2000, which stood for International Mobile Telecommunica- tions by the year 2000, the goal of the group. The five individual standards are as follows: IMT-DS (direct spread), also known as W-CDMA frequency division duplex (FDD) IMT-TC (time code), also known as W-CDMA time division duplex (TDD), which includes TD-SCDMA IMT-MC (multicarrier), also known as cdma2000 multicarrier IMT-SC (single carrier), also known as UWC-136 TDMA, the TDMA successor to GSM, North American TDMA, and GPRS IMT-FT (frequency time), also known as digital enhanced cordless telecommunications (DECT), which is for small cells with stationary or pedestrian users and which does not serve mobile terminals moving at vehicular speeds We provide full specifications for the CDMA standards (2G and 3G) in Chap. 10. However, we organize the 3G CDMA standards a bit differently. Rather than grouping them by the type of technology used, as the ITU did, we organize them according to the systems as they actually will be deployed around the world. First, we discuss cdmaOne, the original North American 2G standard in a section of its own. We follow that with a discussion of the 3G CDMA standards: cdma2000, W-CDMA, and TD-SCDMA. cdma2000 is the successor to cdmaOne, which is being deployed across North America as this book is being written. European W-CDMA includes both IMT-DS and IMT-TC. TD-SCDMA is being covered in a separate section because it will be deployed in mainland China. TD-SCDMA was included with IMT-TC for three reasons: It arrived too late to be given a spot of its own; it was designed to replace 2G GSM systems, and it uses a sim- ilar combination of time division and code division as does the original IMT-TC. How- ever, it is a standard that will be deployed independently in China and may compete in the third-world market. IMT-SC and IMT-FT are not included in this book because they are exclusively TDMA technologies, and they make no use of CDMA. 9.3 Conclusion Standards are essential, and yet they often also create problems. This is natural.