e a maximum timing difference of approximately 30 us between the PCell and an SCell, the UE may not be able to receive anything from the other operator's LAA cell, if the downlink signal of that cell arrives later than + 30 us of the UE's PCell. The probabil- ity that the other operator's LAA cell overlaps with the UE's PCell is 6% assuming random timing of cells. Furthermore, for self-scheduling, the UE will not decode downlink assign- ments of the other operator's cell unless the downlink transmissions are scrambled with a C-RNTI value matching the C-RNTI assigned to the UE. Considering that there are 65536 C-RNTIs (16-bit values), if the other operator serves 20 UEs in a cell, the probability that the same C-RNTI is used is roughly 0.03%. Therefore, the probability that the UE can decode a downlink message from another operator's LAA cell is 0.0018% [14,20]. In the event of a PCI confusion when self-scheduling from the LAA cell, the probability that the UE could decode downlink is negligible (0.0018% in the scenario described earlier). However, in case of cross-carrier scheduling from the PCell, the UE would never be able to decode the downlink data for which the UE has received a downlink assignment as the data is sent in another cell. In the uplink, the UE will not be able to acquire uplink synchroniza- tion and would therefore not be able to transmit uplink traffic in the other operator's cell. However, it may send unnecessary random-access preambles to another operator's LAA cell (e.g., if it receives a PDCCH order from the PCell). It is expected that the eNB can detect PCI confusion by observing that the UE is reporting good quality for a cell, but no data communication is succeeded for this UE. The eNB can then resolve the confusion by changing the PCI for the problematic cell(s). In the event of a PCI collision, there is a non-negligible likelihood that both LAA cells become unusable to the UEs that fall in their common coverage area. This would result in the UE not being able to receive the downlink an