 staff manages the storage. Examples of organizations that use and manage their own large storage systems to collect and manage data are cloud providers, and large commercial entities. In particular, government agencies, municipalities, healthcare organizations, financial firms, and large universities as well as streaming media companies store enormous amounts of information. Faster processors, powerful IP fiber-optical networks, and lower-cost, large www.TechnicalPDF.com capacity disk storage and faster memory enable storage systems to provide near real time access to immense amounts of information. Typically, these storage systems are located at off-site data centers or in the cloud. Large enterprises and data centers operated by cloud providers deploy storage systems with servers (computers) that run special-purpose programs that monitor and manage access to storage, memory chips, and disks that store information required to operate their businesses. The information is in the form of text, databases, video, and audio records. In contrast to local and broadband networks that measure capacity in bits, storage systems measure capacity of the massive amounts of data stored in bytes. Each byte is made up of 8-bit characters. Large storage systems typically hold petabytes of information. A petabyte equals 1,000,000,000,000,000 bytes or 1,000,000,000 gigabytes. Measuring Performance-Input-Output Operations per Second Input-Output Operations per Second (IOPS) is measured by how long it takes to access data from user devices. It's the time elapsed between requesting the data, transmitting the data, and receiving the data-in other words, the movement of data between the data storage network and the requesting or sending computer. Current storage systems are capable of close to 1 million inputs-outputs per second. Each request for data uses a protocol that issues a request and receives either an acknowledgment or a negative acknowledgment if the request is refused. The transmission of the requested data is also referred 