ideas and experiences that result from a meeting. In practice, data conferencing is being used more in conjunction with audio conferencing than with video communication. THE HISTORY OF DOCUMENT/DATA CONFERENCING STANDARDS Standards for document conferencing are relatively new. In November 1993, the Consortium for Audiographics Teleconferencing Standards (CATS), a coalition of sixteen founding companies, announced their intention to draft a suite of data and graphics conferencing standards that would compliment the ITU-T's H.320 videoconferencing interoperability standard. The CATS group, in early 1994, began to promote the ratification and adoption of the T.120 family of standards that the ITU-T was developing. CATS was primarily an U.S. oriented consortium. A more internationally oriented group existed as the Multimedia Communications Community of Interest (MCCOI). MCCOI was principally concerned with promoting the widespread adoption of H.320 videoconferencing standards. However, a MCCOI committee was looking into the ITU-T's emerging T.120 document conferencing efforts. MCCOI and CATS had some common members and soon the two groups were engaged in informal collaboration. In 1994, CATS merged with MCCOI. The combined group took on a new name-the International Multimedia Teleconferencing Consortium (IMTC). The IMTC pledged to continue pushing for standards, but to broaden their scope to include document and data conferencing. Standards for Audiographic Conferencing Meanwhile, a group of 150 vendors from the computer software and hardware, telecommunications, and teleconferencing communities was pursuing a similar but somewhat less standards-oriented agenda. The group, spearheaded by Intel and formed in January of 1994, called itself the Personal Conferencing Working Group (PCWG). The PCWG quickly outlined a comprehensive set of specifications that addressed the special needs of desktop and document conferencing users. Called the Personal Conferencing Specification (PCS), it offered interoperability across a vari