stems, 857 Wave-guiding effect, 291 WLAN, 55-58 Vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P), Waveforms, 314-350 Working Party 5A (WP 5A), 802 790-791 candidates, 335-350 Working Party 5D (WP 5D), Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), 63-64 OFDM basics and transmission 790-791 World Radiocommunication characteristics, 315-330 Very small aperture terminals Wavelength-division multiplexing Conference (WRC), 20, (VSAT), 97-98 850-851 (WDM), 7-10, 60-62 Virtual infrastructure manager Welch Bound Equality (WBE), WRC-15, 801-802 (VIM), 17, 20-21, 106 366-367 WRC-19, 802 Virtual machines (VMs), 13-14, Welch bounds, 356-357 34-36 White Rabbit technology, 74 Virtual medium sensing Wi-Fi, 845, 848 mechanism, 858-859 Xn application protocol (Xn-AP), communication module, 864 Virtual network functions mobility set, 894 (VNFs), 17, 19, 34 Xn control-plane/user-plane networks, 51 descriptor, 23 Wide area base stations, 676-677 functions and procedures, manager, 20 117-118 Wideband signal sampling, Virtual RAN architectures, 708-711 Xw control-plane interface (Xw-C), 893-894 Window-based least significant bit Virtual reality services Xw user-plane interface (Xw-U (W_LSB), 229 (VR services), 24, 53 interface), 893 Windowing, 345-346 Virtual resource blocks, Xw - AP protocol, 893-894 Wired backhaul physical media, 91 Wireless Virtual switch (vSwitch), 13-14 backhaul, 90-91 Virtual-radio access network, channels 56-98 Zadoff-Chu sequence (ZC blockage, 296-298 architectural aspects, 57-62 sequence), 592, 602, 620, characteristics of, 287-303 backhaul transport options, 757-758 delay spread, 292-295 86-98 Zenith angle spread of departure Doppler spread, 295 Virtual/augmented reality (ZSD), 301-302 line-of-sight path loss (VR/AR), 22, 53, 78-79 Zenith AoA (ZoA), 301-302 probability, 301-303 Virtualization layer, 20 Zero-forcing (ZF) oxygen absorption, 298-301 Visible light communication equalization, 332 path loss models, 287-292 (VLC), 81 precoding, 568-569 2D and 3D distances in VNF to NFVI interface (Vn-Nf), Zero-intermediate-frequency (ZIF), outdoor/indoor e