 2001b). The FCC has also abandoned its previous role in establishing the technical criteria for interconnecting CPE, although the FCC stopped short of repealing the interconnection requirements altogether (FCC 2000f). 5. Unbundled Access Local telephone networks have long represented one of the central laboratories in which regulatory authorities have experimented with unbundled access as a way to guard against vertical exclusion without foreclosing the benefits of vertical integration. As discussed above, the ONA regime created by the third Computer Inquiry represents perhaps the seminal example of FCC-mandated unbundling, The Regulation of Local Telephone Networks and the UNE access provision enacted by Congress constitutes perhaps the most important provision of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, with UNE access prices being based on TELRIC. Other important antecedents include state unbundling initiatives between 1984 and 1996 as well as the unbundling model developed by the U.S. Department of Justice in negotiations to allow Ameritech to begin selling in-region long distance services (Huber et al. 1999). Unbundled access is the form of access that has the greatest potential to cause economic inefficiency. Like wholesale and interconnection access, the fact that unbundled access simultaneously supports the creation of new services and diverts traffic off of the network renders the impact of unbundled access on network demand ambiguous. Both increases and decreases in network demand change the optimal network configuration, by making either the creation of links in particular locations or cost-reducing, traffic-aggregating technologies economically feasible or infeasible. At the same time, unbundled access disrupts network management to a far greater degree than other forms of access. Unlike the other forms of access, which generally introduce traffic at the major nodes where customers or providers of complementary services would naturally interconnect with the network, unbundled access can introduce traffic 