pectrum options by 5G. The mid-band spectrum at 2.5-5.0 GHz will be used for 5G coverage and capacity in urban areas by reusing existing base station sites. The spectrum around 3.5 GHz is attractive for 5G because it is available almost globally, and the amount of bandwidth can go up to 100 MHz or more per operator at that frequency. The peak data rate is 2 Gbps with 100 MHz bandwidth and 4x4 MIMO. 5G coverage at 3.5 GHz can be similar to LTE1800 coverage if massive MIMO beamforming is used. Low bands below 3 GHz, for FDD, are needed for wide area rural coverage, low latency and high reliability, and for deep indoor penetration. Extensive coverage is important for the new uses cases like IoT and critical communication. The low band could be 700 MHz, which was made available in many countries at the same time as 5G. Another option is 900 MHz, which is mostly occupied by 2G and 3G today, or 600 MHz in the United States. Any other FDD bands can also be refarmed to 5G. LTE and 5G can be deployed on the same band using a dynamic spectrum sharing solution, which makes the refarming a smooth process. Global 5G spectrum options are shown in Figure 1.5. The mid-band spectrum between 2.5 and 5.0 GHz can be found in most countries as well as the millimeter wave spectrum in a growing number of countries. The first 3GPP phase for 5G provides support up to the 52.6 GHz frequency range, and higher frequency bands will be addressed in later 5G releases. At low bands, 5G can utilize new 600 or 700 MHz allocations, or do refarming of the existing bands. 5G can combine multiple bands together to boost the performance beyond what is achieved with just a single band. The solution can be carrier aggregation or dual connectivity. 1.5 5G Capabilities 5G radio can bring major benefits in terms of network performance and efficiency com- pared to LTE radio; see a summary in Figure 1.6. We expect substantially higher data rates, a clearly lower cost per bit, higher spectral efficiency, higher network energy effi- ciency, improved IoT device