broadband network means that backhaul needs to be overprovisioned cope with higher peaks versus the traffic average. Backhaul costs are therefore becoming more important over time. Improving the link budget by improving user equipment performance does not have these associated capital or operational costs. Additionally, improving TX and RX efficiency in user equipment can be shown to deliver nonlinear gains in scheduler efficiency (microscheduling gain). If RF and baseband performance improvement in user equipment can be combined with extended band flexibility then additional gain can be achieved by implementing more com- prehensive interband interoperator handover. However, every additional band increases cost and decreases sensitivity and selectivity. Additionally, interband measurements are slow and absorb network signalling bandwidth and power. Ideally, user equipment would be capable of accessing all available bandwidth in all countries with a parallel capability to scan the available bandwidth for the best-available connectivity. To be efficient this would need a separate receive function in the user's device (effectively a dual receiver). Such a device does not presently exist. Chapter Summary Using a combination of averaging, adaptation and opportunistic scheduling including in cer- tain channel conditions spatial multiplexing and multiuser diversity, LTE delivers spectral efficiency benefits over and above HSPA Release 6 by roughly an order of three. Interrelationship of the Physical Layer with Other Layers of the OSI Model Power-efficiency gains are, however, presently proving to be more elusive both in WiFi and LTE devices and unless this is resolved user experience will be constrained. OFDM in mobile broadband is allowing for high per user data rates. Traffic-scheduling and queuing algorithms translate this into gains that can be enjoyed by multiple users cosharing the access resource, in this example a specific LTE channel resolved in both the time and frequency domain. This is effectively algorithmi