deep within the heart of the network. Unbundled access has the potential to occupy isolated resources at multiple, disconnected points in the network, in contrast to other forms of access, which involve using large, integrated portions of the network to route traffic in patterns that are roughly similar to the patterns of traffic served by the network owner. As we described in Chapter 2, graph theory reveals how occupying isolated resources in one part of a network can adversely affect the performance of por- tions of the network located far from the element being accessed. Graph theory demonstrates the potential flaw in the idea that the costs of unbundled access are confined to the network elements that are directly involved. Instead, interconnec- tion by competitors is likely to introduce new sources and sinks into the network. Thus, substantial amounts of traffic may originate and terminate at points in the network that differ from the host network's initial points of origin and termina- tion. This will alter traffic patterns. A network that is designed with a maximum flow/minimum cut pattern designed around particular sources and sinks will no longer be appropriate for traffic coming from new sources and sinks. The nodes at which interconnection occurs will not be the only nodes affected. Rather, the effects will be distributed across all nodes and links within the network. This invalidates the notion that only the incremental costs of providing the interconnection should be recovered. The interconnection affects the network's performance and creates costs throughout the network. Moreover, graph theory shows that one should not expect the effects of UNE access to be confined to those elements. When individual elements are viewed in isolation, the TELRIC methodology seems quite reasonable. Typically, UNE access occupies only a few of the elements of an incumbent LEC's network. Those elements, Networks in Telecommunications however, can be critical to overall traffic patterns that connect the network's sources