s shown in Figure 14.3. Through the use of a DSRC-enabled smartphone, the position of a pedestrian or cyclist can be determined, and timely alerts can be provided to prevent potential collisions. IIIIII Brake Bike collision avoidance with DSRC Figure 14.3 - Bike collision avoidance with DSRC 5G and Autonomous Vehicles We have looked at a couple of scenarios that can use DSRC to improve traffic safety. Next, we will investigate the details of the DSRC protocol, as shown in Figure 14.4: Safety Non-Safety Standards covered Applications Applications in this paper Safety App Application Layer Sublayer SAE J2735 Message Sublayer SAE J2945.1 Transport Layer IETF RFC 793/768 IEEE 1609.2 Network and TCP/UDP Transport Layers - WSMP Network IETF RFC 2460 Layer IPv6 IEEE 1609.3 LLC Sublayer IEEE 802.2 IEEE 1609.4 MAC Sublayer Extension MAC Extension IEEE 802.11p PHY Layer Figure 14.4 - DSRC protocol This DSRC protocol diagram in Figure 14.4 caters to both safety and non-safety (or general) applications. It depicts the related IEEE protocols such as the following: IEEE 1609.2 IEEE 1609.3 IEEE 1609.4 IEEE 802.11p The proper use of the DSRC protocol is likely to significantly drop the number of collisions and casualties on the road by promoting the use of data transmission for V2V scenarios. There is a new proposal by the US NHSTA for cars to broadcast a Basic Safety Message (BSM) every tenth of a second. The BSM will include a vehicle's position, speed, direction, acceleration, path history, and SO on. While critics of this proposal are worried about the privacy aspects of this, if approved, this will reduce automobile robberies through its increased ability to track them (https://freedom- to-tinker.com/2017/06/21/killing-car-privacy-by-federal-mandate/). A background on CAVs and their concepts In the next section, we will look at the levels of driving automation and the standardization around it. Levels of automation Next, let us look into the details of AVs. An AV uses a combination of technologies to achieve various degrees