fset and frequency errors in above 6 GHz frequencies [59]. The NR downlink multi-antenna operation has been dis- cussed in different sections of this chapter and is summarized in Fig. 4.71. New Radio Access Physical Layer Aspects (Part 2) 591 UE MAC gNB MAC UL-SCH/UCI [PUSCH] UCI [PUCCH] Transport Blocks CRC Calculation + Attachment Sequence Generation UCI Bit Sequence Generation and Scaling LDPC Graph Selection UCI Channel Encoding Code Block Segmentation Configuration HARQ ACK/NACK Channel Coding (LDPC Encoding) Modulation and PUCCH format- Channel Decoding (LDPC Rate Matching + HARQ Specific Processing decoding) + HARQ Buffer HARQ ACK/NACK Data and Control Multiplexing PUCCH De-scrambling + de-interleaving Configuration Scrambling and Modulation Demodulation Layer Mapping Layer De-Mapping CSI Reports/ Measurements Transform Precoding (DFT) IDFT (Transform Precoding) CSI Estimation Precoding MIMO Detection/Equalization Virtual/Physical resource Channel Mapping Resource De-mapping Estimation OFDM Modulation + CP Reference Signal Generation Reference Signal CP Removal + OFDM PUCCH Format- Insertion DM-RS/SRS/PT-RS Configuration Demodulation Specific Decoding TX Beamforming RX Beamforming IQ Modulation/RF Up-conversion/ LNA and RX Filter/IQ PA and TX Filter Demodulator/Down-conversion Figure 4.72 Overall uplink physical layer processing 5]. 4.2 Uplink Physical Layer Functions and Procedures 4.2.1 Overall Description of Uplink Physical Layer The NR uplink physical-layer consists of higher layer configurable functional blocks that are configured according to the uplink physical channel characteristics, use case, deploy- ment scenario, etc. As shown in Fig. 4.72, the physical-layer processing generally includes receiving higher layer data (e.g., MAC PDUs in the case of uplink shared channel); CRC calculation and attachment; channel encoding and rate matching; modulation; mapping to physical resources and antennas; multi-antenna processing; and support of layer-1 control and HARQ-related signaling. The physical-layer 