hat are made available to network management system via management protocols, such as SNMP. A Network Control System contains the service flow and the associated Quality of Service information that have to be provided to BS when an MS enters into the network. The Control SAP (C- SAP) and Management SAP (M-SAP) interface the control and management plane functions with the upper layers. The NCMS entity presents within each MS. The NCMS is a layer-independent entity that may be viewed as a management entity or control entity. Generic system management entities can perform functions through NCMS and standard management protocols can be implemented in the NCMS. If the secondary management connection does not exist, the SNMP messages, or other management protocol messages, may go through another interface in the customer premise or on a transport connection over the air interface. Figure 3-4 describes a simplified network reference Network Control and Management Network Control and Management System (NCMS) System (NCMS) IEEE 802.16 C-SAP M-SAP Air-Interface C-SAP M-SAP IEEE 802.16 Entity IEEE 802.1 16 Entity Data/Control Planes Mobile Station (MS) Base Station (BS) FIGURE 3-4 The IEEE 802.16 generic network reference model [3] An SNMP-managed network consists of three key components: (1) a managed device; (2) an agent; and (3) a network management system. A managed device is a network node that contains an SNMP agent and resides in a managed network. Managed devices collect and store management information and make this information available to NMSs using SNMP. Managed devices, sometimes called network elements, can be any type of device including, but not limited to, routers, access servers, switches, etc. An agent is a network-management software module that resides in a managed device. An agent has local knowledge of management information and translates that information into a form compatible with SNMP. A network management system executes applications that monitor and control managed devices. The NMSs provide the 