han in free space (=2). The NLoS formula is: parameter estimation PL(d1,d2) 10n * og(d2 - W/2)[dB]: 4.7.4.1 Measurement scenarios OLos=3.1[dB] The purpose of measurements and their analysis is typi- where di is the LoS distance from BS to the closest street cally twofold. In the first place, propagation measure- intersection, d2 is the distance from the intersection to ments are still needed to gain deeper understanding on the CHAPTER 4.7 Propagation modelling and channel characterisation UHF - INDOOR reception - 2 interfering far TX 37 useful TX (3 outer, 10 suburban, 24 urban) 0.995 0.985 0.975 -1000 -2000 0.965 -3000 -4000 0.955 -5000 -5000 Figure 4.7-27 Coverage map with the new deployment over a circular urban area with a radius of 5 km. very complicated combination of propagation phenomena sounding. This subsection provides an overview of the and their mutual significance in mobile radio systems. Due radio channel sounding hardware architectures including to the progress of transmission technologies, more di- array antennas for directional measurements. mensions of the channels must be taken into account in the measurement. In comparison with COST 259 Channel sounder architectures [Corr01], double-directional channels are extensively A channel sounder consists of a TX to repeatedly trans- focused for the MIMO systems within COST 273. As mit a fixed wideband waveform and an RX connected to a very important new aspect, the polarisation character- a data recorder to record a waveform distorted due to the istics of the channel have to be known for polarisation propagation channel. For short range measurements, diversity or MIMO systems. For all these aspects, one a Vector Network Analyser (VNA) can be used instead of should obtain statistically adequate information in all a dedicated sounder. Alternatively, two VNAs can be relevant environments to be able to identify the most used as TX and RX respectively [MGPCBRJL04]. A significant features of the propagation channel to first cost-effective approach for SISO 