 the building. This ensures that the coverage within the building remains consistent and of high quality to enable desired signal power levels and connectivity. Femtocells and distributed antenna systems are the two possible solutions for businesses wishing to move to a BYOD regime. Repeater Figure 13.11 A repeater connecting an underground area to street level coverage Network Figure 13.12 Indoor building coverage using distributed antenna systems Broadband Telecommunications Technologies and Management Network Planning The design, roll out, optimisation and maintenance of a wireless network is a complex task, and must consider a large number of factors at its different stages of planning and implemen- tation. The most basic factors are the range of coverage as determined by the base station maximum transmit power, and the subscriber density and expected offered traffic. Usually the former determines cell size in sparsely populated areas such as rural or suburban. Offered traffic is on the other hand the determining factor for cell size in urban and densely urban areas. The initial plan is based on these factors. In the early days of mobile communications, network planning was carried out by specialist group within the operator. With the explosive growth of mobile communications in the mid- to late 1990s, many specialist network design companies entered the market. Network planning followed by implementation, roll out, optimisation and maintenance functions are time-consuming and human-resource intensive. Furthermore, after the network is designed and rolled out, and service is introduced, the operator needs to regularly test the network to ensure a high quality of service is maintained. Moreover as the customer base grows, the operator needs to improve the service, revise its network plan, add new cell sites, and retune the network. In addition, there are business strategic aspects to the network design stage of the business. The operator must decide which markets to target; how broadly to cover a country/regio