oCoMo's services to distribute and bill for content. In addition, there are developers who provide unauthorized content using unofficial I-mode web sites that are not linked to DoCoMo's i-mode portal page and DoCoMo's billing services. On-deck and off-deck retail outlets are another form of content delivery. On-deck refers to access to content that is controlled by mobile operators. Off-deck content comes from third parties such as an independent mobile content retailer (e.g., Handango) or a handset OEM such as Nokia. Key SDOs and Forums A multitude of SDOs and Forums are active in the standardization of IMS, services and applications. It is challenging to pinpoint all of them and to find their roles and responsibilities in the overall ecosystem. Thus, only a high level overview of some key groups and their activities are listed in this section: 3GPP: 3GPP is the true flag bearer of IMS after it was agreed by 3GPP2 and TISPAN to merge their specifications with 3GPP IMS specifications. IMS specifications are maintained by 3GPP Service and System Aspects TSG (Technical Specifications Group). 3GPP2: BCMCS specifications are maintained by 3GPP2. DVB Project: DVB standards are maintained by the DVB Project, an international in- dustry consortium with more than 270 members and are published by a Joint Technical Committee (JTC) of European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC) and European Broadcasting Union (EBU). ETSI: ETSI M-commerce (M-COMM) efforts focus on monitoring activities of various active fora in the field and analyzing the business needs of users/content providers/banks and other payment organizations for the security of mobile payments. The key achievements include work on mobile digital signatures and requirements for payment methods. GSMA: The GSMAs Rich Communication Suite (RCS) formulates a feature-rich portfolio of services to unleash the communities hidden in a user's phone book. The first phase of RCS services launching in 2