ct approaches, next-gen SONET, GMPLS, 390 243-244 IONs, 375 programming latency, GMPLS switches, 394 overhead protocol extensions, GMPLS, 419 GMPLS, 394 PRS (Primary Reference Source), SONET, 180 SONET, 180 overlay model, GMPLS, 415 PTE (path-terminating equipment), OXCs (optical crossconnects) SONET, 128 DWDM, 277 IONs, 358 SONET, 134 QoS (Quality of Service), IONs, 375 Raman amplification, DWDM, 131 receivers path problems, SONET, 190 CWDM, 322 payback of Ethernet-based metro fiberoptics, 115 systems, 43-46 Index reconfiguration capabilities, SONET, 191 service delivery, SONET BLSRs, 203 reduced refresh processing, GMPLS, 398 SFM (self-phase modulation), 287 refraction, fiberoptics, 74 signaling refresh reduction, GMPLS, 398-399 degradation, 82 regenerators, SONET, 127, 197 GMPLS rerouting traffic, SONET, 206 latency, 394 ResvConf message, GMPLS, 407 message encapsulation, 391 revenue mechanisms, IONs, 359 data for carriers, 483-494 single-mode fiber, 92 forecasts, FSO, 437 single-ended maintenance, SONET, 171 goals, modeling systems, 458-459 small laser size, CWDM, 329 trends, 49 SMDS (Switched Multimegabit Data ring architecture, FSO, 427 Service), 17 RLECs (Radio LECs), 3 soft state overhead, GMPLS, 397 routing, GMPLS, 417-418 sol-gen, 265 RPS (Ring Protection Switching), SONET (Synchronous Optical Network), SONET, 210 117-118, 148, 157 RSTP (Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol), 18 1:N protection channel sharing, 192 RSVP-TE (Resource Reservation Protocol ADMs (Add/Drop Multiplexers), 166 Traffic Engineering), 383 advances, 16 Rule of 78, 501 AIS (alarm indication signal), 172 RWA problem (routing and wavelength application implementations, 173 assignment), IONs, 359 ATM compatibility, 207 RxM (receiver modules), DWDM, 37 automatic healing, 205 bandwidth allocation, 202 management, 218-219 SANs (storage area networks), 15, 42 BIP error events, 187-188 SBS (Stimulated Brillouin Scattering), 286 bit stuffing, 167 scintillation, FSO, 431 BLSRs (bidirectional line-switched rings), scramblers, SONET, 178 173, 200, 206 