dentally, serious about wireless competing with, or working effectively with, continuously improving fibre and copper access technologies. Bridging the 'digital divide' in emerging nations requires cooperation not exhortation. This in turn implies a return to prescriptive globally harmonised spectral allocation com- bined with prescriptive and closely integrated mandated technology standards and a globally harmonised approach to IPR management. On the income side the focus has shifted dramatically over the past five years from voice and text value to content value to application value. There was a period around about 2008 when content was thought of as king. Vendors of billing products introduced content management and billing platforms and operators waited for the money to roll in. Content, however, has significant associated costs and the value is often resident with parties other than those that bear the costs either of origination and/or storage and delivery cost. 21.22 The Hidden Costs of Content - Storage Cost For example, the assumption is that storage costs are decreasing over time, a function of the halving of memory costs on a 12-month cycle. This would only be true if content was expanding at a lower rate than memory bandwidth, and this is presently not the case. Content bandwidth inflation is being caused by the transition to high-definition TV, a fourfold bandwidth expansion. This is compounded by the move to higher-fidelity audio, a composite of enhanced MP3 and five- or seven-channel surround sound. Still-image content expansion is being driven by ever higher-resolution image capture platforms, 44-megapixel cameras being an extreme but relevant example. This bandwidth expansion hits every stage of the content production chain from original capture through post production through to storage and distribution. 21.23 The Hidden Costs of User-Generated Content - Sorting Cost This includes user-generated content. For example, the BBC has a programme called Autumn Watch, a study of how weather affects peo