y maintenance becomes more challenging during roaming when the subscriber hops from one network to another, from one country to another, and SO on. Operators must protect their customers' location information, not reveal it unless authorized and apply privacy management models to protect it at all cost. New Mobile Technologies: The wide acceptance of 3G will help in promoting LBS since 3G provides higher processing power and data rates. However, the impact on LBS of Femto cells, multiple antennas, and SO on, is uncertain and may require enhancements to both networks and terminals. Terminal Issues: The terminals and networks should support the same set of positioning methods in order for LCS to work. The task becomes challenging in particular during roaming. Interoperability: Neither all the networks nor all the terminals can employ the same set of positioning methods. The challenge is to how to provide seamlessness across networks for LBS. LBS requires interoperability between operators both at a national level as well as international level. Users want LBS to be consistent in terms of accuracy and availability which is not present over various mobile networks in various environments. Without solving the interoperability issues, a huge market potential will not be realized. 9.12.4 Connected Objectives/M2M M2M refers to data communication between machines without human interaction. M2M is not a new phenomenon and has been around since the 1960s. For instance, in the United States, AT&T proposed an automatic meter reading (AMR) system in 1962 for utilities which didn't materialize due to economic reasons. In the 1980s, many utilities in the US introduced such systems due to the availability of cost- effective solutions. According to Gartner, about 20 million M2M capable units were shipped during 2007, mainly in the transport and telematics sectors. Although M2M adoption is in its infancy stage, it has the real potential for mass adoption [42-44]. 9.12.4.1 M2M Technology Architecture At a high level a M2M system con