 with the service attributes and its values that are common across a specific set of services. Resource specifications will have technical details on the layout, attributes, and connection parameters of the resource. General characteristics across the resource that can be realized in multiple resource instances make up capabil- ity specifications. The specification management application can be used to create new service instances from the service specifications. Capability specifications Fundamentals of EMS, NMS and OSS/BSS can be accessed from specification management applications to perform strategic planning and implementation planning. The resource specifications are retrieved from specification management application for the creation of resource instance that comply to the specification. 51. Discovery and status monitoring: The discovery application is expected to automatically discover the resources and their attributes through a manage- ment channel. These applications will either communicate directly with the network resources or collect information using element managers. Most discovery modules will first get a status of the components or elements in the network and then drill down to get further details on the subcomponents of the discovered components. After discovery, the status of the discovered components and subcomponents are monitored using these applications. The status information collected is used by the inventory man- agement solution to reconcile its data. 52. Network testing management: These applications ensure that the network elements are working properly. Testing management is associated with both the fulfillment and the assurance process. In fulfillment, after provisioning and configuration of the network, the testing management module is invoked to verify if the configuration is as expected and to confirm sanity of the net- work for activating the service. In the assurance part, the network testing management application does fault isolation and correction. An automatic test can be tr