le modems, interactive cable television services, high-speed data services, IP-based TV (IPTV), and video-on-demand. SG11: Signaling requirements, protocols, and test specifications SG11 was responsible for defining signaling standards for national and international telephone calls as well as data calls. It is also responsible for conformance and interoperability testing. Some of the work of SG11, such as intelligent networks, was adopted by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) for circuit-switched networks. Some of the admission control pro- cedures and protocols defined by SG11 are based on IETF standards: protocols like Diameter, Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP), and Common Open Policy Service (COPS). SG12: Performance, QoS, and QoE SG12 develops standards that focuses on the operational aspects of performance, quality of ser- vice (QoS), and quality of experience (QoE) for the ICT industry. This group identifies the im- pact of different parameters like jitter, packet loss, and latency on various multimedia services. SG13: Future networks, with focus on IMT-2020, cloud computing, and trusted network infra- structure SG13 has led the standardization work for next-generation networks (NGN) and now increas- ingly focuses on future networks. NGN networks are based on packets rather than circuits, and SG13 looks at facets beyond that. The group also looks at network aspects of mobile commu- nications, including IMT-2000, IMT-Advanced, and IMT-2020. SG13 develops standards enabling multi-cloud management and monitoring of services that spread across multiple service provider domains. This group is now active in the network as- pects of the Internet of things (IoT) and especially aspects of cloud computing supporting IoT. SG15: Networks, technologies, and infrastructures for transport, access, and home SG15 is one of the largest and most active study groups in the ITU-T. For that reason, the work of SG15 is distributed into three working parties (WP) and each WP contains between six and seven quest