structure, hundreds of cells, and centralized control of all functions. AT&T's only competitors in this market were the RCCs, mentioned earlier. Among them was Motorola, even then a large player in the indus- try. Initially, Motorola sided with AT&T, but when AT&T chose other ven- dors to manufacture the equipment required to establish the network, Motorola changed its spots and sided with the other 500-some-odd RCCs in the country to sue the FCC for unfair treatment. Their suit called for the Commission to deny AT&T's application for development of AMPS and to reexamine the spectrum allocation. In 1970, Motorola, in part- nership with another large RCC, applied for permission to offer wireless Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website. Access Technologies Access Technologies service in Washington, D.C. After examining the petition, the courts decided that the answer to the industry's woes lay in a competitive mar- ket. In 1980 they began another cellular rulemaking effort to determine the regulatory structure of the market they were attempting to create. Three options emerged from their discussions. The first was preserva- tion of the monopolistic, single-operator concept; the second advocated an open market, in which competition was opened to all comers and the market would sort itself out; and the third involved a duopoly approach, in which two systems would be allowed in each major market area. After long debate, regulators and lawmakers decided on the duopoly concept, with two, 20 MHz systems ("A" frequencies and "B" frequencies) allocated in each market. The "A" frequencies were allocated to the nonwireline company, while the "B" frequencies went to the wireline carrier. The first commercial cellular telephone system became operational in October of 1983. By 1985 there were 340,000 cellular subscribers; today there are over 16 mil