need support from functionalities in the element management system. Let us con- sider the EMS functionalities involved in monitoring and control. First of all it can be seen that a monitoring and control system is a subset of functions in NMS and hence EMS being the layer below the NMS would also be the prime feed for a monitoring and control system. The major difference here is that the EMS only sends specialized feed on a spe- cific area like security, fault, and SO forth, to the monitoring tool in most scenarios unless the application is more generic and it requests more information similar to NMS. Most of the functionalities of an element management system are of vital importance to the monitoring and control system. Based on the server-agent archi- tecture discussed above, it can be seen that the design of a monitoring and control system is similar to an element management system that gets feed from multiple network elements. In the functionality listing of most network management solutions, monitor- ing, and control is usually listed. So monitoring and control can be an independent tool, a specialized tool, or embedded into an NMS. Service monitoring is a layer above network monitoring, though the discussion of the association of EMS with network monitoring and control also applies to service monitoring and control. 4.9 Conclusion Just above the network elements, the element management system layer (EMS) forms the first management layer collecting data from physical components. This chapter was intended to show the importance of the EMS in building up function- alities on the upper layers of the TMN model. Additional Reading 1. International Engineering Consortium (IEC). Online Tutorial on Element Management System, 2007. http://www.iec.org/online/tutorials/ems/ Chapter 5 OSI Network Management OSI network management recommendations developed by ISO/IEC include a set of models for effective network management similar to TMN from ITU-T. Before the release of the initial M.30 recommendation from CCITT, there 