ial access procedure Let's get started! Initial access and beam management mm Wave operation is noteworthy. It opens frequency bands that were not accessible before - for example, Frequency Range 2 (FR2), as described in the first chapter. It brings more room for bigger bandwidth, which enables higher capacity and throughput. However, the transmission of mm Wave is complicated. The path loss of mm Wave due to free space propagation is much bigger than the typical LTE frequency. This culminates in limited cell coverage and cell size. To partially overcome this issue, directional beams are used on downlink transmission and uplink reception SO that the path loss due to the free space propagation is partially compensated. 5G Air Interface and Physical Layer Procedures - Part 2 Directional transmissions enable new methods of multiplexing different users in the spatial domain, such as transmitting simultaneously to different directions instead of spatial multiplexing based on precoders, as with LTE. However, such directional transmissions mean that when connecting to the network for the first time, it will be challenging for a device to find it. In NR, no omnidirectional transmission could be assumed like in LTE, especially for mm Wave, SO directional transmission is going to be used as described. In the initial access procedure, we must allow for the gNB and the device to initiate the communication using directional transmissions or beams, without any prior knowledge of their physical location. For the sub-6 GHz frequencies, namely Frequency Range 1 (FR1), NR transmissions can be omnidirectional, like in LTE. That covers the initial access procedure and its relation to beams. We now know that the NR initial access procedure must work in a single-beam scenario as well as a multi-beam one, and it must support LTE-NR coexistence. Now, we will go into more detail about the initial access procedure. Initial access procedure The basic procedure consists of the gNB transmitting beams sequentially in multiple directions. The 