 quality and security, 75 on IP telephone systems, 73 refarming, 321 not guaranteed on IP VPNs, 230 Regional Bell Operating Companies (RBOCs), support by edge routers, 268 111, 162 for voice, over MPLS networks, 81 regional carriers, 271 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM), 193 regional core networks, 167 Qualcomm, 136, 317, 398 Regional Economic Area Groupings (REAG), car- CDMA development, 323 riers bidding on spectrum, 319 Quality of Service. See QoS regulatory issues, 117-132 QuickLogic, 358 access fees, 118-120 QuickTime, 17, 285 efforts to influence regulations, 129-132 Qwest Communications, 111, 116 regulatory highlights, landmark acts and court rulings, 161 universal service and guaranteed rate of return, Rackspace Hosting, 52 universal service, Telecommunications Act of radio access network (RAN), 342 1996, 120 radio frequency (RF). See also frequencies VoIP, 118 from cable TV networks, conversion to digital reliability signals, 201 of carrier networks, 205 signals on coaxial cable in cable TV networks, key factors affecting, 206 ensuring in core and edge routers, 270 radio frequency signals, 108 remote access, IP VPNs used for, 230 radio network controller, 331, 342 Remote Areas Fund, 124 radios remote audio and video conferencing, 89 in mobile networks, 347 remote computing, 27 SDRs for handsets, USB modems, and tablet repeaters, 43, 48 computers, 348 in distributed antenna systems (DAS), 351 software-defined radios (SDRs), 347 replication software in virtualized servers, using RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks), for automatic failover, 62 Request for Comments (RFCs), 209 Rao, Bhavani, 242 resellers, 150 rate adaptation equipment for E1 and T1 signals, residential consumers, cloud computing for, 33 residential desktop video services, 91 rate shaping, 192, 204 residential service, electrical requirements for, RBOCs (Regional Bell Operating Companies), 111, 162 resistance, 39 RCA, 281 resistive technology for touchscreens, 357 RCN Communications, 38 retail outlets as agents, 150 RCN Corporatio