e 7.10 [16]: Fiber to the node/neighborhood (FTTN) Fiber to the cabinet (FTTCab) Fiber to the curb (FTTC) Fiber to the building (FTTB) Fiber to the home (FTTH). Passive optical network (PON) is a point-to-multipoint, fiber to the premises network architecture in which unpowered optical splitters are used to enable a single optical fiber to serve multiple premises, Optical Fibers Metallic Cables 1000ft. (300m) <1000ft. (300m) Figure 7.10 FTTx architecture. Reproduced from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main Page [16] Next Generation Mobile Communications Ecosystem Table 7.4 PON capabilities 10G-EPON Standard ITU-T G.983 IEEE 803.2ah ITU-T G.984 IEEE P802.3av Bandwidth Downstream up to Symmetric up to Symmetric up to Symmetric up to 10 Gbps 622 Mbps 1.25 Gbps 2.5 Gbps Downstream 10 Gbps and Upstream 155 Mbps Upstream 1Gbps Downstream (nm) 1490 and 1550 1490 and 1550 10 Gbps (1575-1580); 1 Gbps (1480-1500) Upstream (nm) 10 Gbps (1260-1280); 1 Gbps (1260-1360) Transmission Ethernet ATM, Ethernet, Ethernet Availability Available Available Available typically 32-128. A PON configuration reduces the amount of fiber and central office equipment required compared with point to point architectures. The ITU has standardized two generations of PON namely APON and GPON. APON (ATM Passive Optical Network) based on ITU-T G.983 was ratified in 2005. This was the first PON standard primarily used for business applications, supports 622 Mbps in downstream and was based on ATM. BPON (Broadband PON) also based on G.983 adds support for WDM, dynamic and higher upstream bandwidth allocation, and survivability. The second generation of PON called GPON (Gigabit PON) is based on ITU-T G.984 standard. It is an evolution of the BPON and provides gigabit transmission rates. It provides enhanced security and choice of Layer 2 protocol (ATM and Ethernet). The IEEE also joined the bandwagon in defining standards in the early 2000s. The first IEEE PON standard IEEE 802.3ah Ethernet PON (EPON or GEPON) standard was completed in 2004 as part of the