 solutions require a band of satellites around the globe. The idea is to capitalize the advantages of LEO such as absence of latency. The most well-known LEO project SO far was called Iridium with satellite telephony as a main application. 13.19 HIGH SPEED FIXED RADIO 13.19.1 POINT-TO-POINT Typical capacities range from E1/T1 to STM-1/OC-3 using radio frequency bands ranging from 7 GHz to 38 GHz. Point-to-point radio links can be deployed in ring, star and tree topologies, and offer built-in traffic routing functionality. P2P radio has a typical application area in the lower radio access network, sometimes in competition with P2MP radio below. 13.19.2 POINT-TO-MULTIPOINT The local multipoint distribution system (LMDS) is a 'last-mile' fixed wireless technology that offers line-of-sight coverage over distances up to 3-5 km. It can deliver data and telephony services to some 80 000 customers from a single node. LMDS services include delivery of voice, data, Internet and video services in the 25-GHz and higher spectrum (depending on national licensing). It can also feed radio base stations in mobile systems. LMDS is weather dependent. The range is in the area of around 5 km. It is physically a point-to-multipoint network, and the available bandwidth depends on the number of subscribers connected at the same time. The bandwidth can be up to some tens of Mbit/s downstream. See Figure 13.40. 13.19.3 BLUETOOTH Bluetooth is a cable replacement technology for data and voice communication in the unlicensed 2.4 GHz frequency band. It is based on a low-cost short-range radio link, built into a microchip, and facilitating protected ad hoc connections for stationary and mobile communication environments. Some possible application areas are shown in Figure 13.41. Bluetooth technology allows for the replacement of the many proprietary cables that connect one device to another with one universal short-range radio link. For instance, Bluetooth radio technology could replace the cumbersome cable used today to connect a laptop to a 