ponse. The CATV plant makes wide use of such equalizers. For air dielectric cable pair, E = 1.0 Outside diameter of inner conductor, = 2a Inside diameter of outer conductor, = 2b Attenuation constant (dB)/mi vi(1+1) a = 2.12 x 10-5 (9.26) log b/a where a = radius of inner conductor and b = radius of outer conductor. Chararacteristic impedances (S2) (9.27) Figure 9.35 The basic electrical characteristics of coaxial cable. CONCEPTS IN TRANSMISSION TRANSPORT 0.174 in. (small gauge) 0.375 in. (large gauge) 78910 3 4 5 6 $78910 3 4 56 78 Frequency (MHz) Figure 9.36 Attenuation-frequency response per kilometer of coaxial cable. 9.6 TRANSMISSION MEDIA SUMMARY Table 9.8 presents a summary of the performance characteristics of the five basic trans- mission media. Table 9.8 Characteristics of Transmission Media Satellite Wire-Pair Cable LOS Microwave Communication Fiber Optics Coaxial Cable Bandwidth 2 MHz to 400 MHz 500/2500 MHz 500/2500 MHz 120 GHz per band up to 1 GHz Common bit 1.544/2.048 Mbps 155 Mbps 2.048 Mbps 2.4/10/40 Gbps 100 Mbps rates Achievable bit 100 Mbps 622 Mbps 155 Mbps 4000 Gbps per 1 Gbps rates fiber Limitations Length-limited By statute By statute; delay Severing cable Severing cable Applications LANs, TelCo Long-distance/ VSAT networks, For every CATV last mile/last outside plant short-distance long-distance broadband 100 feet; RF links, TelCo and links, video terrestrial transport short CATV, private transport application distances; networks otherwise limited. Notes: Wire-pair cable is distance-limited. The shorter the pair length, the higher the bit rate. Also balance and accumulating capacitance with length affect bit rate. LOS microwave is limited by statute, meaning by the ITU Radio Regulations and the national regulatory authority. EMC must be considered both for radiation and susceptibility. Satellite communication faces the same legal limitations. Geostationary orbit (GEO) satellites have long delays that could affect interactive data systems. Only one GEO satellite relay allowed for a voice 