A and Global Wireless Access (GWA). Verizon started 5G FWA services in four US metros, namely Los Angeles, Sacramento, Houston, and Indianapolis, in October 2018 (see https //www.verizon. com/business/resources/events/fixed-wireless-access-web According to Verizon, the demand for FWC is expected to grow at an annualized rate of 73% till 2026, globally. Often, wireless routers have cellular modems built into them. That's handy for implementing FMC. Many companies are working together to make the hardware requirements for FMC easier Introduction to FMC in 5G to manage for their end customers. One such example is Verizon working with Cradlepoint on the wireband adapter (see https://cradlepoint.com/press-release/verizon-boosts 5g-fixed-wireless-access-strategy-with-new-cradlepoint-wideban adapter/). Some of the technology enablers for FMC lie in services and protocols (https://vdocument. in/fixed-mobile-convergence- - fmc ?page=7) Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP) IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) Unlicensed Mobile Access (UMA) and 3GPP's Generic Access Network (GAN) Let us investigate the details of each of these services and protocols. Session Initiation Protocol Let us look at the standards and protocols that enable the transportation of seamless network traffic for FMC. The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) developed SIP, which is an application-level protocol. The IETF is a large global body, established in 1986, that focuses on the evolution, architecture, and seamless operation of the internet. It consists of network researchers, vendors, network architects, operators, and other similar stakeholders. The IETF works closely with 3GPP for 5G standardization. SIP is governed by IETF documents Requests for Comments (RFCs), namely RFC3261 and RFC3265. SIP is a signaling protocol. It allows us to initiate, maintain, and terminate calls, such as for a real- time multimedia communication session. SIP is used for both voice and video calls in the internet telephony space. The open so