MHz (FR1) and 50 or 100 MHz (FR2) opera- tion for RedCap implementations. The bandwidth reduction is assumed for both data and control channels and allows simplification of the analog chain as well as reduction in com- pute requirements for the digital modem. Half-duplex Frequency Division Duplexing operation Half-duplex operation, even in an FDD deployment scenario, prohibits simultaneous receive and transmit operation of the modem. This allows for the hardware to remove a duplexer in the RF chain (which can now be replaced by an Rx/Tx switch) but also opens up advantages 362 Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) Systems Architecture and Design for software-defined modem implementations that can share hardware across Rx and Tx operation. Relaxed User Equipment processing time 3GPP standard 38.214 defined N1 and N2 values to indicate UE processing time associated with decoding PDSCH symbols (N1) and PDCCH indicators (N2). Extending the decoding time allows for a lower throughput LDPC/polar decoder, for example, when implemented as a soft implementation on ARM cores, GPUs and other more "general purpose" hardware. Relaxed maximum number of multiple-input, multiple-output layers RedCap assumes 1 or 2 MIMO layers to be implemented rather than the typical 2-4 layers (reference UE, FR1) or 2 layers (reference UE, FR2). This reduces the RF and baseband com- plexity both. Relaxed maximum modulation order Besides reducing the RF component cost (given that the performance requirements on the RF chain will be more limited), modulation order reduction-together with bandwidth reduction-limits the throughput and therefore the compute requirements associated with forward error correction and related components. Combinations of abovementioned features According to the 3GPP study item, combined savings can be up to ~70%, thus dramatically reducing modem cost and increasing competitiveness with other standards such as LTE and 802.11. In addition to cost and time-to-market advantages, note that the 5G/NR RedCap standard is already bei