sion. That means that anyone can develop an application (e.g. server and client applications) and offer them on the public Internet. However, the success of such OTT service will depend on its usability (is it useful for end-users?), popularity, and sustain- ability (e.g. investments in data centers and CDNs, if the service provider is global). Similar to QoS-enabled services over managed IP networks (provided by telecom oper- ators), higher QoS requires more investment and imposes greater operational costs on OTT service providers. Finally, network neutrality does not mean no QoS for OTT services, just changes to the approach for how to deliver it to end-users. Different players in the value chain have different roles, which are important for all sides. Network operators (which in fact are the telecom operators running under national legislations) benefit from selling IAS to end-users, while service providers benefit from the usage of their services and making revenues from different channels (e.g. by selling ads and commercial space to different businesses). The society also benefits from the network neutral IAS for its continuous digitalization and development of public digital services and digital markets. References 1 Janevski, T. (2015). Internet Technologies for Fixed and Mobile Networks. Norwood, MA: Artech House. 2 ITU, Trends in Telecommunication Reform 2013, April 2013. Regulation (European Union) 2015/2120 of the European Parliament and of the Council, Measures concerning open Internet access and amending Directive 2002/22/EC on universal service and users' rights relating to electronic commu- nications networks and services and Regulation (EU) No 531/2012 on roaming on public mobile communications networks within the Union, L310/1-18, November 2015. 4 BEREC, Guidelines for Quality of Service in the Scope of Net Neutrality, November 2012. 5 Janevski, T. (2003). Traffic Analysis and Design of Wireless IP Networks. Norwood, MA: Artech House Inc. 6 ITU, Quality of Service Regulation Manual, 2017. 7 BEREC