verage per coverage enhancement level. Support for TDD in NB-IoT. Note that TDD is supported for eMTC since Release 13. NPRACH enhancements (NB-IoT only). - New NPRACH format with a longer cyclic prefix of 800 us to support cell sizes up to 120 km. - NPRACH scrambling enhancement to reduce false alarms. In 3GPP Release 16, further enhancements are being introduced for eMTC and NB-IoT, including group-based wake-up signal, grant-free transmission, support for standalone eMTC deployment, and scheduling multiple transport blocks using a single grant. It is expected that future 3GPP releases will define new 5G IoT device categories with lower capabilities enabling lower cost implementation. For more information about 5G evolution, see Chapter 15. 14.12 Summary LTE evolution included major improvements for IoT connectivity with LTE-M and NB-IoT in 3GPP Release 13. The enhancements provided up to 20 dB coverage References extension, up to 10 years battery lifetime, and low-cost IoT module implementation. These solutions are focused on low-cost-battery-powered massive IoT with low activity. The target is that a simple upgrade to the LTE network can provide support for a large number of connected devices. Further LTE IoT evolution continued in Release 14 and beyond, which shows the importance of this functionality. 5G IoT focuses initially on industrial IoT with low latency and high reliability in Releases 15 and 16. The target is that low-cost IoT will utilize an LTE-based solution, and therefore, LTE IoT and 5G radios can coexist. References 1 Kovács, I., Mogensen, P., Lauridsen, M., Jacobsen, T., Bakowski, K., Larsen, P., Mangalvedhe, N., Ratasuk, R. (2017). LTE IoT Link Budget and Coverage Perfor- mance in Practical Deployments. IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications. 2 Lauridsen, M., Kovács, I., Mogensen, P., Sorensen, M. and Holst, S. (2016). Coverage and Capacity Analysis of LTE-M and NB-IoT in a Rural Area. Vehicular Technology Conference, IEEE 84th. 3 Andres-Maldonado, P