r-Level QoS This depends on user mobility and application type. In providing end-to-end QoS support, developers need to do much more work to address end-to-end QoS. They may need to modify many existing QoS schemes, including admission control, dynamic resource reservation and QoS renegotiation to support diverse QoS requirements of 4G users. Hand-off delay poses another important QoS-related issue in wireless networks. The delay can be prob- lematic in internetwork hand-offs because of authentication procedures that require message exchange, multiple-database accesses and negotiation-renegotiation due to a significant difference between needed and available QoS. During the hand-off process, the user may experience a significant drop in QoS, which will affect the performance of both upper layer protocols and applications. Deploying a priority based algorithm and using location-aware adaptive applications can reduce both the hand-off delay and QoS variability. Appendix A Roll-Out Network Project Management Joydeep Hazra A.1 Project Execution Network planning is one of the core foundations for any cellular project. Its intricacy lies in the fact that without it there cannot be any further logical execution or implementation of the project. It is either done by the network operator or purchased as a service from the equipment vendors, often supervised by a core team of experts. The remaining planning work and field teams are outsourced to subcontractors. It is priced and offered to the operators in three different sales packages: Radio network planning Transmission planning Core network planning When the project begins, the planning activities are split into further stages: The preoptimisation service is offered to operators who carry out nominal and detailed planning. They ensure the performance of the network in order to attain the guaranteed key performance indicators, or KPIs. Indoor network planning is a service provided to operators who want to extend their dedicated capacity and coverage to strategic indoor a