c noise, or when hiding beneath a strong signal like radio station WOR, required many chips per data bit of transmission. For unknown reasons, FTL was unable to capitalize significantly on this early entrance into the SS field. When in June 1970, as an Assistant Secretary CONTROLLED CORRELATOR INDICATOR DETECTOR PHOTOCELL PICKUP LIGHT SOURCE SYNCH. MOTOR LIGHT SOURCE NOISE WHEEL PHASE PHOTOCELL SYNCH. SHIFTER MOTOR PICKUP NOISE SYNCH. WHEEL SYNCH. COUNTER FREQ. COUNTER SOURCE FREQ. SOURCE Figure 2.17. This diagram from the deRosa-Rogoff patent [49] shows Rogoff's identical noise wheels serving as signal storage, with matched frequency sources used to control the speed of their synchronous motor drives. The Historical Origins of Spread-Spectrum Communications of Defense, Louis deRosa (see Figure 2.18) was asked about later develop- ments involving the FTL system, he mentioned only Project Dog, a U.S. Navy covert communications operation in the North Korean theater. 2.2.6 The Hartwell Connection In January 1950, the Committee on Undersea Warfare of the National Research Council addressed a letter to Admiral C. B. Monsen, Assistant Chief of Naval Operations, in which the committee urged the determination of a long-range program against submarines [131]. This was the beginning of a sequence of events which led to the formation of a classified study pro- gram known as Project Hartwell, held at M.I.T. in June through August 1950. Under the direction of Prof. Jerrold Zacharias, the study brought together highly qualified experts from the military, industry, and universities, to find new ways to protect overseas transportation. A subsequent history [132] of the Research Laboratory of Electronics (RLE) at M.I.T. indicates that Hartwell was possibly the most successful of M.I.T.'s summer study projects, motivating the development of "the Mariner class of merchant vessels; the SOSUS submarine detection system; the atomic depth charge; a whole new look at radar, sonar and magnetic detec- tion; and a good deal of research on 