T markets, it can be enforced, while in countries with developed telecom/ICT markets, QoS/QoE should be monitored from the end-users' side. 3.8.3 NGN Business Aspects The policies, regulation, and business aspects in NGN broadband are related. However, it is also important that regulation is kept as separate as possible because the main role of regulation is to ensure the best outcomes and to assist with competition among NGN business players. So, regulation is not directly concerned with creating the funding pos- sibilities for deployment of broadband/ultra-broadband and NGN, but it regulates what is built. However, regulation should encourage investments in NGN and broadband. 3 QoS in NGN and Future Networks Regarding the funding options for NGN and broadband [31], they are mostly related to deployment of access (fiber-based) networks, but the same funding approach can be used for core NGN as well as international broadband links. There are generally four funding options: Government funding. The standpoint here is that fiber access is essential for broad- band infrastructure based on NGN and it is needed to enable the service ecosystems to function. The justification for this type of funding is that there cannot be multiple fiber cables to the same house or office. Furthermore, it is justified by the fact that such investment cannot be paid for at rates that private companies require. In this case the broadband network may be funded centrally (by the government) and then it can be leased to other operators. Then the services can be used by different service providers, which may have different core networks and separate service platforms over the deployed physical (fiber) infrastructures. Localized government funding. This is similar to government funding but on a smaller scale. In this localized case the funding addresses smaller or selected areas. The pos- itive side is that it can help to attract other industry and investors in the given area. The negative side may be negative outcomes with objections from ne