e a subscriber's experienced data rate. It is a key technology enabler for 5G. Small cells are closely related to dual connectivity. We talked about how they can be deployed indoors or outdoors. With respect to licensed spectrum, we said it is essential to unlock an additional licensed spectrum for the service provider SO that they can operate the network at those high data rates. We also talked about the new air interface technologies. We talked specifically about CP-OFDM and the use of 256QAM. Beam forming antennas associated with the use of Massive MIMO will be critical and with that, we also get beam steering. Then, finally, we discussed Cloud RAN. We talked about how it can provide efficiency and potential cost savings to the service provider if they choose to deploy it. In the next chapter, we will go over the end-to-end network architecture of 5G. We will learn about some concepts and the high-level components of access networks, packet core networks, and transport networks. We will also understand how the quality of service is managed in 5G networks. End-to-End Architecture Components, Concepts, Security, and Transport In this chapter, we will learn about the various components that make up a 5G network. We will go into detail about the role of each of these components. We will introduce some terms newly introduced in 5G and understand how they all fit in. The topics discussed here will create a foundation for understanding a 5G network and its various Network Functions (NFs). This chapter will provide the knowledge base upon which we will build in upcoming chapters to be able to design and operate a commercial 5G network. We will go over the end-to-end architecture of 5G. We will learn about what it takes to build a 5G network from scratch. We will learn about the various components that make up the network. We will also understand some concepts that are fundamental for understanding and building 5G networks. We will touch upon the transport and security aspects of 5G and also provide a decision chart th