-Hopping Frame Alignment Words (FAWs), Galactic noise, 262 Spread Spectrum 21-22 Galois Field arithmetic, 87, 93 Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG), Frame Check Sequence (FCS), Gaussian noise, 42-43 185-187 Gaussian PDF, 16 Fiber Connection (FICON), 359 Frame Relay, 362, 366-369, Gauss's electrostatic theorem, 219 Fiber dispersion maps, 209 371-373 Gauss's magnetic theorem, 219 Fiber effective area, 206-207 Frame Relay Access Devices Gaussian radiation patterns, 282 Fiber fuse effect, 209 (FRADs), 369 GEFs. See Gain-Equalizing Filters Fiber Raman Amplifiers (FRAs), Framed GFP (GFP-F), 355, Generalized Multiprotocol Label 155-156, 160 357-358, 406 Switching (GMPLS), 53 Fiber systems. See Optical fiber Frames Generic Framing Procedure transmission; Optical fibers alignment, 21-23 (GFP), 344, 355-356 Fibre Channel, 150, 359 GFP, 355-359 Ethernet frames, 405 Field strengths synchronization, 48-49 frame structure, 355-357 free-space propagation, 259 FRAs. See Fiber Raman GFP-F, 357-358 received via ionosphere, 251 Amplifiers GFP-T, 358 terrestrial line-of-sight Free space Generic WANs, 364-366 propagation, 272 attenuation, 260 Geostationary orbits, 275 File transfer, 74 path loss, 238 GID. See Group Identification Bit Filters propagation, 259-260 Gigabit Ethernet (GbE) service, anti-aliasing, 12 satellite communications, 275 bandpass, 47 terrestrial line ofsight, 270 Gigabit Passive Optical GEF, 157-158 Frequency Division Multiple Networks (GPONs), 205, 355 lowpass, 12-13 Access (FDMA) systems, Gilbert loss model, 80 LPF, 6 GMPLS. See Generalized QMF, 8 Frequency Hopping Spread Multiprotocol Label First-in-First-out (FIFO) Spectrum (FHSS), 105-106 Switching technique, 78 Frequency masking effect, 8 Golay codes, 91-92 First-order PMD, 194 Frequency Modulation (FM), G-PON fiber access network F layer in ionosphere, 266 38-39 standards, 153, 210 Flip-flops, 19 Frequency modulation index, 38 GPONs. See Gigabit Passive Flywheels, 22 Frequency of Optimum Optical Networks FM. See Frequency Modulation Transmission (FOT), 269 Graded in