 better known as ZigBee. ZigBee devices transmit at power levels between 1 mW and Table 12.1 A summary of networking levels Personal/body area networking Biometric devices (Fitbit), smart glasses (Google Glass), smart watches (Apple Watch), keyless car entry, etc. Local area networking Wireless office (wireless LANs), smart devices (fridges, air conditioners, TV), home security, etc. Wide/metropolitan area networking Mobile telecommunications networks Broadband Telecommunications Technologies and Management 3GPP: WCDMA IEEE 802.16 WiMAX LTE-A <20km IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN IEEE 802.15.1 Bluetooth IEEE 802.15.4 ZigBee Figure 12.1 IEEE depiction of networking technologies and their range 100 mW, and have transmission rates in the order of 20-250 kilobits per second (kbps). ZigBee applications are mostly in telemetry and sensor networking, with a range of 20-100 m. A number of technologies were developed for local area networking applications in the late 1980s and 1990s. One such standard was HyperLAN which was developed under the auspices of the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI). Several other proprietary standards were also developed. However, the surviving standard is the IEEE 802.11 series, popularly known as Wi-Fi. IEEE 802.11 standard specifications cover a range of transmission rates and ranges. They have also been adopted for a range of applications from indoor office to vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-road communications. Although transmission range can be extended to several hundred metres, the common range is 50-100 m. Both IEEE 802.15 and 802.11 families of standards operate using the ISM frequency band. Wide area networking has been facilitated by a number of standards such as GSM, CDMA and LTE, many of which were discussed in Chapter 10. Gradually there has been a conver- gence towards a single technology and the fourth and firth generation of wide area network (WAN) standards are centred on LTE and LTE Advanced. These standards are generally devel- oped under the auspices of ITU