g the performance over LTE/LTE-A, NR offers fundamentally new technology components at the physical layer compared with LTE cellular systems. In particular, the following key physical layer enhancements are introduced in NR: New services: In addition to the traditional enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) use case addressed by LTE systems, NR wireless access technology supports new services including IIoT, URLLC, and cellular V2X. Scalable numerology: In contrast to LTE, NR wireless access technology supports a variety of deployment scenarios (from macro cells to indoor hotspots), different band- width sizes (from several MHz up to several GHz), and carrier frequencies (ranging from sub-GHz to millimeter wave bands). For efficient operation of NR systems in such diverse scenarios, scalable numerology with variable subcarrier spacing and cyclic prefix dura- tion is supported. The numerology of NR system can be selected to optimize the sys- tem performance to the actual deployment scenario determined, for example, by the cell radius, mobility, etc., and at the same time address some of the practical impairments, for example, radio frequency impairments like phase noise, which are more detrimental at millimeter wave bands. Low latency and high reliability: Unlike LTE, NR at the physical layer supports trans- mission providing low latency (with sub-millisecond delays) and high reliability (with error rates below 10-5). To facilitate low latency processing at the receiver, the physi- cal channels of NR systems are accordingly designed. In particular, in addition to con- ventional subframe level scheduling (Type A mapping) supported by LTE-A, NR sys- tem allows special "mini-slot"-based transmission (Type B mapping) with more flexible scheduling in time. To facilitate "early" decoding at the receiver, mini-slot-based trans- mission also supports a special frontloaded position of the control channel and demodu- lation reference signals (DM-RS). Waveforms: Unlike LTE-A, which only supports the DFT-s-OFDM (Discrete Fourier Tr