er to remote site, 63 large mobile providers, 393 automation mobile services in, 388 data center functions, 54 ASIC (application-specific integrated circuit) avalanche photodiodes (APDs), 44 chips, 348 Avaya, Inc., 112 ASTC (Advanced Television Systems Commit- average revenue per user (ARPU) tee), 193 in African countries, 405 asymmetric channels, 201 low ARPU in developing countries, 388 asymmetric DSL. See ADSL Azure platform, 31 asynchronous compression, 15 Asynchronous Digital Subscriber Line. See ADSL asynchronous protocols, 175 Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), 258, 268 backbone networks. See also core networks ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode), 258, 268 LAN backbone, 102 AT&T, 35, 108, 133, 271 structures on, 69-72 Bell Laboratories, 308 backhaul links, 248 breakup of and formation of regional Bell backhaul networks, 344 companies, 110-117 femtocell traffic bypassing, 352 post-2005 AT&T, 112 backups of data canceled merger with T-Mobile USA, 137 cloud providers, 38 cloud initiatives, 34 using cloud computing, 33 Divestiture, 162 using storage-area networks to back up com- U-Verse, cable TV/broadband offering, 134 puter files, 55 attacks backup technologies on enterprises, 275 carrier networks, 166 AT&T Broadband DSL as option for businesses, 240 acquisition by Comcast, 140 MANs, redundant fiber rings or OTN, 187 attenuation, 39, 242 mesh configuration backups, 176-179 AT&T Mobile, 297 using redundancy to back up centralized VoIP AT&T Mobility, 134, 135, 311 servers, 183 Index Baidu (China), 265, 287, 396 Bridge Alliance, 392 bandwidth bridge (LANs), 102 amount available, and digital divide, 297 Brightcove, 285 demand for, 244 BRI ISDN (Basic-Rate Interface ISDN), 254, 257 banking, online, 301 broadband services, 109, 216-235 banking transactions and payments, mobile ap- ability of 4G mobile networks to be used for plications, 362 Internet access, 334 base station controller (BSC), 324 actual speed versus advertised speed, 219 in second generation networks, 331 cable operators versus over-the-top competi- ba