vice offerings. The solution gives broadband mobile public access to the Internet and to corporate intranets. Combined cellular and WLAN could be interesting to business professionals. They already use mobile phones and they usually bring their laptop computers along when they travel. Trouble-free access to the Internet, intranet, e-mail and corporate applications is becoming an everyday necessity. Combined cellular and WLAN allows GPRS and UMTS customers to take advantage of WLANs at indoor environments (hot spots) such as airports and hotels conference areas, and roam between cellular and WLAN networks without interruption. Figure 13.39 gives an idea what UMTS functions and FPs could support WLAN access. Authentication (part of security) and VPN functionality mechanisms are some specific functions that are offered to WLAN. New user segments are expected to pick up WLAN, such as young people using WLAN for interactive gaming and entertainment UMTS operators can provide two access forms to mobile packet data services: one via the wide area UMTS network (WCDMA-based) and the other one via the high capacity WLAN access network. The packet data service can be seamlessly provided between these two access forms. Network management for WLAN access can be integrated into the existing network management routines. 13.18 SATELLITE TECHNOLOGIES 13.18.1 SMALL DISH SATELLITE INTERNET Small dish satellite Internet services (such as Direct PC) provide high-quality compressed digital services delivered directly to the home. These services currently promote through- put of up to 400 kbit/s. Understanding Changing Telecommunications - Building a Successful Telecom Business 13.18.2 GEOSTATIONARY ORBIT SATELLITE The GEO system uses a satellite positioned at a specific point over the equator to give it the largest footprint. The technology has a proven reliability. Video service including TV is currently the main source of revenue. Internet and other multimedia are also expected to utilize GEO. 13.18.3 LOW EARTH ORBIT BANDWIDTH These