ce. Non Real-Time Applications Background In the background class, the destination is not expecting the data within a certain time but is expecting a preserved payload content, e.g. e-mail. Interactive A request/response pattern is important in the interactive class and the payload content must be preserved. UMTS QoS Classes It is foreseen that UMTS should be designed for the case where the bottleneck is not the core network, but the UMTS bearer access speed. A summary of the UMTS QoS classification is shown in Table 7.2. 7.4 THREATS TO QOS Multi-operator connections, extensive layering and interconnected technologies create many more interfaces than in the monopoly era. See Figure 7.6. Understanding Changing Telecommunications - Building a Successful Telecom Business Interconnected operators SLA* need between operator and end user and between operators Roaming needs between operators and between access technologies QoS need Operator 1 Operator 2 Operator 3 QoS need Security need Security need Terminal QoS mapping SLA QoS capabilities inside operator mapping mapping network (Ex RSVP-Diffserv) Voice Layered Interconnected network technologies *SLA = Service level agreement technologies, changing transfer modes layered operation Figure 7.6 The new environment is a threat to QoS Deficiencies in fundamental plans (other than QoS) create a number of threats. See Figure 7.7. 7.4.1 PASSING SEVERAL OPERATORS' NETWORKS When nobody has the overall responsibility for the total delay, the question is how long it will become. There is also a need for mapping between different QoS technologies. See also Chapters 15 and 16. Service level agreements (SLAs) are necessary in order to regulate the QoS between different operators. 7.4.2 CHANGE OF TRANSFER MODE A telephone connection from a PSTN network, via an IP backbone trunk to a mobile phone in a GSM network is an example of this type of connection. The voice is (probably) coded differently in the three different networks. This means that a translation has to be done at intercon