t_ id=386100). For a similar conclusion in an analysis of broadband penetration across 135 countries, see Martha Garcia-Murillo and David Gabel, "International Broadband Deployment: The Impact of Unbundling," paper presented at the 31st Research Confer- ence on Communications, Information and Internet Policy, Arlington, Va., September 2003. Privatization matters, but network unbundling does not. 47. Michelle S. Kosmidis, "Deployment of Broadband Infrastructure in the EU: Is State Intervention Necessary?" paper presented at the Telecommunications Policy Research Con- ference, Alexandria, Va., September 2002. 48. Data obtained from the ECTA website, http://www.ectaportal.com. 49. See www.broadbandweek.com/news/020715/020715_telecom_sbc.html 50. See ibid. 51. Christopher Rhoads, "Bringing Fiber Home," Wall Street Journal, August 19, 2004, p. B1. 52. FCC, High-Speed Services for Internet Access: Status as of December 31, 2003, table 3. Notes to Chapter Nine 1. Data from www.ofcom.org.uk/static/archive/oftel/publications/about_oftel/ index.htm. 2. Data from ww.crtc.gc.ca/eng/BACKGRND/Brochures/B19903.htm (November 26, 2002). 3. Data from http://europa.eu.int/information_society/topics/telecoms/regulatory/ index_en.htm (November 26, 2002). 4. See the CRTC Telecom Decision 1997-08 (www.crtc.gc.ca/archive/eng/ Decisions/1997/DT97-8.htm). 5. CRTC, Telecom Decision 2002-34. 6. AT&T Canada began as Unitel, a joint venture of two Canadian companies (one of which was the Canadian Pacific Railroad). Unitel later entered into an agreement with AT&T, and when the Canadian investors pulled out, they left the failing company in AT&T's hands. AT&T was subsequently induced to write off several billion dollars in debt as it withdrew. The company then became Allstream, which was purchased by Manitoba Notes to Pages 135-139 Telecom in 2004, becoming MTS-Allstream. See www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/publications/ reports/telecom_summary.htm. 7. In 2001 long-distance revenues in Canada (including international) totaled Can$6,105 million, and long-di