). For interested readers, the complete description of the algorithm can be found in [44], and its application in vehicular communication scenarios can be seen in [45]. In this case study, a typical urban scenario within a medium-sized city has been considered, where two different roads with parked cars are considered. A schematic L. Azpilicueta et al. (h = 3m) RX{=1,..5 (h = 1.5m) Fig. 7.2 Vehicular communication link scenario: infrastructure-to-vehicle (I2V) study case Table 7.3 Simulation parameters Parameters Values TX power 25 dBm Carrier frequency 28 GHz Bit rate 4.62 Gbps Antenna type/beamwidth Directional/14° 3D ray-launching: angular resolution/rebounds 0.2°/6 Scenario size/unitary volume analysis (54 X 42 x 15) m/1m3 (1x1x1) m view of the modeled scenario can be seen in Fig. 7.2, where different types of trees and shrubbery are contemplated. The transmitter has been placed at 3 meters height on one side of the road, and five different receiver points have been analyzed, named as RX¿=1,...,5, at a typical vehicular receiver point (1.5 m height), emulating a receiver antenna on the vehicle ceiling. Simulation parameters can be seen in Table 7.3, based on previous extensive convergence analysis studies performed in relation to angular resolution, adaptive meshing, number of employed rays until extinction, and the consideration of diffraction phenomena, among others [44, 45]. As it can be seen in Fig. 7.2, five different beams have been considered for the transmitter antenna, in order to analyze the vehicular link communication of a receiver vehicle moving in the opposite road of the scenario. It is observed that the transmitter beams are affected by a tree barrier placed in the middle of the road, at a distance from the transmitter of approximately 11 m, which can affect signal propagation and lead to non-line-of-sight (NLOS) links in some cases. The path loss for each beam has been analyzed, and the fit to the close-in path loss model has been performed by means of the following equation: 7 Vehicular Comm