have the same BLER performance. It is observed that the systematic polar coding is more robust to error propagation using SC decoder when compared to that in the non-systematic polar coding. There are two main methods for polar decoding namely SC decoder and its variants and BP decoder. The SC decoder and its variants have serial decoding characteristics which cannot be parallelized; thus these decoders suffer from long decoding latency and low throughput, making them not suitable for high-speed applications. The BP decoder can use parallel processing and thus can enhance its throughput, making it suitable for high-speed applications. In the receiver, the role of the demodulator is to recover information pertaining to the encoded block. However, the demodulator is typically unable to obtain absolute confidence about the value of the bits in the encoded block due to the random nature of the noise in the communication channel. The demodulator may express its confidence about the values of the bits in the encoded block by generating a soft encoded block, which comprises N num- ber of encoded soft bits. Each soft bit may be represented in the form of an LLR as follows: LLR = log [p(bit = 0)] - log [p(bit = 1)] where p(bit = 0) and p(bit = 1) are the probabilities that the corresponding bit has a value of "0" and "1", respectively. A positive LLR indicates that the demodulator has greater confidence that the corresponding bit has a value of "0", while a negative LLR indicates greater confidence in the bit value of "1". The magnitude of the LLR corresponds to the confidence level, where an infinite value corresponds to abso- lute confidence, while a magnitude of zero indicates that the demodulator has no informa- tion about the bit value [29]. The polar decoder may operate based on different algorithms including SC decoding and SCL decoding. The SC decoder was the first decoder that was used for polar codes which consists of N decision elements for the N bits of (see Fig. 4.46). Each of the decision elements computes t