th long range and limited throughput. Today's focus is on broadband: offering higher data rates, capable of carrying many simultaneous interactions, increasingly in support of voice, data, video, and converged applications. We are now closer than ever before to achieving wireless broadband capabilities, and the future looks bright indeed. While the wireless industry is reaching a level of matu- rity to be celebrated, it is also vital to recognize that in many ways, we are just beginning to explore a new era of computing and communications, and more inno- vations will be required to realize the full potential. It is also worth noting that while data is overtaking voice in many parts of the world, in developing countries, voice remains the primary revenue stream for operators, and most of this comes not from the purchase of new handsets but from sales of reconditioned ones. As discussed in Chapter 13, "Wireless Communications Basics," we still face substantial challenges, largely due to the fact that wireless is constrained by inverse relationship between distance and throughput. In addition, the interactions of the radio signals with their surrounding environment result in a variety of impairments and degradations due to path loss, multipath, adverse weather, obsta- cles, interference, and so on. For wireless to compete effectively with its wired counterparts, innovations must continue. Fortunately, new solutions that are vital to realizing broadband wireless are emerging, including access to more radio spec- trum, or bandwidth, improved modulation schemes and related elements, and Chapter 16 Emerging Wireless Applications advances in wireless network protocols. However, even with these improvements, the basic relationship between distance and throughout must always remain a fore- most consideration. The wireless landscape is very much colored by range, moving from shorter- to longer-reach technologies, culminating in a future where multiple radio systems will be integrated into a single device. The idea of having