r a broad- band service integrated with its own ISP service. NTT now appears to be planning on widespread deployment of direct fiber to the end user, which would offer subscribers much greater speed than is available from DSL. 27. Softbank Press Release, July 9, 2004 (www.softbank.co.jp/english/index.html). 28. Operating losses in fiscal 2001 equaled 85 percent of revenues. See Fuke, "Facilities- Based Competition and Broadband Access." 29. All data are from the Softbank Annual Report for Fiscal 2004 (www.softbank.co.jp/ english/index.html). 30. Ibid. 31. Softbank Press Release, July 9, 2004. 32. See Kazuhiro Shimamura, "A Phone Challenge in Japan," Wall Street Journal, Sep- tember 9, 2004, p. C-4. 33. Junseong An, "E-Korean DSL Policy: Implications for the United States," John Mar- shall Journal of Computer & Information Law (Spring 2002): 421. 34. Ibid. 35. Korea Ministry of Information and Communication, Data Bank (www.mic.go.kr/ index.jsp). 36. For details on each company's extensive network, see Korea Ministry of Information and Communication, White Paper, Internet Korea 2004 (www.mic.go.kr/index.jsp), chap. 5. 37. Annual reports of the companies. 38. Korea Ministry of Information and Communication, IT Korea 2002 (www.mic. go.kr/index.jsp), p. 24. 39. Korea Ministry of Information and Communication, White Paper, Internet Korea 2004. 40. The conventional wisdom is that Koreans have a much stronger interest in electronic games and that broadband permits subscribers to engage in real-time, interactive games from their residences. The annual revenues of the online game business recently reached 298.5 billion won, or about $250 million, which is equal to about $5 per person per year. See Ministry of Information and Communication, White Paper: Internet Korea 2003. 41. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Consumer Price Index, All Urban Households, "Land-line intrastate toll calls," accessible at www.bls.gov/cpi/home.htm (February 2005). Notes to Pages 147-167 42. European Commission, Ninth Report on the Implementation of t