standard in most new data-enabled phones. GERAN GERAN is a second phase of EDGE that is planned to offer data rates of up to 1,920Kbps, to support packetized voice and real-time services. GERAN enables the common evolution of GSM and TDMA toward providing full 3G services. This includes introducing support for both generic real-time services and a spectrum- efficient service for packet-switched voice, as well as interfacing to an all-IP 3G core network common with UMTS. GERAN is a common evolution path for GSM and TDMA that intends to pro- vide a cost-efficient means to deliver 3G services within the existing frequency bands. The 3G Partnership Project (3GPP; www.3GPP.org), discussed later in this chapter, has completed a feasibility study to define the GERAN features to be stan- dardized and incorporated into 3GPP Release 7. Messaging Services Standards Part of the GSM service spectrum involves messaging, and messaging services are evolving. The enormous success of SMS seems to indicate that person-to-person messaging will be the most likely driver of mobile data revenues for some time. Enhanced Messaging Service (EMS) and Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), in combination with growth in the use of prepaid services, are likely to become criti- cal drivers of the mobile Internet. EMS is an extension of SMS that enables users to send a combination of simple melodies, images, sounds, animations, and formatted text as a message to another 3G: Moving Toward Broadband Wireless EMS-compatible phone. EMS supports three image formats: small, which is 16 X 16 pixels; large, which is 32 X 32 pixels; and variable, which depends on the for- mats the phone manufacturer supports and how each individual phone model is designed. EMS also supports animated images in two formats: small, which is 8 X 8 pixels, and large, which is 16 X 16 pixels. EMS phones used predefined animations that represent various emotional states, such as sadness, skepticism, happiness, anger, and playfulness. MMS is a further extension of both SMS and EMS