d" by emerging mission critical services and others such as online interactive gaming (which cannot be provided as GBR when network neutrality is in use, only as carrier-grade service). There is less QoS differentiation for non-real-time traffic due to the current network-neutral approach for such traffic, and in such cases all services are served in a "best-effort" manner, where the network does its best effort to carry the IP packets from the source to the destination. This is due to the already noted network neutrality principle for the services and applications provided through public (i.e. open) Internet access, where all such services are also referred to as OTT services. The GBR and services are provided via managed IP networks on the side of the mobile operator, and hence they are not part of the public Internet (e.g. such services are not accessible through mobile Internet access). Considering Table 5.2 as an example, a mobile operator running a LTE/LTE-Advanced mobile network can use QCI = 5 for IMS signaling, QCI = 1 for carrier grade voice, QCI = 2 for video telephony, and QCI = 9 for mobile data (i.e. Internet access through the mobile network). With emerging IoT services over the mobile network, the newer QCIs may be used (as an example) for V2X services or mission critical services. However, to provide the required QoS the mobile network needs binding of PCC and QoS rules with SDFs. The binding mechanism has three steps: Session binding. It is performed by the PCRF node and includes an IPv4 or IPv6 net- work prefix (for the mobile terminal's IP address) as well as user equipment identity. PCC rule authorization and QoS rule generation (where applicable). It refers to the selection of the QoS parameters (including QCI, ARP, GBR, MBR, etc.) for the PCC rules. Bearer binding. It is an association of PCC rule and QoS to a given bearer. When GTP is used, the bearer binding function is located at the PCEF, otherwise it is located at the bearer binding and event reporting function (BBERF) [7], which does 