dian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS), a regional system centered on India, using three GEO and four IGSO satellites located above the subcontinent. It is now increasingly referred to as "Navigation with Indian Constellation" or NavIC. IRNSS offers position accuracy of better than 20 m and time accuracy better than 40 ns (using dual frequencies). After the network timing facility became operational in 2018, the goal is to have the timescale traceable to within 20 ns of UTC. The source of UTC for the system is the National Phys- ical Laboratory India (NPLI). The IRNSS System Time epoch is 00:00:00 UT on 22 August 1999, and the system transmits offset information against UTC(NPLI), GPS, and other systems (Galileo and GLONASS). After some problems with onboard clock failures (also suffered by Galileo), the first failed satellite was eventually replaced in 2018, with five more launches of IGSO satellites planned. The Japanese government started launching the Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS) in 2010 and placed it into full operation in 2018. QZSS currently offers local coverage with one GEO satellite and three other satellites in a quasi-zenith orbit (QZO) above Japan, Southeast Asia, and Australia. This orbit means that when viewing from southern Japan, the three QZO satellites appear to fly very slow figure-eight patterns, from low in the southern sky to directly overhead (which is exactly where you would want them when using the system between skyscrapers). QZSS is designed to be compatible with GPS, allowing access to low-cost receivers. The goal of the system is to improve the accuracy of GPS and to address common coverage problems in Japan, such as reception in deep urban canyons. It also augments the GPS reception for single-frequency receivers by allowing atmospheric anomalies to be better modeled for that region rather than glob- ally. In future, probably by 2023, QZSS will operate with seven satellites and will include signals to aid in spoofing detection. The QZSS system has also assumed the