s in and/or control actions on the NFVI/SDN Network Cloud. For example, a high utilization of a network link might trigger a traffic engineering (TE) routing change or an unresponsive service function might trigger a restart of the service function. Using the advanced SDN controller capabilities, it is possible to create not only conventional network services such as Internet, virtual private networks, real-time media services, etc., but also more complex on-demand services. Examples described in more detail in Chapter 6 are VPN ser- vice ordering, bandwidth calendaring, and flow redirection. Transforming a Modern Telecom Network-From All-IP to Network Cloud 2.5.4 OPEN NETWORK AUTOMATION PLATFORM The movement to network functions virtualization changes many aspects of the way network infra- structure and services are managed over the life cycle of operation. The initial design of a service is no longer a vertically integrated optimized infrastructure, but must assume use of a distributed cloud hardware infrastructure and reuse network functions from any source that best meets the needs in the service design. The initial installation, configuration, turn up, and then changes in response to lifecycle events must be formally described in ways that can be automated such as defining work flows and actions that reference run-time sources of information and adjust use of infrastructure resources. The infrastructure as well as the service functions must expose software interfaces that allow monitoring, external control, and specification of policies that change run-time behavior. Both short-term TE and long-term capacity planning decisions must consider a broad range of services and scenarios making use of the common infrastructure. Traditional operations support systems (OSS) and business support systems (BSS) were designed to integrate monolithic network element components and to add capabilities necessary to deliver and support the operation of customer services. This approach has a number of limitations. Network elem