 application interfaces for all services that require the service stratum functions of the NGN. Besides QoS functions in the NGN, Chapter 3 included standardized man- agement for performance measurement in the NGN, as well as recently defined DPI performance models and metrics. Further, it gave a view into the future networks, as Conclusions an evolution of the NGN, toward network virtualization. Finally, the chapter discussed business and regulatory aspects of the NGN and future networks. The convergence onto the Internet as a single networking platform for all services is possible only with development of broadband access to the Internet, including fixed access and mobile access networks. Although broadband is a relative terminology with respect to the bitrates which provide seamless access to all existing applications and services at the present time, the term ultra-broadband is used (e.g. in many national broadband strategies for 2020 and beyond) to point to higher bitrates than the existing broadband worldwide. While the existing broadband access (on average) is in the range of Mbit/s/user to tens of Mbit/s per user, ultra-broadband access is targeted to bitrates in the range of 100 Mbit/s to Gbit/s per user. In that manner, Chapter 4 focused on fixed ultra-broadband, while Chapter 5 targeted mobile ultra-broadband technologies. Chapter 4 covered the very high speed (i.e. ultra-broadband) technologies over copper (e.g. VDSL, cable access with DOCSIS 3.x) and fiber (e.g. next generation passive optical network standards, and active WDM optical access), including QoS approaches in the given access networks. Also, the chapter 4 included QoS defined for Ethernet and Carrier Ethernet. Finally, different access networks are connected to core networks, core networks are connected to transport networks, and transport networks are interconnected, SO the "holy grail" of QoS is end-to-end QoS network provisioning, which is also covered in that chapter. Chapter 4 ended with strategic aspects for ultra-broadband deployme