s considered as crucial for IoT deployments. The NB-IoT further supports improved battery life through Bluetooth Special Interest Group, https://www.bluetooth.com/. Zigbee Alliance, http://www.zigbee.org/. Sigfox, https://www.sigfox.com/. LoRa Alliance, https://www.lora-alliance.org/. 5G NR. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-102267-2.00006-3 © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 748 Chapter 6 4G evolution and 5G Cellular (2G/3G/4G) Unlicensed spectrum (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee) Cellular LPWA (EC-GSM, LTE-M, NB-loT) LPWA, Coverage Short range Long range Unlicensed spectrum (Sigfox and LoRa) Figure 6.1 Scope and use cases of various wireless access technologies in the loT domain [10,16]. extended discontinuous reception (eDRX) and power-saving mode, and improved capacity via multi-carrier operation [22]. The NB-IoT specifications have continued to evolve beyond Rel-13, with support for multi- casting and positioning, and are considered the main technology platform to satisfy 5G mMTC applications in Rel-15 and beyond. In 3GPP LTE Rel-13, NB-IoT was standard- ized for providing LPWA connectivity for mMTC applications. In LTE Rel-14, NB-IoT was further enhanced to provide additional features such as increased positioning accuracy, higher peak data rates, a lower device power class, improved non-anchor carrier operation, multicast, and authorization of the coverage enhancements. To achieve enhanced coverage up to 164 dB maximum coupling loss (MCL), 5 a significant amount of network resources is required due to excessive code repetitions. With authorization of the coverage enhancements feature, the network can restrict the use of coverage enhancements to a UE based on its sub- scription information. Fig. 6.1 shows the scope and applicability of different wireless tech- nologies when considering the coverage and throughput requirements. While 3GPP and non-3GPP wireless access technologies may equally find application in certain deployment scenarios, 3GPP wireless technologies can provide better integration with 