ctive in two or all three layers. Discriminatory behaviour, where a company slows down traffic of a non-allied company adds to complexities of the eco- system dynamics and has led to regulatory intervention cases. The prominent example is the discussion around net-neutrality in the United States [8]. Natural Monopolies Because of economic characteristics of a business at times a company 'naturally' grows to capture the entire market share. This is usually the case with high fixed-cost businesses such as infrastructure and utilities where it is economically more efficient to have a single company serve an entire market. For example, electrical supply lines to homes should not be duplicated as there is little if any value to have two companies compete. Telecommunications operation is also such a business. A large fixed cost is incurred to build telecommunications infrastructure. Technology, Business and Policy Value Analysis Any product may be analysed based on the value it provides to an end-user. This value can be measured by what the end-user, or someone subsidizing him/her, is willing to pay for the product/service. In essence the price at which a product may be sold depends on the value it proposes: the higher the perceived value, the more the price. Understanding the value of a product is fundamental to business analysis. Value anal- ysis enables understanding of the benefits of a product, how these benefits may be enhanced to increase revenue, the contributions business partners make to value provi- sion, and how their role may be managed. Value analysis is therefore an important tool in business analysis. Value analysis may be divided into two main parts: value proposition and value config- uration. Value proposition focuses on what are the important driver and elements of a product, and what the end-user considers important. In a telecommunications context a value proposition may be simple: secure and swift message delivery between two government centres - as in the Royal Mail (see Historical Note in Chapt