tbooks including those by Zander [4] and Laiho et al. [5]. Subscriber numbers and average offered traffic parameters are used to calculate the number of base stations required, where they should be installed, and which transceiver and antenna equipment should be used. Then comes the actual installation of the base station equipment and connecting them to core network control nodes. As part of initial and on-going operation, the network needs to be optimised to ensure best coverage to the customer base. Regular main- tenance and upgrades are necessary after a base station has started its service delivery. Wireless networks are usually designed using a number of different cell size configurations and topologies. Wide-area coverage base stations, usually with antenna heights in the order of 30-50 m, form the backbone of a wireless telecommunications network. These are generally known as macrocell base stations and are the initial step in a network design and roll-out. Macrocells are complemented by smaller-area coverage base station configurations known as micro-, pico-and femtocells, which fill in gaps left between macrocells. These cell configura- tions are also known collectively as large and small cells, respectively. While micro- and picocell configurations are used by the public at large, femtocells are intended to provide exclusive enhanced coverage within a subscriber's premises which experiences inadequate transmission rates. Other networking elements such as repeaters complement these base stations to provide near full coverage, as illustrated in Figure 13.2. It should be noted that coverage may also be defined from an end-user viewpoint. As discussed in Chapter 12, the model developed by the Wireless World research Forum (WWRF) defines wireless networking needs based upon an individual user and the services which he/she may use on a personal, immediate, and wide-area basis as discussed in Chapter 12 [6, 7]. This approach can be analysed using the content and services layer of the Network Topologies, Desig