ns outside of cellular networks include technology to control non- military, unmanned airborne vehicles that transmit realtime, high-definition videos of border patrols back to controllers. Another is wildlife monitoring to track threatened bird and animal species. Stroup also foresees medical sensing applications such as monitoring blood pressure and transmitting readings to medical technicians. Other ver- tical applications include Wi-Fi for passengers in smart cars and various public safety applications for police, fire, and highway departments. The FCC is also interested in furthering explorations of dynamic spectrum access as a means to improve spectrum utilization. To that end, on November 30, 2010, it Mobile and Wi-Fi Networks issued a Notice of Inquiry about promoting the efficient use of spectrum through dynamic-spectrum access technologies. The FCC issues a Notice of Inquiry to gather information about broad subjects or to generate ideas on a specific issue. The follow- ing is a quote from FCC Chairman Julius Genachowski's statement on the goals of the inquiry: I am a strong believer in the creative power of spectrum engineers and innovators-both inside and outside the agency-to help us use our system resources more intensively and efficiently. We need to hear from these experts as we move forward with our Notice of Inquiry-making sure we have a complete picture of the dynamic spectrum access tools available and doing what we can to encourage their development and use. If the FCC moves forward in approving this technology, the next step is for it to issue a Notice of Proposed Rule Making (NPRM). An NPRM solicits comments about proposed changes to its rules. This is a multiple-year process. Enhancing Spectral Efficiency to Increase Capacity without Adding Spectrum The ability to carry more traffic within a given amount of spectrum is crucial. This is called spectral efficiency. Each successive generation of wireless protocols is more spectrally efficient than the previous one. For example, fourth-generat