eleases 13 and beyond. The two solutions are called LTE-M, known also as Category-M or eMTC (enhanced Machine Type Commu- nication), and NB-IoT (Narrowband Internet of Things). Both solutions are fully integrated into LTE networks, which allows the existing LTE network equipment and LTE spectrum to be utilized. This chapter explains the IoT optimization technologies in 3GPP. The general IoT evolution in 3GPP is explained in Section 14.2. LTE-M is described in Section 14.3 and NB-IoT in Section 14. 4. Core network optimization is illustrated in Section 14.5. The link budget and coverage are presented in Section 14.6 and network capacity in Section 14.7. Power consumption minimization is discussed in Section 14.8 followed by power consumption measurements in Section 14.9. There are also alternative technologies for low-cost IoT connectivity, for example, LoRa and Sigfox. They are deployed on unlicensed spectrum and need a dedicated network which is not integrated into mobile networks. The solution benchmarking is illustrated in Section 14.10. 5G enhances IoT connectivity in particular for industrial, vehicular, and other use cases where low latency and ultra-high reliability are important. 5G IoT is presented in Section 14.11, and the chapter is summarized in Section 14.12. 14.2 loT Optimization in LTE Radio LTE evolution enhanced IoT capabilities by improving coverage, device power con- sumption, device and deployment cost, and connectivity. IoT operation on top of LTE networks was kicked off with Release 8 using Category 1 devices. LTE Release 8 baseline was not optimized for low-cost IoT, and there was a clear need to make enhancements in LTE specifications to improve IoT support. IoT optimization targets were substan- tially higher for coverage, power consumption, and cost. The targets are summarized in Table 14.1. The maximum path loss target is up to 20 dB higher than in LTE or LTE-Advanced. Operating time with two AA batteries should be 10 years, and the IoT device cost should be 80% lower from the chip set 