lest and most robust form of PSK. BPSK uses a 180-degree phase shift and is a good solution under noisy conditions. BRAN (Broadband-Compliant Radio Access Networks) An ETSI technical committee for broadband radio access networks. BRAN is responsible for all aspects of standardization for present and future broadband radio access networks, using both existing and emerging technolo- gies. BRAN's three main standards areas are HiperLAN, HiperAccess, and HiperMAN. BRI (Basic Rate Interface) In ISDN, the interface to the basic rate, which is 2B+D: two 64Kbps information-carrying channels plus one 16Kbps signaling channel. Also called Basic Rate Access (BRA). bridge An attaching device that connects two LAN segments to allow the transfer of informa- tion from one LAN segment to the other. Bridges operate by filtering packets according to their destination addresses. Most bridges automatically learn where these addresses are located and, thus, are called learning bridges. A bridge works at OSI Layer 2 and is transparent to upper-layer devices and protocols. broadband A method of transmitting data, voice, and video by using FDM, as with cable TV. Modems are required to modulate digital data streams onto the channel. Broadband in this con- text is used in contrast with baseband, which is all-digital transmission and uses TDM. In simple terms, broadband refers to a multichannel, high-bandwidth transmission line. According to the ITU-T, broadband means any transmission rate over 2Mbps. The most common use of the term today is to refer to a channel capable of high-speed transmission. The term is often used to refer to Internet access via cable modems, DSL, fiber options, and wireless alternatives, all of which are much faster than dialup. broadcast A transmission to multiple receiving locations simultaneously. A broadcast can be made, for example, over a multipoint line to all terminals that share the line or over a radio or television channel to all receivers tuned to that channel. broadcast storm A pathological network con