t proposal [130] outlining Rogoff's work and proposing several refinements including PSK data modulation, wider band- width carrier generation (either by scaling Rogoff's original system or by introducing flying spot scanners reading a pseudorandom image), and quicker-response drives for the receiver's noise wheel synchronizing servo. This proposal also contains a performance analysis resulting in a process- ing gain representation as a ratio of transmission bandwidth to data band- width. Early Spread-Spectrum Systems Whittle recalls that in mid-1951 the wheels were separated by about 200 yards in the first test of this synchronization system for the noise wheel drives. During these tests, Bing Crosby's crooning on radio station WOR pro- vided the jamming as Morse code was successfully transmitted at -30 dB SNR. Tapes of the test were made and taken on unsuccessful Washington, DC, marketing trips, where there was considerable interest but evidently the government could not grasp the full significance of the results. In 1952, an FTL Vice President, retired General Peter C. Sandretto, estab- lished relations between deRosa and Eugene Price, then Vice President of Mackay Marine, whereby Mackay facilities in Palo Alto, CA, were made available for transcontinental tests of the FTL equipment. Testing began in late November and ended before Christmas 1952, with Whittle and Frank Lundburg operating an ARC-3 Collins transmitter at the Mackay installa- tion, and deRosa and Frank Bucher manning the receiver at Telegraph Hill, Coordination of these field trials was done by telephone using a codeword jargon, with "crank it" = bring up transmitter power, "take your foot off" = reduce transmitter power, "ring it up" = advance the sync search phase, "the ride is running" = severe fading is being encountered, "go north" = increase transmission speed. Initial synchronization adjustments typically took 3-5 min. Matched runing forks, ringing at a multiple of 60 Hz, provided stable frequency sources for the drivers with the receiver 