an encapsulated Ethernet frame with a random packet loss applied. Most (stand-alone) stack vendors implement this type of test environment to confirm their performance without being dependent on a (different!) Physical Layer stack implementation. 342 Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) Systems Architecture and Design Latency Latency testing is used to measure C-plane and U-plane latency under different traffic condi- tions and loads. An example of C-plane is the time needed to move from a battery efficient state (IDLE) through ACTIVE state to the start of continuous data transfer. Target for C-plane latency are in the 10 ms level for consumer applications. U-plane latency is defined as the time it takes to successfully deliver an application layer packet/message from the radio pro- tocol layer 2/3 SDU ingress point to the radio protocol layer 2/3 SDU egress point via the radio interface in both UL and DL directions, where neither device nor base station reception is restricted by Discontinuous Reception (DRX), queue buildup, or other constraints. The tar- get performance number is defined as a subset of the end-to-end targeted application latency and typically defined as several ms. Latency numbers are typically measured across channel conditions and associated Modulation Coding Scheme configurations. Stability Stability testing is a type of nonfunctional testing performed to measure efficiency and ability of a DUT to continuously function over a long period of time. The purpose of stability testing is to check if the DUT crashes or fails over normal use at any point of time by exercising its full range of use. Stability testing is done to check the functionality of a DUT at and beyond normal opera- tional capacity, often to a breakpoint. There is greater significance is on error handling, soft- ware reliability, robustness, and scalability of a product under heavy load rather than checking the system behavior under normal circumstances. Stability test patterns are notoriously difficult to establish and defined wit