graphic telepresence. Sensing and Localization: These offer unique services and are managed using a context-based approach [16-20]. 10.2.4 AIR INTERFACE TECHNIQUES Massive Multiple Input Multiple Output (mMIMO) and Cell-free Massive Multiple Input Multiple Output (CF-mMIMO): To increase performance, Role of Photonics for Future 6G the number of elements in the antenna is increased in mMIMO. Whereas CF- mMIMO is used for removing inter-cell interference and enhancing the data rate at the cell edge. Holographic Radio: This provides more spatial multiplexing than mMIMO by creating a spatially continuous electromagnetic aperture. NOMA: Non-orthogonal multiple access methods are more efficient for higher multi-user capacity and for near-far effect [16-20]. 10.2.5 NETWORK DESIGN TECHNIQUES 3D Network Architecture: This is multi-connectivity and provides ideal ser- vices. It is also a cell-less architecture. It is deployed at a lower cost. This also provides advanced access backhaul integration and energy-efficient network operation. Radio Access Network (RAN): The advanced network slicing method improves the radio access network efficiency. The open radio access network is cost efficient and resource efficient. Automation and Security: Artificial intelligence and quantum computing methods help to make a system secure with high performance and lower expenditure [16-20]. 10.2.6 INTELLIGENT NETWORKING TECHNIQUES AI: Networks that are used by artificial intelligence depend on machine learning and deep learning. Blockchain is also a decentralized, immutable, and transparent technology. Quantum Computing and Communication: To move towards a real-time environment, quantum computing is used. Quantum communication is more secure for communication networks [16-20]. 10.3 PHOTONICS FOR 6G COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS Photonic technology is electromagnetic interference-free and has high accuracy for high-speed optical signal processing. This topic has received a lot of attention lately, with new advancements pointing to photonic integrati