ned improved sanitation. Whereas 86% of urban dwellers have "improved" supplies, more than half have inadequate provision if the definition is to mean a house connection or yard tap. In most of the largest cities in Africa, less than 10% of the inhabitants have sewer connections. Tens of millions of households, especially in informal settlements, only have access to overused and poorly maintained communal or public toilets. Supplying the burgeoning cities is placing increasing strain on hinterlands, with many cities already outgrowing the local resources. In addition to deleting water resources, associated resource stripping has resulted in excess runoff, soil erosion and subsequent receiving water sedimentation and contamination. Water-stressed areas already exist in several major river basins, e.g. the Nile, Tana, Limpopo and Niger. Many of these are also experiencing problems due to trans-boundary issues between countries, as is Lake Victoria (Ray and Dzikus, 2000). INFRASTRUCTURE TO 2030: TELECOM, LAND TRANSPORT, WATER AND ELECTRICITY - ISBN 92-64-02398-4 © OECD 2006 5. THE IMPACTS OF CHANGE ON THE LONG-TERM FUTURE DEMAND FOR WATER SECTOR INFRASTRUCTURE ANNEX 5.A1 Figure 5.A1.1. Water consumption patterns for some European cities - total water supplied per capita Munich Stockholm Tampere Hämeenlinna Vilnius Gdansk Szeged - annual consumption (mill. m³/an) Interpolated Litres/capita/day Mill. m³/a 1900 05 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 96 97 98 99 2000 01 2002 Source: P.S. Juuti and T.S. Katko (eds.), Water, Time and European Cities, Figure 17, p. 232. Table 5.A1.1. Changes in household water use for EU countries Litres/head/day Country group Mid-1980s End-1990s-2000 Nordic Southern Western All member states New (then) accession countries Source: Wieland, 2003. INFRASTRUCTURE TO 2030: TELECOM, LAND TRANSPORT, WATER AND ELECTRICITY - ISBN 92-64-02398-4 - © OECD 2006 5. THE IMPACTS OF CHANGE ON THE LONG-TERM FUTURE DEMAND FOR WATER SECTOR INFRASTRUCTURE Table 5.A1.2. EU Domestic water cons