ill expand over time as the 3GPP standards evolve. We show a few examples of these use-case specific implementations in the following sections. Ultra-reliable low-latency communication Local industrial production domains (say, a robotic arm or the internals of an unmanned guided vehicle) are conventionally supported using (wired) Ethernet Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) systems that are capable of latency in the 10 seconds of us. Connectivity between different produc- tion domains within a factory is either provided by wired Ethernet or by industrial Wi-Fi solutions. 5G protocol extensions for ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC) are defined for new services and applications from vertical industrial domains: smart factory and industrial automation industrial control robot control machine to machine process control healthcare industry remote diagnosis emergency response remote surgery entertainment industry immersive entertainment online gaming transport industry driver assistance applications enhanced safety autonomous driving traffic management manufacturing industry motion control remote control Augmented Reality (AR)/Virtual Reality (VR) applications Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) Systems Architecture and Design. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-91923-4.00002-1 © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 350 Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) Systems Architecture and Design energy sector smart grid smart energy Note how most of these examples are in geographical limited areas such as factory, har- bor, airport, or campus. Typically, they are closed-loop control applications (e.g., robot col- laboration in a factory) where latency constraints are obvious. 5G in industrial applications is enabled by several factors that are outlined here: 3GPP standards including URLLC deployment options such as edge compute and software-defined networking (SDN) spectral availability supporting private network deployment as we discussed in the chapter 1. 3GPP standards: ultra-reliable low-latency communication 