Mobile backhaul technologies Traditional MW Satellite (DVB-S2) ISM Band PMP (other) 802.16a Topology Frequency 6-40 GHz unlicensed 70-100 GHz 10-31 GHz unlicensed 26-31 GHz 3.5, 10.5, 26, 38 GHz 2-11 GHz RF Condition Reach (approx max) 40 km 1.5 km Isolated Cells 80 km 3-5 km 40 km 40 km Capacity (approx) 322 Mbps 1 Gbps 1 Gbps 60 Mbps 48 Mbps 45 Mbps 60 Mbps 75 Mbps Link Availability 99.999% 99.900% 99.990% 99.900% 99.999% 99.990% 99.995% 99.990% Typical Application Voice Packet Data Packet Data Voice/Packet Data Packet Data Packet Data Packet Data Packet Data Transmission Networks voice requirements and data traffic while minimizing network operating expenses or capital equipment outlays. Yet it must also be able to factor in future broadband services, which will eventually encompass multimedia imaging, broadcast video and video conferencing. The strategy also needs to consider link restoration techniques and the associated cost implications. In summary [12], Microwave links are currently widely used in cellular backhaul networks, and are likely to remain a major player in the future. Radio links are expected to evolve to provide higher capacity over shorter distances, using gigabit radios in higher-frequency spectrum (e.g., 71-76, 81-86 GHz). In markets where 3G has not been deployed, transport solutions (hybrid microwave radios) that can be used effectively for both 2G and 3G networks should be explored. Where available, high-speed digital subscriber line (DSL) can be used for backhaul, due to low cost and reliable copper infrastructure. On the other hand, copper infrastructure in many developing countries like Pakistan, is unreliable. Fiber is rapidly penetrating the access network, and will increasingly be used to feed BTS to support LTE, WiMAX and IMT-Advanced technologies Other technologies like FSO, satellite, and license-free radio may only have niche roles in the future. 7.3.11 Backhaul Network Design Criteria A multitude of factors need to be considered during the planning and design phase of the back