fective Isotropically Radiated complementary error function, Extraordinary waves, 248 Power (EIRP), 232 171-172 Extrinsic factors in PMD, 189-190 Effective Monopole Radiated data transmission Extrinsic losses, 117 Power (EMRP), 252 performance, 45 Eye diagrams, 25-27, 43-44, Effective Radiated Power (ERP), error-correcting decoders, 95 168-169 231-233 FEC. See Forward Error 8421 Binary Coded Decimal Correction (BCD) representation, 18 optical fiber transmission, Fabry-Pérot modes, 158 EIR. See Excess Information Rate 203-204 Facilities Management, 341 E layer in ionosphere, 266 propagation, 48 Facility backup, 395 Index Fair Queuing (FQ) technique, 78 binding, 389 Friis power transmission Faraday's law of electromagnetic definitions, 204-205 formula, 269-270, 272 induction, 219 error-correcting codes, 203-204 Friis transmission equation, 280 Fast reroute, 395-396 VS. feedback error correction, Front-to-back ratio, microwave FAWs. See Frame Alignment 86-87 line-of-sight radio, 298-299 Words optical fiber transmission, FSK. See Frequency Shift Keying FBG. See Fiber Bragg Grating 203-206, 211 Full-duplex transmissions, 30 FCS. See Frame Check Sequence types, 205-206 FULL HDTV, 56 FDMA. See Frequency Division Forwarding in DiffServ, 392 FWM. See Four-Wave Mixing Multiple Access systems Forwarding Equivalence Class FEC. See Forward Error (FEC), 384 Correction Forwarding models in VPNs, FEC. See Forwarding Equivalence 400-401 antennas, 231-233, 280 Class FOT. See Frequency of Optimum coding, 87-88, 204 FEC-to-NHLFE Maps (FTMs), Transmission earth stations, 301 386-387 4221 Binary Coded Decimal reflector antennas, 294 Feedback error correction, 86-87 (BCD) representation, 18 VHF and UHF antennas, 306 Feed-Forward Equalizers (FFEs), Four-Wave Mixing (FWM), Gain equalization, 157, 159 142-143, 198-199 Gain-Equalizing Filters (GEFs), Feed systems FQ. See Fair Queuing technique 157-158 earth stations, 301 Frame Alignment Signal (FAS), Gain-to-Noise Temperature reflector antennas, 296-298 (G/T) ratio, 301 FHSS. See Frequency