 prompted a set of single input single output test standards which were ratified by CTIA in 2001. These define methods for testing total radiated power (TRP) and total isotropic sensitivity (TIS). No similar antenna test standards presently exist for MIMO. In terms of functional design the volume required for one good antenna provides sufficient space for two poor antennas and the performance has to be verified over multiple cellular and noncellular frequency bands. Most user equipment testing is performed by connecting a cable to a 'temporary antenna connector' that bypasses the antenna. The assumption used to be that the device under test antenna could be fairly represented by an isotropic antenna with 0 dBi gain. This was relevant when an antenna was a dipole tuned to a single band of interest but is no longer appropriate with most present antenna implementations. This means that conducted tests for reference sensitivity and maximum output power do not reflect real-life radiated performance. This can be seen by comparing the requirements for conducted tests with those for radiated tests. The 2001 CTIA tests were followed in 2008 by the 3GPP test specification TS34.114 that defines requirements for TRP and total reference sensitivity (TRS), which is the same as TIS in the CTIA standard. There is a significant amount of measurement uncertainty in these tests of the order of plus or minus 1.9 dB for TRP and plus or minus 2.3 dB for TRS, the consequence of an error model with over twenty terms. A large measurement error would allow some poor devices to pass the test and some good devices to fail. The solution to this for 3GPP was to relax the minimum requirements set out in the test specification by about half of the acknowledged test uncertainty, and in parallel introduce a stricter nonmandatory recommended performance target. 28 Our thanks to Moray Rumney of Agilent Technologies for these insights into SISO and MIMO performance verification. Wireless User Hardware The tests are quite thorough, covering azimuth a