ns is handled later in this book under BSS. Associated with each layer in the TMN model are five functional areas called FCAPS that stand for fault, configuration, accounting, performance and security. These five functional areas form the basis of all network management systems for both data and telecommunications These five functional areas will be covered in detail in the next chapter. 2.7 Conclusion The telecommunications industry is evolving rapidly. With emerging technologies, acquisitions, multivendor environment, and increased expectations from consumer, companies are presented with a challenging environment. There is a need for tele- com management to support multiple vendor equipment and varied management protocols, as well as continue to expand services, maintain quality, and protect legacy systems. The telecommunications management network (TMN) provides a multivendor, interoperable, extensible, scalable, and object-oriented framework for meeting these challenges across heterogeneous operating systems and telecommu- nications networks. This has lead to a mass adoption of TMN standards in building telecom management applications. Additional Reading 1. CCITT Blue Book. Recommendation M.30, Principles for a Telecommunications Management Network, Volume IV: Fascicle IV.1, Geneva, 1989. 2. CCITT. Recommendation M.3010, Principles for a Telecommunications Management Network. Geneva, 1996. 3. Masahiko Matsushita. "Telecommunication Management Network." NTT Review 3, no. 4 (1991): 117-22. 4. Divakara K. Udupa. "TMN: Telecommunications Management Network." New York: McGraw-Hill, 1999. 5. Faulkner Information Services. Telecommunications Management Network (TMN) Standard. Pennsauken, NJ: Faulkner Information Services, 2001. Chapter 3 ITU-T FCAPS This chapter is intended to provide the reader with an understanding of FCAPS intro- duced by ITU-T (International Telecommunication Union-Telecommunication Standardization Bureau) and defined in recommendation M.3400. At the end of this chapter you will have a good unde