, etc.); 6 Services in Fixed and Mobile Ultra-Broadband human capacity of telecom operators and regulators regarding their knowledge for practical realization of broadband and ultra-broadband deployments and QoS/traffic management, and its regulation. 6.6.1 Traffic Management for OTT Services The telecom operators, i.e. ISPs, may have different traffic management practices, but the main traffic management techniques are the same for all. When a traffic management decision is made, it is then implemented in the IP network as intervention. Such traffic management decision can take into account different inputs such as traffic type, the end-user's traffic, and the QoS profile, including any data caps or limits which are defined with the SLA. A data cap refers to maximum allowed data transfer (typically in MB, GB, or TB, depending upon the network access type, fixed or mobile). Primarily, for data services traffic management intervention is targeted to modification of the traffic priority or changing the allocated bandwidth such as guaranteed minimum bitrate or to impose a maximum bitrate. There are in general two main types of traffic management [24]: Implicit traffic management. This is implemented with the network design where dif- ferent traffic types are affected differentially from the beginning of network operation. Explicit traffic management. This is explicitly deployed through packet prioritization and bandwidth management mechanisms. In addition to the types of traffic management (implicit and explicit), QoS of data services is influenced by the dimensioning of networks (access, core, and transport net- works), the partitioning of access pipes (managed IP pipes, public Internet pipe), as well as the use of the content distribution networks. The use of CDNs is particularly impor- tant for OTT services, such as video streaming or sharing services, because it directly influences the RTT (round trip time). Also, CDNs are important for all Web-based ser- vices (e.g. including social networking) because TCP mech