al cost of ownership including the device must be extremely low. The current industry target is for an IoT module cost of less than 5 USD. Low deployment cost: The network cost of IoT connectivity, including the initial Cap- ital Expenditure (CAPEX) and annual Operating Expenditure (OPEX), must also be kept to a minimum. Deploying IoT connectivity on top of existing cellular networks can be accomplished by a simple, centrally pushed software upgrade, thus avoiding any new hardware, site visits, and keeping CAPEX and OPEX to a minimum. Simple subscription management: The mEbedded Subscriber Identity Module (eSIM) can be used to enable remote SIM provisioning of any mobile device. Remote provi- sioning and eSIM are expected to be important for small IoT devices. Full coverage: Enhanced coverage is important in many IoT applications. Simple examples are smart meters, which are often in basements of buildings behind concrete walls. Industrial applications such as elevators or conveyor belts can also be located deep indoors. This requirement has driven the IoT community to look for methods to increase coverage by tolerating lower signal strength and longer latency than is required for other devices. The target for the IoT link budget is an enhancement of 15-20 dB compared to Global System for Mobile communications 14.2 loT Optimization in LTE Radio (GSM). The coverage enhancement would typically be equivalent to wall or floor penetration, enabling deeper indoor coverage. Support for a massive number of devices: IoT connectivity is growing significantly faster than normal mobile broadband connections, and there will be billions of con- nected devices over cellular IoT networks. The density of connected devices may not be uniform, leading to some cells having a very high numbers of devices connected. Therefore, IoT connectivity needs to be able to handle an extremely large number of simultaneous connected devices. In order to realize the optimization targets, 3GPP defined new features for an enhanced IoT connection in R