rvice attributes for each telephone connected to the IAD. Local Exchange: telephone numbers can be assigned along with services such as voice mail, call waiting and third-party calling. 6.7.3 IP-VPNs In addition to an Internet connection, many corporations have leased lines connect- ing geographically disparate sites. The use of two different lines creates operational and maintenance problems for the service provider. Using an IP-VPN (Virtual 6 Service Provisioning and Activation Private Network) a service provider can offer Internet access and dedicated leased lines with a single connectivity service. Ericsson offers a management solution for IP-VPNs that allows service providers to offer a migration from dial-up and leased line connections to network IP-VPNs or IP- VPNs that are based in customer premises equipment (CPE). The service provider can charge more because the range of services is broadened and higher access speed can be offered. The Ericsson approach is to automate the provisioning of customer site connectivity and of differentiated services. Since a wider range of services can be offered, the service provider can potentially establish a closer relationship with corpo- rate customers by becoming a "one-stop shop". This might happily reduce customer churn. Further, instead of treating the company as a static entry point for connectivity, a single connection can dynamically allocate different connections to the various communications needs of the corporation. Different departments can have different services such as the web, e-mail, voice and enterprise resource planning (ERP) such as SAP. Each service can be automatically provisioned, along with its required associated traffic-handling characteristics such as throughput, delay and jitter.22 Since a corporate customer typically uses 10% of the capacity of a dedicated leased line, a service provider can improve the utilisation level of a backbone by hosting several logical networks, carrying different services over a single network. Differen- tiated ser