or market segments (e.g. cellular operators VS. satellite operators). Competition among mobile operators, their network equipment vendors, and handset manufacturers is not new. Neither is the competition between technologies, as was the case in the past, for example, between LTE and Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX). However, we expect that 5G will spur more aggressive competition over new markets and even spectrum, as we see in WRC-19. For example, 5G is expected to open new markets - markets that already have their incumbent players. The satellite industry is looking into adopting 5G technologies to provide mobile broadband services, thus increasing competition with cellular operators. Cable companies are interested in that market too, through the use of 5G in unlicensed or shared spectrum. On the other hand, cellular operators consider using 5G in "fixed access" mode to provide internet service in, for example rural areas, thus competing with cable companies. There will also be a competition between private networks deployed by non-operator entities (e.g. enterprises) to serve their needs and cellular operators, who would like to serve them by leasing parts of their networks using, for example, slicing. Some of this competition is already visible in discussions around 5G spectrum allocations. While some regulators consider putting aside certain chunks of spectrum for verticals, oper- ators would prefer that spectrum awarded to them, SO that they can serve the same industry using slicing. Additionally, there is an ongoing debate on spectrum allocations for mobile and satellite industries, for example, in WRC-19. Generally, competition is a positive force, driving innovation and reducing costs. On the other hand, this kind of competition (between technologies and/or between indus- tries) is likely to cause market fragmentation (something that we already observe in the V2X space and may actually drive costs up, not down). All in all, 5G is likely to increase competition in the wireless space