road map as in the SGSN, can be listed as follows: integrated support for GPRS and 3G support for multiple access points per GGSN and multiple PDP contexts per IP address Ipv6 and QoS support standard routing protocols, e.g. RIPv1-v2, OSPF, IGRP, BGP4, DVMPR, including static routing The UMTS Network and Radio Access Technology IPSec and lawful interception prepaid, hot billing, fixed rate charges, CDR consolidation3 and duplicate CDR removal. 3.2.5.3 Charging, Border and Lawful Interception Gateways No changes in the intrinsic functions of the CG, BG, and LIG occurred for 3G. Thus, charging, e.g. takes place as in GPRS, i.e. charging data gets collected by all the SGSNs and GGSNs in the network. For the Border Gateway (BG) we will continue using the Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) solutions based on roaming agreements between operators. Hence, main tasks such as providing a secure connection between PLMNs over the Inter-PLMN backbone network will continue. The Lawful Interception Gateway (LIG) will also remain essential for network func- tionality in the 3G infrastructure, allowing authorities to monitor and intercept 3G mo- bile data calls. Therefore, providers around the globe will be able to meet their local authority requirements before starting commercial 3G services. 3.2.5.4 DNS, DHCP and the IP Backbone As in the preceding elements, the DNS, DHCP and IP backbone does not need unique functions for 3G. For example, with 3G, DNS will continue allowing the SGSNs to translate logical names into physical addresses of the GSNs. The 3G SGSN will thus use the DNS server to determine the IP address of the GGSN when activating a PDP context and to find the address of the SGSN when doing an inter-SGSN routing area update. The principle of two DNS servers, one primary and one secondary (backup DNS server) will also con- tinue. The Dynamic Host Control Protocol (DHCP) in GPRS and 3G also has the same func- tion; i.e. it automates IP address management. In GPRS as well as 3G static IP address allocation will take plac