 management becomes clearly dependent both on tech- nologies used in the network and in telecom management systems. There must be a dialogue with the network in order to configure, upgrade, activate services, and to get information such as alarms, billing information, network load and statistics. This dialogue costs money in staff and in a management network. It requires control possibilities and agents in the traffic-handling network elements. 16.3.1 HANDLING OF VIRTUAL PRIVATE RESOURCES Within an overall network run by an actor there are normally a number of resources which belong to, or are reserved for corporate intra-company networks. Common solutions are Centrex, call centres leased lines and virtual private networks based on IP (like the intranets). The enterprises have natural reasons to take care of the business critical areas them- selves, such as competition between the end users (in this case the enterprises). What Telecom Management - Operations areas are considered business-critical depends on the enterprise, but they might include streamlining the connections, managing a call centre and monitoring things like the QoS or the call-completion rate. Therefore, large enterprises may need to control these resources in the same way as the operator. See also customer network management in Figure 16.1. Summing up, the ability to create effective, highly automated processes for operation and service delivery, together with a pragmatic approach to technology choices is crucial. 16.4 THE TMN FUNCTIONAL AREAS The TMN functional area segments follow the well-known network management model from ISO. The management functions are frequently known by the acronym FCAPS, which refers to: Fault management Configuration management Accounting Performance management Security management Fault management covers all the necessary functions to show the network fault status in real time. It is known that a fault originating in one network element may lead to an avalanche of alarm indications. This is due to the incidence the o