 the 100 largest companies in the United States. However, technological innovations have enabled companies such as Apple, Google, Netflix, and Amazon to encroach on ser- vices that were formerly the exclusive domain of traditional telephone and cable TV operators. Mobile operators, cable Multiple System Operators (MSOs), and Internet companies now vie with one another for revenue from mobile, Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), cloud, and entertainment services. Traditional Telephone Companies The two largest traditional telephone companies in the United States are AT&T, Inc, and Verizon Communications. They each offer home telephone service, mobile ser- vices, business long distance, global data networking, business telephone systems, and cloud computing. Their data services are supported by hundreds of data centers worldwide. However, revenue for long-distance service, home telephone service, and business broadband is declining. AT&T, Verizon, and CenturyLink have built up their cloud- based applications and consulting services to compensate for declining revenue from their traditional businesses. To that end, these carriers made investments, which include purchasing compa- nies with expertise and infrastructure in cloud computing and hosting services. For example, in 2011 CenturyLink purchased Saavis, and Verizon purchased Terremark. Both of these acquired organizations offered cloud computing and hosting to business and commercial entities. Hosting refers to locating servers and entire data centers at a provider's data centers. To build up their consulting resources, AT&T and Verizon hired staff members and brought in outside consultants to work with them on projects requiring special knowledge about particular software packages. These services are offered to small and midsize organizations as well as to global enterprises. In addition to beefing up cloud computing and consulting services, AT&T and Verizon have made significant investments in mobile networks. They have both stated that mobile services are ex