ranging from 10% in Romania to 90% in Slovenia and Bulgaria. In the former eastern bloc, urban water use has decreased as a result of industrial decline, tariff increases and improvements to the supply systems. In contrast, Bulgaria and Romania have high water use per capita as a result of poor supply systems and all the problems that attend these. Per capita household water use varies from a high of between 224 and 265 l/capita/day in Spain and Norway to lows of between 85 and 115 l/capita/day in Lithuania, Estonia and Belgium. Across Europe, there are major differences in subsidiarity traditions, and thus the role of local governments. According to Juuti and Katko (2005), this difference is crucial for the evolution of and strategic decisions concerning the management options for water and sewage services. Most significant is the INFRASTRUCTURE TO 2030: TELECOM, LAND TRANSPORT, WATER AND ELECTRICITY - ISBN 92-64-02398-4 © OECD 2006 5. THE IMPACTS OF CHANGE ON THE LONG-TERM FUTURE DEMAND FOR WATER SECTOR INFRASTRUCTURE role of the private sector in delivering these services. Clearly this is now strongly related to the globalisation and diversification of a relatively small number of large corporations that are major actors in water service provision. The development of water services in 29 cities across Europe has been examined in detail by Juuti and Katko (2005), reporting on the EU WaterTime project. The historical factors creating demand for water services are varied; the most important were: the state of the service providing business; fire protection; lack of readily accessible water; poor water quality; environmental protection; public health; industrial needs; regional perspectives; and tourism. These demands can be exerted at different times in the development of each city. The strong role of fire fighting and associated insurance services is cited as a primary driver for a number of cities. In each country studied, it was found that although private finance initially provided water services (in a less t