icipating in the IoT remain compatible to one another. Interoperability testing is seen to be pretty challenging in such environments. By the nature of the IoT, objects and systems are meant to identify one another and operate together in increasingly manifold ways, placing a larger burden on testing efforts. Large-scale testing and pilots to confirm interoperability and further improvements to standards are expected to be crucial and essential in making things simpler. Environmental Concerns There are jokes doing the rounds that the latest touch-based smartphones with the biggest screens around are not so smart after all, as sometimes they run out of battery and hence remain "dumber than normal phones." Energy requirements and management would play key roles in future electronic devices. With the number of devices that may end up online on the Internet and power consumption requirements for these, there are valid questions that need to be answered about how energy impacts due to the IoT will be managed. CHAPTER 3 DEPLOYMENT CHALLENGES IN EVOLVING 4G Also, electronics have a way of becoming outdated very easily. The industry itself seems to be fueling this rapid replacement of current models with newer ones, leading to tons of e-waste being generated around the cities of the modern world. It is expected that for whatever reasons (faulty devices, lower lifespan, becoming outdated), the IoT could end up adding to the e-waste generation and would hence need to be managed more actively and responsibly with the help of businesses and governments. 4G and the Internet of Things The Case for LTE-Advanced and loT McKinsey estimates that there has been over a 300% increase in machine-to-machine device connections over the past five years. Clearly, there is an increasing trend of objects getting on to the Internet and interconnecting with other devices on the Internet. LTE as the leading 4G technology is primed to enable the IoT in the following ways: Nearly a trillion things could be connected to the Internet and more than