 and 2000 km at veloci- ties of about 7 km/s. As exemplary frequency bands, both S-band (~2 GHz for downlink and uplink) and Ka-band (downlink: 20 GHz; uplink: 30 GHz) are considered. While for GEO based NTN access only fixed beams relative to the ground are considered, for LEO based access moving beams are possible as well. Note that Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS), including High Altitude Platforms (HAPS) based access, has not been studied since these 5 NG-RAN Evolution Table 5.3.1 Typical performances of NTN for considered usage scenarios. Usage scenarios Experience data rate Max UE speed Environment UE categories Downlink Uplink Pedestrian 2 Mbps 60 kbps 3 km/h Extreme coverage Handheld Vehicular 50 Mbps 25 Mbps 250 km/h Along roads in Vehicular mounted connectivity low population density areas Stationary 50 Mbps 25 Mbps 0 km/h Extreme coverage Building mounted Airplane 360 Mbps 180 Mbps 1000 km/h Open area Airplane mounted connectivity Internet of 2 kbps 10 kbps 0 km/h Extreme coverage Things (IoT) connectivityb) a) Better performances may be achieved. b) Considering low-power wide area service capability. could be considered as a special case of non-terrestrial access with lower delay/Doppler value and variation rate. HAPS are airborne vehicles, that is, planes or balloons, deployed in the stratosphere. HAPS operate like satellites, although being closer to earth typically at 20 km altitude, they float above conventional aircraft. Typical throughputs that can be provided by NTNs for the usage scenarios considered in the study on extending 5G specifications to support non-terrestrial systems conducted by 3GPP in Release-16 are presented in Table 5.3.1. The definition of a global standard based on the 5G technology for all NTN platforms in different orbits, frequency bands, and for different devices will create new service capabili- ties critical for consistent service continuity, reliability, and availability. Furthermore, it will decrease the cost of the network infrastructure and devices due to the economi