the modulation scheme under consideration. It is expressed as a percentage value in relation to the power of the ideal signal (Table 5.9). In other words, EVM defines the maximum SINR that can be achieved at the receiver, if there are no additional impairments to the signal between the transmitter and the receiver. Since a receiver can remove some impairments of the transmitted signal such as time dispersion, the EVM is assessed after cyclic prefix removal and the equalization modules. In this way, the EVM evaluation includes a standardized model of the receiver. The frequency offset resulting from the EVM evaluation is averaged and used as a measure of the frequency error of the transmitted signal. Frequency error is the measure of the difference between the actual BS transmit frequency and the assigned frequency, wherein the same source is used for RF frequency and data clock generation. The EVM is a measure of the difference between the ideal symbols and the measured sym- bols after the equalization. The EVM is averaged over all allocated downlink resource blocks with the modulation scheme under consideration in the frequency domain, and a minimum of 10 downlink subframes. Although the basic unit ofmeasurement is one sub- frame, the equalizer is calculated over 10 subframe measurement periods to reduce the impact of noise in the reference symbols. The boundaries of the 10 subframe measurement periods do not need to be aligned with radio frame boundaries. In FDD mode, the averaging in the time domain is performed over 10 subframes (the same frame) of the measurement period from the equalizer estimation step, whereas in TDD mode, the averaging in the time domain can be calculated from subframes of different frames and has a minimum of 10 sub- frames averaging length. The TDD frame special fields such as guard period are not included in the averaging window. This can be mathematically expressed as follows [5]: EVMframe = New Radio Access RF and Transceiver Design Considerations where Nk is the number of resource 