Figure 10.5 LBT-based method. 10.2 ML-Based Methodologies for SS window before their actual arrival time. Therefore, it can improve the utilization of the unlicensed spectrum during off-peak hours while maximizing the total served LTE-LAA workloads. To achieve long-term equal-weighted fairness between wireless local area networks and LTE-LAA operators, a non-cooperative game model was formulated where SBSs were mod- eled as homo egualis agents to predict a future action sequence. The proposed method enables multiple SBSs to proactively perform dynamic channel selection, carrier aggrega- tion, and fractional spectrum access while guaranteeing equal opportunities for existing WiFi networks and other LTE-LAA operators. 10.2.3.2 ML-Based Duty Cycle Methods Carrier Sensing Adaptive Transmission (CSAT) is a technique that can enable coexistence between LTE and Wi-Fi based on minor modifications of the 3GPP LTE Release 10/11/12 Carrier Aggregation protocols. As shown in Figure 10.6, CSAT introduces the use of duty cycle periods and divides the time into LTE "ON" and LTE "OFF" slots. During the LTE "OFF" period, also known as the "mute" period, LTE remains silent, gives other coexisting networks, such as Wi-Fi, an opportunity to transmit. During the LTE "ON" period, LTE accesses the channel without sensing it before transmission. Moreover, CSAT allows short transmission gaps during the LTE "ON" period to allow for latency-sensitive applications, such as VoIP in co-located networks. In CSAT, eNB senses the medium during a time period ranging from 10 to 100 ms and according to the observed channel utilization (based on the estimated number of Wi-Fi APs) defines the duration of the LTE "ON" and LTE "OFF" periods [180]. The existing work of LTE-U mainly focuses on using different RL algorithms to adjust the duty cycle and other network resources to maintain fairness between LTE and WiFi users, as well as to seek for a higher system capacity performance. To investigate the application of LTE-U technology in the 3.5 GHz CBRS b