her markets. The IS-95 standard had been adopted by several major operators including those in the US, Korean and Japanese market. However the handsets were not inter- nationally compatible and international roaming was limited. There was a need for a truly non-proprietary international standard to create a global market. Moreover, the emerging growth of the internet and computer communications, as well as nascent electronic commerce required fast wireless data transmission rates. These all gave rise to a global collaboration bet- ween a core group of manufacturers, operators and regulatory organisations from several countries to develop a new generation of mobile communications standards. Wideband CDMA The core group initially worked on several standard tracks. One was based on TDMA tech- nology as an evolution of GSM to provide faster transmission rates. Another track was based on a combination of TDD and CDMA communication, an idea based on the PhD work of author and his advisor in the early 1990s [10]. Another track was based on a combination of FDD and CDMA and similar to IS-95 but used a wider bandwidth to facilitate comparatively faster transmission rates. This latter technology came to be known as Wideband CDMA (W-CDMA), and became the prominent standard. ETSI and ARIB joint efforts led to the development of a W-CDMA standard which was largely based on the GSM core network. This choice of network architecture meant a smooth transition to W-CDMA for GSM operators as a period of co-existence with GSM was pos- sible. In 1998, other standards-setting bodies from Korea, China and the US joined ETSI and ARIB to form the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) and worked to develop a truly global mobile communications standard. The first W-CDMA standard was released in 1999, and the first commercial network was by NTT Docomo in late 2001 (before the start of the 2002 FIFA World Cup). W-CDMA is based on CDMA technology, and similarly users are distinguished by unique codes. As noted above one requirement for 