Revenue Flow In the 'pipe' business regime, revenue flow was simple and from a subscriber to the operator as illustrated in Figure 14.12. Charges included per usage and subscription fees as well as any content fees. The revenue flow has evolved to include direct transactions between end-user and third-party content providers, indirect transactions through the operator, and other trans- actions such as special deals between operator and third parties. This is illustrated in Figure 14.13. In practice a large number of third parties earn a share of what an end-user or an adver- tiser pays for the delivery of infotainment content. Broadly these include application providers who facilitate the infotainment content delivery and licensors of content. Revenue flow originates from end-users and advertisers as well as the operator as illustrated in Figure 14.14. P2P (mostly video) Video Audio Figure 14.11 Traffic ratios [17] Revenue Subscriber Operator Figure 14.12 Revenue flow in a 'pipe' , business regime Broadband Telecommunications Technologies and Management Revenue Subscriber Operator Revenue Revenue Third party content providers Figure 14.13 Revenue flow in a third party content provider regime Licensors Application Operator provider End-user Advertising Figure 14.14 Revenue flow in a third-party content provider regime Operators and Content Business The decline in 'pipe'-associated revenue and the contrasting rise of content revenue has caused many operators to take measures to gain a share of content revenue. These include starting or buying into content provision companies, creation of a portal over which all content flows, creating a platform to control content discovery and flow, and 'negotiating' with content owners to share revenue through provision of preferential treatment. These measures are described in more detail below. Content Delivery and Net Neutrality A vertically integrated player, e.g. Content provider Foxtel + Telstra + Telstra competitor, e.g. ABC TV iView, Hulu Retail provider Content and servi