ink subframes. For FDD systems, the averaging in the time domain equals the 10 subframe duration of the 10 subframes measurement period from the equalizer estimation step, whereas for TDD sys- items, the averaging in the time domain can be calculated from subframes of different frames and should have a minimum of 10 subframes averaging length. where N is the number of resource blocks with the considered modulation scheme in sub- frame i and Ndl is the number of allocated downlink subframes in one frame. While the above expressions for calculation of the EVM are the same for FR1 and FR2, the para- meters are differently defined for the two frequency ranges [9]. The permissible EVM value can be estimated from the transmitter implementation margin, if the error vector is considered noise, which is added to the channel noise. The implemen- tation margin is the excess power needed to maintain the carrier to noise ratio intact, when going from an ideal to a realistic transmitter design. The EVM cannot be measured at the antenna connector but should be measured by an ideal receiver with certain carrier recovery loop bandwidth specified in percent of the symbol rate. The measured EVM includes the effects of the transmitter filter accuracy, DAC, modulator imbalances, untracked phase noise, and PA nonlinearity. As mentioned earlier, the error vector magnitude is a measure of the dif- ference between the reference waveform and the measured [transmitted] waveform. In prac - tice, before calculating the EVM, the measured waveform is corrected by the sample timing offset and RF frequency offset, then the IQ origin offset is removed from the measured wave- form. The measured waveform is further modified by selecting the absolute phase and abso- lute amplitude of the transmitter chain. 3.2.1.5 Carrier Frequency Offset An OFDM system transmits information as a series of OFDM symbols. The time-domain samples xm(n) of the mth OFDM symbol are generated by performing IDFT on the informa- tion symbols as follows [30]: New Radio Access