(seman- tics) to the content of documents in a manner that machines can understand. The Semantic Web looks at enhanced processing of structure information where you can search by business documents versus scientific data, or for an author versus an entertainer. It also supports the ability for command and control of scientific instruments and the labeling of data from those instruments. This is very impor- tant to data collection and archiving of data coming from the exploding population of sensors. The Semantic Web greatly expands the utility of the World Wide Web, and it does SO by using standards, markup languages, and related processing tools. This page intentionally left blank The New Generation of Networks This page intentionally left blank Chapter IP Services This chapter discusses the evolution from circuit-switched to Internet Protocol (IP) based packet-switched infrastructures to support the variety of IP services in use today, including IP telephony (IPT), IP television (IPTV), and virtual private net- works (VPNs). IPT involves the transmission of voice, fax, and related services over IP-based packet-switched networks. IPTV systems deliver digital television service to a subscriber, using IP over a broadband connection. VPNs are a critical requirement for businesses because they distribute mission-critical and sensitive traffic to remote locations; they offer networking security and performance compa- rable with that available at the office. The Evolution to IP Services Service providers are in the midst of a gradual evolution from circuit-switched to IP-based packet-switched infrastructures. IP is attractive for two main reasons: cost savings and revenue. Carriers expect operational and infrastructure savings from deploying new IP-based services because they believe that implementing applica- tions on IP networks will be much less expensive than running them on circuit- switched networks. In addition, every carrier is looking for new ways to enhance its service suites, which are rapidly becoming comm