th loss versus distance is a worst case from the interference point of view and is defined as follows: COST 231 Final Report (e.g. propagation environments) , Commission of the European Communities. System Analysis Fundamentals (2.30) where LFS is the free space between transmitter and receiver, L is the constant loss, kwi is the number of penetrated walls of type i, n is the number of penetrated floors, Lwi is the loss of wall type i, Lf is the loss between adjacent floors, and b is the empirical pa- rameter. L normally is set to 37 dB. n = 4 is the average for an indoor office environ- ment. For capacity calculations in moderately pessimistic environments, the model can be modified to n = 3. Table 2.3 Weighted Average for Loss Categories Indoor Environment [2] Loss cate- Description Factor Typical floor structures (i.e. offices) - hollow pot tiles - reinforced concrete - thickness typ. < 30 cm Light internal walls - plasterboard - walls with large numbers of holes (e.g. windows) Internal walls - concrete, brick - minimum number of holes Under the simplifying assumptions of the office environment the indoor path loss model has the following form: (2.31) where R is the transmitter-receiver separation given in metres and n is the number of floors in the path. L shall in no circumstances be less than free space loss. A log-normal shadow fading standard deviation of 12 dB can be expected. Physical deployment The specific assumptions about the indoor physical deployment environment can be summarized from [2] as: area per floor = 5000 m², number of floors = 3, room = 20 X 10 X 3 (m), corridor = 100 X 5 X 3 (m), log-normal standard deviation = 12 (dB), MS velocity = 3 (km/h). Figure 2.5 illustrates a default deployment scheme, where base stations use omnidirectional antennas. For spectrum efficiency evaluation, quality statis- tics should only be collected in the middle floor. See the mobility model in [2]. The UMTS Network and Radio Access Technology Figure 2.5 Indoor office model and deployment scheme. 2.2.4 Outdoor 