spectrum from NextWave Wireless, which had obtained it in a 1996 FCC auction but subsequently entered into bankruptcy. NextWave still has spectrum that it has not used for wireless services. Aloha Partners and NextWave both bid and won spectrum at FCC auctions on which they never built wireless networks. According to Aloha's web site, the FCC requires that Aloha Partners II provide substantial service on its spectrum by 2021. Aloha Partners is the twelfth-largest owner of spectrum in the United States. The FCC web site indicates that NextWave Wireless still holds spectrum. Educational institutions also hold large swaths of spectrum. These are in the 2.495- to 2.69GHz range. The Kennedy administration granted them this spectrum in the 1960s for remote learning purposes. Schools in California and elsewhere have rented spectrum to commercial organizations as a way to earn revenue. In addition, an early investor in Clearwire, a mobile broadband provider, purchased some of this spectrum and merged his holdings into the Clearwire network. For the most part, schools access the Internet via wireline rather than wireless services for remote learning. The FCC's National Broadband Plan made the following recommendation as a way to expand incentives and mechanisms to reallocate and repurpose spectrum: The FCC should evaluate the effectiveness of its secondary markets poli- cies and rules to promote access to unused and underutilized spectrum. Taxpayers currently receive no revenue from the sale of unused spectrum by nongovernmental organizations. In 2011, cable TV providers Comcast, Time Warner Cable, and Bright House Networks agreed to sell the spectrum that they purchased through their joint venture, SpectrumCo, to Verizon Wireless for $3.6 billion. If the government approves the purchase, the cable companies will earn a windfall of $1.4 billion on their $2.2 billion spectrum purchase. None of this will go to taxpayers. Moreover, at the same time that mobile carriers face a shortage of spectrum, other organizations hold sp