eld strength dB uV/m 13.78 36.28 G = F + Z* Transmitting end TX RF output peak power 28.25 Mean power over RF cycle 33.01 44.51 Isolator + combiner + filter RF peak power, combiner output 33.01 40.51 M=K-L Cable loss + connector TX antenna gain 18.00 Peak EIRP 355.66 (EIRP = ERP + 2 dB 33.01 55.51 P=M-N+O Isotropic path loss 155.51 155.51 Q=P-F *Z = 77.2 + 20 log(freqeuency [MHz]) Common information Urban Suburban Rural MS antenna height [m] BS antenna height [m] Standard deviation [dB] BPL average [dB] Standard deviation indoors [dB] Okumura-Hata [OH] Area type correction [db] -16.0 Walfish-Ikegami [WI] Roads width [m] Road orientation angle [degrees] Building separation [m] Building average height [m] Indoor coverage Propagation model Slow fading margin [dB] SFM + BPL [dB] Coverage threshold [dB uV/m] Coverage threshold [dBm] -74.2 -74.2 -82.2 Location probability over cell area [%] Cell range [km] Outdoor coverage Propagation model Slow fading margin [dB] Coverage threshold [dB uV/m] Coverage threshold [dBm] -95.5 -95.5 -95.5 Location probability over cell area [%] Cell range (km) 14.22 Radio Network Planning and Optimisation Figure 2.15 Coverage at the cell edge where h=10ylogle (2.46) For the normal case of urban propagation with a standard deviation of 7 dB and a distance exponential of 3.5, a 90% area coverage corresponds to about a 75% location probability at the cell edge. The actual network coverage planning is done with a network planning tool using a digital map and a propagation model verified using model tuning measurements. Some of the vendors have their own coverage planning tools, but planning tools are also provided by some specialised tools vendors. One tool, the Nokia NetAct Planner, is used extensively in this book. The coverage plot shown in Figure 2.16 has been done using a NetAct Planner. 2D View : 2D-View Key Best Server GSM-Default x>-71.5dBm Urbano denso -71.5>=x>-75.5 dBm Urbano -75.5>=x>-79.6 dBm Suburbano VIVENBAS -79.6>=x>-84.5 dBm Rodovias -84.5>=x>-90.5 dBm Rural SANTA ETELVINA Mu