e structures (though an approach like the self-contained subframe is not foreseen to be used in the first-phase UEs), while on the reliability side the Release 15 target was only to reach the 10E-5 level of reliability. This level is suitable for entertainment industry use cases (like Augmented Reality/Virtual Reality (AR/VR), but the planned use cases for IIoT require 10E-6 level of reliability. The use cases selected for Release 16 consideration were as follows: Factory automation Transport industry Power distribution (network control) The key elements that are part of the Release 16 work on IIOT/URLLC are as follows: Support of time-sensitive networking (TSN): This allows the provision of an accurate timing reference within the network (via SIB or RRC signaling), SO that, for example, two assembly line robots can perform actions simultaneously in synchronized fash- ion and control them with high reliability. The TSN operation concept is shown in Figure 15.4. The TSN operation should be transparent for the controlled devices and for TSN end station itself. Scheduling enhancements, traffic patterns, and QoS for wireless Ethernet: Since the Ethernet header has a lot of redundant information, the support of Ethernet header compression is also investigated. This allows the overhead of relaying Ethernet mes- sages to be reduced. The Ethernet header contains address information, which to large extent is always the same and thus could be compressed similar to IP header compres- sion, for example, in connection with an IP-based voice service. Reliability improvements with higher layer data duplication, including a suitable means of control when duplication is applied and when it is not applied. Multiplexing/prioritization for difference services with different QoS requirements for a single UE, which requires more attention especially when services operate with different latency requirements; thus, a URLLC transmission need may occur only when another service (with a longer scheduling interval) has already started trans