nse, 269, 414 fragmentation frequency reuse, 454, 460, 461f MAC SDU, 351 cellular radio, 476-478 packing with, 353f repeating 7 pattern for, 477f frame, 109, 115-118 frequency shift keying (FSK), 268 in digital format, 221 Bluetooth WPAN, 346 frame alignment, 119 frequency slots, 79 frame alignment signal (FAS), 427, 428f frequency stacking, 453 frame bursting, 304-305 frequency translator (multiplexer), 80 frame check sequence (FCS), 256, 332 Fresnel break point, 478-479 frame check sequence field, HDLC frame format, Fresnel ellipse, 479f, 480 Fresnel zone clearance calculation, 201-202 frame rate, 545 fringe area, 432 PCM, 122, 135 front porch, 408 in video transmission, 404-405 full availability switching, 59 frame relay, 45, 328-337 full-duplex mode, 387 genesis of, 329-330 full-duplex operation/transmission, 9 network responsibilities for, 336-337 1000Base-T Ethernet, 306 operation of, 330-331 Ethernet, 305 quality of service parameters, 336 full earth coverage, LEO system, 484 trends in, 511 full equipment redundancy, 216 frame relay networks, 329f full-mesh network/topology, 10, 102 traffic and billing on, 333-334 fully compelled signaling, 159-160 Frame Relay Forum, 329 fully disassociated channel signaling, 163f frame structure, 333 function blocks, TMN, 565-566 synchronous digital hierarchy, 504, 508 functions, 604 INDEX Future Public Land Mobile Telecommunication rules of, 11-12 System (FPLMTS), 458 trend away from, 13 hierarchical routing, 181, 182f gain, 32, 223 hierarchy, in long-distance network design, 175-176, 178 CATV amplifier, 437, 439 insertion, 630-631 high frequency (HF), 83 parabolic dish antenna, 211-212 high-definition television (HDTV), 403 VF repeater, 104 high-density binary 3 (HDB3) code, 120 gaseous absorption loss, 226 high-density systems, 83 gateways, 176. See also VoIP gateway higher-order PCM multiplex systems, 122-126 control protocols, 395-400 European, 124-126 North American, 123-124 interface functions, 391, 392f stuffing (justification), 122-123 routing decisions, 323 gati