n (1G) cellular systems, 71 coaxial and strip lines, 44-5 Fisher Information Matrix (FIM), 347 coupled lines, 45 Fixed function DSP, 83-5 microstrip and slot lines, 45 Fixed location systems, 4, 5 twin lines, 45 free space optical (FSO), 6 waveguides and coplanar waveguides, 44 point to multipoint, 6 Electromagnetic spectrum, 20, 21 point-to-point RF, 5-6 Electromagnetic Vector Sensor (EVS), 355 very small aperture terminal (VSAT) systems, 6 Electromagnetic waves, 141 Folded dipole antenna, 25, 52 EM theory and diffuse scattering: Foreign exchange office (FXO) interface, 166 differential equation methods: Foreign exchange service (FXS) interface, 166 finite difference time domain models, 317-18 Foreman sequence, 225, 228 Index Forward error correction (FEC), 94, 199, 239, 386, 423, 424, Half-duplex circuit, 162 428, 429 Half-wave dipole antenna, 24-5 'Forward gain', 28-9 Hamming distance, 204, 206, 210 Frame relay, 198, 199 Hardware controller, in SCA, 105 Frame switching, 152-3 Hazeltine, 70 Free space optical (FSO) communications, 6 Heterodyning, 142 Free-space radiation, 20-3 Hierarchical modulation, 201, 216-18 Frequency, 145 High data rates, in mobile communication, 273 and wavelength, 141-2 fundamental constraints, 273-6 Frequency attenuation, 43 in interference-limited scenarios, 275-6 Frequency diversity, 287 in noise-limited scenarios, 274-5 Frequency Division Duplex (FDD), 264, 265-6 higher-order modulation, 276-8 Frequency division multiplexing, 156, 167 wider bandwidth including multi-carrier transmission, 278-80 Frequency-domain model, of OFDM, 285-6 High data security, 425 Frequency-Domain Multiplexing, 296, 298 High-definition video, 465 Frequency-hopping, 120, 390 High-priority (HP) bit stream, 216, 217, 218 Frequency-hopping radio link, 386 High resolution and bandwidth (HDTV), 505 Frequency-hopping spread spectrum (FHSS), 413, 414, 418 RGB-YCbCr equations, 472-3 Frequency interleaving, 287, 288 sample rate selection, 484 Frequency modulation (FM), 17, 18-19 High resolution parameter estimation t