tion 56049.25-09-01, September 2001. 5. Jon Cordova, "A Trend That Won't End," in "The Analyst's Corner," Primedia Business Magazine and Media (September 28, 2001), http://industryclick.com/newsarticle.asp?Newsarticleid 236185&SiteID=3. 6. For example, " carriers have $17 billion invested in ATM infrastructure with no replacement in sight," Vint Cerf, The ATM & IP Report (April/May 2001): 1. 7. Figure adopted and extended from T. Day, "Widely Tunable Lasers- Tackling the Challenges of Today's Networks," www.newfocus.com. 8. We assume that the price to the customer has the form P = (1+p)XC, where p is a profit factor (0.1sp<0.6) and C is cost. 9. "Looking back on 2000, we recognize that much of what passed for business planning was wishful thinking. Last year, five leading service providers invested $60B in fiber-optic assets. Their investment has been squandered, because their market capitalization dropped from Advances and Opportunities in Next-Generation SONET $70B to $10B." Excerpted from J. McQuillan, "Broadband Networking at the Crossroad," NGN 2001 Promotional Materials, October 11, 2001. 10. J. McQuillan, "Broadband Networking at the Crossroad," NGN 2001 Promotional Materials, October 11, 2001. 11. See M. Merard and S. Lumetta, "Architectural Issues for Robust Optical Access," IEEE Communications Magazine (July 2001): 116 ff. 12. Although Ethernet-based services offered by ELECs are now receiving a lot of attention, the senior author of this book described and advocated this service in 1987 in the Bellcore/Telcordia Special Report SR-NPL-000790, December 1987, "A Collection of Potential Network- Based Data Services," which listed, in addition to approximately 150 forward-looking data services that could be offered by the ILECs, a "CO-based LAN service," now known as TLS. However, it must be said that the idea of a carrier-supported LAN extension to a city level was not such an esoteric concept (as it is made out to be today). Bellcore's SMDS and the IEEE 802.6 MAN standard were mid- to late-1980s carrier-g