SS lifecycle. Reproduced from 2004 TM Forum [33] 8.3.6 3GPP Management Overview The 3GPP Management Reference Model is shown in Figure 8.24 from TS 32.101 [34]. A number of management interfaces in a PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network) are identified in Figure 8.24 namely: Between the Network Elements (NEs) and the Element Manager (EM) of a single PLMN organization. Between the Element Manager (EM) and the Network Manager (NM) of a single PLMN organization. In certain cases the Element Manager functionality may reside in the NE in which case this interface is directly from NE to Network Manager. These management interfaces are given the reference name Itf-N and are the primary target for standardization. Between the Network Managers and the Enterprise Systems of a single PLMN organization. Between the Network Managers (NMs) of a single PLMN organization. Between the Domain Managers (DMs) of a single PLMN organization. Between Enterprise Systems and Network Managers of different PLMN organizations. Between the Domain Managers (DMs) of different PLMN organizations. Between Network Elements (NEs). 3GPP management processes are based on Telecom Operations Map from the TM Forum. The TOM uses the TMN model as foundation as defined in the ITU-T Recommendation M.3010 [25]. Next Generation Mobile Communications Ecosystem Organization A Organization B Enterprise Systems Itf-N Itf-P2P Figure 8.24 3GPP management reference model. Reproduced with permission from C 8.3.6.1 PLMN Architecture The PLMN Management Architecture is largely based on TMN, and will reuse those functions, methods and interfaces already defined (or being defined) that are suitable for the management needs of a PLMN. Figure 8.25 shows the architectural relationship of the three architectures of a PLMN. The three archi- tectures are functional architecture, information architecture and physical architecture. The management requirements from the business needs are the base for the functional architecture, which describe the Business Functional Physical needs 