etwork Industries years to process, with estimates of the total welfare loss associated with these delays exceeding $1 billion (Rubin and Dezhbakhsh 1995). These developments provide a useful perspective on the ongoing debate over platform access to the Internet, which goes by the name of "network neutrality." One key question is whether antitrust law permits last-mile broadband providers to give preferential access to particular content and application providers. Indeed, the FTC recently held a public workshop exploring whether the antitrust laws should impose platform access to the Internet (FTC2007). Just as the existence of alternative sources of network capacity undercuts the justification for platform access on behalf of information services, SO too does competition between cable modem and DSL systems and the imminent emergence of other broadband alternatives undercut the justification for imposing network neutrality. 5. Unbundled Access Unbundled access requires network owners to lease portions of their networks to their competitors. Like wholesale access, unbundled access is provided to com- petitors. Rather than provide the services of the entire network, as is the case under wholesale access, unbundled access involves the use of the services of selected inputs. Unbundled access has an impact on the demand for network services that is similar in some ways to that of wholesale access. Because unbundled access can create new services, it can cause demand to increase. At the same time, diverting traffic off the network can cause the demand for network services to decrease. These changes in network demand can alter the optimal network design by changing the cost of certain components, by changing the variability of network flows, and by diverting traffic onto other networks to the point where traffic-aggregating technologies will no longer be cost-effective. That said, unbundled access disrupts the network in ways that are far more intrusive than wholesale access. Unlike wholesale access, which involves acce