trum idle, 5 spread spectrum WLANs, 484 inductive loading of, 97-98 models of, 95f SS No. 7. See CCITT Signaling System No., 7 stability, 189 signaling in, 164 subscriber plant, 169, 171f data-transmission-system, 263 subscriber set, 4 standard CCITT group, formation of, 82-83 telephone numbers for, 6 standard CCITT supergroup, 83, 84f subscriber station (SS), 348, 355 standard deviation (o), 60-61 authentication of, 357 standardization, in telecommunications, 15-16 authorization of, 357-358 standardization agencies, 15 subscriber-to-subscriber connectivity, 7f standards, video transmission, 411-413 subscriber wire pairs, loss per unit length of, 96 star network, 10, 11f subscripts, 604 topology of, 292, 293-294 subservice field, 372 start-stop bit stream, 260f subsplit frequency plan, 454 "start-stop" transmission, 260-261 substitution method, 610, 611 state-dependent routing, 182 Subtract command, 399-400 example of, 185 summation, notation for, 604 step-by-step (SXS) telephone switch, 71-72 superframe groupings, 122 step-index fiber, 234, 235f supernode/ENET, 136-137 STM-1 rate, 536. See also synchronous transport supervision local switch function, 70 module (STM) supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) STM-1s, interconnection of, 508 system, 3 STM-4 rate, 536 RF bandwidth for, 36 STM-N frame, administrative units in, 507-508 supervisory frames, HDLC, 287 stop-and-wait ARQ, 257 supervisory signaling, 31, 116, 119, 149-150, store and burst system, 470 151-154 stored program control (SPC), 13, 60, 72, 73-74 E&M, 154 switch for, 13 in-band, 151-152 stored program control switching system, out-of-band, 152-154 functional elements of, 73-74 support functionality, TMN, 567 STPs. See signaling transfer points (STPs) surveillance and control, objectives for, 548 streaming mode service, 526 survivability Strowger, Almon B., 71 enhancing, 542-544 Strowger switch, 71 network, 541-544 Structure of Management Information (SMI), 555 switch design limit, 98 structured data transfer (SDT), 524 switched (dial-up) sync