vices, while NB-IoT dedicated devices consume up to 50% less for cDRX and reception. The wider bandwidth of Cat-M seems costly in terms of instantaneous power consumption; however, the times to synchronize and actively receive are correspondingly shorter for Cat-M. Thus, it is difficult to determine which technology consumes the least energy - it depends on the application layer payload, latency requirement, and coverage level. 14.10 loT Solution Benchmarking IoT connectivity is the baseline for a number of new applications in the future con- nected world including wireless factories, smart cities, and homes. Some applications require reliable connectivity, low latency, flexible scalability, and high security. On the other hand, other use cases need low-cost devices with low power consumption. Wi-Fi networks at 2.4 and 5 GHz have been traditionally used for the local areas. There are also other options besides Wi-Fi for IoT connectivity: LTE Cat-1, Cat-M, NB-IoT, 5G, Bluetooth, and Zigbee. The radio technology options are shown in Figure 14.21. 14 Internet of Things Optimization Cellular Short range LTE high LTE low Wi-Fi Bluetooth Zigbee speed speed Cat 4+ Cat 1 Cat-M NB-IoT Sigfox LPWA = Low Power Wide Area Figure 14.21 Main radio technology options for loT connectivity. The technologies differ in terms of data rate, latency, coverage, capacity, interference tolerance, mobility, cost, power consumption, and deployment options. Wi-Fi, Blue- tooth, and Zigbee are limited to local area cases with short distances. This section focuses on Low Power Wide Area (LPWA) technologies, which are mainly LTE-based standardized solutions, LoRa and Sigfox. LTE has been successfully utilized by mobile operators for smartphones on the licensed spectrum. LTE technology was enhanced for IoT optimization with Cat-M and NB-IoT for low-cost and low power consumption devices. Both solutions have been commercially deployed during 2018 and 2019 with more than 100 commercial networks by 2019. LoRa and Sigfox operate in the unlicensed Ind