rity has always been a key area in telecom. The latest concepts of convergence, value-added services, and next generation networks have increased the focus on security solutions. 3.7 Conclusion The FCAPS forms the basic set of functionalities that are required in telecom man- agement. All telecom management applications would use data obtained from these functionalities in one way or the other. Additional Reading 1. Vinayshil Gautam. Understanding Telecom Management. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company, 2004. 2. James Harry Green. The Irwin Handbook of Telecommunications Management. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2001. Chapter 4 EMS Functions The motivation for writing this chapter is the four function model suggested by International Engineering Consortium in their EMS tutorial discussing how the EMS functions provide feed to the upper network and service management layers. At the end of this chapter you will have a good understanding of how the feed from EMS gets utilized by upper layers of telecom management. 4.1 Introduction The basic FCAPS functionality offered by the element management system gen- erates data that gives feed to the functionalities in network and service man- agement layers. Some of the functionalities in upper layers that get input from EMS are: Network/service provisioning Network/service development and planning Inventory management Integrated Multivendor environment Service assurance Network operations support Network/service monitoring and control The data and operations provided by an element management system should be based on standards SO that service providers can add a high level network and service management functionality without any glue code or adapters. In most scenarios, though the business management, service management, or network management Fundamentals of EMS, NMS and OSS/BSS application used by the service provider will be from a single vendor, the under- lying network used for realizing a service will consist of network elements from multiple vendors. Each operation equipmen