d antennas has a very low correlation coefficient. Polarization diversity techniques and MIMO systems with orthogonally polarized antennas are developed that employ this fading characteristic. Employing the polarization diversity technique is one solution to improving the received power, and the effect of the technique is heavily dependent on the cross-polarization dis- crimination (XPD) ratio characteristic. Moreover, the channel capacity can be improved by appropriately using the cross-polarization components in MIMO systems. Thus the commu- nication quality can be improved by effectively using the information regarding the cross- polarized waves in a wireless system. XPD is an important characteristic, particularly in Diffuse scattering is a form of scattering that arises from deviation of material structure from that of a per- fectly regular lattice, which appears in experimental data as scattering spread over a wide q - range (diffuse). Diffuse scattering is generally difficult to quantify and is closely related to Bragg diffraction, which occurs when scattering amplitudes add constructively. The defect in a crystal lattice results in reduction of the ampli- tude of the Bragg peak. 292 Chapter 3 dual-polarized systems, where cross-talk between polarizations can prevent the system to achieve its quality objectives. Radios can use cross-polarization interference cancellation (XPIC) to isolate polarizations and compensate for any link or propagation induced cou- pling. However, good antenna polarization is important to allow the XPICs maximum flexi- bility to compensate for these dynamic variations. The following equations provide one of the path loss models for UMa test environment for LoS and NLoS scenarios in the frequency range of 0.5-100 GHz. These models were developed based on measurement results conducted by independent academic and industry organizations and published in the literature [7,24,34-36]. LoS path loss for 0.5 GHz <f 100 GHz PLUMa-LoS PL2 = 40 log 10(d3D) + hgNB = 25 m, NLoS path loss for 6 