IEEE 1609.3: Networking Services IEEE 1609.4: Multi-Channel Operation 5G V2X IEEE 1609.11: Over-the-Air Electronic Payment Data Exchange Protocol for Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) IEEE 1609.12: Identifiers These WAVE standards enable secure and reliable V2X communications (see https : / / www. standards.its.dot.gov/Factsheets/Factsheet/80),and are meant for use by the automotive industry, namely their engineers, as well as by transportation and traffic engineers. In addition, the telecommunication industry must be aware of these standards to maximize the use of 5G for intelligent driving applications. The WAVE standard also applies to onboard vehicle systems and any roadside devices, including traffic systems. IEEE 802.11p is another important standard and it is the amendment to the 802.11 standards to facilitate WAVE(seehttps://standards.ieee.org/ieee/802.11/10548/) The IEEE 802.11 task group developed this amendment to improve upon Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs), which are mainly for broadcasting warning messages to nearby vehicles, such as in emergencies or traffic congestion. IEEE 802.11p defines how the V2X data interchange between high-speed automobiles, as well as between automobiles and roadside infrastructure, should happen. It uses the licensed ITS band of 5.9 GHz (5.85-5.925 GHz) for communication. IEEE 802.11p deals with and improves upon the Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical (PHY) layers of the VANET. In Figure 14.15, we look at the various V2X communication use cases: V2I Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Alerts drivers to traffic lights, traffic congestion, road conditions, etc. Due 2022 V2D Vehicle-to Device Cars communicate with cyclists' V2D device and vice versa. Due 2018. V2H Vehicle-to-Home In emergencies vehicles will give power back to homes. Due 2019 V2G Vehicle-to-Grid Electric cars will return electricity to the grid. Due 2020 V2V Vehicle-to-Vehicle Alerts one Vehicle to the presence of another. Cars "talk" using DSRC technology Due 2017 V2P - Vehicle-to-Pedestrian Car communica