n Management Information Protocol connection, 3-4 (CMIP), 554, 562-564 connection admission control (CAC), 532 communication, human voice, 90-91. See also connection control protocol function, 279, 284 communications connectionless control, SCCP, 380 communication channels, 547-548 connectionless network access protocol (CLNAP), communication links. See fiber-optic 527-528 communication links connectionless (CL) services, 280, 316, 318 communications. See also data communications ATM, 526-528 electricity concepts for, 20-28 functional architecture of, 527-528 packet data, 318-319 SCCP, 378 communications at a distance, 1 connection management, 284 communication satellite transponder, 218f connection mode services, logical link control, 297 connection-oriented control, SCCP, 380 community antenna television (CATV), 431-456. See also cable television (CATV) connection-oriented data connectivity, 316 connection-oriented data transfer, 324-325 digital signal transmission, 447-448 connection-oriented services, 318 DOCSIS 2.0 specification, 451-454 ATM, 526-528 early system layouts, 433-434 SCCP, 378-379 evolution of, 432-434 connection-oriented telecommunication system, hybrid fiber-coax (HFC) systems, 441-447 ATM as, 512-513 point-to-point transmission video, 413-414 connection release functions, SCCP, 380 signal-to-noise ratio versus carrier-to-noise ratio connectivity, 3-5 in, 436-438 computing device, 344 subsplit/extended subsplit frequency plan, 454 subscriber-to-subscriber, 7f system impairments and performance measures, tandem and direct route, 7 434-441 telephone, 67 thermal noise in, 435-436 telephone numbers and, 6-7 two-way systems, 448-451 connectors, optical fiber cable, 234-236 community antenna television (CATV) system, consolidated link layer management (CLLM) message, 335, 511 companding curve, 114f constant bit rate (CBR) service, 512 companding (compression and expansion) container (C - n), 502, 504 technique, 113, 114 containment, 562 compelled signaling, 158-160 containment tree, 563 competitive 