UL/DL UDD64 0.388 0.578 0.388 0.578 0.388 0.578 UDD144 0.306 0.901 0.306 0.901 0.306 0.901 UDD384 0.066 0.415 0.066 0.415 0.066 0.415 LCD12.2 0.122 0.122 0.122 0.122 0.122 0.122 LCD64 0.154 0.154 0.154 0.154 0.154 0.154 LCD144 0.174 0.174 0.174 0.174 0.174 0.174 Total 153731 297749 47.24 802548 1554390 254201 492341 traffic Total 451480 2356938 746542 traffic per area Total traffic from all areas (kbps) per busy hour (BH) 3,554,960 The upper bound results illustrated in Table 7.12 take into account the reference inputs from Table 7.11 and dimension the radio network using this time the two UTRA tech- nologies, i.e. FDD and TDD. We consider micro- and picocells of the urban and subur- ban environments. Thus, enabling the network with 3G services with transmission rates beyond 384 kbps in urban areas. Table 7.12 Upper Bound Results for 75% Population Coverage in 2005 Representative propagation environments Node B type Urban Suburban Rural Macro FDD (1+1+1) Macro cells RF units in macro cells Micro FDD Micro TDD Pico TDD Total node Bs Area coverage (km²) 19500 Total existing area (km²) 38800 The TDD nodes aim to cover hot spots from the introduction of UMTS, e.g. shopping and educational centres, railway stations, office conglomerates, airports, etc. This ap- proach will reduce traffic in FDD macrocells and allow coverage extension with overall increased capacity throughout all the network layers, i.e. pico, micro, and macro layers. The capacity and coverage optimization results outlined in Table 7.12 includes the utili- zation of MUD and intelligent antenna techniques. The first implemented already in the TDD technology as part of its interference solution, and the latter as part of the UL/DL Deploying 3G Networks capacity optimization increase end-to-end performance in terms of coverage and capac- ity by three. The TDD microcell will range from approximately 40 m to about 250 m assuming me- dium mobility. The TDD picocell will cover only indoors within a range of about 10- 15 m with low mobility (e.g. below 8 km/h