on started in ITU pean Telecommunication Standards Institute (ETSI). (International Telecommunication Union) in the 1980s. After evaluations of TDMA, CDMA, and FDMA-based The radiocommunication sector ITU-R issued a first proposals in the mid-1980s, the final GSM standard was recommendation defining Future Public Land Mobile built on TDMA. Development of a digital cellular Telecommunications Systems (FPLMTS) in 1990, later standard was simultaneously done by TIA in the USA revised in 1997. The name for 3G within ITU had by resulting in the TDMA-based IS-54 standard, later then changed from FPLMTS to IMT-2000. The World simply referred to as US-TDMA. A somewhat later Administrative Radio Congress WARC-92 identified 230 development of a CDMA standard called IS-95 was MHz of spectrum for IMT-2000 on a worldwide basis. completed by TIA in 1993. In Japan, a second-generation Of these 230 MHz, 2 X 60 MHz were identified as (2G) TDMA standard was also developed, usually re- paired spectrum for FDD and 35 MHz as unpaired ferred to as PDC. spectrum for TDD, both for terrestrial use. Some spec- All these standards were 'narrowband' in the sense trum was also set aside for satellite services. With that, that they targeted 'low-bandwidth' services such as the stage was set to specify IMT-2000. voice. With the 2G digital mobile communications came Task Group 8/1 within ITU-R developed a range of also the opportunity to provide data services over the recommendations for IMT-2000, defining a framework mobile-communication networks. The primary data ser- for services, network architectures, radio interface vices introduced in 2G were text messaging (SMS) and requirements, spectrum considerations, and evaluation circuit-switched data services enabling e-mail and other methodology. Both a terrestrial and a satellite component data applications. The peak data rates in 2G were initially were defined. 9.6 kbps. Higher data rates were introduced later in Task Group 8/1 defined the process for evaluating evolved 2G systems by assigning