Strictly Nonblocking Clos Networks 7.2.2.2 Rearrangeable Nonblocking Clos Networks 7.2.2.3 Blocking Clos Networks 7.2.2.4 Control of a Clos Switch 7.2.2.5 Dimensions and Power Consumption 7.2.2.6 Clos Switch Fabric Modularity 7.2.3 Banyan Switch Fabric 7.2.3.1 Routing through a Banyan Network 7.2.3.2 Modularity of a Banyan Network 7.2.3.3 Real Estate and Power Consumption of a Banyan Network 7.2.3.4 Variation on Basic Banyan Networks Time Division Switch Fabrics 7.3.1 Time Slot Interchange-Based Switch Fabrics 7.3.2 Bus-Based Switch Fabrics 7.3.2.1 Switch Fabric Based on a Slotted Random Access Bus 7.3.2.2 Switch Fabric Based on an Unslotted Random Access Bus 7.3.2.3 Switch Fabric Based on a Carrier Sense Multiple Access Bus 7.3.2.4 Switch Fabric Based on Variations of the Carrier Sense Multiple Access Bus 7.3.3 Delay in Bus-Based Switch Fabrics Wavelength Division Switch Fabrics Hardware Platforms for Switching Network Elements 7.5.1 Fast Backplanes for Switching Equipment 7.5.1.1 High-Speed Electrical Backplanes 7.5.1.2 Optical Backplane 7.5.1.3 Optical Backplanes Based on Monolithic Optical Integration 7.5.1.4 Protocols for Very High-Speed Backplanes 7.5.2 Platform Volume Value Contents On the Performances of Core Switching Machines 7.6.1 Capacity, Throughput, and Channel Utilization 7.6.2 Scalability 7.6.3 Interface Cards Density 7.6.4 Power Consumption 7.6.5 Availability Circuit Switching in the Transport Layer 7.7.1 Connection Switching 7.7.2 Connection Management 7.7.3 Connection Survivability 7.7.4 Optical Cross Connect 7.7.4.1 OXCs with WDM or Gray Interfaces 7.7.4.2 OXC with an Electronic Switch Fabric 7.7.4.3 OXC with an Optical Switch Fabric 7.7.5 Optical Add-Drop Multiplexer 7.7.6 Add-Drop Multiplexer Packet Switching at MPLS and IP Layers: Routers 7.8.1 Generalities on IP/MPLS Routers and Routers Classification 7.8.2 IP Routers Architecture 7.8.3 Routing Tables Lookup 7.8.3.1 Binary Trie-Based Algorithms 7.8.3.2 Hardware-Based Algorithms 7.8.3.3 Comparison between Forwarding Table Lookup Algorithms 