 office (long before digital) to deceive the telephone company into thinking that a long-distance call had not been answered. Yet another device, the red box emulates the tones that Video Communications: The Whole Picture coins dropping into a pay telephone generate. Fraud has been around about as long as people have, but it is more sophisticated now, and more opportunities exist now for commiting it. Video communications pervade a plethora of applications and communications media. Packet-switched interactive multimedia intruduces new liabilities. While packet-switched networks offer a single channel over which data, voice, and video may travel, they also create more entries for compromise. The Internet is much like the party-lines of old in that one can never know who else is on the line, or what they intend. It is a challenge to to know who actually requests, sends, or receives data. Consequently, as we converge video onto data networks, we expose it to a host of new security threats. On any given day, headlines about compromised military agencies, educational institutions, or large corporations fill newspapers. While some of this is still the pastime of bored teens or hacker-wannabes who can use any one of the countless hacking programs that are freely distributed on the Internet as easily as they use an Internet browser. Given what these folks have done to deface web pages, one can only imagine what they might like to do to a live broadcast or videoconference. Will is hard to stop. It is likely, however, that recreational hacking has long-since been outpaced by corporate and governmental espionage or pirating. Disgruntled employees, professional spies, and pirates are increasingly responsible for information security breaches. In the 2004 CSI-FBI Computer Crime & Security Survey, respondents reported more than $141 million in related losses. These losses came despite firms with $10 million or less in annual sales spending an average of $500 per employee to prevent such losses. Malicious code is a very serious