cifications and reports. ETSI also provides testing and interoperability assistance to 3GPP and oneM2M technical commit- tees. The ETSI Center for Testing and Interoperability (CTI) supports testing interoperability, con- forming protocol specifications, and validating standards defined by 3GPP and oneM2M. ETSI also hosted the formation of an industry specification group (ISG) to contribute to standardiz- ing specifications for NFV. The ETSI ISG NFV community, originally started with seven operators, has contributed over 100 specifications and reports to the topic. These specifications are gathered and published as releases roughly every two years. The latest, NFV Release 4, was formally ap- proved and published in late 2020. See https://www.etsi.org/technologies/nfv for more details on the ETSI contribution toward NFV. 4.5 Internet Engineering Task Force The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) is a standards body, under the legal umbrella of the In- ternet Society (ISOC), that focuses on the development of protocols for IP-based (Internet) net- works. The IETF is a totally open community with no formal membership and is primarily a volun- teer organization. The IETF is responsible for the development and quality of the Internet standards, whereas ISOC facilitates the legal and organizational issues for the IETF. The IETF organization structures and functions are outlined in numerous RFCs, such as RFC 8712. The standardization process of the IETF is often described as "rough consensus and running code." Engineers (globally) assemble into working groups dedicated to a particular area and exchange their ideas and wisdom to arrive at a rough consensus on a specification. The goal then is to implement the standards through running code-an approach specifically designed to allow rapid development of interoperable protocols. The standardization process is outlined in RFC 2026 (and subsequent er- rata and updates). Internet specifications (and many other related documents) are formally published as one of a series of