E) coexistence. 5G can be deployed as a stand-alone system, but more typically 5G will be deployed together with LTE in the early phase. A 5G device can have simultaneous radio connections to 5G and to LTE. Dual connectivity can make the introduction of 5G simpler, can increase the user data rate, and improve reliability. 5G is also designed for LTE coexistence, which makes spectrum sharing feasible and simplifies spectrum refarming. 5. Support for cloud implementation and edge computing. The current architecture in LTE networks is fully distributed in the radio and fully centralized in the core net- work. The low latency requires the content to be brought close to the radio, which leads to local breakout and edge computing. Scalability requires the cloud benefits to be brought to the radio networks with edge cloud architecture. 5G radio and core net- works are specified for native cloud implementation, including new interfaces inside the radio network. 1.4 5G Spectrum 5G radio is designed for flexible utilization of all available spectrum options from 400 MHz to 90 GHz including licensed, shared, and unlicensed; FDD and TDD duplex- ing; and narrowband and wideband allocations. The three main spectrum options are illustrated in Figure 1.4. The millimeter wave spectrum above 20 GHz can provide wide bandwidth up to 1-2 GHz, which ramps up the data rate to a very high 5-20 Gbps for extreme mobile broadband capacity. Millimeter wave is mainly suited for local usage like mass events, outdoor and indoor hotspots, and fixed wireless use case. Millimeter wave can also be used for offloading traffic from the low band in the busy hotspot areas. One use case for millimeter wave is providing very high capacity to public transport systems like trains or trams. 1.5 5G Capabilities 5G spectrum Spectrum Data rate per operator 1 GHz Extreme local 20-90 GHz 5-20 Gbps data rates High rates with Below 6 GHz 100 MHz 2 Gbps urban macro sites Below 1 GHz 10 MHz 0.2 Gbps Wide area and deep indoor coverage Figure 1.4 Utilization of all s