andling, repackaging of mes- sages, division of messages into smaller packets, and error handling. Examples of Layer 4 proto- cols include TCP, UDP, and SPX. Layer 5 The session layer of the seven-layer OSI reference model, which supports connections between sessions and handles administrative tasks and security. Layer 5 establishes and monitors connections between computers, and it provides the control structure for communication between applications. Examples of Layer 5 protocols include NetBIOS and LDAP. Layer 6 The presentation layer of the seven-layer OSI reference model, which formats infor- mation SO that a software application can read it. It performs transformations on the data to pro- vide a standardized application interface and common communication services. Layer 6 offers services such as encryption, compression, and reformatting. It adds a field in each packet that tells how the information within the packet is encoded. It also indicates whether any compres- sion has been performed and, if so, indicates what type of compression so that the receiver can decompress it properly. It also indicates whether there has been any encryption, and if there has, it indicates what type SO that the receiver can properly decrypt it. Layer 6 ensures that the trans- mitter and receiver are seeing information in the same format. Layer 7 The application layer of the seven-layer OSI reference model, which is responsible for exchanging information between the programs running on a computer and other services on a network. Layer 7 supports application and end-user processes. It acts as a window for applica- tions to access network services. It handles general network access, flow control, error recovery, and file transfer. Examples of Layer 7 protocols include FTP, Telnet, SMTP, and HTTP. L-band The portion of the electromagnetic spectrum commonly used in satellite and micro- wave applications. L-band operates in the 390MHz to 1,550MHz range, and it supports various mobile and fixed applications. LCD (liquid crystal displ