5 Receiver RF testing. 338 Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) Systems Architecture and Design RF power meter DU emulators and/or RU test software designed to generate/analyze signals in a predictable manner Interoperability testing Interoperability testing is done with a pool of test UEs, or with other vendor's core network, CU, DU, RU, or similar equipment. Typically, interoperability labs are both set up internally within the company, as well as at the customer. Use-case scenarios O-RAN defines several test use cases that are designed to confirm (likely) interoperability between components before entering plug fests. Examples include: V2X scenarios that are unique with regards to handovers that happen regularly and at high frequency; traffic steering across heterogeneous networks including Long-term Evolution (LTE), 5G/ NR, and Wi-Fi; QoS-based resource optimization to ensure scheduler behavior is consistent with configured QoS slices; radio resource allocation for unmanned arial vehicle (UAV) application scenario to confirm radio resource allocation policies can be used in UAV applications; Quality of Experience optimization to ensure that machine learning or other algorithms are functional; massive multiple-input, multiple-output beamforming tests to validate optimization to balance loads, reduce intercell interference, and control electrostatic emissions; RAN sharing scenarios to confirm multiple operators can effectively share RAN resources; and RAN slice Service-Level Agreement assurance to confirm capabilities to create and manage customized networks to meet specific service requirements. User Equipment test pool In this test scenario, a large pool of UEs (mobile phones) is automated to perform voice/data transmissions in predefined or random patterns, targeting to confirm that there are no bugs in the combination of UEs (which can have unique behavior) or RAN equipment that is tested against. The objective is that production-grade systems can be deployed in live networks without any (immediate) customer i