ng existing cell broadcast capabilities. CBC handles the cell broadcast messages to BSC and SMLC. The SMLC and GMLC functionality can be combined in the same physical node, combined in existing physical nodes, Table 9.6 Allocation of LCS components to network elements Components LCS Client LCZTF LSBcF LCCTF Sources: C 2006 3GPP [38] and C 2008 3GPP [39] Next Generation Mobile Communications Ecosystem or reside in different nodes. The MS also contains LCS applications, or access to an LCS application through communication with a network accessed by the MS or an application residing in the MS and/or satellite signals. 9.12.3.3 Services LBS services can be divided into three categories namely Push, Pull and Tracking as stated in [40]: Pull - user makes oneself a request for LBS (e.g., request for the local weather forecast). Push - the request is not made by the user, but by the service provider (e.g., user has registered to get some specific location based information every day at the same time). Tracking - for finding a location of specific service group users (e.g., supervisor of a delivery service who needs to know the location of employees, parents who need to know where their children are). Some key location based services are as follows [34,41]: E-911: The FCC has mandated that all wireless carriers in the United States must provide a certain degree of accuracy in pinpointing the location within 300 meters within six minutes of mobile users who dial 911 (Enhanced 911). Dialing 911 from a mobile phone is a location based emergency service application that pinpoints caller's location and relays it to the appropriate authorities. FCC also requires the operator to provide more precise location information by September 11, 2012. In Europe a similar system E112 is on track to become law by 2011. Social Networking: Social networking is an attractive service where a user can activate the "Friend Finder" service and can be informed about the presence of one's friend within the vicinity. Location Based Billing: With Lo