t Control Message Protocol), 258 IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol), ICT (information and communications technolo- gies) trends IKE (Internet Key Exchange), 361 defined, xxix ILECs (incumbent local exchange carriers), 105, embedded devices, xxxix-xliii 493-494 grid computing, liii-liv IMA (Inverse Multiplexing over ATM), 503 human-machine interactions, xlv-lii Image traffic, xxxvii intelligent wearables, xliii-xlv Impairments, wireless, 554-556 real-time communications, liv Implants, intelligent, xlii-xliii IDEA (International Data Encryption Algorithm), Implicit QoS, 437 IMPS (Instant Messaging and Presence Service), Identification Friend or Foe (IFF), 674 701-702 IDSL (ISDN DSL), 214 IMPs (interface message processors), 247-248 Index IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem), 420-425 Intelligent hubs, 188 applications of, 420 Intelligent implants, xlii-xliii architecture of, 422-424, 697-700 Intelligent multiplexing, 28-30, 209-210 defining, 420 Intelligent networks emerging applications, 142, 696-701 advanced (AINs), 136-137 history and future of, 424-425 next-generation, 142 for mobile video, 707 overview of, 135-136 principles of, 420-421 Intelligent robot squads, 1-lii protocols, 421-422 Intelligent wearables, xliii-xlv IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunica- Intensi-fi, 651 tions 2000), 598-599, 606-608 Interactive computing, 151-152 Incumbent local exchange carriers (ILECs), 105, Interactive nametags, xli 493-494 Interactive processing, 92-93 Independent basic service set (IBSS), 645 Interexchange carrier (IXC), 106 Indium phosphide (InP), 470 Interface message processors (IMPs), 247-248 Information and communications technologies. Interfaces See ICT (information and communications ATM networks, 230, 232 technologies) trends GMPLS, 486 Information retrieval, 151-152 haptic, xlix Information signals, 130 multiservice edge, 437 Infrasound, and animal world, 12 overlay network, 477 Infrastructure ENUM, 341 PON architecture, 527 Infrastructure mode, 802.11, 645 Interior routing protocols, 197, 260-262 InP (in