ng members of the 5GAA from 2016: AUDI AG, BMW Group, Daimler AG, Ericsson, Huawei, Intel, Nokia, and Qualcomm Incorporated. The 5GAA has over 10 members now. Their collective goal is to develop end-to-end solutions for advancing the future of mobility and transportation: Automotive Industry Telecommunications Vehicle Platform, Hardware, and Connectivity and Networking Systems, Software Solutions Devices, and Technologies Figure 14.6 - The 5GAA: the union of the automotive and telecommunications industries Let us next look at the high-level architecture of AVs. 5G and Autonomous Vehicles The high-level architecture of AVs In the following sections, we will look at the high-level architecture that enables V2X. The automotive industry is getting ready for the deployment of Cellular V2X (C-V2X) technologies. C-V2X is a 3GPP standard. It describes how to meet the V2X requirements. C-V2X is an alternative to IEEE 802.11p, which is a specified standard for V2V and other forms of V2X communications. C-V2X includes LTE-V2X and NR-V2X technologies. 5G NR-V2X adds certain advanced capabilities on top of the 5G NR air interface. This adds stringent requirements to support CAV use cases. C-V2X will use the 5.9 GHz band for direct communications using the PC5 interface. According to the PC5 standard, the User Equipment (UE) directly communicates with other UE over a direct channel, without the need for communication with the base station. The UE can be a mobile handset or a vehicle, in this case (see Figure 14.7): Uplink Downlink Sidelink Figure 14.7 - PC5 interface In Figure 14.8, we show a full view of V2X communication and how the PC5 interface is part of that architecture. The high-level architecture of AVs Automated Traffic driving management (((p))) ((ip))) ((ip))) 5G radio Security and privacy resources management NR-Uu ((1)) 5G mobility 5G-assisted management positioning Antennae and Management diversity (multicast, techniques broadcast) Sidelink Multi-RAT communication connectivity Figure 14.8 - PC5 interface Bodies 