ly for all subcarriers based only on the large-scale fading characteristics [16,52]. Thus, the resource allocation can be greatly simplified in massive MIMO systems. 4.1.9.6 NR Multi-antenna Transmission Schemes Multi-antenna transmission and beamforming of control and traffic channels are the distinct features of the new radio relative to its predecessors. In above 6 GHz frequency bands, the large number of antenna elements is primarily used for beamforming to achieve enhanced coverage, while at lower frequency bands, they enable FD-MIMO and interference avoid- ance by spatial filtering. The NR physical channels and signals, including those used for control and synchronization, have all been designed for beamforming. Unlike LTE whose downlink control channels used transmit diversity to ensure sufficient control channel link budget, NR control channels rely on a single-antenna port and beamforming to achieve COV- erage requirements. The CSI for operation of massive MIMO schemes can be obtained by feedback of CSI reports based on transmission of CSI reference signals in the downlink, either per antenna element or per beam, as well as using uplink measurements exploiting channel reciprocity. In order to simplify the implementation, the new radio supports analog beamforming in addition to digital precoding and beamforming. The support of analog beamforming, where the beam is shaped after digital-to-analog conversion, is necessary in high frequencies. Analog beamforming requires that the receive or transmit beams to be New Radio Access Physical Layer Aspects (Part 2) 587 formed in one direction at a given time and further requires beam-sweeping, in which the same signal is repeated over multiple OFDM symbols and in different transmit beams. This is to ensure that control/traffic signals can be transmitted with high gain to sufficiently cover the service area of the base station. Beam management procedures and signaling are further specified in NR including indication to the device to assist selection of the receive b