 laptops, lost or stolen, killing by using GPS, 356 layers, OSI, 24 lasers, 44 learning, online, 301 last-mile networks, 167, 191 LEDs (light-emitting diodes), 44 access networks in cable operators' networks, legacy circuit-switching service, 194 201-204 legacy networks, 171 adding capacity to access networks, 191 legacy switches, 182 cable TV set-top boxes, 193 Level 3 Communications, 131, 146, 236 carrier Ethernet over copper in, 244 middle-mile traffic, 188, 189 core network traffic routed to subscriber via, libraries, role in bridging digital divide, 298 light-emitting diodes (LEDs), 44 DSL access multiplexers (DSLAMs), 195 light-source transducers, 44 economics of fiber to large apartment build- LinkedIn, 287 ings and enterprises, 195 Linux, 62 Gigabit Ethernet PONs (GPONs), 200 lit fiber, 170 legacy circuit-switching service, 194 lithium-ion batteries, 358 Index LiveWire, 16 machine-to-machine communications, 266 load balancing, 103 MAC (Media Access Control) addresses, 34, 57, lobbying to shape government regulations, 130 local area networks. See LANs mailing lists, 290, 292 local channels, 252 Malaysia, 393 local number portability, 127 managed services, 235-239 local switches (Class 5), 179 carriers' offerings of, 217 long distance calling services, impact of VoIP, 223 cloud computing and, 236 long-haul networks, 167, 168-171 complex and varied services offered, 237 long, low-frequency wavelengths, 310 independent telephone companies in, 149 Long-Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-Advanced), MPLS, 224 332,334 rationale for providing, 236 Long-Term Evolution protocol. See LTE for small and medium organizations, 236 low frequencies, 310 and telepresence in conjunction with MPLS, LTE-Advanced (Long-Term Evolution Advanced), 332, 334 MANs (metropolitan area networks), 103, 168 LTE (Long-Term Evolution), 209, 218, 306 convergence in core networks and MANs, 4G architecture in RAN and evolved packet 174-185 core, 342 core network traffic routing via, 168 4G standard, using femtocells for more con- dedicated services 