 its counterpart SNMP (simple network management protocol) in implementation and deployment, the protocol forms the initial attempt on implementing a management protocol based on OSI, which can be used to replace SNMP used at that time for internet management. The OSI management concepts that were adopted by TMN and the differences between TMN and OSI network management are also discussed in this chap- ter. The TMF (TeleManagement Forum), the successor of Network Management Forum (NMF) is now looking into development of network management stan- dards based on both OSI network management and TMN. 5.2 OSI Organizational Model The components that make up network management in the OSI organizational model are: Network objects Agent Manager Management database The elements in a network are referred to as objects. It can be a router, gateway, or switch. The presence of an element in a network does not necessarily mean that there is a management system to support it. The elements or network objects that OSI Network Management Manager Management database Agent Agent Managed objects Unmanaged objects Figure 5.1 Two-tier organizational model. have management functions associated to it, as defined by OSI, are referred to as managed objects and the remaining objects are called unmanaged objects. Network objects can be of two types: managed and unmanaged objects. The network management functions associated to managed objects makes up the management process running on managed objects. This management process is referred to as the agent. In the two-tier organizational model, the elements in the network that are managed does the regular network operation they are expected to perform as well as the management of the element by having the agent as part of the element (see Figure 5.1). The management functions as the agent are limited to functions like data collection, editing of data, and sending of event notification from the element. The "manager" manages the managed objects in the network using data from the agents. It works ag