d genera- tion) network that delivers voice, data, and media services. The media services that include pictures, video, and graphics is a new feature of 3G compared to the 2.5G networks like GPRS. Some of the applications made possible with UMTS include: video and music download, mobile commerce, messaging, conferenc- ing, and location-based services. The air interface for communication in UMTS uses wide-band code division multiple access (W-CDMA) and asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) is the data transmission method used within the UMTS core network. W-CDMA used for UTRAN air interface is a modulation system where data is multiplied with quasi-random bits derived from W-CDMA spreading codes. These codes are used for canalization, synchronization, and scrambling. W-CDMA operates in both frequency division duplex (FDD) and time division duplex (TDD). UMTS mainly has three major categories of network elements (see Figure 9.4): 1. GSM elements: Core network (MSC, VLR, HLR, AuC, and EIR) and BSS (BTS and BSC) 2. GPRS elements: SGSN and GGSN 3. UMTS specific elements: User equipment that can handle media and air interface and UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) consist- ing of radio network controller (RNC) and "Node B." Node B for the new air interface is the counterpart of BTS in GSM/GPRS. Based on the quality and strength of connection, Node B calculates the frame error rate and transmits information to the RNC for processing. RNC for W-CDMA air interface is the counterpart of BSC in GSM/GPRS. The main functions of the RNC include handover, security, broadcasting, and power con- trol. The user equipment in UMTS network should be compactable to work for GSM/GPRS network. From a network management perspective, 3GPP has come up with specifica- tion on interface reference points (IRP) for OAM&P in UMTS network. Some of the 3GPP specification documents on UMTS OAM&P include: TS 32.403: Telecommunication management, performance management (PM), Performance measurements: UMTS and combined UMTS/GSM TS 32.405: Telec