rameters should be subject to regular measurement action. As already stated, most important QoS parameters are referred to as KPIs. The target values for the same KPIs may vary from one country to another, which is dependent upon the development of the telecom/ICT market and its competition (e.g. call drop rate can be maxim 1% in developed ICT/telecom markets, but up to 10% may be acceptable in some countries with developing telecom/ICT markets [1]). QoS measurements as well as chosen KPIs (for monitoring) need to distinguish between market segments (e.g. private consumers, businesses, wholesale, and retail offerings), reporting areas (e.g. rural areas, urban areas, roads, and railways), operators (considering their market shares), and services (different KPIs are used for voice, video, messaging, IAS, etc.). In all cases the assessed KPIs should be those that have the highest impact on end-users, such as bitrates, delay, jitter, and packet losses for the IAS. 9.3 QoS Regulation Guidelines by the ITU 9.3 QoS Regulation Guidelines by the ITU QoS regulation is needed in both legacy telecommunication networks and IP-based ones. In legacy networks the allocation of resources in access and transport networks was based on a simple but effective concept (allocation of a channel on all network seg- ments end-to-end) accompanied by heavy regulation in place. In IP-based networks there are heterogeneous services offered over the same networks, which makes it harder to define a common set of QoS parameter requirements. Also, due to the autonomous nature of different building blocks of the Internet (the autonomous systems) regarding traffic and QoS management practices, the responsibility for end-to-end QoS has been lost in IP environments. In IP networks all services should be considered as applications that are executed in the end-users' terminal devices. The Internet is built on best-effort principles, hence IP networks by themselves cannot provide self-standing end-to-end QoS. Therefore, a typical approach is performing 