requency range that they can operate on. Moreover, variable subcarrier spacing allows addressing specific latency requirements. To address the requirements of the different IMT-2020 use cases, there will be a mixture of different cell types. Some cells might require low latency and high frequency, whereas others might be long- range cells. Therefore, to accommodate those different IMT-2020 requirements, such as latency and coverage, CP-OFDM has been introduced. Introduction to 5G CP-OFDM I Greater deployment flexibility 256QAM I More data on the radio carrier Figure 1.10 - Radio enhancements The other key area that has been introduced with 5G NR is the use of 256 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (256QAM), which is already in use with LTE Advanced technology. This is simply radio modulation technique and effectively allows squeezing even more data onto the radio carrier, hence increasing those data rates as appropriate. However, to utilize 256QAM the UE needs to be in a very good radio coverage environment. Beam forming On the left-hand side of Figure 1.11, traditional antenna coverage is represented. Traditionally, the antennas might be sectored SO they cover quite a large area. Within that coverage area, there might be fixed wireless access subscribers within the houses, mobile phones, or even fast-moving subscribers. But the idea of traditional antennas is to cover a wide area. In 5G, Massive MIMO is set to be used. A Massive MIMO antenna is a totally new antenna design that comprises a huge number of radio frequency elements, in effect radio frequency antennas. One of the key advantages of Massive MIMO antennas is being able to form beams of radio frequency energy. This Massive MIMO array can provide much finer grain coverage. If there is a UE within that beam of coverage, the UE will get better general RAN coverage, which means the technologies such as 256QAM can be used to achieve the optimum data rate. Traditional Antenna Widespread Massive MIMO Antenna Narrower Figure 1.11 - Beam forming with Massive MIMO 5