89 Labels in MPLS, 382-384 Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs), u-law, 5, 17-18 LACP. See Link Aggregation M-out-of-n codes, 91 Control Protocol Light propagation in multimode MAC addresses, 410-414 LAG. See Link Aggregation fibers, 120 Mach-Zehnder modulators, 148, Group Line amplifiers, 155 187, 203 LAN Emulation (LANE), 380 Line-of-sight radio Macrobending, 117 Land paths, approximating, microwave, 298-299 Magnetic fields in cluttered 240-241 terrestrial, 269-273 environments, 255 Laplace distribution, 16 Line Terminating Equipment Maintenance Entities (MEs), 408 LAPS. See Link Access Protocol (LTE), 330-331 Maintenance Entity Groups Linear array radiation patterns, (MEGs), 408 Large antennas for earth stations, 286-288 Majority logic decodable codes, Linear block codes, 88-89 Large Effective Area Fiber Linear Feedback Shift Registers Managed transmission networks, (LEAF), 142-143 (LFSRs), 93 Laser extinction ratio, 172-174 Linear polarization, 233, 279 Man-made noise, 262-263 Lasers Linear Predictive Filter (LPF), 6 Manual switch commands, 418 CMLs, 182 Link Access Protocol SDH Mapping PDH into synchronous multimode fibers, 125 (LAPS), 355 containers, 313-317 Latency in transmission Link Aggregation Control performance, 45-46 Protocol (LACP), 417 dispersion, 182, 209 Lattice-coded modulation, Link Aggregation Group (LAG), FTMs, 386-387 ILMs, 385 Law of refraction for optical Link Capacity Adjustment MAS. See Multiframe Alignment fibers, 112 Scheme (LCAS), 344, 351-355 Signal Layering SDH-based networks, Link connections in SDH-based Master-slave flip-flops, 19 335-337 networks, 336, 338 Material characteristics of optical LCAS. See Link Capacity Load impedance, 235, 237 fibers Adjustment Scheme Local Exchanges (LEs), 364, dispersion, 118-120 L chips, 105 366-368, 372 losses, 115-118 Index Maximum-likelihood error Mixing products in FWM, 199 label-switching principles, correction, 89 MLSE. See Maximum Likelihood 378-379 Maximum-Likelihood Sequence Sequence Estimation packet processing, 384-386 Estimation (MLSE), 188 