ber 2000. 17 In the interim, entrants could build their own facilities or obtain access to customers by using the incumbents' services. The Results: Narrowband Competition in the first three and one-half years focused almost exclu- sively on calling, not access. To obtain access to customers, entrants could use the incumbents' networks to originate and terminate their calls, install some of their own switches and transport facilities, or build their own facil- ities. As in the United States and Canada, facilities-based entry has been slow. From the share of subscribers served "directly" (that is, over the en- trants' own lines) and the share of revenues obtained by entrants from direct and "indirect" subscribers (those served over incumbents' lines), it is Telecom Reform in Other Countries Table 9-2. Entrants' Share of Fixed-Telephony Markets in EU Countries, 2001-02 Percent Share of total Share of subscribers fixed-telephony Country served "directly" revenues Austria Belgium Denmark Finland France Germany Ireland Italy Netherlands Norway Portugal Spain Sweden United Kingdom Source: IDC, Monitoring European Telecoms Operators: Final Report (January 2002). Report filed with the European Commission (http://europa.eu.int/information_society/topics/telecoms/implementation/ index_en.htm). evident that competition varies widely across countries (see table 9-2). Ire- land, the Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden have the largest estimated share of lines served by entrants through "direct" competition. Because telephone companies in all EU countries charge customers for local calls, competition has focused largely on offering lower prices for both local and long-distance (national and international) calls. Long-distance competition has been much more intense than local competition because the incumbents' margins on national and international calls have tradi- tionally been used to subsidize local connections. According to somewhat different data published by the European Commission, the entrants' share of national and intern