456 circuit-to-packet migration, 457 Carlson, Curt, 269 Cisco Systems, 10, 209, 213, 218, 262, Carrier Sense, Multiple Access with 310, 470 Collision Detection (see CSMA/CD) Clark, Jim, 36. 39 Carrier Serving Area (CSA) Clark, William, 97 guidelines, 297 Clarke, Arthur C., 345 carrier systems, 167-168 Classless Interdomain Routing E-Carrier, 172 (CIDR), 441 T-Carrier, 168-173 CLECs (competitive local exchange valid signal values in, 199 carriers), 140, 461-462 carrier wave, 314 failure of, 231 Carter, Tom, 135 markets pursued by, 229 Carterphone, 135-136 and MSOs, 463 Case Western Reserve University, 38 and residence market, 235-236 revenues to ILECs from, 228 CATV (community antenna television), 303 and UNE-Ps, 233-234 C-Band, 419 VoIP from, 213 CDMA (code-division multiple access client-server LANs, 267-268 320, 325, 326, 335-336, 352 clipping, 208 Index CODECs (coders/decoders), 74 memory, 247-250 MPEG, 82-83 monitors, 277-278 and quantizing noise, 204 concatenated signal, 185, 186 for video, 289 concatenation indication, 187 for VoIP, 209 concentrator/multiplexer, 234 code-division multiple access (see CDMA) congestion control: cognitive radio, 336-337 in frame relay, 377-378 collisions (LANs), 260, 261 in Network Layer, 109-112 color quantization, 77 connection clipping, 208 color resolution, 277 connectionless networks, 94, 98-100, 373 colors, 70-72, 273, 274, 277 connection-oriented networks, 94, 96- committed information rate (CIR), 376 98, 372-373 Committee Against Privacy Invasion connectivity, 60-61 and Numbering (CASPIAN), 344 with PCs, 255, 256 Common Management Information and wireless technologies, 328-329 Protocol (see CMIP) Consent Decree of 1956, 313 Common Object Request Brokered Consultative Committee on Architecture (CORBA), 66, 222 International Telegraphy and common transport, 234 Telephony (CCITT), 6, 11 Communications Act of 1934, 227 content providers, 473-474 Communications Act of 1996, contention-based LANs, 259-264 140-141, 229 Continuously Variable Slope Delta communications service 