 to peering exchanges where large carriers exchange traffic with each other. Each of the 12 organizations that operate the root servers has root servers located in multiple cities or countries. They each operate between 2 and 196 locations. Examples of organizations that operate the 13 root servers are: Each of the following organizations operates two sets of root servers: Information Sciences Institute manages root servers U.S. Army Research Lab, which operates root servers in Los Angeles U.S.A. and in Miami U.S.A. . U.S. Army Research Lab manages root servers in Aberdeen Proving Ground, U.S. and San Diego, U.S. WIDE operates 196 root servers, the most of any operator Tracking and Managing Top-Level Domains The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) is the organization responsible for managing the technical aspects of the databases of domain names in root servers. It in effect manages the Internet's address book. In a web or e-mail address such as name@companyname.com, the .com portion is the top-level domain name, and companyname is the domain name, which is also referred to as the secondary- level domain name. Every country has a top-level domain name. For example, for China, it's .cn; for Russia, it's .ru. In the United States, some top-level domain names include .edu and .mil for educational and military institutions, and.gov for the government. Voting ICANN board members were appointed by the United States Department of Commerce until 2009 when www.TechnicalPDF.com the Department of Commerce had sole responsibility for these policies. However, increasing criticism by other countries regarding what they felt to be too much control by the United States of major aspects of the Internet has led to the establishment of international review and policy determination. Two years after 2013 when Edward Snowden revealed multiple instances of United States government surveillance of other countries and their leaders, the international community began organizing increased efforts for representatives