 Administration Security management management management Figure 5.11 SNMP functional model. Fundamentals of EMS, NMS and OSS/BSS Operations is the control center that coordinates actions between administration, maintenance, and provisioning. Administration deals with designing the under- lying network, processing orders, assigning addresses, tracking usage, account- ing, and other activities associated with network administration. Maintenance is to monitor, diagnose, and repair problem scenarios in the network. Provisioning handles installing equipment, setting configuration parameters, verifying that the status of service, updating the element with fixes/new software, and de-installation. 5.7 TMN and OSI Management There was not much cooperation between OSI and TMN management groups initially when the first release of management standards were released by respective bodies. Later some of the concepts of OSI were incorporated in TMN. The important changes to TMN based on OSI are: The manager-agent concept suggested in OSI was adopted by TMN. There is a reference to OSI document X.701 on OSI system management in TMN documentation. The object-oriented approach of OSI is another feature in the current TMN. The principles of TMN are now based on an object-oriented paradigm. Management domains introduced by OSI were adopted. The difference in philosophy between TMN and OSI are: TMN has multiple architectures defined at different levels of abstraction while OSI has a single architecture for all levels of telecom management. The various management responsibilities are separated in the Logical archi- tecture of TMN, while OSI model does not have such a detailed split of responsibilities which could help in application modeling. There is a separation between telecom and data network in TMN, where a telecom network is the network being managed and data network transfers management data. 5.8 Conclusion The OSI and TMN do have some conflicts in concepts. But this does not make them two separate standards. Much of the concep