ts the electrical signals to optical, and vice versa. Cable operators also install PON technol- ogy in their networks, enabling them to more cost-effectively deploy fiber closer to homes. They use cable modems and other electronics to split up the frequencies on the coaxial cabling between voice, Internet access, and video. PONs have been widely deployed in Asia in countries such as Japan and South Korea, and in Hong Kong, where much of the infrastructure was upgraded or built from scratch. China currently does not have as great a percentage of fiber in its last mile as these countries, but it is adding fiber at a rapid pace. Figure 4-11 presents a list of countries with the most fiber to the home (FTTH) or building (FTTB). Fiber to the building is fiber terminated inside multitenant buildings, with data-grade copper to each unit. switch Fiber ring To video headend Central office To Internet Splitter with PON equipment Router Fiber cabling PSTN = Public Switched Telephone Network Figure 4-10 Passive Optical Networks (PONs) increase the capacity in one pair of fiber cables to up to 32 customers. The splitter is about the size of a smartphone and does not require electricity. Carrier Networks G20 Economies with the Highest Penetration of Fiber-to-the-Home/Building + LAN South Korea Japan Russia China Fiber-to-the-Home subscribers France Fiber-to-the-Building + LAN subscribers Italy Turkey Household Penetration December 2010 ranking Figure 4-11 The global percentages for Fiber to the Home (FTTH) and Fiber to the Building (FTTB) in countries with at least 200,000 households where the penetration of FTTH/B has reached 1 percent of the total number of homes, apartments, or office buildings. The FTTH Global Ranking is based on the FTTH Council's definition of FTTH/B, which includes FTTB, where fiber terminates inside the boundary of a multitenant building. (Figure courtesy Fiber to the Home Council) The following is additional information related to Figure 4-11. FTTB represents majority (~60 percent): - South Korea is n