perture fields, 293 Absolute Threshold of Hearing 155-160 Apertures (ATH), 8 noise, 160-167 antennas, 236 Absorption nonlinear crosstalk, 207-208 radiation, 281-283 atmospheric, 244-246, 262 Amplified Spontaneous Emission Appleton-Hartree formula, 249 free-space propagation, 259 (ASE), 161-163, 165 Approximations optical fibers, 116-117 Amplitude modulation, 37-38 Deygout, 240 rain, 270 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK), error, 14 terrestrial line-of-sight land paths to cylindrical propagation, 270 AMR-WB. See Adaptive surfaces, 240-241 Acceptance angle, 113 Multirate Wideband speech single hills to wedge shapes, Accommodation, dispersion, coder 241-242 181-182, 187 Analogue modulation, 37 APS. See Automatic Protection Accumulation Analogue signals, 31-32 Switching Protocol DGD, 191-192 Analysis-by-Synthesis (AbS) Architecture jitter, 47, 50-51 methods, 5, 7 MPLS, 381-387 noise, 161 Anomalous dispersion regimes, VPNs, 397-398 nonlinear crosstalk, 185 Arithmetic coding, 69-71 Adaptive arrays, 285-286 Antenna gain, 231-233, 280 Arithmetic for ECC, 87 adaptive null steering, 291-292 Antennas Array factor, 284, 286 beam steering, 289-291 adaptive arrays. See Adaptive Arrays nulls, 288-289 arrays adaptive. See Adaptive arrays radiation pattern, 286-288 aperture radiation, 281-283 radiation from, 284-285 Adaptive Multirate Wideband array radiation, 284-285 reflector antenna feeds, 298 (AMR-WB) speech coder, basic properties, 279-280 ASE. See Amplified Spontaneous communications, 278-279 Emission Adaptive null steering, 291-292 high-gain rod, 237 ASE-ASE beat noise, 174 Add-Drop Multiplexers (ADMs), hypothetical isotropic, 236 ASK. See Amplitude Shift Keying loop, 236-237 Assured forwarding, 392 Adjacent channel interference, reflective. See Reflective Asynchronous data transfer, 33 antennas Asynchronous Transfer Mode ADPCM. See Adaptive rod, 235-236 (ATM), 344, 362, 370-371 Differential PCM small antenna radiation, backbones, 380 Advanced Encryption Standard 283-284 example, 371-373 (AES), 104 telemetry, tracking, and in MP