 Figures 13.11 and 13.12 and the above analysis, it is clear that efficiently and dynamically adapting the modem's operating bandwidth is the key to reducing the 5G modem's power consumption. To help pinpoint the main sources of current drain, the modem power consumption model captured in the 3GPP study on UE power saving in 5G NR [7] 14 for operation in the sub-6-GHz spectrum is shown in Table 13.6. The data 14 The study is underway at the time of writing. 13.5 Wider Bandwidth Operation and Modem Power Consumption CPU+GPU, 10% CPU+GPU, 7% Display, Display, Modem, Modem, Single Carrier (100 MHz) Two Carriers (2 X 100 MHz) Figure 13.12 Estimated power consumption distribution for a 5G NR smartphone under peak data rate for DL in sub-6-GHz spectrum. in Table 13.6(a) are normalized such that the smallest modem power consumption (deep sleep) corresponds to one power consumption unit. Deep sleep, light sleep, and micro sleep shown in Table 13.6(a) are defined as follows. Deep sleep. All components within the modem are turned off, and it requires longer time and larger additional energy for the modem to wake up, compared to light sleep. Light sleep. Almost all components within the modem turned off, and it requires the longer time and larger additional energy for the modem to wake up, compared to micro sleep. Micro sleep. Only RF components are turned off, and it requires the shortest time and almost no additional energy for the modem to wake up among the three states. In Table 13.6(b), modem power consumption scaling factors are introduced that reflect the modem power consumption scaling when the scheduling is changed from same-slot scheduling to cross-slot scheduling and the reception bandwidth and carrier number of a modem increases - references are provided in italic. From Table 13.6, the following candidate techniques can be derived that can help reducing the modem power consumption for PDCCH-only and Voice Service modem states: Bandwidth adaptation for connected mode - Narrow bandwidth for PDCCH-only and Voice Se