fundamental characteristics of above-6-GHz bands. Compared to above 6 GHz, below 6 GHz is valuable spectrum for mobile commu- nication because of good penetration and robustness to obstacles. However, spectrum opportunities below 6 GHz are expected to be limited to a few hundreds of megahertz. To obtain a higher data rate from multi-Gbps to 10 Gbps with spectrum below 6 GHz, it is essential to employ higher rank Massive Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO), which is evaluated in experiments using sub-6-GHz bands. On the other hand, propagation loss in mmW is significantly higher compared to that for the sub-6-GHz bands. Beamforming and beam tracking techniques, which are evalu- ated in the mmW experiments, are essential in such scenarios to achieve high availability of coverage and seamless mobility among cells. Beamforming can be thought of as a 5G Technology: 3GPP New Radio, First Edition. Edited by Harri Holma, Antti Toskala, and Takehiro Nakamura. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Published 2020 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 11 Measurements high-gain or narrow-beamwidth antenna pattern, while beam tracking refers to updat- ing the orientation of that pattern over time to achieve some objective, for example, maximize signal strength. These propagation measurements [1-15] and field experiments [16-25] were con- ducted in Japan. The field experiments on 5G radio technologies were conducted via the collaboration between Nokia and NTT DOCOMO during the period from 2014 to 2017. Propagation Measurements Above 6 GHz 11.2.1 Fundamental Experiments Fundamental experiments were conducted in the NTT DOCOMO R&D center in Yoko- suka, Japan. In this section, the characteristics of path loss in open space, building cor- ner diffraction loss, building penetration loss, scattering effect on rough surfaces, and human blockage effects are shown. 11.2.1.1 Path Loss in Open Space Path loss measurements were carried out in a wide parking space. Figure 11.1 shows the measurement conditions. In the measurement site, there are few buildings