e NRA by gathering infor- mation from ISPs on monitoring of restrictions of end-user rights, contractual condi- tions and commercial practices, traffic management, assessment of IAS performance, and impact of specialized (i.e. managed) services on the general quality of the IAS, as well as transparency requirements on the ISPs. Enforcement. It includes a variety of interventions and measurements on the IAS pro- vided by different ISPs in the given country. Reporting. This is typically done by the NRAs based on the results from their moni- toring of the IAS and specific Internet-based OTT services. In order to ensure availability of non-discriminatory IAS at quality levels that reflect advances in technology (e.g. newer fixed and mobile broadband technologies provide higher individual and aggregate bitrates), the NRAs may decide to: oblige the ISP to remove all factors that are causing IAS degradation; define technical characteristics of the IAS (e.g. via QoS parameters and their target values) that can be the subject of regulation (e.g. for removal or revision of prohibited traffic management practices); impose and enforce minimum QoS requirements on IAS, as well as any other neces- sary measures (e.g. the obligation of the ISPs to ensure sufficient network capacity for the offered IAS packages to their customers); enforce IAS with the desired level of QoS (e.g. continuous availability of contracted minimum and advertised bitrates in uplink and downlink) by monitoring QoS of the IAS and making the results publicly available (for the light touch approaches) SO cus- tomers can make informed choices; impose ceasing orders for particular specialized services (which are not critical) when there is no sufficient capacity available for the IAS. However, such an approach is not a primary one, but a possible one. For example, emergency calls cannot be sub- ject to ceasing, neither can critical IoT services such as control of driverless vehicles and drones; 8.9 Discussion impose fines for various QoS degradations of IAS or