. The wavelength depends on the frequency and is 8.6 cm at 3.5 GHz, leading to an antenna element spacing of 4.3 cm. The antenna height is then in practice 60 cm and the antenna width 40 cm by assuming a half wavelength (A) distance between antenna elements and an additional half wavelength at the edges of the antenna. Such an antenna can be deployed at many macro sites from the size point of view. The the- oretical antenna width as a function of the antenna columns is shown in Figure 10.32, illustrating that the eight-column solution is feasible from the antenna-width point of 10 5G Performance 2 columns 4 columns 8 columns XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX 13 cm 21 cm 39 cm Figure 10.32 Antenna size at 3.5 GHz band with half wavelength spacing between antenna elements. Non-beamforming Figure 10.33 Up to eight horizontal beams. 8 horizontal beams solution view. The eight-column antenna allows the creation of up to eight independent beams in the horizontal domain. The case is shown in Figure 10.33. The relationship between physical and logical antenna configurations is shown in Figure 10.34. The leftmost case shows the physical antenna with 12 rows, 8 columns, and cross-polarization. The number of TRXs is typically smaller than the number of antenna elements because some antenna elements can be combined. If there are 16 TRXs, then the logical antenna configuration is shown in the rightmost case with one row, eight columns, and cross-polarization. That case allows the creation of eight horizontal beams and a single vertical beam. The 16TRX antenna allows full exploitation of horizontal beamforming, but does not give any vertical beamforming. If there are 64 TRXs, then the logical antenna configuration is shown in the center case. 64 TRXs allows the creation of eight horizontal beams and additionally four vertical beams. The gain of 64TRX over 16TRX depends heavily on the environment. If the area is flat and there are no high-rise buildings, 