ly short time, telephones spread from the first desk to every desk occupied by an employee to say nothing of conference rooms, halls, and entrance doors. Now everyone has a multi-button, three-color, telephone with three-way calling, multiple lines, caller identification screening, and voice mail jail. Things became a little more complicated when man- agement information systems (MIS) wanted a telephone line and a modem SO computers could talk to each other. And then there was the possibility and perceived need for a website, mobile telephones, and wireless Internet access. Communications methods and alterna- tives abound on all sides from any direction. Changes in the communications landscape of the mid- to late 1990s have been and continue to be heavily influenced by availability of new technology and emerging standards. Table 11-1 outlines a Practical IP and Telecom for Broadcast Engineering and Operations Copyright © 2004 by Fred Huffman. All rights of reproduction in any form reserved. PRACTICAL IP AND TELECOM FOR BROADCAST ENGINEERING AND OPERATIONS TABLE 11-1 Application Process pre-1966 Process post-2000 Audio/Video Conferencing Hardly Existed Internal Equipment and Net- work or Outside Service Provider Content Delivery Analog TV; Paper Digital TV, Web-Based Content Delivery Networks Content Distribution Analog Satellite, DS3 Over MPEG Over ATM Over SONET/ SDH; MPEG Over IP Over SONET/SDH Corporate Directory Paper Part Of Web-Based HR Applica- Data Applications Leased Private Line Internet Access and Transport Employment Application Paper Web Resume Collection, Auto- matic Screening Fax Machine Dedicated CO Line Hardly Used Now, Mostly Email And FTP In/Outbound Voice Analog DID Trunks Two Way T1, ISDN Access, VOIP, Cell Phones Information Systems Client-Server Applications Multiple Hosts in Distributed Processing and Network Based Storage Environment Network Access Technology Dial Up; Dedicated DS1/E1 Migrating to DSL; NxE1/DS1; Private Line DS3; Ethernet Over IP Over Cable, SONET/SDH Network Transport Te