ns with the invention of the wireless tele- graph by Guglielmo Marconi in 1895. Appearance of NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephony) in 1981 as the first widely deployed mobile system (such analogue mobile systems were different in different countries, and later referred to as 1G - the first generation). In 1991 GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) appeared and started the second generation (2G) mobile networks. In 1997 came IEEE 802.11 (a.k.a. WiFi), which later became a unified wireless local area network WLAN. Around the year 2000 appeared 2.5G, which introduced IP connectivity via mobile networks (e.g. General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) was added to GSM for IP con- nectivity, with bitrates in the range of tens of kbit/s at that time). In 2002 3G (the third generation) started, which in fact introduced mobile broad- band access (with up to Mbit/s speeds in the radio access networks (RANs)), with the main representative being the UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) standardized by 3GPP. The 2000s saw the integration of WLAN and cellular mobile networks for additional bitrates in WiFi hotspots (many telecom operators have implemented hotspot deploy- ments at cafeterias, airports, and other public places). In 2005 the first global mobile standard from IEEE appeared, called Mobile WiMAX, which joined the 3G family of standards in 2007 (around half a decade later than other 3G technologies). In 2008 3GPP's LTE (long term evolution) standard was standardized, which marked the start of the fourth generation mobile systems, 4G. Around 2010 appeared the only two 4G standards, LTE-Advanced from 3GPP and Mobile WiMAX 2.0 from IEEE, of which the first has proven to be more successful on the global mobile scene. At the end of the 2010s the global 4G mobile broadband is LTE/LTE-Advanced. QoS for Fixed and Mobile Ultra-Broadband, First Edition. Toni Janevski. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Published 2019 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 5 QoS for Mobile Ultra-Broadband Figure 5.1 Global shares of 2G, 3G, and 4G mobile 