1 Space-Time Block Codes Scattering radio wave propagation, 262 (STBCs), 102 Scalability of service instances, single-channel optical fiber Space-Time Trellis Codes transmission, 149 (STTCs), 102 Scaling limitations of Ethernet, transmission performance, Space waves, 237-238 25-26, 44-45 atmospheric absorption, Scattering Signaling in MPLS, 387-389 244-245 atmospheric, 245 Silica dioxide, 116 attenuation by buildings and Raman, 139-141 Single backscattering, 165 trees, 242-243 Rayleigh, 116 Single-channel optical fiber depolarization, 245-247 SBS, 138-139 transmission, 146 diffraction, 238-242 tropospheric, 274 bits, 146-147 electromagnetism, 225-226 Schrödinger equations, 198 NRZ and RZ signals, 147-148 ground reflections, 243 Scramblers, 48 optical transmitters, 148-149 tropospheric refractive index SDH. See Synchronous Digital SDH, 149-150 effects, 243-244 Hierarchy Single hills, approximating, Spanning Tree Protocol (STP), Sea paths, diffraction over, 240 241-242 Second-order PMD, 194 Single-Mode Fibers (SMFs), Spatial redundancy, 58, 62-66 Section Overhead (SOH) bytes, 127-131 SPE. See Synchronous Payload 325-327 chromatic dispersion Envelope Security features in Carrier- coefficient, 177-179 Spectral loss Grade Ethernet, 404 special, 131-133 multimode fibers, 121 Self-impedance, 280 standard, 151 single-mode fibers, 127 Self-Phase Modulation (SPM), Single-mode propagation, 115 Speech-coding principles, 3 136-138, 197-198 Single-parity checks, 88 coder classification, 5-7 Self-similarity of traffic, 81 Single-Sideband (SSB) human auditory perception Semiconductor Optical modulation, 202 and subband coding, 8-9 Amplifiers (SOAs), 155 Single-Sideband Suppressed speech signal properties, 3-5 Sense of rotation for elliptical Carrier (SSBSC) modulation, standards for voice polarization, 234 communications, 7-8 Serial frame alignment, 21 Size of images, 56 Spillover, 294-295 Serial transmission, 32-34 Skin depth in ground Splicing loss, 185 Serializers, 20 conductivity, 255 SPM. See Self-Phase Modulation Service f