ence pandemic. The convergence of voice communication with 5G is part of this. The Broadband Forum works closely with 3GPP to facilitate functional network convergence. To drive WWC, the Broadband Forum works with 3GPP on how fixed access can integrate 5G core s://www.nokia.com/networks/core/5g-core/#WhatIsSA5GC). 5G Core includes functionalities such as the following: Broadband Network Gateway for convergence with wireline networks 5G policy control 5G core signaling The network data analytics function Slice management Let us look at Broadband Network Gateway in more detail. Broadband Network Gateway Broadband Network Gateway (BNG) allows an operator to converge wireline and fixed-wireless access. BNG acts as an access point for network subscribers and allows them to connect and consume broadband services. BNG permits an operator to deliver a better subscriber experience, adding reliability, affordability, and seamless customer experience. Figure 15.6 shows how multi-access BNG works. Fixed-wireless Multi-access Edge cloud 00000 aggregation Internet 00000 00000 00000 IPTV, IP video ((())) Residential 00000 00000 Business Gaming, AR/VR 00000 VPN, VolP, IMS 00000000 Wholesale 00000000 Wireline access Multi-access BNG Figure 15.6 - Multi-access BNG Single-access technology often falls short of providing the right connectivity to users. FMC helps to overcome this problem. Control and User Plane Separation (CUPS) is a good standard to follow for multi-access. It allows the integration of wireless broadband and wireline services with 5G Core. Residential services have evolved over time from dial-up internet to Digital Subscriber Lines (DSLs). Solutions such as Nokia's BNG help operators provide a range of services, including gigabit internet, High-Definition (HD) video streaming, IPTV online gaming, and social media. Introduction to FMC in 5G Fixed wireless convergence using multi-access edge helps to overcome the last-mile problem. The last-mile problem refers to the gulf between the network provider's infrastructure