on 2.4.2 Coherent Transmission 2.5 Design Parameters 2.5.1 Attenuation Coefficient Versus Wavelength 2.5.2 Water Peak Attenuation 2.5.3 Attenuation Uniformity 2.5.4 Attenuation with Bending 2.5.5 Chromatic Dispersion (Single-Mode Fiber) 2.5.6 Multimode Bandwidth 2.5.7 Cutoff Wavelength (Single-Mode Fiber) 2.5.8 Mode Field Diameter (MFD) (Single-Mode Fiber) 2.6 Fiber-Optic Transmitters 2.6.1 Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) 2.6.2 Laser Diodes (LDs) 2.6.3 Line Signal 2.6.4 Tunable Lasers 2.7 Fiber-Optic Receivers 2.8 Other Technologies 2.9 DWDM Enablers 2.9.1 Thin-Film Filters 2.9.2 Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) 2.9.3 Arrayed Waveguide Grating (AWG) 2.9.4 Regenerators and Optical Amplifiers 2.9.5 Optical Add/Drop Modules (OADMs) 2.9.6 Optical Crossconnects (OXCs) 2.9.7 Optical Switching 2.10 Standardization Activities End Notes Chapter 3 Traditional SONET Architectures 3.1 The Evolution of Optical Networking 3.1.1 First-Generation Optical Networks 3.1.2 Second-Generation Optical Networks Contents 3.1.3 Third-Generation Optical Networks 3.1.4 Achieving Bandwidth Capacity Goals 3.2 SONET Technology 3.2.1 Overview 3.2.2 SONET Frame Format 3.2.3 SONET Network Elements 3.2.4 Synchronization 3.2.5 SONET OAM&P 3.2.6 Applications 3.2.7 Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) 3.3 Standards Details 3.3.1 Common Criteria 3.3.2 SONET Overhead 3.3.3 Synchronization 3.4 Reconfiguration Support 3.4.1 SONET Networking Topologies 3.4.2 Understanding OC-3 UPSRS 3.4.3 Understanding Two-Fiber BLSRs 3.4.4 Understanding Four-Fiber BLSRS 3.4.5 Understanding Matched Nodes 3.4.6 Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) 3.4.7 Using SONET Rings to Manage Bandwidth in Small-City Networks 3.5 Packet over SONET (PoS) End Notes Chapter 4 Next-Generation SONET and Optical Architectures 4.1 Motivations for Next-Generation Technology 4.2 Features of Next-Generation SONET 4.3 Financial Implications 4.4 Approaches 4.5 Implementation Example 4.6 Other Approaches End Notes Chapter 5 Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) Systems 5.1 Opportunities and Applicat