s for Comments), 221 Ring, 160 ring topology, 189-190 RingCentral, 233 ringless robocalls, 146 Ripple, 303 RJ11c jacks, 234-235 RJ21X jacks, 234-235 RJ45 data jacks, 103 RJ48 jacks, 235 RNs (Relay Nodes), 352 ROADMs (Reconfigurable Optical Add/Drop Multiplexers), 193-195 roaming, 332-333, 378-380 Robo Strike Force, 145 robocalls, 127, 144-146 Rocket, 46 Roku, 283 root servers, 294-295 Rosenworcel, Jessica, 315 routers aggregation, 292 definition of, 121 edge, 291-292 www.TechnicalPDF.com functionality of, 91-93 network functions virtualization, 92 routing, per packet, 24-25 RRHs (Remote Radio Heads), 352 RTP (Real-time Transport Protocol), 120 rural areas, 131-132 broadband availability in, 131-132, 315-316 CAF (Connect America Fund), 137 A-CAM (Alternative Connect America Model), 141 e-rate subsidies, 143 Internet connectivity costs in, 198-199 Lifeline subsidies, 142-143 Rural Cellular, 151 SaaS (Software as a Service), 51-52 Safe Harbor agreement, 60-61 Salesforce.com, 51,53 SANs (storage area networks), 88 satellite networks, 380-382 satellite TV, 216 SCCP (Skinny Client Control Protocol), 120 Schneiderman, Eric T.231 SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy), 191 SDN (Software Defined Networking), 78-79, 172, 176- implementation of, 182-184 OTNs (Optical Transport Networks), 192 SEAL, 134 search engines, 277-280, 306-307 secondary hub-and-spoke topology, 256 Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), 242 Secure Telephone Identity Revisited (STIR), 145 security www.TechnicalPDF.com authentication, 242-243 Block Chain, 302-303 cloud computing, 55-56 containers, 47 data centers, 81 DoS (Denial of Service) attacks, 52, 119 encryption, 302 firewalls, 29, 303 benefits of, 243-244 definition of, 29 FaaS (firewalls as a service), 244 Internet, 296-298 cyber terrorism, 305 insider breaches, 299-300, 303-304 IoT (Internet of Things), 364 privacy issues, 306-307 ransomware, 304 redress against hackers, 304-305 resistance to attacks, 298-299 security software, 299 sustainability, 219-220 IP PBX (Private Branch Exchange), 101-102 IP VPNs (In