other digital circuits dedicated to very high volume markets with a clock up to 20 GHz, while special applications ASICS have been developed up to a clock as high as 50 GHz, reached not only via the choice of the most advanced transistor, but also through a careful circuit design that uses all the structures needed to achieve a SO high speed. So high speed CMOS can be used, and in practice have been used, to design also analog microwave circuits, having performances that are comparable with the more traditional III-V transistors used in these applications. Analog microwave circuits have been realized with 45 nm and 32 nm CMOS having a passband as high as 50-60 GHz confirming the exceptional speed of these components. 5.7.1.2 CMOS Single-Switch Power Consumption An ideal CMOS dissipates power only when switching from one state to the other. In real- ity, the presence of a leakage current, due to several reasons, induces a power consumption also in steady state. As far as the switching power consumption is concerned, it is related to the dissipation of the electron charge accumulated into the dielectric part of the charged MOS. Thus the power consumption during switching depends on the switching frequency (number of switching operations per second) and on the dimensions of the gate. It is interesting to analyze the power consumption at the maximum switching speed, for which indicative values are reported in Table 5.9. When the CMOS is used to build a switch fabric it is interesting to analyze the energy needed to switch an elementary CMOS gate. Telecommunication Networks Signal 1 Out 1 Signal 2 Out 2 Control Out 1 = (Signal 1 AND control) OR (Signal 2 AND control) Out 2 = (Signal 2 AND control) OR (Signal 1 AND control) FIGURE 5.43 Realization of a 2 x 2 switch with logical CMOS gates. A simple digital 2 x 2 switch can be constructed as a circuit with three inputs and two outputs: the three inputs are the two signals and the control; if the control is on the switch is in the bar state, if the control is off the swi