annel conditions. High reliability PDCCH/PUCCH. Increased control channel signaling for URLLC is achieved through various methods. Transmission resources allocated to the PDCCH can be increased: lower the code rate, decrease the modulation order, or send redundant copies (repetition of scheduling information). Similarly, Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) ACK/NACK signaling can be enhanced-specifically NACK signaling where erroneous detection of a NACK can lead to degradation in spectral efficiency. HARQ enhancement. HARQ retransmission adds end-to-end latency, not only due to packet retransmission but also due to the signaling latency. The combined signaling and retransmission overhead, for example, in LTE is 8 slots. Given the relatively low retransmission rate, this may not impact the average packet latency by much, but it impacts the worst case latency and therefore system jitter. One potential mitigation is proactive retransmission which can be referred to as K retransmission. In this scheme, the UE gets resources for K transmissions. In case no ACK is received, the UE automatically retransmits the packet. Interference management By being a managed network, client-side SINR can be managed to techniques including Cooperative Multipoint (CoMP), frequency selective scheduling, and other techniques to reduce interference and increase received power levels. Many of such techniques can be implemented by a custom schedul- ing/self-organizing network algorithm that is optimized for industrial/local applications. Deployment options including edge compute and software-defined networking Industrial automation requires the use of private networks that are local to the premises (Fig. 11-2). Driving requirements for this include the following: Compute PCle/Ethernet Industrial 5G RAN 5G RAN Control Equipment Gateway UE/CPE (RU/DU) Network Wireless Link Ethernet Ethernet Production Domain 5G Domain FIGURE 11-2 Production domain and 5G domain. 354 Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) Systems Architecture and Design Data loc