hone Service (AMPS) (United States), Total Access Communication Services (TACS) (United Kingdom), and Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) (Scandi- navia). These systems were analogue, provided national coverage (though far from complete in most cases), and offered limited services. Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright© 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website. Future Enhancements and Services Future Enhancements and Services Second Generation (2G) GSM is by far the world's primary second-generation (2G) system. Designed by a joint effort from manufacturers, regulators, and service suppliers from many (European) countries, GSM became a European and then a global standard. Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems now under the collective term of cdmaOne are the other major 2G technology. Globally, arguments about which technology was superior became largely academic because GSM was deployed first (early 1990s) and rapidly gained universal acceptance (with the exception of the United States and Japan). CDMA was launched more recently (mid-1990s) and has shown remarkable uptake and growth. In late 1998, CDMA had an estimated 12 million users and GSM had over 100 million users. Of course, in 2001, CDMA had 95 million CDMA users and GSM had 550 million users! 2G systems offer Open standards (arguable for CDMA) Digital technology Near national coverage and roaming Voice and data (limited rates) Supplementary services Third Generation (3G) The world's leading telecommunication authorities such as the Interna- tional Telecommunications Union (ITU), ETSI, and others are formulating specifications for the next generation of mobile telecommunication devices and networks, as seen in Figure 11-3, as the evolution to mobile 3G. Within ETSI, this network is known as the UMTS and is data focused. HSCSD It is intended that High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data (HSCSD) will use the 14.4-Kbps channel