 over the Internet Access Service (IAS). Radio coverage This parameter refers to received signal strength in mobile networks (e.g. availability better than -95 dBm) which is however mobile technology dependent parameter. Measurement tools can be hardware-based or software-based. Hardware-based mea- surement tools can have at least the following options of implementation: Option 1. The probe stations replace the end-user's equipment and no other equip- ment can be connected to the IAS during QoS measurements (applicable for both fixed and mobile IAS). Option 2. The probe stations share the Internet access with other user traffic (e.g. probes connected to home gateway node on the end-user's side). In this case probes can do both, passive QoS monitoring of the end-user's traffic behavior (with approval 7.8 Broadband QoS Measurements of the end-user) and perform active measurement tests only when there is no user traffic. Option 3. In this case the application programming interface is embedded into the customer's home gateway, to act as a probe and test the Internet connection (typically for testing fixed broadband connections). Besides the hardware measurement tools listed above, at least three types of software-based measurement tools can be distinguished: Web-based tool. In this case the QoS measurement is executed via the user's Web browser by accessing a specific Web page for that purpose (this is the most common approach for testing the available bitrate in downlink and uplink direction on a global scale, such as Speedtest tool [25]). Dedicated software client. In this case the measurement software is permanently installed on the end-user's equipment. Testing API. In this case an API is included in a website in order to perform the test transparently every time when users access the website from their Web browsers. Regardless of the chosen tools for the QoS measurements, any two indepen- dent implementations of the tools should measure with high confidence equivalent performances of the same network path under 