nisation will be on the form and level of service, as affordability should not be a problem. Urbanisation affects not just new areas but also the existing areas of urban conurbations. As new areas are developed and other areas redeveloped in line with natural building cycles, there will be opportunities to reconfigure not just the water services infrastructure but also the services themselves. Recent trends are moving towards significant demand management at a local and household scale and the introduction of alternative forms of sanitation and localised forms of service provision aimed at closing the water cycle and thus minimising the input of new resources (WSSTP, 2005). This will require changes to some regulatory controls; it would also entail a redistribution of responsibilities and the rise of localised and specialised forms of service provision, but still within a centralised system. Thus there could also be moves towards integrated utility management and not just water utility management. INFRASTRUCTURE TO 2030: TELECOM, LAND TRANSPORT, WATER AND ELECTRICITY - ISBN 92-64-02398-4 © OECD 2006 5. THE IMPACTS OF CHANGE ON THE LONG-TERM FUTURE DEMAND FOR WATER SECTOR INFRASTRUCTURE Environment - climate change Climate change could have a number of effects. As well as droughts, it is expected to lead to sea level rise with consequent loss of land areas and increased frequency and scale of flooding, with the attendant risks to human activities and life. At the same time climate zones will shift and the climate will become more unstable (Andrieu, 2005). The effect of sea level rise will be felt in different places. It will lead to a reconsideration of land use and might in some cases lead to abandonment and relocation of populations. Countries like Bangladesh and some island states would be most severely affected. Such major impacts, although some time into the future, will require the development of additional water resources and the associated infrastructure to transmit and distribute water to the relocated po