esting in a competing technology when today's profits and market positions are strong. Secondary markets for spectrum may also be also important in inciting broadcasters to quickly move to digital terrestrial television and give up unused spectrum, and SO this should also be a concern for regulatory agencies. Mobile is the key technology and new alternative wireless entrants to the mobile market need to be encouraged to ensure competition against entrenched incumbents. Consequently, endorse an open commons for spectrum for new AWTs, with large unlicensed bands and many of them. This will allow new entrants, services and technologies to enter the market unhindered. Do not try to regulate VoIP in the same way as other voice telephony - it is not being brought to market by those who have vested interests in the status quo. It should follow the path of regulation that has enabled the Internet to flower. More research is needed into new radio technologies, including propagation, spectrum sharing and the digital signal processing behind their implementation. It would be well for governments to consider INFRASTRUCTURE TO 2030: TELECOM, LAND TRANSPORT, WATER AND ELECTRICITY - ISBN 92-64-02398-4 © OECD 2006 2. TELECOMS INFRASTRUCTURE TO 2030 investments in this field, perhaps at a regional level (e.g. the level of Europe) in terms of a radio networking research institute(s). Effort should be put into exploring the usage of AWTs for emergency situations, especially for natural disasters with deployment of "instant" networks. The technology will feed back into the commercial sector. This might be a subject for the above research centre. In general, it may be wise to review investments in wired broadband, in view of the wireless services that are coming. Encouraging wired DSL may be at the expense of all other technologies. The potential impacts of telecommunications substitution mechanisms should be examined and understood in relation to future infrastructure planning, with further investigation and feasibility studies. Not