ment architectures in order to satisfy their service criteria. The challenges are rooted, among other factors, in various aspects of differences between human-originated (or consumed) traffic versus machine-originated traffic. In this respect coverage per population (CPP), which is the dominant benchmark for network deployments for humans, needs to be reconsidered. In the case of traffic relating to machines and connected things, coverage per area (CPA) may be more suitable. Con- sequently, network deployment choices to satisfy CPA might be quite different compared with those designed to satisfy CPP. Furthermore, NG-RAN is expected to be deployed in some radically new scenarios, for example, factories and enterprise campuses, which will present new challenges for the deployment plans, which mobile operators (or non-operator entities deploying and using these networks) have not faced before. This may be especially important for factory and enterprise campus deployments, where operators will face additional competition from new service providers. Further- more, regional spectrum allocations to new market entrants are expected to increase the frequency coordination efforts among the operators. One additional example of more complex (compared with 4G) network deployments is the ultra-reliable low latency communication (URLLC) case, which is an important appli- cation of 5G. URLLC cannot be expected to be supported ubiquitously by simply deploy- ing a 3GPP-compliant air interface technology (i.e. NR). In practice, an NG-RAN deploy- ment supporting URLLC will require careful planning of the whole communication chain end-to-end. In this context, end-to-end encompasses all elements and components of the network, ranging from reliable and redundant fronthaul transport links, to backhaul links, to power supplies, to power grid connections, to cooling, and many other components. This is applicable to all network sites along the communication path, as all of them have to fulfill the reliability and redundancy Service Level A