be attained in that particular 5G cell. 5G Standalone Networks Single UE test in busy conditions: A single UE test in busy conditions gives us an idea of how the network performs in peak hours. Maximum aggregate throughput test: This test is conducted on a user plane function to determine its capacity. Load tests: These can also be performed to test the capacity of the backbone IP network. Maximum number of subscribers: This test specifies the maximum number of subscribers that can be processed by a site and can be tested. Maximum site-wise throughput. Single-component failure: This can be tested to check the impact and convergence in the failure duration. In addition to this, KPI dashboards are used to specify the health of the network. These dashboards typically look like this: SUMMARY TOTAL SESSIONS 5G SESSIONS 4G SESSIONS TPS (SBI/N4) 113 K 1.18 K DNN SUMMARY NR IMS PDU SR EUTRA IMS PDU SR PDU SR EUTRA PDU SR 98.22% 53.96% 97.93% 99.65% Figure 11.13-5GKPIs - The following figure depicts a typical 5G KPI dashboard at the network operator. Here, you can see various statistics, such as the 5G PDU session setup rate, the 5G PDU session release rate, handovers, and more. Hence, this gives us a high-level idea of what rate devices are connecting to the network, as well as their states: Network performance analysis CEPS PROCEDURE RATE Metric Current 5G PDU SESION SETUP 5G PDU SESSION RELEASE 4G PDN SESSION SETUP 04:00 4G PDN SESSION RELEASE DEDICATED FLOW ACTIVATION (INCLUDING EPSFB) 12.29 25.28 130 K DEDICATED FLOW DEACTIVATIONS 12.45 26.07 120 K ACTIVE <-> IDLE 70.34 64.94 116.04 110 K N2 HANDOVER 100 K Xn HADNOVER 04:00 4G- > 5G HANDOVER 12.63 12.52 19.62 5G- > 4G HANDOVER 14.10 15.18 21.70 1.50 K 1.25K 4G- > WLAN HANDOVER 13.47 19.50 24.96 WLAN -> 4G HANDOVER 11.90 17.32 22.12 5G -> WLAN HANDOVER WLAN -> 5G HANDOVER 04:00 Figure 11.14 - Extended 5G KPIs The following dashboard is another example of how network operators might want to see their alarms. Note that each alarm is assigned a category of critical, majo