nds only. Nevertheless, national instrument (NI) has implemented a LTE project that employs the upper layer of LENA module with a physical layer operates on LabVIEW [223, 224]. However, this implementation demands LabVIEW's communication toolbox, two PCs operating NI Linux real-time (RT) controllers, and two USRPs 2974. 1.5.1.3 MATLAB 5G Toolbox MATLAB provides a 5G toolbox to configure, measure, and simulate the LLS. It supports physical shared and control channels and other functionalities such as MAC scheduling strategies [210]. According to [225], several SDRs can be supported by MATLAB 5G toolbox including Xilinx Zynq and FPGA radios and USRP N, X, and E series. However, MATLAB does not provide full functionalities for L2 and L3 nor functionalities for the 5GC. Consequently, a 5G E2E service is not provided by MATLAB 5G toolbox. Moreover, the 5G toolbox is under MathV Works licensing. M. Alfaqawi et al. 1.5.2 5G R&D Projects Several 5G consortiums of mobile operators, telecom services providers, and Academia have launched multiple projects to provide agile, programmable, virtu- alized, and scalable 5G E2E services. These consortiums are developing platforms for RAN, core, edge/cloud, and application layer based on the 5G standards such as 3GPP, O-RAN, and ETSI. In this part, two 5G projects are highlighted. 1.5.2.1 MOSAIC 5G MOSAIC5G [226] is a 5G project that leverages the various 5G enabling tech- nologies such as SDN, NFV, network slicing, edge computing, and AI. It provides several open-source platforms involving FlexRAN, low latency-MEC (LL-MEC), Juju-based orchestrator core (JOX), and Apps store. FlexRAN is based on SDN and NFV concepts to configure the 5G core and RAN for handover, resources, bandwidth, and SO on. LL-MEC provides elastic and low latency services for the end-user devices. On the other hand, JOX offers network slicing solutions to cover several use cases including e-health and IoT. The vertical industries can parametrize their use cases by using open-source APIs and software development