.org organization was acquired by the TM Forum. MTNM: Multi-Technology Network Management CORBA-based (Common Object Requesting Bro- ker Architecture) interfaces are defined for managing packet-based optical, transport and access networks. MTSOI: The Multi-Technology Operations System Interface defines unified open interfaces to be used between OSSs for the purpose of network and service management. OSS/J: OSS Through Java provides a consistent family of Java-based APIs that deliver on NGOSS design guidelines, suitable for the implementation and deployment of OSS solutions. OSS/J has defined three different integration profiles namely web services and SOAP, Java (JEE) and JMS, and XML and JMS. 8 All APIs offer three programmatic or message-driven integration profiles including tight coupling with Java/RMI/IIOP, loose coupling with XML/JMS, and cross boundaries with work station. The Java Remote Method Invocation API, or Java RMI, is a Java application programming interface for performing the object equivalent of remote procedure calls. IIOP (Internet Inter-Orb Protocol) is the implementation of GIOP for TCP/IP. General Inter-ORB Protocol (GIOP) is the abstract protocol by which object request brokers (ORBs) communicate. Standards associated with the protocol are maintained by the Object Management Group (OMG). The program is expected to address the harmonization of the MTNM/MTOSI data models with the SID data model. TIP also brings together different interfaces which strengthen standards making for the telecommunications, media and entertainment and Internet industries. The end result is detailed specifications of interfaces and related artifacts that can help ensure the interoperability of products from multiple OSS and equipment suppliers. 8.3.5.1 NGOSS Lifecycle The NGOSS tools eTOM, SID and TNA form the basis of the NGOSS lifecycle. The lifecycle consists of four key processes - analyzing business requirements, identifying system requirements, implementing solutions and deploying applications. This lifecycle 