tion protocols will support higher data capacities capable of displacing Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) and cable modem-based broadband Internet access. These protocols include Long-Term Evolution (LTE) and Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access 2 (WiMAX Introduction Building, upgrading, and maintaining cellular networks are highly capital-inten- sive endeavors. Mobile networks require cell sites, switching equipment, and con- nections to other networks. They also depend on peripheral billing, operations maintenance, and enhanced services components such as servers that support SMS and e-mail. Further, as a result of the high costs for spectrum needed for new-generation services and additional capacities, usually only the largest carriers have the resources to bid on and purchase spectrum. Mobile services have already displaced a large percentage of home telephone lines. In the near future, particularly in rural areas and in developing countries, mobile services will be used instead of landlines for Internet access, as well. They are cur- rently replacing DSL Internet access in Scandinavian countries that have high-capacity fourth-generation (4G) mobile networks. For mobile service to have the capacity to carry this additional traffic, additional spectrum-the portion of the public airwaves over which mobile signals are trans- mitted-needs to be made available by governments worldwide. However, much of the spectrum is already used for other purposes or for earlier generations of mobile services. Government agencies, broadcasters, and others using this spectrum do not always want to give it up. Freeing up spectrum for next generations of cellular service is often a political issue facing government agencies that control spectrum allocation. When spectrum is made available at public auctions, governments use the money to supplement tax revenues. High prices for spectrum often shut out smaller, less cash- rich carriers, making it more difficult for them to upgrade their networks. This often makes them less co