necessary, undoing the supposed advantages of bandwidth parsimony. 32. This signaling protocol enables the dynamic establishment of optical connections in an ION. 33. G. Lee, "SONET: A Viable Solution to the Metro Access Network Bottleneck?" Opticalbiznet.com, June 2001. 34. Light Reading/Optical Oracle at http://www.lightreading.com/document.asp?site=lightreading&doc id=8340. 35. Roy Bynum, "The Reality of the Transmission Infrastructure," IEEE 802.17, January 2001. 36. In practical terms, not the entire 1014-Hz spectrum can be used because of the attenuation characteristics of the fiber. Perhaps 200 nm (for example, 1,300 to 1,400 nm and 1,500 to 1,600 nm) can be used. Noting that f = c/À, 1,300 nm equates to a frequency of 2.30x1014 Hz and 1,400 nm equates to a frequency of 2.14x1014 Hz; the bandwidth is then 1.641013, and with 1 to 10 bits per Hz, you obtain a digital throughput of 16 Tbps to 160 Tbps. 1,500 nm equates to a frequency of 2.00x1014 Hz and 1,600 nm equates to a frequency of 1.87x1014 Hz; the bandwidth is then 1.25x1013, and with 1 to 10 bits per Hz, you obtain a digital throughput of 12 Tbps to 125 Tbps. Hence, the total theoretical digital throughput is around 300 Tbps or 100,000 more than a 2.4- Gbps-based system. Another limiting issue is amplifier performance. Although no one has achieved these kinds of theoretical results, it is clear that the fiber can carry much more information than is achievable on a standard pre-DWDM system. 37. http://www.lightreading.com/document.asp?site=lightreading&doc_id= 3006&page_number=8. 38. Perhaps the first analytical view of the valuation of some ELECs came when Cogent Communications Group filed papers with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) in October 2001 regarding the acquisition of Allied Riser Communications. The Washington Post, citing the SEC filing, said that the company had raised $62 million through a preferred-stock offering and increased its line of credit from Cisco from $310 million to $409 million. Reportedly, the company billed re