ne neighbour (e.g. same-sector 3G cell) UE may be able to search and measure the scrambling code in only one measurement gap, while for a long neighbour list the number of measurement gaps for initial search step may take several gaps to complete. 3 The time multiplied number of frequencies that need to be measured. With blind handover, one second transition time is achievable which is about the same as blind redirect with system information. Obviously vendor- and network implementation- dependent variations in either direction are possible, especially in handover preparation which could be faster than the 0.3 seconds shown in the figure. Location Update If the target RAT Location Area Code differs from the one UE obtained in LTE, the call setup begins with a Location Update procedure. The time to complete the procedure depends on core network configuration. Namely, the delay is increased in the following cases: if the new LA is served by a different MSS and the MSS needs to be changed if authentication, identity request or TMSI reallocation is made as part of the Location Update Changing MSS is especially problematic for mobile-terminating call since the new MSS (to which the UE sends the LU request) is not aware of the ongoing call setup in the old MSS. As a result the new MSS may release the UE signalling connection after completing the LU, which in turn forces the gateway MSS handling the terminating call setup to initiate new paging via the new MSS. Furthermore, if the new paging is sent too late, the UE may already have returned back to LTE, resulting in failed terminating call setup. For this reason, UE sets the so-called CSMT flag in LU Request that informs the new MSS to delay releasing the NAS signalling connection in order to wait for the incoming call setup from the gateway MSS. The new MSS and the UE have to support the CSMT flag which is 3GPP release 9 NAS feature. There are two variants in the standard on how to handle the MSS change in MTC call setup: Mobile Terminating Roaming Retry and Mobile Te