hich is by default aggregated traffic consisted of different originating Internet applications). 7 Broadband QoS Parameters, KPIs, and Measurements Other Other Other IP networks IP networks IP networks Transit provider 1 Transit provider 2 (overprovisioning) (MPLS) Other Other IP networks IP networks Interconnection points ISP-B ISP-A (Carrier Ethernet) (DiffServ) End-user End-user Observed end-to-end flow Multiplexed IP traffic together with the observer end-to-end flow Egress/ingress IP traffic on both sides of the interconnections Figure 7.4 End-to-end QoS provision for Internet traffic. End-to-end performance is influenced by the QoS solutions in different network sections on the path including fixed and/or mobile access networks. One of the main QoS parameters regarding the Internet traffic is capacity (i.e. bitrate). The access networks capacity for the IAS covers all traffic from/to end-users (most of Internet traffic is bidirectional, due to the request-response principle of both client-server and peer-to-peer Internet communication). However, some of the traffic may end (i.e. sink) on the servers which are hosted by the same telecom operator (that provides the IAS). Unlike the telephone networks where most of the traffic resides in the same network or on a national level, most of the Internet traffic goes through an IP interconnection point toward servers on a global Internet network. So, most of the Internet traffic traverses over multiple autonomous networks which may have different QoS solutions on the path between the client and the server. In such case, the interconnection points must be designed to carry all Internet traffic (egress and ingress) because in the opposite case they may become bottlenecks on the way end-to-end (Figure 7.5). To avoid the appearance of bottlenecks at the interconnection points of a given telecom operator (i.e. ISP), they should be dimensioned to be able to carry all Internet traffic from all egress and ingress Internet traffic during peak hours (e.g. the time period duri