on landscape in a more general manner without reference to any stan- dard model. 23.1 Introduction There are a wide variety of telecom management applications currently available on the market. Most telecom application developers concentrate on building a few management solutions. It can be seen that the top player in inventory management may not be the top player in the development of billing management applications. In most scenarios a vendor specializing in development of inventory management may not even have billing or customer relationship management applications in its portfolio of products. In general, management applications can be classified under the following heads: Customer management applications: These relate to the customer and deal with applications to manage the customer. Some of the applications in this category are customer information management, customer SLA manage- ment, customer QoS management, and SO on. Fundamentals of EMS, NMS and OSS/BSS Business management applications: These are the applications that deal with business for the service offered to the customer. Some of the applications in this category are billing management, fraud management, order manage- ment, sales management, and SO on. Service management applications: These relate to the services offered to the customer and deal with applications to manage the service. Some of the applications that fall in this category are service quality management, service provisioning, service performance management, and SO on. Resource management applications: This category has applications to man- age the resources in the telecom space. Some of the applications that fall in this category are resource provisioning, resource specification management, resource testing, resource monitoring, and SO on. Enterprise management applications: Every Telco has a set of enterprise appli- cations to manage the enterprise. Some of the applications that fall in this category are knowledge management, human resource management, finance management, and SO on