ational calling revenues was more than 30 percent in more than half of the EU countries by the end of 2002 (see table 9-3). By contrast, competitors' shares of local calling revenues exceeded 30 percent in only one country, Austria. Telecom Reform in Other Countries Table 9-3. Entrants' Share of EU Telecommunications, December 2002 Percent Long- Inter Inter- Long- distance national national distance retail minutes retail Local Local Country minutes revenues revenues minutes revenues calling Austria Belgium 17.1ª 17.1a Denmark 32.6 a Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Portugal Spain Sweden 42.0 a 42.0a United Kingdom Source: European Commission, Ninth Report on the Implementation of the Telecommunications Regu- latory Package (2003), annex 1, figs. 7 and 8. n.a. Not available. a. Local and long-distance calls. The European Commission data do not include market shares for local line rentals, that is, local connections. According to the commission, very little of this local competition in the European Union occurred over the entrants' own facilities. 18 Of the twelve countries for which data are avail- able, only six indicate that at least 5 percent of subscribers used an alterna- tive facilities-based operator for local access in 2003. Thus local entry in most of the European Union has been based on resale of the incumbents' local services to provide lower-cost local calls. Unbundling was not mandated in Europe until December 2000 and was designed to promote competition in broadband Internet services (DSL), not voice services. Of 193 million incumbent lines in EU member countries, 2.9 million had been leased as unbundled loops or as shared lines through December 2003. 19 Of these unbundled loops, 1.4 million are used for narrowband services, and 950,000 of these are in Germany.20 Telecom Reform in Other Countries The Results: Broadband As in the United States and Canada, broadband competition has devel- oped across platforms-between cable systems and incumbent telephone companies. Br