duplex Fiber optic cabling between floors in many apartment buildings and businesses Fiber optic networks between and within cities Send and receive Locations with copper cabling duplex on same Example Copper cabling- Cables to homes, desktop S of full based networks computers, and printers duplex Amplifiers vs. Regenerators Although signals on fiber-optic cabling travel longer distances than those on copper cabling, the signals do fade; they weaken over long distances. In addition to fading, imperfections in the form of noise impedes the signals over distances. See Table 1-2 for a comparison between amplifiers and regenerators. Thus, equipment must be added to fiber-optic networks both to boost the signals when they fade and eliminate the noise. Amplifiers and regenerators do these tasks. Table 1-2 Amplifiers VS. Regenerators Distance when Needed Function Cost Comparison 80 to 120 Boosts optical amplitude of Lower kilometers (49 all wavelengths when they www.TechnicalPDF.com to 74.4 miles) 3,000 to 4,000 Removes noise and other kilometers impairments. Regenerates costly (1,860 to 2,480 each wavelength separately miles) amplifica Amplifiers are needed in fiber-optic networks every 80 to 120 kilometers (49 to 74.4 miles). They boost the signals' amplitude on all the wavelengths of an entire fiber in one operation. Amplitude refers to the height of a signal at the highest point of the wavelength. Amplitude is similar to a unit of loudness or strength. Regenerators are needed less frequently than amplifiers, about every 3,000 to 4,000 kilometers (1,860 to 2,480 miles). Regeneration is more costly than amplification because each wavelength must be regenerated individually rather than regenerating the entire fiber and all the wavelengths in one operation. Fiber-Optic Cabling-No Electromagnetic Interference, Smaller and Lighter than Copper In contrast to copper cabling, fiber-optic networks have more capacity and they can carry the signals longer distances without amplification. In addition, fiber-optic networks are le