ull NGOSS implementation [40]. For example: O2 Germany had used NGOSS to integrate the management of various transmission technologies into one homogenous platform. O2 used InsightNet NGOSS platform from Comarch to cover multiple areas of management, and as a result, led to the lowering of the total cost of ownership and enabling better time to market for the new services. The new name of Comarch InsightNet is Comarch OSS Suite. Covad, a California-based voice and data communications provider, created business domains based on eTOM to aggregate business functionality and used SID to gain an enterprise view of 51 OSS entities via a unified and consistent model. Korea Telecom NeOSS (New OSS) implementation includes use of the TM Forum's eTOM, NGOSS Requirement, NGOSS Architecture and Information Model. KT stated that the use of NGOSS has helped it to remain competitive and offer new services in a timely manner. As for the LTE OSS: Though LTE is starting to get deployed, there is a reasonable delay in reaching an agreement on standard interfaces within OSS frameworks for EPS (December 2009). 8.5 Summary Insights We have discussed the different Core Networks of 3GPP in detail. We also briefly touched upon 3GPP2, WiMAX and MBWA core networks. The goal of the industry is to evolve to Flat all-IP architecture by focusing on packet switched architecture and by reducing the number of network elements. Direct tunnel has been the first while EPC will be next major step of 3GPP towards the all-IP architecture. The challenge for the operators and vendor community is how to make this transition in a smooth and cost effective fashion. Down the road another key task will be how to offer seamlessness as the users move between different networks (EV-DO to EPS, WiMAX to EPS, etc.). The intent of NGOSS is to ease the process of integration and modification to reflect the changes in the network as services and access technologies evolve and network intelligence increases. However, the tricky questions are: How to cost effectively the