atory institution in the United States) include A market-oriented approach is taken to managing spectrum helps to lower the entry barriers. The spectrum license is related to certain geographical area. Licensees can disaggregate (divide the spectrum into smaller amounts of bandwidth) or partition (divide the license into smaller geographical areas) their licenses, or both, to other entities. The mobile SPs have the freedom to choose technologies and develop services. Competition is promoted further by policies such as requiring automatic roaming among SPs and the implementation of both local number portabil- ity (LNP) and mobile number portability (MNP). As a result, there is effective competition in the U.S. mobile service market- place. The report by FCC showed that by the end of 2006, more than 150 compa- nies identified themselves as mobile SPs [4]. However, they do not all compete head to head in each and every region because they have different geographic service areas. A high number of them are regional players and MVNOs providing services for certain groups of subscribers. Four nationwide MNOs-AT&T, Verizon Wireless, Sprint Nextel, and T-Mobile-are holding the spectrum licenses covering the entire land area, and thus population, of the United States. Their market shares by volume of subscription in 2006 are, respectively, 26.8%, 26.0%, 23.0%, and 11%. No single company has a dominant share of the market. Different providers have chosen to implement a variety of different technologies, including CDMA, Comparative Study on the Mobile Data Service Development GSM, TDMA, and iDEN, with divergent technology migration paths. Competi- tion among multiple incompatible standards emerged as a distinctive feature of the U.S. mobile industry model. 13.4.1.2 China In China, the communication services are separated into basic services and VAS. Different principles and regulations are used. The main problem is how to set up orderly competition in the telecom service market. VAS are open for competition. Qualified compan