eliver a TV broadcast signal to a mobile TV device, any two-way interaction would be handled by mobile networks such as GPRS, EDGE, or 3G. Technical trials of DVB-H services are currently under way in Europe, the United States, and Australia, and major events such as the International Broadcasting Con- vention (IBC; www.ibc.org), the 3GSM World Congress (www.3gsmworldcongress. com), CeBIT (www.cebit.de), and DVB World (www.iab.ch/dvbworld2006_prog. htm) have featured full end-to-end demonstrations. Commercial launches of DVB-H services are occurring in 2006 in Italy and the United States. Most major U.S. mar- kets are expected to have DVB-H infrastructure ready for use by 2007. ISDB encompasses several core standards, including ISDB-S (satellite TV), ISDB-T (terrestrial digital TV), ISDB-C (digital cable TV), and ISDB-Tsb (terrestrial digital sound broadcasting in the 2.6GHz band). The TV standards are all based on MPEG-2 video and audio coding and can deliver high-definition TV (HDTV). ISDB-T and ISDB-Tsb are for mobile reception in TV bands. The ISDB standards vary in the modulation schemes used due to the particular requirements of the different frequency bands. ISDB-S uses PSK modulation; ISDB-T and ISDB-Tbs use QPSK, DQPSK, 16-QAM, or 64-QAM; and ISDB-C uses 64-QAM. Japan adopted ISDB-T in commercial transmissions in December 2003, and it had a total market of about 100 million TV receivers in early 2006. (ISDB standards are discussed in more detail in Chapter 10.) MediaFLO MediaFLO, a wireless innovation from Qualcomm (www.qualcomm.com), is a comprehensive end-to-end solution that simultaneously and cost-effectively deliv- ers very high volumes of high-quality, streaming, or clipped audio and video multi- media to wireless subscribers. Based on Qualcomm's proprietary Forward Link Only (FLO) technology, it is an air interface with multicast delivery capabilities designed to increase capacity and reduce content delivery costs to mobile handsets. It is designed from the ground up for superior mobility. FLO is 