ter design techniques were in the open literature [29]. Claude E. Shannon, who had known Wiener while a graduate student at M.I.T., joined the Bell Telephone Laboratories (BTL) in 1941, where he began to establish a fundamental theory of communication within a statis- tical framework. Much of his work, motivated in good part by the urge to find basic cryptographic and cryptanalytic design principles [30], was classi- fied well past the end of the Second World War. In a paper [22] first pre- sented in 1947, Shannon invoked the cardinal expansion in formulating a capacity for delivering information (negentropy [31]) over channels per- turbed solely by additive Gaussian noise. He showed that this channel capacity was maximized by selectively spreading the signaling spectrum SO that wherever deployed within designated bandwidth confines-but only there-the sum of its power spectral density plus that of the independent noise should lie as uniformly low as possible, yet utilize all the average trans- mitter power available (see Figure 2.3). Moreover, this capacity was met by sending a set of noise-like waveforms and distinguishing between them at the receiver via a minimum-distance criterion akin to correlation-testing the observed signal against locally stored waveform replicas. Even though Shannon's theory [22] did not apply directly to many jam- ming/interference situations, his result might be construed as the solution to a game theory problem in a jamming situation. When queried in 1982 by Robert Price [3], Shannon replied that there could well have been such a military application in the back of his mind. Regardless of his research motives, Shannon's remarkable concepts and results profoundly influenced communication engineers' thinking. Nearly a decade later, further applica- tions of game theory to jamming situations were presented by William Root Emerging Concepts P1(f) P2(f) Figure 2.3. This "water pouring" illustration redrawn from Shannon's thought- provoking paper [22] depicts the communication-capacity-max