 bandwidth required for voice bitrates requirements 9 QoS Regulatory Framework Other side of the Internet market Amazon Microsoft Other Google Transit ISPs Internet network as platform Broadband or ultra- broadband ISP users One side of the Internet market CDN - Content delivery network ISP - Internet service provider Figure 9.4 The Internet as a two-sided market. have not changed over time, hence broadband and ultra-broadband capacit generally accommodate voice connections (because data services are using 1 the capacity in the 2010s and the 2020s). Another reason for voice services p by telecom operators (with guaranteed QoS) is the increasing competition fro voice providers (Skype, Viber, and others). For these reasons, lower cost per b competition from OTT services, the charging per minute or per second is app today in fixed and mobile networks; more typically it is based on a flat fee (e monthly) for a given service for use on the national level. The pricing of IAS is also related to QoS because the pricing has a direct i on the demand for a given service. For example, a lower price for a given ser IAS) increases its consumption by customers, which in turn increases over in the network and hence increases the probability of congestion appearing also a usage-based pricing approach, which is a tradeoff between price and C usage-based pricing the service demand (e.g. for IAS) can be shifted fron off-peak time periods. High demand (e.g. high traffic intensity for IAS in the : of fixed or mobile access networks) can also indicate to telecom operators t the capacity of their networks to support the targeted level of QoS. Regarding pricing for IAS, time-differentiated pricing will not be beneficia case of legacy telephone networks The reason is that the Internet consists of n connected autonomous networks, and even when they are in the same time 9.7 QoS and Pricing usage may well occur at different times in different places, and with that in different tele- com operators' (i.e. ISPs') networks. On the side of the tr