efits for residential and office installations, while public installations should be based on the traffic density and the available spectrum. The underlying assumption for residential and office scenarios is that backhaul at the deployment locations can be reused without incurring site costs. The cost in offices is assumed to be about four or five times higher than the cost in a residential home. Future multisystem pico solutions will provide a best of both worlds approach with Wi-Fi and cellular support and a very cost-effective and scalable solution for indoor coverage and capacity deployments. Figure 5.12 illustrates the result of a case study about TCO for different network evolution paths. The study was done for urban hotspot and for suburban area. The result shows that the lowest cost in the hotspot area is provided by the combination of macro cells, outdoor pico cells and indoor solution. The lowest cost in suburban case was achieved with mostly macro cells combined with some outdoor pico cells. 5.8 Summary The small cell deployments are driven by the need for more capacity and better coverage. The small cell rollouts are getting simpler with a number of new 3GPP features and the small Small Cell Deployment Options base station implementation is more practical with compact products. The practical small cell deployments need to consider a number of options in terms of network architecture, frequency usage and finding the optimal location for the small cell. The network architecture can be selected based on the available transport network and based on the requirements for the radio features. The 3GPP specifications allow flexible deployment options for the small cells. The most cost-efficient solution is typically the combination of macro and small cells including Wi-Fi. References [1] 'Deployment Strategies for Heterogeneous Networks', Nokia white paper, 2014. [2] 'Indoor Deployment Strategies', Nokia white paper, 2014. [3] 'Business Aware Traffic Steering', Nokia white paper, 2014. Small Cell Products Harr