o 2010 Only 350 wild Options Figure 6.2 Nokia N8. Reproduced with permission of Nokia Corporation. Cable, Copper, Wireless and Fibre and the World of the Big TV multimedia interface (HDMI). These interfaces are critical to realising user value and have to evolve continuously to match the bandwidth capabilities of the devices sitting either side of the connector. For example, the pixel clock rate of HDMI has increased from 165 to 340 MHz to support resolutions up to WQGGA (2560 by 1600 pixels). The Nokia N8 shown in Figure 6.2 is a contemporary example of a high-end phone capable of capturing high-definition video transferable via an HDMI output port. 6.4 Summary of this Chapter and the First Five Chapters - Materials Innovation, Manufacturing Innovation, Market Innovation In this first section we have set out to explore the relationship between materials innova- tion, manufacturing innovation, packaging and interconnect innovation, system innovation, mathematical and algorithmic innovation and market innovation. In Chapter 2 we highlighted how the production scaling of solid-state memory combined with improved compression techniques provided the basis for Apple to develop the iPod4 introduced in 2001 and creating a new market sector that closely mirrored Sony's invention of the Walkman twenty two years before. The development of resistive, capacitive and multitouch interactive displays similarly devel- oped new markets that Apple Inc. has been astoundingly successful at exploiting. The Apple touch screen might be considered as the reason for the success of the iPhone and iPad but it is the algorithmic innovation behind the screen that defines the user experience and that gave Apple the first-mover advantage in a newly created and remarkably profitable smart-phone market sector. We described Thomas Alva Edison's light bulb moment just over 100 years earlier when observing the uneven blackening within an evacuated glass that led to the theory of thermionic emission and more importantly an understanding of the prope