P layer) of up to five non-continuous frequency carriers (each with up to 20 MHz). LTE-Advanced-Pro provides further enhancement allow- ing carrier aggregation of up to 32 frequency carriers (each up to 20 MHz), with up to 640 MHz (= 32 X 20 MHz) carrier bandwidth in total. The drawback is that most of the mobile operators do not have such spectrum to utilize the maximum possible aggre- gation. Also, the mobile equipment categories typically support (as maximum) lower bitrates than theoretical maximums specified in the 3GPP standards. The theoretical maximum bitrates for user equipment (UE) for 3GPP release up to 3GPP Release 14 5 QoS for Mobile Ultra-Broadband Table 5.1 Theoretical maximum bitrates for user equipment for 4G mobile broadband and ultra-broadband by 3GPP. Maximum Maximum parallel equipment downlink streams (MIMO) Maximum uplink category bitrate (Mbit/s) in downlink throughput (Mbit/s) release Release 13 M1 (Rel. 13) M1 (Rel. 14) Release 14 Release 12 102.0 Release 8 150.8 299.6 301.5 301.5 102.0 Release 10 2 998.6 1497.8 452.3 452.3 102.0 Release 11 603.0 603.0 102.0 391.6 150.8 3916.6 9585.7 Release 12 750.0-807.7 226.1 979.0-1051.4 105.5 25 066.0 2119.4 1 174.8-1211.6 211.0 Release 13 1566.3-1658.3 13 563.9 1948.0-2019.4 316.6 Release 14 1 349.0-1413.1 301.5 (the last release before 5G) [4] is given in Table 5.1. The practical individual user bitrates depend upon the installed capacity in the cell(s), the mobility of the users, the number of users in the same cells(s), as well as UE and its category (i.e. which bitrates are supported on the end-user's side). Considering Table 5.1 one may note that LTE-Advanced-Pro, besides higher bitrates, provides additional support for the emerging IoT and enhanced machine type commu- nication (eMTC) via the LTE mobile networks. eMTC is also abbreviated as LTE-MTC or LTE-M (long-term evolution for machines). Also, NB-IoT (narrow band Internet of Things) is targeted at New Radio to the LTE standard optimized for the low end of the market. The IoT and MTC do not 