on process to have a smaller power portion of the total transmit power. The total transmission power is the same as any single-core transmission. Equation (9.1) represents the LDM superposition where X(k) represents the LDM symbols of kth subcarrier, g is the power ratio between layers, and XUL(k) and XLL(k) represent UL and LL symbols of kth subcarrier, respectively. As a result, each LDM symbol contains a UL layer symbol and a LL symbol where the total number of LDM symbols is the same as that of an OFDM system in a subcarrier. X(k) = (9.1) 9.4.2 Channel Model A single traffic channel serves user-IoT paired devices with LL and UL layer data. In this analysis, we have considered the AWGN channel model. The IoT device and user come under various mobility models, and hence the channel condition will vary for both of them. However, the IoT devices are assumed to be in poorer channel conditions due to their versatile locations and power restrictions, making them ideal recipients of UL data. The user device is more sensitive to channel conditions, but it can enjoy a higher data rate due to the properties of LL. We assume perfect channel estimation and perfect reception of control signaling at the receivers, and receivers have all the necessary information needed to detect the signal. 9.4.3 Receiver Framework for LDM Detection The LDM signal at the receiver can be expressed by Y(k) = XUL(k).H(k)+gXLL(k).H(k)+N(k), (9.2) where Y(k) is the received signal of kth sub-channel, H(k) is the channel matrix, and N(k) is the added noise. The dimensions of all the parameters used in (9.2) are the same as the number of OFDM symbols of kth subcarrier, which we assumed M. S. Islam et al. to be 64 in our simulation. The UL detection is done in a simple OFDM detection process where the LL signal from (9.2) is treated as added interference. Equation (9.3) shows the total noise and interference for the UL detection. UL detection does not require complex computing; hence, this is suitable for low-power IoT devices. The signal at the re