ext, data, images Voice, audio, text, data, images, video DVB-H Voice, audio, text, data, images, video ISDBT Voice, audio, text, data, images, video Media FLO (integrated with 1XEV) Voice, audio, text, data, images, video EDGE (Dual transfer mode). Voice, audio, text, data, images, video Voice, audio, text, data, images, video 15.5 Political and Economic Value of Broadcasting Broadcast spectrum has (always had) political value (Hitler, Mussolini, Churchill, Berlosconi), social value, evangelical value (Vatican radio) and economic value. Economic value is a composite of license fee income (BBC in the UK), advertising revenue and (increasingly), participation bandwidth revenue. Participation revenues are a composite of text and voice value and (increasingly) image and video value, anything that works on a game show. The realisation of fiscal value from spectrum measured in dollars per hertz or euros per hertz is dependent on delivering robust radio systems with adequate link budgets that ensure enough flux density to support consistent good quality reception of voice, audio and video content. This in turn is dependent on realising good receiver sensitivity, selectivity and dynamic range in TV and radio receivers. The earlier chapter on smart televisions (Chapter 8) also highlighted the value realisable from a return channel, in that example a broadband internet connection. Note how participation revenues (which in some countries like Finland now exceed adver- tising revenues) are closely dependent on the robustness and consistency of this return channel. Participation revenues, in theory should increase as participation bandwidth increases. (This may not be true for participation margins where it will be hard to match the margin achievable on SMS voting and texting in terms of euros per hertz or euros per delivered megabyte.) Note also the blurring of definitions between audio and video and text in these broadcast radio systems - visual radio with text is essentially competing directly with wider bandwidth digital