a pair of related standards. The Atom Syndication Format is an XML language used for web feeds, while the Atom Publishing Protocol (AtomPub or APP) is a simple HTTP-based protocol for creating and updating web resources. Next Generation Mobile Communications Ecosystem DCD Server DCD-CPDE Data Exchange with DCD DCD Content Content Provider Subscription and Distribution and Provider Server DCD-CPR Administration Adaptation Content Provider Registration DCD Client Subscription and Content Reception and Administration Storage Management Client Application Interaction DCD-CAR DCD-CADE Cvontent Application Data Exchange Registration with Client Application LEGEND: DCD Enabled Client Application Outside DCD Scope Figure 9.32 DCD enabler architecture. Reproduced with permission from © 2008 OMA [49] The DCD Content Provider may publish available content to the DCD Server. The DCD Server will deliver such DCD Content to subscribed devices. DCD Content Providers interacts with the DCD Enabler via: The DCD-CPDE interface, for data exchange for example, for receiving content requests and requesting content delivery. The DCD-CPR interface, for registration with the DCD Server. 9.13.3 Distribution Channels The delivery of the content to the mobiles is achieved in the following four forms: Over the air transfer to the handsets by the mobile operators. The content can be pushed via WAP (Wireless Application Protocol), Short codes16 and embedded codes. Transfer content from any other source such as PCs or Cameras; via USB cable, removable memory card, Bluetooth, WiFi, and SO on. This technique is known as sideloading. 16 Short codes are unique short three to eight digit phone numbers used to receive SMS messages, which in turn can begin delivery of content. Embedded codes can be quick response bar codes printed in magazine ads, posters, etc. IMS, Services and Applications Wholesale distribution channels like NTT Docomo's I-mode service and Qualcomm's BREW. I-Mode in Japan has several thousand authorized content partners, who use D