r 1950, except to participate in a patent applica- tion with deRosa, for which [130] served as the disclosure. With the help of patent attorney Percy Lantzy, the application, which described a full- fledged SR-SS single-sideband communication system based on Rogoff's noise wheels, was filed in March 1953 (see Figure 2.17). The original patent claims placed few restrictions on the DS modulation technique to be employed, but subsequently these were struck out in favor of single- sideband specification. In June 1953, the Bureau of Ships placed a secrecy order against the appli- cation, which stood until July 1966, when the Navy recommended recision of the order and issuance of the patent. Technically, this was accomplished in November 1966, but before the printing presses in the U.S. Patent Office had begun to roll, a civil servant at the National Security Agency (NSA) noted the invention and was able to get secrecy reimposed. This order stood until 1978, when NSA permitted wholesale recision on scores of patents including at least a dozen on SS techniques. the deRosa-Rogoff patent [49] was finally awarded in November 1979, nearly thirty years after the inven- tion's conception. The emphasis in both invention and early experimental work at FTL was on covert communication and on suppressing atmospheric noise. It is impossible to determine exactly when FTL engineers appreciated the fully robust AJ capabilities of their system. In 1950, they suspected that broad- band noise jamming would be the best attack against the receiver's signal processor, while the receiver itself might be disabled by any strong signal if it did not possess sufficient dynamic range. The deRosa-Rogoff patent, although using the phrase "secrecy and security" several times, never specif- ically claims AJ capabilities. However, during the course of their work, FTL engineers coined the term "chip" to denote an elementary pulse which is modulated by a single random or pseudorandom variable, and they real- ized that high performance against atmospheri