ession technique, 420-423 commands in, 399-400 u-law companding, 114 megahertz (MHz), 25 multifrequency (MF) signaling, 155-158 message access, VSAT, 231 CCITT No. 5 signaling code, 155 message discrimination, 366, 373 R-1 system, 155 message distribution, 366, 373, 382 R-2 code, 156-158 message groups, 382 multimedia communications, switching and message label, 365 transport of, 539-540 message mode service, 526 multimode fiber, 234 message routing, 366 multipath conditions, as a cause of fading, control, 366 213-214 function, 373 multipath propagation, 465 message signal units (MSUs), 365, 370-372 multiple access, to a communication satellite, message transfer part (MTP), 362, 364, 375-377, 220-223 multiple paths, repeaters in, 308f metallic path, 93 multiple star network, 10, 11f metallic trunk signaling, 165-166 multiplexers, digital, 52 meta-signaling, 530 multiplexing, 75, 78-85 metropolitan area networks (MANs), 341-360 frequency division, 79-84 defined, 341 TCP, 326 design approaches to, 341 multiplex systems, PCM, 122-126 fiber-optic ring network, 341-342 music, frequency and, 24 IEEE 802.11 system, 342-344 mutual inductance, 589 IEEE 802.15 standard, 344-347 mutual synchronization, 139f, 140 IEEE 802.16 MAC requirements, 348-359 IEEE 802.16 standard, 348 naming tree, 563 microcell propagation, narrowband, 478-481 Naperian logarithm, 593 microwave, RF bandwidth for, 36 narrowband microcell propagation, 478-481 military systems, external synchronization in, 140 national network, traffic routing in, 180-186 milli-erlang, 67 national signaling networks, 374-375 millimeter radio, 25 national signaling point (NSP), 374 millimeter-wave region, 197 National Television Systems Committee (NTSC) minimum noise model, 436 color transmission standards of, 404 , 411-412 mixing, 80-81 standard, 403 M-lead signaling systems, 154 national transmission plan for North America, 95 MxN array, 131-133 near-end crosstalk (NEXT), 128 mobile environment needle telegraph, 20 fading in, 464-467 negative acknowledgment (NACK), 257,