nt, which refer to both developed and developing countries around the world. Chapter 5 was focused on QoS technologies in the mobile ultra-broadband access net- work, including the most recent mobile standards, such as LTE-Advanced-Pro, as well as near future mobile technologies, such as 5G. Mobile broadband in the 2010s is typi- cally represented by 3.5G (mainly UMTS/HSPA) and 4G (mainly LTE/LTE-Advanced) technologies, which in many developing countries around the world are in fact the only way to access the Internet with broadband or ultra-broadband speeds due to lack of physical network access infrastructures. Mobile communications are more personal than fixed ones (e.g. a fixed access is typically shared by many users at home, office, or public place, typically by using NAT translation between individual private IP addresses and the public IP address of the given connection toward the global Internet). So, mobile ultra-broadband is even more important than fixed access (although fixed access can always provide more bit/s because there is always the possibility to add another cable where it is needed, something that is not feasible in mobile networks due to limited and scarce radio spectrum that is usable for non-line-of-sight communication, e.g. the spectrum below 6 GHz). The IEEE 802.11 standards are targeted to gigabit rates (although these are aggregate bitrates for high-end WiFi equipment), such as IEEE 802.11ac, besides the well deployed IEEE 802.11n (regarding the WiFi physical layer). Chapter 5 also covered the QoS in giga speed WiFi, as well as considerations regarding competition from LTE/LTE-Advanced in unlicensed bands on 2.4 GHz. Further, the chapter covered the ITU umbrella for 5G, named IMT-2020, as well as QoS for 5G mobile standards by 3GPP. The future mobile networks are expected to have many small cells (e.g. femto cells) for increase in capacity and stability of bitrates (and hence higher QoS and QoE), which however have to be coupled with QoS mechanisms in the mobile core networks. Finally