effects, espe- cially under bad weather conditions, are relevant for mmWave links over distances greater than 100 m and a crucial issue for longer distances of 1 km and farther [32]. 3.1.1.7 LoS Path Loss Probability It is shown in the literature that a height-dependent path loss for an indoor UE associated with a LoS condition can be modeled considering the dimensions of the building and the location of the UE inside the building. 3GPP has modeled the LoS path loss by using the 3D distance between the gNB and the UE along with the coefficients given by the ITU-R LoS path loss equations for 3D-UMa and 3D-UMi [4,24]. This provides a reasonable approximation to the more accurate models and can be determined without explicitly model- ing the building dimensions. The ITU-R LoS path loss model assumes a two-ray model resulting in a path loss equation transitioning from a 22 dB/decade slope to a steeper slope at a break point depending on the environment height, which represents the height of a dominant reflection from the ground (or a moving platform) that can add constructively or destructively to the direct ray received at a UE located at the street level. In the 3D-UMa scenario, it is likely that such a dominant reflection path may come from the street level for indoor UEs associated with a type-1 LoS condition. Therefore, the environmental height is fixed at 1 m for a UE associated with a type-1 LoS condition. In the case of a UE associated with a type-2 LoS condition a dominant path can be likely created by reflection from the rooftop of a neighboring building. Note that a rooftop is at least 12 m in height; in this case the environmental height is randomly determined from a discrete uniform distribution between the UE height in meter and 12 [4,24]. For NLoS path loss modeling, which is the primary radio propagation mechanism in a 3D- UMa scenario, the dominant propagation paths experience multiple diffractions over roof- tops followed by diffraction at the edge of the building. The path loss attenuation increase