Tower, which owned 24GHz and 39GHz spectrum. However, they only got a portion of its 39GHz spectrum and none of its 24GHz spectrum. The FCC seized the 24GHz spectrum because FiberTower hadn't utilized this spectrum. But AT&T did acquire FiberTower's 188 billion points of presence, which are used to backhaul data from cell sites to mobile network switches and core networks. AT&T also purchased Straight Path Communications in 2017 for its 29GHz and 39GHz spectrum. Verizon bought fixed wireless company XO Communications in 2017. Its XO purchase included the rights to lease XO affiliate NextLink's 28GHz spectrum, which is located in and around large cities in the United States. These high- frequency spectrum bands are desired for 5G mobile networks. The FCC must approve these purchases of spectrum before the spectrum transfers are finalized. The Competitive Carrier Association (CCA) objected to this spectrum transfer because it had not been offered at an auction SO that smaller mobile carriers would have an opportunity to bid on this valuable spectrum. The CCA was quoted in a FierceWireless article on January 19, 2018, by Mike Dano, titled "AT&T to lose hundreds of 5G millimeter wave licenses as part of FCC/FiberTower settlement." The CCA stated "If the pending transaction [between AT&T and FiberTower] is approved, the terms of the settlement agreement will afford FiberTower a financial windfall for sitting on unconstructed licenses for years and AT&T a windfall to acquire valuable 5G spectrum." The FCC approved AT&T's purchase of Fiber Tower on February 12, 2018. www.TechnicalPDF.com Synchronizing Spectrum Internationally Spectrum allocation is administered on both an international and a national level. The International Telecommunications Union-Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R) manages the allocation of spectrum for services such as satellite and television that cross national borders. It also acts as the umbrella for other services such as determining spectrum bands for 3rd, 4th, and 5th generation services. These