ansit provider, an ISP that is providing transit to several broadband ISPs, it may appear that providers will have dif- ferent Internet traffic peak usage times, which will suggest different prices to be applied at the same time of day to different ISPs and this may raise network neutrality con- cerns. Also, the Internet traffic is not related only to communication between humans (so, higher traffic appears during the period of the day when most people are awake, such as in legacy telephone networks), but mainly it is used for client-server commu- nication where the server side is always a machine located somewhere on the global Internet network, while the client side can be run by humans on their end-user devices (e.g. smartphones, computers) or machines and various things connected to the Internet (to which time of the day may has no influence on their operations). Therefore, legacy time-of-day pricing approaches are not suited for the IAS. Overall, the demand for high QoS for services has an influence on customers' WTP [9] for higher QoS (as illustrated in Figure 9.5). If the demand for services that require high IAS traffic (bytes) Internet access service QoS Number of customers WTP for QoS Low WTP Moderate High WTP for QoS WTP for QoS for QoS IAS - Internet access service QoS - Quality of service WTP - Willingness to pay Note: For Internet Access Service (IAS), the high QoS refers to ultra-broadband speeds (e.g. 100-1000 Mbit/s per user), low QoS refers to broadband speeds (e.g. up to 50 Mbit/s), while moderate QoS refers to broadband speeds between (e.g. 50 to 100 Mbit/s). The bitrates for IAS here are given only for illustration purposes and they are relevant in the early 2020s. All IAS bitrates will gradually increase over time with the continuous development of fixed and mobile access technologies. Figure 9.5 Internet access service users versus willingness to pay (WTP) for QoS. 9 QoS Regulatory Framework QoS is very low, then the WTP for high QoS will be also very low. In such a case, telecom operators 