Cs), (SBS), 138-139 313-317, 319, 322-324, Stimulated Raman Scattering 327-328 Thulium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers (SRS), 139-141 VCs. See Virtual Containers (TDFAs), 155 STMs. See Synchronous Synchronous Ethernet, 419 Time Division Multiplexing Transport Modules Synchronous Optical Network (TDM), 7, 20-21 Stokes wave, 139 (SONET), 149, 311 "Time exceeded" message, 386 Storage Area Networks (SANs), and ATM, 362 Time extraction, 27 basis, 313 Time-to-Live (TTL) field STP. See Spanning Tree Protocol leased lines, 363-364 Ethernet, 415 Stranded bandwidth, 346 PDH mapping, 313-314 MPLS, 382, 386 Stream ciphers, 103 similarities and differences video transport over Internet, Streamed video, 74 with SDH, 312-313 75, 79 Structure of optical fibers, Synchronous Payload Envelope Timing in data transmission, 111-115 (SPE), 312 46-52 STTCs. See Space-Time Trellis Synchronous Transport Modules Timing jitter, 50 Codes (STMs), 149, 315, 325-326 TMF. See TeleManagement Subband Coding (SBC), 8-9 System design and imple- Forum Sum-product algorithm, 101 mentation of optical fiber TMN. See Telecommunications Sunspots, 251, 262 transmissions, 206-211 Management Network Superframes, 23 System tolerance of chromatic Topologies for SDH networks, Surface diffraction, 240 dispersion, 179-181 338-341 Surface error efficiency, 294 Systematic binary cyclic coders, Toroidal radiation patterns, 278 Surface waves ToS. See Type of Service characteristics, 251-256 technique electromagnetism, 225-226 Total induced frequency chirp, S-VLANs. See Service VLANS T1 frames, 22-23 SWAP action for LSRs, 384-385 Tail circuits, 366-367 Total noise power, 25 Switch commands for Ethernet, Tanner graphs, 101 Total power radiated TCC. See Turbo Convolution antennas, 280 Switched Virtual Circuits (SVCs), electromagnetism, 227-229 TCM. See Trellis-Coded TPC. See Turbo Product Code Switching nodes in ATM, 371 Modulation Traceroute utility, 386 Switching process, 385 TCP. See Transmission Control Traffic Engineering (TE), Symmetric reflectors, 296 Protocol 389-390 Sym