quire high angu- lar resolution in channel modeling, which means more accurate modeling of AoA/AoD, and possibly higher number of multipath components. 3.1.1.5 Blockage The blockage model describes a phenomenon where the stationary or moving objects stand- ing between the transmitter and receiver dramatically change the channel characteristics and in some cases may block the signal, especially in high-frequency bands, since the signal in mmWave does not effectively penetrate or diffract around human bodies and other objects. Shadowing by these objects is an important factor in the link budget calculations and the time variation of the channel, and such dynamic blocking may be important to capture in New Radio Access Physical Layer Aspects (Part 1) 297 evaluations of technologies that include beam-finding and beam-tracking capabilities. The effect of the blockage is considered not only on the total received power, but also on the angle or power of multipath due to different size, location, and direction of the blocker. There are two categories of blockage: (1) dynamic blockage and (2) geometry-induced blockage. Dynamic blockage is caused by the moving objects in the communication envi- ronment. The effect is additional transient loss on the paths that intercept the moving objects. Geometry-induced blockage, on the other hand, is a static property of the environ- ment. It is caused by objects in the map environment that block the signal paths. The propa- gation channels in geometry-induced blockage locations are dominated by diffraction and sometimes by diffuse scattering. The effect is an additional loss beyond the normal path loss and shadow fading. Compared to shadow fading caused by reflections, diffraction- dominated shadow fading may have different statistics (e.g., different mean, variance, and coherence distance) [33]. Radio waves are attenuated by foliage, and this effect increases with frequency. The main propagation phenomena involved are attenuation of the radiation through the foliage, diffraction abov