r, or minor, as per the degree of disruption it will likely cause to the network. Here, five critical alarms must be addressed by the network operator: Devices gNodeBs gNodeBs 11:36 11:37 11:38 11:39 11:40 11:41 11:42 11:43 11:44 11:45 11:36 11:37 11:38 11:39 11:40 11:41 11:42 11:43 11:44 11:45 Registered PDU Sessions User Plane Throughput (BW) Throughput 11:36 11:37 11:38 11:39 11:40 11:41 11:42 11:43 11:44 11:45 11:37 11:38 11:39 11:40 11:41 11:42 11:43 11:44 11:45 Errors Alerts Major Alerts Minor Alerts critical 5 major 0 minor 0 Severity Description Impact N6 interface on CRITICAL 13:30:34 receiving packet per second UEs will not be receiving traffic Check N6 connectivity to data network 11:36 11:37 11:38 11:39 11:40 11:41 11:42 11:43 11:44 11:45 Authentication failure Authentication re - Session establishment 2021-02-05 N6 upf-pp-0 CRITICAL UE traffic not being sent to the data network. Check N6 connectivity to 13:30:34 Service Path switch Handover data network Figure 11.15 - Alarm dashboard 5G Standalone Networks In this section, we saw a variety of KPI dashboards that give us an idea about the current performance, active alarms, and health of the network. Summary In this chapter, we learned about the main design principles of a 5G SA network. First, we understood the requirements that need to be established before the start of the design phase. To do so, we looked at how to design a 5G SA network, including a standard call flow. We also looked at the design aspects and deployment options for private networks. Finally, we enlisted the design tenets of a failure-resilient network and reviewed how to monitor and dashboard a network. At this point, we know how to design a 5G SA network, both private and public. We also know how to analyze requirements to build a high-performing robust network. In the next chapter, we will learn about 5G and autonomous vehicles. 5G Infrastructure Design In this chapter, we will focus on the infrastructure design required to successfully implement the network foundation for 5G. 