routing to minimize traffic delays Provide 99 percent network uptime Software Defined Networking (SDN) is being implemented in providers' networks to accomplish the above goals via policies defined in SDN software. SDN control software enables automatic network functions, such as rerouting traffic around network outages. SDN is installed on computers in network operations centers where technicians can react to major outages. Network Function Virtualization (NFV) is a technology that eliminates the need to install network functions on proprietary hardware. Instead, multiple network functions, including routing and switching, are abstracted in software and installed on commodity servers. The power of NFV is that these pieces of abstracted software can be inexpensively duplicated and backed up in spare servers. Importantly, NFV in networks provides the ability for network functions to be upgraded and equipment installed at a faster pace with lower costs. To accommodate the growing percentage of data traffic, central offices are undergoing a transition that enables them to better manage the data in their networks from centralized locations. Central Office Re-architected as a Data Center (CORD) specifies re-engineering central offices to be more like enterprise data centers. CORD is used by telephone companies to manage their shared, centralized applications and functions in a similar way to data centers in enterprises. Similarly to carriers' broadband networks, submarine networks that connect continents using fiber-optic cabling must manage growing amounts of data. According to consulting firm TeleGeography, traffic on undersea cables increased 45 percent in 2016. Reflecting www.TechnicalPDF.com the change in international traffic patterns, traffic from carriers no longer represents the major source of traffic on submarine cables. Rather, traffic from content and cloud providers including Facebook, Microsoft, and Google now generate the largest percentage of traffic on submarine networks. The desire to ensure adequat