a key in m Wave 5G deployments as opposed to just digital beamforming, providing another tool to help fulfilling required service criteria. In theory, CPP and throughput threshold cri- teria can still be applied to the nmWave spectrum; however, the mmWave propagation characteristics mentioned above pose some challenges in applying these simplistic criteria. Therefore, as mentioned above, CPA is receiving more attention in the effort to address new 5G use cases. In the case of URLLC, completely new criteria are getting traction, such as latency and delay budget. When latency is considered, all network components contribut- ing delays must be accounted for, including firewalls, switches, and routers. In the past (e.g. 3G and 4G), typically only the terminals went through a formal certifica- tion process, while it was the responsibility of every operator to ensure that the network was built to provide adequate capacity and other KPIs. With 5G, in order to guarantee end-to-end reliability, it is possible that not only terminals need to undergo certification. It can be envisioned that certification of the whole network will be necessary to allow a customer (in case the customer is an enterprise) or a regulator to determine whether a cer- tain operator has built the network, which is reliable and resilient end-to-end, and whether the internal processes are able to guarantee downtimes as specified in the "tier ratings" (if adopted by the cellular industry). It appears that, at the time of writing, there are no widely adopted 5G service fulfillment criteria addressing all the above issues. 7.4 Deployment Considerations 7.4.1 Deployment Cost In order to run a sustainable business, operators must deploy and operate their networks, NG-RAN in particular (which accounts for the largest part of CAPEX and OPEX of a mobile network), in a cost-effective manner while at the same time achieving the desired service objectives. One of the most sensitive parameters in terms of cost is an available and used spectrum for the deployment.