. It is the main telephone company (incumbent local exchange carrier) in rural areas in 18 states, where they sell service under the Kinetic brand. They additionally sell wholesale fiber service to carriers outside of the Windstream network on fiber they acquired by their 2017 purchase of EarthLink. They also offer cloud computing and hosting services. Windstream provides 25Mbps service to 55 percent of their subscribers and 50Mbps data rates to 31 percent of their subscribers. According to their 2017 annual reports, 25 percent of their subscribers do not have cable TV. Windstream sells services in areas outside of their network infrastructure as well as within their own www.TechnicalPDF.com network. In the first quarter of 2018 they reported a total of 1,432,000 customers. Frontier Communications Corporation, which is headquartered in Norwalk Connecticut, offers services in 29 states. Frontier purchased Verizon's rural wireline properties in California, Florida, and Texas in 2016, which resulted in an additional 3.7 million customers to Frontier's network. This doubled the number of Frontier subscribers to 4.8 million subscribers. Verizon at the time of the sale was concentrating on building out their cellular service. REGULATORY ISSUES Telecommunications and cable TV are heavily regulated sectors. Companies are subject to local, intrastate, and interstate regulations. Here is a quote from Frontier Communications 2017 Annual Report: The FCC generally exercises jurisdiction over information services, interstate or international telecommunications services State regulatory commissions in general exercise jurisdiction over intrastate telecommunications services Certain federal and state agencies, including attorneys general, monitor and exercise oversight related to consumer protection issues. In addition, local governments often regulate the public rights-of-way necessary to install and operate networks and may require services providers to obtain licenses or franchises regulating their use of public rights-of-way