over time, which in itself implies a need for improvement. However, even if there are unambiguous indications that technology convergence is happening at a particular rate it may be hard or impossible to respond because regulatory and competition policy remains based on historic rather than contemporary or forward-looking technology and engineering models. Even this is not quite true. Regulatory policy appears often to be based on a misinterpretation of past precedent. The past can only inform the future if accurately analysed. Thus, there is a need for industry and regulators and economists to understand the technology and engineering change process. Because the regulatory and competition policy response only starts when the changed market position becomes evident then by default the subsequent policies fail to match technology requirements that by then will have changed substantially. None of this needs to happen because fortuitously technology is amenable to rigorous analysis and can be shown to behave in predictable ways with a predictable influence on 1 Catch 22 - a situation in which a desired outcome or solution is impossible to attain because of a set of inherently illogical rules or conditions. Catch 22 authored by Joseph Heller, first published in 1961. Physical Layer Connectivity market and business outcomes. Two engineering methodologies can be used as proxies for this prediction process. 2.5 The Smith Chart as a Descriptor of Technology Economics, Vector Analysis and Moore's Law The Smith Chart developed by Phillip H Smith2 and introduced in 1939 has been in use now RF engineers for over 70 years as a way of finding solutions to problems in transmission lines and matching circuits, for example finding the inductance, capacitance and resistance values needed to realise an optimum noise match on the receive path of a mobile phone through the low-noise amplifier and the optimum power match from the RF power amplifier in the other direction. While you cannot read a profit and loss account from a Smith Ch