.1. The business enablement layer comprises various C-plane and U-plane functions, as well as various RAT configurations and state information, forming a common information repository. The business enabler APIs are exposed toward the various applications, including operator services, enterprise, and vertical services, as well as over-the-top (OTT) services. Those business enabler capabilities are called upon by various applications for tailoring to individual applications in a flexible and scalable manner. This capability to tailor to individual application needs using a common infrastructure, often referred to as "network slicing," is laid out as the foundational architecture for 5G in the NGMN White Paper. 2.3.4 Spectrum, Intellectual Property Rights (IPR), and Further Recommendations by NGMN The NGMN White Paper also gives recommendations on spectrum and IPR policies for 5G. With regard to spectrum, NGMN highlights the following: Because of the different requirements, operators must rely on a larger spectrum port- folio: - Possibility to refarm their existing mobile spectrum holdings for 5G and to have access to additional spectrum that may be identified at the ITU WRC-15. Access to low-frequency spectrum (below 6 GHz), especially below 1 GHz - absolutely essential for an economical delivery of mobile services in rural and indoor environment; and access to higher-frequency bands above 6 GHz - suitable 2 5G Targets and Standardization for very high data rates and shorter-range connectivity, with potentially large bandwidths of 500-1000 MHz/operator. Integrating the 5G under the umbrella of IMT within the ITU is vital for global spec- trum identification and harmonization. Backhaul requirements for 5G may include wireless solutions and need spectrum. With regard to IPR, NGMN highlights the following: Improve 5G Standard Essential Patent (SEP) declarations - to improve transparency and limit abusive patent declarations related to 5G standards, while still encouraging early declarations. Establish independent 5G S