, M. (1997) Creating Public Value Strategic Management in Government, Harvard University Press. [17] Australian Public Service Commission. Smarter Policy - Choosing Policy Instruments and Working with Others to Influence Behaviour. http://www.apsc.gov.au/publications-and-media/archive/publications-archive/smarter- policy, accessed 20 August 2015. [18] http://www.eaccess.net/en/ir/pdf/final_presen_040210.pdf, accessed 20 August 2015. [19] http://www.jetro.go.jp/en/reports/market/pdf/2006_01_b.pdf, accessed 20 August 2015. [20] http://www.telstra.com.au/abouttelstra/company-overview/history/telstra-story/, accessed 20 August 2015. [21] https://www.optus.com.au/aboutoptus/About+Optus/Satellite/About+Optus+Satellite/Satellite+Key+ Milestones, accessed 20 August 2015. [22] http://trove.nla.gov.au/people/602024?c=people, accessed 20 August 2015. http://www.nbnco.com.au/assets/documents/nbn-co-corporate-plan-6-aug-2012.pdf,accessed 20 August 2015. [24] Bayley, R. (2011) Network Operations. http://www.nbnco.com.au/content/dam/nbnco/documents/operations breakout-session.pdf, accessed 20 August 2015. Voice Communications Preview Questions How is voice communicated electrically? What is the bandwidth of human voice? Why does it matter? How are multiple telephone calls carried over the same physical link? How can telephone networks be dimensioned? How did telephone operator businesses monopolies emerge and how was competi- tion introduced? Learning Objectives History of voice communications and emergence of telephone operator businesses Principles of voice communications Analogue modulation and signal multiplexing Statistical multiplexing and network dimensioning Regulation and deregulation of telecom operation industry Historical Note The word telephone was coined by Gottfried Huth in 1796 to describe his invention of a network of mouth trumpets or speaking tubes that could 'pass messages from tower to tower' [1]. The distance over which such telephony could be carried out was clearly limited by the power Broadband Telecomm