round trip 6 Services in Fixed and Mobile Ultra-Broadband Cloud origin Global cloud CDN CDN - Content delivery network POP - Point of presence Figure 6.14 Content distribution networks (CDN) for cloud services. time (or one way delay) as one of the most important QoS parameters in general for all services (Figure 6.14). There are many commercial cloud CDNs [38], which include Amazon elastic cloud, Microsoft Azure, Google clouds, etc. [2]. In all cases, one of the most important functions of a given CDN is to dynamically redirect cloud service clients to the most optimal cloud servers, based on the given set of QoS parameters which include (but are not limited to) cloud servers' load, end-to-end delay between the CSC and servers, network congestion on the path, type of access networks on the CSC's side, and proximity. Business and Regulatory Challenges for Services Over Ultra-Broadband Ultra-broadband access provides the basis for richer legacy services (voice with bet- ter audio quality, video with higher picture resolution, business services with higher bitrates, etc.) and lower RTT for OTT client-server services. The RTT is inversely pro- portional to the bitrates, SO ultra-broadband bitrates may provide in the access and core networks delays in the range of 1 ms (for tactile Internet or tactile IP networks). 6.9.1 Business Aspects for Broadband Services Each of the broadband and ultra-broadband services has its own challenges. Such ser- vices for residential users typically include the three main types of services: voice as VoIP with QoS guarantees, IPTV, and Internet access service. For business users there are VPN services as replacement for leased lines as well as telco cloud services with QoS guarantees. With the development of the IoT, particularly with deployments of 4G mobile networks (e.g. LTE-Advanced-Pro) and 5G mobile networks, it is expected that there will be an increase in telecom/ICT ecosystem revenues with the provision of new smart services based on either massive or critical IoT. 6.9 Business