ways that translate between networks that use different protocols. Another way that networks are enabled to carry more traffic is the network equipment connected to fiber-optic cabling that enables gigabit and even terabit data rates. A terabit is equal to a thousand gigabits. Networks that connect people have made the world smaller and opened up communications worldwide. However, the common protocols used on the Internet where everyone is connected to everyone else means that networks are inherently open to hackers who use these common protocols as a way to hack into organizations' networks. Organizations large and small have experienced security breaches. Some breaches have resulted in the loss of millions of peoples' private information including their social security numbers. In addition, security breaches have cost enterprises millions of dollars in bad publicity and stolen intellectual property. To avoid major hacking attacks, enterprises hire outside consultants, www.TechnicalPDF.com and strengthen their security staff. They also educate users to the danger of opening attachments from people they don't know. These phishing emails contain malware able to contaminate entire networks. However, there is no 100 percent guarantee that any of these steps will protect an organization from a determined hacker. But organizations with strong security recover faster, and detect attacks more quickly. Register your copy of The Essential Guide to Telecommunications, Sixth Edition, on the InformIT site for convenient access to updates and corrections as they become available. To start the registration process, go to informit.com/register and log in or create an account. Enter the product ISBN (9780134506791) and click Submit. Look on the Registered Products tab for an Access Bonus Content link next to this product, and follow that link to access any available bonus materials. If you would like to be notified of exclusive offers on new editions and updates, please check the box to receive e-mail from www.TechnicalPDF.com A