ion multiple access Base station scheduler algorithms Architectural framework for the base station wireless scheduler algorithm System-level optimization Software optimization techniques Contents References Further reading Synchronization in open radio access networks Understanding frequency, time, syntonization, and synchronization How do we get time? O-RAN synchronization Cellular network synchronization requirements Synchronization in O-RAN O-RAN network-level synchronization O-RAN sync equipment requirements Sync solution implementation The effects of timestamping location and resolution Unraveling the standards spaghetti Further reading Software performance Packet processing cycle budget analysis Physical Layer complexity analysis Central Processing Unit loading summary System-on-Chip performance counters Life-of-a-packet double data rate utilization analysis Mitigation techniques: what if the product does not meet performance targets? Development environment optimization Software optimization techniques Reference 10. Interoperability and test Development testing System test setup Contents ix Performance testing Front-, mid-, and backhaul testing Operator acceptance testing Regulatory approval testing References 11. Differentiation by use case Ultra-reliable low-latency communication Vehicle-to-infrastructure (vehicle-to-anything) roadside unit architecture and implementation 5G Reduced Capabilities (RedCap) References Further reading Index This page intentionally left blank About the authors Wim Rouwet is a distinguished member of technical staff at NXP Semiconductors. He has an MSc in electrical engineering from the Eindhoven University of Technology in the Netherlands. He had spent more than 15 years in Motorola, Freescale, and NXP in network- ing and network processing, wireless algorithm development, and system and modem archi- tecture roles. His focus is on 3GPP LTE and 5G as well as 802.11 processing stacks and their implementation. In his job, he has been responsible for 4G and 5G stack development, 