ns to develop a new business or service without purchasing hardware for a telephone system. In addition, the services can be used for businesses in which all or many of their staff members work at home or in remote offices. Even midsize and large organizations with their own onsite telephone systems often use these network-based VoIP services for certain functions. One of the most common functions is desktop video conferencing from Skype or Google. Desktop Multi-Protocol Label Switching for Interoffice Connections video conferences are transmitted over data networks, and they typically require noth- ing more in terms of equipment than the personal computers or laptops of the partici- pants. In particular, people working from home or traveling can participate in these conferences, incurring minimal or no charges. The Impact on Traditional Carriers of VolP for International Calling According to telecom market research firm, TeleGeography, as of the end of 2011, Skype is the largest provider worldwide of international long-distance calling services. Consumers and business people alike use Skype to call home and the office when they travel. In addition, many immigrants use video and audio calling to stay in touch with family members in their native countries. Computer-to-computer calls are free and computer-to-telephone calls on the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) have low fees attached to them. Through its Google Voice product, Google now competes with Skype for international calling and audio conferencing. MULTI-PROTOCOL LABEL SWITCHING FOR IN- TEROFFICE CONNECTIONS Large and midsize organizations link their domestic and international sites together by using Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS), which is a Virtual Private Network (VPN) service. MPLS traffic is carried on a provider's core private data networks rather than on the Internet. MPLS is suitable for transmitting packetized voice (VoIP), video, and data between sites. MPLS Virtual Private Networks MPLS is also referred to as MPLS IP VPN because i