, 2018. Available from: <http://www.gtigroup.org> [49] 3GPP TSG RAN WG1, R1-165425, f-OFDM Scheme and Filter Design, 2016. [50] Z. Ding, et al., A survey on non-orthogonal multiple access for 5G networks: research challenges and future trends, IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun. 35 (10) (2017). Z. Wu et al., Comprehensive study and comparison on 5G NOMA schemes, IEEE Access, (2018). [52] Y. Yuan, et al., Non-orthogonal transmission technology in LTE evolution, IEEE Commun. Mag. (2016). [53] MediaTek, A New Era for Enhanced Mobile Broadband, White Paper, March 2018. CHAPTER 4 New Radio Access Physical Layer Aspects (Part 2) In this chapter, we discuss the theoretical and practical aspects of the downlink and uplink physical layer signal processing in NR and highlight the functional and procedural similari- ties and differences with the LTE physical layer processing. The chapter will describe gen- eration, configuration, and beamformed transmission of various physical signals and physical channels as well as the HARQ protocols and power control schemes. Unlike LTE where the downlink and uplink waveforms and multiple access schemes are different, the NR uses OFDM waveform as the basis for both downlink and uplink transmission (except in certain cases where DFT precoding is used in the uplink), resulting in many similarities in functional blocks and their respective operation in the downlink and uplink. The physical channel processing in NR utilizes polar codes for robust coding of the control channels and low-density parity check (LDPC) codes for the data channels, deviating from channel cod- ing schemes that are used in LTE. Massive MIMO is one of the main enabling technologies in 5G wireless communications. A large number of antenna elements at the base station bring extra degrees of freedom for increasing the throughput and considerable beamforming gains for improving the coverage. In practice, a large number of antenna elements can be assembled into multiple antenna panels for the purpose of cost reduction and power savi