increases capacity for Internet access. However, it does SO by using channels previously available for video, which of course, decreases the number of available video channels. It does not increase the total amount of capacity on cable networks, many of which had a top capacity of 860MHz. Bonding, rate shaping, and improved compression increase the amount of data (throughput) that the network can handle, but they do not increase overall capacity. For more information on rate shaping, read the section www.TechnicalPDF.com "Adding Capacity to Access Networks," earlier in this chapter. Fiber-optic cabling supports more capacity than current hybrid fiber/coaxial cabling. For example, Verizon's fiber to the premises (FTTP) cabling enables it to use its entire 860MHz for TV, with additional gigabits available for voice and Internet access. To add capacity on coaxial cable, operators are upgrading their networks using advanced QAM multiplexing techniques. Because of its support for Quality of Service (QoS), DOCSIS 3.0 supported applications such as voice and video, which are sensitive to delays. An upgrade to DOCSIS 3.0 required a new DOCSIS 3.0-compatible cable modem at the subscriber location and at the CMTS. This made the upgrade a costly endeavor. Competition from carriers that offer fiber to the premises (FTTP) is one factor that spurred implementation of DOCSIS 3.0 and full duplex, sending and receiving on the same cable or channel. DOCSIS 3.1's higher-capacity offerings have capacities from 1 to 10Gbps to support broadband to residential and business customers. MSOs deploy direct fiber to enterprise customers. Unlike offering to residential subscribers, cable TV direct fiber connections to enterprises are not shared with other customers that subscribe to broadband. They are connected directly to cable operators' transport networks. Capacity on Coaxial Cable Signals on coaxial cable in cable TV networks are transmitted as electromagnetic waves (radio frequencies [RF]). Capacity on these coaxial cable systems and o