put target that can be achieved by a single user in the ideal radio conditions, and it is measured in Gigabits per second. User-experienced data rate (Mbits/s): Shows the user-experienced throughput target, which needs to be achieved by 95% of the users in dense urban areas. This is the speed the user will experience in the field. Spectrum efficiency (bits/s/Hz): This is the number of bits per second per Hertz achieved by 95% of users in the coverage area. It indicates how efficiently the subscribers can use the valuable radio spectrum. Mobility (km/h): Shows how fast the subscribers can move while maintaining a specific normalized traffic channel data rate. Latency (ms): Represents the one-way delay between the time from when the source sends an application packet to when the destination receives it. Connection density (devices/km2): Shows how many devices can be supported per kilometer squared. This is something closely related to the cellular-IoT. Network energy efficiency (bit/joule): Indicates how much energy is used in the network to send a bit each time. Area traffic capacity (Mbit/s/m2): How many megabits of information can be sent per meter squared per second. 5G standardization Like many of the preceding technologies, 2G, 3G, and 4G, it is 3GPP that really defines the standards. 3GPP has defined the specifications for 5G, which are there to address the IMT-2020 requirements. Some of the techniques that were introduced in Release 14 were carried on to Release 15 to be used as 5G techniques. 5G was first standardized in Release 15. The first drop of Release 15 back in December 2017 provided a standard for service providers for Non-Standalone (NSA) operation within the network. However, Release 15 did not completely standardize every aspect of 5G. Release 16 and Release 17 includes further enhancements to 5G to provide full capability and address IMT-2020's requirements. 5G NR and NG-RAN In terms of a timeline, back in 2017 and 2018, the earlier proprietary 5G systems started to appear; however, standardiz