18.4.1 Introduction 18.4.2 Diversity: A Technique to Mitigate the Effects of Fading and Dispersion 18.4.3 Cellular Radio Path Calculations The Cellular Radio Bandwidth Dilemma 18.5.1 Background and Objectives 18.5.2 Bit Rate Reduction of the Digital Voice Channel Network Access Techniques 18.6.1 Introduction 18.6.2 Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) 18.6.3 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) 18.6.4 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) Frequency Reuse Personal Communications Services (PCS) 18.8.1 Defining Personal Communications 18.8.2 Narrowband Microcell Propagation at PCS Distances Cordless Telephone Technology 18.9.1 Background 18.9.2 North American Cordless Telephones 18.9.3 European Cordless Telephones 18.10 Wireless LANs xviii CONTENTS 18.11 Mobile Satellite Communications 18.11.1 Background and Scope 18.11.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of LEO Systems Review Exercises References Chapter 19 Advanced Broadband Digital Transport Formats Objective and Scope 19.2 SONET 19.2.1 Introduction and Background 19.2.2 Synchronous Signal Structure 19.2.3 Add-Drop Multiplexer Synchronous Digital Hierarchy 19.3.1 Introduction 19.3.2 SDH Standard Bit Rates 19.3.3 Interface and Frame Structure of SDH Review Exercises References Chapter 20 Asynchronous Transfer Mode Evolving Toward ATM Introduction to ATM User-Network Interface (UNI) and Architecture The ATM Cell: Key to Operation 20.4.1 ATM Cell Structure 20.4.2 Idle Cells Cell Delineation and Scrambling ATM Layering and B-ISDN 20.6.1 Physical Layer 20.6.2 The ATM Layer 20.6.3 The ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL) Services: Connection-Oriented and Connectionless 20.7.1 Functional Architecture B-ISDN/ATM Routing and Switching 20.8.1 The Virtual Channel Level 20.8.2 The Virtual Path Level Signaling Requirements 20.9.1 Setup and Release of VCCs 20.9.2 Signaling Virtual Channels 20.10 Quality of Service (QoS) 20.10.1 ATM Quality of Service Review 20.10.2 Selected QoS Parameter Descriptions 20.11 Traffic Control and Congestion Control 20.12 Transporting ATM Cells 20.12.1 In the