The last step brings the massive MIMO antenna also to FDD bands at 1800-2600 MHz, which makes sense, especially when 5G device penetration on those bands increases. Electromagnetic Field (EMF) Considerations Base station installations must comply with the local EMF exposure limitations. Most countries have adopted the RF exposure limits developed by International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). This limit corresponds to 10 W/m2 measured over 6 min moving average. Some countries enforce more stringent local rules. EMF limits must be considered as part of 5G network deployment planning. A new challenge in 5G is the usage of beamforming from the EMF point of view. Massive MIMO provides high beamforming gain, which is excellent for coverage and capacity but can pose new issues regarding RF exposure and EMF limitations. Beamforming increases the Equivalent Isotropically Radiated Power (EIRP) and creates larger EMF exclusion zones than conventional non-beamforming antennas if we assume the theoretical peak value for the beamforming gain. The peak EIRP value with a 3.5 GHz 8.7 Network Synchronization and Coordination Requirements Table 8.1 Compliance distances with traditional and with statistical approaches [1]. Probability and Compliance averaging time distance Traditional 16.1 m 95%/10 6.4 m 99%/10 S 6.6 m Statistical 95%/60 S 6.9 m 99%/60 S 7.3 m Worst-case peak value Average case 3.5 GHz 3.5 GHz massive MIMO massive MIMO Non-beamforming EIRP 71 dBm Beamforming peak Beamforming average EIRP lower EIRP 78 dBm Time averaging: load and TDD Spatial averaging Figure 8.10 Peak and average EIRP values with beamforming antenna. beamforming antenna can be 78 dBm with 200 W and a 25 dBi beamforming gain, which is substantially more than that obtained with the traditional solution with an 18 dBi sector antenna. This worst case, however, does not represent the typical case with beamforming, where the average value is lower due to time averaging and spatial averaging. The cell is not fully loaded all th