mobile central offices. navigate and access the World Wide Web. WiMAX 2 XML (Extensible Markup Language) A 4G mobile protocol developed by the A software language that was developed IEEE. It is not as widely used as LTE, but to make it easy for disparate computers to was available earlier. exchange information. XML uses tags to identify fields of data. XML is like a data dic- wire speed tionary in that uniform tags are attached to The capability of switches to forward packets elements SO that diverse programs can read equal to the full speed of their ports. Ports the tags. For example, tags can be used to Glossary identify elements such as prices, model num- bers, product identities, or quantities ordered. ZigBee Based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard for wireless networks with devices that operate at low data rates and consume small amounts of power. The ZigBee Alliance is developing specifications for higher-level services to be used in sensor networks such as those that monitor and control heating and electrical systems in businesses. This page intentionally left blank Index Numerics 2G networks. See second-generation cellular AAC (Advanced Audio Coding), 15 networks acceleration, 21, 54 3G networks. See third-generation cellular net- WAN acceleration provided by CDNs, 271 works Accenture, 35 3rd Generation Partnership Program 2 (3GPP2), access fees, 118-120, 189 326, 329 exemptions from, 122 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), 312, over-the-top (OTT) companies and, 131 proposed changes to, 121 architecture for WCDMA mobile networks, reforms in, 122 rural carriers' response to proposed reforms LTE Advanced protocol, 332 in, 124 4G networks. See fourth-generation cellular access networks, 167, 168, 191 networks adding capacity to, 191 8x8, Inc., 93 common security protocols on, 231 32-bit processing, 7 access points, 352, 369 40/100Gbps standard for switches, 70 Access Recovery Charges (ARCs), 123 802.1 protocols, 77 access to incumbent's equipment and fiber, court 802.1pq protocol, 100 rulings on, 126 802.