mum SNR require- ment at the input to the demodulator for a given modulation and coding scheme. This must be followed by an additional margin related to the crest factor of the signal. A receiver extra power margin is defined, which is the amount by which the average signal power is allowed to increase before any gain reduction needs to be applied by the receiver automatic gain control (AGC). The receiver extra power margin determines the minimum AGC step requirement for any given mode. The larger the power margin, the larger the value that can be assigned to the AGC step size. Therefore, the ADC dynamic range is given by DRADO = 9.636 + SNR + CF + PH (dB), where SNR is the minimum signal-to-noise ratio required at the demodulator, CF is the crest factor, and PH is the ADC power headroom. A typical dynamic range based on an example QPSK modulation would be approximately 36 dB, if the ADC power headroom is restricted to 14 dB. This analysis may be extended to higher order modulations in order to determine the optimum ADC dynamic range and resolution to support 16QAM, 64QAM, or 256QAM. The above ADC dynamic range is related to ENOB based on the following equation ENOB = [DRADC 10log10 (1.5fg/BW honnel) (Bits), where fs and BW channel are the sampling frequency and channel bandwidth, respectively. In general, we can observe that doubling of I or Q resolution (i.e., 4 X in modulation domain) requires an additional 6 dB or one additional bit of ENOB. A quadrature I/Q DAC is required to generate the baseband I/Q analog signals for up- conversion, filtering, and amplification in the nWave transmitter. The typical bandwidths and sample rates are the same as those needed for the I/Q ADC. However, the key technical 722 Chapter 5 parameter for the transmitter is related to the spurious emission requirement. It can be shown that a DAC resolution of 7 bits or higher are typically required. The dynamic range requirement of the DACs is largely determined by the spurious emission requirement of the transmitter. The dynamic range