er capacity planning is required by using traffic engineering techniques [5], or by using overprovisioning (as the simplest approach, which is more costly due to the requirement for more resources deployed in the network). 8.5 Role of NRAs in Regulation of Network Neutrality Regarding the regulation of network neutrality, there are similar approaches with certain differences in other countries. For example, India's network neutrality approach forbids price differentiation of OTT services (e.g. free Viber or Facebook over the mobile net- work) because it favors one service provider over the other and hence may jeopardize network neutrality [6]. Meanwhile, price differentiation for OTT services is not forbid- den in Europe in certain cases [8]. Network neutrality regulation in different countries may include different approaches, such as the following: Cautious observation. This refers to cases where countries and their NRAs have cho- sen not to take any specific measures regarding network neutrality because they think that no specific action is required and the regulatory framework is sufficient. Tentative refinement. This is the case when a country has adopted a light-handed approach, which is typically based on disclosure and transparency, lowering switch- ing barriers between ISPs, imposing minimum QoS on IAS (e.g. minimum supported bitrates in the access networks), including light-handed network neutrality measures (without prohibition of specific ISP behaviors). Active reform. This is the case when a given country has taken specific regulatory measures which are targeted to prohibit specific behaviors by ISPs, which is typically related to network and traffic management practices. 8.5 Role of NRAs in Regulation of Network Neutrality The main role of the NRA regarding network neutrality is to establish common rules to safeguard equal and non-discriminatory treatment of Internet traffic in the provision of IAS and at the same time to protect end-users' rights. In that manner, the role of NRAs typically includes