 Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA), while LTE uses only SC-FDMA. SC-FDMA is often denoted also as DFT-Spread OFDMA (DFT-S-OFDMA). Further, the use of beam- forming is now much more built in, as with LTE, and the range of frequency bands supported extends to much higher frequencies than LTE can achieve. The frame struc- tures with 5G offer more flexibility to cover different cases, depending on the frequency 5G Technology: 3GPP New Radio, First Edition. Edited by Harri Holma, Antti Toskala, and Takehiro Nakamura. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Published 2020 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 6 5G Physical Layer band to be used or whether one needs to optimize for high capacity or for low power consumption of the network and UEs. This chapter presents the 5G physical layer princi- ples, including the mapping of the transport channel to the physical channel, 5G frame structure, and key physical layer procedures. Special emphasis is on the new features compared to LTE, such as full support of beamforming, larger bandwidths, and a more flexible frame structure. This chapter also introduces the 5G channel coding solutions, physical layer procedures, and measurements as specified in 3GPP. This chapter con- cludes with an overview of the physical layer aspects of the 5G UE capabilities. 6.2 5G Multiple Access Principle The role of OFDMA remains strong with 5G, similar to what it was with LTE. In a sense, the role of OFDMA is even stronger as now it is used also in the uplink direction, in addition to the single carrier transmission. With 5G, the single carrier transmission is only intended to be used at the cell edge when there are limitations with the link budget, otherwise OFDMA is used. The motivation for the use of OFDMA comes from better performance with the multiple antenna transmission case (so much better performance that even the transmission power reduction due to the increased peak-to-average ratio (PAR) is acceptable). Traditionally, the use of OFDMA has caused about 1-2 dB loss in the availa