llular phone has one. Meanwhile, China has announced plans for rapid deployment of a CDMA-based cellular technology, time division synchronized CDMA (TD-SCDMA), in a market of 1,000,000,000 people. As a result, market growth and market competition are likely to change. Rather than competing to enter a new market in the first world, cellular providers are competing to re- place one another in the first world and deploy or expand in the second and third worlds. Nations that have adopted digital cellular networks typically follow either the North American CDMA model or the European GSM model. Central and South America largely adopted CDMA, although some nations, including Chile and Brazil, have both CDMA and GSM. A few small countries with closer ties to Europe, such as the French West In- dies, have only GSM. GSM is also the only 2G service throughout all of Europe, North Africa, the Mediterranean, and the Middle East all the way to Pakistan. The only excep- tions to this are Israel and the former Soviet Republic of Kazakhstan, which use CDMA. GSM's dominance extends all the way south in Africa, although some central and south- ern African nations, including the Congo, Angola, Zambia, and South Africa, also have CDMA. Russia has a mix of CDMA, American TDMA, and GSM, whereas China has CDMA and GSM. India and Southeast Asia have a mix of both GSM and CDMA. The island nations of Indonesia, Polynesia, Taiwan, and New Zealand have a polyglot of stan- dards with CDMA, American TDMA, and GSM, whereas Papua New Guinea, Fiji, and New Caledonia are solidly in the GSM camp. Australia has both GSM and CDMA. South Korea and Japan both have CDMA, but Japan also has its own standard, PDC. Second-generation cellular services have been very successful and have grown rapidly. As of June 1999, there were 187 million GSM users worldwide, 42 million PDC users, 34 million CDMA users, and 25 million users of non-GSM TDMA systems. By summer 2001, GSM had 700 million users, cdmaOne had 100 million, and total world- wide cellular use was e