for QoS, including packet bursting (2005) 802.11F Inter-Access Point Protocol (2003) 802.11g A 54Mbps, 2.4GHz standard (backward compatible with 802.11b) (2003) 802.11h Spectrum-managed 802.11a (5GHz) for European compatibility (2004) 802.11i Enhanced security (2004) 802.11j Extensions for Japan (2004) 802.11k Radio resource measurement enhancements 802.111 Reserved; typologically unsound (can be confused with other 802 standards) 802.11m Maintenance of the standard; odds and ends 802.11n Higher-throughput improvements 802.110 Reserved; typologically unsound (can be confused with other 802 standards) 802.11p Wireless Access for the Vehicular Environment (WAVE), such as ambulances and passenger cars 802.11q Reserved; typologically unsound (can be confused with 802.1Q VLAN trunking) 802.11r Fast roaming 802.11s Extended Service Set (ESS) mesh networking 802.11T Wireless Performance Prediction (WPP) test methods and metrics 802.11u Interworking with non-802 networks (e.g., cellular) 802.11v Wireless network management 802.11w Protected management frames Chapter 15 WMANs, WLANs, and WPANs Commonly Used 802.11 Standards: 802.11b, 802.11a, and 802.11g The standards 802.11b, 802.11a and 802.11g are the most commonly used today; their specifications are shown in Table 15.6. IEEE 802.11b, published in 1999, was the first widely accepted wireless net- working standard. The main objective of this standard was to boost the original 802.11 data rate (1Mbps to 2Mbps) to 11Mbps. However, due to the CSMA/CA access technique and distance variables, the actual throughput is likely to be more on the order of 5Mbps or less. IEEE 802.11b operates in the unlicensed 2.4GHz band, over a range of approximately 300 feet (100 m). It relies on DSSS transmis- sion technology. This standard makes use of a variety of different phase-shift key- ing (PSK) modulation schemes, depending on the data rate required. At the basic rate of 1Mbps, it uses DBPSK (Differential Binary PSK). To provide the extended rate of 2Mbps, it uses DQPSK (Differential 