he limits are not only based on regional regulatory requirements, but also addi- tional requirements considered for coexistence with other frequency bands when the device is roaming. The additional spurious emission limits can have an associated NS value. Furthermore, there are BS and device emission limits defined for the receiver. Since the receiver emissions are dominated by the transmitted signal, the receiver spurious emission limits are only applicable when the transmitter is not active, or when the transmitter is active for an NR FDD base station that has a separate receiver antenna connector [10]. New Radio Access RF and Transceiver Design Considerations UE spectrum Channel emission mask bandwidth UE spurious UE spurious emission limits emission limits UE NR RF carrier Operating band for UE transmitter Spurious OOB domain Spurious domain domain +2.5 X BWchannel Figure 5.13 Illustration of the spectrum emission mask and spurious emissions requirements for the NR devices 3]. The UE output RF spectrum consists of the following regions that are regulated by 3GPP and regional regulatory requirements [14]: Out-of-Band Emissions: These are unwanted emissions occurring immediately outside of the assigned channel bandwidth, resulting from the modulation process and nonline- arity in the transmitter RF components. The OOB emissions are characterized in terms of the following metrics (see Fig. 5.14): Spectrum Emission Mask (SEM): The SEM is defined starting from each edge of the assigned NR channel bandwidth to + (BW channel + 5MHz) for FR1 and starting from each edge of the assigned NR channel bandwidth to + 2BW channel for FR2. Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio (ACLR): The NR ACLR and UTRA ACLR requirements used for FR1 and the NR ACLR requirements are applied for FR2 bands. Spurious Emissions: These are caused by unwanted transmitter effects such as harmo- nics emission, parasitic emissions, intermodulation products, and frequency conversion products which cover a frequency range up to the fifth harmonic or 26 GHz f