 provides a basis in which maximum latency, 2nd percentile, average latency, as well as jitter can be derived. The 2nd percentile point of the CDF of packet delay denotes the packet delay value for which 98% of packets have a delay less than that value. As an example, the VoIP capacity is defined such that the percentage of users in outage is less than 2%, where a user is assumed to have experienced a service outage, if less than 98% of the VoIP packets have been delivered successfully to the user within a one- way radio access delay bound of 50 ms. The average packet delay is defined as the average interval between packets originated at the source (either an MS or a BS) and received at the destination (either a BS or an MS) in a system for a given duration of transmission. The average packet delay for user k, DPLUL) is given by: (12-6) The CDF of a users' average packet delay is the cumulative distribution of the average packet delay observed by all users in the cell. The packet loss ratio per user is defined as: Number of Successfully Delivered Packets Packet Loss Ratio (12-7) Total Number of Packets where the total number of packets includes packets that were transmitted over the air interface and packets that were dropped prior to transmission. The data throughput of a BS is defined as the number of information bits per second that a cell can successfully deliver or receive via the air interface using appropriate scheduling algorithms. We consider both physical layer spectral efficiency and MAC layer spectral efficiency as important performance indicators for a cellular system. The physical layer spectral efficiency is the system throughput measured at the interface between the physical layer and the MAC layer, thus including physical layer overhead but excluding MAC and upper layer protocol overheads. The MAC layer spectral efficiency represents the system throughput measured at the interface of the MAC layer and the upper layers, thus including both physical layer and MAC protocol overheads. The MAC efficie