d in cabling, and thus can leak or spread into adjacent spectrum. Analog signals leak more than digital signals. For this reason, when the FCC originally allocated spectrum for analog television, it set aside 6MHz of spectrum as guard bands between all adjacent TV channels. Only wireless microphones and other wireless equipment for public events such as Broadway plays were allowed to operate in white spaces. When the FCC announced its desire to make these white spaces available because they were no longer used as guard bands, broadcasters and Broadway theater produc- ers objected. They were concerned that new services in the spectrum might interfere with microphones and other equipment used at public events such as those in stadiums, concerts, and even churches. After extensive testing, including an experimental license granted in a small rural town, the FCC ruled that the former white spaces could be used as unlicensed spectrum. It ruled that it could be used for "super" Wi-Fi, a Wi-Fi stan- dard whose signals could travel over longer distances than traditional Wi-Fi signals. "Super" Wi-Fi is the informal name for the 802.22 IEEE standard. The FCC hoped that this spectrum would be used to bring high-speed Internet access to rural areas. Making the spectrum unlicensed further supported the goal of lowering the total cost to bring Internet access to rural areas. Because this spectrum is in the 700MHz range, which is a low frequency, the signals can travel the long distances required in rural areas. Using wireless obviates the need to lay fiber-optic cabling and install costly electronic equipment near customers or directly to premises. Power-Level Specification for Unlicensed Spectrum Because of the potential for wireless spectrum to cause interference, governments establish rules regarding issues such as signal spreading and power limitation to pro- tect adjacent licensed spectrum bands against egregious interference emanating from unlicensed spectrum transmissions. All equipment used in licensed and unlicensed w