operating in unlicensed frequency bands. These personal communications systems are a complementary prominent feature of broadband telecommunications landscape service provision. Review Questions 1. What are the IEEE specified technologies for personal area networking/local area networking/metropolitan area networking? Which of these have you utilised? 2. What is the ISM frequency band and how is it regulated? Where are IEEE 802.11 standards used? 4. What are the component technologies for wireless LAN? 5. What have been the main drivers for Wi-Fi adaptation? 6. Why is Wi-Fi not suitable for large area roll-out? 7. Wi-Fi systems can be both competitive and complementary to 4G networks. How? 8. Use the technology-business-policy (TBP) framework to compare Wi-Fi and 4G systems. 9. What is the main value proposition of Bluetooth technology? 10. What are the component technologies for Bluetooth? Personal Wireless Communications Systems 11. Draw a network-mediated platform for Bluetooth technology and explain why it has grown. 12. Why is peer-to-peer networking easier in Bluetooth networks compared with Wi-Fi? 13. What is the main application of ZigBee technology? In your opinion why is ZigBee used instead of Bluetooth in this application? 14. Are there other applications for ZigBee? How can this platform grow? Where does ZigBee feature in the broadband communications ecosystem? 16. ZigBee and Bluetooth can be considered as competitive. Use the TBP framework to com- pare the two systems. 17. How are NFC devices powered? 18. What is the value to mobile operators from the growth of mobile payment systems? How do they benefit? 19. What are the main values of VLC? What are the applications? 20. What are the challenges for wider adaptation of VLC systems? References [1] Reytheon Microwave Oven. http://www.wired.com/images_blogs/thisdayintech/2010/10/Radarange_first.jpg accessed 25 August 2015. [2] http://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-s/oth/02/01/S020100002B4813PDFE.pdf,accessed 25 August 2015. [3] http://transition.fcc.gov/sptf/f