s and sources and climate. INFRASTRUCTURE TO 2030: TELECOM, LAND TRANSPORT, WATER AND ELECTRICITY - ISBN 92-64-02398-4 © OECD 2006 5. THE IMPACTS OF CHANGE ON THE LONG-TERM FUTURE DEMAND FOR WATER SECTOR INFRASTRUCTURE Trade and industry - factories, shops and institutions such as hospitals; also for power generation and cooling. Consumption is very specific to the nature of the activities, but in a number of developed countries industrial demand has fallen due to: general decline in heavy industry in favour of service industries; better use of recycling and reuse/recovery of water locally; and better water accounting and auditing, reducing wastage and unnecessary use. Overall, demand in this sector is expected to rise by a small percentage worldwide from current levels of about 20% of global water use. Public amenities - parks, street washing, firefighting, flushing mains and sewers. This may be water provided free of charge (and unmeasured) where the water service provider (WSP) is a municipality. Firefighting is a major reason for ensuring that water main pressures are maintained, and for supplying high-rise buildings. Losses - in distribution systems, domestic leaks and dripping taps, where "unaccounted for" water is due to metering errors, unauthorised use and general unrecorded consumption (Alegre et al., 2000). Unaccounted for water (including all losses) may comprise from 6% up to 55% of the total water supplied in areas with ageing mains and service pipes. Current leakage rates in London from the mains are up to 40%. Only 2.3% of the earth's water is fresh, with two-thirds of that permanently frozen - although the percentage is declining due to global warming. Sources of water are mainly through direct precipitation, which is usually stored temporarily in natural areas or in man-made reservoirs that hold some 8 000 km³ Some 8% of the annual freshwater renewable resource is used, with 26% of evapo- transpiration and 54% of runoff. Table 5.1 shows the regional availability of water resources compared with 