hybrid network composed of classical physical network appliances and virtual net- work appliances. Virtual appliances must therefore use existing north-bound interfaces (for management and control) and interwork with physical appliances implementing the same functions. Management and orchestration: NFV presents an opportunity through the flexibility afforded by software network appliances operating in an open and standardized infra- structure to rapidly align MANO north-bound interfaces to well-defined standards and abstract specifications. Therefore, a consistent MANO architecture is required. This will greatly reduce the cost and time to integrate new virtual appliances into a network Element management system consists of systems and applications for managing network elements on the net- work element management layer. An element management system manages a specific type of telecommuni- cations network element. The element management system typically manages the functions and capabilities within each network element but does not manage the traffic between different network elements in the net- work. To support management of the traffic between network elements, the element management system communicates upward to higher-level network management systems, as described in the telecommunications management network layered model. Operations support system is a platform used by service providers and network operators to support their net- work systems. The operations support system can help the operators to maintain network inventory, provision services, configure components, and resolve network issues. It is typically linked with the business support system to improve the overall customer experience. Business support systems (BSS) are platforms used by service providers, network operator delivery product management, customer management, revenue management (billing) and order management applications that help them run their business operations. Business support system platforms are often linked to operations support s