com Because these critical functions are all in one server, if the server malfunctions, all of these functions are lost. For greater reliability and sustainability (the ability to be operational during malfunctions), telephone companies often deploy duplicate White Boxes. If one fails the other is able to take over. Policies defined within Software Defined Networks indicate how to route, prioritize, balance traffic loads, and program firewalls. The policies that control networks are programmed and defined by IT staff at computer screens. They are then invoked automatically as required. Bringing Up Network Functions-Open Source Open Source Management and Organization (MANO) is an ETSI ISG standard. ETSI ISG is the European Telecommunications Standards Institute Industry Specification Group. Open source MANO refers to the ability to manage and bring up network functions uniformly by carriers. The goal is to enable networks to interoperate with each other and for telephone companies to be able to purchase commodity hardware. The standard defines operations in wired telephone company networks and cable TV as well as 5G mobile networks. ETSI's Industry Specification Group's goal is to prevent chaos and disorganization when deploying NFV software within SDNs. Sixty of the largest telephone companies worldwide are members of the MANO (Management and Organization) specification group that defined the MANO standard. The standards are meant to be interoperable with SDN controllers, VFN architecture, and VNF software. Just as in large data centers where "virtual machine sprawl" can result in unnecessary duplication, organizations can lose control of the location and number of virtualized network functions without www.TechnicalPDF.com standards on how to manage and deploy these functions. MANO is designed to operate in cloud settings as well as onsite data centers. The ETSI NFV MANO standard includes: Interfaces to Operations Support System (OSS) to manage installation of carriers' services, and changes Ways that carriers' M