ve transmission technologies is in the process of eliminating network owners' ability to use end user restrictions in an anticompetitive manner. 4. Restrictions on Operating File Servers Similar reasoning justifies restrictions on end users' ability to operate servers hold- ing files for retrieval by other users. Prominent examples include Web page hosting, game servers, and file sharing. These practices represent quintessential bandwidth- intensive uses of network services and are particularly problematic once one acknowledges that network owners will inevitably take the usual network usage patterns of typical users into account when designing their networks. Because most end users download a larger volume of traffic than they upload, network owners typically allocate bandwidth asymmetrically by devoting more bandwidth to down- loading. As a result, allowing end users to operate servers places particular pressure on a system designed for different usage patterns, which will degrade the quality of service for other users. 18 Local telephone calls do require the use of a local switch, which is a shared resource. The scalability of switching capacity makes the collective impact of call usage easier to manage than transmission capacity. 19 Nat'l Cable & Telecomm. Ass'n V. Brand X Internet Servs., 545 U.S. 967, 1001-02 (2005); FCC (2002b, 2002c). The Regulation of Broadband Networks and the Internet 5. Discrimination against Particular Applications Another type of restriction that has drawn criticism from network neutrality pro- ponents is restrictions on particular applications. Some of these restrictions are imposed against end users. For example, some acceptable use policies prohibit commercial uses outright. Others simply require end users who wish to use their connections for commercial purposes to subscribe to a higher-priced service. Still others have responded to reports that file-sharing programs are consuming an over- whelming share of the Internet's capacity by requiring those who wish to file-share to pay