Accounting and Metering, covering the procedure for logging ROOT and an object's name relative to the root is called its distin- and reporting the amount of network resources used, so that guishing name (DN). The name of an object relative to any other effective accounting and billing can be carried out. superior object below the root is called its relative distinguishing 10. Workload Monitoring, covering the method to be used for name (RDN). For example, in Figure 16.16, object D has an RDN monitoring the use of network resources in order to evaluate its performance. 11. Measurement Summary, covering the method for statistical analysis of the performance of elements connected to the net- work. The various SMFs, which may be used by network management applications, are grouped by ISO into five System Management Functional Areas (SMFA): accounting management, security man- agement, performance management, configuration management, and fault management. These were described earlier with reference to Figure 16.4. The SMFA define which SMFs are to be used and which OSI applications are to be involved, for example CMIP, FTAM, etc. Table 16.1 gives a list of OSI network management standards and their availability. In this the suffix IS implies a full international Figure 16.16 Containment relationship of objects within a standard, DIS indicates a draft international standard and CD Management Information Base (MIB) committee draft. of D, relative to C and an RDN of CD relative to B. It has a DN of ABCD. All DNs are unique within an entire system, but RDNs are 16.8 The Telecommunication Management only unique within a limited confine, such as a network, a switch or Network a geographical area. Names are important since they are used to select managed objects, in the exchanges which occur between As mentioned earlier, several groups have taken the OSI network managers and agent managers. management model and developed it further for specific applica- tions. The best known of these is the Telecommunications Manage- 16.7.4