nd the Bat, and the remotely controlled ROC VB-10 using a television link. Now documented mostly through oral history and innocuous circuit patents, one of several secure radio guidance efforts took place at Colonial radio, pre- decessor of the Sylvania division at Buffalo, NY. This project was under the direction of Madison Nicholson, with the help of Robert Carlson, Alden Packard, Maxwell Scott, and Ernest Burlingame. The secret communications system concept was stimulated, SO Carlson thinks, by talks with Navy The Historical Origins of Spread-Spectrum Communications people who wanted a system like the "Flash" system which the Germans used for U-boat transmissions. However, it wasn't until the Army Air Force at Wright Field posed the following problem that the Colonial Radio effort began seriously. The airfoil surfaces of the glide bombs were radio controlled by a mother plane some distance away, sometimes with television display (by RCA) relayed back to the plane SO that closed-loop guidance could be per- formed. It was feared that soon the Germans would become adept at jam- ming the control. To solve this problem Colonial Radio developed a secure guidance system based on a pulsed waveform which hopped over two diverse frequency bands. This dual band operation led to the system's nick- name, Janus, after the Roman god possessing two faces looking in oppo- site directions. Low duty cycle transmission was used, and although the radio link was designed to be covert, the system could withstand jamming in one of its two frequency bands of operation and still maintain command control. The Colonial Radio design's transmitter for the mother aircraft was des- ignated the AN/ARW-4, and the corresponding glide bomb receiver was the AN/CRW-8. Testing of the radio guidance system took place at Wright Field in 1943, under the direction of Lt. Leonhard Katz, Capts. Walter Brown and Theodore Manley, and Project Engineer Jack Bacon. The contract, includ- ing procurement of two transmitters and seven receivers, was completed by