and critical IoT services). NRAs may impose different types of sanctions on national telecom operators (because NRAs have jurisdiction only on a national level) as well as on global OTT service providers (for services offered to users in the given country, where the NRA also has jurisdiction) which are not meeting the specified QoS and other obligations (e.g. privacy). Such sanctions may range from publicizing failures, fines due to low QoS, license suspension (e.g. for mobile providers), toward criminal prosecution in some cases (Figure 9.1) [3]. Considering the given ICT statistics, many countries have already imposed certain fines in the process of QoS regulation. The second on the list of NRA actions regarding QoS enforcement is publicizing failures, followed by license suspension (Figure 9.1). However, with QoS regulation by the NRA (or related ICT ministry in the government), there is no single measure that fits all cases. Concrete sanctions and measures to deal with QoS in a given country (e.g. applied by the NRA to providers) strongly depend on national circumstances as well as maturity of the telecom/ICT market. 9.2 Fundamentals of QoS Regulation Criminal prosecution Price controls Rebates to users Strict improvement plans License suspension Publicizing failures Fines Percentage of countries (%) Figure 9.1 QoS measures applied by NRAs to telecom operators. 9.2 Fundamentals of QoS Regulation The fundamental approach in QoS regulation includes the following steps in the defini- tion of the QoS regulation framework: Step 1. Development of QoS standards by global SDOs, such as the ITU, ETSI, etc. QoS standards can be implemented with their specification in license conditions, ICT regulation, or industry guidelines. Step 2. License regulation by specification of QoS standards and/or QoS parameters and their target values in the provider's license conditions, ICT regulation (e.g. tele- com/ICT law), or imposed industry guidelines. Step 3. KPIs measurement techniques should be specified for a given set of measu