 arrives with an access termination at every user location. This extremely CAPEX-intensive operation was undertaken by carriers with a difficult financial situation due to the debts generated in the bubble period. The carrier strategy was also influenced by another element that brought about a deep market change-market liberalization and globalization. In the United States, the telecommunication act of 1996 [7] extended the competition to the access market allowing the growth of a great number of competitive local exchange carriers (CLEXs) that started operations almost all over the United States. Of course, these new companies were not able to deploy a completely new access network, and competition was allowed by enforcing the incumbent RBOCs to operate network unbundling. Network unbundling is the procedure allowing a CLEX to deploy its own access equip- ment in the incumbent access central office and to rent the access line from the incumbent at a price determined by a public authority. A similar evolution took place in western Europe, where in these years almost all the public incumbent carriers were transformed in private companies and the unbundling was introduced to allow competition. Drivers for Telecommunication Network Evolution Many of the new carriers born during the bubble expansion were not able to survive the following crisis, but a few of them were sufficiently stable to survive. The telecommunica- tion market coming out from the bubble in 2002 was definitely a competitive market in all its segments, both in Europe and the United States. Besides liberalization, after the collapse of the communist governments in eastern Europe and with the evolution of China and other Far East countries, the telecommunica- tion market started to become a globalized one. China and India, in particular, beginning from the period of the bubble end started to become very important players, both as a potential market for telecommunication equip- ment and, in the case of China, as the home country of a few key telecommun