IA1: algorithm SNOW 3G (flow ciphering); - 128-NEA2/128-NIA2: algorithm AES (bloc ciphering); - 128-NEA3/128-NIA3: algorithm ZUC (flow ciphering). Encryption and integrity are based on the following parameters: - a 32-bit counter; - the identity of the 5-bit bearer; - the direction of the connection on one bit; - the length of the message. NG-RAN and 5G-NR counter Bearer Bearer Message counter Message Direction UL/DL Direction UL/DL (K NASint) (K NASend XNAS-MAC Block of text Ciphering block Figure 1.12. Ciphering and integrity 1.6. Network slicing Network slicing is the embodiment of the concept of running multiple logical networks as virtually independent business operations on a common physical infrastructure in an efficient and economical way. Virtualization is a hardware abstraction to partition network resources into distinct logical segments. Network partitioning makes it possible to allocate a part of server hardware resources (NFVI: Network Function Virtualization Infrastructure) to network functions (VNF: Virtualized Network Functions). Hardware capabilities are dynamically managed based on the number of users, on the one hand, and the profile of each user, on the other hand. By default, the 3GPP standard has defined four types of services: - eMBB: evolved Mobile BroadBand to manage smartphone services such as high speeds, several session establishments, handover management, low latency; - mMTC: massive Machine Type Communication to manage the sessions of IoT terminals (low speed, little transmission and mainly in the upstream direction, long delay); - URLLC: Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency communication for critical communications requiring very low latency (less than 1 ms for the user plane) and efficient management of the handover; - V2X: Vehicle to Everything for autonomous vehicles (between vehicles, with radio infrastructure, etc.). Network slicing provides all the functionality of the 5G network, including optimization of the radio access network and core network entities to meet the service level agr