cloud platform model that is lightweight, flexible, and scalable for various applications. The platform should be able to coordinate across the distributed cloud to provide the con- tainerized services for management and orchestration. As of now, there is no commonly established platform that addresses all these requirements. References 6.2.8 Further Reading While there is little literature available that explicitly addresses the RAN virtualization prob- lem, there are a number of general virtualization-related resources available for further reading: ONAP documentation; Open Source MANO (OSM) documentation; Kubernetes container framework documentation; Docker container framework documentation. References GSMA report (2018). Global Mobile Trends: What's driving the mobile industry?, September 2018. White Paper (2018). The new mobile network economics, Why mobile operators are transforming to virtualized RAN for 5G, Mobile World Live. 2018 Webinar (2019). Building a better vRAN with Open Source Infrastructure, Intel Network Builders webcast, Paul Miller and Bejoy Pankajakshan. ONAP (n.d.). Homepage. https://www.onap.org (accessed June 17, 2020). ONAP demystified (n.d.). Automate Network Services with ONAP, Amar Kapadia. Carlini, S. 2019, Massive 5G electricity costs are in focus ahead of the global build-out at the edge. Available at:https://blog.se.com/co-location/2019/11/11/massive-5g-electricity-costs are-in-focus-ahead-of-the-global-build-out-at-the-edge (accessed June 17, 2020). Docker (n.d.). Homepage. Available at: https://www.docker.com (accessed June 17, , 2020). Data Plane Development Kit (DPDK) (n.d.). Homepage. https://www.dpdk.org (accessed June 17, ,2020). 6 Enabling Technologies Open Source Sasha Sirotkin Intel Corporation, Israel Traditionally, RAN development has been driven by the standards (e.g. 3GPP) - that is, a standard is developed first, and then implementations from different vendors which adhere to that standard follow. That approach, if done right, ensures interoperability between dif- f