, 193 Universal Synchronous/Asychronous virtual tributary (VT) groups, 187-189 Receiver-Transmitter (USART), 114 voice and telephony over ATM (VTOA), UNIX, 431 390, 391 Unix-to-Unix Copy Program (UUCP), 37 voice band, 196, 199 unvoiced sounds, 207 voice digitization, 196-208 upper services layer (ATM), 382 ADPCM, 205-206 USENET newsgroups, 38 CVSD, 206 User Datagram Protocol (UDP), 93, DSI, 207-208 100, 217, 444 445, 447-448 LPC, 206-207 USWest, 140 multiplexing, 198-201 utilities, computer, 250 PCM, 201-205 process of, 201 voice transport, 167-177 D1 framing. 169 D4 framing, 170-171 Vail, Theodore, 304 E1 framing, 172 vampire tap, 258 extended superframe, 171 variable graphics array (VGA) framing/formatting in T1, 168-169 monitors, 277 voice-over IP (VoIP), 208-220 variable spreading factor orthogonal billing for, 215-216 frequency and code-division multi- call centers, 214 plexing (VSF-OFCDM), 365, 366 carrier class, 213 VBR service (ATM), 239 evolution of, 209-212 VeriSign, 434, 476 FCC classification of, 462 Verizon, 140, 211, 326, 335, 336, 432, implementation, 212-213 454, 456, 462 Internet telephony VS., 209 Very High-Speed Backbone Network legacy PBX equipment, 214-215 Service, 431 regulation of, 239, 240 Very High-Speed Digital Subscriber supporting protocols, 216-220 Line (VDSL), 292, 297 Von Neumann, John, 244, 252 very small aperture terminal (VSAT), 346 Vonage, 210-211, 239 VHF, 316 VSF-OFCDM (variable spreading factor Vicinity Corporation. 474 orthogonal frequency and code- alvision multiplexing), 365, 366 Index mobile appliances, 366-367 mobile telephone service, 314-317 Wave Venture, 423-428 radio, 313-314 wavelength division multiplexing radiotelephone systems, 314 (WDM), 419 RFID, 337-344 WEP, 357 satellite technology, 345-349 Western Electric, 128, 129, 134, 135, second generation systems, 323-325 137, 139, 141, 161, 454 third generation systems, 325-330 Western Union, 131, 132, 134 UWB, 364 Whalen, Paul, 109 VSF-OFCDM, 365-366 Wheatstone, Charles, 130 Wi-Fi, 349-357 wide area networks (WANs), 