ver an Irregular Terrain Yashu Shanker and D. K. Lobiyal CONTENTS Introduction 6.1.1 Propagation Environment Proposed Analysis Results and Discussion 6.4 Conclusion References INTRODUCTION In last few decades, path loss prediction of mobile radio wave propagation over an irregular terrain has been one of the major challenges for researchers [1]. As the terrains are inherently irregular and diverse in nature, the received field varies arbi- trarily as a receiver moves across them [2-6]. Therefore, path loss prediction is very difficult. The researcher working in this area must take into account the major aspects of obstacles such as their height, shape, position and measurement terrain data [7-8]. Based on these aspects, several approaches have been developed. This includes ray tracing, the diffraction mechanism, and Fresnel theory that are applied in deter- ministic modeling approaches. However, empirical modeling based on terrain meas- urement data is preferred to precisely predicting path loss over terrains. Later on, semi deterministic models are also proposed. Both the empirical and deterministic approaches are used to develop these models. The series of irregular terrain profiles [9-12] are approximated as knife-edge obstacles. In this, it is assumed that diffraction takes place only over the rooftop of the knife edge obstacles and it is explained by the Huygens Fresnel principle. Fresnel zone geometry and Fresnel-Kirchhoff knife edge diffraction parameters explain the diffraction loss in the Fresnel-Kirchhoff knife edge diffraction FKE model [13]. DOI: 10.1201/9781003368311-6 5G Wireless Communication System in Healthcare Informatics In the literature, a theoretical model for the prediction of path loss for radio propa- gation due to multiple diffractions across a series of obstacles of uniform height and spacing was proposed by Bertoni et al. [14]. This proposed approach is used only when the height of the transmitter is above the height of the obstacle, and the series of obstacles is of uniform height and