65 JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group), 64 Karp, Hannah, 32 Keyhole Technologies, 158, 278 Kimberly-Clark Corporation, 83 Kindle, 159 L2TP (Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol), 241,242 Lala.com, 167 LAMP programs, 57 LANs (local area networks). See also protocols; storage systems; virtualization; WANs (Wide Area Networks) backbone networks, 120 bandwidth needs, 76 data centers cloud computing, impact of, 81-82 continuous operation, 83-84 definition of, 80 environmental controls in, 82-84 security, 81 definition of, 69-70 demand for, 68-69 media, 75-76 monitoring alerts, 96-97 changes, discovering, 96 charts and graphs, 98 www.TechnicalPDF.com cloud solutions, 98-99 LAN-connected devices, 93-94 purpose of, 94-95 system setup, 95-96 NOSs (Network Operating Systems), 79 routers functionality of, 91-93 network functions virtualization, 92 SDN (Software Defined Networking), 78-79 statistical multiplexing in, 38-39 switches, 70-74 - Layer 2, 71-74, 121 Layer 3, 71, 73-74, 121 Layer 4, 121 user errors, 75 VDI (Virtual Desktop Integration), 90-91 VLANs (virtual LANs), 75, 121 definition of, 75 prioritizing voice and video on, 103 lasers, 8 last-mile access networks in cable operators' networks cable modems, 209-210, 212 CMTSs (Cable Modem Termination Systems), 211-212 coaxial cable capacity, 214 competition, 215-216 DOCSIS standards, 213-215, 225 QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation), 214-215 satellite TV, 216 set-top boxes, 210-211, 212 capacity, adding, 200 definition of, 174, 199 DSLAMs (DSL Access Multiplexers), 201-202 www.TechnicalPDF.com fiber-optic cabling, transitioning to, 201, 202-204 legacy circuit-switching service, 200-201 PONs (Passive Optical Networks) architecture of, 204-205 direct fiber to enterprises and multi-tenant buildings, 208 FTTH (fiber to the home), 208-209 ONTs (Optical Network Terminals), 207 OTLs (Optical Line Terminals), 206-207 splitters, 205 standards, 205-206, 224 power issues, 203 LATA (Local Access And Transport) areas, 168 latency, 102 Layer 2 switches, 71, 121 40/100Gbps Ethernet switch