s Cognitive NGSDP is just a conceptual model, while how to implement this model is what we must focus on. The core of Cognitive NGSDP is how to realize the cog- nitive functions. In this section, theories of perception and action are introduced to help implement cognitive processes, while machine learning and decision making contribute to actual design and implement approaches. 6.3.4.2.1 Perception and Action The principles of perception and action root in research about human brain behav- iors, especially human vision behaviors. It is said in Ref. [41] that, "Perception is the ability to take in information via the senses, and process it in some way. Vision and hearing are two dominant senses that allow us to perceive the environment. Some questions in the study of visual perception, for example, include: (1) How are we able to recognize objects? (2) Why do we perceive a continuous visual environment, even though we only see small bits of it at any one time? One tool for studying visual perception is by looking at how people process optical illusions. The image on the right of a Necker cube is an example of a bistable percept, that is, the cube can be interpreted as being oriented in two different directions." Perceptions and actions form the core parts of cognitive processes. First and foremost, in order to further be adaptive and even autonomous, the requirement of being adaptive to dynamic contexts is essential without denying. Therefore, being adaptive means the system should own abilities of sensing dynamic changes in the context and taking actions to adjust and improve. This requirement totally coin- cides with the principles of perception and action. As indicated, perception aims to sense dynamic changes, collect information, and even formulate understandable knowledge while action is in charge of intelli- gent learning, smart analyzing, and ultimately acting on the context. 6.3.4.2.2 Machine Learning and Decision Making During perception and action, our research group focuses more on action. It not only 