to Indoor and Pedestrian We also characterize this environment by small cells and low transmit power, where BS with low antenna heights stay outdoors while pedestrian users may remain in the streets and/or inside buildings and residences. A geometrical path loss rule of R-4 may satisfy; however, a wider range would serve better. When the path has a line of sight on a canyon-like street, the path loss follows a R-2 rule with Fresnel zone clearance. In the absence of Fresnel zone clearance, a path loss rule of R 4 will apply, but a range up to R-6 may occur due to trees and other obstructions along the path. Log-normal shadow fading with a standard deviation of 10 dB applies to outdoors and 12 dB to indoors. Building penetration loss averages 12 dB with a standard deviation of 8 dB. Walking speeds set Rayleigh and/or Rician fading rates, but not faster fading due to reflections from moving vehicles. Generally, the total transmission loss L (dB) between isotropic antennas for outdoor transmission loss equals the sum of: free space loss, Lfs, the diffraction loss from rooftop to the street, Lits, and the reduction due to multiple screen diffraction past rows of buildings, Lmsd where Lfs and Lrts are independent of the BS antenna height, while Lmsd depends on whether the base station antenna is at, below or above building heights. Then L is given (2.32) Given a MS-to-BS separation R, the free space loss Lfs between them is given by: Lfs = (2.33) The diffraction from the rooftop down to the street level gives the excess loss to the mobile station: System Analysis Fundamentals (2.34) where r=V(Ah.)2+ (2.35) hm is the difference between the mean building height and the mobile antenna height; X is the horizontal distance between the mobile and the diffracting edges [2]. For the general model, the multiple screen diffraction loss from the base antennas due to propagation past rows of buildings is: Lmsd ===10log (2.36) where Im is a factor dependent on the relative height of the base station antenna as be- ing either at, be