social and business networks, 16-18 last-mile broadband, 357-358 Solum, Lawrence, 379n12 local telephone network, 255-257, 276 sortation stage, of production, 167, 167f price caps, 173 spanning tree, 43, 43f, 44 price of, 32 spontaneous network, 437 reduce demand, 162 spot price, 83, 84f regulation of, 30 Sprint, 15, 129-130 tariffing and, 173-174 Spulber, Daniel F., 17, 216n10 transaction costs, 173-174 stand-alone cost of product, 66 transactions costs, 256 star configuration, 335 return of the prodigal son problem, 255 star graph, 24, 25f Ricardo, David, 190n1 star vs. two-hub (trunk) network, 45, 46f, 47 Rifkin, Jeremy, 32-33 state action immunity, 304-305 ring configuration, 335 state public utility commission, 14 ring network, 26, 27f static efficiency, 148, 150-151, 296, 382-390 Robinson, Kenneth, 157n7, 234n3 Stigler, George, 204n15 Rochester Telephone, 257, 259 s-t networks, 47n4 Rogerson, William, 354-355 structural separation, 130-132 Romer, Paul M., 407n1 structure of networks, 18-19,23f,27f Ross, David, 146n31 basic structure, 19 ruinous competition, 125, 125n12, 126 capacity limitations at nodes, 22, 23f capacity of links, 22, 22f Sackman, Julius L., 226n44 circuit graph, 26, 27f salesman problem, 44-45 complete graph, 24, 24f Samuelson, Paul, 160n12 description of, 19, 23f SBC, 175 directed graph, 20-21 SCADA. See Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition example of direct electric current, 21, 22f Schelling, Thomas, 122n1 flow graph, 21 Scherer, Frederic M., 146n31 geodesic network structure, 26-27 Schumpeter, Joseph, 148, 325 geographic distance between links, 23, 23f Schweppe, Fred C., 5 hub-and-spoke network, 24, 25f secondary markets, entry to, 144-146 nodes and links, 19 secondary peering arrangements, 417 one-way network, 21, 21f second-best solution in absence of external markets, point-to-point network, 24, 24f 196-198 ring network, 26, 27f economic cost, 196 shape, 24, 27f, 34 historical cost, 197 star graph, 24, 25f opportunity cost, 196-197 tree network, 25-26, 26f recent purchase cost, 