 beams. The present dielectric lens antenna with its 3° HPBW corresponds to massive MIMO using approximately 1000 antenna elements. Using a dielectric lens has a size advantage compared to other equivalent massive MIMO implementations. 11.4.2 Field Experiments The field experiments were conducted in a courtyard environment in the NTT DOCOMO R&D center in Yokosuka, Japan, and a shopping mall environment in a Roppongi Hills high-rise complex in Tokyo and in a street canyon environment in the Minato Mirai area in Yokohama, Japan. These crowded environments are represen- tative of typical 5G scenarios. The defined course in the shopping mall environment consists of 69% NLOS conditions and numerous reflectors providing opportunities for multiple-bounce delay paths. 11.4.2.1 Field Experiment in a Courtyard Environment Figure 11.38 shows the measurement course for the field experiments, while Figure 11.39 includes two pictures that show the measurement environment and the AP and UD installation. The environment is a courtyard with mainly LOS conditions. The length of the course is approximately 10 m, and the course is approximately 23 m from the AP. The antenna height and downtilt of the AP are 5.8 m and 14°, respectively. The UD moves along the 10 m course; its antenna height and average speed are 1.7 m and 4.0 km/h, respectively. The speed is consistent with walking speed. Figure 11.40 shows the SNR at the UD versus the elapsed time. The SNR is greater than 15 dB except for a few sparse measurement points. Figure 11.41 shows the down- link throughput versus the elapsed time. The throughput is consistently greater than Figure 11.38 Measurement course (courtyard environment). 11.4 Field Experiments of Millimeter Wave 5G Radio Figure 11.39 Measurement areas for field experiments (courtyard environment): (a) AP, (b) UD (view from point p2 to the direction for AP). Elapsed Time (s) Figure 11.40 Downlink SNR. 11 Measurements <<<<<<<<<<< Elapsed Time (s) Figure 11.41 Downlink throughput. Figure 11.42 Measurement course a1 (~