s adverse investment incentives. 13 The United States also has a substantial number of fixed wireless and satellite operators offering broadband services. However, these fixed wireless and Table 8-1. Growth of Broadband in the United States Number of lines over 200 kilobits/second in one direction Technology 12/31/99 12/31/00 12/31/01 12/31/02 12/31/03 6/30/04 369,792 1,977,101 3,947,808 6,471,716 9,509,442 11,348,199 Other wireline 609,909 1,021,291 1,078,597 1,216,208 1,305,070 1,407,121 Coaxial cable 1,411,977 3,582,874 7,059,598 11,369,087 16,446,322 18,592,636 Fiber 312,204 376,203 494,199 548,471 602,197 Satellite or fixed 1,060,502 wireless 50,404 112,405 212,610 276,067 367,118 Total 2,754,286 7,069,874 12,792,812 19,881,549 28,230,149 32,458,458 Source: FCC, High-Speed Services for Internet Access: Status as of June 30, 2004 (December 2004). The Broadband Revolution satellite services accounted for less than 2 percent of all broadband lines as of the end of 2003. As figure 8-3 shows, the United States was well ahead of the average European country in broadband penetration-broadband lines per 100 persons-at the end of 2003, but it lagged behind Korea, Canada, and several Benelux and Scandinavian countries. 14 The competitive U.S. DSL carriers (DLECs) account for less than 2 percent of all broadband lines, a share that is not expected to increase very much in the next five years (see figure 8-4). In Europe, the competitive DSL carriers' share, excluding resale, was 6 percent of all DSL lines at the end of 2003. 15 The only countries in which competitive DSL carriers capture a substantial share of broadband subscribers are Korea and Japan, but-as discussed in chapter 9-the regu- latory regimes in these two countries differ substantially. Because Korea, Canada, and a few other countries are now ahead of the United States in broadband penetration, there are repeated calls for public policy initiatives to accelerate the rollout of broadband by U.S. carriers. 16 However, rather than simply compare the current U