ily in mobile networks in Asia, Africa, Russia, and Latin America. There are many chal- lenges in these endeavors. High rates of poverty and low wages in many of these areas have resulted in low per-minute rates with few minutes of use per person. Intense com- petition is another factor that keeps prices low. Countries such as India and Indonesia have nine or more providers. Moreover, the prevalence of prepaid rather than postpaid contracts results in high churn rates where subscribers frequently change carriers in hopes of saving money by taking advantage of special offers for new subscribers. Mobile carriers in these countries hope to earn high revenue from growth in sub- scriber numbers or large numbers of customers, despite low average revenue per user. Although, profit margins might be low, the volume of customers often results in high monthly cash flow. Internet access via mobile devices is the main area for growth in much of the world. Currently, the most common method of accessing the Internet in many areas of Asia and Africa is at Internet cafés. To make Internet access more widely acces- sible, carriers are expanding the availability of third-generation networks and trial- ing fourth-generation networks. Cooperation from governments is essential because these upgrades require new spectrum, permission to use existing spectrum for next- generation mobile protocols, and major capital investments. Governments have the power to make spectrum available and allow it to be repur- posed from only second-generation networks to high-capacity networks. They can also partner with carriers to fund network upgrades. Many have stated their intention to take these steps. They additionally have the ability to improve roads and electric service to increase the stability and ease of maintaining mobile networks. Some governments recognize that decreasing the number of competitors and licensing fewer carriers increases the likelihood that mobile providers will be able to attract additional customers. The potential to attract