, smart home and factory, medical applications, and SO on. The multiplicity of applications and connected devices with diverse requirements in terms of latency, bandwidth, traffic volume, resources, and energy mandated drastic changes on the cellular network. These changes involve new radio (NR), flexible, programmable, virtualized, and automated radio access network (RAN). New electromagnetic bands above 6 GHz, numerologies, modulation and coding M. Alfaqawi (X) . M. B. Mabrouk Altran Labs, Velizy-Villacoublay, France e-mail: mohammed.alfaqawi@capgemini.com M. Gateau . P. Huard . P. Reungoat . M.-C. Le Mercier . S. Davai Altran ACS, Saint-Herblain, France e-mail: martine.gateau@capgemini.com © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023 M. A. Matin (ed.), A Glimpse Beyond 5G in Wireless Networks, Signals and Communication Technology, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13786-0_1 M. Alfaqawi et al. schemes, and waveforms with mini-slots have been proposed for the 5G NR. In addition, small cells (SCs), massive MIMO, edge computing, and distributed and centralized units with several deployment options have been introduced to the next generation-RAN (NG-RAN) to boost data rate and minimize latency. Meanwhile, software-defined networking (SDN), network functions virtualization (NFV), and network slicing technologies have been adopted within the 5G network in order to virtualize, orchestrate, and automate the applications and services operating on the same infrastructure. Global telecommunication bodies, including the international telecommu- nication union (ITU), 5G public-private partnership (5GPPP), next-generation mobile network (NGMN) alliance, European telecommunications standards institute (ETSI), third-generation partnership project (3GPP), and open-RAN (O- RAN) alliance, are involved to standardize and accelerate the deployment of 5G networks. The ITU-R identified the requirements for 5G NR or international mobile telecommunications 2020 (IMT-2020). Furthermore, 5GPPP has publi