, one for long distance and anywhere from one to seven or more for local service. Worse yet billing turned into a nightmare. Billing was site-specific. Corporations formerly paying a single bill for combined long distance and local service, covering hundreds and in some cases thousands of locations, had a blizzard of paper to deal with. (See the "Anatomy and Pathology of Communi- cations Billing and Payment" section of Chapter 11 for more details on how the breakup impacted customers.) As an example, billing for private line services used in host-to-host or terminal-to-host data communications resulted in three bills: two for the local access or tail circuits and a third for the inter- exchange facility. Ordering and provisioning private line services now turned into a coordination exercise for anyone requiring such service. The model for present-day service was set to the extent that local service is ordered and provisioned separate from long distance. A local telephone call originates and terminates in the same LATA. A private line between two points in the same LATA is local service. The same local facility or service configured to terminate in the inter-exchange POP provides access to the inter-exchange carrier. The inter-exchange carrier provides service to the distant or foreign LATA. There it is terminated in a POP and passed to the local exchange carrier providing far end access, sometimes called egress. The LATA scheme became the basis for widespread use of the terms access and transport. Functionally, the BOCs provide access facilities, and long distance carriers, also called inter-exchange carriers, pro- vide transport. 2 INTERNET AND TELECOM: A BRIEF HISTORY LOCAL SERVICES DEREGULATION AND CHANGE AFTER 1996 With the breakup of the Bell System, long distance services were deregulated and began a path to a competitive marketplace. AT&T remained under greater restrictions than other common carriers. Regulations prohibited them from providing local service of any kind and they continued to be subject to t