 kits (SDKs) provided in the App store. MOSAIC5G is an open-source platform under Apache V2.0 license and can be summarized as follows: 1. OAI-RAN and OAI-CN: MOSAIC5G operates on the top of OAI software to deliver 5G E2E services. 2. FlexRAN: It is an O-RAN-compliant platform. It aims to provide flexible RAN control by enabling programmability, virtualization, and management of the 5G RAN based on SDN and NFV concepts. Decoupling the user and control planes is envisioned to provide a master control to manage and orchestrate the gNBs and UEs. It also facilitates the deployment of third-party and industry applications by providing plug&play control apps such as App-to-App and App-to-RAN. 3. LL-MEC: Besides the low latency services, LL-MEC platform aims to provide an abstraction layer between RAN and 5GC data plane. It monitors and controls the user data per service to provide real-time RAN information. 4. JOX: It is a Juju-based orchestrator that provides network virtualization, automa- tion, slicing, and subslicing services. Furthermore, it provides northbound APIs based on 3GPP [227] and REST API to instantiate, prepare, configure, program, monitor, and control each slice. 5. Store: It aims to enable rapid deployment for 5G solutions by providing dedicated services via Apps and without knowledge of the underlying network. Moreover, it provides several services including 5G platform as a service (PaaS), datasets for ML and analytics, and SDKs for FlexRAN, LL-MEC, and JoX. 1 A Comprehensive Study on 5G 1.5.2.2 Open Networking Foundation (ONF) Besides the standardization of OpenFlow protocol, ONF provides several open projects and solutions for mobile, broadband, and enterprise networks by lever- aging the SDN, NFV, and edge cloud technologies. For the mobile networks, it provides software-defined-RAN (SD-RAN), open mobile evolved core (OMEC), and converged multi-access and core (COMAC) projects for RAN and core. In addition, it provides Aether solution for the edge in mobile and enterprise networks. Meanwhile, ONF