EP assessments - to ensure quality declarations, trans- parency, and effectiveness. Explore and establish patent pool licensing for 5G - to determine appropriate licens- ing terms and conditions (including royalties) within the 5G patent pool framework to meet the overall NGMN business objectives. After the publication of the NGMN 5G White Paper, NGMN went on to look into details of the end-to-end architecture [7], where network slicing concepts and implica- tions were further elaborated. The work has further led to definition of the service-based architecture [8]. In addition, to develop a deeper understanding of the vertical industry implications of 5G, NGMN hosted workshops in Europe, the United States, and Asia, devising dialogues with actual vertical industry organizations and companies. Iterative discussions with the actual vertical industries have led to publication of a comprehen- sive set of vertical use cases and requirements, as detailed in [9]. Extreme reliability and low latency requirements and their feasibility were further studied in a subsequent project [10]. NGMN also studied the business perspective of 5G in their deliverable created by the Business Principles Group [11], in which the mutual implications of the business and technology contexts are elaborated. In addition, NGMN established the Testing and Trials Initiative to devise a strategy to guarantee the efficiency and success of the different trial activities pursued by different parties [12]. 2.4 3GPP Schedule and Phasing 3GPP has been contributing to the production of technical reports and specifications which cover telecommunications network technologies, including radio access, the core transport network, and service capabilities. In 3GPP, a radio access network (RAN) 5G workshop was held in September 2015 during the course of which the requirements and potential technologies of 5G were discussed. In this workshop, there was an emerging consensus that there will be a new, non-backward-compatible radio access technol- ogy as part of 5G