ensed bands while still having primary cell on the licensed bands. The third option is a standalone unlicensed band version where radio coverage can be provided without any spectrum license. The standalone unlicensed version can provide local connectivity, for example, in factories or offices or campus areas. A standalone unlicensed version of LTE was never defined in 3GPP but the technical work was done by the MulteFire Alliance, and the solution is called MulteFire. The mandatory changes are included in the MulteFire specifications SO that the existing Wi-Fi networks and MulteFire networks can coexist in the same band and in the same area. Unlicensed band support for 5G will be defined in Release 16. The target is to include all these deployment options. 5G has a few benefits compared to LTE when operating in the unlicensed bands. LTE bandwidth per cell is limited to 20 MHz, which leads to the need for intra-band carrier aggregation at 5 GHz bands. The 5G bandwidth enables wider carrier bandwidth, which is more practical for taking advantage of the 5 GHz band. Another 5G benefit is the flexibility of the control channel allocations. Multiple networks and technologies can coexist in the unlicensed bands with CCA and LBT rules. Coexistence simulations with Wi-Fi and 5G-Unlicensed (5G-U) sharing the same band are illustrated in Figure 4.19. The Wi-Fi system here is 802.11ac. The 20 MHz case is studied for both Wi-Fi and 5G. The results are shown for a medium load. A total four cases are studied: The Wi-Fi and 5G mean throughput is studied when the interfering technology is another Wi-Fi and another 5G. The results show that the Wi-Fi throughput is marginally higher if the interfering system is changed from Wi-Fi to 5G. That means 5G can nicely coexist with Wi-Fi and is even less harmful to Wi-Fi than another Wi-Fi system. The results also show that 5G provides 3-4 times higher throughput than Wi-Fi. In order to understand the utilization of the 5 GHz unlicensed band, we conducted scanner measurements in a major sh