ort and application layer protocols; Interoperability with stationary hosts running conventional IP protocols; Scalability across the Internet; Security by preventing an attacker from impersonating a mobile host; Macro mobility by ensuring long-term connection while away from home agent. Node mobility is realized without propagating host-specific routes throughout the Internet. Using mobile IP, a mobile device will have two addresses, i.e., a primary or permanent home address and a secondary or temporary care-of address, which is associated with the network that the mobile node is visiting. There are two types of entities in mobile IP: A home agent that stores information about mobile nodes whose permanent home address is in the home agent's network; A foreign agent (FA) which stores information about mobile nodes visiting its network. Foreign agents also advertise care-of addresses. A node that wishes to communicate with the mobile node uses the permanent home address of the mobile node as the destination address for out-bound packets. Since the home address logically corresponds to the network associated with the home agent, conventional IP routing mechanisms forward these packets to the home agent. Instead of forwarding these packets to a destination that is physically in the same network as the home agent, the home agent redirects these packets towards the foreign agent. The home agent looks for the care-of address in the mobility binding table [25], and then tunnels the packets to the mobile node's care-of address by appending a new IP header to the original IP packet, which preserves the original IP header. The packets are detected at the end of the tunnel by removing the IP header added by the home agent and are delivered to the mobile node. The mobile node directly sends packets to the other communicating node through the foreign agent without involvement of the home agent, using its permanent home address as the source address for the IP packets, i.e., triangular routing. The foreign agent can utilize re