ve important cost and security implications. e) Other transport infrastructures: road/rail connectivity to airports/ports is critical to growing international movements - and there is a danger in many cities that local planning and amenity issues could override national/international interests in improving these connections. Better methods to balance local/regional with national/international interests and concerns are critical. The "Road Ahead" There is no doubt that a combined (and concerted) policy involving land use/ spatial distribution/urban density; road-pricing; ICT-inspired improvements in road capacity utilisation; and infrastructure improvements in rail/public modes would have a noticeable and (relatively) significant marginal impact on the need for road infrastructure requirements. There is no certainty however that the political constellation(s) will support such a holistic policy package - not least as many decisions must be jointly enacted by different levels of governments and require considerable time to build policy consensus. There are no easy solutions to transport infrastructure funding here. The challenge of funding (and governance) involves a complex mix of public finance, political, economic, environment, and land use issues - with overlapping time frames, decision cycles and deadlines. There is a need to marry public and private sources of funding - to enhance both, and to seek an appropriate role for and balance between the two. Land transport infrastructure (road and rail) has a very long economic life: 30+ years. Capital planning and budgeting require a lengthy (10- to 20-year) cycle that clearly conflicts with 7-year business cycles, 3- to 5-year political cycles and 2- to 3-year budgetary cycles. Any time there is a short-term crisis, long-term plans for land transport infrastructure funding will be sacrificed for short-term expediency to meet other, more pressing political pressures and policy agenda goals. The public willingness to pay for increased land transport mobility will det