tes operate on the higher-frequency K band. This enables them to support the high bandwidths required for on-demand services. For a fee, passengers can view on-demand TV and movies on their Wi-Fi-equipped laptops and tablet computers. Wi-Fi antennas distribute the signals to passenger devices within Mobile and Wi-Fi Networks the aircraft's cabin. Satellite providers with these higher-frequency satellites also mar- ket their services to rural areas for Internet access. Higher speeds result in lower delays when compared to older satellites. The delays are a half second or SO compared to a few seconds on lower frequencies. However, these delays are still longer than those on most landline broadband services. The stron- ger beams in satellites that operate on higher frequencies result in smaller dishes and are more susceptible to interference from snow, fog, and rain. SUMMARY A number of factors have increased the complexity of managing and upgrading mobile infrastructure. These include the rapid increases in technological innovation, huge growth in data traffic, high costs of new spectrum to support additional traffic, and the trend of implementing smaller cell sites based on fourth-generation (4G), femtocell, picocell, and Wi-Fi technology. The use of smaller cell sites is one method carriers employ to support dense con- centrations of data traffic. However, adding smaller cell sites entails adding more support. This is one factor that has added to the increasing complexity of managing networks. Other strategies implemented to handle traffic growth are leasing new, costly spectrum and upgrading networks to use existing spectrum more efficiently. Carriers often utilize all of these strategies. A further factor fueling complexity is that technological innovation has been spurred by the emergence of new equipment suppliers from China and Taiwan. This increased competition between manufacturers has led them to develop new products with upgraded functionality in order to stay competitive. Thus, carriers have a grow- ing