end systems (Cand C++) but are providing a J2EE type of API layer around their system. This provides a component interface to their back-office functions. The third category of ISVs are those that are building their entire OSS on a J2EE type of environment making full use of EJB, XML and HTTP. On the other hand, service providers that are building custom OSS in-house are increasingly making use of the Web services framework and are using application services platforms from vendors like IBM and BEA. In selecting a next-generation OSS ISV, service providers should look behind the curtain and be aware of the future direction of the product because it will have great impact on their ability to integrate this software into their environment. Chapter 9 The Future of OSS The Internet infrastructure industry, and the communications industry as a whole, are evolving entities driven by constant improvements in technology, Internet dynamics and changes in regulatory environments worldwide. Technology improvements drive down the cost of providing service and make ever-increasing bandwidth available. The Internet and Internet-related technologies are driving the need for more bandwidth, the convergence of voice and data services and the expectation of greater customer flexibility and control over the Internet infrastructure. Ongoing regulatory changes challenge incumbents and provide new opportunities for up-starts to alter the status quo. All of this makes only one thing certain about the future: change will be constant. Network technologies, and the ways in which IICs look to do business, will continue to change OSS' future. As technologies are introduced and mature, and as the nature of the IIC industry evolves, there will be new requirements on the OSS infrastructure. New point solution vendors will arise and new techniques and standards for integration will evolve. Networks will become more and more intelligent, and the line between the OSS and the network will likely become more blurred. Advanced digital set-top boxes a