re and educational institutions that collect private information such as social security numbers or student information monitor outgoing traffic to ensure privacy of patients and students, to be in compliance with privacy regulations. Universities, for example, have applications with DPI capabilities enabling them to block outgoing e-mail containing students' social security numbers and student identification numbers from all computers except those few computers in, for example, human resources or www.TechnicalPDF.com registrars' computers that need to collect the information. Moreover, because DPI software can detect packet content as well as header bits, it is one way to recognize malware hidden within for example graphics in PDF documents. Governments Monitor: Terrorism, Web Access, and Unfavorable Comments Governments often request that their country's wireless and wireline telephone companies monitor and/or censor e-mail messages that they might consider harmful. DPI can be used, for example, to track terrorists or people critical of the government. They may also request that telephone companies block access to particular web sites. Governments additionally request that telephone and cellular companies monitor networks for terrorism suspects and other criminal acts such as disseminating child pornography. Governments do this to block access to web sites they consider detrimental to their goals. For example, the Chinese government blocked access to certain web sites in the United States including Google. In August 2016, Turkey blocked access to Facebook, PayPal, YouTube, and Twitter, in response to a failed military coup. However, some citizens figure out ways to circumvent efforts to block them from reaching particular web sites. One method they use is to create a VPN (virtual private network) to directly access a web site. Carriers, Networks: Categorization and Billing DPI is an application that can potentially be used by carriers to discriminate against competitors' traffic. For example, using DPI, a carri