cell coverage 3 GHz 2.5-4.9 GHz High data rate up to 2 Gbps 10 cm Capacity boost on LTE sites 20 MHz Wide area and deep indoor coverage Uplink coverage 300 MHz sub-3 GHz Low latency and critical communication Figure 3.1 5G can utilize all spectrum options. unlicensed, Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and Time Division Duplex (TDD) bands, and narrowband and wideband allocations. The three main spectrum options are illustrated in Figure 3.1. Millimeter wave spectrum above 20 GHz can provide bandwidth even above 1 GHz, which allows a very high data rate up to 20 Gbps and extreme mobile broadband capacity. Millimeter waves are mainly suited for local usage like mass events, outdoor and indoor hotspots, and fixed wireless use case. 3.2 Spectrum Utilization Spectrum at 2.5-5.0 GHz will be used for 5G coverage and capacity in urban areas by reusing the existing base station sites. The spectrum around 3.5 GHz is attractive for 5G because it is available globally, and the amount of spectrum is high. The bandwidth is typically up to 100 MHz per operator at that frequency. 5G coverage at 3.5 GHz can be comparable to LTE1800 coverage if massive Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) beamforming is used. Low FDD bands are needed for wide area rural coverage, ultra-high reliability, and deep indoor penetration. Extensive coverage is important for the new uses cases like IoT and critical communication. For more details about spectrum options, see Chapter 4. 3.2.2 Bandwidth Options 5G radio is designed to support a large number of bandwidth options. Narrowband carrier is needed at low bands, and wideband carrier is beneficial at high bands. The maximum bandwidth in LTE is 20 MHz, while 5G supports up to 100 MHz for sub-6 GHz cases and up to 400 MHz for millimeter waves. The maximum bandwidths are shown in Table 3.2. Larger bandwidths can be supported with carrier aggregation, but wideband carrier is more efficient for the wideband spectrum allocations; see Figure 3.2. If 100 MHz spectrum is available, it can be utilized by LTE wit