d video coding is the discrete cosine transform (DCT). estimator and motion compensator to generate the next prediction frame. It is applied to 8 X 8 pixel image blocks, and is well suited for image transformations because it uses real Delayed frame memory - Both current and previous frames must be available to the motion estimator and computations with fast implementations, provides excellent decorrelation of signal components, and motion compensator to generate a prediction frame. avoids generation of spurious components between The number of previous frames stored in memory the edges of adjacent image blocks. can vary based upon the requirements of the encoding algorithm. MPEG-1 defines a B-frame Quantizer - The spatial or transform operator is which is a bidirectional encoding that requires that applied to the input in order to arrange the signal motion prediction be performed in both the forward into a more suitable format for subsequent lossy and and backward directions. This necessitates storage of lossless coding operations. The quantizer operates on multiple frames in memory. the transform generated coefficients. This is a lossy Motion estimation - The temporal encoding aspect operation that can result in a significant reduction in of this system relies on the assumption that rigid the bit rate. The quantization method used in this body motion is responsible for the differences be- kind of video encoder is usually scalar and non- tween two or more successive frames. The objective uniform. The scalar quantizer simplifies the of the motion estimator is to estimate the rigid body complexity of the operation as compared to vector motion between two frames. The motion estimator quantization (VQ). The non-uniform quantization operates on all current frame 16 X 16 image blocks interval is sized according to the distribution of the and generates the pixel displacement or motion transform coefficients in order to minimize the bit vector for each block. The technique used to generate rate and the distortion create