so often have the resources to invest heavily in upgrades to infrastructure required to support data. In Europe, where overall revenues are declin- ing due to less use of cellular phones for voice, carriers are hoping that revenue from data services will offset declines in revenue from voice services. To that end, European carriers have increased capacity to support applications such as video streaming and additional Internet access. As of yet, data revenues in Europe have not made up for declining voice revenue. One way to gain capacity is to add spectrum for next-generation services. Another way is to "re-farm" spectrum used for older Global System for Mobile Communi- cations (GSM) service and use it for next-generation Long-Term Evolution (LTE) service, instead. The term "re-farm" refers to changing the type of mobile service deployed on certain spectrum. The European Union has developed rules to allow refarming spectrum originally used only for second-generation (2G) services to also support higher capacity fourth-generation (4G) technology. This is because 4G ser- vices were designed to support data and packetized voice, whereas 2G services were designed to support only voice. Another way to affordably add capacity is by using a wholesale model by which multiple carriers share infrastructure built by a single carrier. This is being planned Russia and Brazil where multiple providers will share capacity on the LTE networks. Each operator will pay fees to use the network. In this way, investments are concen- trated on a single network, which is able to reach larger areas than a single carrier's network. This is particularly true in rural areas where there are fewer customers, which makes it more difficult to make a profit. In Brazil, the government will subsidize the cost of building the LTE network. These types of investments impact the ability of businesses to reach the Internet for everyday functions, the resources needed to educate students with modern job skills, and the ability of the general population t