 topics, for example, Call-Net, 134-35 Broadband services; Capital spending CALLS plan, 81-82 Deutsche Telekom, 96, 140, 152 Canada, 108, 117, 133-37, 146-47, 150-51 Digital subscriber lines (DSL): Canada, 134, Capital spending: Bell companies, 18, 29, 136; European Union, 139-40, 149-50; 69-72, 127, 173-78; international international comparisons, 117, 149-50; comparisons, 150-52, 153; Japan, 151, Japan, 143, 144, 149-50; market 153; Korea, 145; local services, 18, 40-41, penetration, 115-17; rate structures, 134, 73, 152; long-distance carriers, 90-91; 136, 149-50; regulatory environment, 29, telecom sector generally, 18-19, 56; 122, 126-29; revenues, 55; technology wireless service providers, 18, 105 described, 111-13 CAPs (competitive access providers), 35-36 DirecTV, 171 Cellular services. See Wireless DIRECWAY, 114 communications DSL Net, 127 Churn rates, 106 Cincinnati Bell (Cin'ti Bell), 72-73 Entrants, local services. See Competitive local Cingular, 96, 104 exchange carriers (CLECs); Local services Citizens, 73 Entrants, long-distance services. See Long- CLECs. See Competitive local exchange distance services carriers (CLECs) Equant, 143 Collocation provision, 13 Equities. See Stock market values Competitive access providers (CAPs), 35-36 Ernst and Young, 103 Competitive local exchange carriers (CLECs): European Union, 129, 137-43, 147-55 access line growth, 59-60, 95; capital spending, 40-41, 152; entry barriers and Facilities-based entry, 35, 37-38, 46, 50, strategies, 31-35; market penetration, 139, 145 35-40; revenues, 42-45, 47-50, 161; Federal Communications Commission stock market values, 41-42, 46-47, (FCC): broadband licenses, 114; cable- 161-63; success factors, 39-40, 45-50; based services, 29, 121-24, 165; cellular unbundling provisions, 11; and welfare frequencies, 95; court cases, 2, 7-8, gains, 53-58. See also Local services 11-12, 60; rate rebalancing, 79-80, 147; Computer ownership statistics, 110 spectrum auctions, 96, 98-99; Concert, 79 unbundling approach, 10-12, 121, 127; Convergence