 access equipment should look like.) When the long-haul industry saw major retrenchments at the dawn of 2000, a number of optical vendors took the easy course of relabeling the equipment that they had developed for long-haul applications and pasted a Metro DWDM label onto the equipment while generating new marketing collateral. This was done instead of redeveloping equipment that is opti- mized and right sized for metro access/metro core applications from both a density and cost standpoint (as would have been more appropriate). It appears that, at least for the next few years, the opportunity for metro DWDM is somewhat limited. As noted, this technology may see some pene- tration in a metro core application, such as POP-to-POP rings, but it will probably see extremely limited application in the metro access segment (see Section 5.2). Analysis shows that these vendors have products that would cost from $190,000 per building all the way to $720,000 per building. This is totally untenable for metro access because carriers generally need to keep their in-building costs at no more than $20,000 or thereabouts. A price of $10,000 per dropped lambda ($20,000 for a redundant system with two lambdas) is desirable for metro access, particularly when the component cost of metro optics to build 8 or 16 channels of coarse WDM (CWDM), wide WDM (WWDM), or even DWDM is actually about $2,000 or less per lambda. In particular, if systems are designed in such a manner that each building needs to incur the full cost even though only one or two lambdas are dropped off at that building, then the equipment will see very limited penetration at the metro access level. On the issue of component cost, phased-array wavelength division mul- tiplexing devices (also called arrayed waveguide grating [AWG])8 are emerging as important passive devices and may be the right kind of tech- nology for metro access and possibly for some metro core applications in smaller-diameter tier-2 or tier-3 cities. New technology is available that can produce a 1X8