ned with the wrapper program to call the EM solver in our scenario. Algorithm 2 can be used to describe the entire procedure. Algorithm 2: Wrapper procedure for antenna design 1: Given a new geometry vector v as input 2: Use the MATLAB to create a HFSS Visual Basic script file 3: Call HFSS from MATLAB using the new script file 4: Use HFSS GUI to generate antenna geometry 5: Run simulations to compute the antenna indices (e.g., S11, AR) at the desired operating frequency 6: Generate text files that include the simulation results 7: Based on the output files, compute the fitness function value 8: Exit from the routine and return the fitness function value to SSA 10 THz Antenna Design Using SSA for 6G Table 10.2 Geometrical Parameter Value (mm) Parameter Value (mm) parameters for antenna design Wfeed U7 (Wp/2) (1+v3) Lp V9 Wp (1+v4) x Wp V10 Wp V5 x L p V11 Lp V6 X Wp U12 X (Lp/2) We need to specify the upper and lower limits for each antenna geometrical parameter in the preceding example. This is a complicated problem, which has a strong frequency dependence. If we establish the geometrical parameter limits, they are only valid for the given design and design frequency. The difficulty now is how to improve the performance of another antenna with the same shape but operating at different frequencies. For each geometrical parameter, one would have to find the right bounds all over again. This process necessitates a lot of computer resources and takes a long time because multiple tests must be run in order to discover the most appropriate limits. As a result, a frequency-independent design technique can be used. The primary idea is to set the first two starting parameters, namely, the patch width Wp and patch length Lp, with acceptable frequency restrictions, and then set the remaining parameters as a perchance of these two. The remaining unknowns' limits will then be inside the range of [0, 1]. In the above-described scenario, the twelve optimization variables (v1, U2, V12) are considered. Table 10.2 lists the geomet