ement networks and billing models that do not yet exist. Services may traverse numerous networks from an originating server to the end user, making a plausible scenario in which many network middlemen will also expect payment - like toll roads for applications. This would require extremely complex settlement arrangements and some new interconnect billing capabilities. It would also raise such questions as who pays the network middleman, the access provider and the service/application provider, or do they all take a piece of the transaction themselves? Add to these factors the entire Internet infrastructure supply chain concept. Underlying all of the applications and streaming media services are physical and logical network components - switches, routers, permanent virtual circuits and VPNs. As we have discussed, these underlying components come from multiple suppliers in many cases, sometimes purchased at auctions, other times purchased as resold service bundles, and sometimes as part of a partnership agreement. Whatever the case, as application layer services become more dynamic, SO must the underlying network environment. IICs will trade more bandwidth and rely on each other for more network and access services than ever before, increasing the need for inter-IIC settlements. Billing settlement requirements will also extend outside of the IIC community. More retailers will tap into the Internet chain. A common example is when people use mobile phones to buy drinks from a vending machine. A settlement mechanism must exist to access the user's online cash account and pay the vendor. This mechanism will extend to all kinds of retailers, possibly intermeshed with today's far-reaching credit card networks. Consider a more complex example, such as a family on a road trip. The family's mini-van has an interactive television system on board that allows the kids to watch video on-demand in the back seat. Being away from home, their Chapter 9 - The Future of OSS mobile connection incurs a roaming settlement payment from t