vices, and security protocols used in server management (SM). The servers being managed using SMASH can be virtual and redun- dant servers, blades and rack, or high end servers used in telecom and mission critical applications. System management BIOS (SMBIOS): Defines a standard formant for rep- resenting a layout of management information about the first program that runs when the PC is started (BIOS) and about the computer system (desktop). It gives enough information for writing BIOS extensions and generic routines for conversion from SMBIOS format to other technologies. Common diagnostic model (CDM) initiative: It defines a platform indepen- dent architecture to diagnose (discover, control, and retrieve) the health of computer systems in a multivendor environment. It is an extension of CIM in diagnostics. Two forums in the interoperability committee of DMTF are the CDM forum and system management forum. CDM forum: The main activity of the CDM forum is to support the develop- ment of test programs and software development kits that will help in devel- opment and integration of diagnostic modules based on CDM into CIM framework. System management forum: A major activity to ensure interoperability is checks to evaluate products compliance to standards. This forum handles the development of programs that checks a products conformance to DMTF standards on system management like DASH and SMASH. For an individual to register with DMTF, he must be the representative of a company that is already a member of DMTF. This means that the company in which the individual is working should have membership in DMTF. Company membership requires payment while representatives can register for free. DMTF Fundamentals of EMS, NMS and OSS/BSS conducts events to showcase their work. It also collaborates with other standard- izing forums in defining standards. Certification for individuals and products is also offered by DMTF. Web site: www.dmtf.org 7.5 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) The 3GPP, as the name signifies, is a c