 300 m; X is the distance from the transmitter to the receiver. When taking into account propagation effects going above roof-tops, path loss calcula- tion occurs according to the shortest geographical distance using the COST Walfish- Ikegami Model and with antennas below roof-tops, i.e.: L =24+451og(d +20), = (2.42) where d is the shortest physical geographical distance from the transmitter to the re- ceiver in metres. The final path loss results from the minimum between the street path loss value and the path loss based on the shortest geographical distance, i.e. Pathloss = min(manhattan pathloss, macro path loss) This path loss model applies only to microcell coverage with antenna located below the roof-top. When the urban structure has macrocell coverage, the first path loss case ap- plies [2]. Physical Deployment The same test service requirements of the preceding section (indoor) apply for the out- door-to-indoor pedestrian environment. The specific assumptions about the physical deployment environment include: Indoor: building penetration loss = 12 dB, standard deviation = 8, log-normal stan- dard deviation = 10 and MS velocity = 3 km. Outdoor: building penetration loss = NA, log-normal standard deviation = 10, MS velocity = 3 km. A Manhattan-like structure defined for the outdoor to indoor and pedestrian environ- ment can be applied with following assumptions: 6.5 km², 200 X 200 m block, 30 m street width, and 10 m BS height. Figure 2.6 illustrates the default deployment scheme with BS using omni-directional antennas, where expected quality statistics would only arise from among cells marked with a T. See the mobility model in Ref. [2]. System Analysis Fundamentals Figure 2.6 Manhattan-like urban model example. 2.2.5 Vehicular We characterize the vehicular environment by larger cells and higher transmit power. The recommendations imply a geometrical path loss rule of R-4 and log-normal shadow fading with 10 dB standard deviation in urban and suburban areas. Rural areas with flat terrain will have lower pa