etters, 34(11), 1136- 1137 (1998). 63. Dung, J.-C., Sien, C., Characteristic of the reflective type Raman amplification in a dispersion compensating fiber, Proceedings of the 5th Pacific Rim Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, Taipei, Taiwan, Vol. 1, p. 4, December 2003. 64. Matsuda, T., Kotanigawa, T., Naka, A., Imai, T., 62x42.7 Gbit/s (2.5Tbit/s) WDM signal trans- mission over 2200km with broadband distributed Raman amplification, Electronics Letters, 38(15), 818-819 (2002). 65. Banoni, M., Fuochi, A., Transient gain dynamics in saturated Raman amplifiers with multiple counter-propagating pumps, Optical Fiber Conference, OFC, Atlanta, GA, IEEE, Vol. 1, p. 439, March 23-28, 2003. 66. Islam, M. N., Alam, M. S., Design of multiple pumps Raman amplifiers for optical communica- tion systems, Journal of Optical Communications, 27(2), 75-78 (2006). 67. Pustovskikh, S. M., Kobtsev, A. A., Improvement of Raman amplifier gain flatness by broad- band pumping sources, Laser Physics, 14(12), 1488-1491 (2004). 68. Bristiel, B., Jiang, S., Gallion, P., Pincemin, E., New model of noise figure and RIN transfer in fiber Raman amplifiers, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 18(8), 980-982 (2006). 69. Fludger, C., Handerek, V., Jolley, N., Mears, R. J., Fundamental noise limits in broadband Raman amplifiers, Optical Fiber Communication Conference, OSA, Anaheim, CA, March 17, 2001. 70. Namiki, S., Recent advances in Raman amplifiers, European Conference on Optical Communications (ECOC), Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Vol. Tutorial, October 1-4, 2001. 71. Lewis, S. A. E., Chernikov, S. V., Taylor, J. R., Gain and saturation characteristics of dual wave- length-pumped silica-fibre Raman amplifier, Electronics Letters, 35(14), 1178-1179 (1999). Telecommunication Networks 72. Tang, M., Gong, Y. D., Shum, P., Dynamic properties of double-pass discrete Raman amplifier with FBG-based all-optical gain clamping technique, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 16(3), 768-770 (2004). 73. Carena, A., Curri, V., Poggiolini, P., On the optimizati