 Intel is behind WiMax is a strong force and will undoubtedly push the WiMax standards forward. Mobile-Fi will have to overcome several hurdles. First among them is the fact that it can be used only in licensed bands below 3.5GHz. Another is that Mobile-Fi trails the Mobile WiMax standards process by a couple years. Another hurdle is whether there is indeed a large requirement for 155 mph (250 kph) handoff. In addition, we do not know what effect Mobile WiMax being nationalized in Korea will have. And, very importantly, cellular companies may not be willing to under- cut their 3G service. Certainly, we can assume that the US$100 billion investment in 3G spectrum by the European mobile carriers alone might be weighed against a workable Mobile-Fi standard. With the possibility of proprietary systems (e.g., WiBro, Flash-OFDM) being in place a number of years before Mobile-Fi is stan- dardized, the likelihood is that by then, Mobile WiMax will be backward compati- ble with WiMax fixed services. Licensed or unlicensed, Mobile-Fi will not be ubiquitous, and WiMax probably will. Table 15.4 provides a quick summary of the key characteristics of the three major mobile data architectures: 802.16e, 802.20, and 3G. ETSI BRAN On the European front, in response to growing market pressure for low-cost, high-capacity radio links, ETSI established a standardization project for Broadband- Compliant Radio Access Networks (BRAN) in spring 1997. ETSI BRAN is the succes- sor of the former Sub-Technical Committee RES10, which developed the HiperLanl specifications. ETSI BRAN assists regulatory bodies with issues such as the needs for spectrum and the radio conformance specifications that will be required to implement the new broadband radio networks. WMANs Table 15.4 Mobile Data Architectures Technology 802.16e 802.20 Function IP 802.16a mobility IP roaming and Circuit-switched (> >1Mbps) handoff >1Mbps) cell data (<1Mbps) Standard Extensions to MAC and New MAC and PHY W-CDMA and PHY from 802.16a; with IP and adaptive CDMA2000 backward