sion. The network decides the way in which the multiple antennas are used [58]. For equalization of the frequency-selective channel in the downlink, LTE-and- beyond systems are mostly based on OFDM-like transceiver structures. In addi- tion to combating-and in effect exploiting-the frequency-selective nature of the channel, OFDM-like schemes allow for a flexible spectrum allocation by the base station to different mobile users. The channel relevant for evaluating such a system, which exploits the frequency as well as the spatial domain of the channel, is the channel transfer function (CTF) h(t, f, 0). It is a function of time t, the frequency f, and the incident angle of the signal O. It can be written as [59] (12.26) where CR and CT are the complex valued antenna responses of the receive and transmit antennas, respectively. It can be seen that not only the physical channel h itself but also the antenna response influence the link and therefore system-level performance. Taking into account the antenna at the mobile terminal becomes particularly important if the antenna operates in close vicinity to other objects, © 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Long Term Evolution: 3GPP LTE Radio and Cellular Technology such as the hand of a mobile terminal user, which affects not only the antenna response but also the matching of the antenna. For beyond-LTE systems, including the antenna in transceiver performance evaluation may become even more impor- tant as the spectrum used by systems increases and potentially is scattered over multiple bands as identified for IMT-Advanced systems on the WRC-2007. In such systems, antennas become more suboptimal because only one antenna might be used for multiple frequency bands. Having identified the need for system/link measurements including the antennas, different setups for such measurements are presented next. All these setups are based on measuring the throughput of wireless links as described ear- lier. The result is that if parameters, components or algorithms are optimized, t