ted and the algorithms auto-adjust to minimize errors. Andrew Ng, founder of Coursera reinforces the importance of the data for this technology stating "It's not who has the best algorithm that wins, it's who has the most data." With these advancements, Ray Kurzweil believes by 2029, we'll reach "singularity" or the point at which AI outpaces human intelligence, a situation that has the potential to launch a host of societal issues [13]. Principles such as designing AI to assist humanity, being transparent, and maximizing efficiencies without destroying the dignity of people are important. There is also an acknowledg- ment that humans are ultimately accountable for the AI outcomes, implying a need for a measure of control by users of the technology [14]. 18.2 DOMAIN EVOLUTION Over time, significant shifts in capabilities have occurred as a result of the convergence of trends and technological developments. These shifts have had a pervasive impact to the Telecom net- work-to platforms, products, processes, and people. The evolution from one environment to the next is captured in Figure 18.1, with reference to the structural change in the operating domain (D). Domain 0 (D0) was driven by single vendor solutions for network and IT environments, and it served the industry well for over 100 years. Functions were contained and opti- mized within proprietary hardware, usually provided by a single vendor. The solutions were optimized and advanced by adding more complex functions over time; these solutions were designed and implemented for high availability. However, the lack of interoperability across vendors was a constraint that hampered large-scale operations. Domain 1 (D1) was the evolutionary step that enabled optimization in a multivendor environment. The standardization of solutions across vendors mitigated the complexity, drove greater economies of scale, and achieved interoperability. The scale also created Single vendor Multi-vendor Cloud Data-powered optimization optimization optimization optimization FIGURE 1