nt functions. IP networks are different. They handle packets rather than calls. IP networks are based on connectivity control, which is distributed in almost all network elements in the network. In IP, many control functions are autonomous. The typical case is routing where the IP routers learn by themselves the network topology to build up their routing tables. Similar principles are used by PNNI in ATM networks. This case corresponds to decentralized management functions handling a given network resource through a management control point. This autonomous management performed in the network elements does not require central manager intervention. Telecom Management - Operations Customer network management Customer management IT & system management warehousing Network operation Service provisioning Services (stable need, but the objects develop) Security (stable need, protection technique will develop) Quality of service stable need, enablers will develop) Service layer SW radio Control layer Access Core connectivity Figure 16.13 Configuration management handles configuration of services in different layers for IP, voice and services beyond voice (3, 2, 1 respectively) These facts might mislead us to the thinking that neither centralized management func- tions nor management control points exist in IP networks, apart from the ever-existing static programming possibilities. This is far from the truth. Control and central manage- ment certainly do exist in IP networks, although they do not address the same functions. The key control points in IP become the edge routers or media gateways. See the functions covered in Chapter 11, such as QoS and security management. Figure 16.13 summarizes the section on configuration. 16.5 SERVICE MANAGEMENT This section is a bridge between the process-oriented part and a more business-oriented part. The user perception has a direct impact the service layer development. Centralized management for service provisioning becomes a key factor for increased operator agility and profitabil