nk MIMO and coherent 2TX transmission modes: The downlink MIMO is required in 3GPP for n7, n38, n41, n77, n78, n79 bands either operating as a standalone band or as part of a band combina- tion. This feature has been prioritized due to the significant benefits of doubling the downlink data rate and spectral efficiency, as well as the up to 3 dB receive diversity gain versus 2 X 2 downlink modes. Percent bandwidth provides a normalized measure of how much frequency variation a system or component can tolerate. As we go higher in frequency, the absolute bandwidth will naturally increase, while its percent bandwidth will decrease. The percent bandwidth can be expressed as the ratio of the bandwidth over the car- rier frequency, thus a filter with 1 GHz passband centered at 10 GHz will have 10% bandwidth, while a filter with 10 GHz bandwidth at 100 GHz will have the same percent bandwidth. New Radio Access RF and Transceiver Design Considerations New 5G NR spectrum: The new bands for sub-6 GHz will extend the frequency from 3 up to 6 GHz in the device. The increase in frequency will require improvements in the entire radio front-end as the industry tries to maintain current performance while operating at a higher frequency. There will also be new antenna multiplexing and tuning challenges, as well as in-device coexistence with 5 GHz Wi-Fi. In the following, we focus on a practical example of a sub-6 GHz radio front-end supporting n77, n78, and n79 frequency bands. This example is intended to illustrate the important cri- teria for designing a 5G NR radio in sub-6 GHz (see Fig. 5.27). We will also discuss the impact of 5G spectrum, waveform, and modulation on the constituent components of the radio front-end module. The 3GPP requirements for n77 and n79 spectrum indicate 100 MHz instantaneous bandwidth for the component carrier in the uplink. This is much more rigorous than current LTE standards that use carrier aggregation of 20 MHz base channels to extend support for 40-60 MHz [28]. It is anticipated that early 5G s