nectivity through an MLRA. Element management system (EMS): This object represents the manage- ment application associated with managing "elements or an abstraction of MLSN." Equipment: This object represents the physical component of an element that can be managed. Equipment holder: This object represents the resources that are capable of holding physical components. Equipment protection group (EPG): This object represents equipment protection. Flow domain (FD): This object represents a grouping of MFDs and TPs associated with MFDs. Flow domain fragment (FDFr): This object represents a transparent flow point logical connectivity. Group termination point (GTP): This object represent a sequence CTPs in the same element. Subnetwork point pool link (SNPP Link): This object represents a link between two SNPPs. Managed element (ME): This object represents the EMS view of a network element. Matrix flow domain (MFD): This object represents a collection of assigned connectionless port TP. MultiLayer routing area (MLRA): This object represents an MLRA that con- sists of MLSNs and provides a mechanism for the provisioning of connections across MLSNs. MultiLayer subnetwork (MLSN): This object represents the topology pro- vided by the EMS. MultiLayer subnetwork point pool (MLSNPP): This object represents a list of SNPP. Fundamentals of EMS, NMS and OSS/BSS MultiLayer subnetwork point pool link (MLSNPPLink): This object repre- sents a set of SNPP links in different networks. Performance monitoring point (PMP): This object represents an access point to provide performance data on monitoring and threshold parameters. Protection group (PG): This object represents protection schemes. Subnetwork connection (SNC): This object represents the relation between two end points. Termination point (TP): This object represents the logical termination point of either a TL, SNC, or FDFr. Termination point pool (TP Pool): This object represents a grouping of TPs or GTPs from the same subnetwork. Threshold crossing alert (TCA) parameter profil