 fixed as T1, E1, T3, or E3. A few understand the details of packet-over SONET/SDH. The ones that do understand this fundamental know that Internet architecture includes layer 1 and layer 2 and is not, as the rest of their esteemed colleagues contend, self-healing. Throw in all the mumbo jumbo about connection-oriented and con- nectionless protocols and mumble solution in between every fifth use of the word router or whatever else can be thought of, but the basics remain the same. That is, something on the premises, or at the network access point, contains or establishes intelligence that tells the network how to set up a connection between two or more points, and thereby transmit and receive information through the network. Anyone can play around with semantics all day about dumb ter- minals and smart networks, or at the other extreme, they call intelli- gent terminals and dumb networks. At the end of the day, what's important is effective and efficient use of limited resources. If confusion reigns, stop and ask a couple basic questions: "Is it circuit, cell, or packet?" "What is being shared?" Is it time, band- width, or both? What are the interface, bitrate, and active protocols on the facility? What is supposed to be done with it? What did the customer ask for? What is being delivered? Is it broke? With a little patience and perseverance, confusion will soon stop raining, the clouds will pass, and matters will clear up as you climb up or down the stack of bits and bytes. HYBRID SWITCHING Hybrid, as the name implies, is a combination of techniques. Various combinations of hybrid switching have appeared in data communi- cations over the years, but have been relegated for the most part to 4 NETWORK TECHNOLOGY AND METHODOLOGY CPE, outside the classical telephone world. In the broader context, IEEE 802.xx LLC (logical link control) and a combination of higher layer Ethernet packets mapped to Internet packets could be labeled a hybrid. However, continued innovation and development emerging after the 1984 deregulati