110 virtualization and, 43-44 Wi-Fi management with, 376-377 Cloud Xpress, 8 Clyburn, Mignon, 144,230 CMTSs (Cable Modem Termination Systems), 210, 211- coaxial cable capacity, 214 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), 334, 384 codecs, 34 Cogeco, 153 coherent fiber optics, 8 collaboration software, 108-109 co-location facilities, 222-223 Comcast, 135-136, 284 lobbying by, 148 mergers and acquisitions, 134 as resellers, 155 set-top boxes, 211 Wi-Fi hotspots, 379 ComiXology, 160 Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI), 352 Communications Platform as a Service (CPaaS), 111 Community Antenna TV (CATV), 135 www.TechnicalPDF.com community forums, 309-310 competition, 130-131, 148-149. See also individual companies access networks in cable operators' networks, 215- agents, 153-154 consolidation via mergers competition and, 148-149 impact on consumers, 151 mobile operators, 149-152 pre-2011 mergers, 132-133 current state of, 126-128 ISPs (Internet service providers), 316 MVNOs (Mobile Virtual Network Operators), 154 nontraditional competitors Amazon, 159-160 - Apple, 165-167 Facebook, 161-162 Google, 155-159 Microsoft, 163-165 Snapchat, 162-163 Twitter, 165 overbuilders, 153 prisoner telephony providers, 155 quarterly residential subscriber losses, 131 rural areas, 131-132 broadband availability in, 131-132, 315-316 CAF (Connect America Fund), 137 A-CAM (Alternative Connect America Model), 141-142 e-rate subsidies, 143 Internet connectivity costs in, 198-199 Lifeline subsidies, 142-143 streaming media, 286 www.TechnicalPDF.com wholesale providers, 152 Competitive Carrier Association (CCA), 329 compression, 29 algorithms, 30-31, 32-33 applications, 33-34 codecs, 34 quality and, 102 standards, 64 conditional access, 211 conferencing, UC (Unified Communications) cloud solutions, 109-110 collaboration software, 108-109 desktop video conferencing, 107-109 immersive HD video conferencing, 110 Connect America Fund (CAF), 137 Consent Decree, 168 Consolidated Telecommunications Services, 152 consolidation via mergers competition and