dominant player. Figure 4.11 proportionate connections taking into account crossownership where operators have shareholdings in other operators. Figure 4.12 shows China Mobile's dominance relative to other carriers in the China market. China Mobile acquired China Telecom's mobile businesses in four phases. China Unicom was formed by the merger of China United and Great Wall. China Telecom re-entered the mobile business in 2008 by acquiring Unicom's CDMA business. All three use different 3G technologies, a triumph of politics over technical common sense. 4.2 Market Dynamics In this chapter we study the impact of these market dynamics on the supply chain, how economies of scale determine the allocation of R and D resource, related gravitational investment effects, the influence of standards making on this process, the influence of the Making Telecoms Work 6000.0 5000.0 4000.0 3000.0 2000.0 1000.0 Asia Pacific Caribbean & Latin America Europe Middle East & Africa North America Russia & Central Asia Figure 4.9 Mobile connections by region 2005 to Q1 2011. Reproduced with permission of The Mobile World. Figure 4.10 Leading mobile operators controlled connections, Q1 2011. Reproduced with permission of The Mobile World. Telecommunications Economies of Scale 700.0 600.0 500.0 400.0 300.0 200.0 100.0 Figure 4.11 Leading multinational mobile operators proportionate connections, Q1 2011. Reproduced with permission of The Mobile World. 900.00 800.00 700.00 600.00 500.00 400.00 300.00 200.00 100.00 China Mobile China Unicom China United China Telecom Great Wall Figure 4.12 Mobile connections, China 2001 to 2010. Reproduced with permission of The Mobile World. Making Telecoms Work spectral auction and allocation process, the role of enabling technologies at component level and the role of component technologies at system level. We find that even in China and even for China Mobile, the economics of deploying a mobile broadband network into nonstandard spectrum are substantially subscale. It might be expected that China Mobile'