 simultaneously or one access network at a time for a given service (e.g. a voice call can be transferred via the mobile access network, while an open Internet connection for file download/upload can be active at the same time via WiFi through the fixed access network). For FMC purposes IMT-2020 requires unified authentication and authorization for both fixed and mobile access technologies. Also, FMC means that IMT-2020 QoS con- trol needs to support unified measurement of network performance, unified QoS policy management, and unified QoS decision making in the control plane for both networks. However, one should note that FMC is already fostered in NGNs, which include 4G mobile networks, where the standardized service stratum nodes are access independent (e.g. IMS) [2]. 5.7 QoS in 5G Mobile Ultra-Broadband The QoS support in 5G mobile networks from 3GPP, which started with 3GPP Release 15, is based on further evolution of QoS support defined for LTE/LTE-Advanced mobile networks (i.e. 4G networks from the 3GPP). Similar to LTE, the 5G QoS sup- ports two resource types, i.e. QoS flows that require GBR and QoS flows that do not require GBR (i.e. non-GBR) [17]. 5 QoS for Mobile Ultra-Broadband To identify a QoS flow in 5G systems, a quality of service flow identifier (QFI) is used. So, the user plane traffic which has the same QFI receives the same traffic management approach (e.g. the same admission control or scheduling). Such QFI can be assigned dynamically or can be equal to standardized 5QIs (5G QoS indica- tors). The list of 5QI is given in Table 5.9. This list includes all QCI from LTE/LTE- Advanced/LTE-Advanced-Pro (i.e. up to 3GPP Release 14) and adds new QoS indica- tors which refer to emerging services with 5G deployments such as remote control, intelligent transport systems (ITSs), discrete automation, and augmented reality. The new resource type in 5G is delay critical GBR, which has a requirement for very low delays (up to 20 ms) as well as low jitter (up to 0 ms), targeted to critical services such a