er, 25 (DCSs), 364 Distributed Raman amplifiers implementation, 93-95 Digital modulation, 39-40 benefits, 208-209 Default PHB, 392 Digital Sequence Spread noise figure, 166-167 Delay Spectrum (DSSS), 105 Dithering, 15-16 bandwidth delay product, 46 Digital Signal Processors (DSPs), DLCIs. See Data Link Connection distortion, 41 187-188 Identifiers multimode fibers, 122-123 Digital signals, 31-32 Dopants, 116, 120, 176 optical fibers, 119 Digital Subscriber Line (DSL), Double backscattering, 165 PMD, 191-193 362, 373 Double-Sideband Suppressed propagation, 19, 76 Digital Switching Equipment, Carrier (DSBSC) modulation, single-mode fibers, 129-130 video transport over Internet, Digital Video Broadcast- Double-tagging mechanism, 410 Asynchronous Serial Downstream on-demand label virtual concatenation, 348 Interface (DVB-ASI), 359 distribution mode, 389, 391 Index Downstream unsolicited LSP, 389 Electric fields, 134-135 quantization, 14-18 DPCM. See Differential PCM aperture distribution, 282-283 video transport over Internet, DPSK. See Differential PSK cluttered environments, 255 82-83 Drop-and-insert ring topology, Electric vectors, 222 Error floors, 101 338-339 Electrical Time Division ESCON. See Enterprise System DRT. See Diagnostic Rhyme Test Multiplexed (ETDM) Connection DSO channels, 23 systems, 131 ESPs. See Ethernet Switched DSBSC. See Double-Sideband Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP), 269 Paths Suppressed Carrier Electromagnetic waves, 219 ETDM. See Electrical Time modulation fundamental laws, 219-226 Division Multiplexed DSCPs. See DiffServ Code Points generation, 226-235 systems DSF. See Dispersion-Shifted Fiber ground waves and surface Ethernet, 403 DSL. See Digital Subscriber Line waves, 251-256 carrier-grade, 404-405 DSL Access Multiplexer reception, 235-237 next generation transmission, (DSLAM), 362 sky waves, 247-251 419-420 DSPs. See Digital Signal Processors space waves. See Space waves OAM, 407-409, 414 DSSS. See Direct-Sequence Electronic (Chromatic) protection mechanisms, Spread Spectrum Dispersion Co