ding rates. fklm(i,u) denotes PUSCH power control adjustment state which is given by &PUSCH(.) is the power adjustment due to closed-loop power control. The power control commands can be sent to multiple devices by means of DCI format 2_2. Each power control command consists of 2 bits corresponding to four different update steps (-1, 0, +1, +3 dB). The reason for including 0 dB as an update step is that a power-control command is included in every scheduling grant, and it is desirable not to have to adjust the PUSCH transmit power for each grant. The PUCCH power control follows the same principles as PUSCH power control with some minor differences. For PUCCH power control, there is no fractional path loss compensation (a = 1). Furthermore, for PUCCH power control, the closed-loop power control commands are carried within DCI formats 1_0 and 1_1, which are used for downlink scheduling assignments rather than within uplink scheduling grants. This is partly due to the fact that PUCCH transmission is used to carry HARQ-ACKs in response to a downlink transmission and such downlink transmissions are typically associated with downlink scheduling assignments on PDCCH and the corresponding power control commands could be used to adjust the PUCCH transmit power prior to the transmission of HARQ-ACKs. Similar to PUSCH, power control commands can also be carried jointly to multiple devices by means of DCI format 2_2. When the UE transmits PUCCH on active uplink BWP k of carrier l of serving cell m and PUCCH power control adjustment state with index U, it determines the PUCCH transmission power in the ith PUCCH transmission occasion as follows [8]: 648 Chapter 4 where PCMAXIm (i) is the configured UE transmit power. Po_PUCCHm(qu) = Po_NOMINAL_PUCCH + Po_UE_PUCCH(Qu) whose parameters are pro- vided p0-nominal and p0-PUCCH-Value. NPUCCH( RBklm is the bandwidth of PUCCH resource assignment expressed in number of resource blocks. PLklm(qd) is the downlink path loss estimate in dB calculated by the UE using reference signal resour