station to serveVk) Introduction and Background lix The UE battery life can be measured as the total time that a UE can operate with one charge. For mMTC, the UE battery life in extreme coverage is based on the activity of the mobile-originated data transfer consisting of 200 bytes of uplink traffic per day followed by 20 bytes of downlink traffic at maximum coupling loss of 164 dB (a coverage criterion), assuming that the UE battery has a power-rating of 5 Watts-hour. The desired UE battery life for mMTC use cases is between 10 and 15 years. This metric is analytically evaluated. The UE energy efficiency is an indication of how a UE can sustain high mobile broadband data rate while minimizing the UE modem energy consumption. Coverage: Downlink or uplink coverage in a cellular system is measured by the maximum coupling loss between the transmit antenna of the transmitter and the receive antenna of the receiver. More specifically, the maximum coupling loss in the uplink or downlink between the user device and the base station antenna connectors is defined for a reference data rate of 160 bps, where the data rate is measured at the egress/ingress point of the MAC layers in the uplink and downlink. The target for 3GPP NR coverage is maximum coupling loss of 164 dB. Link budget and/or link-level analysis is used as the evaluation methodology to derive the parameters necessary for calculation of the coverage. In practice, the coupling loss is defined as the total long-term channel loss over the link between the UE antenna ports, and the base station antenna ports and includes antenna gains, path loss, shadowing, and body loss. The maximum coupling loss is the maximum value of the coupling loss at which a minimum SINR can be achieved and a particular service can be delivered. It is defined in the downlink/uplink direction as follows: MaxCLUL max(Tx powerul) - BS Sensitivity MaxCLDL max(Tx powerDL) - UE Sensitivity The parameter MaxCL denotes maximum coupling loss and is calculated using link budget analysis and based o