and uses a 1588v2 profile for synchronization. SMPTE 2059 is published in two parts: SMPTE 2059-1 defines signal generation based on time information distributed by PTP. SMPTE 2059-2 includes techniques for media synchronization using IEEE 1588v2 (as a PTP profile). Audio Engineering Society (AES): Founded in 1948, the AES is the only professional society devoted exclusively to audio technology. The AES is a global organization of audio engineers, creative artists, scientists, and students that promotes and contributes to research in audio tech- nologies. AES67 is a standard for audio over IP and audio over Ethernet interoperability. This profile maintains synchronization of high-performance audio streams at the receiver when transmitted over low-latency IP multicast or unicast transport. AES67 Annex A specifies the use of the IEEE 1588-2008 default profile for synchronization. In May 2016, the AES published AES-R16-2016, a report explaining interoperability between AES67 and SMPTE 2059-2 profiles. See the AES-R16-2016 reference in the upcoming list and refer to Chapter 7 for more details on these profiles and updates to them. 4.9 Summary Along with SDOs, there are many alliances and nonprofit organizations that contribute to techno- logy awareness, business value creation, and promotion of standards. Next Generation Mobile Net- works Alliance (NGMN) and GSM Association (GSMA) are also prominent alliances that represent the interests of mobile network operators globally. SDOs benefits industry in different ways: Prevent overlap and fragmentation of work. Combine efforts to capture requirements, define specifications, and establish architectures, which allows the operator or user to deploy multivendor solutions that are known to interoper- ate with a defined quality. This leads to improved diversity in suppliers and increased cost effectiveness. Provide a legal and business framework that ensures fair practices in licensing and publication rights and establishes clear processes to resolve conflicts of interest or 