ramework, 405-407 Skip distance for sky waves, 250 Sporadic E propagation, 250 Service instances in Ethernet, Sky noise temperature, 245-246 Spot beam antennas, 302-303 409-410 Sky waves Spread-spectrum systems, 104 Service Level Agreements characteristics, 247-251 applications, 105 (SLAs), 362, 369, 393, 404, electromagnetism, 225-226 FHSS, 105-106 high-frequency propagation, Spun fibers, 194 Service providers, 417 265-269 Square horns, 297 Service VLANS (S-VLANs), 409 SLAs. See Service Level Square waves, 31-32, 34 Shannon's capacity formula, 35 Agreements SRS. See Stimulated Raman Shaped-beam antennas, 303 Small antennas Scattering Shaped-reflector approach, 304 earth station, 300 SSB. See Single-Sideband Shared Protection Ring (MS- radiation from, 283-284 modulation SPRing) mechanism, 341 Small Conical Horns, 297 SSBSC. See Single-Sideband Shim labels, 382 Snell's law, 112-113, 121 Suppressed Carrier Short birefringent fibers, 191-192 SNR. See Signal-to-Noise Ratio modulation Short dipoles, 228 SOAs. See Semiconductor Optical SS7. See Signaling System 7 Shortened codes, 91-92 Amplifiers systems Index Stacks, label, 382-383, 387 LCAS, 351-355 Telemetry, Tracking, and Standards leased lines, 363-364 Command (TT&C) antennas, compression, 58-62 network elements, 330-331 302-306 voice communications, 7-8 network topologies, 338-341 Temporal redundancy, 58, 66-68 State of Polarization (SoP), 189 path overhead information, 10G Ethernet, 52 Statistical nature of PMD, Terminal Endpoint Identifiers 192-193 payload size, 327-330 (TEIs), 374 Statistical redundancy, 58, 68 PDH mapping, 313-317 Terrains arithmetic coding, 69-71 pointers, 317-318, 326-327 ground waves, 264 Huffman coding, 69 SDH-based networks, 334-338 realistic, 253 Statistics for packet loss, 78-81 similarities and differences Terrestrial line-of-sight propa- STBCs. See Space-Time Block with SONET, 312-313 gation, 269-273 Codes standards, 49, 318-319 Thermal noise, 42, 174 Stimulated Brillouin Scattering synchronous containers, Thermo-electric coolers (TE