Historical Origins of Spread-Spectrum Communications are mapped onto different frequencies to create "radiations randomly distributed in time and in frequency." Other salient patents, based on World War II AJ and command/control efforts, include those of Hoeppner [85] and Krause and Cleeton [86]. In mid-1941 an application for the FH patent [87], [232] was filed by Hedy K. Markey (see Figure 2.7) and George Antheil. Neither inventor was an engineer, conversant with the prior art, e.g., the broad FH method [88] invented a dozen years earlier. Being at that time a recent ex-spouse of Hollywood scriptwriter Gene Markey, Hedy Markey had been baptized Hedwig Eva Maria Kiesler. Growing up in Austria, this only child of a promi- nent Vienna banker had shown, at age 16, a flair for innovation by letting herself be filmed in total nudity while starring in the Czech-produced clas- sic, Ecstasy (the fifth of her many motion pictures [89]). Several years later she was one of the small minority among non-Jewish Austrians who saw great danger to the world in Germany's early-1938 Anschluss of her home- land. That year, permanently leaving her country and her munitions-magnate husband, Friedrich A. "Fritz" Mandl, as washouts to Hitler, the actress came to the United States on a seven-year contract from Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. There, she legalized her stage-renaming (by Louis B. Mayer) to Hedy Lamarr. The now-escaped wife brought with her memories of company films, Figure 2.7. Hedy Lamarr, inventress of the first frequency-hopping spread-spectrum technique explicitly conceived for anti-jamming communications. (Photo courtesy of Kenneth Galente, The Silver Screen, New York.) Emerging Concepts which she had witnessed, of difficulties Mandl and his factory managers were encountering in getting their "aimlessly" unguided torpedoes to hit evasive targets. Once settled in southern California but still greatly concerned by the war then impending for the United States, Lamarr sought out the versatile and volatile symphony composer Antheil [