essage, that is, via the PDCCH using P-RNTI with or without an associated paging message. The same short message may be used to also indicate any updates to emergency SI, that is, ETWS or CMAS. The UE identity in the paging message is either S-TMSI (for NAS paging) or I-RNTI (for RAN paging). NAS paging is in normal scenarios used in RRC_IDLE only, but in some error scenarios where the network loses track of the UE, it may need to send S-TMSI paging to the UE in RRC_INACTIVE; if this occurs, a state transition to RRC_IDLE would be triggered. A UE may use DRX for paging reception in order to reduce the power consump- tion. So that the network can reach a UE utilizing DRX, there needs to be a common understanding regarding when a UE has to listen to a paging message. This is achieved by a standardized calculation giving Paging Frame (PF) and Paging Occasion (PO) as described in [3]. In multi-beam operations, the length of one PO is one period of beam sweeping, and SO the UE can assume that the same paging message is repeated in all beams of the sweeping pattern; thus, the selection of the beam(s) for the reception of the paging mes- sage is up to the UE implementation. It is not practical for all UEs listen to paging at the same time points, as then pag- ing message sizes grow impractically large because many UE identities will need to be included to indicate which UE is actually paged. Thus, the paging calculation uses UE identity to distribute UEs to different PFs and POs. Even with this it is likely that in the same PF/PO there will be multiple UEs listening, SO the network has to convey UE iden- tity in the paging message for the UE to know that the paging message is for the UE. Also, another benefit of distributing UEs to multiple POs is to increase the paging capacity of the system. In NR, the UE identity used for the paging calculation was changed from IMSI to S-TMSI (temporary UE ID allocated by AMF) in order to enhance security, as with IMSI it is possible to partially decode UE IMSI if a malicious gNB sen