ability with other non PLMN technologies, such as WLAN Enabling connectivity in remote locations and applications aided by LEO satellites, such as offshore wind farm to remote data centers or proxy driving in future smart cars [19, 20, 22]. The V2X roadmap defined by the 5G Public Private Partnership (5G-PPP) envisioned scenarios that include awareness driving, cooperative driving, and synchronized driving with vehicles being autonomously driven [19, 20, 24, 25, 29, 30]. Some of those scenarios are integrated with satellite networks as shown in Table 7.1. In [19], Table 6.9 shows the survey summarizing existing research reports regarding the mm-wave V2X communications. 7.2 V2X Communications Within wireless communications and networking, several paradigms are being developed. One of those is the vehicular communications paradigm, which can be seen from a networking perspective or from a physical layer (PHY) perspective. A networking perspective presents examples such as vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs), internet of vehicles (IoV), and vehicular sensor networks, among others, where connectivity and the network architecture are developed. The integration of these networking examples with current and future networks and technologies is of relevance since information needs to be carried by others such as 4G, 5G, beyond 5G (B5G), cognitive radio, IEEE802.11p/WAVE/C-ITS, etc. The PHY perspective provides a base on which new technologies can be developed and built, since one 7 Vehicular Communications in the B5G Era 4G, 5G Fig. 7.1 V2X communication can study the vehicular communications from the propagation of signals, which establishes a platform to develop analysis for coverage and expected performance of each of the links that vehicles communicate. In vehicular communications, links that need to be established are broadly clas- sified into vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) and vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), although in some cases this is in general called vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communications; see Fig. 7.1 for an ex