path calculations, cellular radio, 467 photodiodes, 237-239 path loss, 204, 205 photon (light) sources, fiber-optic communication path loss radio propagation model, 463 system, 236-237 path overhead (POH), 496 PHY bursts, 351 path profile, 198 physical layer chart, 202f ATM, 521-522 line-of-sight microwave, 200-203 OSI, 282 steps in preparing, 200, 201-203 physical layer convergence protocol (PLCP), path/site survey, in line-of-sight microwave design, 533-534 physical signaling sublayer (PLS), 300 payload adjustment jitter, 496 picofarad (pF), 589 payload mapping/demapping, 498-499 piconet, Bluetooth WPAN, 346-347 payload pointers, 491, 495-496 payload-type (PT) field, 519 picture element (pixel, pel), 406, 422 PCM codec, 118f. See also pulse code modulation picture quality scale, 45 (PCM) picture rate, 422 PCM multiplex systems. See higher-order PCM picture scanning formats, 424-425 multiplex systems pigtail, 237, 239, 243 PCM repeatered lines, signal-to-Gaussian-noise pilot tones, 84-85 ratio on, 120 PIN photodiode, 237-239 PCM signal, quality of, 114 "pipes,", 36 INDEX plesiochronous digital hierarchy (PDH) formats, TCP/IP-related, 319-327 pseudorandom (PN) sequence, 474, 475f plesiochronous synchronization, 139, 141-142, 144 "P" tables, 63 point of presence (POP), 16-17 public switched telecommunications network point of termination (POT), 16 (PSTN), 1, 2, 3f, 458, 459. See also telephone point-to-multipoint full-duplex radio systems, 170 network point-to-point signaling virtual channel (SVC), 530 as an all-digital network, 89, 107 point-to-point TV transmission parameters, 413 data communications via, 251 Poisson distribution, 60 digital circuits on, 388 Poisson, S. D., 60 gateway support for, 391 Poisson traffic formula, 62-63 inefficiency of, 7 trunk-loading capacity based on, 64 makeup of, 169-173 polar dc transmission, 258, 259 network management in, 548-553 polar transmission, 265 network topology of, 11 poles, of a magnet, 586 North American, 137 poll (P) bit, 286-287 signal-to-noise ratio in, 42 POP (