 where the services of a layer are available to its immediately neighboring layer. In other words, a SAP is a mapping between services of two neighboring layers. There are a number of SAPs in the IEEE 802.16 reference model (see Figure 3-7) that interface the adjacent protocol layers including PHY, MAC, and CS SAPs. The Management SAP may include primitives related to System configuration, Monitoring statistics, Notifications/Triggers, and Multi-mode interface management. The NCMS interacts with the MIB through the M-SAP. The Control SAP may include, but is not limited to, primitives related to handovers (e.g., notification of handover request from MS), idle mode mobility management (e.g., mobile station entering idle mode), subscriber and session management (e.g., mobile station requesting session set-up), radio resource management, AAA server signaling 3.1 The IEEE 802.16m reference model (e.g., Extensible Authentication Protocolix payloads), Media Independent Handover (MIH)X services, and location detection and reporting capability. Unlike 3GPP LTE, the IEEE 802. 16m does not explicitly define logical, transport, and physical channels (although the functionalities exist in the air interface protocols). In that case, the mapping between logical to transport and transport to physical channels would determine the SAPs between the corresponding layers. 3.1.7 Media-Independent Handover Reference Model for IEEE 802.16 The IEEE 802.21-2008 standard provides link-layer intelligence and other related network informa- tion to upper layers to optimize handovers between heterogeneous networks [23]. This includes media types specified by 3GPP, 3GPP2, and both wired and wireless media in the IEEE 802 family of standards. In the IEEE 802.21-2008 standard, media refers to the method or mode of accessing a telecommunication system (e.g., cable, radio, satellite), as opposed to sensory aspects of commu- nication (e.g., audio, video). The standard addresses the support of handovers for both mobile and stationary users. For mobil