ion (4G) wire- less technologies are capable of carrying more high-speed wireless data and video than third-generation (3G) technologies, which are more efficient than second-generation (2G) and analog technologies. Unfortunately, many carriers worldwide still use 2G services. When carriers purchase other carriers, the merger of different technologies can cause spectral inefficiencies. When Sprint purchased Nextel, Nextel used a different protocol for its push-to-talk voice and data services. This protocol is known as Inte- grated Digital Enhanced Network (iDEN), which was developed by Motorola Solu- tions. Sprint has announced its intention to phase out its iDEN service to gain more capacity without purchasing spectrum. Large "chunk" of networks using the same protocols enable carriers to transmit more traffic. This is because smaller "chunk" might not be used to capacity while the rest of the network is congested. This change enables Sprint to upgrade more of its network to newer, higher-capacity protocols. In addition, carriers can add more capacity by increasing the number of cell sites in their territory. Carriers add cell sites because each one reuses spectrum used in non- adjacent cells. However, although additional cell sites equate to more spectrum re-use, this strategy is more expensive. It involves adding and maintaining new antennas and other equipment at each new base station. Finite Spectrum for Wireless Networks Unused Spectrum on the Secondary Market In addition to obtaining spectrum at auctions, carriers also purchase spectrum on the secondary market from organizations that purchased it at earlier auctions but either did not build a network on it or were unsuccessful in their service offerings. For example, AT&T Mobility, in addition to purchasing spectrum in the 700MHz range at the 2008 FCC auction, offered Qualcomm $1.93 billion for additional 700MHz spectrum in 2010. Qualcomm had used its spectrum for mobile TV, but it attracted few customers. AT&T received FCC approval for the deal in 2011. A