73. the domestic and international monopolies of NTT and KDD and 1974. The European Monetary System (EMS) was agreed, which restructured NTT as a private corporation. went into effect on 9 March 1979. There were four elements to There are two types of operators in Japan: the agreement: a European Unit of Account (EAU); a mechan- ism for exchange and information; transfer arrangements; and 1. Type I carriers, who own and maintain their own telecommuni- credit arrangements. cations infrastructure. These include long distance and interna- 1979. First direct elections to the European Parliament, by the tional carriers, satellite service providers and mobile services, citizens of the EEC. (Before this time its members had been including paging. appointed.) 2. Type II carriers, who do not own their own infrastructure, but 1981. Greece joined the EEC, bringing its membership up to ten. provide services. Anyone can become a Type II carrier simply The European Currency Unit (ECU) was also created and by informing the MPT, and in the region of a thousand exist. replaced the EAU. 11/8 The telecommunications industry 1986. On 1 January 1986 Portugal and Spain joined the EEC, 3. Regulations. These are issued by the Council, or sometimes by bringing the number of countries up to twelve. the Commission. They are legally binding in their entirety to all 1986. On 17 and 28 February 1986 the Single European Act was Member States. signed which amended the earlier treaties of Paris and Rome Decisions. These are issued by the Council and sometimes by and defined the goal to be reached by the single European the Commission. They are addressed to a Member State or a market by 31 December 1992. legal person and are binding in their entirety on those to whom they are addressed. The European Community works through five main bodies: Recommendations. A recommendation has no legal power, being a recommendation for a course of action. It may be issued The Commission of the European Communities, which may be by the Commission or the Council. 