n the mid-1960s Green decided to postpone his plans to write an unclassi- fied account of Lincoln Laboratory's NOMAC work, toward which full mil- itary clearances had already been granted. The earliest Soviet reference (as cited in, e.g., [211]) proposing noise-like, intelligence-bearing signals is a 1957 publication by Kharkevich [212] on amplitude or frequency modulation of pure noise. Like Goldsmith's [46], Kharkevich's work is missing a key ingredient, namely, the attainment of syn- chronous detection via correlation with a stored or transmitted reference. Within a few months of the approved 1958 publication of the Rake concept for using wide-band signals ostensibly to counter multipath, that paper was translated into Russian, and hardly a year later an exposition of Rake appeared in Lange's first book Korrelationselektronik [213]. thus began the revelation of the SS concept in the U.S. literature from scientific journals and conference proceedings to magazines such as Electronics, Electronics Design, and Aviation Week. Here is a small sample of U.S. open papers referenced in the Soviet literature: 1. March 1958. rake remedy for multipath, using wideband signals [156]. 2. December 1959. Use of wideband noise-like signals, CDMA, and jam- ming [214], [215]. 3. Fall 190. PN-controlled TH-SS command link for missile guidance [165]. 4. January 1961. Analysis of a pure noise (TR) communications system [216]. A Viewpoint 5. March 1961. Discussion of RADA systems [217]. 6. 1963. 200 Mcps PN generator construction [218]. 7. December 1963. Wideband communication systems including Rake, RACEP, and RADEM [196]. It is clear from these citations and other evidence that the Russians were studying SS systems no later than 1963 [219], and by 1965 had carefully searched and reported [220] on the U.S. open literature discussing Rake, Phantom, and the various RADA systems. Between 1965 and 1971, the Soviets published several books [211], [221]-[224] concerned with SS prin- ciples and their applications to secure communication, c