mptions. I would like also to thank my colleagues in Procurement who tirelessly joined the team to look at the investment side of the UMTS network elements and motivate and cheer the writing of this book. In addition, I am also grateful to Ericsson's, Nokia's, Alcatel's and other 3G suppliers' teams in Switzerland who joined the Orange UMTS team to consider the di- mensioning, deployment (new and co-located sites) and configuration of forthcoming UMTS networks. Last, but not least, I would also like to thank all those in the standardization bodies, e.g. (formerly SMG in ETSI), 3GPP, who despite all controversies or delays kept the speci- fication work of UMTS on target to reach the milestones like R99 and go forward with future releases. The UMTS Network and Radio Access Technology: Air Interface Techniques for Future Mobile Systems Jonathan P. Castro Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons Ltd Print ISBN 0-471-81375-3 Online ISBN 0-470-84172-9 CONTENTS Preface Acronyms xxiii EVOLVING MOBILE NETWORKS 1.1 The Growth of Mobile Communications 1.1.1 Convergence of Fixed and Mobile Networks Third Generation Mobile System Requirements 1.2.1 UMTS Services Aspects 1.2.2 UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Aspects 1.3 Enhancing Technologies 1.3.1 Capacity Increasing Antennas 1.3.2 Multi-user Detection Techniques 1.3.3 Software Radio Applications 1.3.4 Implementation and Integration Aspects 1.4 Conclusions References SYSTEM ANALYSIS FUNDAMENTALS Fundamentals of System Analysis 2.1.1 Multiple Access Options 2.1.1.1 Narrow-band Digital Channel Systems 2.1.1.2 Wide-band Digital Channel Systems 2.1.1.3 The UTRA FDD Mode: WCDMA 2.1.1.4 The UTRA TDD Mode: TD/CDMA 2.1.2 Signal Processing Aspects 2.1.2.1 The Spread Spectrum Concept 2.1.2.2 Modulation and Spreading Principles 2.1.2.3 CDMA System Performance 2.1.2.4 Pseudorandom Sequences 2.1.2.5 Power Control Characteristics 2.1.2.6 Soft Handovers Characteristics 2.2 The 3G Communications Environment 2.2.1 Mapping High Level Requirements onto Test Environments 2.2.1.1 Reference Services 2.2.2