3af standard, 81 accounting to track subscriber packet usage, 268 802.3 open-standard protocol, 57 aCelera Virtual Appliance software, 22 802.11a standard, 367 adaptive multi-rate wideband (AMR-WB), 75 802.11i standard, 374 addresses (IP), 268 802.11n standard, 367 transitioning to IPv6, 274 802.11 standards, 366-369 translation of hostnames to, 273 summary listing of, 384-386 version 6 and version 4 (IPv6 and IPv4), 272 802.16e protocol, 339 addressing schemes. See also addresses (IP); 802.22 standard, 320 MAC addresses 803.ah standard, 244 cloud providers and customers, 34 1956 Consent Decree, 161 Adobe Systems, Flash, 17 Index ADSL2, 241, 259 American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 58 ADSL2-Reach extended, 259 Ameritech, 111 ADSL (Asynchronous Digital Subscriber Line), amplifiers, 6, 204 241, 259 AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service), 379 ADSLplus, 259 AM radio transmissions, noise from, 242 Advanced Audio Coding (AAC), 15 AMR-WB (adaptive multi-rate wideband), 75 Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS), 379 analog cable TV infrastructure, conversion to Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA- digital, 192 NET), 8 analog cellular services, 308 Advanced Television Systems Committee digital services versus, 321 (ASTC), 193 analog ports (media gateways), 79 advertisers (Internet), gathering personal informa- analog signals, 17 tion, 278 leaking into adjacent spectrum, 320 advertising, Internet advertising revenues, 286 versus digital signals, 46-49 Africa analog telephone service, 241 expansion of European mobile providers into, circuit-switched voice, 171 on copper cabling, legacy local Class 5 mobile services in, 388 switches for, 179 Sub-Saharan Africa, mobile market, 405-412 analog television, spectrum for, 320 Kenya, 407-409 Android smartphones, 357 Nigeria, 409-412 ANSI (American National Standards Institute), agents, 149 aggregation networks, 345, 346 antennas aggregators, network, 234 distributed antenna systems (DAS), 351 air interfaces, 321 femtocell, 352 flexibility in, 347 LTE cell sites, 341 fourth