ion: https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-ietf -Imap-yang/ 18. Lorido-Botrán, T., J. Miguel-Alonso, and J. A. Lozano. A review of auto-scaling techniques for elastic applications in cloud environments. Journal of Grid Computing, 559-592, 2014. 19. T. Lorido-Botrán, J. Miguel-Alonso, and A. Lozano. Auto-Scaling Techniques for Elastic Applications in Cloud Environments, University of Basque Country, Technical Report EHU-KAT-IK-09-12, 2012. 20. ETSI, Network Functions Virtualization (NFV); Pre-Deployment Testing; Report on Validation of NFV Environments and Services, ETSI GS NFV-TST 001 V1.1.1, available at: https://portal.etsi.org/webapp/ workProgram/Report_WorkItem.asp?wki_id=46009 21. Mao, M., J. Li, and M. Humphrey. Cloud auto-scaling with deadline and budget constraints. In Proceedings of the 11th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Grid Computing, pp. 41-48, Brussels, Belgium, October 2010. Network Measurements 22. AT&T Vendor VNF Guidelines, 2017, https://wiki.onap.org/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=1015852 23. ETSI, Network Functions Virtualization (NFV); VirtualNetworkFunctionsA Architecture, ETSIGSNFV SWA 001 V1.1.1, available at: :hhttp://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_gs/NFV-SWA/001_099/001/01.01.01_60/ gs_NFV-SWA001v010101p.pdf 24. Anand, A., J. Lakshmi, and S. Nandy. Virtual machine placement optimization supporting perfor- mance SLAs. 2013 IEEE 5th International Conference on Cloud Computing Technology and Science (CloudCom), vol. 1. IEEE, 2013, pp. 298-305. Bristol, United Kingdom, December 2-5, 2013. Taylor & Francis Taylor & Francis Group http://taylorandfrancis.com The Shift to Software Toby Ford CONTENTS 17.1 Introduction 17.2 The "Shift to Software" 17.3 The Viral Nature of UNIX and C 17.4 Open Source 17.5 Linux and Apache Foundations, OpenStack, ODL, and the OPNFV 17.6 Scripting and Concurrent Languages 17.7 The Agile Method and DevOps 17.8 Web 2.0, RESTful API Exposure, and Interoperability 17.9 From the Birth of the "Cloud" to Containers and Microservices References The shift to software is a min