f power amplifiers and power boosters. If the losses are reduced before the transmission by the use of amplifiers, which in turn increases the power, then the configuration is called a power amplifier. However, when the transmission power is increased, then it is done by using the booster. Power amplifiers are located near the transmission antennas while the boosters are located near the base station as shown in Figure 2.10. Antenna Power Booster Amplifier Figure 2.10 Power budget enhancement using a booster and power amplifier 2.4.4 Cell and Network Coverage The cell and network coverage depend mainly on natural factors such as geographical aspect/propagation conditions, and on human factors such as the landscape (urban, suburban, rural), subscriber behaviour etc. The ultimate quality of the coverage in the mobile network is measured in terms of location probability. For that, the radio propagation conditions have to be predicted as accurately as possible for the region. There are two ways in which radio planners can use propagation models. They can either create their own propagation models for different areas in a cellular network, or they can use the existing standard models, which are generic in nature and are used for a whole area. The advantage of using their own model is that it will be more accurate, but it will also be immensely time-consuming to construct. Usage of the standard models is economical from the time and money perspective, but these models have limited accuracy. Of course, there is a middle way out: the use of multiple generic models for urban, suburban and rural environments in terms of macro-cell or micro-cell structure. A Macro-cell Propagation Model The Okumara-Hata model is the most commonly used model for macro-cell coverage planning. It is used for the frequency ranges 150-1000 MHz and 1500-2000 MHz. The RADIO NETWORK DETAILED PLANNING range of calculation is from 1 to 20km. The loss between the transmitting and receiving stations is given as: L = A + Blogf - 13.82loghbts - a(hm)(44.