stems such as those designed for expense and vaca- tion reporting. Although institutions have a high degree of interest in cloud comput- ing, concerns about security, control over corporate data, providers' storage and server capacity, and cloud provider stability still exist. Key Underlying Technologies In addition to the aforementioned technologies, Wide Area Network (WAN) accel- eration and optimization, compression, and multiplexing increase the functionality of networks. WAN acceleration improves response times in the networks of commercial organizations when staff members access applications and download files from central sites. Without WAN acceleration and optimization, unacceptable delays would occur because of the way these applications are accessed and transmitted, even on high- speed networks. Another major factor in broadening how mobile networks are used is compres- sion, which uses complex mathematical formulas (algorithms) to decrease the amount of voice, data, and video to be sent over networks. Compression shrinks the amount of data to be sent and re-creates it at close to the same quality at the receiving end. In particular, it enables video and music to be carried efficiently over mobile networks without using up enormous amounts of network capacity. It's an underlying element in the capability of smartphones to download applications (apps) and use them to access services over the Internet. Finally, multiplexing has enormously increased the capacity of fiber-optic net- works. High-speed multiplexers powered by multi-core microchips provide the elec- tronics that increase the capacity of a single pair of fibers by creating multiple streams, transmitting multiple light streams simultaneously rather than just sending a single stream. Without multiplexing, the capacity of the Internet would be vastly lower. Costs to build modern networks would be far more expensive because more cabling would be required to connect continents together, customers to the Internet, and cities to each other. KEY UNDERL