ngle placement in the network, consists of several simulation steps (snapshot). 5.5.3.1 Single Step (Snapshot) Simulation In general a simulation step (snapshot) constitutes placement of MSs, path loss calcula- tions, handover, power control and collection of statistics. In particular: Each simulation step begins with the uniform random distribution of UE(s) across the network. For each UE (e.g. in the case of macro to macro simulation) we randomly select an operator, SO that the number of users per base station is the same for both opera- tors. After the placement of UEs, we calculate the path loss between each UE and BS, then add the log-normal fading and stored to a so-called G-matrix (gain matrix). We keep constant the distance attenuation and log-normal fading during the execution of a snapshot. Using the gain matrix and based on the HO algorithm we select the transmitting BSs for each UE. Then a power control loop³ stabilization period gets started. During this stabiliza- tion span we execute power control as long as the used powers reach the level re- quired to meet the expected quality. The acceptable number of power control commands in each power control loop, can exceed 150. We collect statistical data at the end of a power control loop. UEs with quality be- low the target remain in outage state; UEs with quality higher than the target -0.5 dB are in satisfied state. 5.5.3.2 Multiple Steps (Snapshots) Execution Multiple steps occur when a single step (snapshot) finishes, UE(s) are re-located to the system and the above processes get executed again. During a simulation, we execute as many simulation steps (snapshots) as required in order to achieve the ideal amount of local-mean-SIR values. The ideal number of snapshots for 8 kbps speech service amounts to 10 000 values or more. For data service we require a higher number of snapshot, e.g. 10 times the value used for 8 kbps speech. 3 During the power control loop, the gain matrix remains constant. The UMTS Network and Radio Access Technology During one s