It establishes the characteristics of the Layer-1 physical channels, generation of physical channels, and modulation. TS 36.212 Multiplexing and channel coding: This specification describes the transport channel and control channel data processing, including multiplexing, channel coding and interleaving. TS 36.213 Physical layer procedures: This specification establishes the characteristics of the physical layer procedures (synchronization, power control, and SO on). Next Generation Mobile Communications Ecosystem To/From Higher Layers 36.212 Multiplexing and channel coding 36.211 36.213 36.214 Physical Channels and Physical layer procedures Physical layer - Modulation Measurements Figure 3.3 Relation between physical layer specifications. Reproduced with permission from C 2009 TS 36.214 Physical Layer Measurements: This specification establishes the characteristics of the physical layer measurements. 3.5.1 Services and Functions The physical layer offers data transport services to higher layers. The access to these services is through the use of transport channels via the MAC sublayer. A transport block is defined as the data delivered by MAC layer to the physical layer and vice versa. Transport blocks are delivered once every TTI (Transmission Time Interval). 8 The physical layer is expected to perform the following functions in order to provide the data transport service [12]: Error detection on the transport channel and indication to higher layers. FEC encoding/decoding of the transport channel. Hybrid ARQ soft-combining. Rate matching of the coded transport channel to physical channels. Mapping of the coded transport channel onto physical channels. Power weighting of physical channels. Modulation and demodulation of physical channels. Frequency and time synchronization. Radio characteristics measurements and indication to higher layers. Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) antenna processing. Transmit Diversity (TX diversity). Beamforming. RF processing. TTI is a parameter related to encapsulation of data f