The 802.16f and 802.16g are network management specifications. IETF: IETF provided a number of RFCs on SNMP and MIB. ITU-T: ITU (International Telecommunication Union - Telecommunication Standardiza- tion Sector) TSG4 is the main working group dealing with OSS questions. OMA: The Open Mobile Alliance's Device Management working group does most of the OSS related work. TMF: The TeleManagement Forum is a worldwide consortium of more than 700 network operators, service providers, network equipment providers, system integrators, software and hardware vendors, standards organizations and academic institutions with background from the IT, media and communications industries. It was formed in 1988 as an ISO/OSI Network Management Forum and then renamed TM Forum in 1998. In 2003, ITU-T agrees to take TM forum work directly into its standards program. The TM Forum is the most comprehensive OSS program that provides guidance and practical solutions to the ICT and Media industries. It is the most authoritative source for standards and frameworks in OSS. 8.3.3 ITU-T Telecommunications Management Network (TMN) The Telecommunications Management Network is a protocol model defined by ITU-T for managing open systems in a communications network. The ITU-T defined a number of specifications in the 1990s to move the world of telecommunications from a non-TMN state to a TMN state. The objective for the TMN specifications was to provide a framework for managing telecom systems. It is part of the ITU-T Recommendation series M.3000 and is based on the OSI management specifications in ITU-T Recommendation series X.700. TMN provides standard mechanisms for conducting network management tasks and communicating across networks. The TMN framework needs to be reliable, scalable, flexible and cost effective in order to conduct these tasks. TMN enables communications between OSS and NEs (circuits, terminals, switches, etc.). TMN is based on an OSI network management model, uses an object oriented approach and performs management functions by C