hit the transistors rather than the photodiode, SO sensitivity is lower than a CCD device. The transistors also produce noise. This noise (and the effects of transistor mismatch) can, however, be reduced by a process of double sampling and a combination of noise-cancellation and noise-reduction algorithms. CCD sensor arrays produce better images particularly at higher (multimegapixel) resolu- tions. CMOS devices cost less, use less power and their ability to address individual pixels, individual rows of pixels and individual columns of pixels allows for more flexibility both in terms of image processing, pattern matching and image recognition. CMOS devices in 2005 typically had a resolution of the order of 300 000 pixels. Today (2011) some high end SLR still-image cameras have CMOS arrays that can resolve 24 megapixels or more. High-end CCD sensors can resolve over 40 megapixels. Usually, a small microlens is used over each pixel through which the light passes. Noise compromises accuracy but as noise floors reduce over time, partly a consequence of volume-related yield optimisation, these devices enable algorithmic innovation that properly applied can yield algorithmic value. This is what might be termed valuable value as it does not cannibalise other parts of the component value chain. In theory, people buy more phones at a higher price and do more things with them that indirectly or directly create additional income. Making Telecoms Work This is not the case with some other forms of innovation. In an earlier chapter we mentioned RF power-amplifier innovation that allowed four or five amplifiers to be replaced by a single component. Given that the expectation will inevitably be that the single device price point will stay the same this is not a compelling proposition for vendors with sunk manufacturing investment. In fact, generally it can be stated that an innovation that delivers to all parts of an industry value chain will face the least adoption resistance. Camera phones more or less fall into this category.