nd Doppler shift; hence signals from the BS need averaging over suffi- cient time. The BS modulated carrier frequency is accurate to within + 0.05 ppm for RF frequency generation. The UTRA Transmission System 5.3.3 Output Power Dynamics 5.3.3.1 User Equipment In the FDD as well as TDD we use power control to limit interference. The Minimum Transmit Output Power is better than -44 dBm measured with a Root-Raised Cosine (RRC) filter having a roll-off factor a = 0.22 and a bandwidth equal to the chip rate. 5.3.3.1.1 Open Loop Power Control Open loop power control enables the UE transmitter to sets its output power to a spe- cific value, where in normal conditions it has tolerance of +9 dB and + 12 dB in extreme conditions. We defined it as the average power in a time slot or ON power duration de- pending on the availability. The two options are measured with a filter having a RRC response with a roll off a = 0.22 and a bandwidth equal to the chip rate. 5.3.3.1.2 Uplink Inner Loop Power Control Through the uplink inner loop power control the UE transmitter adjusts its output power according to one or more TPC command steps received in the downlink. The UE trans- mitter will change the output power in step sizes of 1, 2 and 3 dB, depending on derived ATPC or ARP-TPC values in the slot immediately after the TPC_cmd. Tables 5.6 and 5.7 illustrate the transmitter power control range and average output power, respectively. Table 5.6 Transmitter Power Control Range TPC_cmd 1 dB step size 2 dB step size 3 dB step size Lower Upper Lower Upper Lower Upper We define the inner loop power as the relative power differences between averaged power of original (reference) time slot and averaged power of the target time slot with- out transient duration. The UE has minimum controlled output power with the power control set to its minimum value. This applies to both inner loop and open loop power control, where the minimum transmit power is better than -50 dBm [1]. They are meas- ured with a filter that has a RRC filter response with 