se 2 (1989-present) Synchronous TDM (SONET/SDH) tions, 1977-2007 Phase 3 (1990-present) Phase 4 (1994-present) Phase 5 (2001-present) ION/optical time-division multiplexing (OTDM) Chapter 2 Figure 2-33 1310 nm 1550 nm Window of operation for DWDM. 200 nm 200 nm 0.5 dB/km 0.2 dB/km Region 18,000 Window Wavelength 12,500 (nanometers) 1550 Window Table 2-9 Early 1990s Mid-1990s Late 1990s Early 2000 Mid-2000 Evolution of All- Optical Systems, 100-GHz WDM, Dynamic Dynamic 1990-2000 networks 50-GHz WDM, optical Static OADMs switches, wavelength changers Ring networks 200-GHz 100-GHz WDM, Dynamic Dynamic 50-GHz WDM, optical Static OADMs switches, wavelength changers Linear networks 400-GHz WDM 200-GHz WDM 100-GHz WDM, Dynamic Dynamic 50-GHz WDM, optical Static OADMs switches, wavelength changers Optics Primer Figure 2-34 Evolution of WDM Systems, Long-haul Evolution of WDM systems (long haul). First-generation WDM - 1310 nm, 1550 nm windows Second-generation WDM - 2 to 4 or more channels; 1550 nm window - Spacing: 400+ GHz Third-generation DWDM systems - 16, 32, 40 channels; 1550 nm window - Spacing: 100-200 GHz - OC-48/OC-192 over 400-600km Current generation systems: - 40-80 channels; 1550 nm window - Spacing: 50 to 100 GHz - OC-48/OC-192 over 1000-5000km Table 2-10 Phase Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Evolution of Opti- cal Technologies, Time frame 1996-2000 2001-2005 2006-2010 1996-2010 Major application Voice Voice + data Voice + data + optical apps Major architecture SONET SONET + ION SONET + ION + packet optical Characteristic Static Wavelength routing Optical processing Technologies Thin-film filters, Optical switching, OTDM, FBGs, MEMS (2D and 3D), optical 3R, arrayed waveguides, bubble jet, lambda conversion, optical amplifiers/ tunable lasers, optical FEC, EDFA, dynamic gain optical switching, lasers, flattening, 40- or 100-Gbps receivers, dynamic OADM, Ethernet, Raman amplifiers, some FTTH tunable dispersion compensation, some General MPLS (GMPLS) deployment, OC-768 Chapter 2 Hut Spacing Figure 2-35 Spacing out of