T INFRASTRUCTURE The growth rate of vhp for 2000-30 exploited the above relationship and the forecast growth in GDPPC (derived from WB and UN forecasts for GDP and population), with specific adjustment factors for each region to allow for "convergence" to the expected vhp by 2030 for developing countries, while dampening (i.e. capping) the higher vhp result for industrialised countries. Distance driven (ukm): Base-level distance driven (roughly 2000) is from IRF (2003) - based on vehicle stock and annual distance per vehicle (adv); with "missing values" assumed based on known "matched countries" or otherwise "guestimated". Regional results for distance driven (vkm) and for annual distance per vehicle (adv) were then calculated. The future levels of adv for 2010, 2020 and 2030 were based on assumption of "convergence" towards an adv = 15 000 long-term point, such that among industrialised countries/regions there would be cross-country convergence around the current mean values of adv, and there would be long-term declines in adv for (almost all) Big 5 and developing countries as the rate of vehicle ownership grew and high-adv buses were (relatively) displaced by lower-adv private vehicles. Paved highways (pkm): Base-level paved highways (roughly 2000) are from US-CIA (2005) and IRF (2003). Paved road capital stock (USD billion): Base-level paved-road capital stock (PRCS) is estimated based on paved highways (pkm) and an estimate of asset value per pkm. The latter was based on two empirical observations. The first, (Heggie-Vickers, 1998) is that the mean asset value per pkm for 13 developing countries was about USD 0.2M. The second, (Munnell, 1993) was that the road asset value for the United States was about 13% of GDP in 1990 - which with these base-level values implies a mean asset value per pkm of about USD 0.4 M. This suggests that the "quality" of paved-roads also increases as GDPPC rises. In order to allow for some transition between these levels, it is assumed in calculating base-level PRCS that: Asset valu