here is that this apparatus seems to have been a further example of Rommel's employment of relatively advanced technology in secure com- munications. Dr. Richard Gunther, an employee of the German company Siemens and Halske during World War II, recalls another speech encryption system involving bandwidth expansion and noise injection. In a fashion similar to the Western Electric B1 Privacy System, the voice subbands were pseudo- randomly frequency scrambled to span 9 kHz and pure noise was added to fill in the gaps. The noise was later eliminated by receiver filtering in the speech restoration process. Tunis was the terminus of a link operated at 800 MHz and protected by this system. In turning next to another battlefield of the Second World War, the fol- lowing point of explanation is appropriate. Classical wideband FM systems have not been classified within the particular species described as "mod- ern spread-spectrum communications" since this bandwidth expanding FM technique does not encompass all of the attributes described in Chapter 1. However, there is no doubt that wideband FM belongs to the genus of spectrum-spreading systems, and in fact fulfilled an urgent need for jam- resistant communications during a crisis in the war. This singular event took place at the late-1944 "Battle of the Bulge" which surged past the cross- roads town of Bastogne, in the Belgian Ardennes, where extended American forces had been trapped and General George S. Patton's Third Army was storming to their rescue. Quoting at some length from [52, pp. 163-164]: On 26 December Patton succeeded in forcing a narrow corridor through the German tanks ringing Bastogne. It was only three hundred yards wide, but it opened the way to the American troops cut off there and punctured the German bulge, which began slowly to deflate under combined British and American pressure. Now came the first and only battle test of Jackal, the high-powered airborne radio jammer AN/ART-3 developed by the Signal Corps for the AAF [Army Air Forces]. The First 