main areas in application model are the structure of the application, life cycle of the application, and transi- tion between states in the life cycle of an application. The structure of an application can be defined using the following components: Software element: It is a collection of one or more files and associated details that are individually deployed and managed on a particular platform. Software feature: It is a collection of software elements performing a par- ticular function. Software product: It is a collection of software features that is acquired as a single unit. An agreement that involves licensing, support, and war- rantee is required between the consumer and supplier for acquiring a software product. Application system: It is a collection of software features that can be man- aged as an independent unit supporting a particular business function. 4. Database model: The management components for a database environment are defined in the CIM database model. This database model has a number Fundamentals of EMS, NMS and OSS/BSS of supportive classes representing configuration parameters, resources, and statistics. There are three major entities in the database model: Database system: The software application aspects of the database envi- ronment makes up the database system. Common database: Organized data on logical entity is called a common database. Database service: It represents the process or processes performing tasks for the database. 5. Device model: The functionality, configuration, and state of hardware can be described using the device models. Management of the device depends on the configuration of the hardware and software as well as on the interconnections between the devices. A hardware component that can offer multiple func- tionalities is realized using multiple logical devices. The hardware that can be modeled ranges from a simple battery to complex storage volumes. Device models also describe relationships. The devices in the model are represented as components under CIM_System. 