rastructure models must appear to satisfy moves towards near-zero transport tariffs. Evidently a new model is needed, but what will this be? Although it is unlikely that local loop mobile access will provide the same broadband speeds as the fixed local loop (France's Iliad offers up to 24 Mbps) we can already see that the TV and entertainment conglomerates without a wired access are trying to get to the customer through broadband wireless. Future digital signal processing technology for compression will be key here. For example, DirecTV, part of News Corp, has been investigating WiMax for a 2-way service47 with the aim of providing interactive Internet access as well as entertainment video. Incumbent fixed operators also see wireless broadband as an adjunct technology for Internet access with fast rollout. Bell Canada and Rogers Communications (CATV) have a joint venture to use ClearWire technology for wireless Internet access for 40 Canadian Cities and 50 rural INFRASTRUCTURE TO 2030: TELECOM, LAND TRANSPORT, WATER AND ELECTRICITY - ISBN 92-64-02398-4 © OECD 2006 2. TELECOMS INFRASTRUCTURE TO 2030 communities, mostly to compete on infrastructure in Western Canada against local incumbent Telus. 48 All IP networks It is clear that many, if not yet all, large incumbent fixed line network operators are moving to this new form of infrastructure. Interestingly such infrastructures make a future consolidation into larger global carriers far easier. Most incumbent operators of fixed line networks are now or have been examining the possibilities for "the public switched network of the future". Underlying this task is the need to look closely at the investment cost of a complete overhaul of the network, into a full IP-based network. There are several examples of the new types of network intended to provide multiple access to many different types of network. The objective is to move the PSTN from a circuit switched voice-centric model to a data communications model which is agnostic as to the media carried. In consequence,