 FuTURE FDD (fre- quency division duplex) system and the FuTURE TDD (time division duplex) system, both of which are investigating and demonstrating advanced techniques for systems to meet the application requirements around the year 2010. For both TDD and FDD, the trial platform contains six access points (APs) and 12 dis- tributed antenna arrays; each AP is equipped with two spaced antenna arrays. High-definition reactive video services have been performed and demonstrated on FuTURE trial systems. In the research and development of the FuTURE TDD system, a series of inno- vations in basic theory has been proposed, such as the flat wireless access network structure that has been taken into practice; the group cell, which is a novel gener- alized cellular network architecture, and the slide handover strategy based on it; the soft fractional frequency reuse to improve the spectrum efficiency; the reliable end-to-end QoS (quality of service) mechanism; the antenna array based on the generalized cellular network architecture to increase the system capacity with the spectrum efficiency of 7 b/Hz; the modular MIMO to support various environ- ments; and the scalable modular structure of system, which can support a data rate up to 330 Mb/s. The FuTURE TDD system provides an overall solution that can fulfill the requirements of E3G/4G and adopts lots of key technologies in many © 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Introduction aspects, including cellular network architecture, physical layer, medium access con- trol (MAC) layer, radio resource management, and hardware design. As a result, some positive effects have been brought out in the areas of system design, pivotal algorithm, and trial system development. The LTE physical layer is targeted to provide improved radio interface capa- bilities between the base station and user equipment (UE) compared to previous cellular technologies like universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) or high-speed downlink packet access (HSDPA). According to the initial require- men