carried on the same cables. Older networks transmit control and data plane signals within the same channel. Orchestration and Automation Orchestration and Automation are features within WA SDNs. Automation is the use of software to control specific functions within the network. Scripts written in software are used to perform particular tasks. Examples are use of a script for routing traffic to alternate routes in networks if there is congestion on the main route. Or it may define www.TechnicalPDF.com when traffic should overflow to a private line from an Internet-connected IP VPN. Another example is when telephone companies automate turning on ports in optical equipment in response to traffic levels in broadband networks. For instance, a large bank used the same configuration at each of its 50 branch offices. A configuration might include policies on routing critical applications, videos, and the Internet. For the bank, a telephone company contact person first tested a configuration at one branch location. Once the test was completed, the same configuration was downloaded to each branch via access circuits at the branch. Note that a working circuit was already in place at each of the 50 branches. Orchestration refers to the ability to use automation to control many functions within open source software on SD WANs. It may, for example, send instructions to configure all branch office locations within an organization uniformly. Orchestration is intended to automate on-demand services across multiple providers. Automation and orchestration are challenging to implement for customers and telephone companies with hardware and software from multiple vendors. This greatly increases the complexity of implementing WA SDN. WA SDNs operate best and are least complex to implement and manage for customers and telephone companies with commodity hardware and servers with open source software. The Hybrid Wide Area Network-MPLS and WA Many organizations keep their Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) service at some locations and