dressing format, which is different from the address for- mat used by the underlying layers. For example, electronic mail service has a host address format like editor@crc.com and the world wide web service has a host address format like www.crcpress.com. The application program uses an alias name as the address rather than an actual IP address. The main part of the alias is the address of the remote host and the remaining part is related to the port address of the server and direc- tory structure where the server program is located. Instead of using the IP address, the application program uses an alias name with the help of another entity called DNS (domain name system). Capabilities: There are a standard set of capabilities that are expected in any application layer program. Three of the capabilities from the standard set that are discussed here are reliability of data transfer, high throughput, and minimal delay in communication. Not all application programs implement these capabilities even though these are implied requirements in commercial grade management solutions. - Reliability of data transfer: Some application programs include reli- ability as part of its protocol implementation or use the services of a reliable transport layer protocol like TCP. There are applications that do not require reliable data transfer as in intermittent data transfer over UDP. - High throughput: Having a high throughput ensures transmission of a maximum amount of data in a unit of time. In most cases a high through- put will require high bandwidth. When the volume of data to be trans- ferred is high as in transmission of video files, high throughput becomes a necessary requirement. Minimum delay: Some applications are very sensitive to delay. For exam- ple, communication delay can adversely affect an interactive real-time application program. Fundamentals of EMS, NMS and OSS/BSS 26.3 Monitoring Networking protocols helps to manage the network and makes it easier to work on the network. Some of the utility protocols may not be