surement environments (after [KKVV05]). Environment RX azim. spread [°] TX azim. spread [°] RX elev. spread [°] RX elev. spread [°] Indoor Outdoor-indoor Microcell (LoS) Microcell (NLoS) Macrocell clearly depended on the TX position, ranging from 0.03 cross-polar links. The XPRs are shown to be approxi- to 0.08 or 1.6 to 4.4° [WAKE04]. mately log-normally distributed in all environments, A comparison between spreads at 5.3 GHz in dif- but with different means and standard deviations, ferent environments was made by Kolmonen et al. Table 4.7-11. The cross-correlation coefficients, at both the [KKVV05]. They held an extensive measurement cam- transmit and receive side, turned out to be low, between paign in typical indoor, outdoor-to-indoor, and micro- 0.26 and 0.45 for NLoS links. In the LoS microcellular and macrocellular urban environments (downtown environment, the range was 0.51 to 0.62, Table 4.7-12. Helsinki). For the microcellular environments, the TX The differences between microcellular and macro- antenna was positioned well above surrounding rooftops. cellular scenarios in the same area were the subject of an Dual polarised antenna arrays were used and directional investigation by Hugl et al. [HuKL02]. They changed BS information was retrieved separately at the RX and TX antenna heights in order to study the influence on the side by beamforming, as a fast and robust method. From mean AoA for vehicular channels in a densely built-up that, angular spreads, both in elevation and azimuth, urban environment, downtown Helsinki with six- to were calculated according to 3GGP TR25.966. First seven-storey buildings. The BS antenna height was 10 m results on the angular spreads in the respective envi- above rooftop level or around rooftop level, reflecting ronments are given in Table 4.7-10, showing smaller either macro- or microcellular coverage. The 20 km angular spreads at the TX side than at the RX side, measurement route covered all accessible streets within except for the indoor environment where both spreads