h). In such circumstances, the major OECD 3G licence holders are quite constrained from moving on to newer mobile technology. Consequently, new wireless technologies are far more likely to emerge in developing economies and then seep back to OECD economies. The result may be parallel operation of two infrastructure models globally for at least a decade: a previous OECD model of mixed long distance carrier standards for trunk networking with a legacy of wireline in broadband DSL and CATV cable in the local loop, and at the same time, the simpler two level radio access/fibre long distance model slowly spreading across the world. A notable feature of the architecture is the Universal Access Point (UAP) which interfaces the various radio technologies; UAPs will demand much R&D to cope with all network types. New architectures for robustness in emergency One requirement for the new infrastructure is the need for it to fill new roles. Perhaps the major challenge that the infrastructure must respond to is a heightened level of threat, from natural disasters associated with global INFRASTRUCTURE TO 2030: TELECOM, LAND TRANSPORT, WATER AND ELECTRICITY - ISBN 92-64-02398-4 © OECD 2006 2. TELECOMS INFRASTRUCTURE TO 2030 warming, with increased risks expected over the next century63 as well as man-made catastrophes and attacks. 64 What is needed is a wide range of features useful in a disaster for the emergency services, principally: Ubiquity and pervasiveness - inside, outside, at the level of a person, a sensor, a network, a city, a suburb, or a region - with a network technology and topology suited to each case's requirements. Reliability - through redundancy in coverage, with overlapping functions and range. Disaster recovery through self-healing. Instant set-up - can be added to, or installed on demand, far faster than conventional networks. Independent of any fixed infrastructure if required. Low cost compared to current fixed and cellular, as many disasters will be in the developing world. High bandwidth (compared to 