 and administrations are 1.2-1.5% of GDP" (emphasis added). There is further corroboration that per capita expenditures on water and sanitation in high- and middle-income countries are greater than the indicated figures in Table 5.14. An analysis of Eurostat data on environmental protection expenditure (public and private sectors) indicates a range of between 0.16% and 0.35% of GDP for high-income (average 0.26%) and between 0.27% and 0.75% of GDP for middle-income (average 0.58%) countries on wastewater (sanitation), see Figure 5.3. Given the limitations of the data sets reported by Eurostat, these figures are likely to under-represent actual expenditures. And they only cover wastewater (sanitation); there are no comparable statistics for water supply expenditures. Assuming that expenditure on water supply mirrors that of wastewater, the range would be 0.32%-0.75% and 0.54%-1.5% of GDP respectively for water and sanitation combined. Figure 5.3. Total expenditure on wastewater as percentage of GDP Poland Hungary Slovak Republic Finland Belgium Portugal France Austria Italy % of GDP Source: Authors, based on data from Eurostat. In 2003 an OECD report stated: "In the OECD countries as a whole the expenditure of the water sector exceeds USD 250 billion per year, taking into account all direct expenditure related to water for domestic, industrial and agricultural use". In the area of pollution abatement and control (PAC), investment and operating expenditure related to water (i.e. sewage and wastewater treatment) ranges between 0.3 and 1% of GDP.. Most such expenditure is public expenditure, with private expenditure mostly limited to that part of industry and households treating their own wastewater. Water supply and irrigation expenditure are of the same order of magnitude as PAC expenditure. INFRASTRUCTURE TO 2030: TELECOM, LAND TRANSPORT, WATER AND ELECTRICITY - ISBN 92-64-02398-4 © OECD 2006 5. THE IMPACTS OF CHANGE ON THE LONG-TERM FUTURE DEMAND FOR WATER SECTOR INFRASTRUCTURE Table 5.15. Investment and current 