nominator of the latter FoM expression and replace 2-ENOB with 2-2ENOB However, a different way of formulating the same trade-off in logarithmic scale results in Schreier FoM (FoM = SNDR(dB) + 10 log (fs/2P)) where in its original form takes the dynamic range DR of the data converter in dB and adds 10 times the logarithm of the bandwidth BW to power ratio. Thus a 6 dB increase in dynamic range is assumed to reflect the 4 X increase in power at the same efficiency. Also note that the proper unit of this FoM is dB/Joule. The dynamic range is replaced with SNDR (to capture distortion) and BW is replaced with fs/2. While it is certainly true that the power dissipation of a data converter depends on its actual acquisition bandwidth (which may be different from fs/2), it is difficult to argue that there should be a strict proportionality [22]. 5.6.3 Power Consumption Considerations Reducing power consumption is an important objective in the design of the network entities and the devices, but it is more critical for the devices due to their limited power supply. The new NR features affect the power consumption of the UE's major hardware compo- nents such as antenna tuning unit, RF front-end, RFIC, baseband modem, and application processor. In this section, we identify the main factors affecting the power consumption of UE's major hardware components and discuss methods to make their operation power- efficient. As we discussed earlier, the integration of RF front-end components can signifi- cantly reduce the [insertion] loss and improve the power efficiency of the AFE. Table 5.15 shows the impact of NR features on UE key components' power consumption. The PA is one of the key components of the AFE. For PAs, the efficiency (usually noted as power-added efficiency or PAE²8 is used to represent the power consumption PAE is a metric for rating the efficiency of a power amplifier that takes into account the effect of the gain of the amplifier. PAE will be very similar to efficiency when the gain of the amplifier is sufficient