ations, and the radio architecture. A hybrid fiber coaxial network is a telecommunication technology in which optical fiber cable and coaxial cable are used in different portions of a network to carry broadband content. An advantage of hybrid fiber coaxial is that some of the characteristics of fiber-optic cable (high bandwidth and low noise and interference susceptibility) can be brought close to the user without having to replace the existing coaxial cable that is installed at home or business. Gigabit passive optical network is a point-to-multipoint access network. Its main characteristic is the use of passive splitters in the fiber distribution network, enabling one single feeding fiber from the provider to serve multiple homes and small businesses. Gigabit passive optical network has a downstream capacity of 2.488 Gbps and an upstream capacity of 1.244 Gbps that is shared among users. Encryption is used to keep each user's data secured and private from other users [ITU-T G.984]. Wired backhaul link Wireless backhaul link mmwave (())) Digital subscriber line Small-cell Copper access multiplexer Macro-cell FTTN (fiber to the node) EPC/5GC (core network) Passive optical network Fiber (optical line (())) Macro-cell termination) sub-6 GHz Metro Cable Edge router Edge router FTTN (fiber to Macro-cell the node) (())) FTTN (fiber to the Fiber node) Macro-cell Small-cell Passive optical (())) network Relay (optical line FTTN (fiber to the termination) LoS microwave Macro-cell node) Digital subscriber line Satellite access multiplexer Macro-cell Figure 1.40 Illustration of mobile backhaul network physical media and access layer with macro-cell and small-cell base station [79]. Table 1.2: Example of LTE-advanced base stations and wireless backhaul solutions [79]. Number of Power Amplifier Signal Number of Sectors/ Total Base Station Wireless Station Deployment Active Radius Output Power Bandwidth Number of Theoretical Capacity Backhaul Scenario Users (dBm) (MHz) Antennas (Gbps) Scheme Macro- Outdoor 200-1000 Microware,