ncy Link Budgets 10.5.1 Link Budget for Sub-6-GHz TDD 10.5.2 Link Budget for Low Band FDD 10.5.3 Link Budget for Millimeter Waves Coverage for Sub-6-GHz Band 10.6.1 Signal Propagation at 3.5 GHz Band 10.6.2 Beamforming Antenna Gain 10.6.3 Uplink Coverage Solutions 10.6.3.1 Low Band LTE with Dual Connectivity 10.6.3.2 Low Band 5G with Carrier Aggregation 10.6.3.3 Supplemental Uplink 10.6.3.4 Benchmarking of Uplink Solutions Massive MIMO and Beamforming Algorithms 10.7.1 Antenna Configuration 10.7.2 Beamforming Algorithms 10.7.2.1 Grid of Beams and User-Specific Beams 10.7.2.2 Zero Forcing 273 10.7.2.3 Hybrid Beamforming 10.7.3 Radio Network Architecture and Functionality Split 10.7.4 RF Solution Benchmarking 10.7.5 Distributed MIMO Contents Packet Scheduling Algorithms 10.8.1 Low Latency Scheduling 10.8.2 Mini-Slot Scheduling Spectral Efficiency and Capacity 286 10.9.1 Downlink Spectral Efficiency in 5G Compared to LTE 10.9.2 Downlink Spectral Efficiency with Different Antenna Configurations 10.9.3 Uplink Spectral Efficiency 10.9.4 IMT-2020 Performance Evaluation 10.9.5 5G Capacity at Mid-Band 10.10 Network Energy Efficiency 10.11 Traffic and Device Density 10.12 Ultra-Reliability for Mission-Critical Communication 10.12.1 Antenna Diversity 296 10.12.2 Macro-Diversity and Multi-Connectivity 10.12.3 Interference Cancelation 10.12.4 HARQ (Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request) for High Reliability 10.13 Mobility and High-Speed Trains 10.14 Summary References Measurements 305 Yoshihisa Kishiyama and Tetsuro Imai Introduction Propagation Measurements Above 6 GHz 11.2.1 Fundamental Experiments 11.2.1.1 Path Loss in Open Space 11.2.1.2 Building Corner Diffraction Loss 11.2.1.3 Building Penetration Loss 11.2.1.4 Scattering Effect on Rough Surface 11.2.1.5 Human Blockage Effects 11.2.2 Urban Microcellular Scenario 11.2.2.1 Measurement of Path Loss 11.2.2.2 Measurement of Channel Model Parameters 11.2.3 Indoor Hotspot Scenario 11.2.3.1 Measurement of Path Loss 11.2.3.2 Measurement of Channel Model Parameters 11.2.4 Outdoor-to-In