 UE, the physical layer must receive some configuration parameters from upper layers before the initiation of the nonsynchronized physical random access procedure. Particularly, the following parameters must be indicated: PRACH configuration and frequency allocation and preamble format, as well as other parameters for determining the root sequences and their cyclic shifts in the preamble sequence. The random access procedure is depicted in Figure 3.37. It can be observed that from the physical layer point of view, the random access procedure only comprises the transmission of random access preamble and random access response. The remaining messages necessary for the establishment of terminal identity and other aspects are scheduled by upper layers for transmission on PDSCH. Thus, these messages are not considered part of the physical layer ran- dom access procedure. References Alamouti, S. M. 1998. A simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communications. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 16 (8): 1451-1458. Bauch, G., and J. S. Malik. 2004. Orthogonal frequency division multiple access with cyclic delay diversity. Paper presented at the ITG Workshop on Smart Antennas, March 18-19, Munich, Germany: 17-24. © 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Radio-Interface Physical Layer Berrou, C., A. Glavieux, and P. Thitimajshima. 1993. Near Shannon limit error-correct- ing coding and decoding: Turbo codes. Paper presented at the IEEE International Conference on Communications, May 23-26, Geneve, Switzerland: 1064-1070. Bo, A. I., G. E. Jian-hua, and W. Yon. 2004. Symbol synchronization technique in COFDM systems. IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting 50 (1): 56-62. Chu, D. 1972. Polyphase sequences with good correlation properties. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 18 (4): 531-532. Coleri, S., M. Ergen, A. Puri, and A. Bahai. 2002. Channel estimation techniques based on pilot arrangement in OFDM systems. IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting 48 (3): 223-229. Dehghani, M. J., R. Aravind, S. Jam, and K. M