es file transfer between two systems that may or may not process the same properties. FTP uses the following communication methods: Control connection: Communication is achieved through commands and responses in the case of control connection. FTP uses an ASCII character set to communicate across a control connection (see Figure 30.2). The file type, transmission mode, and data structure are defined by the client to solve the heterogeneity problem during data transfer. The file is prepared for trans- mission through control connection before transferring through the data connection. Data connection: File transfer is done using the data connection (see Figure 30.3). The client decides the file type, data structure, and transmission to be used in the data connection. Files of different types can be transferred across the data connection. The origi- nal file can be transformed into ASCII characters at the sender site and the ASCII characters are retransformed back to its own representation at the receiver site, in the case of ASCII files, which is the default format for transferring the text files. The Local Local Control ASCII Control process Control process connection Client Server Figure 30.2 Control connection. Local data type Data transfer Data transfer Local data type and structure process process and structure connection Client Server Figure 30.3 Data connection. Fundamentals of EMS, NMS and OSS/BSS files can also be transferred by EBCDIC encoding if either one end or both the ends of the connection use EBCDIC encoding. Binary files like compiled programs or images encoded as zeros and ones can be transferred as continuous streams of bits without any interpretation or encoding. Printability of the file encoded in ASCII or EBCDIC can be defined by adding the following attribute: Nonprint format is the default format used for transferring a text file that will be stored and processed later as the file lacks any character to be interpreted for the vertical movement of the print head. Files in TELNET format conta