ajor upgrades, which are assumed to take place once in the lifetime of each plant. Around two-thirds of this investment will occur in OECD countries. The share of refurbishment in total investment will amount to about 13% (16% in North America, 15% in the Pacific region and 9% in Europe). Refurbishment of transmission and distribution infrastructure, including the replacement of cables, substations and control centres, will account for well over half of total network investment worldwide. The share will be highest in OECD countries. INFRASTRUCTURE TO 2030: TELECOM, LAND TRANSPORT, WATER AND ELECTRICITY - ISBN 92-64-02398-4 © OECD 2006 3. OUTLOOK FOR GLOBAL INVESTMENT IN ELECTRICITY INFRASTRUCTURE Table 3.6. Electricity network investment by region and decade in the Reference Scenario, 2003-30 2003-10 2011-20 2021-30 2003-30 Trans Total Trans Total Trans Total Trans Total 1 276 1 773 OECD Europe OECD North America OECD Pacific Transition economies Russia Developing countries 1 044 1 365 2 090 3 052 China 1 180 East Asia Indonesia South Asia India Latin America Brazil Middle East Africa World 1 804 1 697 2 410 1 539 3 652 5 191 Alternative Policy Scenario The Alternative Policy Scenario analyses how global energy markets could evolve were countries around the world to adopt a set of policies and measures that they are currently considering or that they might reasonably be expected to implement over the projection period. For each major region, the scenario considers policies to reduce air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, and to enhance energy security. The choice of measures used to meet policy goals takes into account technical and cost factors, the political context and market barriers. Measures to improve energy efficiency and increase the use of renewables are the main instruments considered. Depending on the region, those measures result from a strengthening or a wider coverage of existing policies, or from the introduction of new policies. The basic assumptions about macroeconomic conditions and the po