4i + 1), b(4i + 3) are mapped to complex-valued modulation symbol d(i) according to d(i) = 1/10{(1 - 2b(4i))[2 - (1 - 2b(4i + 2))] j(1 2b(4i + 1))[2 (1 2b(4i 64QAM: In this case, bit sextuplet b(6i), b(6i + 1), b(6i + 2), b(6i + 3), b(6i + 4), b(6i+5) are mapped to complex-valued modulation symbol d(i) according to = - + j(1 2b(6i + 1)) -(1-2b(6i+3))[2-(1-2b(6i+5))]]}. - 256QAM: In this case, bit octuplet b(8i),b(8i+1),b(8i+2),b(8i+3), b(8i + 4), b(8i + 5), b(8i + 6), b(8i+7) are mapped to complex-valued modulation sym- bol d(i) according to d(i) = 1/170{1 - 2b(8i)[8 1 - 1 -2b(8i + 4)[2 - 1 - b(8i +6)]] + 2b(8i + 1)[8 1 2b(8i 3)[4 2b(8i + 5)[2 - 1 - 2b(8i + 7)]]]} . To determine the modulation order, target code rate, and TBS in the PDSCH, the UE needs to read the 5-bit modulation and coding scheme field IMCS in the DCI to determine the mod- ulation order Qm and target code rate R based on the procedure that we defined in the Chapter 4 Noise-free modulation constellations Modulation constellations at 10 dB SNR Figure 4.52 Modulation constellations at noise-free and SNR = 10 dB conditions. previous section. The UE then use the number of layers V and the total number of allocated PRBs before rate matching NPRB to determine to the TBS. The UE may skip decoding of a TB in an initial transmission, if the effective channel code rate is higher than 0.95. The effective channel code rate is defined as the number of downlink information bits (including CRC bits) divided by the number of physical channel bits transmitted on PDSCH [9]. Fig. 4.52 shows the constellations of NR modulation schemes in noise-free and SNR = 10 dB conditions, which demonstrate the effect of achievable SNR at the receiver detector and the choice of modulation order for transmission. The concepts of MCS, code rate, TB, and TBS in 3GPP NR are similar to those of 3GPP LTE. In NR, the DL-SCH and UL-SCH MCS and code rate for transmission are determined by predefined tables given in [9]. However, TBS determination in NR is more complicated than that of LT