bove what was needed for a basic voice service, and as new technology solutions developed (digital subscriber, optical fiber, etc.), it became clear that the network was capable of doing much more than providing voice services. The infrastructure that sup- ported ubiquitous voice service, evolved to support data services and provide broadband access to the Internet. Today, according to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), high-speed (broad- band) Internet is an essential communication technology, and ought to be as ubiquitous as voice. The quality of political, economic, and social life is SO dependent on the telecom network that it is rightly deemed as a nation's critical infrastructure. The history of mobile telephony and Internet has been one of continuous evolution and ever increasing adoption. The pace of innovation has been exponential-matching the explosion of ser- vice offerings with those of new applications. Starting with the 1G mobility system that were first Building the Network of the Future introduced in the 1970s and reached a peak subscriber base of 20 million voice customers, today's 4G systems serve a global base of nearly 2 billion smartphone customers. 1 "The transformative power of smartphones comes from their size and connectivity." Size makes it easy to carry them around; connectivity means smartphones can not only connect people to one another, but also can deliver the full power of online capabilities and experiences, spawning new busi- ness models as with Uber and Airbnb. In addition, the fact that there are 2 billion smartphones spread out all over the world, and each one of them can "serve as a digital census-taker," makes it possible to get real-time views of what people like and dislike, at a very granular level. But the power of this framework is limited by the ability to interconnect the devices and web sites-at the necessary inter- connection speeds and manage the latency requirements for near-instantaneous services. This is made possible by a transport layer, with adequat