es, 400 mobile operators, 134 Tata TGN-Pacific undersea cable, 170 mobile virtual network operators, 138-139 Taube, Gareth, 21 other competitors to broadband providers, Tbps (terabits per second), 19 TCI, purchase by AT&T, 113 resellers, 150 TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet traditional telephone companies, 133 Protocol), 22, 57 telecommunications services, 293 using as linking protocol on LANs, 58 telecommunications services in national emergen- TCP (Transmission Control Protocol), 21, 49 cies, 205-207 TDD (Time-Division Duplex), 336 Telecoms Reform (EU), 414 UMTS TDD, 382 Telefónica, 271, 389, 401, 416 TD-LTE (Time-Division Multiplexing LTE), 336, Telemar Norte Leste, 404 340, 398 Telenor, 393, 413, 417 in India, 399 TelePacific Communications, 147 TDMA (Time-Division Multiple Access), CDMA telephone companies and, 323 challenges in updating access networks, 191 TDM (Time-Division Multiplexing), 18, 169, impact on traditional carriers of VoIP for 246, 268 international calling, 223 Index telephone companies (Contd.) in Brazil, 403 independent, 148 costs and logistics of upgrading from GSM to large base of VoIP customers, 220 WCDMA, 327 migration to VoIP, 182 divergent paths to, 326 pay TV services, 140 infrastructure, 328-331 push into cable TV services, 127 major 3G standards, releases and revisions, renting portions of their networks to smaller providers or competitors, 211 migrating from 2G to WCDMA 3G service, traditional telephone companies, 133 VoIP hosting providers, 93 most common technologies, 325 telephone numbers, portability of, 127 technologies in Europe, 413 telephone systems transition to WCDMA, 325 analog over copper cabling, 241 throughput, 9 cloud-based, hosted systems, 52 TIA (Telecommunications Industry Association), decline of telephone revenues and transition to VoIP service, 180 Tier 1 carriers, 271 mobility and single-number service, 83 Tier 2 carriers, 271 movile services replacing landlines, 307 Tiller, Andy, 353 satellite, 377 Time-Division Duplex (TDD), 336 substitution 