f complementary services caused by guaranteeing all providers of complementary services access to the network should cause demand to increase. On the other hand, the standard- ization implicit in platform access can cause demand to decrease by foreclosing the emergence of new, beneficial applications that depend on a different network architecture. For the reasons stated above, regardless of its direction, the change in network demand will affect network cost, capacity, reliability, and quality of service. In addition, the standardization not only reduces product variety; it also creates transaction costs by requiring the creation of standardized interfaces and by requir- ing the establishment of mechanisms for changes in the interface and for setting access prices. Furthermore, it can retard technological change by effectively locking interfaces into place long after technological change has rendered those interfaces obsolete. The literature recognizes that network owners also already possess pow- erful incentives to provide platform access even in the absence of regulation, even when network services are provided on a noncompetitive basis. Unbundled access also has an ambiguous impact on demand. On one hand, unbundled access is likely to increase demand by introducing flows from other Networks in Telecommunications providers. On the other hand, unbundled access is the form of access most likely to cause costs to increase. Introducing additional traffic at locations other than major nodes can have a dramatic impact on a network's cost, capacity, reliability, and optimal configuration and can lead to significant congestion costs. It also affects the network owner's ability to avail itself of cost-reducing, traffic-aggregating technologies. Whether demand increases depends on whether the upward pressure on demand caused by the outward shift in the demand curve is offset by the downward pressure on demand caused by the increase in marginal cost. In addition, unbundled access creates significant transaction costs by