 system = Network Figure 3.21 Fundamental technical plans in traffic and management systems Understanding Changing Telecommunications - Building a Successful Telecom Business In the new horizontal networks there are a lot of possible traffic cases to consider, with different transfer modes in/out at the media gateways and fairly complex layered radio interfaces. This makes these networks more complex to design than the 'monolithic' vertical networks of today. A smooth interconnection between a large and increasing number of operators can only be achieved if the operators agree on common rules at their common border, on signalling gateway protocols, routing, charging, security, management information transfer, transfer of transit calls between other operators etc. Historically, the area of FPs has developed during the two last decades from a focus on loudness (transmission quality) in analogue PSTN networks to a focus on security and QoS for real-time services in IP networks, with call control servers, policy servers and application servers. That is why this book contains dedicated chapters on these subjects. Charging is another important area. This subject is covered in the Chapter 5, Section 5.11. The new systems for horizontal networks will be rolled out in many states of revision. In order to be somewhat independent of the various implementation steps, a layered model is preferable. In such a model the particular node implementations are less important. Since FPs are normally seen end to end they fit excellently into layered models. 3.6.4 FP VERSUS PTP PTP stands for particular (fundamental) technical plans. The particular characteristics are based on the capabilities of a specified supplier solution and related network design. Thus they describe supplier-specific network design capabilities using operator language. Such plans could be used widely, starting with a statement of compliance to operator specifications. Network integration is another process supported by PTP. The PTPs can accompany a procurement fr