 cable designs, 453, 454, 455-6 rate-distortion optimized (RaDiO) streaming, 224 characterization: RaDiO framework, 224-6 attenuation, 449-50 receiver-driven streaming, 226, 227 dispersion, 450-2 rich acknowledgments, 226-8 materials, 448-9 Network Address Translation (NAT), 198 measurement techniques, 452, 453, 455 Network allocation vector (NAV), 388 mechanical properties, 451, 452 Network delay, 240 connector: Network infrastructure, 165 mechanical properties, 455, 456-7 basic telephony, 166-7 optical properties, 457, 458 time division multiplexing (TDM), 167 types, 454, 455, 456 voice networking, 165-6 light propagation, Voice over ATM (VoATM), 167 multimode fiber, 446-7 addressing, 169 optical coupling, 447-8 ATM trunking, using AAL2, 174-5 rays and electromagnetic mode theory, 443 benefit, 170 single-mode fiber, 443-6 circuit emulation services (CES), 173-4 OPTIONS method, 234 and delay, 170 Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), 398, 410 routing, 169-70 basic parameters, selection of: signaling, 169 cyclic-prefix length, 289-90 standards and specifications, 172-3 number of subcarriers, 288-9 technical challenges, 170-72 subcarrier spacing, 288 Voice over Frame Relay (VoFR), 175 basic principles, 281-2 equipping network, for VoFR, 175-8 channel coding, importance of, 287 voice switching requirements, 178-9 channel estimation and reference symbols, 286-7 Voice over IP (VoIP), 179-87 cyclic-prefix insertion, 284-5 Network layer prioritization, 185 demodulation, 282 Network packet loss, 191-2 frequency-domain model, 285-6 Networking protocols, 127 implementation using IFFT/FFT processing, 282-4 Next-generation network, 154 instantaneous transmission power, variations in, 290 NeXt Generation (XG) radio development program, 127-8 multi-cell broadcast/multicast transmission, 292-3 NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephony) system, 259 as user-multiplexing and multiple-access scheme, 290-2 NodeBs, 306 Orthogonal multiple-access scheme, 299 Noise figure, 36 Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) codes, see for 