 a long distance call by routing the call from its originating incumbent local exchange carrier to the destination in a local service provider domain. 6. Application service provider (ASP): An application service provider tradition- ally offers application as a service over the network. It can be on-demand soft- ware or SaaS (software as a service) based application. Application, systems, and network management can be combined as a single bundled offering. The application is expected to follow a service level agreement and a complete business application can be offered by an ASP. 7. Wireless service provider (WSP): As the name suggests, these service provid- ers correspond to carriers who provides cellular, personal, and mobile com- munication services over a wireless platform to the end user. 8. Content service provider: Content providers were mostly popular in offer- ing Web content on Web sites. In telecom space the content service provider has a wider scope in providing value-added content in eCommerce and mCommerce environments. Since content service providers mainly offer value-added service (VAS) over an existing service offering, they work closely with ISPs, ASPs, and WSPs who provide the basic service on which content can be added. 9. Network service provider (NSP): The NSP offers networking infrastructure as a service. There will be specific network access points (NAP) through which the equipment and facilities in the network can be accessed. AT&T in the United States and BT in the United Kingdom are some of the top players in NSP space. 10. Master managed service provider (MMSP): These service providers offer one or more managed services for resale as "point solutions" generally on a pay-as- you-go model. In general any organization/company that offers some form of service can be called a service provider. The listings in this section are just some of the popular terminologies used in association with a service provider in the communication industry. Fundamentals of EMS, NMS and OSS/BSS 19.3 Drivers fo