 allows two devices embedded with chips to exchange information by being in close prox- limity. There are no intermediate devices, which means NFC acts as a peer-to-peer transmission. NFC enables a handset or mobile device to act as a contactless trans- fer medium. NFC chips will be embedded in a variety of devices, allowing the exchange of information within a very short distance. This makes for a very intuitive pairing of devices with a minimal authentication process. There are three modes of operation: Passive communication mode-In this one-way mode, the initiator device provides a carrier field, the target device responds by modulating that field, and the target device draws power from the initiator's electromagnetic field. Active communication mode-In this bidirectional mode, both devices need power supplies, and the initiator and target devices generate their own fields to communicate. Transponder-This bidirectional mode allows tags without access to elec- tric grids or batteries to communicate with an NFC device within range by drawing power from that NFC device. WPANs Nokia and Motorola have both introduced devices supporting the technology, and they are designed in part to serve as payment devices. Nokia has an NFC- enabled phone available, the 3220. With the Nokia NFC shell, this handset allows consumers access to browsing and text message services simply by touching tags that contain service shortcuts. The NFC-enabled phone can be used as a loyalty card, credit card, or train or bus ticket. Purchases normally made with a credit card can be made with the phone because the phone is, in fact, a credit card. NFC will find uses in areas such as e-ticketing, where the customer holds his or her mobile phone close to the ticket kiosk to start the transaction. The customer interacts with the service and then completes the purchase by confirming the transaction on the NFC-enabled mobile phone. Arriving at the concert hall, the customer then holds his or her mobile phone close to a reader fitted to the entrance t