ire successful software updates, network commands, and contin- uously supported video streaming bitrates. This last example shows that not all IoT ser- vices are serviced by narrowband connections because good quality video surveillance requires higher bitrate than other IoT services (e.g. in video surveillance IoT services, important QoS parameters are video bitrates as well as video quality). 6.8 Cloud Computing Services Cloud computing is used for most of the OTT services nowadays provided via broad- band Internet access - for example, social networking, video or picture sharing, data storage, business documentations and applications, etc. What is cloud computing? By definition, it is a paradigm for enabling network access to a scalable and elastic pool of shareable physical or virtual resources with self-service provisioning and administration on-demand [35]. The main roles in the cloud ecosystem include the following (Figure 6.13): Cloud service provider (CSP). This role provides the cloud computing services. Cloud service customer (CSC). It has a business relation with CSP (as well as with cloud service partner) for using the cloud services. Cloud service partner. It is a party that is engaged in support of either cloud service customer or provider. The standardization of cloud computing is carried by ITU-T as a continuing develop- ment of ICT services after NGNs, which were standardized to provide easy transition of legacy telecommunication services to IP networks and Internet technologies. 6.8 Cloud Computing Services Cloud service partners Inter-cloud Individual customers Enterprises Internet/managed IP world CSP - Cloud service provider CSC - Cloud service customer IP - Internet Protocol Figure 6.13 Cloud ecosystem. Cloud computing functional architecture includes four functional layers (from the user toward the cloud resources): User layer. This includes the user interface (e.g. Web-based interface). Access layer. This provides access mechanisms for presenting the cloud service capa- bilities. This lay