rt Road, London, England, W1P 9HE. Applications for the copyright holder's written permission to reproduce any part of this publication should be addressed to the publishers British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Mazda, Fraidoon F. Telecommunications engineer's reference book I. Title 621.382 ISBN 0 7506 10379 Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Mazda, Fraidoon F. Telecommunications engineer's reference book/Fraidoon Mazda p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0 7506 1037 9 1. Telecommunications. I. Title TK5101.M37 1993 621.382-dc20 92-27846 Printed and bound in Great Britain Contents Foreword 7 Optics and vision Basic concepts of optical radiation. The optical spectrum. Radio- Preface metry and photometry. Units of measure. Instrumentation. The human eye. Structure of the eye. The eye as an optical instrument. Defects of vision. Interaction of light with matter. References. Acknowledgements 8 Sound, speech and hearing List of Contributors Sound waves. Decibels. Hearing. Speech and music. Acoustics. Psychoacoustics. References. Part 1 - Mathematical techniques 9 The lonosphere and the Troposphere 1 Statistical analysis The ionosphere. Formation of the ionosphere and its morphology. Introduction. Data presentation. Averages. Dispersion from the Ionospheric effects on radio signals. Communication and monitor- average. Skewness. Combinations and permutations. Regression ing systems relying on ionospheric probing techniques. Ionospheric and correlation. Probability. Probability distributions. Sampling. probing techniques. Propagation prediction procedures. The tropos- Tests of significance. Bibliography. phere. Survey of propagation modes in the troposphere. Tropos- pheric effects in space communications. Propagation and 2 Fourier analysis co-channel interference. Techniques for studying tropospheric structures. References. Introduction. Generalised Fourier expansion. Fourier transforms. Discrete sequences. The discrete Fourier transform. The inverse discrete Fourier transfor