, QoS routing, and resource reser- vation. Data plane. This includes several traffic management aspects such as buffer manage- ment, congestion avoidance, packet marking, queuing and scheduling, traffic classi- fication, traffic policing, and traffic shaping. Management plane. This includes service level agreement (SLA), traffic restoration, metering and recording, and policies. So, overall the ITU QoS framework includes all IETF standards on Internet QoS and puts them into the well-established telecommunication concept, which is based on the three planes. This way there is synergy between the standardization efforts on QoS by both standards development organizations (SDOs), the IETF and the ITU, which is ben- eficial to telecommunication/ICT networks and services which are converging on the Internet networking principles and Internet technologies for service provisioning. 2.7 Integrated Services (IntServ) and Differentiated Services (DiffServ) Integrated Services (IntServ) is an architecture for providing QoS guarantees in IP networks for individual application sessions. It relies on use of Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) [29] and routers need to maintain records of allocated resources 2 Internet QoS IntServ domain QoS setup signaling (e.g. RSVP) RSVP - Resource reservation protocol Figure 2.12 QoS call setup signaling for integrated service (IntServ). and to respond to new call setup signaling requests. In IntServ architecture every router between the two end-hosts which needs to establish a session must reserve required resources (e.g. bandwidth) by using the QoS call setup signaling, as shown in Figure 2.12. Another IETF QoS standard on the network layer is the Differentiated Services (Diff- Serv) architecture [30], also defined in the 1990s (in 1998, after IntServ). DiffServ divides the Internet traffic into different classes, called behavior aggregates (BAs), and gives them differentiated treatment regarding QoS provisioning. It is based on per-hop behav- ior (PHB), which is in fact the externally obse