on a numerical method (method of moments) and an evolutionary algorithm (differential evolution). Moreover, the authors in [11] extend the previous designs for 5G operation. They propose an aperture-coupled E-shaped patch antenna for dual band operation at 25 and 37 GHz. The design method used is TLBO. S. K. Goudos and M. A. Matin Table 10.1 Patch antenna designs using different optimization methods Antenna type Design method Design frequency Polarization Reference Slotted patch line-fed 28, 38 GHz 1 X 2 wide band rect- 2-11 GHz angular patch, line fed, partial ground E-shaped coaxial-fed Parallel PSO/FDTD 5.2, 5.8 GHz patch E-shaped coaxial-fed DE/MoM 1.8, 2.4 GHz metallic patch E-shaped aperture- 25 GHz, 37 GHz coupled patch Half E-shaped patch 2.4 GHz coaxial-fed Half E-shaped patch 25 GHz line-fed Half E-shaped patch Hybrid GWO-Jaya Two antennas at 3.7 line-fed and 26 GHz The E-shaped design was chosen to improve the initial simple rectangular patch's characteristics like the functionality and the bandwidth by incorporating slots inside the patch. This antenna's major characteristics include wide band functioning and linear polarization (LP). In [16], the authors present a half E-shaped patch antenna that has an added metal part, namely, a shorting bar. The initial E-shaped antenna design has been modified in this way. In the frequency of interest, this half E-shaped antenna is circularly polarized. The study provided a two-layered, coaxial-fed, half E-shaped antenna for operating at 2.4 GHz. The design algorithm used is PSO. The authors in [9] extend the half E-shaped patch for operation in 5G at 25 GHz using the Jaya algorithm. The antenna is excited using a feed line, whose dimensions are also optimized. Additionally, the authors in [12] describe half E-shaped dual-band patch antenna designs for 5G frequencies (3.7 and 26 GHz). A hybrid GWO-Jaya algorithm is used to create the antenna designs. Table 10.1 briefly reports the above presented references. 10.3 Algorithm Description The SSA mathematically model