 large amount of mobile data traffic, an efficient user-plane path management is critical. The system architecture defines in addition to the SSC modes the functionality of uplink classifiers and branching points to allow breaking out and inject- ing traffic selectively to and from AFs on the user plane path before the IP anchor. Also, as permitted by policies, AFs may coordinate with the network by providing information rele- vant for optimizing the traffic route or may subscribe to 5G system events that may be rele- vant for applications [3,4]. 1.1.8 Network Sharing A network sharing architecture allows multiple participating operators to share resources of a single shared network according to agreed allocation terms. The shared network includes a RAN. The shared resources include radio resources of that network. The shared network operator allocates shared resources to the participating operators based on their plans and current needs and according to service-level agreements. A UE that has a sub- scription to a participating network operator can select the participating network operator while within the coverage area of the shared network and to receive subscribed services from the participating network operator. 3GPP laid out two approaches to sharing a RAN, which are illustrated in Fig. 1.50, where they primarily differ in the core network aspects. In multi-operator core network (MOCN) approach, each network operator has its own core network. Maintaining a strict separation between the core network and the radio network has a number of benefits related to service differentiation, interworking with legacy net- works, fall back to circuit-switched voice services, and the support of roaming. Alternatively, in the gateway core network (GWCN) approach, the network operators also share the mobility management entity of the core network, which is responsible for bearer management and connection management between the mobile terminal and the network. The GWCN approach enables additional cost savings compared to the