 known location of the mobile device. To enable these services, location positioning methods are required. This appendix explains two different categorisations for location-based services and gives examples. The main positioning methods used in the GSM and WCDMA networks are covered. From the end-user's point of view, location-based services provide a way to associate needed information with a geographical position. For example, address information can be complemented with navigation instructions. For mobile network operators, location-based services are one possible way to provide tailored services. As the competition gets tighter, more personalised services are a possible way to succeed. C.2 SERVICE DIVISION INTO CATEGORIES Location-based services are divided here into three major categories: emergency support, operator services and commercial services. The division is explained briefly in Figure C.1. Emergency support refers to an automatic facility that provides information about the mobile phone (MS) location in every case when an emergency call is received. In the United Fundamentals of Cellular Network Planning & Optimisation A.R. Mishra. © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ISBN: 0-470-86267-X LOCATION-BASED SERVICES COMMERCIAL SERVICES EMERGENCY OPERATOR SERVICES i Information Services -location information -assistance for network i Navigation for emergency calls plalanning and optimisation 1 Tracking i Advertising Figure C.1 Division of location-based services States the positioning of an emergency call is regulated by the FCC (Federal Communica- tions Commission). The accuracy of the given location estimate has quality requirements: it is set to 100 metres with 67% probability, and with 95% probability the accuracy needs to be better than 300 metres. This applies for the network-based LBS solution. For the mobile-phone-based solution the accuracy requirements are higher: 50 metres with 67% probability and 150 metres with 95% probability. Operator services combine the location information and the network perf