ess rings for each city in 2001 and will be 33 metro access rings for each city in 2005. This would imply that a single metro core DWDM system (with 32 lambdas) interconnecting these access rings at the various citywide POPs would suf- fice in 2001, and 2 metro core DWDM systems (each with 32 lambdas) inter- connecting these access rings at the various citywide POPs would suffice in 2005 (we are not assuming for this discussion that a DWDM is needed in the access ring). Even assuming that there were 5 carriers in each city shar- ing (or doubly connecting) these buildings, this would equate to 5 metro core DWDM systems for each city in 2001 (that is, 300 systems nationwide) and 10 metro core DWDM systems in 2005 (that is, 600 systems nationwide). Assuming a cost of $2 million per citywide system to connect the various POPs in question (for example, $250,000 per node with 8 POPs in a city), this would equate to an embedded market of $600 million in 2001 and $1.2 billion in 2005 (or about a $150 million increment per year). This estimate is much lower than the estimate offered by many proponents, except for the number provided by CIR. 11 Keeping in mind the average of 22 metro access rings per city in 2001 and 33 metro access rings per city in 2005, we claimed in Chapter 1, "Advances and Opportunities in Next-Generation SONET and Other Opti- cal Architectures," that the average per-building bandwidth was 10 Mbps in 2001 and would be 73 Mbps in 2005. Figure 5-4 depicts a generalized 2001 design that has 22 access rings (these being well served by an OC-48 SONET arrangement) supported by 1 OC-192 SONET metro core ring. The 2005 situation needs more access rings as well as more bandwidth on each of the access rings. The 33 access rings can be served by OC-48 SONET sys- tems. The metro core ring can either be SONET OC-768 or a WDM ring supporting 4 OC-192 lambdas (see Figure 5-5). From a traffic-engineering standpoint, this discussion shows that perhaps one WDM system per city (per carrier) would suffice in a typical ci