 and agents through the scheme command issuing or managed object parameters setting, and events or statistics collection. SNMP, CORBA and C++ have been explained before. The information layer performs the administration of the manager and NE's manage- ment information base. SQL (simple query language) is a typical database administrator. LDAP handles the secure access to the databases and to the system and JDBC (Java data base connectivity) handles databases via Java coding. Network management system integration Network level Sub-network RANOS CN-OSS level WCDMA Network radio radio elements network access nework level For WCDMA/UMTS operators CN-OSS together with RANOS will form the management system Figure 16.7 Example of management structure of a 3G system (RANOS: radio network opera- tion system) Telecom Management - Operations Operation & maintenance of GPRS network O&M system Network management Configuration Performance Fault handling MSC/VLR SMS-G/IW MSC ISP/Corporate network Backbone PTM-SC network Traffic path BGw = Billing gateway Signaling path PTM = Point-to-multipoint Management network path Figure 16.8 Management structure of a GPRS system, also showing some different types of management processes as a bridge to next part of this chapter Presentation access layer Launch interface CORBA http, telnet Service CORBA layer SQL, JDBC Information CORBA Access, LDAP server layer Relational database SQL, LDAP Figure 16.9 TM architecture including some enablers Understanding Changing Telecommunications - Building a Successful Telecom Business The overall goal of the TM operations area is business oriented. ROCE, ROI, revenue, CAPEX and OPEX represent such goals. The target is to manage the network for the best ROCE or ROI. The ROCE impact is substantial, indeed, since TM is costly. The OPEX-CAPEX area is also covered to some extent in Chapter 9. Organizational matters are not considered here but a significant congruence between organization and the traffic system is certainly valuable. The processes are a cruc