ttom left refers to wireless mobile networks and the right-hand side refers to fixed broadband access. Together, these network infrastructures facilitate services such as voice, data, audio, and video streaming, as well as home entertainment services such as IPTV. Introduction to FMC in 5G Let us next look at the regulatory bodies and organizations that have played an active role in the FMC space. The Fixed-Mobile Convergence Alliance We will look at the role of bodies such as the Fixed-Mobile Convergence Alliance (FMCA) now. The FMCA strived for the seamless integration of cellular and fixed phone services. The founding members of FMCA in 2004 were the following: British Telecom Rogers Wireless Brasil Telecom Korea Telecom Swisscom The purpose of this alliance was to encourage the seamless integration of mobile and fixed telephone services (technological convergence). To this end, the FMCA started working closely with Standards Development Organizations (SDOs) and other similar organizations, such as these: The Wi-Fi Alliance The Wireless Broadband Alliance The Home Gateway Initiative The FMCA did not focus on standards development for FMC; rather, they focused on advocating for the adoption of convergence and related technologies. However, the demand for its services declined and the FMCA stopped functioning in 2010. Let us next look at the Broadband Forum. The Broadband Forum The Broadband Forum is a leading non-profit organization that works on standards, innovations, and ecosystem development. Its projects span connected homes, 5G, and broadband access (https : / / www.broadband-forum.org/about-bbf). The Broadband Forum started in 2016 but is a merging of prior forums that are over 25 years old. It has a Wireline-Wireless Convergence (WWC) Work Area. The role of the WWC Work Area is to assist mobile operators with combined FMC-based offerings for their subscribers. This requires multi or hybrid access as well as catering for work-from-home scenarios, which have been accelerated by the 5G Fixed Mobile Converg