advisory committee companies and universities are actively involved in its work. It is of appointees by the MPT, drawn from academic institutions and best known for its 802 committee, which defines standards for data industry. communications, primarily in local area networks. The TTC also has expert sub-committees, drawn from a wide spectrum of public and private organisations, which study specific areas. Its four sub-committees are: network-to-network interfaces; 22.5.5.5 network-to-terminal interfaces; special subjects; and higher layers and telematics. A system of weighted voting is used to adopt The International Communications Association (ICA) was formed standards within TTC. The members are placed into groups, each in 1948 and is a member of the INTUG. It is the largest telecom- with a fixed number of voting points, two thirds of all points voting munications users' group in the USA, representing government, being needed to adopt a TTC standard. The main standards work industry and educational establishments. done by the TTC are the selection of profiles for use in Japan, based on international standards. The ICA sets standards, holds exhibitions and seminars for its members, and provides them with other relevant information. 22.7.2 22.5.5.6 The Japanese Industrial Standards Committee (JISC) was formed in 1949 to advise the government on Japanese industrial standards. It The Corporation for Open Systems (COS) was formed in North contains over 1000 Technical Committees, drawn from a wide range America in 1985 primarily due to an initiative from the Computer of Japanese academic and industrial organisations, and from gov- and Communications Industry Association (CCIA). About forty ernment and users, and its standards cover all aspects of industrial major US corporations took part in establishing COS. products, from building materials to electrical goods. It is respon- COS aims to speed up the penetration of OSI by working closely sible for marking goods which conform to its standards with a JIS with other st