 that a large majority of subscribers have phones compatible with newer protocols, 3G spectrum will be refarmed (repurposed) for 4th and 5th generation cellular services. Refarming refers to using spectrum previously used to carry older generations of traffic to use with 4th and 5th generation protocols. Table 7-1 Main 3rd, 4th, and 5th Generation Cellular Service Generati Variatio Where Characteris Transmissi Implemented by Voice (Code Sprint and Verizon carried as transmitt Division in U.S. and in digital bits ed on Multiple South Korea & separate Access) other Asian spectrum countries WCDMA Implemented in Voice (Wideban Europe and most carried as transmitt d Code of the rest of the digital bits ed on Division world separate Multiple spectrum Access) HSPA+ Upgrade from Higher for Voice (High WCDMA transmitt Speed capacity ed on Packet separate Access WCDMA spectrum Plus) Implemented Evolved to Voice and worldwide support 100Mbps transmitt www.TechnicalPDF.com (Long- of data downlink together Evolution in data packets WTTH (Wireless Less- to the Home) is replacement costly Radio) the first 5G service t for low- broadban implemented capacity d option; copper not as fast links in as fiber. rural areas *Additional varieties of LTE are in Table 7-2, "LTE Types". **More details on 2G protocols and mobile services worldwide are listed in Table 7-5 in the "Appendix". 3G Technologies-Incompatible Standards The International Telecommunications Union (ITU) defined IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telephone) digital standards for 3rd generation voice and data on cellular networks. Unfortunately, the ITU subcommittees endorsed several different, interoperable 3G techniques due to political pressure from operators and manufacturers who wanted standards to more closely match the equipment they produced and used in their networks. The two main standards organizations, 3rd Generation Partnership Program (3GPP) and 3rd Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2), specified non-interoperable protocols and architectures (the way device