 1996. 5. Speech Coders, Algebraic Code-Excited Linear Prediction Coder, ITU-G.723.1, ITU Geneva, 1996. 6. 40, 32, 24 and 16 kbps Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation, ITU-T G.726, ITU Geneva, 1990. 7. Coding of Speech at 16 kbps Low-Delay Code-Excited Linear Prediction (LD-CELP), ITU-T G.728, ITU Geneva, 1992. 8. Reduced Complexity 8 kbps CS-ACELP Speech Coder, ITU-T Rec. G.729A, ITU Geneva, 1996. 9. Megaco Protocol, Version 1.0, RFC 3015, IETF Nov. 2000, www.RFC.editor.org. 10. One-Way Transmission Time, ITU-T Rec. G.114, ITU Geneva, 2000. 11. Nortel Paper on VoIP Performance, Nortel, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, 2000. 12. Digital Network Echo Cancellers, ITU-T Rec. G.168, ITU Geneva, 2002. 13. Gateway Control Protocol, ITU-T Rec. H.248, ITU Geneva, 2000. 14. Terminal for Low Bit-Rate Multimedia Communications, ITU-T Rec. H.324, ITU Geneva, 2002. 15. Narrowband Audio/Visual Communication Systems and Terminal, ITU-T Rec. H.320, ITU Geneva, 1999. 16. Call Signaling Protocols and Media Stream Packetization for Packet-Based Communication Systems, ITU-T Rec. H.225, ITU Geneva, 2001. 17. Control Protocol for Multimedia Communication, ITU-T Rec. H.245, ITU Geneva, 2001. 18. The International Public Telecommunication Numbering Plan, ITU-T Rec. E.164, ITU Geneva, 1997. 19. IEC Reports on-line. www.iec.org/online/tutorials, VoIP, Jan. 2003. 20. Media Gateway Control Protocol (MGCP), Version 1.0, RFC 3445, Jan. 2003. VOICE-OVER PACKETS IN A PACKET NETWORK 21. Data Protocols for Multimedia Conferencing, ITU-T Rec. T.120, ITU Geneva, 1996. 22. Internet Protocol, RFC 791, DDDN Network Information Center, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, 1981. 23. R.L. Freeman, Telecommunication System Engineering, 4th ed., Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, 2004. TELEVISION TRANSMISSION 16.1 BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Television was developed prior to World War II. However, it did not have any notable market penetration until some years after World War II. This was monochrome television. Color television began to come on the market about 1960. The next