s) opens TCP connections and down- loads 246-byte HTML objects to verify each connection. Close to 8200 concurrent connections are possible before transfers start to fail, which is enough for a unit designed to police a T1/E1 link. Another test scenario emulated multiple flows, comprising four file transfers, a RealMedia flow and two SAP R/3 purchase orders. Without traffic shaping, the file transfers consumed over 90% of the bandwidth. In this case, a traffic-shaping rule might restrict file-transfer connections to 300 kbps with the possibility of bursting up to 12kbps if other applications allow. Response time for the SAP sessions should fall as a result and aggregate file-transfer bandwidths average between 300 and 512 kbps. 13.6 IP Traffic Management Multiprotocol label switching (MPLS) is now a key technology in IP networks. MPLS implements a regime whereby packets are tagged so that they can each take the fastest route through a network and be reassembled in the correct order at the destination. Various products are available for MPLS traffic engineering. One of the major applications for IP networks, and especially IP VPNs, is voice-over IP (VoIP). VoIP is valuable because of the lower cost of VoIP voice services. However, it is also chal- lenging because it demands higher QoS than is usually needed in IP networks. Therefore, it is not surprising that MPLS traffic engineering products often give particular attention to the problem of QoS with a view to enabling effective VoIP services. We give an overview of some of the approaches that are being taken. 13.6.1 Cisco Systems, Inc. Cisco recognises that the quality and priority of VoIP traffic in a converged network are a key concern. Fortunately, QoS functions and management tools have evolved so that network-wide services can be scaled, including protecting voice sessions in a converged network and monitoring SLAs. Traffic classification, prioritization, queu- ing and traffic and bandwidth management capabilities are available in Cisco routers, which focus 