his is a problem when there is no relevant content in a given national language, or there is no content required for certain economic sectors (e.g. buying and selling agriculture products). In this chapter we have focused on fixed broadband and ultra-broadband access. The technologies are continuously being updated. While you are reading this book a new standard is probably being developed and research is going on for each of the tech- nologies. For example, DSL networks enter the ultra-broadband arena with VDSL2 and G.fast. One may expect that in the 2020s the number of gigabit/s connections per cus- tomer will reach hundreds of millions on a global scale [37]. Additionally, the long-term future regarding fixed ultra-broadband access is fiber (e.g. FTTH); however, the copper (i.e. metallic) access networks will continue to exist in the near future because the infrastructure has already been deployed and minimizes the cost and time needed for ultra-broadband delivery to customers. Nevertheless, in some mar- kets on national levels, the tendency for fixed-mobile substitution is occurring. In other markets, with initially very low penetration of copper-based fixed access (e.g. regions of Africa), deployment of broadband access is focused on mobile networks, not fixed ones. Overall, the ultra-broadband deployments require investments in infrastructure on a long term. The costs may differ depending on the types of technologies as well as geographic area. Also, the costs are influenced by other factors such as number of ultra-broadband subscribers or connected households and businesses, coverage areas, and SO on. The calculation of costs is different for fixed access than for mobile or satellite technology investment, which is based on coverage area per base station and satellite, respectively. Calculation of investments for fixed fiber-based connectivity is performed per household. Also the type of geographic area (e.g. dense urban area, sparse populated area) influences different technologies to be used in different