ructure including self-healing and perhaps also self-organising networks. Such integration will for instance in turn facilitate the creation of integrated health care systems, or "smart house" concepts for the elderly. In the land transportation area, intelligent highways systems and advanced vehicle technologies could bring substantial benefits to network management, accident response, driver information and road/rail capacity (see Figure 1.5). Figure 1.5. Foresight vehicle technology roadmap: main capabilities identified Automatic parking Intelligent speed adaptation Full automation in e.g. heavy-congestion "Autopilots" urban driving emerge Adaptive systems for older drivers Compensation for Voice technologies human error Minimum cost routing Pedestrian sensors 50% reduction in fatigue-related Electronic- vehicle accidents identification Infrastructure/vehicle- 360° vehicle sensing co-operative systems 20 Years Source: DTI Foresight Intelligent Infrastructure Futures, Technology Forward Look, Part 2, p. 11 (2006). Intelligent infrastructure deployment has the potential to augment the capacity at a more or less constant level of fixed capital stock: for example, Stambrook mentions that safety and security enhancements on roads/rail can imply an additional upfront cost of 5%, but savings on maintenance cost could be 5% per year, SO a high return on incremental investment can be expected. Intelligent infrastructure can also create substitution effects, but it is not clear to what extent. Other potential benefits are difficult to quantify but could be very significant: enhanced safety of systems could be key in the sustainability of infrastructure although they create a new frontier: increased dependency on INFRASTRUCTURE TO 2030: TELECOM, LAND TRANSPORT, WATER AND ELECTRICITY - ISBN 92-64-02398-4 © OECD 2006 A CROSS-SECTORAL PERSPECTIVE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF GLOBAL INFRASTRUCTURES TO 2030 automated systems poses new serious risks such as system design failures, software unreliability or vulnerability to malevolent