data mod- eling structure and the prescribed API is Netconf [9]. There is an additional transformative dimension to the open project. Today, all management and control of metro optical networks is done using Telcordia-developed operations support systems (OSS). The origins of these systems were put in place in the mid-1980s as part of divestiture to ensure continued OSS support for the Regional Bell Operating Companies. In order to harness the power that comes with flexibility and to enable new services, the open ROADM program is depart- ing from this approach. It will use a new management and control architecture that leverages SDN control, the use of model-driven designs, and the ONAP platform discussed in Chapter 7 (or an equivalent). The key functions of the controller and management layer are as follows: ROADM controller (equipment and link discovery, equipment inventory, topology, wave- length connection computation and activation) Alarm surveillance and performance monitoring Work flow management Capacity management and planning tools 13.1.4 FUTURE WORK IN THE OPTICAL LAYER The open ROADM specs were initially developed for metro but can be extended for use in the intercity domain. The diameter of a metro network is several hundreds of kilometers while in intercity the requirement is for several thousands of kilometers of reach. The longer reaches will require more sophisticated modulation and coding schemes and require more complex, and costly, hardware. Initial implementations of the ROADM controller shown in Figure 13.8 will be based on custom development. The industry would benefit from the development of an open ROADM controller plat- form functions. This will help lower the barrier to entry into the open ROADM for service providers and incent investment and development of value-added applications by third parties. Building the Network of the Future A hot topic of work in the data center market is to explore the technical feasibility and economic value of moving the optics to being fixed devices instal