etermine if technology is real or im- agined, or if it's software or vaporware. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND SUMMARY Between around 1960 and 1980, the public switched telephone net- work underwent rapid and dramatic change from developments in solid-state digital technology. Initially, the diode and transistor were single function devices, but it didn't take long for them to be packaged into containers and branded integrated circuits. Computers-large, slow data processing machines and systems-were not immune to the same technological turmoil. Consequently, computers and their terminals migrated across the scientific landscape into office territory. Connections between the computers changed significantly as Teletype machine controllers turned into timeshare terminals. Someone figured out a way to convert the digital signal between the timeshare terminal and the computer from digital to analog, and reverse the process at the other end; devices made with modulator and demodulator techniques extended acronym territory with the term MODEM. All of a sudden the analog telephone network could connect timeshare terminals and computers as well as the Teletype network could. Originally, tele- phone networks were analog. Modems allowed telephone networks to be used to support computer communications. As this initial impact from transistors and integrated circuit electron- ics enabled faster and faster computers, it had a similar effect on 4 NETWORK TECHNOLOGY AND METHODOLOGY network technology. Bell Labs started working on digital transmis- sion technology in the 1960s. The objective was to double voice channel capacity of a single trunk line from 12 simultaneous conver- sations to 24. This technology had tremendous value in large cities where the potential return was superior compared to digging up the street and burying more conduit. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, the long distance switching and transmission network underwent a conversion from analog to digital. Mini-computers replaced many mainframes; mainframes became faster a