ager's task is to ensure the successful completion of all portions of the work- flow, and to act or alert should any stage of the process fail. There are a variety of other options for workflow managers, which could be considered-Azkaban, Airflow, Luigi, Cascading, etc. 8.2.5 ANALYTICS AND ML We define ML as a computer program (or software agent) that can learn from data to predict future state or condition. Traditionally, ML, like NLP, is considered a subfield of artificial intel- ligence (AI). We define an AI system as a more advanced form of an ML system that is able to act and continuously optimize its actions over time and context. One analogy to realize the relation- ship between ML and AI is the game of chess. ML is equivalent to predicting the next best move. This is an instant change. AI is equivalent to formulating a strategy to win the game. This typically involves strategizing and optimizing a sequence of best steps. The strategy is dynamic and updates on every move. The foundation for ML and AI was created over many decades by numerous pioneers includ- ing Alan Turing, Claude Shannon, Arthur Samuel, Frank Rosenblatt, among others. The "Turing Test" was a measure of machine intelligence that was invented by Alan Turing in 1950 [Tur50]. It computed the length of time or the number of interactions a machine can fool a human in believing it is a human. While at Bell Labs, Claude Shannon advanced the field of AI by creating a memory mouse, named as "Theseus," for traversing a maze [Sha48]. The mouse is able to learn to strategize an optimal path from its source to its destination. Arthur Samuel from IBM wrote a program for the game of checkers that developed winning strategies and moves. Frank Rosenblatt is regarded as one of the fathers of neural networks, which attempts to simulate the operation of the human brain. The theory and the practical experiments developed by these pioneers and many others, has led to new fields such as deep learning, which is making its way into smart automation for industrial