ach to maintaining access to energy sources and also new approaches to treating water. Other important resources influencing water services include anticipated shortages of readily available mineral potassium, predicted by some to be exhausted within 50-100 years. This is prompting initiatives for recovery from sewage (Tjandraatmadja et al., 2005) and may require concerted international action. Evaluation Both these factors are likely to be of importance in creating and meeting the demand for infrastructure. They will be instrumental in bringing about greater efforts on strategic grounds to develop international institutional agreements in order to reduce tensions and share responsibilities and resources. However, they are unlikely to be primary but rather to be contributory drivers. Security General Threats to security in general appear to be increasing in tandem with globalisation and enhanced communication. Security of water infrastructure has been recognised by governments worldwide and is a major consideration in the United States where new investments have been made and a range of new institutions set up to deal with this and other threats (Copeland and Cody, 2005). Since 2002 for instance, publicly available evidence suggests that the US Congress has provided USD 608 million for studies and passed legislation for vulnerability assessments. This is likely to be an underestimate of actual spend. Threats include physical disruption, bioterrorism/chemical contamination and cyber INFRASTRUCTURE TO 2030: TELECOM, LAND TRANSPORT, WATER AND ELECTRICITY - ISBN 92-64-02398-4 © OECD 2006 5. THE IMPACTS OF CHANGE ON THE LONG-TERM FUTURE DEMAND FOR WATER SECTOR INFRASTRUCTURE attack. However, for there to be any serious threat to the infrastructure itself it would have to be credible, widespread and sustained in its potential effects, and this would require massive doses of poisons or biological agents. Responses to any threats should ultimately be incorporated in existing contingency plans to deal with emergencies ari