d VI (800 MHz) and Band IX (1700 MHz) for Japan but there was a general assumption that somehow a world phone would be produced that would cover ten bands or SO and multiple access technologies. Such a phone could be shipped to multiple markets and thereby achieve global-scale economy. The devices were commonly and erroneously described as software- defined radio. 4.3.3 Software-Defined Radio, WiMax and the 2.6-GHz Extension Bands Five years later WiMax has failed to achieve global scale and is therefore no longer on most user equipment vendor development road maps and software-defined radios still do not exist or more specifically the RF functions are still implemented with discrete components. The 2.6- and 3.5-GHZ bands remain unallocated and unauctioned, though this may have changed by the time most of you read this. What has happened instead is that the top of the UHF TV bands have been allocated and auctioned in the US at 700 MHz and in Europe at 800 MHz. In addition, AT and T has purchased T Mobile in the US to consolidate the AWS band with AT and T 700 and 850 MHz spectral investments, and most phones are still four or five band at most. It was actually clear to quite a few people in 2007 that software-defined radios would only become available at mass-market prices and mass-market volumes as and when specific device and integration issues were resolved and as and when there were clear financial incentives to realise such a device. Making Telecoms Work In practice, each additional band whether 'standard' (as defined by 3GPP) or 'nonstandard' (a country-specific allocation not referenced by 3GPP) incurs substantial nonrecurring investment cost and (related) component cost multipliers. The market volumes needed to economically cost justify additional band support and/or technology support are substantial and are increasing over time. In 2007 we stated that sufficient market volumes were unlikely to be achieved in any countries or regions other than China, India, Europe and possibly the USA/Latin America. Eve