se systems. Although the systems will be "on-site", technologies for their remote monitoring and control will become feasible. Their uptake will depend on a shift in the perspective of the large operators, from a current "obsession" with large end- of-pipe and centralised systems to this service market. Intra-local technological needs would include the increasing use of local on-site systems, and better control and management of all forms of water quality at less cost and with greater reliability than at present. This would involve biotechnology applications coupled with ITC and nanotechnologies that can deliver water fit for purpose in context, including reuse and local harvesting in all forms. Moving away from the idea that water is a conveyor of waste is core to the concept. This will require the integration of technologies for monitoring, controlling and removing diffuse and point pollutants; they will need to give timely warning of and react to pathogens and pollutants - at all stages of the water cycle, with ecologically degradable products (sustainable chemistry). They will also need new sensors integrated with new ICT tools to communicate both on-site and between sites. New approaches to dealing with bio-solids for other uses are also required. Overall the new technologies should produce less waste and use fewer resources. Smarter operation of all assets will require the deployment of sensors integrated with robotics to reduce the risks associated with long-lasting below-ground assets failing and optimising interventions. Low maintenance or self-maintaining systems are needed. The operation and maintenance of such systems holds implications for the organisational structure of how such services are delivered, charged for and regulated. However, even in developed countries there would be problems for some sections of the population associated with their economic status and the "digital divide". Thus the introduction of such technologies and placing in the hands of individual consumers greater control over t