n and Convergence resuvan Adelaide of Australia Australia Adelaide Museu North Tce North Tce Rundle Park North Tce Base station Hotel Rundle Rd Base station Riviera Base station Prince A Base station Rundle Mall Hindmarsh Rymill Park Colle Philip_sa Base station Cuine Currie Light Square Price Bartels Rd Eynesbury Base station Finders sit Christian Senior College Brothers sould College Oval Wakefield St Grote St Grote Angal Base station Wright Base station Base station Gilbert order or South Toe South Ice Base station Base station Figure 13.2 An example of full coverage through multi-level cells for central Adelaide broadband telecommunications ecosystem. The network planning and design approach on the other hand concerns the infrastructure layer. These two approaches to network design bring together device and network technology fields in an attempt to provide seamless con- nectivity for an end-user over the broadband telecommunication ecosystem. The focus of this chapter is on how the wireless infrastructure layer is designed and rolled out, and content and services layer issues are addressed in Chapter 14. A complete network needs to be fully connected to fixed telephony and internet. Furthermore, an Content and services layer operator's base stations should be connected to each other and to other operators' networks. In practice all base station nodes and wireless local area net- Connectivity retail layer works (LANs) connect to the core broadband tele- communications network through gateways and Infrastructure layer control equipment. Where possible, connections are made using optical fibre networks. The remaining links are usually wireless: point-to-point relay links Subscriber/end-user are used in rural area base stations, and wireless mesh networking for wireless LAN access points. Figure 13.3 illustrates a few nodes in a 3G network and how they are connected to other network nodes. The mobile station connects to a base station through an air interface. Several base stations then connect to a central cont