nsmission PDU formation rules, etc. Service flows may be provisioned through a network management system or created dynamically via defined signaling mechanisms in the standard. The base station is responsible for assigning the SFID and mapping it to unique transport connections. CHAPTER 5 The IEEE 802. 16m Convergence Sub-Layer 5.2.1 Service Flow Attributes A service flow is characterized by the following attributes [1,12]: Service Flow Identifier: a 32-bit SFID is assigned to each existing service flow. The SFID serves as the main identifier for the service flow in the mobile station. A service flow has at least one SFID and the associated direction. Station Identifier (STID): the IEEE 802.16m BS assigns a 12-bit-long STID to the MS during network entry/re-entry that uniquely identifies the MS within the domain of the BS. Each IEEE 802.16m MS registered in the network has an assigned STID. Certain STID values are reserved for broadcast, multicast, emergency alert, and ranging. The STID is the twelve most significant bits of 16-bit Connection Identifier (CID) defined in the IEEE 802.16-2009 standard. The CID of the transport connection exists only when the service flow is admitted or active. The relationship between SFID and Transport CID, when present, is unique. An SFID is never associated with more than one transport CID, and a transport CID is never associated with more than one SFID. Flow Identifier (FID): each IEEE MS connection is assigned a 4-bit FID that uniquely identifies the connection within the MS. The FID is the four least significant bits of a 16-bit CID, and identifies management connections and transport connections. Certain values of FID may be reserved. ProvisionedQoSParamSet: a QoS parameter set is provisioned via means outside of the scope of the IEEE 802.16 standard, such as the network management system. AdmittedQoSParamSet: a set of QoS parameters for which the BS (and possibly the MS) are reserving resources. The main resource to be reserved is bandwidth, but this also includes any othe