, 224, 225 relation to TCP/IP with IEEE 802 LAN of a receiver, 49 protocol, 322f noise peak recurrence rate, 271 relationship to IEEE 802.15.1 standard, 345f noise spikes (hits), 50 Signaling System No. 7 relationship to, 363, noise temperature, 223-224, 225 noise units, 628-629 TCP/IP and, 319f noise weighting, 436 operational signaling data link, 367 "no links in tandem" connectivities, 174 operation modes, HDLC, 284-285 nonassociated mode of signaling, 362 operations and maintenance (OAM), data channel, noncoincident busy hour, 14 noncompelled signaling, 159 operations systems function (OSF) block, 565 nonhierarchical routing, 182 optical detector, 36 non-LOS path propagation, 480 optical distance, 198 nonsequential route selection, 183 optical fiber nonuniform numbering, 161, 162 amplifiers for, 239-240 normal distribution curve, 61 splices and connectors for, 234-236 normal response mode (NRM) transmission capacity of, 240 HDLC, 284 as a transmission medium, 232-234 Nortel DMS-100 switch, 135, 136f types of, 234 with supernode/ENET, 136-137 optical horizon formula, 198 North America. See also United States optimization, in network management, 539 cordless telephones in, 481 ordered delivery protocol function, 279, 284 multifrequency signaling in, 155 orderwire, 500 INDEX originating call control, 183 PCM signal development, from an analog TV originating/destination points, 365 signal, 418 originating line appearances, 70, 71f PCM switching, 128. See also digital switching originating point code (OPC), 373, 382 PCM time slot bit streams, 131 orthogonal frequency division multiplex PCM transmission, long-distance, 126-128 modulation (OFDM), 342 PCM "words,", 114-115 OSI layering, 281, 282f PDUs (protocol data units), MAC, 349, 351f layer functions, 282-284 structure of, 298 OSI layers, incorporation into data-link layer frame, 321f peak-to-peak voltage, 43 other provider, 2 peak traffic loads, 576 other services, 432 peers, 280 outbound links, VSAT, 231 peer-to-peer communication, 379 outlets, 59, 67 percentag