n only purchases mobile services if they are at extremely low prices. This limits car- riers' profits and incentives to upgrade networks. The expansion of mobile services in emerging markets has created growth oppor- tunities for established carriers from Europe, the Middle East, and certain countries in Asia. Spanish carrier Telefónica is now the second largest carrier in Latin America, where it has experienced high growth because most people have subscribed to mobile Preface services for the first time in the past ten years. By contrast, its European operations have lower profits and little growth. Mobile networks have had a particularly dramatic effect on countries that previ- ously had scant resources for wired broadband facilities in even the largest cities. In these countries, populations often have mobile phones as their first means of electronic communication. The availability of low-cost mobile devices is also having a positive impact on the economies of developing countries and the lives of their citizens. For example, mobile banking has enabled people who previously had no access to banks to receive money and pay bills via their smartphone handsets. The popularity of mobile networks for data as well as voice has strained network capacity. In the face of this demand, mobile carriers are upgrading networks to fourth- generation protocols such as Long-Term Evolution (LTE) and Worldwide Interoper- ability for Microwave Access 2 (WiMAX 2). These upgrades will make available for the first time high-speed Internet access to many small businesses and consumers in emerging countries and rural areas. However, these network upgrades are costly. For this reason, many carriers have upgraded to intermediate solutions that increase speeds but don't offer as much capac- ity as LTE and WiMAX. In the long run, most carriers will upgrade to fourth-generation networks as manufacturing costs decrease. But improvements in Internet capabilities have a dark side: loss of privacy and, sometimes, government surveillance. One of