s capacity related, then capacity management is triggered, which may require a long lead time to resolve in traditional networks. The administration function is also focused on the utilization of network elements to ensure that they are being used in the best way possible. A goal of network administration is the configuration of network elements SO that they meet a targeted utilization. In order to meet the reliability requirements of critical services such as voice applications, redundant equipment and capacity has been deployed in the network and this can lead to inefficiencies. Network administration includes the network management function that ensures that the network remains well behaved (carrying its engineered traffic load) in the face of traffic anomalies or equip- ment issues. Many network management controls have been automated in the last several decades SO that the network itself can autonomously respond to potential or realized anomalous conditions. For example, when a natural disaster strikes in a region, network traffic management controls are used to ensure that congestion does not spread to other areas of the network. In addition to automated controls, there are also manual network management controls that are used in unusual conditions that require human judgment. For example, controls are typically put in place to ensure that calls originating from a disaster area get preferential treatment to calls originating outside the area but seeking to terminate there. The final broad category of network operations is maintenance of the network. Preventative maintenance involves routine servicing of equipment and procedures like generator runs to detect and mitigate potential troubles before they impact service levels. You can think of this like proac- tively changing the oil in your automobile SO that you do not risk issues that can arise when there is not enough oil to keep engine parts lubricated. In addition to preventative maintenance, there is cor- rective maintenance, also referred to as fault ma