ng (AMC)2, While slower reaction affects the performance of all control loops between a UE and a gNB, most of them require some adjustments in the implementation, not a different design. Satellite power is typically limited and an optimum selection of operating point concern- ing transmission power, modulation, and coding is of utmost interest. Due to the large free-space path loss, and the limited Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP) and bat- tery power available at the UE, the power margin is also limited for mobile terminals. With the long delay over satellites in the loop, the power control is not able to track fast-fading channel conditions, only slower power variations. For Ka-band satellites in static scenarios, Adaptive Coding and Modulation (ACM) used in the digital video broadcasting satellite specification DVB-S2 is an essential mechanism that maintains connection through rain fades, which typically change somewhat slower than the half-second round-trip delay. It works well in some cases helping to avoid excessive oscillations between two modulation and coding modes. Having said that, the reaction time of ACM is too slow to adapt for changes of signal strength for mobile terminals, especially when the line of sight is interrupted by shadowing events. For S-band GEO systems in mobile scenarios, the main issue is multi-path fading, which can be much faster than a half-second round-trip delay. AMC applied to 5G NR in this scenario will not be able to follow it. The AMC algorithm typically attempts to settle on a modulation and coding mode that closes the link if possible, by giving up some power to maintain a margin. For LEO satellites, AMC can be used in NR to adapt for the free-space path loss vari- ation. This variation is sufficiently slow compared with the 20-ms worst case round-trip delay. AMC should be able to react to shadowing fades to a large extent as well, although it is still unable to follow fast fading. Therefore, instead of using closed-loop power control, open-loop power control as d