 loop design, 93-102. See also system levels, 51 subscriber loop "cookbook" methods for, 98-102 T1 digital systems, 544-547 extending the loop, 97-98 T1 digital techniques, 101-102 loop length limits, 94-95 T1 frame rate, 545 process of, 95-97 talk battery, 93 telephone subset operation, 91-93 "talk-down," in-band signaling, 152 earpiece (receiver), 91, 93 tandem connectivity, 7 mouthpiece (transmitter), 91, 93 tandem exchange, 12 telephone switches, line appearances of, 70, 71f tandem links, 174-175 telephone switching, 67-74 tandem networks, equalization and, 276 automatic systems, 71-72 tandem switches, in local area connectivity, 7 basic requirements, 67-68 tandem/transit exchange, 68 common control (hard-wired), 73 tap device, 433, 440-441 concentration/expansion, 68, 70, 71 TASO (Television Allocations Study Organization), essential functions of a local switch, 68-70 45, 409, 437 functional elements of, 70-71 TCP (transmission control protocol), 284, 324-327 remote, 74 mechanisms of, 325-326 stored program control, 73-74 relationship to other layered protocols, 325f telephone timeout, 150 TCP connection, 325 telephone traffic, 57 TDMA burst frame format, 221f. See also Time carrying, 57 Division Multiple Access (TDMA) measurement of, 57-58 TDMA bursts, 353 telephone transmission, 75-78 TDMA frame, 470f hybrid device, 76-78 TDM bursts, 353 two-wire and four-wire, 75-76 TDM systems, 85 telephone user part (TUP), 364, 381, 382-384 Telcordia, 16 Telepoint, 482 error performance parameters, 142-143 television. See also video entries telecommunication(s), 1, 19, 540 interfacing standards for, 403 exchange and interexchange, 16 picture quality, 45 standardization in, 15-16 reception services, 433 INDEX Television Allocations Study Organization (TASO), time-slot interchanger (time-switch, TSI), 129, 14, 437 130f, 131f, 132f) picture ratings, 409 functional blocks of, 130 television transmission, 403-430 time-space-time (TST) switch, 133-134, 135 broadcaster criteria in, 411-413 Time Stamp field, in SNMP messages, 5