n Demand EDC, 187-189 Index mitigation, 181-189 Coefficients in DCT, 64-66 Core for optical fibers, 111-116, NDFs, 182-185 Color images, 55-56 121-124 origin, 176-177 Committed Information Rate Core headers in GFP, 356-357 single-mode fibers, 177-179 (CIR), 369 Corning fiber, 125-126, 128, 130, system implications, 176-180 Common Channel Signaling system tolerance, 179-181 (CCS), 23 Corrugated horns, 298 CID. See Channel ID field Communications Counters, binary, 19 Ciphertext, 103 antennas, 278-279 Coupling CIR. See Committed Information link calculations, 269 AC, 48 satellites, 275, 303-304 mutual, 280, 286, 298, 306 Circular apertures, 282-283 Companding laws, 5, 17-18 optical fiber, 164 Circular polarization, 233-234, Complementary antennas, 305 polarization, 191, 249 Complementary error function, Covariance matrices, 292 Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF), 171-172 CPA. See Copolarized Path Compression Attenuation Cladding for optical fibers, lossless and lossy, 57-58 CPE. See Customer Premises 111-115 u-law, 17 Equipment, 4 Class-Based Queuing, 415 PCM, 57 CRCs. See Cyclic Redundancy Clipping, 16 ratios, 58 Checks Clock signals, 19 raw digital video, 56-57 CR-LDP. See Constraint Routed jitter, 50-51 spatial redundancy reduction, single-channel optical fiber 62-66 Crest factor, 14 transmission, 150 standards, 58-62 Critical angle in optical fibers, synchronous data transfer, temporal redundancy, 66-68 112-115, 121 video, 53, 56 Critical band of human ear, 9 timing and synchronization, Concatenated codes, 92 Critical frequency of sky waves, 46-48 Concatenation Closed-loop systems, 291 for error floors, 101 Cross-connects Clutter loss, 242 SDH, 344-351 ATM, 371 Cluttered environments, field Conductivity, ground, 255-256 DXC, 363 ratios in, 255 Congestion-driven rate control, SDH networks, 339-341 CMF. See Cymomotive Force Cross-gain modulation, 159 CMLs. See Chirp-Managed Conical horns, 297-298 Cross modulation, 198, 249-250 Lasers Connection Admission Control Cross-Phase Modulation (XPM), Coarse Wavelength Division