), 16 signaling system for, 151, 361 interexchange telecommunications functions, 16 protocols, 315 interference ISDN user part (ISUP), 364 analysis of, 216 ISO (International Standardization Organization), avoidance of, 482 confinement of, 482 isotropic receive level (IRL), 204, 206 interframe coding techniques, 419 calculation of, 205 Interim Local Management Interface (ILMI) ITU (International Telecommunication Union), 15 specification, 568-571 Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R), 15 functions, 569-570 Telecommunication Standardization Sector service interface, 570-571 (ITU-T), 15 interleaving, 405 ITU-R recommendations, 15 INDEX ITU-T Rec.H.323 standard, 395, 396-397 line frequency, 81-82 ITU-T recommendations, 15, 329, 330 formation of, 83-84 ITU-T(CCITT) Rec.X.25 protocols, 315 line-of-sight communications, 196, 197 line-of-sight (LOS) microwave, 127, 196-197, jacks, 69 197-212, 462. See also LOS entries subscriber-line, 69-70 frequency bands, 216 jitter, 121 performance requirements for, 198-199 guidelines on, 143 RF bandwidth for, 36 in long-distance PCM transmission, 127 site selection and path profile preparation, payload adjustment, 496 199-203 slips due to, 139 video transmission over, 414-416 Johnson noise, 270 line-of-sight microwave link, design steps for, junction, 55 198-208 junctors, 135 line-of-sight microwave systems, 197f, 200f justification, 122-123 line overhead (LOH), 491, 496, 498 positive/negative/zero, 125, 126 line signaling, 151-154. See also supervisory signaling kelvins, 48 lines of magnetic induction, 586 key, 22, 23 link budget, 198 K-factor, 201, 202 AM fiber-optic system, 442-443, 446 kilohertz (kHz), 25 analysis, 223 Kirchhoff's first law, 580-582 examples of, 226-228, 243-244 Kirchhoff's second law, 582-583 line-of-sight microwave, 203-208 link-by-link signaling, 160 link engineering, earth station, 223-228 LAN access protocols, 298-308 link gains/losses, line-of-sight microwave, 204f CSMA and CSMA/CD access techniques, link-layer protocols, 282-283 300-306 link margin, 213, 243 