e set of network connections ranging from factory automation, sensor networks to self-driving and connected vehicles as well as smartphones and tradi- tional voice services. The increase in the capacity of the 5G radio network needs to be sup- ported by faster and wider bandwidth backhaul that incorporates fast Ethernet, optical fiber, or microwave/mmWave wired/wireless point-to-point links. The use of satellite networks may also provide backhaul for 5G systems despite their limited ability to satisfy 5G's strin- gent latency and bandwidth requirements. A central component in the evolution of all mobile technology generations in the past two decades has been the use of continuously increasing bandwidths to support higher peak data rates and larger amounts of user traffic. Ultra-fast 5G services require large amounts of spectrum, compelling the governments and regulators to actively look at significantly higher frequencies that have been traditionally used in mobile services for spectrum allocation. This includes spectrum above 24 GHz where wider bandwidths are more readily available. Without making these higher frequency bands accessible to 5G, it may not be possible to materialize significantly higher data rates and to support rapidly growing mobile data traffic particularly in crowded urban areas. 5G services will struggle to reach beyond urban centers and deep inside the buildings without the sub-1 GHz spectrum. There is existing mobile spectrum in this range which should be refarmed and used in the future. For example, the European Commission has already expressed a desire for the use of 700 MHz band for 5G services in Europe. The United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC)27 has indicated that the 600 MHz band could be used to drive 5G services in the United States. ITU-R is also considering identifying additional spec- trum for mobile broadband from 470 to 694/8 MHz in 2023 which would be well-timed for the large-scale rollout of 5G services, especially if countries prepare to use it quickly after