puter-to-computer IP telephony is an information service; thus, it is not sub- ject to most FCC regulations. Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) PC-to-PC calls are those between subscribers of the same service such as Skype. An information service is one that stores, processes, or transforms information. However, VoIP calls from personal computers to telephones on the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) are considered telecommunications services and are subject to federal and state telecommunications regulations and fees. An example of a VoIP call to the PSTN is one where a Skype customer calls someone's mobile or home telephone number. Continued Regulatory Issues In November 2004, the FCC further ruled that VoIP traffic should be regulated as an interstate service at the national, not the state, level because it's not always clear where calls originate or terminate. This makes it less cumbersome for VoIP providers such as Vonage and Skype because they are not required to obtain state-by-state approval to offer service. The FCC did state that VoIP providers are required to provide emergency 911 services equivalent to those provided by landline-based, traditional telephone companies. ICC Payments for Connecting Traffic Currently, there are federally mandated fees for interstate calls and state-mandated fees for intrastate calls. When a college student calls his parents who live in another telephone company's territory, the student's phone company pays an ICC fee to the other telephone company for connecting the call. Currently, ICC for traditional voice is done via access fees. There are two types of access fees: originating access fees and terminating access fees. They apply to mobile, wireline, and interconnected VoIP traffic. Interconnected VoIP calls are those made to people on the PSTN. The following are examples of originating terminating and access fees. Originating access fees are paid by phone companies whose customers lease toll-free numbers. - A subscriber on a different carrier's network calls a t