f Standards and Technology (NIST) in Boulder, Colorado [20,25,26]. The main EMC appli- cation has been to generate high field strength for susceptibility testing. During the last 7 years, Kildal's antenna group at Chalmers University of Technology has developed the reverberation chamber into a more accurate instrument for measur- ing the characteristics of desired radiation of small antennas and active mobile terminals-in particular when these are intended for use in multipath environ- ments with Rayleigh fading, such as for wireless/mobile communications in urban or indoor environments. The reverberation chamber was known to create Rayleigh fading when the modes were stirred [24] by mechanical movement of plates or shaped wires (mechani- cal stirrers). Kildal's group showed that the modes represent plane waves with an omnidirectional distribution of directions of incidence [15]. Thus, the reverberation © 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Long Term Evolution: 3GPP LTE Radio and Cellular Technology chamber corresponds to an isotropic multipath environment with uniform eleva- tion distribution of the angles of arrival. Real environments may be more complex, with a certain polarization imbalance and an elevation distribution, but the uni- form isotropic environment is an excellent, well-defined reference environment, making it possible to characterize the antennas and terminals in terms of classi- cal antenna quantities such as radiation efficiency and radiated power. Therefore, the goal was to improve the isotropy. In particular, a polarization imbalance was detected and removed by using three orthogonal wall antennas [17]. The accuracy of the measurements increases with the number of modes that are excited (i.e., with the mode density). This generates a certain lowest frequency of operation for specified measurement accuracy. Kildal's group found that the accuracy could be considerably improved by making use of a new stirring method, referred to as platform stirring [16]. When this stirring method was used, the 