353-359 Windows Media Player, 17 IMS for acces to application, 184 Windows Media Video (WMV), 285 loss of phone wirelline customers to, 180 Windows Server 2003, 62 microcell technology of picocells and femto- Windows Server 2008, 62 cells, 350-353 Windows systems, 158 second, third, and fourth-generation digital Windows XP, 62 networks, 321-331 Windstream Communications, 108, 124, 145, 236 compatibility in Europe and mix of stan- acquisitions, 148 dards in U. S., 323 WIND Telecom, 420 conections to customers and mobile net- WinZip compression, 15 works via cell site, 324 wireless broadband services, 218 divergent paths to 3G, 326 wireless carriers, exemption from access fees, infrastructure in 2G and 3G mobile net- works, 328-331 wireless Internet service providers (WISPs), 376 roamig with mobile devices in other wireless LANs. See WLANs networks, 322 wireless media, 39 third generation digital mobile air inter- wireless networks, 306 faces, 324 applications and services, 360-365 signaling in mobile wireless networks, 208 Index streamlined infrastructure of LTE architec- worms, 76,275 ture, 341-349 WPA2 (Wi-Fi Protected Access), 374 wireless services cellular, wireless, cordless, and mobile, defined, 308 defined, 309 Xbox, 283 wiring closets, 39 XML (Extensible Markup Language), WISPs (wireless Internet service providers), 10 WLANs (wireless local area networks) 802.11 standards, 366 architecture in enterprises, 368 managing security on, 374 YouTube, 132, 282 WMA (Unlicensed Mobile Access), 385 free TV on, 284 World Radiocommunication Conferences (WRC), ITU, 318 Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access. See WiMAX zero touch provisioning, 352 Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Zipit compression, 15 Access 2. See WiMAX 2 Zucker, Jeff, 284 COMPETITION AND CHAOS U.S. TELECOMMUNICATIONS SINCE THE 1996 TELECOM ACT Robert W. Crandall COMPETITION AND CHAOS COMPETITION AND CHAOS U.S. Telecommunications since the 1996 Telecom Act ROBERT W. CRANDALL BROOKINGS INSTITUTION PRESS Washington, D.C. Copyright © 2005 