lity (EMC), 217 digital systems with, 544-547 electromagnetism, 586-587 enhancements to, 122 electromagnets, 586 format for, 489 electromotive force (emf), 576, 588. See also framing and synchronization channel, 138 effective emf framing structure of, 116, 117 Electronics Industries Association (EIA), 15 mapping, 534-536 electrons, 575-576 multiframe, 546f elevation angles, earth station, 223-224 E&M signaling, 153, 154 elimination method, 610-611 earpiece (telephone receiver), 91, 93 encapsulation, 281, 282f, 522 earth curvature (EC) calculation, 201 encapsulation bridge, 309 earth station elevation angles, 223-224 encapsulation delay, 393 earth station link engineering, 223-228 encapsulation protocol function, 279 echo, 52, 75, 78 encryption control signal (ECS), 427, 428f causes of, 188-189, 190f end office, 11 in long-distance telephony, 187-188 end-to-end signaling, 160-161 round-trip delay criterion, 192 end-user equipment, employing transmitters, 335 transmission design to control, 190-191 end-users, 2-3 echo cancelers, 189, 193 energy per bit per noise spectral density ratio echo control, 189, 190-191 (Eb/No) VoIP, 395 calculation of, 207 echo delay, 189, 190 conversion to, 228 echo paths, 190f notes on, 208 echo return loss (ERL), 189 engineered capacity, 550-551 echo suppressor, 189 enterprise field, in SNMP messages, 558 echo tolerance, 190f enterprise networks. See also local area networks effective emf, 594-595 (LANS); wide area networks (WANs) effective isotropically radiated power (EIRP), 204, defined, 291 226, 635 functions of, 291 calculation of, 205 network management systems in, 553-564 per voice channel, 228 entity, 396 effective radiated power (ERP), 453 envelope delay distortion (EDD), 47-48, 268, 276 efficiency modem selection and, 273 dimensioning and, 63-65 envelope delay response, 276f TDMA, 471-472 equal access, 16 INDEX equalization, 35, 245, 276 explicit congestion notification, 336 regenerative repeaters and, 121 exponents, 606-607 in video transmission, 409 logarithms as, 612 equali