satellite TV, 216 set-top boxes, 210-211,212 www.TechnicalPDF.com symmetric channels, transitioning to coaxial cable capacity, 214 DOCSIS standards, 213-215, 225 QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation), 214-215 cable TV competition in, 135-137 price of, 126 Telecommunications Act of 1996, 128-130 CableLabs, 212 Cablevision, 135 cabling, 76. See also DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) technology; PONs (Passive Optical Networks) coaxial, 214 copper in commercial organizations, 16-17 connecting fiber to, 17 disadvantages of, 18 fiber-optic compared to, 10-12 full duplex operation, 9 standards, 18-19 UTP (unshielded twisted pair), 19-20 fiber-optic, 5 advantages of, 9-10 amplifiers, 9 -10 - backups with, 263-264 coherent fiber optics, 8 in commercial organizations, 14-16 connecting copper cables to, 17 connecting copper to, 17 dark fiber, 12 demand for, 5-6 DWDMs (dense wavelength division multiplexers), 7-8 FTTH (fiber to the home), 208-209 www.TechnicalPDF.com FTTP (fiber to the premises), 201, 213-214 half duplex operation, 9 Infinera, 13 information content provider use of, 6-7 lasers, 8 in last-mile access networks, 201, 202-204 multi-mode, 13-14 regenerators, 9-10 replacing DSL with, 249 single-mode, 13-14 super channels, 8 submarine network systems, 186-187 caching, 293 CAF (Connect America Fund), 137 Cambridge Analytica, 162 CAPWAP (Control and Provisioning of Wireless Access Points), 387 Carbonite, 52 Cardano, 303 Carrier GigE (Gigabit Ethernet), 249-251 Carrier IQ, 133 carriers, 25, 276-277. See also competition; individual carrier companies agents for, 153-154 bandwidth capabilities, 187 Gigabit Ethernet, 188-190 legacy systems, 187 capital depreciation at, 182 carrier hotels, 222-223 churn rates, 150 co-location facilities, 222-223 consolidation of, 149-152 largest companies by revenue, 25 network neutrality issues, 311-314 pricing and competition, 316 www.TechnicalPDF.com resellers, 154-155 rural areas, 131-132 broadband availability in, 131-132, 315-316 CAF (Connect America Fund), 137 A-CAM (Alternative Connec