ess Access (HSUPA), which was specified in 3GPP Release 6. The HSDPA and HSUPA, collectively known as HSPA, have been further upgraded in Releases 7 and 8 with additional features such as higher-order modulations in the downlink and uplink, downlink open-loop MIMO, improvements of data link layer protocols, and continuous connectivity for packet data users. The Release 8 of 3GPP LTE and SAE were completed in March 2009, followed by the user equipment conformance testing specifications. The 3GPP is currently working toward development of an advanced standard specification to address the IMT-Advanced requirements and services for the 4th generation of cellular systems [15]. The 3GPP LTE-Advanced is part of 3GPP Release 10 and its completion is expected by March 2011. The IMT-Advanced compliant technologies may be available for commercial deployment beyond 2012. The requirements for LTE-Advanced are provided in reference [20]. The salient features of LTE-Advanced include multi-carrier support, spatial multi- plexing, extension of LTE downlink spatial multiplexing to eight layers, and uplink spatial multiplying up to four layers, coordinated multiple point transmission and reception, relaying functionality to improve the coverage and throughput, group mobility, temporary network deployment, and to provide coverage in new areas. References [1] Bluetooth wireless technology. <https://www.bluetooth.org/apps/content/>. [2] Ultra-wideband (UWB) technology. <http://www.intel.com/technology/comms/uwb/>. [3] Andrew S. Tanenbaum, Computer Networks, fourth ed. Prentice Hall, 2002. [4] Matthew Gast, 802.11 Wireless Networks: The Definitive Guide, second ed., O'Reilly Media, Inc., 2005. [5] Carl Eklund, et al., WirelessMAN: Inside the IEEE 802.16 Standard for Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks, IEEE Standards Information Network/IEEE Press, 2006. [6] Harri Holma, Antti Toskala, WCDMA for UMTS: HSPA Evolution and LTE, fourth ed., John Wiley & Sons, 2007. [7] Erik Dahlman, et al., 3G Evolution: HSPA and LTE for Mobile Broadband, 