at the website. Source: CDMA CAPACITY AND QUALITY OPTIMIZATION Standards for Cellular Systems This short part of the book, "Standards for Cellular Systems," addresses the crucial topic of standards. In radio and telephony, standards define interfaces, allowing different manufacturers to produce equipment and components that will work together on a single system. In Chapter 9, "General Cellular Standards," we provide a background about the function and nature of standards and how standards change technology. We also describe all the standards that are specific to cellular telephony or have had a major effect on its development. Standards are not purely technical; they define customer features as well as bit rates. We explore some of the deeper concepts underlying the standards that define cellular telephony, including the notions of vertical services and personal services. We conclude Chapter 9 with a discussion of the first three generations of cellular telephony, covering the evolution of the standards of today's systems. In Chapter 10, "Worldwide CDMA Standards," we turn to today's worldwide code division multiple access (CDMA) standards for second-generation (2G) and third-generation (3G) systems. 3G may be exciting, but 2G is important. 2G systems still support about 900 million cellular users in 2002, so we provide in-depth technical details of cdmaOne, previously called IS-95. Moving to 3G, we describe the three CDMA systems that have been approved as 3G standards and are beginning to be deployed. cdma2000 adds voice capacity and high- speed user data support when overlaid on cdmaOne systems. Wideband CDMA (W-CDMA) will be used to upgrade European Global System for Mobility (GSM) time division multiple access (TDMA) networks and will compete with cdma2000 worldwide. And the newest member of the 3G CDMA family, time division synchronized CDMA (TD-SCDMA), due to be deployed in China, incorporates the most advanced develpments in several areas of cellular telephony and radio to create flexible high-capacity sy