be found in [Luc93], which is quite complex and involves many separate techniques and theories. In this thesis, rather than solving the analytic equations for the waiting time, the BMAP/D/1 queue was simulated using the OPNET simulator with a traffic source, a queue and a traffic sink, as shown in Figure 6.61. The source traffic of the queue is a trace generated using the BMAP parameterized with real data using IP2BMAP software. In the simulated queue system, there is only one server and the service rate is set to deterministic. queue Figure 6.61: BMAP/D/1 Queue in OPNET The following validates the accuracy of the BMAP/D/1 model to estimate the AAL2 queuing delay. In the given example scenario, only RAB 64kbps is used for transmitting the web applications with an average web page size of 25kbyte (Pareto page size distribution). The lub link is a 2 Mbps E1 line and the bandwidth for the user plane is set to 1.55 Mbps. Figure 6.62 presents the results from BMAP/D/1 to derive the CDF of AAL2 queue length in bits (left diagram) and queuing delay in seconds (right diagram) compared with simulations. The results show the distribution of the AAL2 queue length and queuing delays obtained from the BMAP/D/1 model are pretty close to the distribution of the measured values from the simulation. From this example, the BMAP/D/1 model is demonstrated to be an accurate analytical model to calculate the queuing delay in the AAL2 buffer. 6.5 Dimensioning for HSPA Queue Size (bits) Queuing Delay Simulation Simulation BMAP/D/1 BMAP/D/1 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.009 0.01 0.011 0.012 Queue Size (bits) Queueing Delay (second) Figure 6.62: CDF of FP PDU Inter-arrival time (simulation vs. BMAP) 6.5 Dimensioning for HSPA The HSPA (HSDPA and HSUPA) traffic is typically characterized by high peak data rate and high burstniess, which leads to higher transport capacity requirements on the lub interface than the Rel99 traffic. In this thesis, the dimensioning for HSPA traffic is focused on 