 usually prefer to deal with their local PTO, negotiating efficient. all their international services and charges. The requirement is also Computer Database Voice Operators Figure 11.13 Example of a CSTA application Services and technology 11/17 for a single bill, i.e. single-end ordering and single-end billing. This from the same network; rapid deployment of new services to meet is the concept of One Stop Shopping or OSS (Gasbarrone, 1992) and customer changing requirements; ease of upgrade to new techno- One Stop Billing. logies; low costs, especially whole life costs involved in providing OSS clearly requires co-operation between PTOs in different the service; high reliability; world-wide networks. countries for it to be successful on an international scale. OSS Figure 11.14 shows the trend in the different types of services over concepts were defined by CEPT's Commercial Action Committee the last decade. It shows that telephone based services will decrease (CAC) in 1986 and in September 1989 most of the CEPT countries as a percentage of the total, but they will dominate well into the next signed a memorandum of understanding on the provision of OSS. century. Similarly the telecommunication services in the developed International agreements are also required in order to provide Inter- countries will continue to dominate that of the rest of the world, as national Private Virtual Circuit (IPVC) and International Closed shown in Figure 11.15. User Group (ICUG) services. Customer needs with regard to telecommunication services are: North North America low cost; high quality; wide choice; services customised to meet America their specific needs; intelligence in the network to allow them to manage the service functions. Western Western Operator needs with regard to the same telecommunication ser- Europe Europe vice provisioning are: ability to provide a wide range of services Japan Japan Others Others Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Country Figure 11.15 Service trends by region 11.5.4 Service classification Telephone 