ustrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) band which is 868 MHz in Europe and at 915 MHz in the United States. Since the fre- quency is similar to that of low LTE bands, the propagation is similar, while the ISM band has limitations in terms of transmission power and activity factor. Also, the mode of operation is different compared to LTE. Sigfox is a global operator, while LoRa can be self-owned or a hybrid solution. Figure 14.22 illustrates the technology positions in terms of range and data rate, and Figure 14.23 in terms of price and power consumption. Wi-Fi- and LTE-based solutions offer the highest radio capability, but also highest cost and power consumption. Wi-Fi-based solutions have a high data rate and low latency combined with wide availability and lower cost compared to LTE-based solutions. Bluetooth is optimized Data rate Wi-Fi 1 Gbps 0.1 Gbps 10 Mbps Blue- 1 Mbps tooth LoRa Cat-M/ Zigbee (Sigfox) 1-10m 10-100 m 1-10 km Range Figure 14.22 Range and data rate of loT technologies. 14.11 loT Optimizations in 5G Figure 14.23 Power consumption Power consumption and price of loT technologies. Wi-Fi Cat-M LoRa, Sigfox Blue- tooth Zigbee Price for lower cost and lower power while providing lower data rates than Wi-Fi and LTE. Zigbee goes even further into lower power consumption, lower cost, and lower data rate. LTE-based NB-IoT solutions can already compete with Wi-Fi solutions in terms of size and power consumption, and also in terms of cost. LoRa and Sigfox have similar data rate capabilities as NB-IoT, while the range is shorter due to the ISM band limita- tions. LoRa and Sigfox power consumption is on the same level as in NB-IoT, while the price is lower than that of NB-IoT. Note that the power consumption naturally depends heavily on the applications and configurations, and the price depends on the volumes. 14.11 loT Optimizations in 5G 5G New Radio (NR) was standardized in 3GPP in Release 15. 5G was designed to support diverse requirements. Three important 5G use cases are enhanced mobile broadband (eM