lt with in Chapters 5 to 7 is also the same, but here the focus is on for example service configuration, management of QoS and security. See Figure 16.2. In relation to the content of Chapters 2 to 4 the focus moves to a process focus, the technique of the traffic system moves to the technique of the management system with all its enablers, and the telecom business focus moves from 'SIP' (strategy, infrastructure and product, see Chapter 4) in Chapter 4 to operations in Chapter 16 with a retained ROCE focus. Telecom business Billing Charging info Services, QoS, security management Service layer FCAPS Processes Control Business Traffic system management Service management Traffic resources Network management Element management M = Management system Figure 16.2 The focus moves to a management system and management processes Telecom Management - Operations Chapter 8 covers fundamental plans, as do Chapter 5 (charging), Chapter 6 (security) and Chapter 7 (QoS). Since fundamental plans are in general more end-to-end oriented than network segments, they are even more crucial for the end-to-end behaviour. However, there is no explicit coverage in this chapter of the management of the plans in Chapter 8, such as numbering and signalling. Like other subjects telecom management - operations is treated at an overview level in this book. The definition of operations, dominated by 'FAB', is presented in Figure 16.3. The first reference concerns Chapter 3 where the split into a management system and traffic system was presented. See Figures 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.26 and 3.27 as an introduction to the following section. 16.2 THE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM The modern management structure is shown in Figure 16.4. 16.2.1 THE TASK OF THE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM There is a close relationship between management and the control performed in the traffic system. Management acts on a general basis (fixing policies or general directives), while control acts case by case and in real time. With increased personalization we will also see more of individual manag