or acquiring a software product. Application system: It is a collection of software features that can be man- aged as an independent unit supporting a particular business function. 4. Database model: The management components for a database environment are defined in the CIM database model. This database model has a number Fundamentals of EMS, NMS and OSS/BSS of supportive classes representing configuration parameters, resources, and statistics. There are three major entities in the database model: Database system: The software application aspects of the database envi- ronment makes up the database system. Common database: Organized data on logical entity is called a common database. Database service: It represents the process or processes performing tasks for the database. 5. Device model: The functionality, configuration, and state of hardware can be described using the device models. Management of the device depends on the configuration of the hardware and software as well as on the interconnections between the devices. A hardware component that can offer multiple func- tionalities is realized using multiple logical devices. The hardware that can be modeled ranges from a simple battery to complex storage volumes. Device models also describe relationships. The devices in the model are represented as components under CIM_System. 6. Event model: An event is an incident that can involve a change in the state of the environment or behavior of a component in the environment. An event usually results in a notification. The events present in the event model could be pervasive or infrequent events. The consequences of an event can last a long time affecting many things. Some events may require immediate action on the part of the observer whereas other events could be handled at a later point of time. 7. Interop model: The management components describing the WBEM infra- structure and how they interact with the infrastructure are defined as the CIM interop model. The WBEM infrastructure has: CIM client: The client issue