trian 120 km/h 500 km/h Speech (kbps) 8, 12.2 8, 12.2 8, 12.2 8, 12.2 <10-3 <10 3 <10-3 <10 3 Delay (ms 20 ms Activity (%) LDD data (kbps) 144, 384, 2048 64, 144, 384 32, 144, 384 32, 144 <10-6 Delay (ms) Activity (%) UDD data (packet) See Section See Section See Section See Section connection-less 2.2.8.1 and 2.2.8.1 and Table 2.2.8.1 and 2.2.8.1 and information types Table 2.7 Table 2.7 Table 2.7 LCD data (kbps) 144, 384, 2048 64, 144, 384 32, 144, 384 32, 144 <10-6 <10 -6 <10- -6 Delay (ms) Activity (%) 2.2.2 Channel Types As a global standard, UMTS aims for a broad range of environment characteristics, e.g. large and small cities, tropical, rural, and desert areas. Reference parameters describing the propagation models for these areas include: 1. time delay-spread with its structure and its statistical variability (e.g. probability distribution of time delay spread); geometrical path loss rule (e.g. R-4) and excess path loss; 3. shadow fading and multi-path fading characteristics (e.g. Doppler spectrum, Rician VS. Rayleigh) for the envelope of channels; and 4. operating radio frequency. Characterization of rapid fading variation occurs by the channel impulse response, where response modelling takes place using a tapped delay line implementation. The Doppler spectrum characterizes the tap variability. These environments are represented in terms of propagation from [2] by: indoor office, outdoor to indoor and pedestrian, vehicular, and mixed. 2.2.3 Indoor Office This environment has small cells and low transmit powers, where both BSs and pedes- trian users remain indoors, with path loss rule varying due to scatter and attenuation by walls, floors, and metallic structures, e.g. partitions and filing cabinets, all producing some type of shadowing effects. These effects include: log-normal shadow fading with standard deviation of 12 dB, and fading ranges from Rician to Rayleigh, with Doppler frequency offsets set by walking speeds. The indoor office path loss is based on the COST 231 model; this low increase of pa