at the Association for Computing Machinery Symposium. Delegates at a symposium for the Association for Computing Machinery in Gatlinberg, Tennessee, discuss the first plans for the ARPANET. 1968 The first generation of networking hardware and software are designed. 1969 ARPANET connects the first four universities in the United States. Researchers at four U.S. campuses create the first hosts of the ARPANET, connecting Stanford Research Institute, UCLA, UCSB, and the University of Utah. 1970 ALOHANET is developed at the University of Hawaii. 1970-1973 The ARPANET is a success from the very beginning. Although originally designed to allow scientists to share data and access remote computers, email quickly becomes the most popular application. The ARPANET becomes a high-speed digital post office as people use it to collaborate on research projects and discuss topics of various interests. 1971 The ARPANET grows to 23 hosts connecting universities and government research centers around the country. 1972 The InterNetworking Working Group (INWG) becomes the first of several standards-setting entities to govern the growing network. Vinton Cerf is elected the first chairman of the INWG, and later becomes known as a father of the Internet. 1973 The ARPANET goes international with connections to University College in London, England, and the Royal Radar Establishment in Norway. 1974-1981 Bolt, Beranek & Newman opens Telenet, the first commercial version of the ARPANET. The general public gets its first vague hint of how networked computers can be used in daily life as the commercial version of the ARPANET goes online. The ARPANET starts to move away from its military/research roots. 1975 Internet operations are transferred to the Defense Communications Agency. 1976 Queen Elizabeth goes online with the first royal email message. 1977 Unix-to-Unix Copy Program (UUCP) provides email on THEORYNET. 1978 TCP's checksum design is finalized. Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.co