rs for voice IAS capacity is at the lower capacity threshold, while in low voice traffic hours it is in its upper capacity threshold in the mobile access network). 9.6.3 KPI Measurements in Fixed Broadband Networks While mobile networks are more heavily monitored due to their specific characteristics, fixed access networks are less monitored by NRAs. Typically, the QoS measurements for fixed networks can be completed by the operator because the network attachment points of users are at fixed locations (e.g. copper lines, cable networks, fiber access), SO monitoring can be set at the intermediate routers in access or core networks, which is usually done by business and operation support systems of mobile operators. One of the emerging approaches for QoS measurement in fixed networks is customer-based measurement. That can be triggered by certain events of QoS degra- dation noticed by the customer (e.g. no service at all, or degraded speeds for the IAS), or it can be automated via crowdsourcing tools, such as QoS measurement application (e.g. provided by the NRA). However, one should note that crowdsourcing applications may be used only for IAS due to its network neutrality principles (e.g. they cannot be used for managed IP services). Crowdsourcing applications are developed by NRAs or specialized companies for QoS measurement tools. Typically, users download the client crowdsourcing applications (e.g. Web-based or standalone application). When the measurement test is started [6], the crowdsourcing application client establishes a connection with the measurement server which is placed at the IXP. Such tests are based on multiple TCP connections (e.g. HTTP or FTP) in parallel between the crowd- sourcing client (on the end-user's side) and the server. Although such measurement applications are free to use, typically the measurement results may be influenced by possible usage of the user's IAS from other applications at the same time. Also, the speed may be throttled due to exceeded data volume regarding the user's d