re working on triband solutions that combine 2.4-GHz, 5-GHz and 60-GHz connectivity, suggesting that this may be the best option for delivering high and ultrahigh data rates in local area network environments. Note that some parts of the industry still regard WiFi as being competitive rather than complementary to cellular connectivity. The development of recent applications where mobile broadband is used to provide connectivity to multiple WiFi devices and hybrid WiFi and mobile broadband integration in high-end automotive applications suggests this misconception will lessen over time. In-car automotive applications are a form of machine to machine communication, albeit highly mobile. On a historic basis, automotive two-way area connectivity has been relatively narrowband and often predominantly downlink biased, GPS-based navigation being one ex- ample. Adding WiFi to the in-car environment could change this. If mobile broadband devices are integrated at the manufacturing stage then they can be reasonably easily performance op- timised with efficient external antennas. They are also connected to a generously dimensioned 12-volt supply. Devices introduced at a later stage may be much less efficient. A present example would be people using hand-held smart phones to do in car navigation. These devices can also be connected to a 12-volt supply typically via the cigarette lighter (who uses these any more for Interrelationship of the Physical Layer with Other Layers of the OSI Model the purpose for which they were intended?). This solves the duty-cycle problem but the loading on the network can be substantial, a composite of signalling load to handle high mobility and the penetration loss into the car, particularly severe with tinted windows (of the order of 6 to 10 dB). Applications where maps are progressively downloaded into the device will be particularly bandwidth hungry. This is an example where a particular LTE device used in a particular LTE application, which may not be the originally intended application, has