by Sylvania in February 1950. Nicholson coaxed his old colleague, Robert M. Brown, who had worked at Bayside on the Armstrong radar in World War II while Nicholson had led the AN/ARW-4 team at Colonial, back to Sylvania to work with him and Allen Norris for the duration of the pro- posal effort. Harvey, by then chiefly responsible for commercial television work, left the realm of military communications research and development. In due course Wright Air Development Center (WADC) gave Sylvania a contract beginning in May 1952, and Nicholson's team went "behind closed doors" to begin work. Having boned up on Sylvania Bayside's WHYN reports, the engineers at Buffalo set out to verify that a noise-like signal could be used as a carrier, and received coherently, without causing insoluble technical problems. The Historical Origins of Spread-Spectrum Communications Figure 2.12. One of the last snapshots of Madison "Mad" Nicholson, at age 51, on a cold Easter Sunday in 1958. As a tribute to this dedicated scientist who died sud- denly in mid-January, 1959, the library at Sylvania's Amherst Laboratory was named the Madison G. Nicholson, Jr., Memorial Library. (Photo courtesy of Dana Cole.) Independently adopting a pattern of experimentation which was being pur- sued secretly by other researchers at the time, detector operation was ini- tially examined in the laboratory using a broad-band carrier whose source was thermal noise generated in a 1500 O resistor. This wide-band carrier sig- nal was wired directly to the receiver as one input of the correlation detec- tor, thereby temporarily bypassing the remaining major technical problem, the generation of a noise-like carrier at the transmitter and the internal prod- uct of an identical, synchronous copy of the same noise-like carrier at the receiver. In 1953, as the follow-on contract for Hush-Up commenced, James H. Green was hired specifically to develop digital techniques for producing noise-like carriers. John Raney, a Wright Field Project Engineer who had worked on WHYN,