, the power from the battery will be around 2.5 W, compared to around 1.8 W for current LTE UEs. The PAPR of the 5G NR signal is 3 dB higher than an equivalent LTE waveform [48], resulting in larger back-off or higher average transmit power. Another inter- esting observation is that for 5G CP-OFDM waveform using different modulations, there is no significant difference in the CCDF function- meaning higher order modulation has mini- mal impact on maximum power reduction (MPR) and PA back-off. Fig. 3.13 shows the Chapter 3 LTE QPSK SC-FDMA 20 MHz NR QPSK CP-OFDM 20 MHz NR 16QAM CP-OFDM 20 MHz NR 64QAM CP-OFDM 20 MHz NR QPSK CP-OFDM 60 MHz NR QPSK CP-OFDM 100 MHz NR QPSK CP-OFDM 200 MHz 0.001 NR QPSK CP-OFDM 400 MHz 0.0001 Peak to average power ratio (dB) LTE SC-FDMA NR DFT-s-OFDM Shaped n/2 BPSK NR BPSK DFT-s-OFDM W shaping 20 MHz NR BPSK DFT-s-OFDM NRCP-OFDM no shaping 20 MHz NR QPSK DFT-s-OFDM 7.5 dB W shaping 20 MHz NR QPSK DFT-s-OFDM no shaping 20 MHz NR QPSK CP-OFDM 0.001 20 MHz LTE QPSK SC-FDMA 20 MHz 0.0001 Peak-to-average-power ratio (dB) Figure 3.13 Comparison of CCDF of CP-OFDM and SC-FDMA PAPRs [48]. New Radio Access Physical Layer Aspects (Part 1) 325 CCDF curves of some lower PAPR options, which can be used in cell-edge areas as well as mmWave frequency bands. We can observe that DFT-spread OFDM (DFT-S-OFDM) QPSK waveform in uplink exhibits very similar PAPR as the existing LTE single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) used in the uplink; however, spectrally shaped /2 - BPSK modulation can provide up to 7.5 dB PAPR reduction which can be used in sub-6 GHz and further in mmWave bands to improve uplink link budget and cover- age [48]. 3.2.1.4 Error Vector Magnitude The modulation accuracy or the permissible signal constellation fuzziness is often measured in terms of error vector magnitude (EVM) metric. In general, the EVM is defined as the square root of the ratio of the mean error vector power to the mean reference-signal power expressed as a percentage. In other words, the EVM define