well with the situation outlined in Russia's INFRASTRUCTURE TO 2030: TELECOM, LAND TRANSPORT, WATER AND ELECTRICITY - ISBN 92-64-02398-4 - © OECD 2006 5. THE IMPACTS OF CHANGE ON THE LONG-TERM FUTURE DEMAND FOR WATER SECTOR INFRASTRUCTURE Endnote Profile at the end of this chapter. Other estimates would appear to be high, perhaps reflecting the scale of the situation to be addressed. As the report noted (OECD, 2005b), the detailed estimates for specific countries show significant discrepancies that can be attributed to a different understanding of the types of costs to be included and to different calculation methods. In addition, the study suggests that even raising the finance to operate and maintain the infrastructure in its present poor state - a much less ambitious challenge than achieving the water-related MDGs - would pose major problems for a number of EECCA countries. Canada A report by Infrastructure Canada (2004b) noted that the dearth of reliable, comparable, comprehensive and objective data and information means that it is difficult to estimate that country's infrastructure needs. This has led to discrepancies between the various existing estimates. While a number of studies have reported on the overall deficit of infrastructure in general, fewer address the state of water infrastructure specifically. It is difficult to determine what the total level of current expenditure is for operation, maintenance and new infrastructure. The discrepancies make it difficult if not impossible to arrive at one overarching, comprehensive figure. In reviewing the literature on estimated needs and replacement costs for water infrastructure, Infrastructure Canada (2004a) indicated that the available figures were neither persuasive nor comparable. The report noted estimates of CAD 38-39 billion for the maintenance of existing capital stocks and services, and CAD 88.4 billion for new and upgraded infrastructure over a 15-year period. By 2003 the total was said to amount to CAD 10 billion per year, highlighting the fact t