uppliers. The dis- tribution of finished goods should ensure minimal cost in transportation without significant increase in cost of warehousing. Saving on empty miles by clubbing distribution goods transportation with production inventory transportation can also be done effectively using supply chain management solutions. Fundamentals of EMS, NMS and OSS/BSS 64. Network troubleshooting tools: Fixing issues in the network using troubleshooting tools is a key activity performed by the network operator. There are many network troubleshooting tools that help the operator to iden- tify network issues and bug fixing. These tools complement network trouble management and element management systems to effectively isolate and debug a problem. Some of the common tools include a telnet client to log into the remote machine, the SSH client to do secure login and debugging, the SNMP MIB browser to do a management information base walk through, and ping utility to check if a server is active. The tools can be used independently or can be integrated with other solutions. 65. Compliancy verification application: Adherence to standards is now a major requirement for most telecom solutions. Service providers want the network and service solutions to adhere to specifications defined by standardizing bodies. There are standards defined for most products from equipment, inter- faces, and protocols to information model used in management products. Compliancy verification solutions can be used to check if a solution is com- pliant to a specific standard or set of standards. These are mostly test execution tools that have a predefined set of test cases. The test cases identify the solution compliancy to the standard specifi- cations. The compliancy verification applications executes the test cases and identifies the number of specifications a product is compliant to. The test exe- cution report can be used by the service provider to select vendors and their products by evaluating whether the product meets the standards required for a sp