s 50 ms Latency (user plane) 10 ms Not defined yet Mobility 10 km/h 1.0 bps/Hz Not defined yet (support up to 500 km/h) 30 km/h 0.75 bps/Hz 120 km/h 0.55 bps/Hz 350 km/h 0.25 bps/Hz Handover Interruption Intra frequency 27.5 ms Not defined yet Inter frequency (within a 40 ms spectrum band) Inter frequency (between 60 ms spectrum bands) VoIP Capacity (Active Indoor Not defined yet users/sector/MHz) Microcellular Base coverage urban High Speed/Rural Sources: C 2009 3GPP [34] and C 2008 ITU-R [35] Studying impacts of Machine-to-Machine communications on devices and 3GPP networks. Identifying current Haptic technologies which might be deployed in a mobile telecommunication system and identify readiness for use in the mobile environment and the level of benefit for the user experience. Focusing on support Personal Broadcast Service in 3GPP systems. Considering how to support LCS in EPC for non 3GPP accesses, for example, 3GPP2 and WiMAX. Analyzing different IPv6 migration scenarios and applicable mechanisms as well as identifying impacts on 3GPP network elements. Simulation "Case 1" of 3GPP is defined in Table 3.13. Next Generation Mobile Communications Ecosystem Table 3.13 3GPP simulation Case 1 Carrier Frequency Inter-site Distance Operating Penetration Loss Simulation (ISD) Bandwidth (BW) (Ploss) Speed Cases (GHz) (meters) (MHz) (km/h) Source: 2009 3GPP [34] 3.11.2 UMTS and LTE Roadmap The inception of LTE has divided the evolution of GSM into two distinct paths. One which is looking into the enhancements of CDMA based technology that is, WCDMA and the other is working to enhance OFDMA based solutions that is, EPS. It is expected that these systems will be backward compatible to each other. The roadmap of WCDMA and LTE is shown in Figure 3.38. Industry Outlook LTE is the buzz word in the telecom industry and it is turning out to be the next big thing. The entire industry is up to speed to make EPS a success. The EV-DO operators are also looking to protect their investment by migrating to LTE. Close to 50 LTE commer