ay variation can be pre-compensated at beam center. In such cases residual Doppler and delay variation can be accommodated by the UE. C Some delay spread and frequency selective effect can be experienced in the case of an omni-directional antenna device especially at a low elevation angle. The following NR and NG-RAN design aspects may need to be reconsidered for NTN: maximum cell size (especially for LEO and GEO based access), transparent or regenera- tive payload options, earth fixed or mobile beams (especially for HAPS and LEO based access scenarios), UE with and without location determination capability, e.g. GNSS (especially for LEO and GEO based access scenarios), targeted usage scenarios as in table B.2.1 in 3GPP TR 38.821, and UE type (3GPP class 3 or other). 5 NG-RAN Evolution For direct communications to mass market devices (3GPP defined class 3 UE), the fol- lowing should be considered: operation of the satellite service link in the FR1 frequency range to allow maximum commonality in the RF front end of the devices, and Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) mode with CP-OFDM on the downlink and DFT-S-OFDM access scheme on the uplink. From the standards perspective, the following physical layer, protocol stack, NG-RAN, and performance adaptations need to be considered: The NR user-plane protocol stack may need to be modified to accommodate larger propagation delays for the satellite access, which primarily affects the range of various protocol stack timers and RLC and PDCP sequence numbers. Longer latency may also affect RRC procedures and state transitions. One promis- ing enhancement, which is being studied in 3GPP in other contexts as well, is the reduction of the Random Access Channel (RACH) procedure from four steps to two steps. Both idle and connected mode mobility have to be revisited in the context of satellite access, to accommodate the issue of UE measurement reports not necessarily being up to date due to longer propagation delays, and also because with NTN not only UE mobility but also network