 which its equipment is installed. These services include security that protects sites from dis- tributed Denial of Service (DoS) attacks. Distributed DoS attacks simultaneously send thousands of bogus messages or messages containing viruses to networks in coordi- nated attacks from computers in multiple locations around the world. If one of its sites does become disabled, Akamai has the ability to run its applications at other locations. laaS: Cloud Services Using Third-Party Infrastructure Providers that develop and sell cloud computing services offer them either on their own data centers or sometimes on another company's large-scale computing infra- structure. Amazon.com's Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) and Google's Google Apps services sell applications on their computing infrastructure to end users and computing power such as servers and storage to software developers. Developers sell the services they develop on Google's and Amazon's infrastructures to consumer and business customers. Computing and Enabling Technologies Amazon's 2006 cloud computing offering was the first of its kind and its success brought cloud computing to the forefront of potential competitors' attention. It grew out of Amazon's web-based storefront, Amazon Marketplace, where retailers used the site to sell their merchandise. Once Amazon's IT infrastructure and billing systems were in place for the Marketplace as well as for its own wares, it was a natural progres- sion to offer spare computing and storage resources on its infrastructure to startups and developers. The consumers were then able to start businesses and create new services without investing capital in powerful computers. Sonian Networks is one of the software developers that uses Amazon's infrastruc- ture for its e-mail archiving services. The service archives customer e-mail messages to searchable, encrypted servers such that Sonian's customers are in compliance with federal and local requirements. Thus, Sonian provides a service to its clients without the burden of managing