oceanography." This 1966 history omit- ted (perhaps because of classification) the fact that transfer of an important concept in modern military communications took place at Hartwell. Figure 2.18. Louis deRosa remained with ITT until 1966 when he joined the Philco-Ford Corporation as Director of Engineering and Research. In 1970, he left a Corporate Vice President position at Philco-Ford to be sworn in (above) by Melvin Laird as Assistant Secretary of Defense for Telecommunications the first holder of that office. He died unexpectedly in 1971 after a long workout on the tennis court. (Photo courtesy of Mrs. Louis deRosa, standing next to Secretary Laird.) Early Spread-Spectrum Systems One of the many ideas considered was the possibility of hiding fleet com- munication transmissions SO that enemy submarines could not utilize them for direction finding. Appendix G of the secret final report on Project Hartwell suggested that a transmitter modulated by a wide band of noise be employed, reducing the energy density of the transmitted signal "to an arbi- trarily small value." If at the same time the actual intelligence bandwidth was kept small, covert communications should be possible in certain situations. Three systems for accomplishing covert communications were described in the report. One, acknowledged to be the suggestion of FTL's Adams and deRosa (Adams alone was an attendee), was an SR-SS system. A second sys- tem, attributed to J. R. Pierce of BTL, used very narrow pulses to achieve frequency spreading, pulse pair spacing to carry intelligence, and coincidence detection at the receiver. It was noted that if synchronized (random) pulse sources were available at transmitter and receiver, then cryptographic-like effects were possible, presumably by transmitting only the second of each pulse pair. A third system, with no proponent cited, is the only one described by a block diagram in the final report (see Figure 2.19). To avoid the synchro- nization problems inherent in stored reference systems, it was proposed t