lled transmitters, 335 as a QoS parameter, 41-42 source routing, 323 video, 415 source routing bridge, 309-310 video transmission, 409, 410 source service address point (SSAP), 298, 299f signal transmission, 1 south pole, 586 INDEX space, Morse code, 22 STS-1 (synchronous transport signal) frame, space (0), 117, 252 490-492 space array (cross-point matrix), 132f, 133 STS-1 SPE, 491, 492f space communication system parameters, STS concatenation, 493 calculating, 226 STS envelope capacity, 491 space diversity, 215, 220, 466-467 STS-Nc SPE, 493 space-division switching (S element), 129, STS-N electrical signal, 490, 493 131-133 STS-N frames, 492, 493f space switch. See space-division switching (S STS path overhead (POH), 491, 492 element) STS payload pointer, 491, 495-496, 497f space-time-space (STS) switch, 134-135 stuffing (justification), 122-123 spanning devices, 308-312 stuffing bits, 123 hubs and switching hubs, 311-312 subband coding (SBC), 468 LAN bridges, 309-310 subfields, signaling message, 382-384 repeaters, 308-309 subscriber call progress tones, 158 routers, 310-311 subscriber density, 170, 172 spanning tree algorithm, 310 subscriber line interface card (SLIC), 170 SPC exchange, 74f subscriber-line jacks, 69-70 SPE assembly/disassembly process, 498-499 subscriber loop current, 95 spectral line, 236-237 subscriber loop design methods, 98-102 spectral width, 237 concentration with range extension and gain, 101 speech, energy and emotion distribution of, 90f digital loop carrier design, 101-102 speech communications, 20 long route design, 98, 101 phase distortion and, 48 modified long route design, 101 speech memory time switch, 130 North American loop design, 101 speech telephony, 84-85 resistance design, 98-100 "spill forward" system, 155 revised resistance design, 101 splices, optical fiber cable, 234-236 subscriber loop lengths, 94-95 spot-beam antennas, 220 subscriber loops, 4, 5f, 74. See also telephone spread spectrum techniques, 472, 473. See also subscriber loop design direct sequence spread spec