 measurement propagation space. From the analysis of narrowband campaign that has been performed inside 11 different buildings in the city of Lisbon, are presented in Table 4.7-8 Double-sided Gaussian parameters per building class. [XaVC03]. The models' reference is the propagation loss evaluated at an external wall 1.5 m above the ground level. Building Std. dev. Std. dev. The measured buildings were divided into four classes, class right [dB] left [dB] according to their height and type of integration in the urban High isolated 16.59 structure: High Isolated, Low Isolated, High Integrated and Low Integrated. The difference between integrated and Low isolated 15.79 10.97 12.95 isolated buildings is made by the fact of sharing (or not) High integrated 13.27 13.92 12.37 walls with the surrounding buildings. An integrated build- ing always shares walls with some others, while an isolated Low integrated 12.83 one does not share any. Concerning the height parameters All classes 10.19 13.85 13.84 (High/Low), buildings are classified by the number of Propagation modelling and channel characterisation CHAPTER 4.7 measurements in different environments, it is commonly therefore, it is recommended to separately model each accepted that, in general, the average received signal arbitrary scenario by decomposing it into several subsce- magnitude is random and log-normal distributed around narios for which the parameters of the potential multi- the mean distance-dependent path-loss value [Pars92]. modal distributions should be calculated separately. These variations around the distance-dependent value In most propagation models, long-term fading is gen- are usually referred to as slow- or long-term fading, since erated independently for different MTs; however, in the magnitude of the received signal remains approxi- network simulations it is common to have several MTs mately constant for short periods of time or space; operating within a given area. Since long-term fading therefore, variations can only be observed on a long-t