are not limited to) Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) wireless sensor networks, and M2M communications. The main challenge for IoT services is industry standardization. With the development of 4G and 5G mobile networks, particular attention is given to the IoT segment because it has spread due to standardized mobile and wireless networks, and the only prereq- uisite is to have end-to-end IP connectivity. In many countries, GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) and EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution), which appeared as the 2.5G mobile network in the GSM era (i.e. the 2G era), are the most used tech- nologies for the IoT (GPRS modems can be found in different sectors, such as remote control of public utilities or measurement units, fleet tracking, credit/debit card mobile payment devices, and many more). Why? Because most of the IoT devices (e.g. sensors) do not require high bitrates for transfer of control information to the IoT device and Figure 6.10 Three internet of things (IOT) dimensions. Any-place Internet of Things communication - Homes - Offices Any-time - Cars, trains communication - Ships - Factories - Weekday - Weekend Cities Any-thing - Fields - Day communication - Forests - Night - Machine-to-machine - Lakes, oceans - Holiday - Machine-to-human - The space - Human-to-machine - Human-to-human 6 Services in Fixed and Mobile Ultra-Broadband transfer the collected data from the IoT device to a given node (e.g. server, database) in the IP network. So, broadband is not required for the most of the IoT world, but narrow- band speeds (which are in the range of hundreds of Kbit/s or couple of Mbit/s around 2020 - of course, one may note that such narrowband bitrates needed for the IoT today were in fact broadband bitrates one or two decades ago). The 4G mobile networks LTE-Advanced and particularly LTE-Advanced-Pro, which comes from the last 3GPP releases before 5G (LTE-Advanced-Pro is standardized in 3GPP Releases 13 and 14), are focusing in a greater portion on the IoT. Since IoT devices are sp