iently. See Figure 7-6 for LTE architecture. www.TechnicalPDF.com LTE Architecture: Wireless, Backhaul, Core Router Databases with r raming, Connects to policies, billing, text, Internet & Antenna & controller. voicemail,ande-mail other The only wireless part Firewal messages networks of mobile networks Servers with security deep packetinspection, and signaling sof ware Enhanced IIP Core-Provider data center Figure 7-6 LTE architecture. The elements of LTE Networks are: The RAN is the only wireless part of mobile networks. This is the link between the user device and the antenna or tower. A base station located adjacent to the tower or antenna is dubbed an e-NodeB. The backhaul "hauls" traffic to the core from the RAN and vice versa. It is made up of fiber-optic cabling or high-capacity microwave. www.TechnicalPDF.com Fronthaul is the fiber link between antennas in Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets) LTE and 5G architecture in which small cell sites are linked to larger macro cells with fiber. The fronthaul is the fiber linking the small cells to the macro cell within the same area. These cells are controlled by base stations at the macro cell site. See the section "Heterogeneous Networks-Architectures for Densely Trafficked Areas" later in this chapter for information on HetNets. The evolved packet core is the mobile providers' data center with routers and software for signaling systems to manage mobile traffic and identify cell phones' owners Transmitting traffic to the other networks Converting mobile traffic to be compatible with wired networks Billing and tracking Tracking roaming by users Tracking and identifying applications usingDeep Packet Inspection, which identifies bits inside packets Location Indicators-Signals between Handsets and Mobile Switches A mobile handset is essentially a radio that can be tuned to particular spectrum bands (frequencies). In order to operate in a particular area, mobile devices must have radios capable of being automatically tuned to the same spectrum as that of the radios in c