he connection efficiency is then calculated as a = NcapacityWINTRP- User-Plane Latency: The one-way user-plane latency is the defined as delay introduced by the radio access network during transmission of an IP packet from the source to the destination. The user-plane latency also known as transport delay is the transmission time between an SDU packet being available at the IP layer in the source UE/BS and the availability of this packet at IP layer in the destination BS/UE depending on the link direction. The user-plane packet delay includes delay introduced by associated protocols and control signaling in either uplink or down- link direction assuming the user terminal is in the connected mode and the network operates in unloaded condition. This requirement is defined for the purpose of evaluation in the eMBB and URLLC use cases. The breakdown of the user-plane latency components is as follows [10]: 1. UE/BS (transmitter) processing delay (typically one subframe) Frame alignment (typically half of subframe duration) Number of transmission time intervals (TTIs) ¹ 13 used for data packet transmission, which typically includes UE scheduling request and access grant reception times. The transmission time interval (TTI) is defined as the duration of the transmission of the physical layer encoded packets over the radio air-interface. In other words, the TTI refers to the length of an independently decodable transmission on the air-link. The data on a transport channel is organized into transport blocks. In each TTI, at most one transport block of variable size is transmitted over the radio air-interface to or received from a terminal in the absence of spatial multiplexing. In the case of spatial multiplexing, up to two transport blocks per TTI are transmitted. Introduction and Background lv The number of TTIs used for each packet transmission depends on channel quality, allocated frequency resource, and the use of multi-connectivity. In case of user-plane multi-connectivity, this delay component should be derived wit