ion duplex mode of the UMTS terrestrial radio access. Selected Areas in Communications, IEEE Journal 18 (8): 1386-1393. LG Electronics 3GPP Tdoc RP-182864 (2018). Cross Link Interference (CLI) han- dling and Remote Interference Management (RIM) for NR. December 2018. 10 Holma, H. and Toskala, A. (2012). LTE Advanced. Wiley. 11 3GPP Technical Report TR 38.874 (2018). Study on Integrated Access and Backhaul. Version 16.0.0, December 2018. 12 3GPP Technical Report TR 38.840 (2019). UE Power Saving. Version 16.0.0, June 2019. 13 Nokia 3GPP Tdoc RP-180430 (2018). Considerations for NR-IoT work in Release 16. March 2018. 14 www.3GAA.org (last visited March 4th, 2019) 15 3GPP Technical Report TR38.885 (2019). Study on NR Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X). Version 16.0.0, March 2019. 16 Nokia 3GPP Tdoc RP-190831 (2019). Key directions for Release 17. June 2019. 17 Nokia 3GPP Tdoc RP-180999 (2019). Release 17 summary. June 2019. LTE-Advanced Evolution Harri Holma and Timo Lunttila Nokia Bell Labs, Finland CHAPTER MENU Introduction, 477 Overview of LTE Evolution, 478 LTE-Advanced Pro Technologies, 481 5G and LTE Benchmarking, 494 Summary, 498 References, 499 16.1 Introduction Long-Term Evolution (LTE) and LTE-Advanced have turned out to be very successful technologies in terms of practical performance and in terms of subscriber adoption. The first version of LTE specifications was defined in 3GPP Release 8 in March 2009, and the first commercial LTE network was launched in December 2009. The further evolution has continued in the following 3GPP releases. LTE-Advanced in Releases 10-12 consid- erably enhanced LTE capabilities. The next phase in 3GPP was called LTE-Advanced Pro including Releases 13 and beyond. It is also called 4.9G. The targets of LTE-Advanced Pro are summarized in Figure 16.1. Release 8 provided an excellent starting point with a peak data rate of 150 Mbps and the best case latency of 10 ms. LTE-Advanced and LTE-Advanced Pro improved LTE performance in several areas by a factor of 10: higher data rates, lower l