ecomes yet another source of dTE for nodes operating in hybrid mode. While discussing the mechanisms contributing to dTE, it is interesting to note that the rate of vari- ation in TE will vary for the different sources. As discussed in Chapter 5, any variation in TE can be further classified as wander (occurring less frequently) and jitter (more frequently), based on the frequency of occurrence. Using the same convention, dTE is decomposed into two subcomponents: dTEH and dTEL, which represent the high and low frequency components of the dTE, respectively. dTEA can be referred to as the jitter portion of the dTE and dTEL as the wander portion of dTE. These are delineated from each other based on the bandwidth (the line usually agreed upon is 0.1 Hz). These subcomponents of dTE can be filtered via low-pass and high-pass filters of a timing node. Refer to the concept of bandwidth and filters in Chapter 5 for more details. Combining all three components of TE discussed until now, the max|TE| generated by a node can be understood to be a combination of cTE, dTEH, and dTEL values. Whereas cTE is measured specified in nanoseconds (a positive or negative value), the dTE is the variation of TE, SO it is not quite as straightforward. Also, in addition to the TE generated by the timing node, a method to de- termine the end-to-end network limits must be considered as well. Instead of going into exact mathematical calculations, it is sufficient to understand that the calcula- tion of max|TE| for network limits is done using a root mean square (RMS) method of averaging of dTE from all the nodes of the network. A simplified equation to represent the combination of the various TE components could be max|TE| < SUM(cTE) of all nodes + RMS(dTE) of all nodes Besides max TE for the network limits, the recommended limits of the two subcomponents of dTE are also measured and expressed as using the following measures: dTEL: Maximum time interval error (MTIE) and time deviation (TDEV) masks are used to specify the dTEL component of dTE.