t commercial microprocessor. Microprocessors and microcontrollers were to prove to be key enablers in terms of realising low-cost mass market cellular end-user products. In 1978 Standard Telecommunication Laboratories in Harlow introduced the world's first single-chip radio pager using a direct conversion receiver and the Bahrain Telephone company opened the first cellular telephone system using Panasonic equipment followed by Japan, Australia, Kuwait and Scandinavia, the US and the UK. In 1991 the first GSM network went live at Telecom Geneva. In 1993 the first SMS phones became available. In 1996 triband phone development was started and an initial WCDMA test bed was established In 1997 Nokia launched the 6110, the first ARM-powered mobile phone but significant because it was very compact, had a long battery life and included games. The Bluetooth Special Interest Group was founded in September. The world's first dualband GSM phone the Motorola 8800 was launched in the spring. The first triband GSM phone the Motorola Timeport L7089 was launched at Telecom 99 in Geneva and included WAP, a wireless access profile designed to support web access. WAP was slow and unusable. On 5 March 2002 Release 5 HSDPA was finalised. Hutchison launched the '3' 3G service on 3 March 2003. In 2010 100 billion texts were sent from mobile phones. The particular period we want to look at is from 2002/2003 onwards, comparing state-of- the-art handsets then and now. The objective is to identify the hardware innovations that have 8 http://www.cambridgewireless.co.uk/cellular25/technology/ A nice pictorial history of mobile phones can also be found at thttp://www.cntr.salford.ac.uk/comms/mobile.php. 10 An SMS text is limited to 140 bytes or 1120 bits that is equivalent to 160 seven-bit characters or seventy 16-bit Unicode characters using UCS2. UCS 2 is used for Arabic, Chinese, Japanese and Korean script. Concatenated SMS or long SMS can be used to string multiple SMS texts together but is not supported in all phones. Enhanced SMS support