E 2695 (1996); M. P. Andrews, et al., "Erbium-Doped Sol-Gel Glasses for Integrated Optics," Proceedings of SPIE 2397 (1995); S. I. Najafi et al., "Erbium in Photosensitive Hybrid Organoaluminosilicate Sol-Gel Glasses," Proceedings of SPIE 2997 (1997); S. I. Najafi et al., "Fabrication of Ridge Waveguides: A New Sol- Gel Route," Applied Optics (1997); S. I. Najafi et al., "UV-light Imprinted Bragg Grating in Sol-Gel Ridge Waveguide with almost 100% Reflectivity," Electronics Letters (1997); S. I. Najafi et al., "Photoinduced Structural Relaxation and Densification in Sol-Gel- Derived Nanocomposite Thin Films: Implications for Integrated Optics Device Fabrication," Canandian Journal of Chemistry (November 1998). 10. However, opportunities also exist for combining these techniques with monolithic, semiconductor-based, optoelectronic, multichip module techniques to bring forth complex, high-performance, and low-cost data and telecommunications modules. 11. Cisco Sources and CIR Inc. et al., NGN Ventures 2001. 12. R. A. Barry, "Intelligent Optical Networking Year 2001: A Practical Perspective," NGN 2001 Proceedings, 2001. 13. Brent Allen and Solomon Wong, "Is WDM Ready for Local Networks?" Nortel White Paper, Document 56005.25-05-99, 1997. 14. For the purpose of sizing the market in the previous discussion, however, we assumed that the entire system was deployed on day 1. 15. Transmission systems at 40 Gbps are now the next frontier in optical communication. At the transmitter end, appropriate source modulation is critical to deal with effects such as fiber dispersion and nonlinearity. Modulation requirements for efficient transmission at 40 Gbps impacts chirp, drive voltages, insertion loss, extinct ratio, power-handling capability, and wavelength dependence. Components such as LiNbO3, GaAs Polymer, and integrated electroabsorption modulators may play a role in this context. 16. Earlier in the chapter, we discussed a 60-city universe; the model of Chapter 1 considers a 90-city universe. 17. The carrier for whom we pe