e possible video improvements regarding picture resolution, frame rate, and quality of accompanied audio (synchronized with video) are almost endless. For example, the traditional quality of TV and VHS video since the last decades of the twentieth century (e.g. since the 1970s/1980s) is constantly increasing from below standard definition (SD) digital picture resolution to higher resolutions (HD video, full HD, 4K, 8K) [5]. Higher resolution requires more bit/s due to larger volume of individual video frames (pictures); however, that is also dependent upon the video codecs being used for the video on both sides (video encoding on the transmitter's side and decoding on the receiver's side). Another parameter which influences video bitrate is number of frames per second (fps). While the initial minimum fps for video is 25 (for the European PAL video standard) and 30 (for the American NTSC standard), the number of fps is also increasing (gradually) to provide better QoE for video users. Further, picture resolution and fps are also influenced by the processor and memory capabilities of end-user devices (setup box for TV, or mobile devices in mobile network, or personal computers, etc.) to process incoming packets from the video and to provide synchronization (audio and video) and continuous reproduction of the video content at the receiving side (with certain playout buffering which is required for smooth video reproduction by the video player). At the present time (around 2020), the required bitrates for different video resolutions and fps are given in Table 6.1. Such bitrates are dependent upon the type of video codec and can have different values for different codecs at the same video picture resolutions. With the increasing processing power of devices (it doubles almost every two years, according to Moore's law), the required bitrates for a given resolution and fps normally decrease over time. 6.2.1 IPTV and QoS TV is the second service type (besides telephony, i.e. voice services) to be transferred to the IP env