ensure content providers could be charged for a commission. However, there was one exception to this. The Japanese mobile operators, led by NTT Docomo, routed most traffic through their mobile content portal platforms (such as i-Mode) and charged a commission on the content providers' revenues [1]. Mobile portal platforms were of great interest to operators and many tried to replicate the i-mode model. However, none managed to successfully replicate the entire ecosystem. The arrival of iPhone and emergence of the smart phone industry shifted the platform from opera- tors to operating system developers: iOS, Android, Windows Mobile. Fixed-line and mobile operators have been mostly locked out of the content/service layer, except for those who are vertically integrated and have a stake in content producers/aggregators [2]. Broadband Telecommunications Technologies and Management Content and Service Provision Broadband telecommunications infrastructure is used to provide a variety of services and content to a range of Content and services layer end-users. These services range from human-human, human-machine or machine-machine information Connectivity retail layer transfer. Infrastructure operators' and retailers' value proposition is facilitating this information transfer to the end-users. Infrastructure layer The operators' business can be exemplified as con- structing a network of 'pipes' over which information may flow. The 'pipes' are then rented on a temporary Subscriber/end-user or semi-permanent basis to customers who will pay according to the value such services provide. The service business system diagram is shown in Figure 14.1, where the wholesaler and retailer roles are separated. The two need not be a separate entity: many retailers own and operate their wholesale network which they use exclusively or share with other retailers. In practice a number of wholesalers need to work together to provide the overall service. For example, an international telephone call traverses several networks owned and operat