 First-Generation Analog Technologies Analog Cellular Service Cellular, Wireless, Cordless, and Mobile 308 Finite Spectrum for Wireless Networks The Division of Airwaves into Frequencies 309 The Characteristics of Short and Long Wavelengths 310 Spectrum Blocks 311 Using Auctions to Allocate Spectrum 312 Shared Access to Spectrum to Increase Efficient Utilization 314 Unused Spectrum on the Secondary Market 317 xviii Contents Regulating the Amount of Spectrum per Carrier by Using Spectrum Screens 318 Synchronizing Spectrum Internationally 318 Mitigating Interference 319 Unlicensed Spectrum for "Super" Wi-Fi 319 Second-, Third-, and Fourth-Generation Digital Networks 321 Second-Generation Digital Service 321 GSM Service 322 Roaming Using Mobile Devices in Other Networks 322 CDMA Service Compatibility throughout Europe; a Mix of Standards in the United States Connections to Customers and Mobile Networks via the Cell Site 324 Third-Generation Digital Mobile Air Interfaces 324 The Most Common 3G Technologies 325 The Transition to WCDMA 325 Divergent Paths to 3G 326 Migrating from 2G to Wideband CDMA 3G Service 326 3.5 Technologies and the WCDMA Evolution 327 Doubling Voice Capacity with CDMA2000 1X 327 Infrastructure in Second- and Third- Generation Mobile Networks Fourth-Generation Advanced Mobile Services 332 Pre-4G Mobile Services: LTE, WiMAX, and HSPA+ 333 Definitions of 4G 334 LTE Capacity and Roaming 335 The Benefits of LTE for Carriers 336 Frequency- and Time-Division Implementations of LTE 4G Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Antennas 337 The LTE and WiMAX Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing Air Interface 337 The Increasing Number of LTE Deployments 338 The Specifications for WiMAX Antennas and the Air Interface 339 Packetized Voice on LTE and WiMAX Networks 340 The Streamlined Infrastructure of Long-Term Evolution Architecture 341 LTE Cell Sites Offer Additional Functionality 341 The Three Elemental Functions of the LTE IP Core 343 Databases in the LTE Core 344 Connecting Cell Sites and Core Networks 344 S