 rate of return), 43 long haul core, DWDM, 276 ISPs (Internet Service Providers), 3 Index loop timing, SONET, 168, 180 metro access loss of signal problems, SONET, 186 DWDM, 292-294, 297 lower power requirements, CWDM, 327 market, 13 LSPs (label switched paths) players, 39 GMPLS, reporting multiple failed, 402 WDM, OAMP issues, 297 MPLS, 372 metro applications, DWDM, 263-264 LSRs (label-switched routers), MPLS, metro core networks, 9 362, 369 metro deployments, DWDM, 267 LTE (line-terminating equipment), metro DWDM/next-gen SONET vendors, 41 SONET, 128 metro-level providers, 30, 444 LXTs (liquid crystals), 138-139 costs, 447 operations costs, 448 technical parameters, 445-446 metropolitan fiber architectures, 16 mid-span meet, SONET, 157 MAEPADs (Massively Arrayed mode field diameter, single-mode fiber, 108 EPADs), 301 modeling parameters, broadband, 54, 57-58 management issues, IONs, 376 modeling systems MANs (Metropolitan Area Networks), baseline parameters, 465 WAN service connections, 15 carrier cost elements, 464 market positioning CPE cost cuts, 470, 475 DWDM, 35 output data, 446 next-generation SONET, 32-34, 234 revenue goals, 458-459 MASPs (metropolitan area service MPLS (Multi-Protocol Label Switching), providers), 5, 352 346, 367 matched nodes, SONET, 211 data flows, 369 MEMS (Micro-Electric Mechanical delays, 30 Systems) draft support, 367-368 IONs, 360 label stacking, 372 optical crossconnects, 136-138 label switching, 368 mesh topology LSPs, 372 FSO, 427 LSRs, 362, 369 IONs, 355 traffic engineering, 373 message IDs, GMPLS, 397 MSPPs (Multi-Service Provisioning Platforms), 255 Index multimode fiberoptics, 92, 108 noise, fiberoptics, 104 multiplexing, SONET, 158 noncohernet transmission, 106 nongeneralized labels, GMPLS, 384 nonlinearities, 105 Nortel narrowband WDM, SONET, 216 OPTera Metro, 247 NAs (numerical apertures), fiberoptics, 78 OPTera Packet Edge, 249 NDSF (nondispersion-shifted fiber), Notify messages, GMPLS, 400-401 DWDM, 281 NSPs (Network Service Providers), DWDM nested LSPs, GMPLS, 383 de