Social Security Administration, 54 Bell Communications Research (Bellcore), soft-dollar benefits, 57 60, 209, 426 trials and demonstrations, 59 Bell Labs, 6, 15, 92, 93, 99, 397, 418 Cable modems, 402 history of videoconferencing, 6 Cable Reregulation Act of 1992, 402 B-frame bi-directional (interpolation) coding conferencing, 26 technique as defined in the MPEG standard, 341 California State University biometric, 315 instructional TV, 32 cameras, 260 B-ISDN, 210 bit plane, 105 camera presets, 257 bit-map, 105 for personal conferencing, 307 Bit-rate Allocation Signal, 121 lenses, 450 bit-robbing, 94 low light conditions, 257 boardroom systems, 246 cancellation charges boardroom videoconferencing levied on users of videoconferencing room services, 285 legacy of, 10 Index carrier, 67 clean-room carriers video into, 22 carrier gateways, 196 CLI, 8, 9, 11, 21, 243, 244, 245, 295, 406, 408 failure of IXCs to connect their digital closed circuit television, 405 networks, 195 CNAME (RTCP), 178 network interface, 278 codec, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 44, 93, 97, 98, 99, 100, Cass, Dwight, 147 101, 103, 105, 108, 112, 113, 116, 117, Category 3 UTP, 231 118, 119, 120, 121, 127, 128, 129, 136, 141, 176, 177, 200, 206, 208, 241, 242, CCIR, 336 243, 244, 245, 248, 249, 250, 251, 259, Rec. 601, 347, 405, 414 260, 261, 279, 281, 285, 293, 343, 373, 374, 375, 382, 395, 396, 408, 409, 411, CCIR Rec. 601-2, 336 419, 423, 432, 436, 437, 450, 458, 462, CCIR Rec. 709, 487 464, 468, 485 CCIR Rec. 709 -1, 336 definition of, 7, 93 CCIR-601, 361 Collaboration for Interactive Visual Distance CCITT, 198, 205, 336 Learning (CIVDL), 408 cell relay, 210 color differencing, 84 CellB, 298 color scanners, 260 center clipper, 255 color temperature, 275 color-depth, 307 E1, 94 Columbia Broadcasting System Champion Spark Plug, 33 establishment of, 75 Comité Consultatif International charge coupled device (CCD), 80, 404 Téléphonique des Radiocommunications chat, 306 (CCIR), 336 Chen, Dr. Wen-hsiung Comité Consultatif International CLI founder, 8 Téléphonique 