neutrality aspects, mobile broadband networks may have expe- rienced QoS degradation for carrier-grade services such as voice (which is provided with QoS-enabled VoIP, as a replacement for digital PLMN). The QoS regulation of voice and other carrier-grade services is required to achieve satisfactory performance on the end-users' side. Of course, one should note that QoS is coupled with pricing in the mobile network because higher QoS requires more investment in network equip- ment in access and core parts, and vice versa. Additionally, QoS for critical services is raising a need for its regulation, especially when such services will provide control and automation of different industries in different verticals. That requires new types of per- formance monitoring for critical services and QoS enforcement when QoS degradation will be detected (e.g. high delay, traffic congestion or unavailability for mission critical GBR services in 5G mobile networks). Thus, QoS regulation may need to transform itself from naming and shaming strategies (e.g. publishing the results from QoS monitoring campaigns, to allow customers to make informed decisions) to stricter QoS regulation for mission critical services. References 1 Janevski, T. (2015). Internet Technologies for Fixed and Mobile Networks. Norwood, MA: Artech House. 2 Janevski, T. (2014). NGN Architectures, Protocols and Services. Chichester: Wiley. 3 Janevski, T. (2003). Traffic Analysis and Design of Wireless IP Networks. Norwood, MA: Artech House. 4 3GPP TS 36.306, Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); User Equip- ment (UE) Radio Access Capabilities (Release 14), March 2018. 5 3GPP TS 29.060, GPRS Tunnelling Protocol (GTP) Across the Gn and Gp Interface (Release 13), March 2015. 6 IETF RFC 2003, IP Encapsulation Within IP, October 1996. 7 3GPP TS 23.203 version 14.5.0 Release 14, Digital Cellular Telecommunications Sys- tem (Phase 2+) (GSM); Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); LTE; Policy and Charging Control Architecture, October 2017. 8 