user terminal within range of only two base stations to be located with sufficient precision. In North America, almost all locations are within range of two tow- ers. The proof-of-concept system for locating GSM and other TDMA user terminals was not approved. Without the timing signal, location can only be determined with suffi- cient accuracy if the user terminal is within range of four cellular towers. The govern- ment has determined that there are too many rural areas where a user terminal is not within range of four towers for this to be acceptable. 2 It is unlikely that a technical lution for this limitation of the TDMA-based location system will be developed in time to be tested and approved for current government deadlines. Either the deadlines will be extended, or companies will be forced to migrate to CDMA. Extensions of deadlines are common in such circumstances. Nonetheless, the situation with relation to com- pliance for E-911 significantly increases pressure for conversion to CDMA in North America. There are a number of other technical issues facing CDMA engineers. Let us take a brief look at them. There is insufficient radio spectrum to support projected growth of voice services in North America. New spectrum allocations were announced in summer 2002 but will not be available until 2008. In the meantime, conversion to cdma2000 will provide some increased capacity, but how much remains to be seen. Also, cellular providers that have or can obtain spectrum in the original Advanced Mobile Phone Sys- tem (AMPS) range (900 MHz) will continue to convert that spectrum to CDMA or TDMA. This will place additional pressure on planners and maintenance engineers to tweak systems for optimal performance. Smart antennas will be deployed more widely, and prices probably will drop. It would be valuable to define the exact effect of smart antennas in our cellular simulations. Rather than merely adding some capacity factor to a cell, it would be good to be able to 20 the language of the U.S. Federal Communications Com