3, M-FSK, 274 M-PSK, 274 projection/projective (-), 333, 346, M-QAM, 275 MacKay, D.J.C., 155, 187, 207, 605 quantum (-), xix, 306, 333, 341, 343-51, 356, Macrosystem, 51, 367 418, 451, 459, 502 Majority logic, 210, 496 single qubit (-), 356-60 Man-in-the-middle attack, see Attack state, 341 Mangler, 531 success, 358 Mangling function, 531 von Neumann (-), 333, 343, 346, 348, Markov chain, 82, 581-4 Matrix Measuring information, see Information commutator/commuting, see Commuting MEM, see Entropy conditional, 18 Memory density, 333, 341-3, 431, 432, 465 computer, 287-90 determinant, 338 space, 108 diagonal form/representation, 333, 339, 341, Memoryless 432-4, 460 channel, see Channel elements, 337 source, see Source generator, 212, 509, 515 Microscopic state, 51 Hadamard, 58, 220, 312, 314, 315, 319, 329, 339, Microstate, 51, 66, 67, 285 Mitra, P.P., 278 Hermitian-conjugate, 312, 627 Mobile/radio/cellular/wireless/3G communications, identity, 304, 312 224, 225, 371, 592, 603 inverse, 312 Modular operator (-) elements, 333, 337-8 algebra/arithmetic, 302, 656-8 parity-check, 212, 509, 514 reduction, 657 partial trace/tracing, 438, 445, 446, 665 Modulation format, 225 Pauli, xix, 304, 312-15, 319, 327, 329, 339, 478, Modulus of vector, see Vector 499, 503, 505, 551, 627, 631 Moment (PDF), 66 trace, 333, 340-1, 433 Monogram, 134, 169 transition, 18, 475, 582 Moore's law, 539 transposed, 312 Morin, E., xii, xiii unitary, 304, 312, 627, 632 Morse Vandermonde, 385, 386 code, 132-6, 138, 152 Maximizing entropy, see Entropy symbols, 132 Maximum Motion picture, see Picture entropy, see Entropy MPEG, 161, 191, 599, 601-4 length shift-register codes, see Code MP3, 161, 595-6 likelihood decoding, see Decoding MS-DOS, 207 Maxwell, J. C., 283 MTTF, see Mean Maxwell-Boltzmann probability distribution, see Mu-law (or u-law), 592 Probability Multiplication operation Maxwell's demon, xix, 283-8 classical, 302 quantum, 326 codeword length, see Codeword Multivariate normal probability distribution, see continuous-variable, 26 Probabil