 powered LAN cable length of LAN IEEE standard device (W) category cable (m) 802.3af (PoE) 12.95 CAT3 or higher 802.3at (PoE+) CAT5 or higher PoE++* CAT5 or higher * Not yet standardized, example values of a commercial product. LTE Small Cell Optimization NOKIA Figure 6.4 Nokia Flexi Zone Indoor Pico LTE base station High-category LAN cables have a lower wire resistance than low-category cables and are therefore also better suited to PoE. An example pico cell product is illustrated in Figure 6.4. Its main product specifications are shown in Table 6.3. First dual-mode pico base stations, capable of simultaneously operating in WCDMA/HSPA and LTE mode, were announced in 2014. Products from several vendors were commercially available during 2015. Table 6.3 Nokia Flexi Zone Indoor Pico LTE base station features Weight 1.9 kg Volume 2.8 litres Temperature range 0°C to +40°C Output power Min 2 X 50 mW Max 2 X 250 mW MIMO support 2 X 2 MIMO Power consumption <50 W Max capacity Up to 400 simultaneous users Feature parity with macro cell Option for integrated Wi-Fi Synchronization GPS, IEEE 1588v2 or Synchronous Ethernet Backhaul Ethernet over copper Power feed PoE++ or AC/DC adapter Small Cell Products 6.5 Femtocells Femtocells are used for providing residential or enterprise indoor coverage. Small size and simple installation are important since femtocells are typically installed by the end user without any telecommunications or radio skills. Millions of WCDMA and CDMA femtocells have been installed in homes, and with the rapid proliferation of Wi-Fi-capable smartphones, 3G femtocells are nowadays primarily used to solve the voice coverage problem. Femtocells are also deployed in small office premises requiring only one or a few access points. Other solutions are usually selected for larger indoor deployments. Femtocells have low output power and limited capacity in terms of supported users, which make them unsuitable for most outdoor installations. Femtocells, especially residential femtocells, are typically deployed in