ulation technique can respectively [19]. be measured using its achieved data rate (or, equivalently, Note that in all modulation techniques discussed SO far, the number of bits assigned to each digital state) and a single information bit stream (possibly coded) is minimum tolerated SNR for reliable demodulation transmitted per one modulation signal. Hierarchical (which reflects robustness to channel noise). Normally, modulation, however, enables transmission of two 100000 100010 101010 101000 001000 001010 000010 000000 100001 100011 101011 101001 001001 001011 000011 000001 100101 100111 101111 101101 001101 001111 000111 000101 100100 100110 101110 101100 001100 001110 000110 000100 110100 110110 111110 101100 011100 011110 010110 010100 110101 110111 111111 111101 011101 011111 010111 010101 110001 110011 111011 111001 011001 011011 010011 010001 110000 110010 111010 111000 011000 011010 010010 010000 Figure 3.4-13 Constellations of four standard digital modulation techniques: BPSK (top left), 4-QAM (top right), 16-QAM (bottom left), and 64-QAM (bottom right). the asnqoi SI cream 119 dH the reddn assy the un the JO the un Stou umous are the OML up se the the 29 cream 719 d'I the (means 419 d7 o pasn) WVO-9I IO WVO-t the red stig OM1 pue tiq dH pasn) WVO-t JO P 7! un se WVO se ng the e VAL se Shemie SI cream 41q dH the the NON the un the JO the d'I the of 1010 pue dH the 07 ques SI 01 anoqe the (d7) the '(wondq) UI umous the uI SI (E IO 'Z'I '0) d'I up 419 d'I the are no the Jo the 'dH SI asic IO OM1 the dH up the sureans-qns OM1 out e of cream cream 11q dH the stig OM1 assy 419 the 07 SI uieu company (d7) uI un WVO-tv, un SI a SI creams WVO-t 'auo the un AVO -,, 4!q (dH) creams 419 SI 'sny1) WVO-9I un St WVO-t '(andy P UI surens 419 (wond) u! pue (do1) - u! 0001 10 0101 10 010010 0000 10 0001 II 0101 II 0100 II 00001 1001 10 HOT LO 110010 1000 10 1001 II HOI II 1100 I 1000 II 1011 10 IIII IO 111010 1010 10 1011 II IIIIII 111011 1010 II 0011 10 OIII IO 011010 0010 10 0011 II OIIIII 011011 0010 II 0011 00 0111 0