y, 136-137 hotspots, 64 radar, 137-138 Wireless networks. See Networks toll payments, 139-140 Wireless PAN technology, 65 traffic control, 163-164 Wireless service. See also specific train travel, 138-139 services and applications Velastin, Sergio, 160 airline services, 14-15 Venus Flower Basket base station technology, 60-62 (Euplectella, sponge), 85-86 fourth-generation, 6-7 Vibration-induced droplet atomization modular software, 7-8 (VIDA), cooling technologies, nanowiring, 51-52 186-187 open-source smart phone operating Video network, camera phones, 159 system, 50-51 Video-over-DSL, growth in, 3 output (paper-like displays), 203-204 Virus scanning: programmable networks, 41 E-mail cluster bombs, 174-175 silicon chip, turbocharged data, 47-49 Internet, 121-123 stagnation in, 5-6 Visual impairment. See also Disabled Wireline service, decline in, 2-3 people Wolff, Richard S., 117 input/output technologies, mobile Woods, Gartner, 133, 134 phones, 210-211 Woods, Jeff, 131-132 navigation assistance, 75-76 World's Fair (New York City, 1964), Voice input, 191-194 xiv-xvi advances in, 192 computer speech, 193-194 objects, 193 Yang, Ming, 196 Voice-over Internet protocol (VoIP), Yoo, Ben, 93 104-106 Young, Nathaniel, 212, 213 Wagner, John, 42 Zhang, Hui, 81-82 Wang, James, 176-177, 209 Zhou, Peter, 165, 177-178 The Cable and Telecommunications Professionals' Reference 3RD EDITION VOLUME 2 Transport Networks EDITED BY Focal Goff Hill Press The Cable and Telecommunications Professionals' Reference This page intentionally left blank The Cable and Telecommunications Professionals' Reference Transport Networks Edited by Goff Hill AMSTERDAM BOSTON HEIDELBERG LONDON NEW YORK OXFORD PARIS SAN DIEGO Focal SAN FRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY TOKYO Press ELSEVIER Focal Press is an imprint of Elsevier Focal Press is an imprint of Elsevier 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP, UK Copyright © 2008, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduc