link and downlink channels. In 1991, my PhD supervisor Masao Nakagawa and I proposed a time divi- sion duplex mode of a CDMA system in order to improve the system's performance especially with respect to transmission power control to combat channel fading. Our first papers were presented at a national seminar in Japan in August 1991 and the IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference in May 1992. My PhD thesis focused on TDD-CDMA. As the 3G standardisation process gathered pace in Japan and Europe, both FDD and TDD modes of CDMA were considered. The FDD mode was supported by a large number of contributors including Ericsson and NTT Docomo. The TDD mode on the other hand was supported principally by Panasonic and Siemens in the development of the TD-CDMA standard. In 1997, the China Wireless Telecommunication Standards (CWTS) group in collaboration with Siemens proposed a new CDMA system using the TDD mode using a narrower bandwidth (one-third of wide band CDMA) and therefore lower transmission rate. The standard's main feature was a synchronous uplink in order reduce the uplink co-channel interference through orthogonal code usage. The tech- nology was called Time Division Synchronous CDMA (TD-SCDMA), and was mainly Terrestrial Broadband Wireless Telecommunications aimed to provide voice communications services and therefore high transmission rates for data communications was not considered a priority. TD-SCDMA was included in the initial release of the 3G standards in 1999. Over the ensuing decade a number of Chinese operators announced plans to commer- cialise the TD-SCDMA network and a number of experimental networks were rolled out in several Chinese cities in 2006-2009. China Mobile finally announced a RMB 600 million investment in handset and equipment development for the technology in 2009. In 2013 China Mobile announced that they had invested RMB 21 billion in network roll-out and handset subsidy. The announcement also showed that this investment was also intended for future roll-outs of TD-LTE, a 4G standard. M