nated Multipoint Transmission Number of Users Paired in Up to 2 users paired in self- Up to 4 users paired in self- Downlink Multi-user MIMO evaluation evaluation L1/L2 Overhead Statically Modeled Dynamically Modeled Number of OFDM symbols L = 1 Example: IMT-Advanced Urban (18%) Macrocell Scenario Number of OFDM symbols L = 2 TDD = 11% (Control channel) + (24%) 11% (Pilot) 11 22% Number of OFDM symbols L = 3 FDD = 14% (Control channel) + (31%) 11 % (Pilot) = 25% Introduction inclusion of the theoretical background or a description of uncommon terminologies and concepts in each chapter, SO that readers can understand the subject matter without getting distracted with addi- tional reading in the citations and references. In each chapter the design criteria and justification for modifications and extensions relative to the legacy systems have been described. The present book begins with an introduction to the history of broadband mobile wireless access and an overview of the IEEE and 3GPP standards and standardization processes in Chapter 1. The approach taken in this book required the author to review the network architecture and to examine each and every significant network element in mobile WiMAX and 3GPP LTE networks. Since the WiMAX Forum has yet to update the WiMAX Network Architecture specification to support the IEEE 802.16m standard, the latest revision of the WiMAX Network Architecture document which is publicly available from the WiMAX Forum has been used. It is expected that the early deployment of IEEE 802.16m would rely on the legacy network architecture until network upgrades become available. Once the access network and core network aspects of the system are described, we turn our attention to the reference model and protocol structure of IEEE 802.16m and 3GPP LTE/LTE-Advanced, and discuss the operation and behavior of each entity (base station, mobile station, and relay station), as well as functional components and their interactions in the protocol stack. The remaining chapters of this book are or