l connectivity in remote or temporary locations for industrial com- plexes such as mines, power plants, oil platforms, factories, and warehouses. Private and localized LTE deployments combine the QoS of LTE and the low cost of unlicensed spec- trum. Aside from industrial IoT players and general network operators looking for more avail- able bandwidth, the SAS model for CBRS encourages more players to participate in the eventual deployment of 5G technology. Low license fees and neutral hosts allow non-traditional cellular carriers to build private networks independent of exclusively licensed frequencies or heavily congested unlicensed spectrum in 5 GHz band. Operation in Unlicensed and Shared Spectrum 857 8.1.3 Principles of IEEE 802.11 Operation IEEE 802.11 family of standards is a group of wireless local area network radio access tech- nologies developed by IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Standards Committee. These standards define non-synchronous contention-based multiple access schemes based on carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA). Unlike LTE, Wi-Fi takes a decentralized approach to initiate transmissions from different devices. The rule is to listen before you talk, and if your transmission collides with another transmission, wait a random period before you try again. Therefore, when a Wi-Fi device wants to begin a transmission, it senses the medium and performs a clear channel assessment (CCA). If the channel is detected to be free for a time duration referred to as distributed interframe space, or DIFS, the transmission proceeds. Otherwise, the Wi-Fi device draws a random number, between 0 and 16 (or between 0 and 32 for IEEE 802.11b/g), starts a counter and backs-off from trans- mission while the channel is busy. When the counter reaches zero, the device that was attempting to transmit starts transmission over the channel. However, if other devices were also sensing the carrier at the same time and tried to transmit, a collision may occur. When a transmission fails (which is detected by the ab