onomics of, 309-311 regulation of, 30 essential facilities doctrine and, 289 service demand lands, 166-167 layered model of, 379 Telecommunications Management Network network diversity and, 378-382 (TMN), 176, 176f, 177 rationales for, 352-354 transaction costs of, 180, 258 studies on voluntary and mandated, 295-296 types of access to networks, 358-360 vertical integration vertical integration and, 174-175 of AT&T, 174-175 wholesale delivery, output vs. content in, 29 Bell operating companies and, 246-247 wholesale distribution network of General Motors, 147n32 retail access to, 32 of networks, 36-38 role in lower transaction costs, 17 of telephone companies, 174-175 wholesale trade sector, 15 transaction costs and, 408 Williamson, Oliver E., 349n28 wholesale access, 174-175 Willis-Graham Act, 299n50, 325 vertical switching services, 236 wireless communication, 243-244 VHS technology, 142-143 wireless technology, 136-138 Vickrey auctions of capacity, 88-90, 92-93, 94n10 access and, 256-257 virtual collocation, 238, 280-281 interconnection access, 262-263 virtual demand function, 90-91 platform access, 271 virtual loop, 355-356 wireless telephone industry, and wholesale access, 258 voice over Internet protocol (VoIP), 170, 244, 345 wireless telephone pricing, 416-417 Wireline Broadband Internet Access Services Order, 343, Waldman, Michael, 291n27 343n19, 345, 350, 352-353, 359-360 walled gardens, 344, 405 Wireline Broadband NPRM, 342 Walras, Leon, 70n15 Wu, Tim, 345 Web page hosting, 424 Wechsler, Herbert, 386 Younger abstention, 302-305 Weiser, Philip, 313 Werbach, Kevin D., 334n1, 379n12 zero opportunity costs, 207-209 Westlaw, 389 Zupan, Mark A., 349n28 Table of Cases 50 Acres of Land, 469 U.S. 24 (1984), United States V., nom. Maryland V. United States, 460 U.S. 1001 222n23, 223n26, 223n27, 223n31, 224n37, 225n42, (1983), 123n7, 157n7 226n45 AT&T Co. V. Central Office Telephone, Inc., 524 U.S. 564.54 Acres of Land, 441 U.S. 506 (1979) (Lutheran 214 (1998), 127n13 Synod), United States V., 222n22, 222n23, 223n2