access the Internet via Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT) satellite services, offered mainly by European providers. VSAT technology is a low-cost satellite service. Customers attach small dishes to their buildings that beam signals to and from satellites. The dishes are wired to customers' data center equipment. Consumers for the most part access the Internet from third-generation (3G) mobile devices and fixed WiMAX. See Chapter 7, "Mobile and Wi-Fi Networks," for informa- tion on WiMAX and 3G services. Cyber cafés are a popular option as well for Internet access because they provide higher speeds than 3G mobile services. EUROPE Europe has a mature mobile market and excellent cell phone coverage. Its networks are based on GSM, and consumers take the ability to use their cell phone throughout the continent for granted. The mature market combined with declining voice usage has resulted in a lower Average Revenue Per User (ARPU) and fewer opportunities growth. To date, revenue from data usage has not made up for the decline in revenue from voice calling. At the same time that average revenues are declining, carriers are faced with the need to invest in spectrum and equipment for higher-generation data services that add capacity to networks. Despite lower revenues per user, most operators have robust operating margins because of recurring monthly subscription fees. Other than the Scandinavian countries and individual carriers in Austria, Den- mark, Estonia, Germany, Poland, and Uzbekistan, Europe is behind Asia-Pacific and the United States in upgrading their networks to pre-fourth-generation (pre-4G) Long- Term Evolution (LTE). Rather, they are stretching their data networks' capacities by investing in High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA), High-Speed Packet Access Plus Europe (HSPA+), and Wi-Fi offloading. Wi-Fi offloading refers to using hotspots to carry a portion of a network's mobile data. HSPA is an advanced third-generation (3G) tech- nology, and HSPA+ is variously described as 3.5G or pre-4G service. For more in