aman Scattering (SRS), and SDH, 195-196 408, 409 STS-N frame, 184-185 Stoll, Clifford, 38-39 STS-Nc frame, 185-187 Stop-and-Wait protocol, 117 synchronization, 189-190 storage area networks (SANs), 192 virtual tributaries, 187-189 store-and-forward switching, 94-95 SONY/Ericsson, 474 Strowger, Almon, 104, 132 spatial resolution, 277-278 STS (synchronous transport signal), 183 spectrum allocation, 315-317, 330, 333 STS-1, 182-185 splice cases, 155-156 STS-N, 184-185 splices, DSL and, 301-302 STS-Nc, 185-187 splitter (ADSL), 293 virtual tributary-ready, 187-189 spread spectrum transmission, 320 STS-1 (Synchronous Transport Signal 351-354 Level One), 182-185 Index submarine cable, 423-428 TCP (Transmission Control Protocol), subnet masking (IP), 41 5-6, 94, 100, 123, 430, 446-447 subscriber loop carrier (SLC), 151 TCP/IP, 122, 123, 430-432, 435-451 subsidies, ILEC, 228, 231 Application Layer, 449-451 Sun Microsystems, 40, 222 creation of, 38 SuperComm. 14 Internet Layer, 437-444 superframe framing, 170-171, 189 Network Interface Layer, 435-437 super-rate frame, 186 OSI VS., 435 surface plasmon polariton (SPP), 467 Transport Layer, 444-449 surface-emitting LEDs. 396 TDM (time-division multiplexing), 20, Sutton, Willie, 58-59 151, 199-200 Swaffield, Martin, 423-425 TDMA (time-division multiple access), Switched Gigabit Ethernet, 458 320, 323-324, 326 switched networks, 90-95, 138-139 Telcordia, 7, 147, 219 switched transport, 18, 370 Tele2, 327 switched virtual circuits (SVCs), 374 telecom market segments, 454 switching: CLECs, 461-462 circuit, 372 component manufacturers, and DTMF, 145 466-469 in early telephony, 133-134 content providers, 473-474 fast packet, 373 desirability of, 229 hierarchy of, 372-373 ILECs, 454-461 LAN, 263-264 ISPs, 465-466 message, 95, 372 IXCs, 462 optical networks, 420-423 MSOs, 462-464 packet, 92-93, 96-100, 372-373 servers, 473-476 routing vs., 421 and softswitch technology, 471-473 store-and-forward, 94-95 systems manufacturers, 470-471 in telephone networks, 143, 162-163, wireless provi