property where the fee paid is for rights to use instead of ownership. Services are tangible, yet no physical property is included in the transaction. A specifica- tion for equipment and services is a matter of defining precisely what and how many or how much is to be included in the deliverable. Depending on organizational policy and practice, standard terms and conditions of purchase on the buy side may conflict with standard terms and conditions of proposals on the sell side. It's even more likely that standard terms and conditions of a buyer will not be in complete alignment with standard terms and conditions of the seller's proposal and/or sale. When software is the deliverable, li- cense or rights to use the software can become very complex. FORMS AND INSTRUMENTS USED IN EQUIPMENT AND SERVICES PROCUREMENT ACTIONS Several types of documents are likely to be used in equipment and services transactions. Some of the more common include RFI, RFP, request for bid (RFB), request for quotation (RFQ), and responses to each of these: proposal acceptance form, a purchase order (PO), standard terms and conditions of sale, standard terms and conditions of purchase, invoice, receipt(s) for deliverables, payment, check, ir- revocable letter of credit (ILOC), promissory note, and others. Equip- ment and services specifications are likely to be included in, or referred to, in all of these. RFB, RFI, RFP, and RFQ are all terms having much in common with terms such as network, quality, and others where their meaning can vary drastically, depending on who's using them and what their purpose is. It's worth a few lines to set out how they are used here, and establish what is meant by each. RFB means that what is being bid on is well known and quantified in terms of deliverables and qualifications of potential suppliers. It's most often used by municipal, state, and federal government entities where the practice is to use standards and detailed technical PRACTICAL IP AND TELECOM FOR BROADCAST ENGINEERING AND OPERATIONS specificat