peech Ait Sab O., 229 Ancilla Algebra/arithmetic (modular), see Modular bit, see Bit Algorithm qubit, see Qubit continued fraction expansion, 399, 408-10, space, 352 648-52 state, 354 Deutsch, 378-80 AND (logical/Boolean), 70, 76, 291, 293, 299, 529 Deutsch-Jozsa, XV, xix, 378, 381, 394, 512 ANSI (Americal National Standards Institute), 541, Diffie-Hellmann-Merkle algorithm, 534, 535, Arabic numerals, see Numerals Dixon, 411 Araki-Lieb inequality, 442 extended Euclidian, 413, 428, 658, 673 Architecture Fermat, 411 multi-processor, 289 general number field sieve, 400, 411, 538 parallel processor (-), 289 Grover quantum database search, XV, xix, 378, von Neumann, see Von Neumann 389-98 Arithmetic coding, see Coding Hughes, 535 Arobase, 167 Lenstra, 411 Arrangement without repetition, 10-11 order-finding (-), 399, 400, 405-8, 414 Artificial intelligence, see Intelligence Pollard, 411 ASCII (American standard code for information Shank, 411 exchange), 112, 113, 130, 131, 133, 152, Shor factorization (-), XV, xix, 327, 329, 378, 389, 156, 157, 159, 169, 192, 197, 426-8, 527, 399, 415-17, 523, 527, 536, 653-5 528, 530 triple data encryption (TDEA), 542 Aspect, A., xii V (code), see Code At sign or @, 167 William, 411 Attack, see Cryptosystem Algorithmic brute-force, see Cryptosystem and logical unit, see ALU cryptosystem, see Cryptosystem complexity, see Kolmogorov denial of service (DoS), 564 entropy, see Entropy giant pulse, 563 independence, 121 impersonation, 563 information theory, see Information key, see Key Alphabet (symbol), 57, 127 man-in-the-middle (-), 562, 563 Alphabetic random-number generator, 563 Index ATM, 225 Bit error rate, 208, 211, 243 Atomic physics, 28 corrected (-), 208, 226-30 Authentication, 523, 542 uncorrected, 228 Bloch sphere, 304, 308, 311, 319, 322, 343, 509, B92 protocol, 523, 562 625-7, 630, 631 Backward error correction, 211 Block, 210 Balanced function, 381 code, see Code Bandwidth coding, see Coding channel, see Channel field, 162 efficiency diagram, 271 header, 172, 177 expansion f