 one example and it could be argued that cellular handsets are cognitive in that they measure channel quality. The admission control algorithms in LTE networks for example are based on the channel quality indicator measurements received from LTE handsets. The difference here is that the search and measurement parameters are relatively mod- est. DECT handsets work over just ten channels within a 20-MHz channel allocation. WiFi Terrestrial Broadcast/Cellular Network Integration measurement and access algorithms at 2.4 and 5 GHz are similarly comparatively straightfor- ward. Most 2.4-GHz systems only use three 22-MHz channels across the 80-MHz bandwidth allocation. In cellular networks, the measurement options are theoretically broad but practically narrow. Channel access will usually be in the same band and often on the same channel (a simple shift to another time slot). In DECT and WiFi and cellular networks, the devices are measuring identical signal wave- forms to the waveforms they need to demodulate. White-space devices have to detect different wave forms that may be similar or different to the waveforms they need to demodulate. This is a significantly more complex task. 15.16 An Implied Need to Rethink the White-Space Space This suggests that white-space devices as presently conceived will have poor transmission efficiency that will translate into low uplink data rates and/or limited uplink range and a limited RF uplink power budget. The limited power budget will be compounded by a relatively high measurement and signalling overhead that will reduce session duty cycles. The devices will not work as well as cellular devices and/or WiFi and WiMax devices and will cost more due to smaller market volumes. This would tend to suggest that present white-space business models are fragile at best. However, as white-space proponents point out, hundreds of MHz of spectrum are unused or under used at certain times at certain places. This white-space spectrum has a social and economic value. The problem is that white-spac