 as a standard DOCSIS 1.0 in 1997, it became the first cable standard for Internet broadband access. Further, DOCSIS 2.0 enhanced the upstream direction by providing higher bit rates up to 30 Mbit/s and adding VoIP services to DOCSIS, nec- essary for emulation of PSTN such as voice services. The great enhancement of capacity (i.e. bitrates) for IP-based access over cable access networks came with DOCSIS 3.0 (reaching aggregate speeds of up to 1 Gbit/s in downlink), which included support for IPv6. Further capacity and efficiency progression came with DOCSIS 3.1 in 2013, which evolved to the full duplex version (with up to 10 Gbit/s in both directions, downlink and uplink) in 2017 [9]. High bitrates with DOCSIS are obtained with channel bonding, which uses multiple physical TV channels for provision of broadband access (either in the downlink or the uplink direction). The bitrates given in Table 4.3 are aggregate bitrates on a single coaxial 4 QoS for Fixed Ultra-Broadband Packetcable DOCSIS Cablehome IP networks Operator's Aggregation core network network IP-based networks Aggregation network Access network CM Cable modem CMTS - Cable modem termination system DOCSIS - Data-over-cable service interface specifications Figure 4.2 Cable access network architecture. Table 4.3 DOCSIS standards. Release Version of DOCSIS Downlink Uplink DOCSIS 1.0 40 Mbit/s 10 Mbit/s DOCSIS 1.1 40 Mbit/s 10 Mbit/s DOCSIS 2.0 40 Mbit/s 30 Mbit/s DOCSIS 3.0 1 Gbit/s 100 Mbit/s DOCSIS 3.1 10 Gbit/s 1-2 Gbit/s DOCSIS 3.1 10 Gbit/s 10 Gbit/s full duplex cable, SO they are shared between all those using the same cable in the DOCSIS access network. However, with DOCSIS 3.1, full duplex can provide ultra-broadband speeds of over 100 Mbit/s per cable modem (CM) in both directions. The PacketCable specification defines the interface used to enable interoperability of equipment for the transmission of packet-based voice, video, and other broadband mul- timedia services over an HFC network using DOCSIS. The main reason for the develop- ment of Pack