ity to CFO; (ii) peak-to-average power ratio; and (iii) increased bandwidth efficiency. The work in [22] used the FBMC waveform for the uplink transmission in massive MIMO technology and derived the MSE of the estimated symbols for the MMSE, ZF and matched filtering receivers. Reference [49] derived the uplink achievable rate for FBMC-based multi-user multi-cell massive MIMO systems relying on the ZF and MRC receivers. The pertinent power scaling laws in the existence of perfect and imperfect receiver CSIs have also been derived therein. Recently, reference [59] investigated the uplink sum rate performance of multi-cell massive MIMO-FBMC systems over Rician fading channels. The studies reviewed above show that FBMC waveform in the context of massive MIMO technology has got significant attention. This section analyses the performance of FBMC waveform in the uplink of MU massive MIMO technology, in terms of uplink sum rates of the MRC and ZF receivers in the existence of perfect and imperfect CSIs. The lower bounds on the uplink sum rates of the MRC and ZF receivers are also derived, followed by the corresponding power scaling laws. Numerical examples are presented to (i) verify the analysis and (ii) compare the performance of OFDM- and FBMC-based MU massive MIMO technologies. 3 FBMC: A Waveform Candidate for Beyond 5G 3.5.2 Massive MIMO-FBMC System Model An uplink of FBMC waveform-based single-cell MU massive MIMO technology is considered that has N subcarriers, U single-antenna users and a BS comprising L antennas with 1 U << L. The U users communicate to the BS using the same time-frequency resources. An OQAM symbol transmitted by the uth user at FT index (m,n) is denoted by dm.n. The OQAM symbols are generated from QAM symbols as per the rules given in (3.3) and (3.4). The in-phase and quadrature components of QAM symbol cm,n are assumed to be spatially and temporally i.i.d. with power Pd. This implies that [dm,n (dm,n)*) = Pd and Cm,n (Cm,n)*] = 2Pd. The signal on the 1th BS antenna at frequency index m and sy