n processing power; 0-150 ms one way delay acceptable; The UMTS Network and Radio Access Technology 150-400 ms one way delay acceptable depending on the applications; >400 ms one way unacceptable. In summary sources of delay in PS network include: propagation (while the signal moves through the channel); processing (encoding/transcoding 50-140 ms, packetization 0-60 ms, DSP functions e.g. filtering 0-25 ms); packet loss mitigation (queuing and jitter buffers 20-50 ms, interleaving 90 ms). APPLICATIONS AND SERVICE OFFERINGS The questions arising from the exploitation of wireless networks, more in particular IP based network or non-voice services, can be summarized as follows: What are these services? Who are they targeted at? How much do we offer them for? How do we apply technology? Or what technology do we require? 6.5.1 UMTS Generic Services The strength of UMTS services will not reside in one or two applications, but in the conjunction and complementation of a series of application and technologies, which will generate different sets of services. Figure 6.7 illustrates a generic set of application targets primarily for PS networks including multimedia features. In this illustration, we can see the characteristics of connectionless and connection oriented services, i.e. vari- able and constant bit rate. BURSTY, CONNECTIONLES S CONNECTION-ORIENTED Business Systems World e.g. Real Estate High Rate Video Traffic telematics Field services/ sales Low Rate Video Despatch Fleet Management Telemetry Email Directory Lookup Picture Multimedia Messaging Messaging VARIABLE BIT RATE CONSTANT, VARIABLE BIT RATE Figure 6.7 Generic range non-voice applications. We not only need to know to what groups we can address these services (e.g. enter- prises, communication firms, telematic centres, content and location based providers, Service Components in UMTS commerce organizations, and typical wireless operators aiming to minimize operational costs and churn). We also need to know where is the end user and how does he/she ap- ply t