ms. The architecture of 5G and satellite communications Let us discuss the security measures for 3GPP (untrusted and trusted) for New Radio (NR)-based access. Figure 16.21 shows an untrusted scenario per the 3GPP TS 23.501 specification. It uses the Non-3GPP Interworking Function (N3IWF). Signaling IPsec NAS signaling over N1 N3/WF User data data IPsec (one or more) Figure 16.21 - Untrusted non-3GPP access via satellite Figure 16.22 shows a trusted scenario, which relies on the Trusted Network Gateway Function (TNGF). Signaling IPsec NAS signaling over N1 User data data IPsec (one or more) Figure 16.22 - Trusted non-3GPP access via satellite Finally, we'll look at the security considerations for NTN- and TN-integrated communication. This scenario is shown in Figure 16.23. 5G and Satellite Communications N31WF/ GW/Hub 5G UE/ NTN UE 5G UE/ NTN UE Figure 16.23 - Securing NTN integrated with TN In Figure 16.23, a single satellite-based mobile network includes one 5G CN using different types of access networks. Satellite connectivity provides one access network. Conventional TNs are the other access networks in this case. The 5G UE or the NTN UE has satellite communication capabilities. On the ground station for the satellite network, the satellite GW or the hub provides the 5G gNB functionality. The satellite network supports the NR. When the satellite network acts as a non-3GPP access network, the GW or the hub will act as the N3IWF for untrusted non-3GPP. It will act as the TNGF in the case of trusted non-3GPP. For more details, see https : //www.wipro.com/ network-edge-providers/untrusted-non-3gpp-access-network-interworking- with-5g-core/. In this section, we have looked at the architectural considerations for the convergence of 5G and NTN. Next, we will look at the use cases for 5G and satellite communication. Use cases of 5G and satellite communication In this section, we will discuss the different 5G use cases for satellite communication. Earlier in the chapter, we looked at the use of Apple iPhone 14 with Glo