requirement for streaming media and SIP would be able to meet the performance requirement. For example, with WLAN access networks, this is not as much of a problem because the wireless component of the delay is only around 0.2 ms. As shown in Table 17.5, excluding the Internet delay, the end-to-end handoff delay is only around 1.9 ms. This leaves a leverage of about 98 ms for the Inter- net delay. As mentioned before, with appropriate traffic engineering deployed C 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC SIP Handbook: Services, Technologies, and Security TABLE 17.4 Handoff Delay Components (MH Moving to a UMTS Network) Channel bandwidth Channel FER Processing delay Wireless delay 9.6 Kbps 0.010000 0.214408 3.620081 0.020000 0.214408 3.621036 0.030000 0.214408 3.624850 0.040000 0.214408 3.634785 0.050000 0.214408 3.655453 0.060000 0.214408 3.692894 0.070000 0.214408 3.754647 0.080000 0.214408 3.849831 0.090000 0.214408 3.989220 0.100000 0.214408 4.185324 19.2 Kbps 0.010000 0.214408 2.380042 0.020000 0.214408 2.380538 0.030000 0.214408 2.382520 0.040000 0.214408 2.387681 0.050000 0.214408 2.398418 0.060000 0.214408 2.417867 0.070000 0.214408 2.449945 0.080000 0.214408 2.499389 0.090000 0.214408 2.571796 0.100000 0.214408 2.673663 128 Kbps 0.010000 0.214408 1.400010 0.020000 0.214408 1.400137 0.030000 0.214408 1.400650 0.040000 0.214408 1.401998 0.050000 0.214408 1.404818 0.060000 0.214408 1.409945 0.070000 0.214408 1.418423 0.080000 0.214408 1.431517 0.090000 0.214408 1.450721 0.100000 0.214408 1.477774 in the Internet the end-to-end handoff delay can be restricted well within the stipulated maximum limit of 100 ms. Table 17.4 and Table 17.5 show the com- ponents of the end-to-end delay for two handoff cases considered earlier. 17.6 Handoff Delay Mitigations As discussed above, the handoff delay has been a major deterrent for the deployment of a SIP-based mobility solution, particularly in low bandwidth © 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC SIP-Based Mobility Management and Its Performance Evaluation 9.6 Kbps channel 1