lly interacts with network access and gateway servers and with databases and directories containing user information. 5G Network Architecture NFV leverages modern technologies such as those developed for cloud computing. At the core of these cloud technologies are virtualization mechanisms. Hardware virtualization is realized by means of hypervisors6 as well as the usage of virtual Ethernet switches (e.g., vSwitch7) for connecting traffic between virtual machines (VMs) and physical interfaces. For communication-oriented functions, high-performance packet processing is made possi- ble through high-speed multi-core CPUs with high I/O bandwidth, smart network interface cards for load sharing and transmission control protocol (TCP) offloading, routing packets directly to VM memory, and poll-mode Ethernet drivers (rather than interrupt driven; e.g., Data Plane Development Kit 8. Cloud infrastructures provide methods to enhance resource availability and usage by means of orchestration and management mechanisms, which is applicable to the automatic instantiation of virtual appliances in the network, management of resources by properly assigning virtual appliances to the CPU cores, memory and inter- faces, reinitialization of failed VMs, 9 snapshot of VM states, and the migration of VMs. As shown in Fig. 1.2, containers and VMs are two ways to deploy multiple, isolated services on a single platform [42-44]. The decision whether to use containers or VMs depends on the objective. Virtualization enables workloads to run in environments that are separated from their underlying hardware by a layer of abstraction. This abstraction allows servers to be divided into virtualized machines that can run different operating systems. Container technology offers an alterna- tive method for virtualization, in which a single operating system on a host can run many A hypervisor is a function which abstracts or isolates the operating systems and applications from the underly- ing computer hardware. This abstraction allows the underlying ho