ms that are dedicated to challenging link conditions. Beyond QPSK, 16 state Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (16-QAM) and 64-QAM that are mandatory to support, and 256-QAM that has optional support, Pi/2 Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) modulation has been added for DFT-s-OFDM. Since the gain in the PAPR with straight Pi/2 BPSK is barely more than 1 dB, spectrum shaping is also allowed, which can further improve the PAPR by close to 5 dB compared to the QPSK case. Pi/2 BPSK support is optional in FR1 (below 7 GHz) and mandatory in FR2 (mmWave) as the link conditions are particularly difficult, but also the power amplifier efficiency is much lower than in FR1. It has been decided that the exact spectral shaping filter coeffi- cients would not be specified, but rather that RAN4 would have requirements in terms of higher power capability (due to the lower PAPR) and restrictions in spectrum flat- ness to still guarantee demodulation performance at the base station (BS). Figure 12.3 shows un-shaped and shaped Pi/2 BPSK spectrums, where the higher power capability and spectrum flatness aspects are visible. 12.2.2 New Frequency Range Definition The applicable frequency range for 5G is extremely wide as it spans from ultra-high frequency (UHF) to millimeter waves. Therefore, 3GPP Release 15 has divided this range into two parts: 12.2 Impact of New Physical Layer on RF Performance Scale/Div 10.0 dB Ref Value 10.00 dBm 29.7 dBm -10.0 -31.1 dBc 3114 dBc -20.0 -30.0 -40.0 -50.0 -60.0 -70.0 -80.0 Center 2.55 GHz Video BW 10.000 kHz* Span 100 MHz #Res BW 100 kHz Sweep Time 248 ms (1001 pts) Scale/Div 10.0 dB Ref Value 10.00 dBm 31.5 dBm -10.0 -31.67 dBc 3112 dBc -20.0 -30.0 -40.0 -50.0 -60.0 -70.0 -80.0 Center 2.55 GHz Video BW 10,000 kHz" Span 100 MHz #Res BW 100 kHz Sweep Time 248 ms (1001 pts) Figure 12.3 Spectrum plots with maximum output power at linearity limit for FR1 for (top) unshaped and (bottom) shaped Pi/2 BPSK. Frequency range 1 (FR1) = 410-7125 MHz Frequency range 2 (FR2) = 24.250-52.600 GHz The requirements for F