t- ment on emerging services, and research for future services. The service plan would Fundamentals of EMS, NMS and OSS/BSS include details on service capabilities, standards, infrastructure, technical sup- port, design elements, implementation, and budget parameters and targets. Service development is based on the analysis of service ideas that were decided in service planning, followed by management of service development. Service development also ensures evaluating service parameters like quality of existing services and using these inputs for defining specification of services under development. Resource planning involves preparation of a strategic plan based on research on the technology trends in expanding existing resources, identifying emerging tech- nologies, and resource capabilities to meet the needs of future services. The find- ings can be based on corporate knowledge, market analysis, and internal/external research. Resource development based on the planning would involve studying the performance parameters of existing network and its elements and making detailed design of the resource development based on the existing key performance indica- tors of resources in the network. Some of the operations involved in service/network development and planning need support from the element management system. Let us consider the EMS func- tionalities involved in development and planning: Using fault management, the elements that require more maintenance and frequently show trouble conditions can be identified. For example, the call server that usually has a higher number of dropped calls compared to its peers, triggers frequent auto reboot, or needs a technician to reconfigure its parameters can be replaced with another call server that would give better results. Fault management also gives inputs on the common fault scenarios that can disrupt service and can be used to find out the software and hardware capa- bilities to improve or reduce the fault scenarios. For example, a particular algorithm might cause hi