e contents of the IP packet in transit. Figure 6.2 shows terms or network elements that are related to security: firewall, VPN, AAA and PKI (public key infrastructure). The new connected world with always on and communication between things offers new possibilities to enhance life, but also large vulnerability risks: fridges and washing machines can stop working because of a virus. Since mobile Internet will become powerful (it will for example manage e-commerce) and ubiquitous, it will require a particular security. The powerful mobile units, some of them with sensitive information, will no doubt frequently be lost or stolen. Each year about 4 million mobiles are stolen in Western Europe. The wireless interface can be a leak of information. The companies need rules for the use of portable computing equipment. Many IP problems come from the protocol stack itself. TCP/IP was designed to operate in a tough environment, but the creators focused on reliability rather than security. The HOTEL Network management Access network Access network Service Router provider Access Firewall network Access Access network network Corporate intranet server Figure 6.2 A common all-IP network Understanding Changing Telecommunications - Building a Successful Telecom Business initially targeted users worked within the technology sectors of an academic world. This was a pretty safe environment and the risk of security violations was very limited. Very few people expected that the protocols would be misused by attackers trying to break into systems using these protocols. Sending an e-mail over the Internet resembles sending a postcard rather than sending an enveloped letter. It takes a hacker 10 minutes to spoof an e-mail (send an e-mail with a false sender). E-mail is used extensively today for business communication, although it uses plain text messages that almost anyone can read and/or manipulate. This vulner- ability makes it an untrusted network, which must be borne in mind when planning for services directed to the public. Untrust