g timeline, and enhanced uplink configured grant transmission. In addition, 3GPP is working on supporting time-sensitive networks (TSNs) with 5G. This would replace industrial Ethernet connection with a wireless system that can sup- port time synchronization of machines and deterministic packet delivery. This requires, for example, support of Ethernet over 5G including transporting Ethernet frames over 5G, support of broadcast packets, and automatic address discovery. In addition, QoS requirements for TSNs may be more stringent than for URLLC. For instance, TSNs may require even greater reliability (e.g. 99.9999% reliability instead of 99.999%), and some services may also have a strict jitter requirement. Examples of some TSN services include process automation and electricity distribution. Evaluations of eMTC and NB-IoT demonstrated that they can satisfy mMTC 5G requirements. Thus, 3GPP agreed not to specify 5G-based technology for mMTC, but to reuse eMTC and NB-IoT technologies to support mMTC services. This also main- tains support for legacy 4G eMTC and NB-IoT devices as LTE systems are upgraded to 5G. Many eMTC and NB-IoT devices have a very long lifetime (e.g. water/power meters can have a lifetime of 10-15 years or more), and this allows IoT devices to continue to be supported as part of 5G system migration. Figure 14.25 illustrates eMTC and NB-IoT deployment within an 5G carrier to support mMTC services. 3GPP has evaluated such deployment scenarios and concluded that these scenarios are fully supported by 3GPP. From a numerology perspective, 5G supports different subcarrier spacing values, while eMTC supports only 15 kHz subcarrier spacing and NB-IoT supports 15 and 3.75 kHz subcarrier spacing. 5G can be deployed with 15 kHz subcarrier spacing, which Figure 14.25 eMTC and NB-loT deployment within 5G carrier. LTE-M (1.4 MHz) NB-IoT carriers 14 Internet of Things Optimization would be identical to eMTC/NB-IoT and allows for subcarrier alignment. When 5G is deployed with a different subcarrier spacing, howev