ork Architectures for End-to-End QoS Discussion 61 References 62 QoS in NGN and Future Networks 65 ITU's Next Generation Networks Transport and Service Stratum of NGNs Service Architecture in NGN 3.3.1 IMS Architecture 3.3.2 Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) 3.3.3 Diameter 75 QoS Architectures for NGN 3.4.1 Resource and Admission Control Function 3.4.2 Ethernet QoS for NGN 79 3.4.2.1 QoS Services in Ethernet-based NGN 3.4.3 Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) Management of Performance Measurements in NGN DPI Performance Models and Metrics QoS in Future Networks 3.7.1 Network Virtualization and QoS 3.7.2 Software-Defined Networking and QoS Business and Regulatory Aspects 3.8.1 NGN Policies 3.8.2 NGN Regulation Aspects 3.8.3 NGN Business Aspects References 99 Contents QoS for Fixed Ultra-Broadband Ultra-broadband DSL and Cable Access 4.1.1 DSL Ultra-Broadband Access 4.1.1.1 ADSL (Asymmetric DSL) 4.1.2 Cable Ultra-Broadband Access Ultra-Broadband Optical Access QoS for Fixed Ultra-Broadband Access 4.3.1 QoS for DSL Access 4.3.2 QoS for Cable Access 4.3.3 QoS for PON Access QoS in Ethernet and Metro Ethernet 4.4.1 Class of Service for the Carrier Ethernet End-to-End QoS Network Design 4.5.1 End-to-End Network Performance Parameters for IP-based Services 4.5.2 QoS Classes by the ITU 4.5.3 End-to-End QoS Considerations for Network Design Strategic Aspects for Ultra-Broadband References QoS for Mobile Ultra-Broadband 137 Mobile Ultra-Broadband Network Architectures 5.1.1 3G Network Architecture 5.1.2 4G Network Architecture 5.1.3 5G Network Architecture QoS in 3G Broadband Mobile Networks 147 QoS in 4G Ultra-Broadband: LTE-Advanced-Pro QoS and Giga Speed WiFi 154 WiFi VS. LTE/LTE-Advanced in Unlicensed Bands: The QoS Viewpoint 160 The ITU's IMT-2020 QoS in 5G Mobile Ultra-Broadband 5.7.1 5G QoS Control and Rules 5.7.2 5G QoS Flow Mapping Mobile Broadband Spectrum Management and QoS Very Small Cell Deployments and Impact on QoS 172 Business and Regulation Aspects for Mobile Ultra-Broadband 174 5.10.1 Business Aspects 5