has). The QoS measurements may be influenced by the traffic management approaches by the service provider (e.g. telecom operator). For carrier-grade services such as operator-grade VoIP, IPTV, business services, or IAS, there is explicit bandwidth allocation in the access links and certain traffic dimensioning in core and transit net- works. Network slicing and network virtualization further contribute to introduction of different slices with different levels of QoS support for service provided over them (e.g. critical IoT services). Regarding all QoS measurements, they need to be established end-to-end. Such approach requires Internet measurement tools and platforms (e.g. M-Lab, RIPE Atlas, SamKnows). Some NRAs have also developed their own tools for Internet QoS measurements in line with their national legislation regarding the telecom/ICT sector. Overall, there are many different factors that can influence the measured data, includ- ing (but not limited to) other networks on the path, background traffic from other appli- cations, the type of network (fixed or mobile), end-user equipment and its capabilities (e.g. processing power, memory, operating system, available network interfaces), traffic management techniques that are applied by the ISPs for the given tariff package, etc. So, QoS measurements are not a "linear game" and knowledge about how broadband and ultra-broadband networks and technologies is required, as well as knowledge about different types of IP-based services, their traffic characteristics, and QoS requirements. References 1 ITU-T Recommendation G.114, One-way Transmission Time, May 2003. 2 IETF RFC 3550, RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time Applications, July 2003. 3 Cisco, Cisco Visual Networking Index: Forecast and Methodology, 2016-2021, June 2017. 4 Geza Gordos (ed.), Telecommunication Networks and Informatics Services, 2003, http://w3.tmit.bme.hu/thsz/onlbook.pdf 5 ITU-T Recommendation E.803, Quality of Service Parameters for Supporting Service Aspects, December 2011. Janevski, T. (2