ce records are collected from the network element, analyzed, and displayed in predetermined format. In call inter- ITU-T FCAPS ception, a call in progress between two users is intercepted for listening by a law enforcing agency. Single-sign-on (SSO) is a popular method for access control that enables a user to authenticate once and gain access to multiple applications and network elements. SSO functionality is now available in most service and network management applications. There might be multiple element management applications that make up a network management application. For example, network elements may be from different vendors and each have a separate element manager that can be launched from the single NMS application for an entire network. With centralized control of security management a single id can be used by a user to log into all the applications in the NMS. Security management can be a stand alone application run on a security gate- way that provides the only entry point for communication with core networks (see Figure 3.3). The rapid spread of IP-based access technologies as well as the move toward core network convergence with IMS has led to an explosion in multimedia content delivery across packet networks. This transition has led to a much wider and richer Core network Security gateway Access network Figure 3.3 Interaction using security gateway. Fundamentals of EMS, NMS and OSS/BSS service experience. The security vulnerabilities such as denial-of-service attacks, data flood attacks (SPIT), and SO on that can destabilize the system and allow an attacker to gain control over it are applicable to video conferencing over IP, is true for wireless communication over IMS networks also. Currently, hackers are not limited to looking at private data, they can also see their victims. Videoconferencing sys- tems can be transformed into video surveillance units, using the user equipment to snoop, record, or publicly broadcast presumably private video conferences. Network security and management of secu