ves) upon which wireless traffic is transmitted. Because of past acquisitions and mergers, the largest carriers maintain the greatest control over how the majority of customers in the United States access these services. The mobile and wireline infrastructure owned by AT&T, Inc., and Verizon Corporation provides nationwide coverage. These companies also have the resources to upgrade their wireless networks to new-generation, high-capacity protocols. Their wireline net- works are global in scope and support enterprise customers around the world. Competitive carriers such as EarthLink, Inc., Level 3 Communications, and Wind- stream Communications provide Internet access and a variety of other services to busi- ness customers. Windstream offers service to both residential and business customers. These and other carriers have grown by acquiring competitors and expanding their offerings. Many of them cover multiple regions of the country, but none of them have facilities across the entire country. They compete with the wireline divisions of AT&T and Verizon, cable TV operators, and others. Like AT&T, Verizon, and CenturyLink, Inc., competitive carriers have merged with other carriers, resulting in fewer competi- tors and less pressure to offer rock-bottom prices. Carriers such as Windstream, large incumbents such as CenturyLink, AT&T, and Verizon, as well as cable TV operators such as Cox Communications concentrate their wireline business customer sales efforts on cloud and managed services, which are seen as more lucrative than broadband data communications services. Managed ser- vices are those that carriers offer as adjuncts to broadband links. Examples include managing routers, multiplexers, or security. It's unclear if the market can support all of these services plus the many cloud computing and managed service offerings from other types of companies. Introduction Another source of competition for telephone companies and Multiple System Operators (MSOs) such as Comcast, Time Warner Cable, Verizon, and AT&T that 