ommunications networks, and cellular networks. Index 1.544-Mbps frame structure, 162-64 illustrated, 110 defined, 162-63 systems, 111 illustrated, 163 See also Speech-coding methods 2-Mbps frame structure, 160-62 Adaptive PCM (APCM), 108 frame synchronization time slot, Add/drop multiplexers, 177-78 161-62 Address complete messages (ACMs), 37 multiframe structure, 162 Address Resolution Protocol (ARP), 2W/4W circuits, 28-30 315-16 defined, 28, 29 defined, 315 illustrated, 28 operation, 316 2W/4W hybrid, 29-30 See also Internet defined, 29 A-law companding, 102, 103 illustrated, 30 Alternate mark Inversion (AMI), 154 Abbreviated dialing, 54 American organizations, 12-13 Absolute power, 117 Amplitude, 83 Access methods, 262-81 Amplitude modulation (AM), 129-33 cable TV networks, 277-79 illustrated, 130 DSL, 269-77 sideband frequencies, 130 fiber cable, 280 Amplitude shift keying (ASK), 128, 131 ISDN, 268-69 Analog leased lines/WANs, 280-81 amplifiers, 155 voice-band modems, 262-68 cellular systems, 203 wireless, 279-80 messages, 89 Adaptive DPCM (ADPCM), 110-12 Analog signals, 85-86 illustrated, 85 applications, 111 defined, 110 over digital networks, 91-92 Introduction to Telecommunications Network Engineering Analog-to-digital conversion (A/D), 91-92 illustrated, 240 Answer signal charge (ANC), 37 uses, 240 Antennas, 143-44 See also Synchronous transmission gain, 143 ATM adaptation layer (AAL), 348-50 isotropic, 143 AAL1, 349 Application layer, 259 AAL2, 350 Application layer protocols, 327-31 AAL3/4, 350 DHCP, 330 AAL5, 350 DNS, 328-30 defined, 348 FTP, 327-28 service classes, 348-49 HTTP, 328 See also Asynchronous transfer mode RTP, 330-31 (ATM) SMTP, 327 Authentication Center (AuC), 215, 226-27 SNMP, 330 Automatic callback, 54 Telnet, 328 Autonegotiation, 297-98 TFTP, 330 Application protocol data unit (APDU), Bandwidth, 78-79, 83-84 capacity and, 84 Association of Radio Industries and defined, 81-82 Broadcasting (ARIB), 13 measurement, 84 Asymmetrical DSL (ADSL), 28, 273-75 symbol rate and, 144-46 access syst