ndards. Also, this introduction to the standards will be quite short because each one is described fully in other chapters. 9.2.1 First generation The first generation (1G) label was applied retroactively to cellular networks with an analog air interface, primarily AMPS and narrowband AMPS (N-AMPS), which were described in Chap. 6. There was also a Nordic mobile telephone system developed by Ericsson and Nokia and deployed in two versions in Nordic countries and one version in France. Analog systems similar to or based on these technologies were deployed in other nations, including Japan, England, and South Africa. All first-generation systems used frequency division multiple access (FDMA) because other multiple access tech- nologies require digital transmission. Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website. General Cellular Standards General Cellular Standards 9.2.2 Second generation (2G) Digital transmission technologies were called second generation (2G). Services grew rapidly in the 1990s and also consolidated. Europe standardized on GSM using time di- vision multiple access (TDMA), and many other nations adopted it as well. In North America, 1900-MHz PCS services grew, and local calling plans became first regional and then national. The North American services were a competitive mix of TDMA and CDMA. GSM TDMA was described in Chap. 7. cdmaOne, the final version of 2G CDMA in North America, is described in Sec. 10.1. 9.2.2.1 Worldwide usage profile. The current CDMA technologies for cellular tele- phony got a later start than GSM. Throughout the 1990s, both services grew exponen- tially, but CDMA had only about 15 percent of the market share. In 2002 we have seen several industry reports and news articles suggesting that the European market for cellular phones is nearing saturation; that is, just about everyone in Europe who wants a ce