9.2 Kbps channel 128 Kbps channel SIP session arrival rate FIGURE 17.12 Wireless delay VS. session arrival rate for MH moving to UMTS network from another UMTS network or a WLAN. 2 Mbps channel 11 Mbps channel Frame error rate FIGURE 17.13 Wireless delay VS. FER for MH moving to WLAN from another WLAN or a UMTS network. C 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC SIP Handbook: Services, Technologies, and Security 2 Mbps channel 11 Mbps channel SIP session arrival rate FIGURE 17.14 Wireless delay VS. session arrival rate for MH moving to WLAN from another WLAN or a UMTS network. TABLE 17.5 Handoff Delay Components (MH Moving to WLAN) Channel bandwidth Channel FER Processing delay Wireless delay 2 Mbps 0.010000 0.201908 0.001373 0.020000 0.201908 0.001402 0.030000 0.201908 0.001431 0.040000 0.201908 0.001462 0.050000 0.201908 0.001493 0.060000 0.201908 0.001525 0.070000 0.201908 0.001558 0.080000 0.201908 0.001592 0.090000 0.201908 0.001626 0.100000 0.201908 0.001661 11 Mbps 0.010000 0.201908 0.000246 0.020000 0.201908 0.000251 0.030000 0.201908 0.000256 0.040000 0.201908 0.000262 0.050000 0.201908 0.000267 0.060000 0.201908 0.000273 0.070000 0.201908 0.000279 0.080000 0.201908 0.000285 0.090000 0.201908 0.000291 0.100000 0.201908 0.000297 C 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC SIP-Based Mobility Management and Its Performance Evaluation Bandwidth (Kbps) - logarithmic scale FIGURE 17.15 Variation of handoff delay with the increase of wireless access bandwidth. access networks and hence, there have been several proposals to minimize the handoff delay and thereby minimizing packet loss during the transient handoff period. In [33], three different types of delay components in a SIP-based handoff have been identified. They are: link layer delay, network layer delay and the SIP layer delay. The proposal is to detect the movement before the link layer handoff starts and start the network layer and SIP layer handoff procedures to minimize the effect of the corresponding delay components. SIP mobility in a IPv6 network has been i