gure 14.3. As discussed in the Historical Note, content provision has evolved significantly over the past decades. Earlier content included typical information a subscriber may need, Subscriber/end-user Telecommunications network Figure 14.2 Pipe service provision for voice and data service Server Telecommunications network Server Figure 14.3 Value added service and content provision over a telecommunications network Broadband Telecommunications Technologies and Management for example weather, stock, lottery, directory assistance, horoscope and SO on. Initially such information originated within the network and was provided on a complimentary basis. As telephone switching became computerised and more sophisticated the extent of this content grew, and premium third-party service provision became more common. These services can be classified into two groups - information and entertainment, based on which the term infotainment was coined. In addition, many value added services (VASs) were also offered by the operator, including voice mailbox, call forwarding and call holding. Furthermore, special services were offered to business customers such as ring back tones, music/radio play back, contests and voting and interactive voice response (IVR). All these additional services, most of which exist today, were value additions, and intended to increase operators' ARPU through extra revenue or better customer retention. These types of broadband telecommunications revenues differ to those associated with the 'pipe' provision, and are associated with the content and services layer. Service Provision Value added service provision business has evolved from its telephone/data-centric nature in a number of significant directions. One early direction was associated with operators and retailers moving into telecommunications service management provision for corporate clients. In the 1990s many companies started outsourcing their information technology divisions to specialist companies. These included telecom service retailers, suc