ing Changing Telecommunications - Building a Successful Telecom Business Content Servers Content Communication Control applications Backbone Network Wireless Wireless access Wireless access access Transport networks Service-dependent Clients access networks Simplification Multiple customer care systems Figure 4.50 Handling a horizontal network is simpler than handling many vertical networks Monitoring and Capacity Management Operational complexity of monitoring and interpreting network statistics and parameters is directly proportional to the number of elements and number of service networks. The horizontal network combines multiple networks and considerably reduces the num- ber of network elements, resulting in less effort and more streamlined processes needed to undertake capacity management. There are fewer interfaces and only one single core technology to monitor. Traffic is monitored only in its bulk aggregated form. Much of the traditional traffic engineering can be disposed of, as detailed trends are no longer required 4.7.3 COST EFFICIENCY IN THE ACCESS NETWORK For a more in-depth technical study of access techniques refer to Chapter 13 and to the CD 'IP Internetworking', referred to in Chapter 1. The access network is the main contributor to capital expenditure. As an average more than 50 % of all network investments are related to the access part. It is, however, also a door from the subscriber to the core network and the possible services and applications, or, with another view, a door from the network operator to the 'money', the paying subscriber. The size of the door corresponds to the maximum bandwidth of the services. A larger bandwidth implies an increased income potential. Pay as You Grow 'Pay as you grow' is a good rule that is applicable on the expensive access network. If the investments are much ahead of the related revenue much equipment (and capital) is Telecom Business poorly utilized. See the example on GSM radio access investments in Figures 4.51 and 4.52. A fairly modest over-investmen