nt scenario. The FR2 signal propagation is character- ized with less diffraction, higher penetration loss, and in general higher path loss. This can be compensated by incorporating more antenna elements at the transmit and receive sides, narrower beams with higher antenna gains, leading to massive MIMO systems. LTE initially supported channel bandwidths up to 20 MHz, and later through the use of car- rier aggregation, it was able to operate in up to 100 MHz bandwidths. The number of com- ponent carriers was later increased to 32 in 3GPP Rel-13, resulting in the maximum operating bandwidth of up to 640 MHz. The Rel-15 NR supports inter-band and intra-band contiguous and non-contiguous carrier aggregation as well as dual connectivity which allows simultaneous communication to NR and LTE base stations. Due to much wider chan- nel bandwidths targeted in NR, the maximum channel bandwidth per component carrier has been increased to 100 MHz in FR1 (using SCSs of 30 and 60 kHz) and 400 MHz in FR2 (using 120 kHz SCS). Support of 400 MHz bandwidth in FR2 is optional; however, the NR devices are required to support up to 200 MHz in FR2. The NR new bands and the cor- responding channel bandwidths and SCSs are shown in Table 5.1 [29]. The LTE spectrum utilization (defined as the ratio of the transmission bandwidth over the channel bandwidth) was 90% and guard bands were provisioned on both sides of the trans- mission bandwidth to protect communication in the adjacent channels by limiting the adja- cent channel interference. In NR, the spectrum utilization has been increased to 98% (depending on transmission bandwidth), as a result of time and frequency-domain prepro- cessing of the OFDM signal (i.e., windowing and spectral shaping). While the size of the guard bands have been reduced in NR due to increased spectrum utilization, the out-of-band (OOB) emission and the permissible leakage power requirements have remained the same as LTE. Table 5.1: NR new bands and channel bandwidths ("x" configurable and optional) [5,29]. Frequ