uch as YouTube TM currently allow users to broadcast content on any of the three screens. 11.9.4 Standardization Work As stated earlier, there is no single SDO responsible for FMC; rather multiple SDOs are working independently to enable FMC. A large cross section of the operator and vendor communities are active participants in many standardization bodies including the main NGN standardization bodies like 3GPP, IETF, ITU, OMA and TISPAN. In addition to these standardization bodies, SDOs in America, China, Japan and Korea also have focus groups on NGN. Also, cable operators are working on NGN in CableLabs as shown in Figure 11.19. So far, the SDOs have only agreed on a Common Set of IMS specifications under the umbrella of 3GPP. Thus, what is required is a close collaboration between various standard bodies and perhaps a single platform where they all can sit and hammer out the details of FMC. 11.9.5 Flat-IP Architecture Flat IP architectures will benefit FMC by easing the enablement of access agnostic services and reducing the number of network elements. The future architecture needs to co-exist with today's traditional and hierarchical mobile network architectures. It also needs to support all the existing voice, data and multimedia services. Flat IP will significantly reduce the latency and simplify the network. Figure 11.20 shows the potential EV-DO network architecture in the years to come. In the existing hierarchical model the BTS, RNC and PDSN are three different elements. In future we expect that a single box called Base Station Router (BSR) will accommodate the functionalities of all the three network elements. Next Generation Mobile Communications Ecosystem Applications in OMA Messaging Presence Core IMS in 3GPP 3GPP EPS Release 9/10 Release 7 Release 8 Release 5 Release 6 DIAMETER TISPAN Base protocols in IETF Broadband access to IMS in TISPAN TISPAN Rel2 Figure 11.19 Split of standardization work. Reproduced with permission from C 2007 3G Americas [16] Figure 11.21 shows the convergence of existing f