near power amplifier to both in- band and out-of-band performance in Section 6.12 and summarize the chapter in Section 6.13. © 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Single-Carrier Transmission for UTRA LTE Uplink 6.2 LTE Uplink Numerology The basic physical layer parameters that were originally designed for the uplink are shown in Table 6.1 [6]. The transmission scheme is SC-FDMA in a DFT-spread OFDM form. The table shows that different transmission bandwidths have differ- ent parameter settings. The transmission is frame based with a radio frame dura- tion of 10 ms and consists of 20 subframes of 0.5 ms. In technical specification TR 25.814 V7.1.0 [6], a subframe is equivalent to a TTI. An example of subframe structure for uplink transmission is shown in Figure 6.1. Based on technical specification TR 25.814 V7.1.0 [6], a subframe consists of two short blocks and six long blocks. The short block is a reference symbol and transmit- ted in a time-multiplex format with the long block. It has the following purposes: uplink channel estimation for uplink coherent demodulation/detection; possible uplink channel quality estimation for uplink frequency or time- domain channel-dependent scheduling. The short block duration is half the long block duration. The long block is primarily used to transmit data. In the work item phase, the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) has modified certain physical layer parameters and hence has changed the assump- tions that were initially applied for the evaluations in this chapter. In particular, the subframe or TTI duration has changed to 1 ms to include two 0.5-ms slots, each with a structure as shown in Figure 6.2. As it can be seen, the modified short-block duration is equal to the long block and placed in the middle of the slot (as of 2007, the final position within the slot had not been decided). Initially, the supported modulation schemes have been 12 BPSK (binary phase key shift- ing), QPSK (quadrature phase shift keying), 8 PSK (phase shift keying), and 16 QAM (quadrature a