69 Natural and Unnatural Monopoly Western Union Patent Protection The Kingsbury Commitment The Slow Pace of Progress The Smith Decision and Universal Service The Final Judgment Hushaphone and the First Cracks in the Monopoly The Disruptive Transistor Endnotes The Rebirth of Competition Carterfone Made the Network More Valuable Registration Opened up the Floodgates Digitization from the Outside In The Great Telecom Meltdown The Integrated Voice and Data PBX Bubble Computer II and the Detariffing of Terminal Equipment American Bell and the Embedded Base MCI's Shared Microwave Opened New Doors Private Line Competition Led to Rate Restructuring Execunet Gives Birth to Competitive Long Distance Sharing and Resale Had Profound Implications for the Future The ENFIA Agreement Made Subsidies Explicit MCI's Growth Fueled by Antitrust Endnotes Divestiture: Equal Access and Chinese Walls Vertical Integration AT&T Kept Out of the Computer Industry Legislative and Antitrust Actions Took Shape The Money's in Long Distance, Right? Long Distance Rate Restructuring Had Been Planned Before Divestiture Birth of the Baby Bells Stopping at the LATA Boundary Access Charges Milked the Monopoly Selecting Equal Access Carriers 800-Number Competition The Centrex Revival Digital Switching Becomes the Norm Digitization of the Transmission Network The First Fiber-Optic Boom ISDN Fails to Make a Dent Digital Access Held Hostage to Local Measured Service Broadband ISDN Led to the ATM Boomlet Regulators Made the Deal, but Fiber Did Not Make it Endnotes Contents The Internet Boom and the Limits to Growth The ARPAnet Was a Seminal Research Network Other Packet-Switching Technologies Had Their Adherents OSI, the Big Committee That Couldn't TCP/IP Becomes the Standard The Acceptable Use Policy Commercialization at Last Peering and Tiering An Industry Structure Develops Internet Traffic Explodes as the Public Joins Data Traffic Finally Tops Voice Short-Term Versus Long-Term Trends WorldCom Set a Suspicious Pace ISP Pricing Creates Permanent Losses In