 build distributed, disaster-proof broadband communication networks that enable users to have backup sites in low-rise suburban environments and the related requirement to bring the underly- ing fiber infrastructures to these suburban buildings. As end-user organizations deploy LANs that are comprised of Gigabit Ethernet (GbE) and 10 GbE technology, there is a correlated need for broad- band network services, as depicted in Figure 1-1. Figure 1-2 shows an example of a demand forecast. According to this figure, there will be 70 mil- lion GbE ports in 2004 worldwide. We estimate that 55 percent of the deployment will be in the United States, or 38.5 million ports. The average office building supports 100 workers. This implies that there would be approximately 385,000 commercial office buildings in the United States needing support for broadband services by 2004 (there are approximately 735,000 office buildings in the United States as of 2000). According to Nortel, optical Ethernet services in the MAN are expected to take an Chapter 1 Figure 1-1 The Metro Optical Bottleneck Current bottlenecks in metro access/metro core Metro networks. OC-12/48 OC-48/192 160 DWDM X OC-192 10/100E Access N X 40 Gbps 10 GbE Fibre Channel Links: DS1 and DS3 Granularities: DS1 and DS3 Backbone Typical Facilities Available Gigabit Ethernet in the LAN Figure 1-2 Drivers for 80,000 25,000 broadband requirements in the 70,000 MAN/WAN. Source: 20,000 60,000 Cahners In-Stat Group, Sept 2000. 50,000 15,000 40,000 30,000 10,000 20,000 5,000 10,000 Ports (K) Sales ($ millions) increasing share of the lit services market, rising to 20 percent by 2005, rep- resenting approximately $6 billion in revenues. 4 Even if this prediction about Ethernet in the MAN came true, it would still leave 80 percent of the market, or a market of $24 billion, to the traditional technologies. Through major recent advances, optical technologies are poised to enable the wide-scale deployment of broadband services when the proper end-to- end focus and architectures are t