market construction, and Commuting Public road associated car parks and rail and roads materials, transport Airport and rail facilities finished Passenger and infrastructure parts travel VEHICLE MANUFACTURE Ground and maintenance assemblies transport Cars, buses, aircraft, trains distance systems ENERGY Vehicle fuels consumption Facilities operation However set against this is the potential increased use of fuel for: Further road and rail travel for distribution of people, goods, services and infrastructure to more remote sites if urbanisation and suburbanisation is to some extent reversed by teleworking, with residential location in areas more poorly served by transport. Increased delivery traffic for teleshopping demands; on balance there should be an overall reduction in fuel as gross miles travelled to shop would be lower. Thus, the impact is unlikely to be large. Nevertheless, the infrastructure for distribution of various energy sources associated with residence would probably need to be refurbished and/or expanded for a wider distribution of population beyond urban centres: Electricity - a slightly larger distribution network would be needed in response to teleworking - minor revision will be needed of the distribution infrastructure plus possible resiting or additions to generating capacity for the growing population outside urban centres and suburbia. Diversion into more innovative local generating schemes (wind, solar, wave) may be a far larger factor than previously expected with dispersed populations and pressures to reduce emission of greenhouse gases. Remote telecommunications networks need to be powered, and some novel solutions are becoming available, such as solar powered WiMax and WiFi outdoor transceiver hubs, which also power the backhaul microwave links. The general trends to lower power in mobile radio and alternative wireless technologies will tend to reduce overall power consumption when applied on a large enough scale. 85 INFRASTRUCTURE TO 2030: TELECOM, LAND TRANSPORT, WATER AND ELECTRIC