etwork Engineering Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), 341 electromagnetic, allocation of, 138-41 Session layer, 257-58 Speech-coding methods, 92-115 Shared media CDMA/CD, 293 ADPCM, 110-12 Short message service center (SMSC), 216 APCM, 108 Short message service (SMS), 213 comparison, 114 Signaling, 21-22 DM, 109 call setup/release, 24-25 DPCM, 108-9 CAS, 34-35 GSM, 112-13 CCS, 35-37 PCM, 92-106 in conventional telephone operation, summary, 113-15 23-24 Standards, 7-9 defined, 21 competition and, 7 DTMF, 27 economies of scale and, 8 examples, 21-22 interconnection and, 8 to exchange from telephone, 24-30 international, 8 between exchanges, 22 international services and, 9 local loop and 2W/4W circuits, 28-30 system availability and, 8 rotary dialing, 25-26 Standards organizations, 9-15 subscriber, 25 American, 12-13 tone dialing, 26-28 ARIB, 13 Signaling system number 7 (SS7), 36 CEN/CENELEC, 12 Signals CEPT, 12 analog, 85-86 EIA, 13 binary, 86 ETSI, 12 digital, 85-86 European, 11-12 PAM, 96 FCC, 13 power, 149 global, 13-14 power levels, 116-18 IEEE, 12-13 time domain, 127, 128 IETF, 14 Signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio, 87, 99 interested parties, 10-11 of digital systems, 157, 158 ISO/IEC, 14 threshold value, 157 ITU, 13 Signal-to-quantizing noise ratio (SQR), 98 ITU-R, 13-14 Simple Mail Transport Protocol ITU-T, 13-14 (SMTP), 327 national authorities, 11 Simple Network Management Protocol TIA, 13 (SNMP), 60, 330 TMF, 15 Simplex operation, 80-81 UMTS, 14-15 Sinc pulses, 145-46 Stored program control (SPC) exchanges, defined, 145 shape, 145 Subscriber number, 32 zero crossings, 146 Subsequent address messages (SAMs), 37 Single-mode fibers, 173, 174-75 Suppressed carrier double-sideband Single-sideband (SSB) modulation, 131, (SCDSB), 131, 132 Switched Ethernet, 294-95 Spectrum Switches, 294-95 defined, 127 Switching, 20-21 Index circuit, 33 role in everyday living, 3 functionality for routing, 39 services impact, 2-3 hierarchy, 37-38 significance, 1-3 packet, 33 systems/services development, 4 Symbol rate, 144-48 Telecom