y business users were taking up the service SO that the same conclusion with GSM versus analogue might have been reached, and also for 1 800 MHz PCS in 1994 against 900 Mhz GSM. High on cost and low on appeal, 3G also has problems of universal reception and talk-time drop-out which can prejudice end-to-end packet networking. Thus many of the first 3G networks are still circuit switched, at least over the radio access network. The high cost of wideband and broadband 3G cellular mobile and the low bandwidth of the successful 2G and 2.5G mobile leaves a gap - for low cost high bandwidth mobile. Another gap is in the increased need for emergency services that can operate anywhere during a disaster. Accessibility and resistance to catastrophes are driving needs for adaptive ad hoc networking with a mesh architecture. Looking deeper into the network, we see that the local loop, access networks and trunk networks in many of today's OECD economies host a wide variety of circuit switched network elements, combined with various local loop and access-network packet switching technologies (frame relay, X25, ISDN E1 and T1, T3 and others, such as "Kilostream" and "Megastream", TCP/IP routers, etc.). Attached to this is a mix of higher speed ATM and SDH trunk networks, using SS7 inter-network signalling systems, with a wide variety of TMN (telecommunications management networks) and loss (operational support systems). In consequence many of today's network architectures suffer from complexity and high cost of maintenance and repair. The gap to be filled is in providing a single model for access network and trunk network operation running a single protocol and with one form of switching. It should have the simplicity of the concepts of the Internet, based on data communications and its universality of protocols and addressing, but with enhanced security and robustness to deliberate attack, in comparison with an Internet designed for a trusting, naive world. Perhaps the largest unmet need is concerned with cost. The growth marke