g costs demanded by network operators. Silicon RFIC technology is the key enabler, potentially even up to 1 THz, but considerable advances in RF design techniques are required in order to realize complete beyond 5G subsystems. Furthermore, while mmWave spectrum is the key to providing the expected 10 Gbps + data rates, it should not be forgotten that the massive IoT presents another set of RF design challenges, such as ultra-low-power opera- tion, energy harvesting, and sensing in ultra-low-cost technologies such as printed and wearable electronics [48]. xcvi Introduction and Background References ITU-R Specifications32 [1] Recommendation ITU-R M.2083-0, IMT Vision-Framework and Overall Objectives of the Future Development of IMT for 2020 and Beyond, September 2015. Recommendation ITU-R M.1645-Framework and Overall Objectives of the Future Development of IMT 2000 and Systems Beyond IMT 2000, June 2003. [3] Recommendation ITU-R M.2012-Detailed Specifications of the Terrestrial Radio Interfaces of International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced (IMT-Advanced), January 2012. [4] Report ITU-R M.2320-Future Technology Trends of Terrestrial IMT Systems, November 2014. [5] Report ITU-R M.2370-IMT Traffic Estimates for the Years 2020 to 2030, July 2015. [6] Report ITU-R M.2376-Technical Feasibility of IMT in Bands Above 6 GHz, July 2015. [7] Report ITU-R M.2133, Requirements, Evaluation Criteria and Submission Templates for the Development of IMT-Advanced, December 2008. [8] Report ITU-R M.2134-Requirements Related to Technical Performance for IMT Advanced Radio Interface(s), December 2008. [9] Report ITU-R M.2135-1, Guidelines for Evaluation of Radio Interface Technologies for IMT-Advanced, December 2009. [10] Report ITU-R M. [IMT-2020.EVAL], Guidelines for Evaluation of Radio Interface Technologies for IMT-2020, June 2017. [11] Report ITU-R M. [IMT-2020.TECH PERF REQ], Minimum Requirements Related to Technical Performance for IMT-2020 Radio Interface(s), March 2017. [12] FG IMT-2020: Report on Standards Gap Analysis, 