: Figure of Merit and the Coefficient System," in 1966 IEEE International Convention Record, Part I, Wire and Data Communications, pp. 87-97, IEEE, New York, 1966. 5. Electrical Performance for Television Transmission Systems, EIA/TIA-250C, Telecommunica- tion Industry Association, Washington, DC, 1990. 6. Lightwave Buyers' Guide Issue, Pennwell Publishing Co., Tulsa, OK, 1997. 7. Multimedia Modem Protocol for Hybrid Fiber-Coax Metropolitan Area Networks, IEEE Std. 802.14, draft R2, IEEE, NY, 1997. 8. Private communication, Robert Fuller, Chairman, IEEE 802.14 Committee, April 4, 1997. 9. Digital Multi-Programme Systems for Television, Sound and Data Services for Cable Distribu- tion, ITU-T Rec. J.83, ITU Geneva, Sept. 1995. 10. R. L. Freeman, Telecommunication Transmission Handbook, 4th ed., Wiley, New York, 1998. CELLULAR AND PCS RADIO SYSTEMS 18.1 INTRODUCTION The cellular radio business has expanded explosively since 1980 and continues to expand rapidly. There are several explanations for this popularity. It adds a new dimension to wired PSTN services. In our small spheres of everyday living, we are never away from the telephone, no matter where we are. Outside of industrialized nations, there are long waiting lists for conventional (wired) telephone installations. Go down to the local cellular radio store, and you will have telephone service within the hour. We have found that cellular service augments local telephone service availability. When our local service failed for several days, our cellular telephone worked just fine, although air time was expensive. Enter PCS (personal communications services). Does it supplement/complement cellu- lar radio or is it a competitor? It is an extension of cellular, certainly in concept. It uses much lower power and has a considerably reduced range. Rappaport (Ref. 1) points out that cellular is hierarchical in nature when connecting to the PSTN; PCS is not. It is hier- archical in that an MTSO (mobile telephone switching office) controls and interfaces up to hundreds o