hase detector in a feedback loop. The oscillator generates a periodic signal, and the phase detector compares the phase of that signal with the phase of the input reference signal, adjusting the oscillator frequency to maintain phase matching. 98 Chapter 1 terminals are ground-based units with a two-way communication link to C/Ka/Ku-band satellites. The satellites can be geostationary or geosynchronous equatorial orbit, medium earth orbit, or low earth orbit. Orbiting satellites are powered by a finite energy source; therefore they are energy-constrained and a satellite downlink channel has limited transmitter power. The link is also susceptible to atmospheric loss because geosynchronous satellites orbit at 35,786 km from ground-level terminals. As a result, the radio link operates with a very low SNR. To achieve the desired data throughput with acceptable BER at low SNR, VSAT systems use wide-channel bandwidths with relatively low-order modulation schemes such as QPSK or 8PSK and low coding rates. Microwave and broadband satellite backhaul are two common wireless technologies deployed across the RAN. As the base station capacity and throughput increase to sup- port growing mobile data demand, backhaul capacity must increase. Similarly, as base station size and power decrease, the backhaul solutions must become smaller and more efficient. As such, wireless backhaul systems will continue relying on RF analog inte- gration and RF building block solutions to achieve high spectral efficiency, smaller form factor, and lower operating power. 1.1.7 Mobile Edge Computing MEC or multi-access edge computing is an emerging 5G technology which enables provi- sioning of cloud-based network resources and services (e.g., processing, storage, and net- working) at the edge of the network and in the proximity of the users. The edge may refer to the base stations themselves and/or data centers close to the radio network possi- bly located at the aggregation points. The end-to-end latency perceived by the mobile user can be signific