adband Customers Companies such as Netflix provide services that compete with cable TV and telephone company cable TV services. For example, it streams movies and TV shows to customers. Other companies stream sporting events. These competitors, known as over-the-top (OTT) companies, require access to broadband providers' customers via cable and Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) networks. Their ser- vices ride "over the top" of the broadband provided by cable TV and telephone companies. Beginning in 2010, there have been sharp increases in high-bandwidth streamed movies and TV shows that have added large amounts of traffic to last-mile networks. Users can stream content to view movies and hear music in real time, without storing the content on their tablets or computers. Continued Regulatory Issues Large telephone companies and Multiple System Operators (MSOs) control the majority of broadband last-mile networks. Comcast alone controls 22 percent of the cable TV connection market. However, entertainment-streaming applications compete with cable TV and telephone companies' own video-on-demand and television services. Because Netflix does not have its own networks, when customers place a request to stream a movie, that movie is transmitted from a Netflix server to a tier 1 broadband backbone provider, such as Level 3 Communications. Tier 1 provid- ers own fiber-optic networks that transmit data between large cities. The broad- band provider transmits the Netflix movie to the cable provider's data center that is closest to the subscriber. From there, the cable provider transmits the movie to the subscriber over its own network. Until recently, cable TV and telephone companies did not charge tier 1 network operators for connections to their local networks. However, this changed when the amount of streaming content spiked. In late 2010, Level 3 Communications, one of the tier 1 carriers Netflix uses to carry its streaming traffic, informed Comcast that it needed extra connectivity capacity for streaming traffic at Com- cas