ks," for infor- mation on frequencies. Carrier Networks Limitations of Bonding: Stealing from Peter to Pay Paul Bonding increases capacity and speeds for Internet access. However, it does SO by using channels previously available for video, which of course, decreases the number of available video channels. It does not increase the total amount of capacity on cable networks, many of which have a top capacity of 860MHz. Bonding, rate shaping, improved compression increase the amount of data (throughput) that the network can handle, but they do not increase overall capacity. For more information on rate shap- ing, read the section "Adding Capacity to Access Networks," earlier in this chapter. Cable companies use other techniques such as switched video to manage spectrum uti- lization. Fiber-optic cabling supports more capacity than current hybrid fiber/coaxial cabling. For example, Verizon's FTTP cabling enables it to use its entire 860MHz for TV, with an additional 2.5 gigabits available for voice and Internet access. Switched video is a technology that enables MSOs to send particular movies or TV shows to only a subsection of customers who order them. Switched video is a way to manage spectrum utilization because all streams are not broadcast to every customer. Thus, these video streams do not use up capacity in the entire network. This frees up channels for video to other subscribers. Adding Capacity by Upgrading to 1GHz Unlike bonding, rate shaping, and switched video, all of which help providers manage capacity, upgrading to 1GHz capacity adds capacity for services. Unlike bonding, it does not decrease the amount of capacity for video. However, it is more costly than all of these methods. Optical transceivers and receivers as well as amplifiers and set-top boxes might need to be replaced or upgraded, depending on the age of the existing cabling and electronics. Optical transceivers and receivers convert signals on optical cabling to those compatible with copper cabling, and vice versa. Amplifiers strengthen sig