both Guglielmo Marconi and Lee De Forest for live coverage of this nauti- cal event. Even earlier, in 1899, Marconi had experimented with frequency-selective reception in response to worries about radio interference [6], [43]. The Navy, whose due concern had prompted this most basic advance in the radio art, reemphasized its apprehensions by warnings during 1904 on the dan- Emerging Concepts gers of relying on wireless in war" that "raised the questions of enemy inter- cept and interference which were to remain and grow into the major research and operational fields of radio intelligence and radio countermeasures" [45, p. 1243]. The earliest patent [46] presently construed by the U.S. Patent Office as being spread spectrum in character was filed in 1924 by Alfred N. Goldsmith, one of the three founders of the IRE. Goldsmith proposed to counteract the multipath-induced fading effects encountered in shortwave communication radiating a certain range of wave frequencies which are modulated in accor- dance with the signal and actuating a receiver by means of energy collected on all the frequencies, preferably utilizing a wave which is continuously varied in wave frequency over a certain range of cycles recurring in a certain period. Certainly, we can identify this as a form of FM-SS transmission. However, the envisioned data modulation was by amplitude (AM) with reception by a broadly tuned AM receiver. Hence, the correlation detector necessary to achieve the full benefits of SS operation was not inherent in Goldsmith's dis- closure. For a World War II disclosure on an FM-SS chirp communication system with a more sophisticated receiver, claiming a primitive form of diver- sity reception for multipath signals and a capability against narrow-band interference, see [47]. In 1935, Telefunken engineers Paul Kotowski and Kurt Dannehl applied for a German patent on a device for masking voice signals by combining them with an equally broad-band noise signal produced by a rotating gen- erator [48]. The receiver in their system