ge. Another consideration in the UNI and NNI signaling is the scalability of connection status management. Since each QoS-guaranteed connection must C 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC SIP Location/ Redirector server Q-SIP / SDP Q-SIP Proxy server Q-SIP / SDP Realtime Realtime Audio/video Audio/Video connections UNI signaling UNI signaling Connections NNI Signaling (RSVP-TE) (RSVP-TE) (RSVP-TE) for QoS for QoS provisioning RSVP-TE RSVP-TE RSVP-TE provisioning RSVP-TE server / server / Agent Agent Multimedia Terminal Multimedia terminal FIGURE 15.4 Proposed QoS-guaranteed multimedia service system. C 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Q-SIP/SDP for Converged Heterogeneous Wired and Wireless Networks 359 Domain 1 Domain 2 Application Application Agent A Q-SIP policy clearing policy Q-SIP server router house router Agent B (caller) server server server (callee) RESV-Conf RESV-Conf RESV-Conf RESV-Conf RESV-Conf RESV-Conf FIGURE 15.5 An RSVP-TE signaling procedure to establish TE-LSP in an IP/MPLS subnetwork. be maintained by the provider network, an efficient traffic grooming scheme must be used. In the current implementation, we are using edge-to-edge TE- LSP and node-to-node traffic engineering (TE)-link for each QoS class-type based on the virtual overlay networks [12]. In this hierarchical traffic groom- ing, the ingress edge router is managing the detailed connection status of each QoS-guaranteed connection; the transit routers are not keeping detailed infor- mation for each connection, but maintain the aggregated traffic parameters of each QoS class-type. Figure 15.5 shows the procedure of MPLS TE-LSP establishment using RSVP-TE signaling. 15.3.3 Resource Reservation and CAC on IEEE 802.3 Fast/Gigabit Ethernet Switch Currently, most broadband end user terminals are attached to the home net- work or office network via IEEE 802.3 Fast/Gigabit Ethernet or IEEE 802.11 WLAN. In order to provide an end-to-end QoS-guaranteed multimedia service across a heterogeneous network environment, as shown in Figure 15.1, eac