ipment, 175 Japan, 392 media, 182 digital signal levels, 258 using CMTSs for, 202 KDDI (carrier), 6 IP VPNs, 229-230 NTT DoCoMo, 326 avoiding congestion on, 230 jitter, 76 complexities of using with IPsec, 232 Johnson, Oliver, 241 replacement for private lines, 250 JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group), 47 security, 231-235 Juniper Networks, Inc., 55 using between offices, 229 Juniper Networks Modular MX80 router, 269 Index PONs (passive pptical networks), 196 remote administration and bandwidth alloca- Kazaa, 16 tion using PONs, 199 Kenya, 407-409 supporting more video by converting to digital mobile providers in, 409 cable TV, 192 mobile services in, 388 using DLC systems to extend fiber, 200 using PONs to deliver fiber to premises, curb, basement or neighborhood, 199 using small DSLAMs and mini-RAMs for TV L2TP (Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol), 231, 233 and higher speed Internet access, 195 LANs (local area networks), 19, 52 latency, 21 cabling in enterprise LANs, 39 covering in SLAs for MPLS VPNs, 227 communications servers and voice as applica- VoIP networks, 76 tion on, 78 Latin America, 401-405 defined, 103 Brazil, 402-407 Ethernet, 57 Euripean mobile carriers in, 415 Gigabit Ethernet in, 172 mobile services in, 388 Gigabit Ethernet on, 243 rates for mobile services, 389 hardware devices, 69-72 Layer 1 (OSI), 48 backbones, 70 Layer 2 (OSI), 24, 48 Layer 2 switches, 69 Layer 2 switches, 69, 103 Layer 3 switches, 69 dedicated path to, in IP telephone systems, routers, 71 VLANs (virtual LANs), 71 on IP PBXs, 77 hosted IP service requirements, 222 Layer 2 switching, 268 IP telephone systems, 53 Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP), 231, 233 Network Operating Systems (NOS), 61 Layer 3 (OSI), 24, 48 protocols, devices, and terms, 102-104 Layer 3 switches, 69, 80, 103 protocols for communications, 57 Layer 4 (OSI), 49 small businesses using claoud to maintain, 33 Layer 4 switches, 103 traffic on, 68 Layer 5 (OSI), 24, 49 VPLS (virtual private LAN service), 228 Layer 6 (OSI), 49 wireless LANs, 184 Layer 7 (OSI), 25, 49