oreys. The BS antenna was placed in eters of the propagation scenario. the middle of street crossings at height of approximately Assuming that the received field strengths in the lat- 10 m above ground level, i.e. clearly below the rooftop eral and vertical planes are statistically independent, the level. At the BS, a horizontally aligned uniform linear total received field strength standard deviation can be array of four dual-polarised microstrip patch elements evaluated from (4.7.6) was used. At the MT, two omnidirectional (dipole) o(d) = VOVERT(d)q(d) + ["VVRRT(d) - (4.7.6) CHAPTER 4.7 Propagation modelling and channel characterisation [ToBL98]. As the frequency increases, spatial fluctuations Table 4.7-5 Path-loss in rural and suburban environments. of the field must be taken into account. Also, even at low Lp[dB] frequencies, the incoherent fields become important as the distance between the transmitter and the receiver in- f[GHz] Rural Suburban creases in a random scattering medium. In [ToLa04], the 38.3 + 21.1 log(d), d < 650 m Not available behaviour of the incoherent component at Very High Fre- -105 + 75.0 log (d), quency (VHF) and Ultra High Frequency (UHF) is ex- d > 650 m amined for a trunk-dominated environment. It is assumed 41.8 + 22.0 log(d) 'Macrocell' that trunks are symmetric, and that transmitter and re- 43.3 + 22.8 log(d) ceiver are in the same transverse plane. The phase function 'Microcell' appearing in the radiative transport theory is obtained from 41.6 + 23.8 log(d) the differential scattering cross-section of a dielectric cyl- inder, being valid for both low and high frequencies. The exact radiative transport equation is solved numerically by elements and a mock-up user terminal with four an- the eigenvalue technique. The solution is used to compute tennas were used. both the coherent and the incoherent attenuation con- Three BS sites were chosen at different street crossings, stants in the trunk-dominated environment. and in each BS location several BS array orientations were For a com