, 185-187 automation, 343 Operational costs, 45-46 conflicting control loop policies, 345 Operational functions, 19 control loops, 340-342 Operational Management Framework (OMF), 104 deploying and deleting VNFs, 339-340 Operational security, 183 ETSI, 109-111 Operational VNF operational metrics, 379-380 identifying operations policies, 346 Operations, administration, and maintenance (OA&M), increasing software complexity, 346 35, 109, 182, 249, 314, 372 integration with, 316, 324 Operations support systems (OSS), 13, 15, 30, 61, 95, 104, legacy BSSs interactions with, 133-135 195, 229, 249-250, 275, 333 network and service monitoring, 340 OSS/BSS orchestration layer, 233 network cloud environment, 105-106 OSS/BSS systems, 15 ONAP-related challenges, 343-346 Operations team transformation, 346-347 policy life cycle, 344 OpEx, see Operating expenditure policy testing and automated validation OPNFV, see Open Platform for NFV techniques, 345 Optical amplifier (OA), 18, 268 role, 338-343 Optical core, SDN control of, 287-291 safe policies, 343-345 Optical distribution network (ODN), 231 security, 187-189 Optical-electrical-optical conversions service design, 306 (OEO conversions), 269 VNF change management, 342-343 Optical layer, 266 Open network install environment (ONIE), 256 AT&T domestic 100G long haul optical backbone, 267 Open packet processors, 262 expressing wavelengths, 271 Open Platform for NFV (OPNFV), 391, 395-396 fixed optical transport system, 269 OpenROADM-based devices, 395 flexible software-controlled optical networks, 272-273 Open ROADM, see Reconfigurable add-drop multiplexer future work in, 275-276 (ROADM) 100G pluggable form factors, 271 OpenROADM.org specifications, 275 Open ROADMs, 273-275 Open shortest path first (OSPF), 35, 277fn optical fiber types deployed in terrestrial networks, 267 Open software optical technologies, 268 components, 240-241 ROADMs, 270 model, 221 Optical line terminal (OLT), 229, 259 Open Source, 392 functionality, 235 GitHub, 393 hardware designs, 234 IP friction, 392 Op