Figure 6.11): Massive IoT. It includes IoT services based on low cost, low energy consumption, small data volume generated or transferred, and massive deployments. In this group belong capillary sensor networks, smart agriculture, smart metering, tracking and fleet management, smart buildings, etc. Massive IoT services do not have strict QoS requirements, i.e. they are more tolerant to packet losses, delays, and require lower bitrates. These services can be served over the best-effort Internet network, including fixed and mobile ones. For example, in 5G mobile networks that will be the eMBB (extended mobile broadband) network slice. Also, eMTC and NB-IoT can be used for this purpose. Critical IoT. This includes services which require ultra reliability, very low latency and very high availability. Such services include remote manufacturing, remote surgery, smart grids, traffic safety and control, and distance healthcare. These services require strict QoS, SO they cannot be provided via the public broadband Internet network which is based on best-effort and network neutrality (these services belong to special- ized services). Therefore, critical IoT deployments must be realized via managed IP networks, with QoS guarantees, such as the URLLC (ultra-reliable low latency com- munication) slice in 5G mobile networks [29]. Reliability Massive loT Critical loT Ultra-reliable communication (URLLC) 10- 9 Time (ms) "Reliability refers to outage, FER, etc. loT - Internet of Things FER - Forward error correction URLLC - Ultra reliable low latency communication Figure 6.11 QoS requirements for critical loT vs. massive loT. 6.7 Internet of Things (IOT) Services The mobile IoT technologies are also referred to as low power wide area (LPWA) technologies [30]. Regarding KPIs, while the legacy mobile networks KPIs include, among others, radio coverage, interference (on the physical layer), or packet losses and delay (on the network layer), the IoT services may extend the set of KPIs to new ones such as endurance, efficiency, or rea