ce, 434 Crosstalk, DSL, 495 next-generation networks and, 411-412 CRTC (Canadian Radio-television and Telecommu- in public infrastructures, 415-416 nications Commission), 12 regulatory effects on, 414-415 CRTP (Compressed Real-Time Transport Proto- in service environment, 416-418 col), 330 in systems, 413 CSCF (call session controller function), IMS, in transport, 413 422-423, 698 Conversion CSD (Circuit-Switched Data), 592 codecs and modems, 20-23 CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access/ between coding schemes, 162 Collision Detection), 183-184, 479 Convolutional coding, radio transmission, 575 CSUs (channel service units), 116, 208-209 Cooperative agents, xlvii CT (centre de transit), 113 Copper cable Customer edge model (VPNs), 348 in coaxial cable, 51-54 Customer edge routers, 363, 365 EFM using, 482 Customer premises equipment. See CPE (customer overview of, 41 premises equipment) twisted-pair, 44-51 Cut-through technique, 198-199 COPS (Common Open Policy Service) Cuvette, XXX IMS security with, 421 CWDM (Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing) overview of, 444-445 applications of, 459 PacketCable with, 518 commonality with LANs and WANs, 200 VPN evolution to, 357 in intelligent optical networks, 455 COPS-MAID, 445 MANs using, 461-462 Core switches, broadband, 431-432 MSPPs incorporating, 473 Corning Glassworks, 73 overview of, 32-33 Corporate backbone, Internet, 149-150 Cyclic redundancy check (CRC), 165, 223 Correspondent node, Mobile IP, 694-695 CoS (class of service), 290-291 Country code TLDs (ccTLDs), 282-283 DAB (Digital Audio Broadcast) standard, 402, 632, CPE (customer premises equipment) 708-709 circuit switches, 91-92 Dark fiber, 78, 212 defined, 7 DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Frame Relay, 225 Agency), 248 Index Data communications DCCP (Datagram Congestion Control Protocol), commonly used applications, 150-152 data flow and. See Data flow DCE (data communications equipment), 152-154, data traffic and, xxxvi-xxxvii evolution of, 145-150 DCLECs (data competitive local exchange carri- O