meaningless blare, while the American FM sets heard nothing but the voices of the operators. This intriguing FM episode dramatized in real life (as twice again referred to in [52, p. 318, footnote 57; p. 324]) the simple FM/AM analogy later given in Theodore Sturgeon's science-fiction portrayal of SS communications, given at the beginning of this chapter. That FM radio (and FM radio-relay, too, each unique to the U.S. Army in this worldwide war, per [52, pp. was even available, "beyond anything either the enemy or the other allied nations possessed" [52, p. 631], was due in large measure to three men. Through experiments conducted in the mid-1930s with the close coopera- tion of its inventor, Edwin Armstrong, (the then) Col. Roger B. Colton and Maj. James O'Connell recognized the clear superiority of this modulation method and pushed hard to have it ready for communicators on the battle- field. One colonel exclaimed: "I feel that every soldier that lived through the war with an Armored Unit owes a debt that he does not even realize to General Colton" [52, p. 631]. Armstrong patriotically donated to every mil- itary service of the United States, free of any royalty payments, license to the use of all his inventions. (Note: Additional information on Maj. Armstrong's contributions to the Signal corps is given in [53].) The Allies' voice communication system that supplied the highest level of voice security for Roosevelt, Churchill, Truman, and others [3], [54], [55], [232] in top secret conversations, was developed by Bell Telephone Laboratories at the beginning of the war. Officially called the X-System or Project X-61753 at Bell Labs, nicknamed the "Green Hornet," and code- named "Sigsaly" by the Signal Corps, this system contained several signif- icant innovations related to the signal processing containeed in its novel vocoding apparatus [55], [255]. (Other early vocoders are discussed in [56].) The most striking security feature of the X-System, was its use of non- repeating, prerecorded keys which were combine