uits, statistical nature, 192-193 (PBBs), 410 27, 47 Polarization-preserving fibers, Provider Backbone Bridging with Phase Modulation (PM), 38-39 Traffic Engineering (PBB- Phase modulation index, 38 Polarized ground wave TE), 412 Phase Shift Keying (PSK), 39-40 transmissions, 263-264 Provider Backbone Transport Phase velocity of light waves, 118 Polynomial representation of (PBT), 363 Phased arrays, 290 array nulls, 288 Provider edges in VPNs, 397-401 PHB. See Per-Hop Behavior PONs. See Passive Optical Providers in VPNs, 398-399 Photosensitive fibers, 133 Networks, 153 Pseudorandom Binary Sequence Physical Optics theory, 293 POP action for LSRs, 384-385 (PRBS) generators, 103 Physics of optical fibers, 111-115 Positive-Dispersion Fibers PSFTs. See Per-Site Forwarding Picture structure, 71-73 (PDFs), 182-184 Tables PLC. See Packet Loss Power density in free-space PSK. See Phase Shift Keying Concealment algorithm, 8 propagation, 259 PSPs. See Principal States of Plesiochronous bit stuffing, 335 Power gain in antennas, 280 Polarization Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy Power loss in SRS, 141 PSRFTs, 399-401 (PDH), 313-317, 361 Power penalty in laser extinction PTI. See Payload Type Identifier PLL. See Phase Lock Loop ratio, 173-174 field circuits Power spectral densities, 200 Public Switched Telephone Plosive sounds, 4 Poynting vectors, 221, 227, 229 Networks (PSTNs), 7, PMD. See Polarization Mode PPM. See Pulse Position 361-362 Dispersion Modulation ISDN across, 374 PNNIs. See Private/Public PRBS. See Pseudorandom Binary as overlay networks, 367 Network-Network Interface Sequence Generators switches, 318, 328-330 Index Pulse Amplitude Modulation short monopoles, 230 microwave line-of-sight radio, (PAM), 10 small antennas, 283-284 298-299 Pulse broadening, 124 Radio frequency spectrum, 258 offset reflectors, 295-296 Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), Radio wave propagation, prime-focus symmetric 5-6, 9 257-258 reflectors, 292-294 compression, 57 free-space, 259-260 Refraction encoding, 18-20 ground waves, 263-265 electroma