y Dispute & Management Management Document Adjustment Customer Bill Calculation Management Service/Account Custome Product/Service Problem Format/ Online Charging Rating Resolution Applications Applications Render management Service Quality Service Management Domain Service Level Agreement Monitoring Management & Impact Analysis Service Service Service Order Specification Inventory Service Management Service Problem middlework Management Management Performance Management Management Resource Management Resource Process Management (Work flow/Integration Billing Data Domain Mediation Resource Inventory Management Applications Applications Resource Voucher Lifecycle Resource Order Resource Assurance Management Management Management Management Real-time Billing Management Resource Domain Management Applications Supplier/Partner Domain Partner Supply Chain Management Management Enterprise Domain Revenue Financial HR Management Asset Security Knowledge Assurance Management Fraud Applications Management Management Management Management Applications Management Applications Applications Applications Figure 8.21 Telecom application map (TAM R2.0). Reproduced from © TM Forum [31] Core Networks and Operations Support Systems industry. TIP released in 2008 specifies the use of existing interfaces but with a new focus and roadmap. It has the goal of unifying all TM Forum interface standardization under a single umbrella and with a common roadmap. The scope entails both intra-business (within a single service provider) and business- to-business interfaces [31,32]. The key interface standards are: CO-OP: The "Co-operative OSS Project" is an initiative to promote unified standards for element management and user management. The Project works closely with other key standardization initiatives such as OSS/J, 3GPP and 3GPP2. IPDR: An IP Detail Record (IPDR) provides information IP-based service usage and other activities that can be used by OSS/BSS. It defines interfaces used for usage data management and accounting. In 2007 the IPDR