bution and requirement from the telecom side (e.g. for real-time services, such as voice and TV) to influence the initially best-effort and network neutral Internet. Meanwhile, the convergence of all telecommunication services onto the Internet (including video, the most demanding service regarding QoS for Fixed and Mobile Ultra-Broadband, First Edition. Toni Janevski. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Published 2019 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 10 Conclusions bitrates, i.e. bandwidth) started to happen with the development of broadband access to the IP-based networks and provision of IP-based services (via such broadband access). Since the ICT world is transiting toward the Internet technologies, Chapter 2 was dedicated to Internet QoS. With the aim of having a standalone book, an overview of the main Internet technologies was given, including the main standardized protocols from the network layer up to the application layer (e.g. IP, IPv6, TCP, UDP, DHCP, DNS, HTTP, and email protocols), as well as fundamental Internet network architectures and networking approaches (client-server, and peer-to-peer). Further, to consider QoS issues for the Internet, the chapter discussed Internet traffic characterization, including voice, video, and data traffic. To provide QoS to different traffic types (where it is required), different QoS solutions on different protocol layers were given, from the data-link layer up to the application layer (going from the bottom to the top of the protocol stack). Further, Chapter 2 continued with different traffic management tech- niques nowadays, including packet prioritization and bandwidth allocation, as well as a description of relations between traffic management and network capacity, including positive and negative effects. The main SDO on the global scale is the ITU as the largest agency for ICTs; on the other side the main Internet technologies from the network layer (i.e. OSI layer 3) up to the application layer are being standardized by the IETF. Therefore, Chapter 2 gave a comparison of