rithms that are incorporated in IEEE 802.16m. Downlink Power Control The IEEE 802. 16m base station is capable of controlling the transmit power per subframe and per user. With downlink power control, each user-specific information or control information would be received with appropriately adjusted power level. As an example, the downlink A-MAP is power-controlled based on the MS uplink channel quality reports. The pilot and data tones' power can be jointly adjusted for adaptive downlink power control. In the case of dedicated pilots, power control is done on a per user basis, and in the case of common pilots this is done jointly for the users sharing the pilots. The power control in the downlink further supports SU-MIMO and MU-MIMO modes. 10.3 Uplink control channels Uplink Power Control IEEE 802.16m provides uplink power control mechanisms to compensate for the effects of path loss, shadowing, fast-fading, and implementation loss. The uplink power control is further used to mitigate the inter-cell and intra-cell interference level, thereby enhancing the overall throughput and reducing power consumption. The uplink power control includes open-loop and closed-loop power control. The base station transmits necessary power control information through the transmission of power control channels or MAC control messages. The parameters of the power control algorithm are optimized on a system-wide basis by the BS, and are broadcast periodically or trigged by certain events. The MS provides the necessary information through the control channels or MAC control messages to the serving BS, in order to enable uplink power control. The BS can exchange necessary information with neigh- boring base stations through backhaul to support uplink power control to facilitate the handover process. The power control scheme may not be effective in high mobility scenarios for compensating for the effects of a fast-fading channel due to variation in the channel impulse response. As a result, the power control is used to mitigate the dist