y with 50% lower energy usage Resilience and reliability Network availability 99.999% Ultra low cost networks Low-cost mobile broadband for low Average Revenue Per User (ARPU) markets Low-cost solution for low ARPU IoT services 15 Gbps for a 1000 m² office area and 750 Gbps per km2 in dense areas. Further targets are also defined in terms of energy efficiency both for devices and for networks. IoT device battery lifetime should be up to 15 years, and network energy consumption should be lowered by 50% while carrying 1000 more traffic. That means 2000 times lower energy consumption for each transferred data bit. 10.2 Peak Data Rates The data rate can be increased with larger bandwidth, with more antennas using multi- stream transmission and with higher-order modulation. All these solutions are part of the 5G specifications. The peak data rate can be calculated with the transmission band- width, with the maximum number of multiantenna transmissions, and with number of bits per symbol with the maximum modulation level. Datarate = Bandwidth Antenna streams symbol Assuming 100 MHz bandwidth, four antennas with four parallel streams and 256-QAM modulation with 8 bits per symbol gives a theoretical peak rate of 3.2 Gbps. The practical peak rate is lower for a number of reasons: guard bands, control channel overhead, channel coding, and downlink-uplink split in the Time Division Duplex (TDD) operation. 5G with 100 MHz, four antennas, and TDD give practically up to 2 Gbps in the downlink. Low bands typically have 10-20 MHz spectrum and two to four antennas with Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) giving a peak rate of 100-400 Mbps. Millimeter waves with up to 800 MHz bandwidth and two antennas enable up to 8 Gbps. The long-term target could be even 5 GHz of spectrum with above-50-GHz frequencies and four antennas giving a peak rate of 100 Gbps. The approximate peak rates are shown in Figure 10.1. More detailed peak data rate calculations with typical 5G parameters are illustrated in Table 10.4. Three options are presented: su