RR) frame, 287 ring network topology, 292, 293f receiver noise level (RNL), calculation of, RL circuits, 592, 593 206-207 rms (root-mean square), 271 receive signal level (RSL), 203, 204, 207-208, 226 roaming, 462 calculation of, 205-206 route identifier (RI) field, 309f, 310 redundancy router addresses, 311 in error detection and correction, 255 routers, 310-311 versus channel efficiency, 254-255 LAN connection via, 320 reference equivalent, 43 routes, high-usage (HU), 11 refractive index, 232 route selection, 183 INDEX routing. See also traffic routing semiconductor lasers, 236-237, 242, 243 alternative, 65-66 send loudness rating (SLR), 44 decisions, 323 send sequence number (N[R, S]), HDLC, 286, 287 direct and indirect, 181 separate (quasi-associated) channel signaling, 162f, dynamic, 13 SCCP, 381 sequence number (SN) field, 524, 525f schemes, 169, 182-183 sequence number protection (SNP) field, 524, 525f structure, 181-182 sequential color and memory (SECAM) color telephone, 5-7, 150 transmission standards, 411, 413 virtual channel, 528 sequential route selection, 183 virtual path, 529 sequential write, random read time switch, 130, routing field, 518 routing label, 365, 373-374 series capacitors, 590-591 format of, 381f, 382 series resistances, 578-579, 583-584 routing table, 318 service access points (SAPs), 281, 296 types of routing performed by, 323 service areas, 16 RTCP (real-time control protocol), 396-397 service change command, 400 RTP (real-time protocol), 396, 397 service control points (SCPs), 363 service data unit (SDU), 281 sampling, in pulse code modulation, 108-109 service flow encodings, 357 sampling rates, 422 service indicator, 372 satellite communications, 13, 196, 197, 217-231 service information octet (SIO), 372, 381-382 digital, 228-229 service multiplex and transport, 421 distances involved in, 218 service observation, 14 earth station link engineering, 223-228 service quality, 14-15. See also quality of service frequency bands for, 219-220 (QoS) multiple access to satellite, 220-223 