rade broadband services according to our current definition. Under the senior author's tenure at TCG, the carrier deployed nationwide several hundred high-end (10- and 100-Mbps) TLS applications (customers) during the mid-1990s using TDM and ATM techniques. The ELECs only discovered the TLS opportunities recently, in 1998 and 1999. 13. At an average of four ADMs per SONET ring and $80,000 per ADM, this would equate to an original install cost of $32 billion. 14. The GbE backbones use full-duplex building-to-building links; these links are back-to-back connected to form a ring architecture. The CSMA/CD discipline is not used (which would have been a STDM technique), but the segment is dedicated to a single source instead (one side of the full-duplex segment dedicated to the uplink, whereas the other side of the full-duplex link is dedicated to the downlink). Therefore, the STDM technique is trivialized. 15. Nortel's White Paper, "A Layered Architecture for Metro Optical Networks," 56018.25/08-00, August 2000. 16. Vint Cerf, The ATM & IP Report (April/May 2001): 1. 17. The publication date for this report is September 21, 2001. 18. Gartner Group, February 2001, as described in http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/3/efm/public/may01/kelly_1_0501.pd 19. IEEE 802.3ae quoting Electronicast. Chapter 1 20. KMI Corp, October 15, 2001, www.kmicorp/fiberoptics_market_studies/ broadband. According to the same source, by the end of 2001, the FTTH market in the United States was estimated at 89,000 homes, and the FTTC market was estimated at 915,000 homes. 21.www.cir-inc.com/index.cfm?loc=news/view&id=85 notes that "CIR predicts that the metro wholesale wavelength services market could reach almost $900 million (U.S.) in five years' time growing from a mere $30 million (U.S.) in 2001 because of the increasingly attractive value of wavelength services over that of dark fiber as well as the gradual penetration of metro DWDM systems into carrier networks. CIR states that 30-fold growth might be realistic, but cautions against the m