thout changing an entire application. With virtualized servers, entire applications need to be rewritten for every change. The software running containers is usually open source, free software. The hardware is often lower-cost commodity servers. The growth in capacity and reduced price of broadband networks have made access to images, music, television series, and movies available to millions of people via broadband networks powered by innovations in computer chips, multiplexing, and compression. The images and videos are stored and accessed from high- capacity computers. The computers, often located in the cloud, hold movies and TV shows offered by services such as Netflix and Hulu. Computing and enabling technologies have spurred the increased use of cloud computing and streaming movies. Cloud computing has now evolved to a point where many companies and individuals use it, but there www.TechnicalPDF.com are nevertheless challenges for large organizations that use cloud computing. IT staff need skills suited to monitoring and transmitting applications to the cloud and making sure that applications previously accessed from onsite data centers are compatible with each cloud provider's infrastructure. Another enhancement enabled by increased speed and memory in chips is machine learning. Machine learning is the ability of chips with powerful memories to "recognize" patterns of images and changes in order to "learn" how to perform particular tasks. For example, machines can learn to recognize clues in medical images to diagnose medical conditions that previously required skilled physicians to analyze. For the most part, the technologies and protocols discussed here are not new. Rather, they are more powerful and many of them have been refined to support additional applications. This is the case with the growing use and availability of cloud computing and fiber-optic networks by all segments of developed nations. FIBER-OPTIC AND COPPER CABLING The three technologies discussed in this section-fiber- optic cabling, mu