gnetism, 222-223 Nyquist sampling theorem and media, 261-263 high-frequency sky wave aliasing distortion, 11-13 over-the-horizon, 273-274 propagation, 267 quantization, 14-18 radio frequency spectrum, 258 ionosphere, 247-248 sampling steps, 9-11 satellite communications, 275 Refractive index Pulse Position Modulation sky waves, 265-269 chromatic dispersion, 176-177 (PPM), 19 terrestrial line-of-sight, ionosphere, 249 Pulse streams, 146 269-273 in Maxwell's equations, 221 Pulse Width Modulation (PWM), multimode fibers, 123-126 absorption, 270 nonlinear, 196-197 Pump wavelengths, 209 attenuation, 245 optical fibers, 111-112, 115-116, PUSH action for LSRs, 384-385 depolarization, 246-247 Pyramidal encoding, 61 Raman amplifiers, 155-156, 159 troposphere, 243-244 benefits, 208-209 Regenerator Section Overhead noise figure, 166-167 (RSOH), 326-327 Q value in FEC, 205 Raman scattering, 139-141 Relative Intensity Noise (RIN), Quad HDTV, 56 Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol 149, 174 Quadrature Amplitude (RSTP), 417 Reservation Protocol (RSVP), Modulation (QAM), 40 Rate of error correction code, 78-79, 387, 390 Quadrature Mirror Filter (QMF) Resilient Packet Rings (RPRs), 355 banks, 8 Ratios, compression, 58 Resource-oriented traffic Quadrature Phase Shift Keying Raw digital video, 56-57 engineering, 393-395 (QPSK), 39 Rayleigh Backscattering (RBS), RESV message, 390-391, 394 Quality of Experience (QoE), 75 159, 165-167, 184-185 Retransmission requests, 82 Quality of Service (QoS) Rayleigh criterion, 243 Return-to-Zero (RZ) signals, MPLS, 378, 390-395 Rayleigh law, 274 147-148, 200-202 video transmission, 76-79 Rayleigh scattering, 116 Reverse-Dispersion Fiber (RDF), Quality variations in codecs, RDF. See Reverse-Dispersion 70-71 Fiber Revertive switching, 418 Quantization Real-Time Transport Protocol RGB. See Red, Green, and Blue DCT coefficients, 65 (RTP), 75, 79 color PCM, 14-18 Realistic terrain solutions, 253 Right-hand circular polarization, Quarter-wavelength monopoles, Real-time video traffic, 73-74 Received field stren