9 In 1995, Toshiba launched Smart Media, an 8-MB device. This was the slimmest of the plug-in memories with a depth of only 0.76 mm but had the disadvantage of being dependent on the 8 http://compactflash.org/. 9 http://eu.computers.toshiba-europe.com/ Content- and Entertainment-Centric Software host controller to manage memory read/writes (it had no built-in controller but is just a NAND chip on a die). This and a relatively high pin count, has limited its application in smaller form factor devices, although it found its way into a number of digital cameras and camcorders (for still-image storage). 9.5.2.4 Multimedia Cards10 Introduced in 1997 by Siemens and Sandisk, multimedia cards were targeted from the start at small form factor cell phones and (not surprisingly, given their name), multimedia applications. Standard MMC cards had a depth of 1.4 mm and are 24 mm long and 32 mm wide. An MMC microcard was 18 mm long. There was an MMC Plus and HS (high speed) road map with a variable bit width bus (1 bit, 4 bit, 8 bit), a 52-MHz clock rate ( a multiple of the GSM 13 MHz clock), a 52-M/byte per second transfer rate and a search time of 12 milliseconds (equivalent to a hard disk at the time). Storage footprints were from 32 MB to 2 GB. A standards group working with the Consumer Electronics Advanced Technology Attachment standards body was established to address how an MMC card would interoperate with disk-drive memory and looked at future optimisation of MMC devices for audio and video stream management. 9.5.2.5 Memory Stick11 The Memory Stick was introduced by Sony in 1998. It had a depth of 2.8 mm, a width of 21.5 mm and is 50 mm long (the same length as an AA battery). The 'top of the range' model in 2005 was the Memory Stick Pro providing 2 GB of storage with a maximum transfer rate of 20 MB/s and a minimum write speed of 15 Mbps. A thinner version, the Memory Stick Pro Duo, had a depth of 1.6 mm and a capacity of up to 512 MB. These devices were optimised for video (and other types of media including images, 