Optical Channel Layer 3.2.7.2 Optical Multiplex Section 3.2.8 Telecommunication Management Network 3.2.8.1 Embedded Software Layer 3.2.8.2 Element Management Layer 3.2.8.3 Network Management Layer 3.2.8.4 Service Management Layer 3.2.8.5 Business Management Layer 3.2.9 Central Management in IP Networks Network Convergence over IP 3.3.1 Packet over SDH/SONET Model 3.3.2 IP over Next Generation SONET/SDH 3.3.2.1 General Framing Procedure 3.3.2.2 Virtual Concatenation 3.3.2.3 Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation 3.3.3 IP over MPLS over OTN 3.3.4 IP over Ethernet over OTN Comparison among Different Core Architectures 3.4.1 Architectures Functional Comparison 3.4.1.1 Framing Efficiency 3.4.1.2 Network Scalability: Core Network 3.4.1.3 Network Scalability: Metro Network 3.4.1.4 Network Survivability 3.4.2 Network Dimensioning and Cost Estimation 3.4.3 Test Networks and Traffic Model 3.4.4 Cost Comparison References 4 Technology for Telecommunications Optical Fibers, Amplifiers, and Passive Devices Introduction Optical Fibers for Transmission 4.2.1 Single-Mode Transmission Fibers 4.2.2 Fiber Losses 4.2.2.1 Coupling Losses 4.2.2.2 Propagation Losses 4.2.3 Linear Propagation in an Optical Fiber 4.2.4 Fiber Chromatic Dispersion 4.2.5 Polarization Mode Dispersion 4.2.6 Nonlinear Propagation in Optical Fibers 4.2.7 Kerr Effect 4.2.7.1 Kerr-Induced Self-Phase Modulation 4.2.7.2 Kerr-Induced Cross-Phase Modulation 4.2.7.3 Kerr-Induced Four-Wave Mixing 4.2.8 Raman Scattering 4.2.9 Brillouin Scattering 4.2.10 ITU-T Fiber Standards Contents 4.2.11 Polarization Maintaining and Other Special Telecom Fibers 4.2.12 Fiber Cables Optical Fiber Amplifiers 4.3.1 Basic Theory of Optical Amplifiers 4.3.1.1 Quantum Noise 4.3.1.2 Stationary Behavior of a Two-Level Amplifier 4.3.1.3 Dynamic Behavior of a Two-Level Amplifier 4.3.1.4 Amplifiers Functional Classification and Multistage Amplifiers 4.3.2 Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers 4.3.3 Raman Fiber Amplifiers 4.3.4 Hybrid Raman-EDFA Amplifiers Optical Filters 4.4.1 Fixed Wavelength Optical Filters 4.4.