ehicle-to-network (V2N), and vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P), as shown graphically in Fig. 7.1. It is implied that Periodic location, speed, trajectory, alerts/warnings Vehicle Vehicle Vehicle location/ Wide area traveler motion detection and information, events, local traveler warnings information ("ug" Pedestrian/ eNB/RSU Periodic location, Infrastructure speed, trajectory, alerts/warnings gNB/eNB/RSU Management and Network (Edge cloud) services Application server/ traffic management Figure 7.1 Illustration of various V2X use cases [1,9,13,14]. Light detection and ranging is a remote sensing method used to examine the surface of the earth. Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) Communications 791 these wireless connections are generally bidirectional; that is, the V2I and V2N also allow the infrastructure to send messages to the vehicles. The V2V and V2P transmissions are typ- ically based on broadcast capability between vehicles or between vehicles and vulnerable road users, for example, pedestrians and cyclists, for providing information about location, velocity, and direction to avoid accidents. The V2I transmission is between a vehicle and a road-side unit (RSU). The V2N transmission is between a vehicle and a V2X application server which is in the cloud. An RSU may be used to extend the range of a V2X message received from a vehicle by acting as a forwarding node. The V2I may include communica- tion between vehicles and traffic control devices near road work sites. V2N may include communication between vehicle and the server via 4G/5G network, such as for traffic operations. There are two prominent V2X technologies available today, which have been designed to operate in 5.9 GHz intelligent transportation systems (ITS) spectrum. The IEEE 802.11p standard, which is commonly referred to as dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) and ITS-G5 in the United States and Europe, respectively, was developed as an extension of IEEE 802.11a standard. IEEE 802.11p specification was completed in 2012 and uses a half-clocked version 