in cost per bit for stored data with very low associated power drain. In parallel-miniature hard-disk technologies were being introduced. http://www.tmworld.com/article/323044-How_does_a_Smith_chart_work_.php Churn is the measure of how many subscribers decide to leave a network because of poor technical or commercial service. 4 Gordon Moore was director for research and development at Fairchild Semiconductor and published an article in Electronics magazine on 19 April 1965 that pointed out that the number of components on a given area of semiconductor wafer increased at a rate of roughly a factor of two per year. Making Telecoms Work Apple Inc. were smart enough to spot and then ride this wave with the iPod introduced in November 2001, initially using miniature hard disks then from 2005 transitioning to solid-state memory. Technology had created a new market with a new market champion. The development of resistive, capacitive and multitouch interactive displays similarly developed new markets that Apple have been astoundingly successful at exploiting. Note that the algorithmic innovation that is behind the Apple Touch Screen is often seen as the secret sauce (and source) of the success of the iPhone and iPad but this algorithmic innovation would not have been possible without fundamental materials innovation. 2.6 Innovation Domains, Enabling Technologies and their Impact on the Cost of Delivery But this is a digression; displays are looked at again literally in Chapter 5, whereas this chapter addresses the innovation domains that impact cost of delivery. These can be summarised as ma- terials innovation, component, packaging and interconnect innovation, system innovation and algorithmic innovation including adaptive techniques that mitigate and to an extent exploit the variability implicit in guided and particularly unguided media. Materials innovation includes the innovative use of existing materials, including natural materials, and/or the discovery of new materials that may be natural or man-made. 5 As an exa