B 14.2Bus Topology 14.2.1 Network Interface Cards and MAC Addresses 14.2.2 Frames and Logical Link Control 14.2.3 What Makes a LAN a LAN 14.2.4 Access Control: CSMA-CD 14.3802.3 and Ethernet 14.4Evolution of Ethernet 14.4.1 10BASE-5 14.4.2 10BASE-2 14.4.3 10BASE-T and Hubs 14.4.4 "Fast Ethernet": 100BASE-T 14.4.5 Half-Duplex VS. Full Duplex 14.4.6 Gigabit Ethernet 14.5"Gig-E" Applications 14.5.1 Gigabit Ethernet Passive Optical Network (EPON) 14.5.2 GPONs 14.6802.5 / IBM Token-Passing Ring 14.7Repeaters and Bridges 14.7.1 Old-Style Bridged LANs 14.8Ethernet Switches 14.9Interconnecting LANs with Routers PAGE 11 TELECOM 101 REFERENCE BOOK TERACOM TRAINING INSTITUTE PART III: UNDERSTANDING IP AND NETWORKING The third part brings it all together with a structured discussion of networking: protocol stacks, routers, IP addresses, bandwidth-on-demand services, Voice over IP (VoIP) and IP VPNs, the Internet, and finishes with a top-down review and templates for mainstream solutions. 15 UNDERSTANDING PROTOCOL STACKS We start by building a foundation for understanding networking by defining what needs to be done, and putting in place a structure for discussing how systems can interoperate via protocol stacks. We'll review the ISO Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) 7-layer reference model, give examples and explanations of protocols like SMTP, ASCII, HTTP, TCP, IP, 802.2 and 802.3 used for each layer, and practical insight into how a protocol stack works. 15.1 1 Choices for Connecting Systems 15.2Protocols and Standards 15.3ISO OSI Reference Model 15.4OSI 7-Layer Model 15.5Physical Layer 15.5.1 Physical Layer: Digital Technology Roundup 15.6Data Link Layer 15.7Network Layer 15.8Transport Layer 15.9Session Layer 15.9.1 Cookies: Session Restoration 15.9.2 Navigation and Profiling 15.10 Presentation Layer 15.10.1 Encryption 15.11 Application Layer 15.12 Protocol Stack in Operation 15.13 OSI Summary 15.13.1 Separability of the Layers 15.13.2 Peer Protocols 15.14 Standards Organizations 16 IP ADDRESSING Obtain concise, detailed un