e years now. The second is mobility with connectivity, the provisioning of connected services to the driver and passengers of the vehicle. This needs more of the networks to connect with the outside. Information needs to be carried in some of the different technologies for that purpose, i.e., 4G, 5G, IEEE802.11p, etc. Both issues need reliable communications in order to fulfill their needs, e.g., electromobility needs from data bases opportune information for routing, for traffic assessment, and in general for transportation needs. Connected services need to provide entertainment, monitoring of vehicle, insurance needs, remote services, network connectivity for the passengers, etc. 7.3 Satellite Communications The standardization of 5G has reached its latest milestone with the 3GPP Release 17, due out in early 2022. The 3GPP Release 17 will provide the phase 2 of architecture enhancements for 3GPP support of advanced vehicle-to-everything (V2X) services. 3GPP RAN will set the normative to support non-terrestrial access (NTN) via satellites and high-altitude platform systems (HAPS), to address the role of satellite segment in the 5G ecosystem vision. Generally speaking, 5G satellite networks are those networks provided of the NG-RAN radio access network based on a satellite network technology [31]. In 2017, European Space Agency (ESA) launched the project "Satellite for 5G" aimed to study to introduce 5G satellite-based access components [31, 33]. In 2018, the CEPT completed the ECC Report 280 [34, 35] for determining the role of satellite component within 5G and stating that some services cannot be carried out bypassing satellites [31, 34]. Technical specifications of 3GPP [31, 32] identified several use cases and scenarios for 5G satellite networks development, herein collected and described in Table 7.1. It is noted that there is no specific use case for V2X vehicular com- munications. So far, there are no ongoing initiatives to deploy vehicle-to-satellite (V2S) technologies given the recent definition of both 