g as supplied by remote access time sharing systems is not just to type programs into a terminal instead of a key punch but to encourage close communication." Even though UNIX was proprietary licensed software and even though there was inherent internal resistance to distributing the code more widely, the original developers built a community within other telephone companies, with other operating system vendors, and in academic and research community, especially with UC Berkeley Computer Systems Research Group. From this starting point in AT&T Bell Labs, many variations of UNIX were derived as seen is the timeline in Figure 17.2. The Android and IOS operating systems on typical mobile devices, were derived from Linux and os X, respectively, direct descendants of UNIX. In addition, the other variations of UNIX and the long history of evolution of C compilers such as gcc and llvm, the communal nature of UNIX and C served as the inspiration for much of the thinking of the original open-source efforts. 17.4 OPEN SOURCE The benefits of open source are clear-lower long-term costs, less intellectual property (IP) friction, increased collaborative innovation, increased generative innovation, applying coincident need to solve problems less redundantly, understanding what others are up to, and learning from what other more capable developers are doing. The Shift to Software I want something I look for it and download it like it? I'm good FIGURE 17.3 Simplest form of open-source engagement. The overall strategy for getting full value from open source can be summarized in three basic operating tenets: Consume and learn from it Contribute and get help by finding coincident need and collaborating Refactor; throw one away and start over The initiation into using open source typically follows the process as depicted in Figure 17.3. This simplistic depiction shows how open source inherently allows you to try and inspect mul- tiple software options before choosing either what is available or to create something new. No longer are 