d redesign for new applications. Dedicated Services in Wide Area and Metropolitan Area Networks Dedicated, private lines are available for the exclusive use of the customer that leases them from a network service provider. Large organizations such as the Department of Defense, large cloud computing organizations, and pharmaceutical companies connect their multistate sites via circuits running at 100 gigabit and greater data rates. Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs), which are a type of Wide Area Network (WAN), consist of private lines that connect buildings within a city or metropolitan region. Large hospitals transmit customer records, research files, and radiology images over MANs; major universities also use them. www.TechnicalPDF.com Private lines have the following characteristics. Fixed monthly fees Private, dedicated links are priced at flat monthly fees. The fees are not based on minutes used or the amount of data transmitted. Fixed, inflexible routes Dedicated lines are not flexible. Calls and data can only be sent between the fixed points to which the lines are connected. Thus, communication with a site that is not on the network is not possible. Exclusive use Only the organization that leases private lines can use them. For example, companies with dedicated connections to video conferencing equipment can only hold video calls with organizations that are a part of their private network. Voice, video, and data Dedicated lines are suitable for transmission of video, voice, and data. These services can share the same dedicated services or they can use completely different dedicated lines. Fixed capacity Dedicated services are leased or built from carriers such as AT&T, Verizon, or CenturyLink with a fixed capacity or bandwidth. These speeds range from a low 10Gbps to higher Gigabit Ethernet speeds. Security GigE is used in large, private networks operated by entities such as financial firms and the military for data communications between sites. Some organizations feel that the extra fees and maintenance ar