TE public safety can be considered as a pioneering case of the new type of services. 16.4 5G and LTE Benchmarking This section presents benchmarking of 5G targets from Next Generation Mobile Net- work (NGMN) [5] and ITU-R [6] with LTE-Advanced Pro capabilities. The reference case in ITU considerations is IMT-Advanced. We use LTE-Advanced Release 12 as the reference case. Table 16.1 shows a summary of LTE-Advanced capability, LTE-Advanced Pro, and 5G targets. We note that LTE-Advanced Pro is able to fulfill in theory most of the 5G targets including data rate, latency, and mobility, but the data rate target requires SO much spectrum that it is not available on the current LTE frequency bands. The traffic and device density targets would also be difficult to fulfill with the current LTE spectrum and practical site densities. 5G targets are SO high that more than 1 GHz of spectrum and very high site densities are required to fulfill them. That means in practice that higher frequencies with high site densities are needed to fulfill 5G targets. Table 16.1 Benchmarking of LTE capabilities and 5G targets. LTE-Advanced LTE-Advanced Pro Release 10-12 Release 13-15 5G targets LTE vs. 5G Peak data rate 3.7 Gbps FDD 21 Gbps 10-50 Gbps in downlink 3.55 Gbps TDD (640 MHz) Peak data rate 0.89 Gbps TDD 5.7 Gbps 10-50 Mbps Not OK in uplink (640 MHz) Cell edge data 8-40 Mbps 60 0-100 Mbps 50-100 Mbps rate (downlink) (2-10 UEs/cell, (2-10 UEs/cell, 100 MHz) 300 MHz) One-way latency Mobility 500 km/h below 500 km/h up to 500 km/h 1.4 GHz 3 GHz Traffic density 10 Gbps/km² 20 Gbps/km2 750 Gbps/km2 Difficult without Device density 100-300 k/km² 100-300 k/km2 1 M/km2 Difficult without 16.4 5G and LTE Benchmarking 16.4.1 Peak Data Rate The peak data rate can be increased by the following technical solutions: More spectrum, which is exploited with carrier aggregation. More multistream, which is exploited with higher-order MIMO. Higher-order modulation, which is exploited with 256-QAM. LTE-Advanced Pro includes all those components for inc