bering in IP networks. New standards for VoIP framing to reduce overhead. MPLS - A standardized technology that provides connection-oriented switching based on IP routing protocols and labelling of data packets. Diffserv, RSVP for IP QoS. Sigtran - A protocol architecture for SS7 signalling transfer using IP as a transport technology (BICC/ISUP, MAP, etc. over IP). Level 3: IP routers and combinations with other technologies - Below is a series of protocol stacks from real routers, most of them not dealt with in the book: Routing protocol: OSPF, RIP/RIPv2, EIGRP, ISIS, BGP(4), DVMRP, PIM-D, PIM- S, MBGP, MPLS, IGMP, IPX, PPTP, IP policy routing, NAT, Appletalk, SW and HW routing. Management protocols: SNMP, RMON, HTTP, Telnet, CLI, TACACS +, Radius, TFTP, RCP, LDAP client for policy-based management, built-in DHCP server, dynamic DNS, embedded browser interface. Networks and Technologies Connection: OSI 1-2: (roughly transfer mode): 10/100/1000 Ethernet, ATM, frame relay, X.25, ISDN, POSIP, DPT, FDDI, channelized E1, SMDS, STM-1, STM-4, PPP, HDLC, token ring, RS232, X.21, V35. Chapters 5 and 9 AMR for adaptable voice coding. MPEG for coding of moving pictures. Each MPEG encoder must compress, and each decoder must decompress both audio and video. JPEG 2000 for coding of still pictures. WAP for adaptation of mobile terminal units to the Internet. API for fast creation of new applications An API is a set of routines, protocols and tools for building software applications. A good API makes it easier to develop a program by providing all the building blocks. A programmer puts the blocks together. Positioning, GPS global positioning system. Messaging over IP protocols. Parlay versus JAIN. See Table 3.3. JAIN - Java API for integrated networks. It is an interface that provides a uniform interface to wireless systems, traditional Internet access, PSTN/ISDN and ATM sys- items. JAIN creates Java technology based APIs which enable the rapid development of products and services on the Java platform. The JAIN initiative inte