he effect on throughput is directly visible. Alternatively, these throughput measure- ments might be replaced with BER measurements for a fixed throughput. The choice of measuring BER or throughput will ultimately depend on the problem investigated. Note that the different possible setups described in this section have not been used for performing measurements yet. However, the throughput measurements described in the previous section open up a completely new set of measurement set- ups, which are particularly interesting in the context of LTE-and-beyond systems. A selection of such possible setups is described in this section. The remainder of this section is organized as follows. In the first subsection, link- level measurements (i.e., measurements focusing on the communication between a single terminal and a base station) are discussed. These measurements are devel- oped further in the subsequent section, where setups involving multiple mobile terminals are considered. The multiple terminal setup mimics a communication cell in a cellular system. The final step is then to include multiple base stations in the measurements, which is termed system measurements. 12.4.1 Link-Level Measurements Although many traditional measurement environments, such as an anechoic cham- ber, are not capable of accounting for time, frequency, and space variations of the channel, the reverberation chamber is capable of providing such a test environment [8]. It is therefore suitable for measuring transceivers using multiple antenna tech- niques in combination with OFDM in a repeatable environment. Measurement setup. If a base station equipped with small antennas operating in a rich scattering environment is considered, the measurement setup for a MIMO- OFDM link would look like that described in the earlier section on throughput measurements. However, in order to test systems at their limits (i.e., very low SNR), it might be necessary to introduce additional path loss between the base station and the terminal. This can be done by dire