read over a wide area, the typical way to connect them is through radio connec- tions. To provide their interoperability there is increasing demand for standardization and unification of standards (e.g. few standards supported by most of the devices, simi- larly to what Ethernet and WiFi have become in fixed and wireless local area networks, respectively). 6.7.1 Mobile Cellular Internet of Things The LTE-Advanced-Pro has focused on mobile IoT by introducing new narrowband technologies for that purpose. Table 6.9 illustrates how the LTE-Advanced-Pro is devel- oped for IoT support, including further development of well proven (for IoT) GPRS technology. The work on new IoT devices is also targeted at longer battery life, lower costs of devices and deployments, as well as extended coverage (which is successfully done with inclusion of IoT specific technologies within the 3GPP mobile standards). However, one may note that enhanced machine type communication (eMTC) and narrow band Internet of Things (NB-IoT) are designed for different types of IoT use cases. eMTC uses only 1.4MHz (meanwhile, LTE carrier is up to 20 MHz, and LTE-Advanced/ LTE-Advanced-Pro allows aggregation of multiple such carriers) to provide up to 1 Mbit/s of throughput (possible uses are asset trackers and wearables). High bitrates in mobile networks are reserved for more powerful devices (e.g. smartphones) which require at the same time high throughput (e.g. ultra-broadband access speeds) and low latency. Table 6.9 3GPP mobile loT. LTE loT technologies Description Bitrates eMTC (enhanced machine LTE/LTE-Advanced enhancement 1 Mbit/s on smallest width type communication) for machine type communications, LTE frequency carrier of which is also abbreviated as 1.4 MHz LTE-MTC or LTE-Ms (long term evolution for machines) NB-IoT (narrow band New radio spectrum added to LTE, 10s-100s of Kbit/s (180 kHz Internet of Things) which is optimized for the low-end narrowband frequency of the IoT market carrier) EC-GSM-IoT (Extended Further enhancements on Coverage