n covered in the earlier 3GPP Releases for LTE. The new topic is Integrated Access & Backhaul, which allows part of the radio access spectrum resources to be used for backhaul transmission. There are other items such as position location, which basically brings position loca- tion methods mostly known from LTE to the 5G system, to ensure that all necessary methods are available even if operating with a 5G-only network. Release 15 includes the basic solutions such as cell-ID-based or assistance data for different satellite-based positioning systems. The following sections address the key new items in 5G Release 16 and explain their potential in improving the system performance, operability, or capability to address new vertical market segments. 15.2.1 5G Unlicensed (5G-U) 5G-U, which is called New Radio Unlicensed (NR-U) [1] in 3GPP, will cover the following deployment scenarios: Carrier aggregation between the licensed band 5G and 5G-U. Dual connectivity between the licensed LTE band and 5G-U. Standalone 5G-U, which would be operated without any licensed carrier. 5G-U downlink with licensed band uplink (this is a special scenario intended for cases where the Listen-Before-Talk (LBT) operation would be done only at the gNB side). Dual connectivity between the licensed band 5G and 5G-U. 15.2 3GPP Release 16 Timing and Key Themes Licensed LTE + 5G- Unlicensed Dual Connectivity Dual connectivity or Carrier Aggregation Booster for LTE deployments with limited 5G spectrum Licensed Spectrum Exclusive use Licensed 5G + 5G- Unlicensed Dual Connectivity or Carrier Aggregation Improved 5G user experience with additional spectrum NR without licensed Unlicensed Spectrum Standalone 5G Unlicensed anchor carrier Shared use New markets, deployments, use cases Figure 15.2 5G-U use cases. Out of these scenarios shown in Figure 15.2, the enabling of both dual connectivity as well as standalone 5G-U operation offers much more deployment flexibility compared to the LTE Licensed Assisted Access (LAA) operation. The dual connectivity so