es are shown in Table 5.11 (Ofwat, 2005). The amounts take into account obligations to meet various European Union Directives in future years. In Scotland (public water supply) an amount of GBP 1.8 billion is being invested between 2002 and 2006 with a further GBP 2.1 billion for the period 2006-10 at 2003-04 prices (WICS, 2005). Table 5.10 also shows estimates for the province of Northern Ireland (public). The total corresponds to some 0.72% of GDP at 2005 values. Projected increases are attributable to meeting environmental obligations but the impact of the EU Water Framework Directive is not included, as this will have to be taken into account only post 2010. Estimates for this vary, but are around GBP 30 billion. For the average household the amounts paid for water and sewage services represent an affordability ratio of approximately 1%, in line with European averages; for the poorest however, this can be as high as 10%. Table 5.11. Expenditure on UK water services GBP millions, 2002-03 prices Region 2000-05 2005-10 Average annual capital investment England and Wales 3 300 3 365 Scotland Northern Ireland Average annual operating expenditure England and Wales 2 800 2 953 Scotland Northern Ireland Total annual expenditure England and Wales Scotland Northern Ireland Total 7 594 Source: Authors. Of the capital expenditure, 51% is for the base service, 17% for growth and 32% for quality enhancements. Central and Eastern Europe This section is based on a recent report on the EECCA region five years on from the Almaty meeting (OECD, 2005b). The report looked at the costs involved in meeting the MDG in the EECCA countries. Also included were attempts to calculate an all-in cost (referred to as the "total costs") that include O&M and reinvestment costs. The "total costs" were the sum of "MDG costs" over the period 2002-15 (14 years) plus O&M costs of the existing system over the period 2000-20 (21 years), plus O&M costs of new extensions and additional INFRASTRUCTURE TO 2030: TELECOM, LAND TRANSPORT, WATER AND ELECTRI