ployment, 268 net-income-generating carriers NZDSF (nonzero dispersion-shifted fiber), baseline parameters, 465 154, 280 cost elements, 464 CPE cost cuts, 470, 475 networks O-UNI (Optical User-Network Interface), architecture, 425 18, 414 elements, 428 OADMs (Optical Add/Drop infrastructures, 8-9 Multiplexers), 323 management CWDM, 323 DWDM, 298 DWDM, 285 SONET, 170 IONs, 357 topologies, 191 SONET, 132-134 Next-gen SONET, 3-11, 18, 228-232 OAM&P, 169 design issues, 241 OC levels, SONET, 157 edge products, 245 OC-3 UPSRs, 198 financial issues, 236-238 ocular hazard, FSO, 433 hybrid implementation, 247-250 OIF (Optical Internetworking Forum), 18 market positioning, 32-34 OLAs (optical line amplifiers), 272, 276 market share, 234 OLS (optical label switching), IONs, 360, product approaches, 243-244 364-365 variant implementations, 252-256 optical amplifiers, 128-129 viable business case, 239 optical hubs, 197 NOCs (Network Operations Centers), 47 Optical layer operation, WDM, 260 nodal reliability, carrier class networks, 27 optical line signals, 111 Index optical networking, 15, 148-149 PECVD (plasma-enhanced low-temperature 1G, 149-150 chemical vapor deposition), 266 2G, 151-152 Peer model, GMPLS, 415 3G, 152-153 performance bandwidth capacity goals, 154-155 IONs, 376 DWDM, 156 SONET, monitoring, 172, 191 SONET, 157 PHASIC (photonic hybrid active silica standards, 140 integrated circuit), 265 optical packet node vendors, 42 photomicrolithography 265 optical switching, 137 photonic networking, WDM, 285, 296 optical technologies, 72 Physical layer maintenance, SONET, 185 broadband vendors, 40 PMD (Polarization mode Dispersion), metro level applications, 27 103-104, 155, 286 SONET/SDH, 117 point-to-point FSO system, 425 optimized edge equipment, DWDM, point-to-point terminals, SONET, 191 299-301, 310-313 pointers, SONET, 163 OSS interfaces, SONET, 169 PON systems (passive optical network), 266 OTNs (Optical Transport Networks), PoS (Packet over SONET), 221 18, 346 private line services, 12 out-of-band signaling produ