lisher endorses the information the organization or web site may provide or recommendations it may make. Further, readers should be aware that Internet web sites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. This book is dedicated to the next generation Jouni, Teemu, Jonne Contents Foreword Preface Acknowledgments Acronyms xxiii Glossary xxxiii Introduction Introduction to Internet and the Internet Protocol Internet Principles The Internet Protocol 1.3.1 Networks of Networks 1.3.2 Routing and Forwarding Internet Protocol Addresses 1.4.1 IPv4 Addresses 1.4.2 IPv6 Addresses Transport Protocols 1.5.1 User Datagram Protocol 1.5.2 Transmission Control Protocol 1.5.3 Port Numbers and Services Domain Name Service 1.6.1 DNS Structure 1.6.2 DNS Operation 1.6.3 Top Level Domain 1.6.4 Internationalized Domain Names IPv4 Address Exhaustion 1.7.1 IP Address Allocation 1.7.2 History of IPv4 Address Exhaustion IPv6 History Thus Far 1.8.1 IPv6 Technology Maturity 1.8.2 IPv6 Network Deployments Contents Ongoing Cellular Deployments Chapter Summary Suggested Reading References Basics of the 3GPP Technologies Standardization and Specifications 2.1.1 3GPP Standardization Process 2.1.2 IETF Standardization Process 2.1.3 Other Important Organizations in the 3GPP-Ecosystem Introduction to 3GPP Network Architecture and Protocols 2.2.1 GSM System 2.2.2 General Packet Radio Service 2.2.3 Evolved Packet System 2.2.4 Control and User Planes, and Transport and User Layer Separation 3GPP Protocols 2.3.1 Control-Plane Protocols 2.3.2 User-Plane Protocols 2.3.3 GPRS Tunneling Protocol Versions 2.3.4 PMIP Based EPS Architecture Mobility and Roaming 2.4.1 Mobility Management 2.4.2 Roaming 2.4.3 Mobility Management Beyond 3GPP Central Concepts for IP Connectivity 2.5.1 PDP Contexts and EPS Bearers 2.5.2 Access Point Name 2.5.3 Traffic Flow Template 2.5.4 3GPP Link Model Principles 2.5.5 Multiple Packet Data Network Connections User Equipment 2.6.1 Traditional 3GPP UE Model 2.6.2 Split-U