ated with radio frequency identification (RFID) systems. An RFID device is an electronic tag (pictured)F associated with a good, which can be read by an electromagnetic transceiver. The tag may be bat- tery powered and be capable of transmitting its unique ID number. Alternatively it is a passive device which is activated when it comes in the proximity of a reader. In passive operation, the reader transmits an electromagnetic wave which induces an electrical current in the tag, which is then used to transmit the ID number. The range of transmission may be several metres in the case of an active device or 3-100 mm in the case of a passive device. An RFID reader usually acknowledges a successful reading of an ID by playing a sound: this operation is illustrated in Figure 12.13. RFID tags are used to identify individual goods and are a direct competitor to technologies such as one-dimensional and two-dimensional barcodes. Other applications include contact- less credit cards (such as Visa paywave and Mastercard paypass), vehicular electronic toll payment systems and contact-less ticketing for public transport systems. The NFC standard was developed through a con- Content and services layer sortium formed by Sony, Philips and Nokia in 2004. It uses the operating frequency 13.56 MHz in the ISM band with a bandwidth of 14 kHz, and supports Connectivity retail layer a transmission rate of 106-424 kbps. NFC systems are generally associated with mobile phones and find Infrastructure layer applications in mobile commerce. These include payment systems, electronic tags, contact sharing, electronic keys and SO on, and may be classified within the content/service layer of the broadband telecom- Subscriber/end-user munications ecosystem [18, 19, 20, 21, 22]. The growth of NFC technology has greatly depended on the growth of an NFC platform and associated networks. One network is manufacturers who embed NFC technology in their products, another is merchants who install NFC readers, and another is the financial institutions whic