ence is the bundle that is offered to the end user. As a matter of fact, a good bundle gives the user the impression that he is paying for only what he wants and allows the carrier to deploy efficiently the service-related equipment. Starting from single services, services offered to the retail market can be divided into three categories: 1. Traditional telephone-based services 2. Data services 3. Multimedia services Traditional telephone-based services are all the pre-Internet features of the telecommuni- cation network: telephone calls first, then a set of other related features as network-based answering service, calling number identification, running telephone cost control, and Drivers for Telecommunication Network Evolution SO on. These services, which in telephone switched network were performed by digital telephone switches, are carried out by simulation using packet telephone machines in packet-based networks, SO that the end user experiences no difference in service level. All traditional telephone services are designed to be delivered to the user via the 64 kbit/s analog telephone line; however, they are generally also available for broadband users. In this case, either the broadband access line has a traditional telephone line in parallel (as in the ADSL case) or a packet-based simulation is devised when pure packet access is avail- able (as in the case of all-fiber access). Data services are services based on low-activity data transfer. The main example is web browsing. During web browsing, the activity of the browser is concentrated in short peri- ods of time, when the user downloads web pages. During these periods, the data transfer has to be very fast, since web pages can contain any kind of multimedia elements. During the largest portion of time, however, the user reads the web pages and the trans- mission line is not used. The resulting average activity is in general very low, critically depending on the browsing style of the user. However, activities as low as 1% are normal. In this condition, s