he fixed telecommunications net- work as shown in Figure 10.9. The mobile device (user equipment) is essentially a device that transmits and receives sig- nals through the air using electromagnetic waves. A mobile phone is made of electronic circuitry, control systems, a battery, a transmitter/receiver (transceiver) which performs radio signal coding and decoding, a radio antenna system, and a microphone and speaker. Later gen- erations of mobile phones have visual interfaces and data communication capabilities (means to input and view data). Mobile devices communicate with base stations, which are a part of a mobile telecommunications operator network. Broadband Telecommunications Technologies and Management Fixed Location network Register (HLR) Serving Support Radio (SGSN) Network Controller Stations (RNC) network Mobile Station (MS) Figure 10.9 A mobile telecommunications network Figure 10.10 Base station antennas Base stations are devices that communicate with mobiles and relay the communications to a core network and through that to a fixed network or another base station and another mobile device. Base stations contain transceivers, which send and receive signals to and from mobile phones, and modems that connect to the core network. Base station antennas are usually located on transmission towers or on top of tall buildings, and are a feature of urban and rural landscapes. Figure 10.10 shows some base station antennas. Base station equipment may be placed near the antenna or in housing at the base of the building or tower. Core networks connect to the mobile telecommunications carrier's fixed telecommunica- tions infrastructure, which allow communications with the mobile phone to be relayed to other parts of the network. A base station connects to a number of nodes that control different Terrestrial Broadband Wireless Telecommunications Figure 10.11 Cellular coverage functions associated with mobile communications. These functions may include allocation of resources, registering the physical location of a 