ices are proposed, covering capital investment in infrastructure and operational expenditures on water resource development, transmission, treatment, distribution, wastewater collection, wastewater treatment and disposal: High-income countries 0.35% to 1.20% of GDP Based on a lower bound (Italy) and an upper bound (France) and including figures from Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Netherlands, Portugal, the United Kingdom and the United States. Middle-income countries 0.54% to 2.60% of GDP Based on a lower bound (Slovakia) and an upper bound (Georgia) and including figures from Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Brazil, China, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Poland, Russia, Turkmenistan, and Ukraine. Low-income countries 0.70% to 6.30% of GDP Based on a lower bound (India) and an upper bound (Uzbekistan) and including Moldova, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. 4. Key factors driving future demand and infrastructure investment requirements Background A set of common trends and eight key drivers that are expected to impact on infrastructure provision in general have been identified and discussed in broad terms in the trends report (Andrieu, 2005). This section considers the significance of each of the eight in terms of their influence on the requirements for and provision of water services. Only the aspects of the drivers that appear to be of a more immediate relevance are examined within the 2025 time scale. Geopolitics Non-state actors As inter-state relationships have become more complex, states have increasingly sought to establish international mechanisms to facilitate and INFRASTRUCTURE TO 2030: TELECOM, LAND TRANSPORT, WATER AND ELECTRICITY - ISBN 92-64-02398-4 - © OECD 2006 5. THE IMPACTS OF CHANGE ON THE LONG-TERM FUTURE DEMAND FOR WATER SECTOR INFRASTRUCTURE mediate those relationships. In certain areas this has resulted in the assigning of policy and actions to international bodies outside the control of any one state. The European Union (EU) is perhaps the best exemplar of this. The EU plays a particularl