gy, and Technology at Berklee College of Music www.TechnicalPDF.com The Essential Guide to Telecommunications Sixth Edition Annabel Z. Dodd Boston Columbus New York San Francisco Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai . London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City São Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei . Tokyo www.TechnicalPDF.com Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed with initial capital letters or in all capitals. The author and publisher have taken care in the preparation of this book, but make no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the information or programs contained herein. For information about buying this title in bulk quantities, or for special sales opportunities (which may include electronic versions; custom cover designs; and content particular to your business, training goals, marketing focus, or branding interests), please contact our corporate sales department at corpsales@pearsoned.com or (800) 382-3419. For government sales inquiries, please contact governmentsales@pearsoned.com For questions about sales outside the U.S., please contact intles@pearson.com. Visit us on the Web: informit.com Library of Congress Control Number: 2018967285 Copyright © 2019 Annabel Z. Dodd Cover image © Metamorworks/Shutterstock All rights reserved. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission must be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage www.TechnicalPDF.com in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permissions, request forms, and the appropriate contacts withi