 Multimedia resource function plane (MRFP): It implements all the media- related functions like play media, mix media, and provide announcements. Multimedia resource function controller (MRFC): It handles communi- cation with the S-CSCF and controls the resources in the MRFP. Breakout gateway control function (BGCF): It mainly handles interaction with PSTN. Media gateway controller function (MGCF): It is used to control a media gateway. The access/transport layer: This layer is used for different networks to connect to IMS using Internet protocol. It initiates and terminates SIP signaling and includes elements like gateways for conversion between formats. The con- necting network can be fixed access like DSL or Ethernet, mobile access like GSM or CDMA, and wireless access like WiMAX. Some other IMS components in IMS include signaling gateways (SGW), media gateway (MGW), and telephone number mapping (ENUM). A network management solution for IMS usually handles components in the core network with limited support for elements in application and transport layers. The standards on OAM&P for IMS have been defined by 3GPP. The definitions include alarm formats and performance data collection attributes. Some of the spe- cialized NMS functions of IMS include HSS subscriber provisioning and charging management based on 3GPP. 9.8 CDMA Network During standardization activities for a 2G network, GSM was adopted in most parts of Europe and CDMA (code division multiple access) evolved during the same time, capturing markets in the United States and Asia. The first major effort in the development of CDMA network standard was from Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA/EIA) with an architecture named cdmaone that could be used for commercial deployment of CDMA networks. While IS-95A of Telecommunications Industry Association brought circuit switched services using CDMA, the revised version IS-95B gave subscribers packet switched data services. While networks based on IS-95B were considered 2.5G, the blue print for CDMA bas