f data at ever-higher speeds. Additionally, these processors facilitate the capability of personal computers to handle graphics and video transmitted via the Internet. Many processors used in consumer electronics and mobile phones are based on architecture by ARM Holdings, Plc. This architecture now incorporates 32-bit process- ing (the ability to process data in chunks of 32 bits), which means that they process data faster. Moreover, they are small and inexpensive, and they use only small amounts of power. Figure 1-2 depicts a prototype of an ARM chip on a circuit board. Low power consumption results in longer battery life in mobile devices. ARM chips are designed by semiconductor firm ARM Holdings, Plc, and are available to electronics manufacturers who pay licensing fee plus royalties up front for each chip designed. According to its web site, 95 percent of mobile devices sold worlwide are equipped with ARM chips. Figure 1-2 The ARM chip is 12 millimeters by 12 millimeters. (Twelve mil- limeters equals .48 inches.) New mobile devices have at least two chips installed. (Photo courtesy ARM Holdings, Plc.) Computing and Enabling Technologies Low-cost memory has it made it feasible to embed memory in low-cost consumer elec- tronics and smartphones. It has also enabled enterprises and cloud providers to pur- chase vast amounts of hard-drive capacity for archival purposes. Thus, companies such as Carbonite, based in Boston, are able to purchase enough memory to offer redundant hard-drive capacity to back up the entire content of a typical consumer computer for less than $30 per year. SENDING DATA IN PACKETS All Internet traffic, and the vast majority of high-speed data network traffic, is sent in packets. Putting data into packets is analogous to packaging it in envelopes. Packet switching was developed by Rand Corporation in 1962 for the United States Air Force and utilized in 1969 in the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPANET) of the Department of Defense. ARPANET was the precursor to today's Internet. The Dep