raight street segments between BS and UE (along the shortest path). The illusory distance is the sum of these street segments and can be obtained by recur- sively using the expressions kn = kn-1 + dn-1c and dn = knSn-1 + dn-1 where C is a function of the angle of the street crossing. For a 90° street crossing the value C should be set to 0.5. Further, Sn-1 is the length in metres of the last segment. A segment is a straight path. The initial values are set according to: ko is set to 1 and do is set to 0. The illusory distance is obtained as the final dn when the last segment has been added. The model is extended to cover the micro cell dual slope behavior, by modifying the expression to: where (5.10) Before the break point Xbr the slope is 2, after the break point it increases to 4. The break point Xbr is set to 300 m. X is the distance from the transmitter to the receiver. To take into account effects of propagation going above rooftops the path loss accord- ing to the shortest geographical distance must also be calculated. This is done by using the commonly known COST Walfish-Ikegami Model and with antennas below roof- tops: L = 24 + 45 log(a + 20), (5.11) where d is the shortest physical geographical distance from the transmitter to the re- ceiver (m). The final path loss corresponds to the minimum value between the path loss value from the propagation through the streets and the path loss based on the shortest geographical distance, plus the log-normally distributed shadowing (log F) with standard deviation of 10 dB. Pathloss_micro = min (Manhattan path loss, macro path loss) + log F (5.12) The above path loss model applies only to the micro cell coverage with antenna located below rooftop. For the urban structure covered by the macro cells, the path loss defined in the preceding section applies. The UTRA Transmission System 5.5.3 The Simulation Process Only one link gets considered in a single simulation, i.e. we simulate UL and DL inde- pendently. A simulation, aiming to cover most of the possible UEs of si