increases while the data volume in the macro cell decreases, which illustrates efficient traffic offloading to the small cell. 9.5 Installation Considerations The small cell installation requires different considerations compared to the macro cells. The macro cell installation procedures have been optimized over many years while the small cell installations are still in the early phase. The following installation aspects should be taken into account: Site aesthetics are important. The small cells are generally located at lower heights and closer to the users than the macro cells. Therefore, the appearance of the site needs to be considered including the number of separate boxes and the cabling. The small cell form factor is important including the street furniture camouflage, like small cell colour. Cost of the small cell installation should be lowered which requires minimization of the costly civil works. Simple installation and simple configuration are important. Cranes or street closures may be needed for the installation which can increase the cost. Always-on power supply is needed. If the street lights get power only during the night hours, it is not useful for the small cells. The remote access to the small cell unit needs to be considered possibly with, for example, Bluetooth. The backhaul design considerations including the additional boxes and RF requirements for the wireless backhaul. The negotiation with landlord or city council required. In general, the street pole deployments are more spectrally efficient than rooftop-mounted small cells because of less interference. LTE Small Cell Optimization The small cell installations need to consider also the safety aspects: Safety distance from the users to the small cell which depends on the transmission power and on the antenna gain Structural stability of the installation posts Protection against vandalism and attack Staff training required to work on lamp poles and on radio equipment 9.6 Example Small Cell Case Study This section shows an example small cel