A idea generally in a 1952 paper, Pierce and Hopper make the following observations: There are a number of ways in which this sort of performance could be achieved. One way has been mentioned: the use of random or noise waveforms as carriers. This necessitates the transmission to or reproduction at the receiver of the carrier required for demodulation. Besides this, the signal-to-noise ratio in such a system is relatively poor even in the absence of interference unless the bandwidth used is many times the channel width In the system discussed here, the signal to be sent is sampled at somewhat irregular intervals, the irreg- ularity being introduced by means of a statistical or 'random' source. The amplitude of each of the samples is conveyed by a group of pulses, which also carries information as to which transmitter sent the group of pulses. A receiver can be adjusted to respond to pulse groups from one transmitter and to reject pulse groups from other transmitters. This early unclassified reference [162] not only mentions an unpublished, noise-carrier-CDMA notion proposed by Shannon in 1949, but also indicates a PPM technique for achieving the CDMA property of an SS system. PPM systems evidently remained of interest to BTL engineers for some time (e.g., see [163]), and also formed the basis for some Martin Company designs [164], [165]. 2.2.10 CODORAC In 1952, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) of the California Institute of Technology was attempting to construct a radio command link for the Early Spread-Spectrum Systems purpose of demonstrating remote control of the Corporal rocket. The two groups most closely connected with the formation of a system for accom- plishing this task were the Telemetry and Control Section under Frank Lehan and the Guidance and Control Section under Robert Parks, both reporting to William Pickering. One novel concept was formulated by Eberhardt Rechtin, a recent Caltech Ph.D. under Parks, who decided that the current radio design approach, call- ing for the IF bandwidth to match th