ce. At other times government regulation becomes necessary because of natural monopoly development caused by the high fixed-cost initial investment in this industry. There is also a claim to fairness: because of the high cost of network build-up and relatively low revenue expectation in sparsely populated areas the private sector may not invest to provide universal access. Rural areas may therefore be left poorly connected. Government intervention therefore becomes necessary if basic services are to be provided on a fair basis to all citizens. We further add a special case to Moore's cases for broadband telecommunications: government intervention is justified when industry needs to comply with various international obligations such as standards or bilateral/multilateral agreements. For example, spectrum allo- cation for wireless broadband services needs to follow certain international regulations. Telecommunications has indeed been a highly regulated industry as infrastructure indus- tries with high fixed cost behave as natural monopolies and favour single player and monopoly service provision. Historically telephony services, with very few exceptions, were provided through a single national company around the world. These companies were highly regulated Technology, Business and Policy to ensure prices were fair and high quality service was provided to all citizens on a fair basis. In particular, the following important areas have required national policy intervention, regula- tions, and/or decision making: How a present infrastructure (copper wires for telephony) is commonly used by a number of operators. Should the infrastructure be shared by all service providers, or is an incum- bent within its rights to withhold access to its competitors? If access is mandated then what price should be charged? How present infrastructure is repaired, enhanced and/or replaced: who pays for infra- structure maintenance in a resource-shared regime? Should new investment be made? Is shared access enforceable? How to provide tele