person to have multiple devices with many in use simultaneously. Satellites along with ground-based wireless networks are being designed and upgraded to support broadband services in areas with sparse availability of high-capacity cellular networks and broadband networks. In particular, low earth orbiting satellites (LEOs) that orbit closer to the earth than traditional satellites are being deployed. LEOs are made up of smaller, less costly satellites than traditional satellites. Because they are lower in the sky, more LEO satellites are required to cover the entire earth. However, even at the lower price, it takes a group of investors to raise additional funding to build these high-cost satellite networks. The requirement for new satellite networks, 5th generation mobile network infrastructure, and upgrades to LTE mobile networks require ongoing investments. The same is true of infrastructure and protocol development in Wi-Fi networks. Moreover, the challenge of operating these complex networks is sparking an interest on the part of providers to use cloud-based services to manage the large numbers of dense network components. SPECTRUM FOR WIRELESS NETWORKS-A CRITICAL ASSET In wireless networks, spectrum consists of the invisible electromagnetic energy used to transmit signals. The spectrum over which signals are carried is a critical asset that carriers require to operate their mobile networks. All governments regulate the allocation of spectrum. This is to prevent multiple transmissions from different mobile providers from interfering with each other. Mobile networks are critical for communications in national defense and public emergencies, particularly when landline networks may not be available. www.TechnicalPDF.com Cellular Structures-The Foundation of Mobile Networks Cellular service was first put into operation in 1984. It uses spectrum more efficiently than earlier, non-cellular systems by enabling networks to reuse the same frequencies in non-adjacent cells within cities and towns. The reuse of frequenc