local exchange carrier (CLEC), 2 context, 398, 399 completed calls, 178 continuity, of analog signals, 107 component digital coding method, 417-418 continuity pilot, 416 composite digital coding method, 417, 418 continuous ARQ, 257 composite signal, 407-409 continuous variable slope delta (CVSD) composite triple beat (CTB), 434, 438 modulation, 241 compressed video, 448 control (C) field, HDLC frame format, 286 compression, 113f control circuitry, telephone subset, 92f MPEG-2, 420-423 controlled access, 299 video transmission, 418-420 controlled access mode, 518 computer-based design techniques, 180 control local switch function, 70 computer-based telephone switching, 67 control memory time switch, 130 concatenation, 493 control plane (C-plane), 516 of local exchanges, 68, 70, 71 convergence sublayer (CS), 523 INDEX convolutional codes, 256 OSI model, 282-283 "cookbook" subscriber loop design methods, protocols for, 283 98-102 TCP/IP and, 320-322 cordless telephone technology, 478, 481-483 data messages corrected reference equivalent (CRE), 43 compatibility of, 317-318 correlation, in direct sequence spread spectrum, requirements for, 315-318 474-476 routing, 316-317 coulomb, 589 urgency of, 317 counter emf, 588 data modem, 48, 265 coupler device, 433 data networks coupling loss, 50 optimizing return on, 278 crankback, 184, 185 protocols for, 316 critical angle, 232-233, 233f data protocols, 278-287 crossbar markers, 73 latency of, 317 crossbar telephone switching, 71, 72 data rates, digital network, 277 cross-modulation (Xm), 438-439 data terminal equipment (DTE), 300 crosstalk, 32, 50-51, 269, 270 data traffic in long-distance PCM transmission, 128 intensity of, 89 crowding, in geostationary orbits, 219 quantifying, 66-67 CSMA/CA (carrier sense multiple access with data transfer, 284. See also data transmission collision avoidance) protocol, 342-343 data transfer phase functions, SCCP, 379 CSMA/CD (carrier sense multiple access/collision data transmission. See also data communications detection) LAN, 299, 300-3