DN (Narrowband circuit-switched WANs and, 209 ISDN) defined, 23 NAS (network access server), 375 Index NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Adminis- convergence, 411-418 tration), 305 defining, 101 NAT (Network Address Translation), 274-275 digital loop carriers, 472 National ISPs, 293 features of, 141-142 National Telecommunications and Information multimedia requirements in, 389-409 Administration (NTIA), 35 overview of, 101-102, 383-450 National Television Standards Committee. See PSTN telephony and, 140-142 NTSC (National Television Standards SS7 and, 138-140 Committee) Next-generation networks, infrastructure, NCS (Network-Based Call Signaling) protocol, 518 418-450 Near Field Communication (NFC), 683-685 architectures, 425-432 NetWare Link Services Protocol (NLSP), 259 IP multimedia subsystem, 420-425 Network access points (NAPs), 293 MPLS architecture, 445-450 Network access protocols, 169, 264 multiservice edge, 432-437 Network access, PSTN, 106-107 overview of, 418-419 Network access servers (NASs), 375 QoS, 437-445 Network adapters, 175 Next Steps in Signaling (NSIS), 300, 301-302 Network Address Translation (NAT), 274-275 NFC Forum, 684 Network-Based Call Signaling (NCS) protocol, NFC (Near Field Communication), 683-685 NGi (Next-Generation Internet), 303-307 Network-based IPsec VPNs, 358 devices enabled by, 305 Network-based MPLS VPNs, 358 digital objects and libraries, 306 Network-based VPNs, 352 Interplanetary Internet, 304-305 Network connections, types of, 11 overview of, 303-304 Network interface, 160 RFID applications, 305 Network interface cards (NICs), 175 Semantic Web, 306-307 Network layer protocols, OSI, 168 SID telephony, 306 Network nodes NICs (network interface cards), 175 defined, 86 NLOS (non-line of sight), 559 LAN component, 175 NLSP (NetWare Link Services Protocol), 259 Network service providers (NSPs), 285, 289, 293 NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone), 582 Network switches, 7-8 Noise Networked mainframes, 147 analog transmission and, 19 Networking modes bus topology and, 53-54 connection