ations on standardization in telecom domain. The use of the term "3GPP" in this section can refer to both "3GPP" and "3GPP2." It can be seen that the OAM&P specifications of 3GPP can be very useful in implementing a network management system because of the depth of defining standards. Though some of the specifications of 3GPP are generic, in most of the scenarios its specifications are for a specific technology unlike standards like TMF that are mostly generic and intended for a set of network technologies. Location services management and charging managing are some other areas in network management for which there are standards defined by 3GPP. Web site: www.3gpp.org and www.3gpp2.org 7.6 ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute) The ETSI is a standardizing body based in France and officially recognized by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association. It is respon- sible for developing standards in information and communication technologies including fixed, mobile, radio, converged, broadcast, and Internet technologies. Though the organization is based in Europe, it has members around the globe and the standards developed by ETSI have worldwide acceptance. Most standards of ETSI in network management will be tagged ETSI/TISPAN. TISPAN (Telecoms & Internet Converged Services & Protocols for Advanced Networks) is a body of ETSI that works mostly on developing standards for fixed networks and internet convergence. ETSI bodies "Telecommunications and Internet Protocol Harmonization Over Networks" (TIPHON) and "Services and Protocols for Advanced Networks" (SPAN) decided to merge and jointly work on a focus area, forming TISPAN in 2003. Being a body of ETSI, it is mainly concerned with European telecom market but also works on worldwide standards similar to its parent organization. Fundamentals of EMS, NMS and OSS/BSS The standards of ETSI are developed by technical bodies in ETSI, which can establish working groups to focus on a specific technology area. There are three types of the t