported in a series of RLE secret Quarterly Progress Reports. The year 1951 saw another secret summer study, known as Project Charles, in action at M.I.T. Under the direction of F. W. Loomis of the University of Illinois, Project Charles investigated air defense problems, including electronic warfare. Appendix IV-1 of the Charles Report [134], written by Harry Nyquist of BTL, suggests that carrier frequencies be changed in accordance with a predetermined random sequence, and that by using this FH pattern over a wide band, the effects of jamming could be minimized. In the next section of Appendix IV, the Charles Report pro- poses that a ground wave radar use a noise-modulated CW carrier to achieve security against countermeasures, and indicates that M.I.T. is inves- tigating this technique (this is over a decade after Gustav Guanella's orig- inal conception). 2.2.7 NOMAC Correlation methodology is SO basic to modern communications that it may be difficult to imagine a time when the technique was not widely accepted. Fano, commenting on that era, has said, "There was a heck of a skepticism at the time about crosscorrelation it was SO bad that in my own talks I stopped using the word crosscorrelation. Instead I would say, 'You detect by multiplying the signals together and integrating.' Nevertheless, by the out- set of the 1950s, M.I.T. researchers had become leading proponents of cor- relation techniques, and were finding more and more problems which correlation might help solve [40]-[42], [151], [229], [230]. It was into this climate that Wiesner brought the noise-like wide-band car- rier concept from Projec