 and in transmission gear. The price of an M13 multiplexor, the generic device break- ing a DS3 circuit down into 28 DS1s, fell from several thousand dollars to less than a thousand on the used market, with new prices declining substantially as well. DSL carrier gear prices fell dramatically too: digital subscriber line access multiplexors (DSLAMs) that were selling new for more than $100,000 apiece in 1999 were available in surplus for about $12,000 by 2003; even new, prices fell to less than half of earlier levels. So for the telecom equipment manufacturers, the meltdown led to a mul- tipronged attack on their businesses. They had invested in new capacity to meet The Internet Boom and the Limits to Growth demand that only lasted for a short time. Too many new competitors entered some sectors. The total market for telecom gear then fell to low levels, even lower than before the boom. Finally, surplus equipment from the boom was available to meet much of the demand. Recovery only slowly began by 2004, in large part because the leftover equipment was getting old. Endnotes [1] An early term for Internet was catenet, apparently first used by Pouzin in a 1974 paper cited in 1978 by ARPA's Vint Cerf in IEN 48, The Catenet Model for Internetworking. [2] Among the better books that discuss the Internet's early history are Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins of the Internet by Katie Hafner and Matthew Lyon and Inventing the Internet by Janet Abbate. From a collection in Mundi, http://www.mappa.mundi.net/maps/maps_001/ [4] Technically, X.25 defined the interface to the packet-switched network; the technology within a network was transparent, and indeed differed between vendors. Recommendation X.75 defined interfaces between networks, enabling intercarrier connectivity. [5] Grier, D. A., George Washington University, and M. Campbell, University of Wisconsin, Madison, A Social History of Bitnet and Listserv, 1985-1991, IEEE Annals of the History of Computing,http://www.computer.org/annals/articles/bitnet.htm?SMSESSION=N