defined, 400 IP Security (IPsec), 353, 361-362, 631 overview of, 342-343 IP services, 311-381 VS. streaming media, 343-344 evolution to, 311-313 IPX (Internetwork Packet Exchange), 259 IMS supporting, 421 IR (internal router), OSPF, 261 IPT. See IPT (IP telephony) iRadio, 690 IPTV, 342-345 IRSG (Internet Research Steering Group), 249 VPNs. See VPNs (virtual private networks) IRTF (Internet Research Task Force), 249 IP telephony. See IPT (IP telephony) IS-95 HDR, 607 IP television. See IPTV (IP television) IS-IS (Intermediate System to Intermediate Sys- IP VPNs item), 259, 262 overview of, 352-354 ISDB (Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting) VS. provisioned VPNs, 350 mobile reception standards, 402-403 VPDN and, 359 for mobile TV, 710 IP VPNs, site-to-site, 359-373 standards, 408-409 GRE VPNs, 362-363 ISDN DSL (IDSL), 214 IPsec VPNs, 360-361 ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) Layer 2 VPNs, 369-373 N-ISDN, 47-48 Layer 3 VPNs, 363-369 networks based on, 212-215 overview of, 359 next-generation digital loop carriers and, 472 IPN (Interplanetary Internet), 292, 304 ISO (International Organization for Standardiza- IP+optical control plane, 483-488 tion), 166 with ASON, 487-488 ISOC (Internet Society), 38, 249 evolution of, 483-485 Isochronous traffic, 410 with GMPLS, 485-487 ISPs (Internet service providers) with UNI, 487 hierarchy of, 291-293 IPsec (IP Security), 353, 361-362, 631 IXPs, 293-294 IPT (IP telephony) network architecture, 266-268 digital voice technologies, 324-325 overview of, 291 ENUM, 339-342 peering agreements, 294 evolution of, 314-316 ITU (International Telecommunication Union), 38 VS. Internet telephony and VoIP, 314 broadband, 17 IP voice standards, 324-330 electromagnetic spectrum, 12-13, 16 media transport requirements, 327-328 IPT regulations, 317 network, 318-322 ISDN standard, 212 Index modulation schemes, 156 packet loss, 152 L-band, 65 PSTN switching, 111 L2TP (Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol), 353 and regulatory issues, 34-40 Label Distribution Protocol (LDP), 370-371, VoFR compressi