esale service is local loop unbundling. In this case, the incumbent carrier rents to a competitive one both central office space and services to operate the access machines (generally DSLAMs) and a certain number of copper pairs in order to reach end customers. A similar situation can also happen in transport trunks, where the competitive carrier has to complete his transport network renting capacity from the incumbent. These services are called regulated since the SLA between the incumbent and the com- petitive customer (comprising the cost of the service) is regulated by the national commu- nication authority in order to prevent the incumbent from exploiting its dominant position to put the competitor out of the market. On the contrary, in the case of unregulated services, the capacity rent is negotiated on the ground of a market price by the provider and the customer. For example, when a carrier rents a set of fibers from a utility company (e.g., the railways company or the energy distribution company), there is no dominant position, and the SLA is simply negotiated by the two players. 2.1.3 Seamless Fixed and Mobile Service Convergence Up to now, we have talked about services delivered on a fixed access network. The tele- communication customer generally considers fixed and mobile services as two separate entities even if they are done by the same carrier. This approach implies the difference between the fixed-line phone that is associated with a place (the house of the Boosh family, the office of Mr. Smith, ...) and the mobile phone that is associated with a person. With the diffusion of cellular phones, fixed-line phones are less and less useful since a phone call is directed to a specific person, and usu- ally the possibility that another person could answer only because she is near the phone is considered a loss of time in the best case, if not a real problem. Drivers for Telecommunication Network Evolution This is the main reason why fixed-line carriers have seen year after year a slow decrease in the nu