study). Terminal UTRAN GSM NSS GSM BSS GPRS NE's Itf-T Itf-B and Itf-G1 Itf-G2 Itf-G3 Itf-R Itf-N Itf-N UTRAN GSM BSS NodeB Terminal Terminal E-UTRAN GSM NSS GPRS Network 000010000 00000000 MSC/VLR 00000000 Backbone 0000000000000 Data network (Internet) Other Data network Data network operator (Internet) (X.25) Figure 8.27 3GPP and EPS management architecture. Reproduced with permission from C 2007 3GPP [35] Next Generation Mobile Communications Ecosystem 8.3.7 WiMAX Management Overview The IEEE-SA (IEEE - Standard Association) has defined WiMAX management system specifications in IEEE 802.16g [38] and IEEE 802.16f [39] standards: The IEEE 802.16f-2005 provides enhancements to IEEE 802.16-2004 to define a management infor- mation base (MIB) for the MAC and PHY and associated management procedures. The purpose of this standard is to provide a definition of managed objects to enable standards-based management of IEEE 802.16 devices. The IEEE 802.16g-2007 provides enhancements to the MAC and PHY management entities of IEEE 802.16-2004, as amended by IEEE 802.16e-2005 and IEEE 802.16f-2005, to create standardized procedures and interfaces for the management of conformant IEEE 802.16 devices. Figure 8.28 shows a management reference model for WiMAX systems. It consists of a Network Control and Management System (NCMS), managed nodes, and service flow database. The base station (BS) and subscriber station (SS) managed nodes collect and store the managed objects in the format of WirelessMan Interface MIB (wmanIfMib) and wmanDevMib that are made available to NMSs (net- work management systems) via management protocols, such as Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP). Service Flow Database contains the service flow and the associated quality of service (QoS) information that have to be populated to BS and SS when a SS enters into a BS network. 8.3.7.1 Management Information Base The MIB has been defined for SS and BS with MIB modules namely wmanIfMib and wmanDevMiB. The implementation of both modules is mandatory for SS