the far side of a cross street. The UD moves on the course across the street. The antenna height and the average speed of the UD are 1.7 m and 4 km/h, respectively. The speed is consistent with walking speed. The UD antenna points toward the AP. 11 Measurements 100 m 150 m b1 (~6m) b2 (~60 m) b3 (~172/m) Figure 11.47 Measurement course (street canyon environment). Figure 11.48 Measurement areas for field experiments (street canyon environment): (a) AP, (b) UD. 11.4 Field Experiments of Millimeter Wave 5G Radio Distance (m) Figure 11.49 Downlink SNR. Distance (m) Figure 11.50 Downlink throughput. Figure 11.49 shows the SNR at the UD versus its distance from the AP. From 10 to 80 m, the SNR is greater than 15 dB and generally decreases with increasing distance. Figure 11.50 shows the downlink throughput versus distance. The throughput is greater than 2 Gbps from 12 to 40 m and fluctuates from 40 to 72 m. Even during this fluctua- tion, a throughput of 2 Gbps is frequently achieved. The cause of the variation may be reflected paths from the side building windows and its effects on beam selection and receiver performance. Even with these variations, the throughput is greater than 1 Gbps from 72 to 170 m except for a few sparse measurement points. Figure 11.51 shows the CDF of the downlink throughput in the courtyard, shopping mall, and street canyon environment. The maximum of 2 Gbps is achieved in the 11 Measurements Figure 11.51 Downlink throughput Shopping mall Street canyon Courtyard Throughput (Gbps) downlink for 87%, 34%, and 28% of each of the respective environments. 1 Gbps is achieved in the downlink for 95%, 45%, and 91% of each of the respective environments. The shopping mall environment, which is 69% NLOS, shows an outage of 35%. The beam tracking achieves high availability of coverage and seamless mobility not only in LOS environments but also under NLOS conditions through the reflected paths. It has been commonly believed that mmW communications is possible only in LOS propagation environments and thus