OTN. See Optical Transport atmospheric, 262-263 Carrier-Grade Ethernet, 404 Network, 420 data transmission, 41-45 Ethernet, 407-409, 414 Overhead in FEC, 204 earth station antennas, 300-301 MPLS requirements, 397 Over-the-horizon transmissions, optical fiber amplifiers, 160-167 Operation, Administration, 273-274 oversampling for, 13 Management, and Overlay networks. See Legacy quantization, 14 Provisioning (OAM&P) packet-switched data sky, 245-246 capabilities, 344, 346, 350 overlay networks total noise power, 25 Optical bands, 132 Oversampling technique, 12-13, 15 Nonideal optical fibers, 189-191 Optical binary digits, 146-147 Nonlinear crosstalk Optical Carriers (OCs), 312 amplifier chains, 207-208 Optical compensation, 194 P-i-n detectors, 167, 175 BER, 168 Optical Data Units (ODUs), P pictures, 72 chromatic dispersion, 182 Packet delay, 76 optical fiber transmission, 202 Optical fiber transmission, Packet loss Nonlinear Kerr effect, 197 145-146 effects, 81 Nonlinear optical transmission, amplification, 155-160 statistics, 78-81 133, 196-200, 206-207 amplifier noise, 160-167 video transport over Internet, Nonlinear refractive index, BER, 167-176 75-76 196-197 chromatic dispersion. See Packet Loss Concealment (PLC) Nonlinear Schrödinger Equations Chromatic dispersion algorithm, 8 (NLSEs), 198 conclusion, 212 Packets in LSRs, 384-386 Nonreturn-to-Zero (NRZ) CWDM, 152-153 Packets of wavelengths in signals, 147-148, 200-202 DWDM, 153-154 chromatic dispersion, 177 Nonrevertive switching, 417-418 FEC, 203-206 Packet-switched data overlay Non-Zero Dispersion-Shifted modulation formats, 200-203 networks. See Legacy packet- Fibers (NZDSF), 132-133 nonlinear, 196-200 switched data overlay Nonzero syndrome, 90, 95 operating spectrum, 151-152 networks Normal dispersion regimes, 178 optical preamplifiers, 175-176 Paired Comparison Test (PCT), 7 Nuclear explosions, 269 optical transmitters, 148-149 PAM. See Pulse Amplitude Null steering, 291-292 PMD, 189-196 Modulation Nulls in adaptive arrays, 288-289 single-channel, 145-1