hanisms such as BWP that allow a single spectrum to be split up into multiple segments, if required even with unique numerology, transmit power, and SO on. Coordinated Multipoint Coordinated Multipoint (CoMP) is intended to mitigate cell interference and improve network capacity, specifically for cell-edge UEs-hence improving system-level coverage. Consider the "sin- gle-frequency band operation" shown earlier where a cell-edge user is considering an interference scenario when communicating to/from multiple base stations at once. Instead of mitigating inter- ference, multiple base stations [or technically: Transmit Receive Points (TRP)] could be operating to transmit/receive the same signal, at the same time to/from this single user, where the signals to/ from both base stations are combined to create a better signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio to the user and hence improved coverage. This is called CoMP. Note that there is not a single CoMP technique, but separate techniques for uplink and downlink. In both directions though, CoMP can either imply communication to/from a sin- gle TRP but in coordination with other transmissions (coordinated scheduling or Chapter 1 Open radio access network overview 29 FIGURE 1-26 Dynamic spectrum allocation. Coordinated Coordinated Scheduling Scheduling/ beamforming Coordinated Beamforming Downlink Joint Transmission Joint Processing Dynamic Point Selection Coordinated Scheduling Uplink Joint Reception and Processing FIGURE 1-27 Coordinated Multipoint implementation techniques. beamforming), or by doing joint transmission where multiple TRPs are communicating to the same UE to improve signal quality. See Fig. 1-27 for a summary. It is obvious that techniques such as CoMP imply centralized processing or deep coopera- tion between TRPs, including tight restrictions on timing. Moreover, we can turn this argu- ment upside down: without centralization, many CoMP techniques become tough or 30 Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) Systems Architecture and Design impossible to implement. CoMP may 