to other cities. Advances in Submarine Cabling Technology Advances in submarine fiber-optic cable networks took a leap forward between 2012 and 2015. This is when coherent fiber-optic technology enabled already installed fiber-optic cables to be upgraded to carry additional traffic. Coherent optical electronics connected to fiber- optic cables enabled more channels of traffic to be carried with tighter spacing between each channel of data. Without this innovation, the current undersea cables would be out of capacity, and additional cables would have to be laid. According to Telegeography, a www.TechnicalPDF.com consulting firm owned by Primerica and located in Washington DC, by 2020 additional cables will need to be built because of anticipated traffic growth. Power Limitations Power must be supplied at the terrestrial end of each fiber bundle. In contrast to terrestrial fiber where power can be added along the route, it's not possible to supply power at various points in each undersea cable bundle. Currently available power technology at each end of a bundle of fiber cables supports only six fiber pairs. This limits the number of fiber pairs in each route. Various organizations are looking at ways to increase power capabilities SO that additional strands of fiber can be supported in each bundle. Traffic Usage-Cloud and Content Providers Content and cloud providers use the lion's share of capacity on undersea cables. These hyper-scaled operators are Google, Facebook, Amazon, and Microsoft. Additionally, in recent years there is added traffic between Africa and Europe, particularly between the east coast of Africa and Europe. This has resulted in additional undersea capacity between Europe and Africa. The above content provider and cloud providers' primary motivation in taking ownership stakes in cable routes is to be assured of adequate capacity. Prior to the enormous growth in cloud and search traffic, carriers such as AT&T and Verizon used the most capacity in submarine cable systems. Cable Cuts in Submarine Ne