 cells per sector by fully exploiting the available spectrum. We assume that the maximum Table 16.4 Maximum traffic density. LTE typical 2016 LTE-Pro maximum 5G at mmW Spectrum 50 MHz 200 MHz 3 GHz Site density 30/km2 50/km2 300/km2 Sectors per site Spectral efficiency 2.0 bps/Hz/cell 6.0 bps/Hz/cell 6.0 bps/Hz/cell Traffic distribution factor Traffic density 1.9 Gbps/km2 26 Gbps/km2 0.9 Tbps/km2 16 LTE-Advanced Evolution Table 16.5 Device density from the setup capacity and connected capacity point of view. Setup capacity Connected capacity Max capacity per 50 cell/s 1000 UE/cell Site density 50/km2 50/km2 Sectors per site Cells per sector Traffic distribution factor Max. capacity per 6250 setups/km2/s 125 k connected UE/km² Max. IoT device 375 k/km² with 1 1.25 M devices/km² with density message/min 10% connected 1.87 M/km2 with 1 message/5 min 5G target 1 M/km2 1 M/km2 setup capacity is 50 connection setups per cell per second and the maximum connected capacity is 1000 UE/cell. The calculations show that LTE can support 6250 setups/km2/s. If we want to transfer one message from every UE once per minute, the maximum UE density is 375 000/km2, which is below the 5G target. If the transmission frequency is once every five minutes, the UE density is more than 1 M/km². The corresponding connected UE capacity is up to 125 000/km2. If we assume that 10% of the UEs are Radio Resource Control (RRC) connected, it gives a UE density of more than 1 M/km². We conclude that LTE can support the required device density from the signaling and connectivity points of view (Table 16.5). 16.5 Summary LTE-Advanced Pro brings great enhancements in radio performance on top of LTE-Advanced: multi-Gbps data rates, higher spectral efficiency, and below-1-ms one-way latency. LTE-Advanced Pro also enables a number of new application scenar- ios including IoT optimization for the Programmable World, vehicular connectivity, and public safety. LTE-Advanced Pro is supported by new features in 3GPP Releases 13, 14, and 15. LTE-Advanced Pro is 