 defines the correlation matrices for the gNB and UE in NR with different number of transmit/receive antennas at each entity [9]. For the scenarios with more antennas at either gNB, UE, or both, the channel spatial corre- lation matrix can be expressed as the Kronecker product of R&NB and RUE according to Rspatial = RUE x R&NB. The parameters a and B for different antenna correlation types are given in Table 3.4. The 3D channel model parameters and model generation procedure are summarized in Fig. 3.9. Chapter 3 Measurements Material characteristics Set environment, network layout, and antenna array parameters (v, fc, azimuth o, AoD, AoA, zenith O, ZoD, ZoA) Extend the number Assign propagation condition (NLoS, LoS) of antennas Calculate path loss (dB) Generate large-scale correlation parameters (delay, angular Blocking spread, ricean K, shadow fading) Generate delays (T) Generate cluster powers (P) Ray tracing Generate arrival and departure angles (AoA, ZoA, AoD, ZoD) Coupling of the rays randomly Generate cross-polarization power ratios XPRs (kn,m) Doppler Draw random initial phases Generate channel coefficients (Hnrx,ntx,n(t)) Apply path loss and shadowing Polarization Figure 3.9 Summary of 3D channel model parameters and model generation procedure [7]. 3.2 Waveforms There have been considerable discussions on whether a new type of transmission wave- form besides the incumbent cyclic prefix (CP)-OFDM should be adopted for NR [10,11]. Several alternative OFDM-based waveforms, including filter bank multicarrier and gener- alized frequency division multiplexing, were studied. Many of them claimed advantages in terms of increased bandwidth efficiency, relaxed synchronization requirements, reduced inter-user interference, reduced out-of-band (OOB) emissions, and SO on, but at the same time created challenges in terms of increased transceiver complexity, difficulty in MIMO integration, and significant specification impacts. This section describes some of the prominent 5G waveform candidates and their characteristics