Address Translation), 268 next challenge for, 217 NBC Universal, 284 Tier 1 carriers, 271 holdings, 283 Index NECA (National Exchange Carriers Association), backup NOCs, 183 124, 189 noise. See also interference Nelson, Zach, 30 sources of, on copper cabling, 242 Neonode Inc., 357 non-facility-associated signaling (NFAS), 256 Netflix, 109, 130-132, 159-161, 266, 283 non-traditional competitors, 150-161 NetSuite, 30 Amazon, 154-156 network access, 34 Apple, 156-157 network access points (NAP), 271 Google, 151-154 Network Address Translation (NAT), 268 Microsoft, 158 network aggregators, 234 Netflix, 159-161 network-based storage, 172 Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT), 379 Network Layer (OSI), 24, 48 North America network neutrality, 292-297 digital signal levels, 258 and prioritizing some applications over others, Euripean mobile carriers in, 415 voicemail use in, 393 background events, 293 Norway, 399, 413 FCC Open Internet Regulations, 296 Telenor, 400, 417 legal challenge to FCC rulings on, 130 NOS (Network Operating Systems), 61 proposed modifications to, 294 Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NOPR) (FCC), Network Operating Systems (NOS), 61 network operations centers (NOCs), 184, 186, 208 Notice of Proposed Rule Making (NPRM), 121 backup NOCs, 183 NRSC (Network Reliability Steering Committee), Network Reliability Steering Committee (NRSC), NTIA (National Telecommunications and Infor- networks mation Association), 318 cabling for, 38-44 NTT DoCoMo, 326 fiber-optic, multiplexing, 5 NYNEX, 111 increasing capabilities via multiplexing, 18-20 key underlying technologies, 5-8 network servers, 182 network topology, 250 O'Brien, Chris, 285 on private lines, 252 OC (optical carrier), 171 News Corporation, 284 OEM (original equipment manufacturer), 55 Nextel, 316 OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multi- merger with Sprint, 135 plexing), 333, 338 Nextel Brasil, 404 in LTE cell sites, 341 NextWave Wireless, 317 LTE and WiMAX air interface, 337 NFAS (non-facility-associated signaling), 256 use with WiMAX, 339 NFC (near field co