vice part is added for client-server communication (the horizontal network will further be presented using a three-dimensional view) by for example intelligible crosstalk requirements. In the old analogue days an acceptable 'historical' quality of service required amplifiers to make it possible to reach a sufficient voice level without shouting. In the non-layered days of telecom this QoS type of require- ment resided in the transmission plan, since the transmission part was the deteriorating part worth mentioning. Considering the historical background, we only need to make the incorporation of the three plans more formal. A fourth plan may occur here: the charging plan. Initially both the control layer and service layer provide charging. On the management side a service management plan is now vital. It is therefore also time to redraw the classical FP diagram in Figure 3.2. When complemented with 'the new layer' and adapted to the structure of Figure 3.26 it gets a look according to Figure 3.27. When looking at Figure 3.27 the following view should be applied: The figure shows a service factory with a service production line. The service production (= service plan) extends to all layers. All other FPs have a direct or indirect contribution to and impact on the service product. Many FPs have QoS features, such as transmission, switching and routing, which impact on the service. See also the Chapter 7. QoS adaptation protocols are provided at the top of the service production line. Networks and Technologies User data FAB = User User segments Content Interface, with Charges provision fulfillment, Life stage dimension or content assurance and Roles (Billing) Value/attitude dimension reception billing (Peer) Services, QoS, Security perception SM = Service Service and application management resources (API) NM = Network ROCE etc management Stable economic Fundamental technical plans Investments Figure 3.26 A new set of fundamental plans Content Appl- logic/support content Service support/service QoS, incl Security Serv