er from the devices operating in the 902-928, 2400-2483.5 and 5725- 5850 MHz bands to be less than 30 dBm (1 W). Moreover, if the antenna gain (directionality) is more than 6 dB, for every 3 dB, the maximum transmission power is to be reduced by 1 dB. For example if the antenna gain is 12 dB, the maximum transmission power is reduced by (12-6)/3= 2 dB to 28 dBm [3]. IEEE 802.11 Standards Wireless LANs or Wi-Fi equipment are one of the most common personal communications devices in use: Wi-Fi access points are found in homes, offices, coffee shops, public squares, shopping centres and SO on. Similarly Wi-Fi chipsets are included in smartphones, laptop computers, tablets, consumer electronics, cameras, printers, fridges, air conditioners and SO on. North River ventures reports that the number of Wi-Fi enabled devices is expected to reach nearly 8 billion by 2015 (Figure 12.2). To connect these devices, a network of public and private Wi-Fi hotspot access points has emerged in many cities around the world. As shown in Figure 12.3 the number of such hotspots is expected to reach 8 million by 2016 as reported by Informa [6]. The IEEE 802.11 series of standards was first released in 1997 with the 802.11a and 802.11b specifications. These early releases have been enhanced with new features including faster transmission rates, better security, and more efficient usage of frequency resources. Recent releases of the standards use wider bandwidths, higher order modulations and usage advanced antenna techniques (such as multiple-input and multiple-output, MIMO) to enhance transmission rates [8]. A summary of some commonly implemented releases, their transmis- sion rates and technology usage is shown in Table 12.3. DSSS, Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum; OFDM, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing. Broadband Telecommunications Technologies and Management Consumer electronics with Wi-Fi Smartphones with Wi-Fi Computers with Wi-Fi Mobile phones Figure 12.2 Wi-Fi enabled device shipment. Source: Ref. [7] Figure 12.3 Global n