ed at how FMC works and the industry standards around it. Then, we looked at the architectural details for FMC. Finally, we looked at the security concerns of FMC and how to overcome some of those concerns. In the next chapter, we will learn about 5G and satellite communications. We will learn about recent developments in non-terrestrial networks that can be used to improve the overall capabilities of 5G networks. 5G and Satellite Communications This chapter will focus on 5G and Satellite Communications (SATCOM). The rapid growth of 5G services over the next few years will lead to advances in many complementary services. Terrestrial mobile networks include 5G wireless services as well as fixed mobile convergence, which we studied in Chapter 15. We are now seeing the capabilities of Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTNs), which can extend and augment 5G cellular networks. This is enabled by SATCOM. The coverage of satellite communications has increased in recent years and the cost has gone down. This allows unique capabilities through the integration of satellite communications with Terrestrial Networks (TNs) such as 5G cellular technology. Some recent developments include announcements by Apple such as the emergency service for iPhone 14, internet service in Ukraine using Starlink systems, as well as major 5G service providers announcing or already providing satellite-based coverage to their subscribers. About 5 billion people have internet access today (https://datareportal. com/global-digital-overview), which implies over another 3 billion could be connected. For this purpose, the extension of 5G by using satellite communication on smartphones will be key. In this chapter, we will cover the following topics: Introduction to satellite communications Why do we need satellite communication with 5G? The architecture of 5G and satellite communications Use cases of 5G and satellite communications Introduction to satellite communications With a global population of around 8 billion, the intersection of 5G and satellite commu