ers (Butler and Memon, 2006). Declining water use has a knock-on effect for tariffs, with lower income for suppliers. Hence a number of structural changes were instituted in a number of the Baltic countries in order to ensure supplier viability. Additional data suggest that there has also been a decline (less marked than in Annex Figure 5.A1.1) in billed domestic water consumption in nine of the cities studied in the Watertime project. Notwithstanding these results, a separate review of domestic water use across Europe (Wieland, 2003), had slightly different results to what may be interpreted from Annex Figure 5.A1.1 in terms of whether or not demand was declining, as given in Annex Table 5.A1.1. The table possibly underestimates domestic usage, as in some countries consumption is determined based on the total domestic supply divided by the total population, and a significant number of households may not in fact be connected to "public" supplies. For example, in 2002 only some 54% and 72% of Romanians and Estonians respectively were connected, although supposedly almost 99% of Bulgarians are and have been connected since the early 1990s (Eurostat). Table 5.A1.1 shows that in a 15-year period demand has fallen in the INFRASTRUCTURE TO 2030: TELECOM, LAND TRANSPORT, WATER AND ELECTRICITY - ISBN 92-64-02398-4 © OECD 2006 5. THE IMPACTS OF CHANGE ON THE LONG-TERM FUTURE DEMAND FOR WATER SECTOR INFRASTRUCTURE new countries (where there are more private supplies) and risen in Nordic countries. The highest demand was found to be 214 1/h/d in Finland. In Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, Austria and Denmark, water charges were relatively high and hence water use is lower. Most water in Europe is abstracted from surface water sources (70-90%). An exception is Denmark, which is entirely served by groundwater. Public water supplies represent less than 20% of total overall demand and predominantly originate from groundwater, although trends now show that there is an increasing reliance on surface supplies. The highest overa