rease in power and bandwidth efficiency that in turn has translated into lower costs that in turn have supported lower tariffs that in turn have driven traffic volume and value. 21.7 Examples of Adaptation in Future Semiconductor Solutions There is still substantial optimisation potential in voltage and frequency scaling. Present frequency scaling has a latency of a few microseconds and voltage scaling a latency of a few tens of microseconds but the extraction of efficiency benefits from scaling algorithms is dependent on policy management. Scaling policy has to take into account instantaneous processor load and preferably be capable of predicting future load (analogous to our heart rate increasing in anticipation of a potential need for more energy). Proactive rather than reactive algorithms can and will deliver significant gains particularly when used with multiprocessor cores that can perform load balancing. These are sometimes known as 'balanced bandwidth' processor platforms. Note this is an example of algorithmic value. 21.8 Examples of Adaptation in Future Cellular Networks Developments for near-future deployment include adaptive source coding, 'blended band- width radio schemes that use multiple simultaneous radio bearers to multiplex multimedia traffic, and 'balanced bandwidth' IP RAN and IP core network architectures that adaptively manage buffer bandwidth, storage bandwidth and server bandwidth to support bandwidth efficient multiservice network platforms. Adaptive source coding includes adaptive multirate vocoders, AAC/AAC Plus-and MP3Pro- based audio encoders, JPEG image encoders and MPEG video encoders, wavelet-based JPEG encoders and MPEG2000 Part 10 scalable video coders. The realisation of the power and bandwidth efficiency potential of these encoding techniques is dependent on an aggressively accurate analysis of complex contextual information. Making Telecoms Work 'Blended bandwidth' includes the potential efficiency benefits achievable from actively sharing bandwidth between wide-area, local-a