0 incentives for competition, 376-378 opportunity costs, 173, 224, 263 static efficiency, 382-390 market value under Takings Clause, 224 vertical exclusion, 378-382 as second-best solution, 196-197 network economic effects, 4, 323-324, 376 optimal network architecture theory, 5 network economy, changes in, 1-2 order statistics, 92-93 network elements, 198 Oregon Public Utility Commission, 371-372 network externalities, 122n2 organizational governance of networks, 6-7 direct, 139 original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), 18, 71 indirect, 139n23 OSI. See Open Systems Interconnection network law and economics, overview of, 5-7 OSS. See operations support systems network neutrality, 314, 331, 334 output of networks, 27-29 Congress and, 346-347 delivery services, 27-28 debate on, 343-347 single buyer-single seller, 27-28 defining, 373-374. See also congestion economics vs. input of networks, 29 networks, limits to existing scholarship on, 4-5 vs. what network moves, 28-29 network theory, uses of, 191 outsourcing, 17-18, 176-178 neutral principles, 386 Owen, Bruce M., 349n27 Newton's third law of motion, 160n12 New York Public Service Commission (NYPSC), 257, packets defining, 100-101 NFL Sunday Ticket, 388-389 increase in packetization, 137 nodes, 15, 19 packet-switched data networks, capacity usage in, 77 capacity limitations at, 22, 23f Part 68 Rules, 268, 423 types of, 19-20 pecuniary externalities, 139n23 Noll, Roger G., 312n93 peering, 417 nonbypassable end-user charges, 263n33 peering regime, 414-415 non-horizontal merger guidelines, 292 Perry, Martin K., 111n23, 111n24 nonjoint technology, 66 per se rules, 374-375 nonpossessory regulations, 210 personal communication services (PCS), 136, 271 nonpossessory vs. physical takings, 210-220 pharmaceutical industry, wholesaler effect on confiscatory rate-making, transaction costs in, 17 emergence of nonpossessory takings doctrine, physical appropriation, 212-213 210-214 physical collocation, 238, 278, 281, 371-372 Florida Power and physical takings vs. confiscatory phy