cattering, 406-408 PC-based systems, 47. 52 switching and routing, 420-423 PCs (personal computers), 247, 253. transmission, 402-404 267-268 optical remotes, 161 impact of, 282 optoelectronics, 466 monitors for, 277-278 ORBCOMM, 348 (See also Computers) Orbital Sciences Corporation, 348 Pecor. Dick, 143, 161, 162 orthogonal frequency division peer-to-peer LANs, 266-268 multiplexing (OFDM). 354, 364 Pei Wei, 35 OSI (Open Systems Interconnection permanent virtual circuits (PVCs), Reference) Model, 55, 120-122 374. 375 Application Layer, 55-56, 64-66 personal area networks (PANs), 335 bridges, 263 personal computers (see PCs) chained layers, 57, 60-61 phase, 24-25 Data Link Layer, 113-119 phase modulation (PM), 24-26 end-to-end layers, 57, 60, 61 Phased Alternate Line (PAL) system, enveloping, 61-62 276, 277 and IETF management standards, 222 Phone.com, 328 integrity levels in, 46 physical layer (ATM), 384 layers of, 55, 421 Physical Layer (OSI model), 56, 57, 60, Network Layer, 101-112 62, 119-120 Physical Layer, 56, 57, 119-120 physical medium sublayer (ATM). 384 Presentation Layer, 67-87 picture elements (see Pixels) Session Layer, 87-100 pipelining, 117 TCP/IP vs., 435 pixels (picture elements), 68, 70, 71 and TMN, 221 plesiochronous timing (SONET), 189-190 Transport Layer, 89, 91-94 points-of-presence (POPs), 163 outside plant (telephone network). point-to-point circuits, 179, 180 197-198 Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP), 436-437 outside vapor deposition (OVD), 398 point-to-point transport, 371-372 An Overview of Cryptography (Gary POPs (points-of-presence), 163 Kessler), 86 Fort Address Translation (PAT), 442 Index port identifiers, 445 with ILECs, 458 port security, 342 with MPLS, 430, 450 positive-intrinsic-negative diodes (see network management for, 220-222 PIN diodes) with TCP/IP, 435, 436 Postel, John, 6 and Universal Service Fund, 109 Powell, Michael, 211, 231, 236, 237 quadrature amplitude modulation power, telephone network, 156-159 (QAM), 30-31 prediction coefficients, 207 Qualcomm, 326 prefix (NXX) (te