s and 63% with helminth. Although more than 85% of the total population has access to some form of latrine, less than 15% of these facilities were considered safe in a UNICEF survey in 1999 (Hua, 2000). New initiatives are needed to promote the uptake of properly planned ecosanitation systems. Industrial water use in southern China has shown the biggest increase (in percentage terms) from 1980 to 2002; urban water demand grew by 470%, from 6.8 to 32 billion m³. In 2002, China began a massive south/north diversion of water, with three canals planned to link the country's four main rivers, including the Three Gorges project. Much of this is scheduled to be in time for the 2008 Olympics. The total cost is estimated to be USD 22 billion, with the construction of the west route cost at USD 36 billion. A limited liability company will oversee the main work and there are plans to establish provincially based companies for the associated auxiliary infrastructure. Such water diversions are causing reductions in river flows, a 26% loss of wetlands and the drying up of 2 2000 lakes, affecting the Yellow River (Ramirez, 2005). Between 1950 and 2000 the urban population increased by over 500% and now accounts for some 40% of the total (UN, 2002), with 72% of growth by rural migration. By 2030 about 60% of the population - some 883 million people - will be urbanised (Hugo, 2003; OECD, 2005). Such growth is placing enormous burdens on urban water supply and sanitation systems. The economic growth rate over the last 20 years has averaged 9.5% and is expected to continue at high rates (OECD, 2005). In 2003 China was the largest recipient of FDI, at USD 53 billion. The private sector is now a major force in the economy and is one of the main engines of jobs and growth; with further urbanisation it could add to the reduction of inequalities. A major challenge is to reduce the pollution accompanying urbanisation. Although there are an increasing INFRASTRUCTURE TO 2030: TELECOM, LAND TRANSPORT, WATER AND ELECTRICITY - ISBN 92-64-0239