re, customer validation, fraud check, pro- visioning, activation response, order closure, and notification of customer. It has multiple interactions with a variety of OSS modules to manage order life cycle. 9. Credit risk management: Applications handling credit risk management offer communications service providers the ability to continuously assess and miti- gate subscriber credit risk throughout the customer life cycle. This helps the service providers to achieve greater operational efficiency. These applications tracks credit risk in near real-time, prior to subscriber acquisition, ongoing usage, and recovery. The real-time check is made possible by building an extensive customer profile consisting of demographics, usage patterns, pay- ment information, and other relevant customer information. This level of detail gives the accurate information of the subscriber and enables operators to automatically track credit risk by automating the process with the value of service utilization. Most applications can also create credit risk assessment schemes. Risk variations can be tracked by configuring alert conditions. 10. Interconnect billing: The interconnect are settlement systems that handle a variety of traffic, from simple voice to the most advanced content and data services. They support multiple billing formats and have powerful preprocess- ing capabilities. Volume-based simple to complex rating, revenue-sharing, discounting, and multiparty settlement can be performed on many types of services. Interconnect billing applications help to track and manage all vital infor- mation about partners of the service provider, partner agreements, products, services, and marketing strategies. This helps to accurately track and timely bill the customer. Interconnect billing also performs cost management and can be used to easily identify rampant costs and route overflows in billing systems. 11. Invoicing: The invoice management solution speeds processing time by auto- mating the bill payment process from receipt to accounts 