 United Nations, came up with the TMN guidelines as a basic model for describing and developing integrated OSS networks. The Network Management Forum (NMF), now called the TeleManagement Forum (TMF), was responsible for further developing the high-level TMN guidelines into more detailed specifications. But as the market changed, TMF's role shifted. The group is not actually a standards body, though it is responsible for developing and driving TMN. On September 29, 1998 the group changed its name, some of it membership rules and its mission to remake the forum's image. The Network Management Forum became the TeleManagement Forum in part because the group felt the "network management" term limited the Chapter 3 - Automating the Internet Infrastructure Supply Chain group's appeal and audience. The TeleManagement Forum would be a more active, solution-focused group open to a broader range of technology options. In the NMF days, traditional TMN integration and network management technologies, such as CMIP, ruled. When it was recognized that such technologies were too expensive, cumbersome and impractical for emerging IICs to implement, TMF opened its scope to include technologies like CORBA and DCOM. The new TMF's mission appeared to be two-fold - first to release practical solutions focused on common industry problems at an increased pace and second, to include more active IICs in its membership by changing its membership fee structure. Members had complained that large carriers were buying expensive board memberships and neglecting them while smaller players were left out. Since that time, the TMF has worked mainly to bring vendors together to cooperate in various integration scenarios. The group also has done some important work in developing OSS interconnection interface modules. Many of its integration scenarios, though relevant to current IIC requirements, are often focused on next-step scenarios, and indeed the group claims its mission has shifted in this direction. The group appears to plan on laying some grou