egy lets them to keep the potential value for them- selves as much as possible and helps them to reduce the risks. The objectives of those strategies are for rivalry rather than for developing a new market. 13.4.2.2 China Although China granted 3G licenses much late (in January 2009) and fell behind other countries as a result, the MNOs and related VAS providers have prepared for mobile data services for years [13]. China Mobile has been upgrading its GSM network since 2001, and deployed EDGE technologies in 2007. China Unicom has focused on the data services mainly based on its CDMA network, which has been upgraded to EV-DO. Based on the infrastructure technologies, multiple data service platforms such as SMS, MMS, WAP, BREW, and JAVA were built to carry diverse contents and applications. China Mobile introduced its "Monternet" program in November 2000 to pro- mote mobile data services, and adopted the similar way of NTT DoCoMo's i-mode in Japan [14,15]. The objective was the cooperation and revenue-sharing schemes between China Mobile and its VAS provider partners which are called SPs in the Monternet program. The Monternet program enables SPs to access China Mobile's network at any place, provide nationwide VAS with contents/applications to the end customers, and charge the "information fee." By providing network transmis- sion channels and sharing its billing system or other resources with SPs, China Mobile is able to charge the "traffic fee" and shares a part of the information fee. The percentage that China Mobile can share with an SP in the information fee changes according to their cooperation mode. In the cases where China Mobile Service Delivery Platforms takes more responsibilities and contributes more in the cooperation, it may keep a higher percentage of the information fee. In China, mobile data services are considered as a new market with great poten- tial. The cooperation among MNOs, SPs, and CPs has expanded the contents and applications of mobile data services greatly. Cell phones and mobile ser