es, which run on test beds. broadband. 3. Part III projects. These establish the application feasibility of 3. Opening up of public procurement in telecommunications. This IBC and develop user applications. The aim is to produce real was accomplished by the Council Directive of February 1990 live applications, which are used in experiments and can be which required fair procurement decisions to be taken by PTTs proved on test beds. within Member States, based on commercial considerations only (Schwarz, 1991). Work within RACE is being done in several areas: 4. Development of an Europe-wide infrastructure in telecom- munications. IBC development projects, which are primarily focused on optical network, including optical components and optical The creation of Europe's single infrastructure is being achieved switching. The projects are also studying ATM techniques and by several initiatives: Fibre to The Home (FTH). 2. Intelligence in the network, which covers various aspects of 1. By common research programmes, the main one being RACE, communications management including the TMN (Telecom- as described in the next section. munications Management Network). 2. By the establishment of a single standards making authority for 3. Mobile communications, which includes a wide range of areas Europe, which is ETSI, formed in March 1988. such as mobile broadband systems; third generation mobile By agreeing the joint introduction of new services. For example communications, including UMTS; and implications of in June 1987 a Council Recommendation covered the co-ordi- mobiles in fixed networks. nated introduction of a public pan-European cellular digital 4. Image communications, covering broadcasting and multime- land mobile communication system, and in June 1989 another dia, coding/transcoding, digital recording, image synthesis, and Recommendation covered the co-ordinated introduction of a HDTV transmission. land based public radio paging system (ERMES). Service engineering, which is looking at providing architec- By investing