tions. OSI network management concepts had a major influence in telecom manage- ment. Most of them form the basic principles of telecom management including the agent-manager framework that is used for data collection from elements. The object- oriented approach in OSI network management was appealing for managing the complex telecom network. The CMIP (common management information protocol), an application layer protocol, was developed based on OSI guidelines and is discussed later in this book. Though CMIP is not as popular as its counterpart SNMP (simple network management protocol) in implementation and deployment, the protocol forms the initial attempt on implementing a management protocol based on OSI, which can be used to replace SNMP used at that time for internet management. The OSI management concepts that were adopted by TMN and the differences between TMN and OSI network management are also discussed in this chap- ter. The TMF (TeleManagement Forum), the successor of Network Management Forum (NMF) is now looking into development of network management stan- dards based on both OSI network management and TMN. 5.2 OSI Organizational Model The components that make up network management in the OSI organizational model are: Network objects Agent Manager Management database The elements in a network are referred to as objects. It can be a router, gateway, or switch. The presence of an element in a network does not necessarily mean that there is a management system to support it. The elements or network objects that OSI Network Management Manager Management database Agent Agent Managed objects Unmanaged objects Figure 5.1 Two-tier organizational model. have management functions associated to it, as defined by OSI, are referred to as managed objects and the remaining objects are called unmanaged objects. Network objects can be of two types: managed and unmanaged objects. The network management functions associated to managed objects makes up the management process running on managed objects. This management pr