f and not to the individual who needs to connect. Broadband Telecommunications Technologies and Management Trustable copy of movie Get movie Untrusted connection Untrusted Figure 14.19 Information-centric paradigm Case Study 14.2: Content Distribution Networks The semi-final match of the 2014 Football World Cup in Brazil was watched by 8.4 million viewers on-line in Germany (an estimated 25% of total viewers), with 2.35 million of these using a mobile device [20]. The final between Germany and Argentina was watched by an estimated global audience of more than 1 billion, and although information on the global on-line audience is not readily obtainable, a rough estimate is in excess of 100 million. Delivery of a 2.5 h video content over the internet to such a large size audience was a huge telecommunications exercise. This is especially SO considering that each viewer received an individually tailored (set up and transmitted) packetised video stream to their PC or mobile device. In contrast, in TV broadcasting the same transmitted video signal can be viewed by anyone who happens to receive the broadcast signal without any limit on the total number. Clearly streaming the video content individually from the stadium in Brazil is impractical. The challenges are many. Device performance limits mean that switching packets to 100 million subscribers is not possible in terms of energy consumption and speed. This is further complicated as diverse transmission rates are needed because the size of the receiving displays differ: a mobile screen is smaller than a PC and therefore the video quality can be coarser. Given different video rates, the required average transmission rates can be estimated as 1.8-2.5 megabits per second (Mbps), Content Delivery and Net Neutrality which would require a 180-250 X 1012 bps (Tbps) aggregate transmission rate for 100 million viewers. This would be impossible with present technology. Moreover, carrying all these individual video streams in parallel to approximately the same des- tination (e.g