e de création) 1793-1800 1800-1815 1815-1830 Après 1830 Lignes (date de création) 1793-1800 1800-1815 1815-1830 Après 1830 Figure 2.3 France's Chappe network (solid circles show the management nodes). Source: Ref. [4] Broadband Telecommunications Technologies and Management Figure 2.4 Morse key and Morse code. Source: Ref. [5], work by Simon A. Eugster, Wikipedia Commons demonstrated an experimental electrical telegraph in 1837 in the United States. His improvement on Ampere's electrical system extended the range of electrical telegraphy to more than 10 miles (17 km) to rival that of visual telegraphy. Another invention was the 'Morse' alphabet by Alfred Vail, an associate of Morse. Vail's design used shorter and therefore more efficient codes for more frequently occurring alphabet letters. This intuitively efficient approach can be considered an application of information theory, except that this theory would not yet be articulated for almost a century. Figure 2.4 shows a telegraph key (transmitter) and the Morse (Vail) code. Morse filed for patents, secured funding from the United States government and built an experimental system between Washington and Baltimore - a distance of some 63 km. It was over this link that the famous message 'What hath God wrought' was sent on the 23rd of May 1844, a date regarded as the beginning of modern telecommunications. Morse went on to build a company to operate telegraph lines. The worldwide telegraph system was also generally based on his technology and code, and operated under license [6]. The Technology-Business-Policy Analysis Framework As presented in Chapter 1, in this book we use a technology-business-policy (TBP) framework to analyse the value of telecommunications systems. The TBP framework enables examination of the relative merits and demerits of a product from these three viewpoints in order to deter- mine its overall value in a marketplace. The framework is illustrated in Figure 2.5, where the three elements of technology, business and policy inter-relate and im