expenditure on wastewater pollution abatement and control, selected countries, late 1990s Total 1 Public sector2 Business sector Investment Year Per capita %o GDP Per capita %o GDP Year Per capita %o GDP %o GDP Mexico United States 161.8 105.0 Japan Korea 116.3 Australia Austria 3 202.8 117.2 Belgium 111.4 Denmark 123.0 Finland France 177.9 100.7 Germany 3 195.4 168.7 Greece Iceland Ireland Italy³ Luxembourg Netherlands 144.3 113.5 Norway Poland³ Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland³ 3 131.6 Turkey United Kingdom 1. Public and business sectors and specialised producers of environmental services (not households). 2. Including public specialised producers of environmental services 3. Per capita: in USD per person at current purchasing power parities - % GDP: per 1 000 units of GDP. Source: OECD. Other reported figures for wastewater for example are for the Netherlands 0.6% of GDP and for France 0.8% of GDP (IWA, 2005). The derived figure of expenditure for India is similar to that of high-income countries at 0.71%, though this appears to be somewhat low. The reported figure for China is 1.4%, compared with the Five Year Plan estimate of 1.5%. INFRASTRUCTURE TO 2030: TELECOM, LAND TRANSPORT, WATER AND ELECTRICITY - ISBN 92-64-02398-4 - © OECD 2006 5. THE IMPACTS OF CHANGE ON THE LONG-TERM FUTURE DEMAND FOR WATER SECTOR INFRASTRUCTURE Summary Based on the evidence cited above, the levels of expenditure on water services for high income countries should be of the order of 0.75% of GDP. The estimations for the EECCA countries would appear to show some broad correlation with the empirical work, although the spread is wide (0.3-6%). The evidence suggests that in the case of low-income countries there will have to be substantial increases in the levels of investment if appropriate levels of water services are to be provided. It is difficult to be definitive given the gaps in data and the uncertainties surrounding the available information. Nonetheless, the following ranges of annual expenditures on water serv