 automated devices people and machines interact with daily. Multi-core chips have up to eight cores, each of which is able to process information simultaneously, in real time. Chips are the basis of the digital age. www.TechnicalPDF.com Faster multi-core processors are an integral part of the high-speed electronics used on fiber-optic, Wi-Fi, and cellular networks. They enable these networks to process multiple streams of signals simultaneously. They are also at the core of network switches, continually transmitting increasing amounts of data at ever-higher speeds. Additionally, these processors facilitate the capability of personal computers, set-top boxes, and smartphones to handle graphics and video transmitted via the Internet. Chips now incorporate up to 64-bit processing (the ability to process data in chunks of 64 bits), which means that they process data faster. Chips are now able to process petabytes and exabytes of information. One petabyte equals 1,000,000,000,000,000 bytes or 1,000,000,000 gigabytes. An exabyte equals 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 bytes. Moreover, they are small and inexpensive, and use only small amounts of power. The size of chips is shrinking at the same time that more processors can be packed into personal computers and other electronic devices. Low power consumption results in longer battery life in mobile devices. ARM chips are designed by semiconductor firm ARM Holdings, Plc., and are available to electronics manufacturers who pay a licensing fee plus royalties up front for each chip designed. ARM is part of SoftBank Group Corp., which is headquartered in Japan. Other chip makers include Broadcom, Nvidia, Intel, Qualcomm, NXP, and Micron. Figure 1-6 is an example of a Nvidia X-1 chip. Facebook and Alphabet subsidiary Google are developing chips as well. Facebook will use its chips in servers located in their data centers. www.TechnicalPDF.com Figure courtesy Nvidia development. Machine Learning www.TechnicalPDF.com Memory and processing power in chips enable machine learning and in