k in heterogeneous networks. See above for HetNets. 5G MOBILE NETWORKS-SMALL CELLS; ADDITIONAL CAPACITY Fifth Generation protocols support gigabit data rates that are key to carrying the massive amounts of future streaming, gaming, and Internet traffic from mobile devices. Most mobile providers are now testing 5G networks, which will be available in a limited number of areas in 2019 with predictions of wide availability in 2020. www.TechnicalPDF.com Massive MIMO Antennas for 5G Networks The 5G specification includes Massive MIMO antennas, each with 16x16 send/receive channels. In addition to more send/receive antennas, massive MIMO antennas can handle traffic in a 360-degree pattern: a full circumference of the antenna. Thus, in addition to handling 16 send and 16 receive streams of traffic, massive MIMO antennas provide service to traffic in all directions of the antenna, in 360 degrees. 5G New Radio Service and 5G Applications Fifth Generation NR (New Radio) will be one of the first types of 5G service available. 5G NR will be used over high frequency 28GHz and 39GHz spectrum capable of transmitting gigabit data rates. These high data rates are made possible by aggregating carriers (channels) together. AT&T and others are now testing applications on 5G NR. One future use is for controlling applications within cities to manage operations, including traffic congestion. Other applications envisioned on 5G are self- driving cars and trucks, the Internet of Things, and monitoring healthcare patients wearing wirelessly connected devices including blood pressure monitors. C-RAN Centralized or Cloud-Based Radio Access Networks in 5G Networks C-RAN in 5G networks refers to the management of the radio access network's antenna, and controller centrally. C-RAN management is already occurring where mobile network providers manage multiple HetNets and traditional cell sites from within their data center. The signals that enable centralized management are transmitted over fiber-optic links from macrocells. These signals are m