reliable low-latency communication. For example, in Germany, 300 MHz is reserved for nationwide licenses, while 100 MHz is allocated for local cases. 3.5 GHz spectrum auctions have been completed in a number of countries SO far. Figure 4.10 illustrates the spectrum allocations in a few countries. In many cases, oper- ators are able to access 100 MHz, or nearly 100 MHz, continuous spectrum, which is a good starting point for 5G. In some cases, the allocation is less than 100 MHz per 3.4 GHz 3.8 GHz Figure 4.10 Example spectrum Europe allocations in 3.5 GHz auctions 100 MHz 100 MHz 100 MHz 100 MHz general during 2017-2019. 3.42 GHz 3.8 GHz Korea 80 MHz 100 MHz 100 MHz 3.4 GHz 3.7 GHz Germany 100 MHz 100 MHz 100 MHz 3.41 GHz 3.8 GHz Austria 140 MHz 100 MHz 110 MHz 3.41 GHz 3.8 GHz Finland 130 MHz 130 MHz 130 MHz 3.41 GHz 3.689 GHz United Kingdom 3.41 GHz 3.8 GHz Ireland 105 MHz 85 MHz 100 MHz 4.3 Mid-Band Spectrum at 3.3-5.0 GHz and at 2.6 GHz Figure 4.11 2.6 GHz band allocation. 2.496 GHz Band n41 TDD 2.69 GHz 194 MHz Band n7 Band n38 Band n7 Uplink Downlink 70 MHz 50 MHz 70 MHz operator, which allows operation of the 5G network, but the data rates and the capacity will be lower. Another important mid-band spectrum for 5G is 2.6 GHz TDD, is referred to as band n41 in 3GPP. The total spectrum is 190 MHz, or even 194 MHz from 2496 to 2690 MHz, which enables wideband 5G usage. Time Division LTE (TD-LTE) has been deployed on that band in most countries. Therefore, 5G and TD-LTE need to coexist in practical networks. Some countries use a combination of FDD and TDD allocations with bands 7 and 38 (Figure 4.11). The spectrum price is highly market dependent: more operators, less available spec- trum, and high demand for more spectrum generally increase the spectrum price in the auction. A few spectrum auction results are shown in Figure 4.12. The price is shown as Euros per MHz per person, with the total spectrum price being divided by the amount of spectrum and by the country's population. The auction in Italy resulted i