lly integrated test functions. Trying to use test sets designed for older systems to manage modern integrated networks is like trying to perform open-heart surgery with a hunting knife. We need a planned system approach for management and test- ing functions rather than a fragmented approach. Modern telecommunications switching systems incorporate cen- tralized diagnostic and test functions within the switch design. With the aid of microprocessors, even nontechnical persons can perform routine maintenance functions from a central office. Centralized diagnostic facilities make it possible to reconfigure network traffic patterns and to avoid trouble spots without inter- rupting the flow of information being transmitted. In addition, sig- nal analyzers and datascopes permit testing of individual data lines to isolate malfunctions with pinpoint accuracy. 5.5 CENTRALIZED TROUBLESHOOTING Central diagnostics troubleshoot and control network equipment from a centrally located test center. This allows the network operator to diagnose and pinpoint failures as well as disable faculty network components and enable backup equipment, all from a central test center miles from the trouble. The amount and kind of equipment in any test center depends on network characteristics, including architecture, data transmission format, the number of network lines as well as the training and ex- 72 TELECOMMUNICATIONS perience of the personnel running the center. The function and scope of any network test center can range from simple line patching fa- cilities that allow the operator to do routine loopback testing and alternative routing, to computer controlled testers that monitor line jitter, phase hits, bit error rate, handshaking, and answerback per- formance of remote equipment. Using remote answerback facilities, the computer can enable the appropriate test equipment for any sit- uation, monitor the results, and activate backup systems. Operation restoral can often be accomplished so rapidly that the network user is completely unaware 