h example of a natural disaster, affecting Asian countries of Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, and Thailand. Environmental emergencies: These include widespread impact caused on the environment due to technological or industrial accidents, including use and transport of hazardous material. Examples of this include the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, which began in the Gulf of Mexico, following the explosion and sinking of the Deepwater Horizon oil rig. Complex emergencies: These involve situations of civil unrest and breakdown of governance or authority, including situations of war and political uncertainty. We have covered some of these earlier in the chapter. Pandemic emergencies: These include situations of rapid spread of infectious diseases that affect population, livelihood, businesses, and economies in some cases. For example, the H1N1 swine flu and the avian influenza or bird flu caused widespread damage to poultry, livestock, and human population. Impacts have been seen on businesses, livelihoods, poultry export, and tourism. Disasters tend to have multiple levels of impact in terms of timelines, starting from the immediate effects on the aftermath of the disaster to long-ranging issues that last for years and decades in some cases. Disaster risk management is defined as: The systematic process of using administrative directives, organizations, and operational skills and capacities to implement strategies, policies and improved coping capacities in order to lessen the adverse impacts of hazards and the possibility of disaster. The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction CHAPTER 4 NETWORK ROADMAPS Let's look at what kind of influences to consider in order to accommodate such disasters into the process of roadmap planning: Disaster contingency planning and impacts to planned deployments in the roadmap: Roadmap planning can take into account probabilities of disaster occurrences and put in place a contingency plan for these. This plan could possibly include an agreed upon set of steps to take into accoun