ted at the behest of the European Commission in 1988. Although its special role is that it is one of only three official European standards organizations, its impact is increasingly global. It now consists of more than 900 member organizations that are drawn from more than 60 countries. ETSI has numerous Technical Committees that address standardization work within specific areas of technology. There are also other parts of the organization that work more with market segments or industry groupings rather than technologies. Still others work with their major partners, which are currently 3GPP and oneM2M. For details on the standards setting process in ETSI and a comparison with the ITU-T, see the ETSI reference Understanding ICT Standardization: Principles and Practice at the end of the chapter. ETSI is one of the seven members (organizational partners) that make up 3GPP. 3GPP offers an es- tablished development environment allowing the production of standards, technical reports, and specifications about the technology underpinning mobile communications. Once these documents are approved by 3GPP, each organizational partner adopts these standards as their own and pub- lishes them using identical text. If you ever browse the 3GPP or ETSI websites for technical reports or standards, you should notice this commonality. If asked by the European Commission, these pub- lications can be adopted as a European standard (EuroNorm). The other partner of ETSI, oneM2M, was created to consolidate standardization of machine-to-ma- chine (M2M) and IoT technologies. As with 3GPP, oneM2M is made up of regional standards-set- ting organizations including ETSI. The purpose and goal of oneM2M is to develop technical spe- cifications for a common service layer that can be embedded into the hardware and software of devices. This would enable devices in the field to more easily communicate with M2M application servers equipped with the same capabilities. Like the arrangement with 3GPP, the partner organiza- tions republish the oneM2M spe