 CONCLUSIONS The set of service components for UMTS will continue to evolve, e.g. Chapter 9 out- lines further requirements for future UMTS specification releases. Thus, this chapter points out only the key elements that we cannot neglect as we follow the trends for non- voice services over integrated 3G CS and PS networks. The essential issues discussed in the preceding sections indicate that despite the large amount of standardization work and intensive industry activity, we are still in the proc- ess of consolidating solutions for terminals and applications. The massive investment in license fees for the spectrum4, may in some way be limiting future UMTS service providers from practical dedication to the creation of services in Operators in UK and Germany have each invested more than US$5 billion in UMTS licenses; operators in other countries may invest less. However, there is a trend for governments to get the maximum from the 3G spectrum. The UMTS Network and Radio Access Technology closer collaboration with content providers, developers, and manufactures. The truth is that we may also need massive investment for the implementation of innovative appli- cations and services to take full advantage of the potential of UMTS and its forthcoming technology. On the service provider side, again, it does not matter within what segment subscribers are, at the end, with the penetration of mobile services, free-Internet and the choice of service provider, users will only care about quality, price and value. So far, the services illustrated in earlier sections (e.g. Figure 6.1), are still early evolutions of 2G services. Ideal platforms for service differentiation do not yet exist. The implementation process for new services exploiting full 3G capabilities appears slow. On the other hand, great challenges also remain for manufactures on the terminal side, to produce intelligent multi-functional terminals with efficient power consumption. This without even mentioning the amount of innovation required in the infrastructure