. OSI ideas have based management systems to those which incorporate standard been accepted by many organisations, including the CCITT, and a interfaces. This will be driven by many of the factors described considerable amount of work is being done to extend and develop above. The change from proprietary to standard based systems will the model. be evolutionary rather than revolutionary. Currently two networks OSI principles are now being incorporated into many types of supplied by different vendors can only be controlled by their own equipment, which need to communicate with each other. Figure proprietary managers. The two systems cannot communicate and 16.8 illustrates that as more of these network elements begin to the nearest one can get to in integration terms is to run them on one conform to standards so too will their managers. Eventually a large workstation using different windows. This eliminates the need for the operator to stare at a multitude of screens, but he still needs to be familiar with the syntax and command formats of the two systems, and human intervention is needed to pass any information between the different systems. Figure 16.7 shows an evolution from this where the network elements still maintain proprietary interfaces but the two managers are able to converse using a common, standards based, protocol. Once again the two systems can be located on the same hardware, NETWORK but now there is interchange of information between networks Aand ELEMENTS B via their managers. MANAGER A STANDARD PROTOCOL MANAGER NETWORK MANAGERS PROPRIETARY PROTOCOL PROPRIETARY PROTOCOL Figure 16.8 Convergence of the amount of standardisation on network elements and network proportion of systems will be based on OSI standards, resulting in the original aim of ISO of global interworking. Further development of the OSI model is now being done by a joint technical committee (JTC1) set up by ISO and the IEC, which works very closely with CCITT study groups. The OSI architecture is covered in ISO stand- ards ISO 7498,