 the IETF QoS framework (standardized solutions) and the ITU QoS framework. Further, it covered IETF standardized QoS solutions from the 1990s, such as DiffServ and IntServ, which are not implemented as such nowadays but influenced the different QoS approaches used today. The chapter further covered MPLS, which is the well proven QoS approach for core and transport networks, as well as DPI techniques related to QoS. Finally, the chapter showed a basic inter-provider QoS model (e.g. the ITU viewpoint) as well as IP network architectures for end-to-end QoS provisioning. The telecommunication world's transition to an all-IP world for traditional services is well defined with the ITU's next generation networks umbrella of recommendations, covered in Chapter 3. The NGN in fact has copied the major Internet design philosophy, with separation of applications/services on the top from the underlying transport tech- nologies (including access, core, and transport networks) at the bottom, by defining two main stratums: the service stratum and the transport stratum. The NGN was initially primarily targeted to transition of traditional telecommunication services (PSTN voice to VoIP and TV to IPTV) over IP networks end-to-end with QoS guarantees (similar to traditional telecommunication networks). That requires standardized signaling and control technologies. For that purpose the NGN has not re-invented the wheel but has used well standardized protocols for signaling, such as SIP and Diameter, put into a well defined IP multimedia subsystem (standardized by 3GPP). QoS end-to-end provisioning is directly related to standardized signaling, as well as to standardized functions between the two NGN stratums, where the main role is given to the resource and admission con- trol function, which can be used in different transport environments in access, core, and transport networks (e.g. Ethernet access, MPLS for transport networks). However, the NGN is also targeted to standardized deployment of the Internet of Things, and has defined