r is possible based on tight interworking between radio access technologies when anchored at 5GC. 1.5.2 Network-Controlled Power Management Power management schemes are important to sustaining UE services and prolonged UE bat- tery life. In this section, we discuss the power management schemes and strategies used by 5G networks to optimize UE power consumption while satisfying user expectations and 5G Network Architecture 169 QoS requirements of the applications. During the normal operation, a 5G UE can be in one of the three states of connected, inactive, or idle as explained in the previous section. If there is no data to be transmitted/received, the UE stays in the energy-efficient idle state. In contrast, the connected state is the energy-consuming state, as the UE needs to continuously monitor the link quality of the serving and neighboring cells and to provide periodic reports on the quality and status of the radio link. Mobile devices in connected mode may be configured with discontinuous reception (DRX) for power saving purposes. The parameters of DRX configuration can be optimized to either maximize power saving or minimize latency performance based on the UE's active applica- tions/services. The DRX cycles are broadly configurable to support a wide range of services with different requirements in terms of power consumption and accessibility delays. The implementation of DRX allows the UE to avoid frequently monitoring the physical down- link control channel, except during specific time intervals configured by higher layers. A typical DRX cycle can be divided into an active time interval and an inactive period. During active time interval, the UE is awake and performs continuous reception, while the inactivity timer has not expired. During this time, the UE is performing continuous recep- tion while waiting for a downlink transmission. The UE then enters the inactive period, if there is no traffic activity longer than the inactivity timer duration, after expiration of on- duration, or if the UE receives 