7.8.4 Broadband Remote Access Servers and Edge Routers 7.8.5 Practical Routers Implementations Packet Switching at Ethernet Layer: Carrier Class Ethernet Switches 7.9.1 Generalities on Carrier Class Ethernet Switches 7.9.2 Architecture of a Carrier Class Ethernet Switch References Convergent Network Management and Control Plane Introduction ASON Architecture 8.2.1 ASON Network Model 8.2.2 ASON Standard Interfaces 8.2.3 ASON Control Plane Functionalities 8.2.3.1 Discovery 8.2.3.2 Routing 8.2.3.3 Signaling 8.2.3.4 Call and Connection Control 8.2.3.5 Survivability GMPLS Architecture 8.3.1 GMPLS Data Paths and Generalized Labels Hierarchy 8.3.2 GMPLS Protocol Suite 8.3.2.1 Open Shortest Path First with Traffic Engineering 8.3.2.2 IS-IS Routing Protocol 8.3.2.3 Brief Comparison between OSPF-TE and IS-IS Contents 8.3.2.4 Resource Reservation Protocol with Traffic Engineering Extensions 8.3.2.5 Constrained Routing Label Distribution Protocol 8.3.2.6 Comparison between RSVP-TE and CR-LDP 8.3.2.7 Line Management Protocol Design and Optimization of ASON/GMPLS Networks 8.4.1 Detailed Example: Design Target and Issues 8.4.1.1 Basic Examples of Network Design 8.4.1.2 Design for Survivability 8.4.2 Design Based on Optimization Algorithms 8.4.2.1 Optimized Design Hypotheses 8.4.2.2 Network Model for ILP 8.4.2.3 ILP Design Complexity 8.4.2.4 Design in Unknown Traffic Conditions 8.4.3 Routing Policies-Based Design 8.4.3.1 OSPF Protocol 8.4.3.2 Constrained Routing 8.4.3.3 Comparison among the Considered Algorithms GMPLS Network Design for Survivability 8.5.1 Survivability Techniques Performance Evaluation 8.5.2 Protection versus Restoration 8.5.2.1 Bandwidth Usage 8.5.2.2 Recovery Time 8.5.2.3 Specific Protocols 8.5.2.4 QoS Issues 8.5.2.5 Quantitative Comparison 8.5.3 Multilayer Survivability Strategies 8.5.3.1 Multilayer Survivability 8.5.3.2 QoS-Driven Multilayer Survivability Impact of ASON/GMPLS on Carriers OPEX References 9 Next Generation Transmission Systems Enabling Technologies, Architectures, and Performances Introductio