st frequencies 4.1 Introduction Figure 4.2 5G will support different Exclusive band for each operator spectrum licensing methods. Licensed Typically auction-based allocation Exclusive shared use Shared Example US CBRS 3.5 GHz band Shared use Unlicensed Example 5 GHz band Spectrum Data rate 26/28/39 GHz 5 Gbps 5G3500 3.3-5.0 GHz 2 Gbps LTE1800 5G700 Below 1 GHz 0.2 Gbps LTE800 Figure 4.3 Example of early phase 5G spectrum usage and coverage. below 5 GHz have been allocated with exclusive licensing. Shared licensing is used today, for example, at 3.5 GHz Citizen Broadband Radio Service (CBRS) band in the United States. 5G will also be designed to operate in unlicensed spectrum, for example, 5 GHz band. Unlicensed 5G allows local 5G networks to be provided without any spectrum license. Figure 4.3 illustrates typical spectrum usage in the early phase of 5G rollout. The main- stream spectrum below 6 GHz globally will be 3.5 GHz, covering up to 400 MHz from 3.4 to 3.8 GHz with possible later extension up to 4.2 GHz. In addition, China and Japan will use a part of 4.4-5.0 GHz. The spectrum around 3.5 GHz is attractive for 5G because it is available globally and the amount of spectrum is relatively high. Operators are able to get 100 MHz continuous spectrum in many countries which, is a perfect match with 5G device capabilities. The lower bands tend to have a maximum of 20 MHz continuous spectrum per band. The target of 3.5 GHz is to provide similar coverage as lower fre- quencies by using a higher-gain beamforming antenna to compensate for the higher path loss. Therefore, 5G at 3.5 GHz can utilize existing base station sites. 5G will also need to have low bands below 1 GHz in order provide deep indoor penetration and large coverage areas. Extensive coverage is important for the new use cases like Internet of Things (IoT) and critical communication. The low band could be 700 MHz, which is available in many countries at the same time as 5G. Another option is 900 MHz, which is mostly occupied by 2G and 3G today, or 850 MHz