Fi and WiMax use TDD and substantial licensed TDD spectrum has been allocated in the bands listed in Table 4.5. China has pursued its own TDD standards with TD SCDMA and band allocation policy with Band 34 at 2010 to 2025 MHz, Band 39 at 1880 to 1920 MHz and Band 40 at 2300 to 2400 MHz. The assumption is that TDD LTE would also be supported as an option in Bands 38, 39 and 40. China is one of the few countries with sufficient market scale to support a nationally specific standard and nationally specific band allocations. However, this does not necessarily mean it's a good idea. Generally, it can be stated that nonstandard standards and nonstandard spectral allocations have hampered the pace of past progress. The decision by Japanese regulators in the late 1980s/early 1990s to introduce PHS (an alternative to DECT and the UKs ill fated CT2 cordless Table 4.5 TDD band plan including China allocations Frequencies (MHz) Total Bandwidth (MHz) Deployed in 1900-1920 2010-2025 China 1850-1910 1930-1990 1910-1930 2570-2620 1880-1920 China 2300-2400 China WiFi (unlicensed) 2400-2480 Total bandwidth 365 MHz 305 MHz excluding overlaps 150 MHz excluding China 230 MHz including WiFi Making Telecoms Work standard) and PDC, a nonstandard implementation of GSM into nonstandard spectrum at 800 and 1500 MHz was designed to create a protected internal market that could be used by local vendors to amortise R and D and provide the basis for innovation incubation. In practice, it proved hard to translate this innovation into global markets and the R and D opportunity cost made Japanese handset vendors and their supply chain less rather than more competitive internationally. Korean vendors have faced similar challenges from nationally specific mobile broadband and broadcast standardisation. This has introduced unnecessary opportunity cost without a proportionate market gain. The decision might alternatively be justified on the assumption that TDD will become more dominant as a mobile broadband bearer but several caveats apply. TDD does 