telephony and internet telecommunications network. In contrast, the retail layer com- panies, such as NBN retailer layer companies, manage the subscriber and connect them to other subscribers, services and content providers. These companies switch end-user traffic and route them to intended destinations. Furthermore, they manage quality of service (QoS) and Broadband Telecommunications Technologies and Management Broadband technologies Fixed Wireless Copper Optical Coaxial Mobile Fixed Satellite fibre cable Figure 2.7 Infrastructure of broadband telecommunications technologies offer value-added services such as filtering, storage, security and customer management. A number of technologies are specific to this layer, including: Traffic routing Storage and cloud facilities Software defined networking Information-centric and content distribution networking Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX) QoS management Companies operating at the service and content layer deliver a range of products: video such as YouTube and Netflix; audio streaming such as iTunes and Spotify; news such as NY Times and Yahoo! News; social networking such as Twitter and Facebook; information search such as Google and Bing; and SO on. Over-the-top service providers such as Skype and WeChat connect subscribers to each other and enable peer-to-peer content sharing. A large number of technologies are used at this layer, such as source coding, encryption, streaming protocols, data and network analysis, and software programming languages. Most of these technologies are unrelated to the underlying broadband telecommunications systems. This book focuses on information transfer related to broadband telecommunications and does not address the tech- nologies of this layer, except where service quality is impacted by the speed of transmissions at the infrastructure layer. Nevertheless, vertical integration and information collection at these layers leads to many business and policy considerations and therefore many of these companies in this layer are analyse