rect Internet payments are not sufficient for content providers, a fairly empty Internet could appear. Since such a situation is a threat also for the network operator, some kind of payment system for revenue sharing is a key. Win-win is better than lose-lose. As mentioned, there are quite a lot of roles within the AV area to choose between. The roles are still unstable and SO are the money streams between them. Even the direction of the money flow between the roles is sometimes unclear. A strong position, such as a strong brand that attracts end users, gives a good negotiation position when deciding the charging between roles. Regarding economy of scale the telecom market is expected to follow the horizon- talization of the computer market, creating economy of scale in hardware (HW) and software (SW) layers, like Compaq (HW) and Microsoft (SW) have done within the computer market. Mobile Actors, Chains In response to the increased importance of services, mobile network operators are trans- forming their organizations into separate entities for network and service provisioning allowing the different parts to focus on their core competencies. The focus for the net- work provider is cost control, efficiency and economy of scale for the network operation. The focus for the service provider is to compete for users by service offerings and differen- tiation and to manage the user interface including billing and customer care. This division allows the network provider to offer its network capacity to several service providers in order to get maximum traffic in the network and optimize return on investment. Adding value (content provider, application provider, application service provider, portal...) Bridging distance (operators, access providers, carriers...) Figure 4.26 Trend in development of revenue distribution Telecom Business The service layer business environment (Figure 4.27) is getting increasingly more com- petitive as new roles are emerging. Telecom operators wanting to expand their business to other markets