lutions, and location-based services. 3G Standards The ITU started the process of defining the standard for 3G systems with IMT- 2000. The European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI; www.etsi.org) was responsible for the UMTS standardization process in Europe. The 3G Partner- ship Project (3GPP; www.3GPP.org) was formed in 1998, under the ETSI, to make Chapter 14 Wireless WANs a globally applicable 3G mobile phone system specification within the scope of the ITU's IMT-2000 project. 3GPP organizational members include ARIB (Japan), ATIS (United States), CCSA (China), ETSI (Europe), TTA (Korea), and TTC (Japan). 3GPP specifications are based on evolved GSM specifications-what is today com- monly known as the UMTS system. 3GPP has five main UMTS standardization areas: radio access network, core network, terminals, services and system aspects, and GERAN. 3GPP standards are structured as releases, and discussions of 3GPP often refer to the functionality of the various releases. Current 3GPP releases include the following: Release 98-This release specifies pre-3G GSM networks. Release 99-This release specifies the first UMTS 3G networks, incorporat- ing a CDMA air interface. Release 4-Originally called Release 2000, this release adds features that include an all-IP core network. Release 5-This release introduces IMS and HSDPA. Release 6-This release integrates operation with WLAN networks and adds HSUPA. Release 7-This release focuses on better integration with wired networks and examines advanced receivers. This release is still in the early stages of development. The 3G Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2; www.3GPP2.org) was formed when ETSI refused to expand the scope of 3GPP to address CDMA2000. The American National Standards Institute (ANSI; www.ansi.org) then formed 3GPP2 to coordi- nate CDMA2000 developments. The 3GPP2 organizational members include ARIB (Japan), CCSA (China), TIA (United States), TTA (Korea), and TTC (Japan). More than 80 individual member companies are participating in 3GPP2. The work of 