is less than 31 ms. This is acceptable in most voice communications. The results C 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC SIP Handbook: Services, Technologies, and Security TABLE 22.4 Handoff Delay of Signaling Handoff case 38290.0 ms 171.4 ms 3932.2 ms 161.6 ms 1934.7 ms 161.1 ms Source: From Nakajima, N., Dutta, A., Das, S., and Schulzinne, H. Handoff delay analysis and mea- surement for SIP based mobility in IPv6. Inter- national Conference on Communications (ICC'03), 26, 1085-1089, May 2003. With permission. TABLE 22.5 Handoff Delay of Media UDP Packet Handoff case 38546.3 ms 420.8 ms 4187.7 ms 418.6 ms 1949.4 ms 408.4 ms Source: From Nakajima, N., Dutta, A., Das, S., and Schulzinne, H. Handoff delay analysis and mea- surement for SIP based mobility in IPv6. Inter- national Conference on Communications (ICC'03), 26, 1085-1089, May 2003. With permission. showed that MIPL MIPv6 with modified kernel outperforms the SIP mobil- ity with modified kernel. Hence application layer mobility based on SIP has potential for real-time applications, provided MIPL and MIPv6 and other similar speed up processes are integrated. 22.2.2.4 Disruption Time The amount of disruption time for processing handoff and interconnections is a major concern in VoIP services. Handoff between terminals or nodes could disrupt speech communications if speech packets are lost or delayed too much. Lost packets lead to lost words and sentences and hence makes the communication annoying and uncomfortable. Delayed packets also lead to long delays between sections of words or between words and hence lead to the same uncomfortable speech communication. Hence handoff has the potential to lead to an annoying listening experience in VoIP and IPTV services. Roam- ing users are interested in staying connected with the network while moving from one network to another network with multiple network interfaces. Hence an efficient mobility management scheme is necessary for handling micro- mobility, macro-mobility and roaming. The objective for the scheme should b