ces (UMTS). In the second phase of only three countries worldwide where GSM is not RACE, the CODIT project (Code Division Test bed) and deployed. A global standard gains in economy of scale, the ATDMA project (Advanced TDM A Mobile Access) since the market for products becomes larger. This has further developed 3G concepts based on Wideband The European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT) consist of the telecom administrations from 47 countries. Background of 3G evolution CHAPTER 4.1 Detailed Architecture Testing and Requirements specifications verification Figure 4.1-1 The standardization phases and iterative process. CDMA (WCDMA) and Wideband TDMA technologies. 4.1.2 Standardization The next phase of related European research was Advanced Communication Technologies and Services 4.1.2.1 The standardization process (ACTS), which included the UMTS-related project Future Radio Wideband Multiple Access System Setting a standard for mobile communication is not (FRAMES). The FRAMES project resulted in a multiple a one-time job, it is an ongoing process. The standardi- access concept that included both Wideband CDMA and zation forums are constantly evolving their standards Wideband TDMA components. trying to meet new demands for services and features. At the same time parallel 3G activities were going on The standardization process is different in the different in other parts of the world. In Japan, the Association of forums, but typically includes the four phases illustrated Radio Industries and Businesses (ARIB) was in the pro- in Figure 4.1-1: cess of defining a 3G wireless communication technology based on Wideband CDMA. In the US, a Wideband 1. Requirements, where it is decided what is to be CDMA concept called WIMS was developed within the achieved by the standard. T1.P12 committee. Korea also started work on Wideband 2. Architecture, where the main building blocks and CDMA at this time. interfaces are decided. The FRAMES concept was submitted to the stan- 3. Detailed specifications