 spectrum by LAA scheme. Partial subframe in LAA uplink burst is transmitted either from the start of the zeroth symbol or from the start of the first symbol in a subframe. The transmission can also start between the zeroth and the first symbol [1]. Therefore, the zeroth symbol in the first subframe of an LAA uplink burst can be partially filled, fully filled, or empty. The LAA uplink transmission can end either at the 12th or 13th OFDM symbol in a subframe [2]. Therefore, the last subframe in an LAA uplink transmission can be filled with 14 OFDM symbols or can be partially filled with 13 OFDM symbols. The LAA downlink transmission can start from the zeroth OFDM symbol (subframe boundary) or from the seventh OFDM symbol (second slot starting position) of a subframe [3,4]. The LAA downlink transmission can either end at the subframe boundary or at any existing downlink pilot time slot (DwPTS) symbol (in frame structure type 2). Therefore, the last subframe can be completely occupied with 14 OFDM symbols or consist of any of DwPTS symbols, that is, 3, 6, 9, 10, 11, or 12 OFDM symbols [1]. Example con- figurations of frame structure type 3 are shown in Fig. 8.33 [1]. LAA uplink burst LAA downlink burst Partial ending subframe Partial starting subframe Partial ending subframe Slot 0 Slot 1 11 12 13 11 12 13 12 Symbols Partial starting subframe Partially filled 1st 13 Symbols symbol Subframe boundary 11 Symbols Completely empty 1st 10 Symbols symbol LAA burst 9 Symbols 11 12 13 6 Symbols 3 Symbols Figure 8.33 Example configurations of frame structure type 3 [1]. Operation in Unlicensed and Shared Spectrum Cell selection and synchronization rely on the reception of the synchronization signals, that is, primary and secondary synchronization signal (PSS/SSS) as well as cell-specific reference sig- nals (CRS). In particular, PSS/SSS can be used for physical cell identity detection, and the CRS can be used to further improve the performance of cell ID detection. These synchroniza- tion signals are further used to acquire c