ata cap. However, crowdsourcing applications are useful for IAS over fixed networks, enabling end-users to autonomously detect possible QoS degradations (e.g. service unavailability or lower speeds than the contracted ones). Another aspect of QoS monitoring for fixed broadband is broadband mapping [8]. Possible broadband mappings are given in Table 9.3. The broadband mapping process is targeted at establishing a single information base for broadband and ultra-broadband services, existing infrastructures, service demand, and ultra-broadband investments. Infrastructure mapping creates transparent access to relevant information. Service mapping provides an insight into the current state of broadband availability in the given country to assist in decision-making processes regarding future public and private broadband investments. For both service and infrastructure mapping, the authority in charge is the NRA. 9.7 QoS and Pricing Table 9.3 Broadband mapping. Broadband mapping Description Infrastructure mapping Geo-referenced and structured data of physical infrastructure, such as ducts/fiber/nodes, antenna towers, and other needed infrastructures (energy, etc.). Broadband services/QoS Maps information on the supply side of broadband service mapping provision, including the available bandwidths and QoS, technologies, operators and service providers. Broadband demand Data on actual latency and speeds experienced by users; data usage mapping (per household); expectations regarding QoS/QoE and willingness to pay by different user groups. Investment and funding Information related to prospective public and private investment of mapping high speed broadband (i.e. ultra-broadband). 9.7 QoS and Pricing QoS as an end-to-end feature depends upon all players in the end-to-end communica- tion path of IP traffic for a given service. Such players include national telecom operators, international transit providers, service providers' data centers and CDN, and customers. The telecom operators are driven by market forces in national m