atibility, as well as reducing the amount of space beam control traffic takes up on bandwidth-limited fronthaul transport links. This abstract interface allows operators to describe the "what" of the desired directional beam by: beam attributes of boresight Azimuth (phi Q); elevation/zenith (theta 0); beam width; and sidelobe suppression values rather than the low-level (more concrete) technology-specific "how" of generating those beams. These beam attributes provide the most compact and abstract representation of the operator-desired directional energy over the air, allowing improved real-time controllability and global reasoning by higher-level software controllers, such as those, say, utilizing AI and machine-learning optimization routines. The O-RAN Fronthaul CUS 4 NG-RAN Architecture Plane spec also provides a lower-level antenna interface that allows sending of either a batch or stream of low-level (and more verbose) beam weights that do specify exactly how each different antenna type will form the beams, rather than the "what" of the higher-level abstract interface. To support antenna beam monitoring and control capabilities at the somewhat slower latency control loops of Operation Support System (OSS) operation, administration, and maintenance (OAM) (described in Section 6.5) network management tools, the 3GPP's Network Resource Model (NRM) as specified in 3GPP TS 28.540 "Management and orches- tration; 5G Network Resource Model (NRM); Stage 1" and the associated 3GPP TS 28.541 "5G; Management and orchestration; 5G Network Resource Model (NRM); Stage 2 and Stage 3" has been expanded to include a beam concept. The attributes of the beam concept in the NRM also correspond to the beam attributes within the O-RAN Alliance low-latency O-RAN Fronthaul CUS Plane spec in 3GPP 5G New Radio Release-15, the PHY, Medium Access Control (MAC), and radio resource management (RRM) layers (see Chapter 3) work together to provide beam performance measurements that now have a specified place in the NRM to provide fault, per