 improve QoS. In the long term, from a technical point of view, one may expect traffic management to remain as the main toolset for a response to congestion, as well as to maintain the highest possible level of QoS. One of the most important changes will be that packet No intervention Simple traffic management Complex traffic needed needed management needed Network capacity Managed demand Unconstrained demand Traffic management: Traffic management: 1) packet prioritization in 1) packet prioritization in core all network segments; network; 2) bandwidth allocation No traffic 2) bandwidth allocation in in all network segments; access network. 3) many other types. management Figure 2.10 Traffic management versus available network capacity. 2 Internet QoS Table 2.1 Traffic management: positive and negative effects on QoS. Positive effects on QoS Negative effects on QoS Traffic management Can guarantee or prioritize data for Can restrict traffic from certain applied to user's traffic delay-sensitive or applications bandwidth-demanding applications Traffic management Can reduce congestion, allowing fair Other users' traffic may take applied to other users' use for all users priority over user's own traffic traffic inspection capabilities will migrate out of the core network toward the access networks, enabling a more finely graded and user-specific form of traffic management [24]. Overall, there are positive and negative effects of traffic management applied in the network, which are summarized in Table 2.1 [24]. Internet QoS Frameworks: the IETF and the ITU Internet technologies are standardized by the IETF (e.g. IP, TCP, UDP, HTTP, DHCP, DNS, i.e. all important protocols on the Internet are Internet standards). The standards are required with the aim of making different vendors of hardware (e.g. network equip- ment, user equipment) and software (e.g. OSs, some applications such as Web browsers) interoperable. The IETF standardized several QoS solutions in the 1990s, which provided an early Internet QoS standardization