earching in cellular communication systems and protocols as well as mobile broadband wireless standards. Dr. Sassan Ahmadi is the director of 5G Wireless Systems and Standards with Xilinx, Inc., and a lecturer at Stanford University with over 30 years of experience in signal processing and communication system design as well as cellular systems standards development. Previously, he held senior positions at Apple, Intel, and Nokia. He has authored two books on wireless communications, namely, LTE-Advanced: A Practical Systems Approach to Understanding 3GPP LTE Releases 10 and 11 Radio Access Technologies, Academic Press, 2013 and Mobile WiMAX: A Systems Approach to Understanding IEEE 802. 16m Radio Access Technology, Academic Press, 2010, and has over 100 patents/patent applications on various aspects of 4G and 5G radio access networks. He is the co-author of six other books and also author of more than 20 refereed journal and conference papers. For over two decades, he has been a technical contributor and a leader in the development of the cellular standards including 5G NR, IMT-Advanced, and IEEE 802.16m standards in 3GPP, ITU-R, and IEEE. He has taught graduate courses at University of California, San Diego, between 2000 and 2003 and has lectured at Stanford University since 2014. Engineering ISBN 978-0-08-102267-2 ACADEMIC PRESS An imprint of Elsevier ELSEVIER elsevier.com/books-and-journals 9 780081 022672 5G Radio Access Network Architecture 5G Radio Access Network Architecture The Dark Side of 5G Edited by Sasha Sirotkin WILEY IEEE PRESS This edition first published 2021 © 2021 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. The right of Sasha Sirotkin to be identified as the author 