, 208 SK Telecom, 325 Skinny Client Control Protocol (SCCP), 101 Southwestern Bell Communications (SBC), 111 Skype, 89 purchases transforming SBC into AT&T, Inc., acquisition by Microsoft, 159 largest provider of international long distance Spain, 415, 416 calling services, 223 Telefónica, 401, 416 over-the-top VoIP provider, 220 Spangler, Todd, 203 reisdential desktop video services, 91 spectrum, 108, 135 video conferencing, 216 allocation by government auctions, 312 SLAs (service level agreements), 33 availability and ability to use more efficiently, specifying MPLS services' performance levels, 227 availability of, government policies and, 390 small-business consumers, cloud computing for, availability of, using incentive auctions to speed up, 313 smartphones, 18, 134, 356 blocks of, 311 applications on, 360 carrier, referring to slices of spectrum, 334 lost or stolen, killing by using GPS, 356 changing type of air interface deployed on SMS (Short Messaging Services), 306, 340 (refarming), 321 Snapfish, 285 characteristics of short and long wavelengths, social networking, 287 customizable software for enterprises, 299 division of airwaves into frequencies, 309 sites, generators of e-commerce revenue, 286 enhancing efficiency to increase capacity, social networks, 265 in China, 397 geographic licensing schemes, 319 privacy issues, 279 high cost of acquiring for mobile operators, SoftCom, 285 softphones, 82 mitigating interference in, 319 softswitches, 180, 330 power level specification for unlicensed and gateways, 181 spectrum, 320 Software as a Service (SaaS), 29-31 purchase by AT&T from Qualcomm, 136 software-defined modems, 348 reallocation of, political issues surrounding, software-defined radios. See SDRs software licenses, 26 re-farming spectrum used for older mobile SONET/SDH, 175 services, 389 Index spectrum (Contd.) ease of use and technological enablers, 281 regulating amount per carrier using spectrum over-the-top competitors versus cable provid- screens, 318 ers, 282-285 repurposing of satellite spe