onnectivity Core network EPC with dual 5G Core EPC in Release 13, 5G supported connectivity, 5G Core Core with Release 16 with standalone which would help to reduce complexity and power consumption of such NR-Light modems. 15.2.11 5G V2X 5G V2X is addressing the communication between vehicles (V2V) as well as the com- munication between vehicles and infrastructure (V2I). 3GPP earlier developed the basic solution to be used on top of LTE, but now the same capability + extended elements are being added for the 5G side as well. The basic elements cover aspects like collision avoid- ance for the V2V case (for example, breaking information) and traffic light information in the V2I case. The key motivation to enable V2X for the 5G side has been the possibili- ties for more advanced use cases in addition to the basic traffic safety use cases supported with LTE. An example of such a use case has been sensor data sharing between two dif- ferent vehicles (with the vehicle in front sharing the data with the vehicle(s) following behind), as shown in Figure 15.11. Outside 3GPP, the 5G Automotive Alliance (5GAA) [14], in particular, is working on the requirements and use cases for V2X. Information from Warning message infrastructure & sensor sharing Figure 15.11 Example use of 5G based V2X. 15 5G Phase 2 and Beyond The sidelink (the communication link between two vehicles) can be either controlled by the gNB (Sidelink Mode 1) or can be autonomously operated by the UEs (Sidelink Mode 2). The sidelink first needs to perform discovery before one can communicate with the other UE supporting sidelink communications. 3GPP Release 16 V2X is captured in [15], with some of the aspects investigated expected to be part of further work in Release 17. There also other use cases foreseen for the 5G-based sidelink operation, such as public safety, expected to be addressed more in Release 17. 15.2.12 New 5G Core Features in Release 16 There are several new features and enhancements coming for 5G Core as well. Some of them are directly linked 