ay or Home gateway or Receive mobile base station mobile base station IP wide area networks noise noise Packet loss, packet delay, jitter Absolute delay Impairments: Simultaneous Delayed Nonlinear/timevar. Overall quality: R = Ro -le-eff PLR - Receive loudness rating SLR - Send loudness rating SNR - Signal to noise ratio Figure 6.5 E-model for voice quality assessment. assessment of super-wideband speech, as well as networks and codecs that introduce time warping. This method includes various test factors as well as different voice cod- ing technologies such as voice codecs standardized by the ITU-T G-series (e.g. G.711, G.723, G.729, etc.), voice codecs standardized by 3GPP (e.g. global system for mobile communication (GSM) codec, adaptive multi rate - AMR codec), etc. ITU-T P.564 [14] provides conformance testing for VoIP transmission quality assess- ment models where VoIP uses the standard RTP/UDP/IP protocol stack on both ends which carry 3.1 kHz (i.e. 300-3400 Hz) narrowband voice, as well as extension for wide- band (up to 7 kHz) voice services. In this approach the payload of the RTP stream carries generic voice payload (e.g. it can be artificially generated). The E-model for use in voice transmission planning [15] is shown in Figure 6.5. It is split into two sides, the send side and the receiver side. The model is created to estimate the voice conversational quality from mouth to ear. All transmission parameters in the E-model are combined into a single transmission rating factor, R. Calculation of the R factor is based on the following equation [15]: R = + A (6.1) In (6.1) the parameters are the following: R0 is the signal to noise ratio including background noise and transmission noise. Is represents the combination of all impairments which occur simultaneously with the voice signals. Id represents impairment caused by delay. Ie-eff is the equipment impairment factor representing impairments from low-bit codecs and packet loss. A is the advantage factor, which is a compensator to offset the other parame