ected wealthy suburban areas with more customers that could afford high-margin premium cable chan- nels and video on demand. They avoided very large cities where difficult-to- cable areas could drive up their installation costs. Mobile companies such as MetroPCS expanded to large cities such as Boston and New York City that have large concentrations of customers. New entrants often compete in part by setting their prices lower than existing mobile, cable TV, or wireline carriers. MetroPCS targets young and lower-income subscribers. Cable Multiple System Operators Cable TV companies with more than one system are known as Multiple System Opera- tors (MSOs). At the end of the fourth quarter of 2011, there were a total of 60 million cable TV subscribers in the United States. Despite competition from satellite TV and telephone company pay TV, MSOs are still the dominant providers of pay TV and resi- dential broadband. However, MSOs lost subscribers between the first quarter of 2010 and the first quarter of 2011 (see Table 3-2). Moreover, their revenue from premium content is slipping as consumers increas- ingly sign up for lower-cost "over-the-top" (OTT) movies and TV from providers such as Netflix and Hulu. Subscribers are also switching to satellite TV and telephone com- pany pay-TV services. Economic downturns and annual price increases for cable TV have also spurred subscriber losses. Table 3-5 shows the quarterly increases in satellite TV and telephone company pay-TV subscribers, and decreases in cable subscribers. At the same time that MSOs are facing increasing competition, their costs to license content have increased. Certain of these pricing increases have resulted in stand-offs between MSOs and content providers. One dispute resulted in cable TV channels going dark for a few days during Major League Baseball's 2010 National League Championship Series. Comcast is by far the largest cable operator, with service in 39 states and a 38 percent share of total cable TV subscribers. One factor in Comcast's market s