nsmitter on the antenna converts electrical signals to RF signals. The point from which broadcasts originate is the hub on the ground. The hub has a large dish, routing equipment, and fiber links to the enterprise's headquarters for commercial customers. All communications broadcast from the hub travel up to the satellite and then down to the ground stations (the satellite dishes). Satellites are used to broadcast television and radio signals and to transmit positioning information to aircraft and air traffic controllers. Satellites are particularly suited to broadcast signals to large areas for applications such as weather monitoring, mapping, and military surveillance. www.TechnicalPDF.com The area satellites cover is directly related to how high in the sky they are located. Consider a flashlight: Holding it higher enables it to illuminate a large area. If the flashlight is held low, closer to a tabletop, for example, the beam and coverage area shrinks. Low Earth Orbiting Satellites-Fewer Delays; More Satellites; 200 to 1,200 Miles High Smaller, lower-cost satellites about the size of a shoebox have spurred an increase in the number of satellites launched into low earth orbits. Low earth orbiting (LEO) satellites are more suitable for broadband because they are launched into orbits 200 to 1,200 miles high, rather than geosynchronous satellites. Therefore, signals from low earth orbiting satellites travel a shorter distance than satellites in higher orbits. Orbiting closer to the earth results in smaller coverage areas than for satellites located further from the earth. Thus, LEO companies invest in launching large numbers of satellites in order to cover more sections of the planet. LEO satellite owners include Aereon, OneWeb, and Viasat. Viasat is owned by satellite provider Iridium. Because of the multiple billions of dollars it costs to launch even a LEO satellite network, these companies often require backing from a variety of investors. High-Frequency Satellite Service within Airplanes for Internet Access S