has been 1. Create a block-based breakdown of the target established, there is a finite set of possibilities that can be waveform (using target algorithms from step 1 as optimized. The issue with such optimization is not the building blocks). optimization algorithm itself; several algorithms exist 2. Breakdown target waveform into clock domains. The software defined radio as a platform for cognitive radio CHAPTER 2.4a 3. Estimate time necessary to complete each algorithm. 2.4a.2.4 Multicore systems and (a) In the case of packet-based systems, this value is system-on-chip fairly straightforward. 2 (b) In the case of stream-based systems, this value is Even though several computing technologies have some the allowable latency. promise over the horizon, such as quantum computing, it is an undeniable fact that silicon-based computing such as 4. Compute number of operations per second (OPS) multicore systems and system-on-chip (SoC) will continue needed for each algorithm. to be the bedrock of computing technology. Unfortunately, 5. Create a set of devices from the platform-specific as technology reaches transistors under 100 nm, the key phase that meet area and cost parameters (or what- problems become the inability to continue the incremental ever other parameters are appropriate for a first cut). pace of clock acceleration as well as significant problems in This set of devices can be very large. At this stage, the power dissipation. Even though the number of gates per goal is to create a set of devices or combination of unit area has roughly doubled every 18 months since the devices that meet some broad criteria. 1970s, the amount of power consumed per unit area has 6. Cycle through the device set. remained unchanged. Furthermore, the clocks driving processors have reached a plateau, SO increases in clock (a) Attempt to map algorithms onto given devices in speed have slowed significantly. In order to overcome the technology problems in (i) For DSP: fabrication, a design shift has begun in the semiconductor (1) Make