ing through intelligent adaptive front end with software defined radio for the air interface and so can extend range, and also cope with the highest densities of users by employing alternative routing via relays through hops to adjacent handsets. In effect they can form ad hoc networks, as necessary without a fixed infrastructure element present, as shown in Figure 2.15. Future telecommunications infrastructures for the coming decades In consequence it is possible to see the progressive arrival of a new model of infrastructure, heavily influenced by the requirements of the low-cost demands, from developing countries seeking more "bits per buck" for their billions of people in the under USD 3 000 per year income bracket. It is based on the superior accessibility of mobile and the new low cost of AWTs for mobile, especially in mesh networking, and the falling cost per bit carried on INFRASTRUCTURE TO 2030: TELECOM, LAND TRANSPORT, WATER AND ELECTRICITY - ISBN 92-64-02398-4 © OECD 2006 2. TELECOMS INFRASTRUCTURE TO 2030 Figure 2.14. Radio prolongation of wired access point Cellular mobile Mesh relay Basestation node or Basestation node or Universal access point Universal access point Repeater Out of range Figure 2.15. The future fibre-radio composite infrastructure - a simplified network Universal Access Point Radio tails for IP - Interface for any radio packet radio technology to fibre access form the local AWT mesh and cellular loop, for Fibre access network IP Radio access network broadband or Trunk fibre interface narrowband as required, with Multi-operator adaptive IPv6 fibre access network data rates on Content demand, providers symmetric or asymmetric, Global/national plus mesh IP-MPLS-WDM FIBRE TRUNK networking options Global WiFi, WiMax mobile subscriber base New AWTs Cellular mobile Emergency, ad hoc disaster Fixed wireless and security networks Sensor networks WDM fibre for long distance, to form a two-level IP model, reminiscent of BT's 21CN architecture, but simplifying local loop access down to AWTs wi