dles installing equipment, setting configuration parameters, verifying that the status of service, updating the element with fixes/new software, and de-installation. 5.7 TMN and OSI Management There was not much cooperation between OSI and TMN management groups initially when the first release of management standards were released by respective bodies. Later some of the concepts of OSI were incorporated in TMN. The important changes to TMN based on OSI are: The manager-agent concept suggested in OSI was adopted by TMN. There is a reference to OSI document X.701 on OSI system management in TMN documentation. The object-oriented approach of OSI is another feature in the current TMN. The principles of TMN are now based on an object-oriented paradigm. Management domains introduced by OSI were adopted. The difference in philosophy between TMN and OSI are: TMN has multiple architectures defined at different levels of abstraction while OSI has a single architecture for all levels of telecom management. The various management responsibilities are separated in the Logical archi- tecture of TMN, while OSI model does not have such a detailed split of responsibilities which could help in application modeling. There is a separation between telecom and data network in TMN, where a telecom network is the network being managed and data network transfers management data. 5.8 Conclusion The OSI and TMN do have some conflicts in concepts. But this does not make them two separate standards. Much of the concepts in one were adopted by the other and these models are the backbone for all developments that were made in telecom management. Now enhancements on standards from OSI management and TMN management are handled by TMF. This has resulted in a forum for unified OSI Network Management standards creation in management space. This chapter gives an overview of OSI management model that was one of the most comprehensive documents initially available on standards in network management. Additional Reading 1. Mani Subramanian. Network Mana