present an example of a radio system for an idealized microcellular network for voice personal communication service applications in which S-CDMA is used in both inbound and outbound directions. 3.5.6 Narrowbeam and Delay-Line Antennas For a large network of microcells, one of the key advantages of having complete frequency of reuse is the elimination of the complicated fre- quency-management planning required when conventional narrowband radios are used. Also, spread-spectrum radios afford far greater flexibil- Commercial Applications ity with antennas. Because these radios are less sensitive to interference, sectorized antennas, which can increase a cell's capacity, can be used at a cell site with fewer constraints on overlap in sector antenna beams. Fixed and adaptive multibeam antennas can also be more easily employed with spread-spectrum radios. Moreover, owing to their inherent ability to over- come multipath delays greater than a chip-time interval, distributed antennas on a long cable facilitate covering all areas inside a building [16]. Again, these advantages are inherent in direct-sequence spread-spectrum radios. Since slow frequency-hopping spread-spectrum radios are merely nar- rowband radios with time-varying center frequencies, they do not have the same frequency of reuse capability of direct-sequence spread-spectrum radios. Therefore, the higher overall capacity possible with direct-sequence radios in a multicellular network is not achievable with slow frequency-hop- ping radios. Fast frequency-hopping spread-spectrum radios with coding and interleaving can attain the same kind of capacity advantage as direct- sequence radios. However, the low cost requirements of commercial radios make such fast frequency-hopping systems less practical. 3.6 SPREAD-SPECTRUM CDMA FOR PCS AND PCN Personal communication networks (PCNs) and personal communication ser- vices (PCSs) refer to a broad range of wireless communication applications and services. Initially, PCNs and PCSs were generally perceived as low-cost p