 MIMO-FBMC are also found. It is shown that in practical impairments such as carrier frequency offset, massive MIMO-FBMC systems significantly outperform their OFDM counterparts. P. Singh (X) International Institute of Information Technology, Bangalore, India e-mail: prem.singh@iiibb.ac.in E. Sharma Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India e-mail: ekant@ece.iitr.ac.in © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023 M. A. Matin (ed.), A Glimpse Beyond 5G in Wireless Networks, Signals and Communication Technology, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13786-0_3 P. Singh and E. Sharma 3.1 Introduction From the past two decades, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) has enjoyed its widespread dominance in broadband wired [1] and wireless [2] communication systems. OFDM waveform has been widely embraced in digital subscriber lines (DSL) standards, as well as wireless standards such as the third- generation partnership program long-term evolution (3GPP-LTE), IEEE 802.16, IEEE 802.11, LTE-Advanced and 5G-New Radio (NR). The key advantages of OFDM signalling are (i) orthogonality among subcarriers allows synthesis and anal- ysis of the transmit and receive signals using computationally efficient inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) and FFT blocks, respectively; (ii) the use of cyclic prefix (CP) guarantees one-tap equalization; and (iii) trivial amalgamation with multiple- input multiple-output (MIMO) and massive MIMO technologies. Fifth-generation (5G) communications systems are characterised by a wide range of use cases such as enhanced Machine Type Communications (eMTC), Ultra-Reliable Low latency Communications (URLLC) and enhanced Mobile BroadBand (eMBB) [3]. In order to cope with a large number of applications, future communication systems require a flexible time-frequency resource allocation. The 3GPP body has yet again adopted OFDM (with some minor changes) for 5G wireless communication systems. OFDM shapes each of its subcarrier using a rectangular window, which res