ompetition, 275 two-way network, 21, 21f Tiebout, Charles, 412n6 tying, 290-291 time division multiple access (TDMA), 388 time-of-use pricing, 84, 88f unbundled access, 7, 30, 35-36 consumption at full-capacity level, 88f administration issues, 332 multiple time periods of usage, 87f under antitrust law, 331-333 Time Warner, 344, 406 capacity and configuration effects, 171, 171f, 172 tipping point, 323 economic effects of regulating access to networks, total element long-run incremental cost (TELRIC), 41, 158-159 71, 155-156, 184, 240-241, 254, 261-262, 263 investment incentives and, 275, 368-369 traffic intensity factor, 55n10 last-mile broadband and, 367-369 "Tragedy of the Commons" (Hardin), 149 last-mile providers and, 274-275 transaction costs, 173-184, 197-198 local loop as element of, 29, 132 of direct buyer-seller contacts, 17, 18f local telephone network, 272-277 impact on flat-rate-usage-sensitive pricing choice, need for continued regulation of, 186 413-418 network administration costs and, 368 impact on pricing choice, 413-418 network demand and, 367-368 of interconnection access, 181 network performance and, 368 of last-mile providers, 422 nonbypassable end-user charges, 263n33 of network diversity, 397 regulation of, 30 of operations support systems, 178-180 thin competition and, 275 of original equipment manufacturers, 18 transaction costs of, 182-184, 274. See also of outsourcing, 17-18 unbundled access, cost of of platform access, 181-182, 270, 328, 366-367 unbundled access, cost of, 68-75 of retail access, 173-174 allocating multiproduct costs, 69-71 as second-best solution in absence of external cost complementarities, 70 markets, 197-198 forward looking costs, 72 unbundled access, 182-184 fully distributed cost, 71 of unbundled access, 182-184, 274 incremental costs, 69-70 vertical integration and, 408 joint and common fixed cost, 70-71 of wholesale access, 174-180,1 258 long-run cost function, 72 wholesale distributor role in lowering, 17 long-run incremental cost, 74-75 wholesaler effect in 