 for Telecom Networks the domain. The filter is associated with a traffic profile that specifies the informa- tion rate and how that rate is to be measured, the burst size. An OSS might include functionality to manage the traffic-shaping functionality of network hardware. An example is the TEMPO product from Tenor. Normally, all the users on a network with a single Internet connection get a share of the overall connection speed. Users demanding more data can be problematic because they get a bigger share of the Internet link and so can slow other users. In a managed office, this might breach an agreement with tenants who are paying for a specific connection speed. In an Internet context, traffic shaping is simply controlling the speed of Internet traf- fic. For a managed office, some limit may be imposed on the usage of each tenant. Type of traffic, speed of traffic or the amount of data might be used to specify that limit. The traffic smoothing function allows equal allocation of bandwidth to each Internet traffic flow. The result is that the available bandwidth is predictably allo- cated to each concurrent data transfer. 13.5.2 Traffic-shaping Devices Several vendors offer traffic-shaping devices but their effectiveness requires managers to know what it is that they need to shape. Some traffic-shaping devices combine information gathering with the traffic-shaping function, allowing more effective traffic shaping. This illustrates what was once spoken by a wise network manager: "You can't manage what you can't see." The PacketShaper 2500 by Packeteer does this. In particular, it automatically classifies a variety of traffic types, for example the Real-time Protocol (RTP) and Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP), each of which may run over one of many protocols. What is useful in the age of next-generation value-added services is that the device recognises traffic types using application signatures, as opposed to TCP and UDP port numbers. Non- IP flows can also be classified, such as flows based on IPX or on IBM'