on with satellite 2400-2480 receivers 80 MHz Satellite Networks Table 16.12 US S Band cellular allocations including satellite/terrestrial hybrids Frequency (MHz) Operational Bandwidth (MHz) 1710-1755 PCS 1900 1850-1910 Sprint/ Nextel 1910-1915 PCS1900 1930-1990 Sprint/ Nextel 1990-1995 ICO/Terrestar 2000-2020 2110-2155 ICO/Terrestar 2180-2200 WCS(Sprint/Nextel) 2305-2320 SDARS (XM/Sirius) 2332.5-2345 WCS (Sprint/Nextel) 2345-2360 2400-2480 The size of the satellite determines the size of the antenna array, sometimes upwards of 20 metres in large geostationary satellites. The size of the array determines the uplink and downlink gain available, particularly if adaptive spot beam-forming techniques are used. Similarly the size of the solar panel array, sometimes upwards of 40 metres in large geosta- tionary satellites, dictates the amount of power that can be generated, which determines both the coverage and capacity. Advances in launch technologies have made it possible to launch satellites weighing over 5000 kg into geostationary orbit. Advances in RF and baseband hardware deliver a steady year-on-year increase in functionality per kg of orbital weight. Conversely, microminiaturisation techniques have made possible new generations of super small satellites though these tend to be used for more specialist low-orbit or deep-space exploration applications. However, terrestrial network hardware costs have also reduced over the past twenty years by roughly 15% year-by-year and functionality has greatly increased. In particular the rapid growth in subscriber numbers served by terrestrial cellular networks and terrestrial broadcast networks has attracted engineering investment that in turn has im- proved the delivery cost efficiency of these networks. Present upgrading of the DAB terrestrial networks in the UK to provide improved coverage and higher data rates provides an example. In terms of user devices, the economies of scale available to the cellular industry effectively dictate the radio functionality included in m