siness-oriented broadband technologies subject to price cap regulation (FCC 2005f, 2007b, 2007c). Most importantly, the FCC has granted waivers to both Verizon and AT&T deregulating the broadband services still subject to the Computer Inquiry rules following the Wireline Broadband Internet Access Services Order on the grounds that wireline broadband services face enough competition from other providers to justify no longer subjecting them to retail access requirements (FCC 2006d, 2007e). The net result is the removal of most of the remaining retail access requirements on broadband services provided by local telephone companies. 3. The Debate over Network Neutrality During the Internet's initial, narrowband phase of development, Internet service providers (ISPs) pursued a variety of architectural approaches. Some ISPs, such as CompuServe, Prodigy, and America Online, initially adopted relatively restrictive 19 The Wireline Broadband Internet Access Services Order was sustained on judicial review (Time Warner Telecom, Inc. V. FCC, 507 F.3d 205 (3d Cir. 2007)). Networks in Telecommunications policies, which only provided end users with access to proprietary applications and content and charged them for network usage on a per-minute basis. Others followed a more permissive approach, opening up their networks to all content and applications providers on a nondiscriminatory basis and allowing end users to download any content, run any application, and attach any device for a flat monthly fee. The latter approach ultimately proved more attractive to consumers, and end users became accustomed to a world in which they faced few restrictions either on the ways they could use their network connections or on the amount of bandwidth they consumed. This same debate has resurfaced as the Internet has begun to migrate from a narrowband to a broadband architecture. Once again, network owners have begun to experiment with more restrictive approaches. Some cable modem systems began entering into exclusive arrangements with one part