tation, 18 294-295 B-VLAN Identifiers (B-VIDs), Binary counters, 19 CBR. See Constant Bitrate 410, 413 Binary FSK, 39 CC. See Continuity Check Backbone Core Bridges (BCBs), Binary number codes, 18 messages Binding, FEC, 389 CCS. See Common Channel Backbone Edge Bridges (BEBs), Bipartite graphs, 101 Signaling 413-414 Birefringent fibers, 191-192 CE. See Customer Edge in VPNs Backbones Bit Error Rate (BER), 87, 168-170 CEF. See Cisco Express ATM, 380 bitstream corruption, 167-169 Forwarding Internet, 372 data transmission Cells PBB, 410-412 performance, 45-46 ATM, 370, 378-380, 387 PBT, 363 and FEC, 204-205 cellular, 291 Backbone VLAN Identifier formulating, 170-172 CELP. See Code Excited Linear (B-VID), 410, 413 laser extinction ratio, 172-174 Predictive speech coders Backscattering, Rayleigh, 159, miscellaneous influences, CFM. See Continuity Fault 165-166 174-176 Management Baluns, 305 noise, 42-43 Chains, optical amplifier, 164-165 Bandpass filters, 47 optical amplifiers, 156 Channel Identify (CID) field, 357 Bandwidth optical preamplifiers, 175-176 Channel power equalization, 157 contiguous concatenation, 346 performance, 25-26 Channels, 30 and data rate, 34 receivers, 167 bearer and data, 373-374 multimode fibers, 125-126 Bit interleaving, 20 capacity, 35 speech, 4 Bitrate codec variations, 70-71 SDH, 321-325 VHF and UHF antennas, 305 Bitstream corruption, 167-169 Chebyshev II lowpass filters, Bandwidth delay product, 46 Bit stuffing, 335 12-13 Bandwidth on Demand (BOD), Bit synchronization, 48 Chirped Fiber Bragg Gratings Bits in optical fiber transmission, (FBGs), 185-187 Baseband data transmission, 146-147 Chirp-Managed Lasers (CMLs), 35-36 Block ciphers, 104 Baseband signals, 30 Block coding, 88-92 Chirped pulses, 148 Baseline drift, 48 Block FEC, 205 Chromatic dispersion Base station antennas, 306 Blockage accommodation, 181-182, 187 Basic Rate Interface (BRI), offset reflectors, 296 chirped fiber Bragg gratings, 373-374 reflector antennas, 294 185-187 BCBs. See Backbone Core Bridges BOD. See Bandwidth o