nd internet convergence. ETSI bodies "Telecommunications and Internet Protocol Harmonization Over Networks" (TIPHON) and "Services and Protocols for Advanced Networks" (SPAN) decided to merge and jointly work on a focus area, forming TISPAN in 2003. Being a body of ETSI, it is mainly concerned with European telecom market but also works on worldwide standards similar to its parent organization. Fundamentals of EMS, NMS and OSS/BSS The standards of ETSI are developed by technical bodies in ETSI, which can establish working groups to focus on a specific technology area. There are three types of the technical body in ETSI. They are: 1. Technical committee: ETSI calls this technical committee a semipermanent entity. The works of the committee may not end up as standards but are used by the other ETSI technical bodies. Its primary focus is to work on a specific technology area. The technical committee is established from technology per- spective with multiple standardizing activities happening at all times around a specific technology. 2. ETSI project: This technical body is similar to the technical committee. The difference being is that it is established based on market sector requirements and has a predetermined life span. 3. ETSI partnership project: As the name signifies this technical body works on partnership project with other standardizing bodies. The documents developed by the technical bodies or the ETSI deliverables fall under one of the below categories: ETSI technical specification (TS): More on specifications rather than techni- cal definitions ETSI technical report (TR): Regular report on a specific aspect of technology ETSI standard (ES): Definitions and specifications for global market ETSI guide (EG): Detailed documentation that serves as a guide European standard (or European norm, EN): Definitions and specifications for European market ETSI special report (SR): Special report on a specific aspect of technology Miscellaneous Item: When none of the other deliverables apply, then the document is call