reliability, as well as higher accuracy for position- ing in order to support mission-critical services such as public safety, emergency com- munications, and public warning/emergency alert systems. These KPIs are driven by support for both commercial and non-commercial public safety services. On the com- mercial side, industrial control, industrial automation, UAV control, and AR exemplify those services. Services such as UAV control will require more precise positioning infor- mation that includes altitude, speed, and direction, in addition to planar coordinates. Service Continuity and Reliability: Communication service availability is defined as percentage of time where the end-to-end communication service is delivered according to an agreed QoS, divided by the amount of time the system is expected to deliver the an end-to-end service according to the specification in a specific area. Note that the end point in an end-to-end service is assumed to be the communication service interface. The communication service is considered unavailable, if it does not meet the pertinent QoS requirements. The system is considered unavailable in case an expected message is not received within a specified time, which, at minimum, is the sum of end-to-end Introduction and Background Ixxi Table 4: Performance requirements for higher precision positioning service [21]. Position Acquisition Survival Availability Dimension of Position Service Time (ms) Time (s) Service Area (m) Accuracy (m) Mobile objects on 99.99 500 X 500 X 30 factory floor latency, jitter, and the survival time. 18 Reliability expressed in percent is the amount of transmitted network layer packets successfully delivered to a given node within the time constraint required by the targeted service, divided by the total number of sent network layer packets. Communication service availability and reliability are well-defined terms that have used not only within 3GPP but also in vertical industries. Communication ser- vice availability addresses the availability of a co