ny) and SoftCom (now part of Interactive Video Technologies), stated in a telephone interview that "the challenge today is keeping up with the incredible diversity of tab- lets, mobile phones, and other devices. All of these different devices are creating an enormous challenge for video publishers, which convert the video into formats com- patible with all the different screens and display capabilities." This is complicated by the fact that there is no single format that can be displayed on devices from different manufacturers. Tablets from companies such as Apple, Sam- sung, and Dell all use a different format, as do mobile devices that use different operat- ing systems and are connected to mobile networks based on differing protocols. Even using the same type of compression is no guarantee of compatibility. If oth- erwise compatible audio and video codecs are stored in a different container (file) format, the video cannot be played. Desktop computers with the same type of audio and video compression as iPods won't be able to play the same video if the container format in which the compression is stored is different. There are a number of audio/video container formats (QuickTime, Windows Media Video (WMV), ASF, AVI, and more), and each of these can contain a variety of different audio and video codecs. So, for example, H.264 video with AAC audio in an MPEG4 container might play on your desktop player but not on your iPod, even though they both support H.264 video with AAC audio. Again, this is because they are stored in different containers. Conversion and Distribution Engines to Process Video Because of challenges in distributing video content to match the many formats used worldwide, specialized companies such as Brightcove and Ooyala manage the conver- sion and distribution of video for many online video distributors, including cable TV operators. Other examples are media companies such as online newspapers and maga- zines, pay TV operators, and broadcasters. The Internet Authentication and Reporting Video pr