n relatively high prices of 0.36 EUR/MHz/person. The auctioned spectrum was 200 MHz, and the total price was more than 4.3 billion Euros with the Italian population of 60 M. The spec- trum price in Finland was 10 times lower than in Italy. Other auction prices, for example, Spain, the United Kingdom, Korea, and Ireland, fall between those extremes. The spectrum prices are highly dependent on the band. The general trend is that low bands have a higher price per MHz than high bands. The first reason is that the low bands have better propagation and coverage than high bands. The second reason is that the low bands have less spectrum. Figure 4.13 illustrates the spectrum prices in EUR/MHz/population in 3.5 GHz auctions Italy Australia Spain Korea Austria Ireland Finland Figure 4.12 Spectrum prices in 3.5 GHz auctions. 4 Spectrum Cost EUR/MHz/population Spectrum MHz Figure 4.13 Spectrum prices with different frequencies and trend line. several auctions. Each dot represents one spectrum auction in one country. The vari- ance between different auctions is large. The trend line is added to show the general differences between the bands. The trend is that the sub-1 GHz band is approximately 10 times more expensive per MHz than high bands at 2.6 and 3.5 GHz. 4.4 Low-Band Spectrum Below 3 GHz The low bands, especially sub-1 GHz bands, are important for providing extensive 5G coverage. The first-phase low bands are 600 MHz in the United States and 700 MHz in other markets. 700 MHz spectrum in 3GPP is band n28, which covers 2 X 45 MHz for Asia Pacific and 2x30 MHz in Europe and other markets where 800 MHz (band 20) is used. 600 MHz spectrum in 3GPP is band n71. These two bands are illustrated in Figure 4.14. Both bands are already used by LTE, which leads to coexistence of LTE and 5G technologies. All existing LTE bands will eventually be refarmed to 5G. If there are no new frequen- cies available for 5G at low bands, then refarming will be needed already in the early phase of the 5G rollout. Dynamic spectrum sharing can be u