service (attack), see Attack Corrected bit-error-rate, see Bit error rate Density matrix, see Matrix Correction, see Error Density operator, see Operator Correlated events, see Events Depolarizing channel, see Quantum channel Correlation, 58 DES (data encryption standard), 523, 532, 540-3, Coset, 510 555, 563 Costello, D. J., 614 double (-), 523, 541 Cover, T.M., 90, 111, 148, 206, 252, 578, 583, 587, triple (-), 523, 541, 542 610, 621 Desurvire, E., xiv-xvi, 51, 66, 130, 226, 275, 278, CPU (central processing unit), 283, 289, 412, 345, 425, 426, 526, 542, 576, 578, 592, 603 537-9, 541 Determinant, see Matrix CRC, see Cyclic redundancy check Deutsch Crib, 526 algorithm, see Algorithm CROSSOVER (or SWAP) gate, 293, 297, 318, 370, gate (or CCR gate), 322 387-9 Jozsa algorithm, see Algorithm Cryptanalysis, see Cryptoanalysis problem, 378, 380, 381, 383 Cryptoanalysis (or cryptanalysis), 524, 526 Diagonal matrix, see Matrix Cryptography, XV, xx, 130, 523 Diagonalizable, 340 asymmetric key (-), 536, 541 Dice/die, see Rolling public-key (-) or PKC, 400, 424-9, 523, 524, 527, Dictionary, 127, 201, 204 536-40, 543 Diffie-Hellmann-Merkle algorithm, see Algorithm quantum, 520, 523, 543-4, 564, 656, 659 Digital symmetric key (-), 536 cash, 543 without key exchange, see Key high-definition (-) video, see HDV Cryptology, 424, 525 signature, 523, 542 Cryptosystem, 524, 564 sound, see Sound attack, 525 video (DV), see DV brute-force attack, 525, 526, 541 video disk (DVD), see DVD Index Digram, 134, 165, 166 Energy Dirac, Paul, xii kinetic, 285 Dirac quantum, see Quanta distribution, 90 Encryption, 40, 424, 523, 524 notations, 333-43 double or two-key (-), 523, 532-4 Dirichlet model, 190, 191 one-way, 523, 543 Discrete English events, see Events character source, 57, 58, 60, 61, 63, 151, 156, exponential distribution, see Probability 159, 160, 165, 167, 183, 185, 189-91, 194 Fourier transform, see Fourier transform character/letter coding, 154 variable, 20 Enigma machine, 526, 527, 532 Discrimination, 80 Ensemble, 75 Disorder, 5