nd elevation angles, polarisation, device mechanical and application modes (open, shut, vertical and horizontal, voice and data) and include the low, middle and high channels of each frequency band. Phantom heads and phantom hands are used to replicate typical usage conditions. Phantom hands are currently right hand but could be extended to the left hand as the interaction between the device and hand can be highly asymmetric. Some device form factors will have contact from two hands at once and possibly more in future. Characterising device requires thousands of measurements and can take up to two weeks in an expensive anechoic facility. 30 Tests undertaken by Orange3 showed that free-space measurements of radiated performance across a range of devices varied by 7 dB for TRS and 4.5 dB for TRP and head and hand loading will increase this spread further. All the devices tested had passed narrower conducted tests suggesting that the larger spread was due to the physical antenna implementation. The positive point to make is that operators now have access to objective and standardised over the air (OTA) radiated domain performance measurements that provide comparative measurements that are closer to real-world performance than conducted domain measurements (made via a temporary antenna connector). The introduction of minimum performance requirements has, however, been difficult. Oper- ators wanted to set high targets but user equipment vendors wanted to protect existing designs and small form factor devices that could be termed noncompliant. The result was a compromise that allowed the bulk of legacy devices to remain compliant but with a nonmandatory recom- mended average performance typically 3 dB better. The recommended TRP performance is still about 6 dB below the nominal power for the conducted test, which suggests substantial room for improvement were it not for shrinking device sizes. If average data throughput, for example in micro- and macrocells is as important or more important than peak data rate for exam