gement: Principles and Practice. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Addison Wesley, 1999. 2. Vinayshil Gautam. Understanding Telecom Management. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company, 2004. Chapter 6 Management Protocols The element management system interacts with network elements in its lower layer and network management system in its upper layer based on a TMN model. Proprietary protocols were initially used for the interaction between the EMS and the network elements. There was a requirement to have the same EMS used by multiple elements. Standard protocols were introduced to define the interactions of EMS with the network element. At the end of this chapter you will have an under- standing of the protocols commonly used for interaction between EMS and NE. It should be noted that management protocols are not limited to interaction between EMS and NE. It can be between an EMS and NMS, NMS and OSS, or even between two OSS applications. 6.1 Introduction Management protocol is a set of rules governing communication between components in the management system. Telecom management paradigms are constantly evolving. Initial management systems were ASCII based, with most of the management logic placed in the net- work element. Since this model was not scalable, the management logic was then slowly moved to a management system. Proprietary management protocols were used for communication between the elements and the management system in initial legacy management systems. This trend changed when there was a need to support network elements from multiple vendors each having their own proprietary protocols for management. Standardized management protocols were introduced that defined a common vocabulary that could be used for communication. Fundamentals of EMS, NMS and OSS/BSS There is no ideal standardized management protocol suited for all kinds of net- work elements and management applications. The management protocol suited for web-based network management may not be best suited for a client-server appli- cation and the manageme