g to the data bits in soft HO since the same data is sent from all soft HO BSs. 8.2.1.3 Outer Loop Power Control We use outer loop power control to keep the quality of the FPC communication at the required level. An excessive high FPC quality will waste capacity. Outer loop power control applies to both UL and DL, since FPC also applies to both While FPC has frequency of 1.5 kHz, the outer loop power control has a frequency range of 10-100 Hz. 3 Otherwise up to 40% of the total capacity can decrease. 4 In IS-95 outer loop power control applies only to the UL because there is no fast power control in DL. Resource and Network Management 8.2.1.4 Conclusions In the preceding sections, we have highlighted power control and handover aspects pri- marily to indicate their importance when planning for capacity and coverage. Other source such as [2-6,15,16] cover more in depth power control issues. Other related areas of radio resources for the FDD mode, e.g. admission control are found in [7-10]. Sources that apply to the resource management of the TDD mode, are found in [11-14]. NETWORK MANAGEMENT 8.3.1 Introduction Forthcoming 3G systems such as UMTS will serve as multi-technology platforms for new and innovative services. These services will appear within a highly competitive market demanding uniqueness at the best price. To meet the demands, it will be impera- tive to maintain efficient operational costs through an appropriate NE management sys- tem. We will obtain the ideal NMS only through the right combination of NE element control techniques. On the other hand, because of the wide spread 2G networks evolv- ing into 3G, managing UMTS NE will not be the only challenge. We also need inte- grated 2G/3G systems. 8.3.2 Network Management Characteristics Considering the items on the preceding section, a NMS will have at least the following characteristics: Capabilities to integrate and manage 2G NE besides 3G building blocks. Support advanced functions and techniques to cope with the multifarious UMTS technology, and mai