- mission. Industrial IoT (Time-Sensitive Communications) Controlled 5G-RAN device CUC/CNC Access TSN Translator Controlled device TSN UE Core (user plane) TSN end station Aligned timing Figure 15.4 TSN operation to enable synchronized control of multiple controlled devices. 15 5G Phase 2 and Beyond Further studies have also been done to improve single link reliability with approaches like PDCCH repetition and other link level improvements under the enhanced URLLC study item. There were originally several approaches identified in the 3GPP discussions, from which a subset of methods (the most popular ones) was chosen for Release 16 [5]. The work done with Release 16 MIMO enhancements like Multiple Transmission Point (Multi-TRP) is related to the provision of high reliability. While one can incrementally improve single link reliability, a completely different order of magnitude of improve- ments can come from the increased diversity, especially in a difficult environment like a factory with difficult interference conditions. As a supporting activity, 3GPP is work- ing on channel modeling for the factory environment, where many reflections tend to be created due to the large number of metallic surfaces. These properties are being reflected in the channel model development work in 3GPP [6, 7]. 15.2.3 Toward Dynamic TDD In Release 15, the 5G network using TDD is assumed to be synchronized, both inside a network and also between operators in the same coverage area. The assumption is also that networks from different operators have aligned the uplink/downlink split. This has been considered necessary to avoid interference between the uplink and downlink, and all performance requirements for the Release 15 UE and the network has been formu- lated based on that assumption. The interference between the uplink and downlink has been recognized already from 3G-based TDD deployments [8]. In general, networks with a continuous coverage area have been using aligned uplink/downlink allocations in all the base stations. 3GPP is, h