ck for interactive services, varying in range from local to regional and national levels. In addition to the conventional business models, NGMN highlights the need for 5G to support various types of customers and partnerships, such as to mobilize vertical 2.3 NGMN industries and support industry processes. Partnerships will be established on multiple layers ranging from sharing infrastructure to exposing network capabilities or integrat- ing partner services into the overall system. 2.3.2 NGMN 5G Requirements The 5G use cases demand very diverse and sometimes extreme requirements. A single solution may not satisfy all the requirements at the same time at a reasonable cost. Sev- eral use cases may be active concurrently at the same time, requiring a high degree of flexibility and scalability of the 5G network. NGMN sets the following requirements: Excellent and consistent user experience Consistent user experience across time and service footprint in a highly heteroge- neous environment, depending on the use case - Much higher user data rates, required to be available in at least 95% of locations (including the cell edge) for at least 95% of the time: Dense urban. 300 Mbps DL Smart office. 1 Gbps DL Multi-Mbps data rates everywhere - including in stadiums, airplanes, and areas currently not connected to the Internet - Much lower latency. Less than 1 ms end-to-end latency for certain car-to-car and industry automation communication needs - Seamless service experience to moving users (up to 500 km/h) and also static/nomadic users/devices System performance. Significantly expanded network capabilities to cope with the variety and variability of use cases - Connection/traffic density: Users in a crowd. Several tens of Mbps for tens of thousands of users in crowded areas Smart office. 15 Tb/s/km2 traffic density for smart offices Massive sensor deployments. Up to several hundred thousands of simultaneous connections per square kilometer - Significantly enhanced spectral efficiency (average and cell edge, across bands) 