rocess: Interactive videoconferencing - for distance learning, to share teachers, tutors and lectures and to reach remote students or pupils. This is largely applicable to higher education, although networked programmes over the Internet have been successful in secondary schools. A further development is the use of television, so successfully used in the United Kingdom's Open University courses. Looking and learning viacomputers-applicable - to both primary and secondary schooling as well as higher education - and becoming far more developed with experiments that go away from right/wrong question styles of instruction to richer learning environments with interactive environments as well as document creation, access and storage functions. For instance, the MUSE project at MIT's Centre for Educational Computing Initiatives (CECI) has developed interactive textbook style multimedia documents for Spanish and French students. Criminal justice systems Crime is growing in most OECD countries, driven by rising unemployment and deterioration of social conditions. In a deteriorating crime situation in most OECD countries, justice is becoming more expensive and further stretched. In the United States, direct policing and guarding costs have more than doubled over 25 years to be 1.5% of GDP. To reverse this decline and generally maintain public security, with criminal apprehension, and as well as the processes of justice, imprisonment and rehabilitation may increasingly rely on telecommunications substitution mechanisms to retain security at high levels for the populace at an economic cost with minimal intrusion. The macro-effect will be an increase in security levels, enabling freer passage of citizens and reducing fear from attack. The growth of no-go areas, for instance by use of video surveillance for policing, in US and French societies will tend to reduce violence and criminal activities. GDP will generally expand in these circumstances, especially for consumer industries requiring physical visits (shops, cinemas, rest