les Protocols and Layers Virtualization: Space, Cost, and Maintenance Efficiencies Managing Virtualization The Cloud: Applications and Development at Providers' Data Centers Summary Appendix Capabilities discussed in this chapter are the basis of important technologies used by residential and business customers on a daily basis. They enable: the Internet to store vast amounts of data millions of people to simultaneously access the Internet cellular networks to handle ever-increasing amounts of traffic storage devices to hold massive amounts of data High-powered computer chips are the building blocks of innovation in the twenty-first century. Their increased memory, speed, and 8-core processing capabilities along with smaller size have made possible innovative technologies affecting industry, personal productivity, and connectivity. Decreases in chip sizes enable people to carry computers in the form of smartphones in their pockets. Computing power, previously only available in personal computers and large centralized computer www.TechnicalPDF.com servers, is now used in smartphones and tablet computers. For the most part, these electronics and networks have been available for most of the twenty-first century. However, innovations in the speed, capacity, and amount of memory on computer chips have resulted in higher capacity fiber-optic networks and denser storage systems. High-capacity virtualized servers that store multiple operating systems and applications in a single device in less space, as well as high-capacity broadband networks, are the basis of highly reliable cloud computing. Moreover, fiber networks link cloud data centers together SO that if one data center fails, another one automatically takes over. In an effort to more flexibly store applications, cloud companies and large enterprises use containers. Like virtual servers, containers don't require that each application be held in its own dedicated physical server. Containers break applications into multiple parts SO that each part can be modified wi