ated Raman Scattering (SRS) Optical Amplification Traditional Amplification and Regeneration Techniques Optical Amplifiers: How They Work Other Amplification Options Optical Receivers Photodetector Types Positive-Intrinsic-Negative (PIN) Photodiodes Avalanche Photodiodes (APD) Optical Fiber Modes: An Analogy Multimode Fiber Multimode Step-Index Fiber Multimode Graded-Index Fiber Single-Mode Fiber Single-Mode Fiber Designs Dispersion-Shifted Fiber (DSF) Why Does It Matter? Optical Summary Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) How DWDM Works Optical Switching and Routing Switching versus Routing: What's the Difference? Switching in the Optical Domain An Aside: A Trip to the Wave Venture Another Brief Aside: Broadband over Power Lines (BPL) IP and MPLS Managing the Internet Naming Conventions on the Internet The TCP/IP Protocol: What It Is and How It Works The Network Interface Layer The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) The Internet Layer IP Header Fields Understanding IP Addresses IP Address Classes Subnet Masking Adding to the Alphabet Soup: CIDR, DHCP, NAT, and PAT Addressing in IP: The Domain Name System (DNS) Early Address Resolution Schemes Contents Routing in IP Networks The Not-So-Distant Future: IP Version 6 (IPv6) Transport Layer Protocols The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) The Application Layer Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) Chapter Summary Chapter 7 Questions Chapter 8 Telecom Market Segments The ILECs Circuit-to-Packet Metro Markets Network Revamp Management Services ILEC Summary The CLECs CLEC Challenges The Interexchange Carriers (IXCs) The Cable Multiple System Operators (MSOs) The Wireless Providers The Internet Service Providers (ISPs) The Component Manufacturers (Semiconductor and Optoelectronics) Component Industry Challenges Steel vs. Silicon: Parallel Stories The System Manufacturers Technology Indicators Softswitch The Server Market The Content Providers Closing the Revenue Gap Summary Chapter Summary