 individual QoS flow. For each PDU session, the SMF retrieves the default 5QI and ARP from UDM. The SMF may change the default 5QI/ARP based on local configuration or interaction with the PCF. The default 5QI is derived from the standardized range of values for non-GBR 5QIs. 5G Network Architecture 183 The DL/UL maximum packet loss rate indicates the maximum rate for lost packets of the QoS flow that can be tolerated in the downlink or uplink, which is provided to the QoS flow, if it is compliant to GFBR. The 5G QoS characteristics describe the packet forwarding treatment that a QoS flow receives between the UE and the UPF, which are described in terms of the following perfor- mance metrics [3]: Resource type (GBR, delay critical GBR, or non-GBR) determines whether dedicated net- work resources related to QoS flow-level GFBR value are permanently allocated, for exam- ple, by an admission control function in a base station. The GBR QoS flow is often dynamically authorized, which requires dynamic policy and charging control. A non-GBR QoS flow may be pre-authorized through static policy and charging control. There are two types of GBR resource types, GBR and delay critical GBR, where both resource types are treated in the same manner, except that the definition of PDB and packet error rate (PER) are different. Priority level indicates the resource scheduling priority among QoS flows. The priority levels are used to differentiate between QoS flows of the same UE and they are also used to differentiate between QoS flows from different UEs. Once all QoS requirements are satisfied for the GBR QoS flows, additional resources can be used for any remaining traffic in an implementation-specific manner. In addition, the scheduler may prioritize QoS flows based on other parameters such as resource type, radio condition, etc. in order to optimize application performance and network capacity. The packet delay budget defines an upper bound for the time that a packet may be delayed between the UE and the UPF that terminates N6 i