 the following section, deterministic wireless channel analysis will be per- formed in order to gain insight in relation to potential deployments of IoT solutions. They will focus in the use of sub 6 GHz frequency bands, taking advantage of deployments using LPWAN, WLAN, and 5G connectivity, owing to increased coverage range, reduced device cost, and ease of integration and implementation with current transceiver technology as well as with incumbent wireless connectivity technologies such as MIoTy or rotating polarized wave (RPW) communication systems. These results can be coupled with B5G/6G solutions for fronthaul con- nectivity (i.e., massive data aggregation) as well as with other future localized spot solutions, such as VLC communications with line-of-sight connectivity requirements. 8.2 Wireless Connectivity Analysis The need to provide massive connectivity in terms of node density, number of links per unit surface, variable coverage area, and inherent low-cost requirements recom- mends the use of sub 6 GHz spectrum for large transceiver deployments in relation to IoT applications. In order to gain insight in relation to IoT wireless channel con- nectivity performance as a function of node location/density and network topology, different outdoor as well as indoor scenarios have been analyzed. Wireless channel analysis has been performed with the aid of a deterministic geometric-stochastic approach, based on an in-house implemented 3D ray-launching algorithm, which considers the full complexity of the scenario under analysis in terms of the properties of all the scatterers within the scenario [27-31]. Three different scenarios will be described in this section, taking into account an outdoor urban setting, a hybrid indoor/outdoor setting, and an indoor location. Measurement-based techniques prove to be accurate approaches to channel modeling given a specific environment. Nevertheless, these techniques can result costly both in economic and time terms [32]. In order to reduce these costs, geometry-based model