on, 228 447-448 wireless regulations, 553 Label-switched paths (LSPs), 446-450 iTunes, and mobile phones, 689 Label-switching routers (LSRs), 447-448 IXC (interexchange carrier), 106 Labels, MPLS, 446-449 IXPs (Internet exchange points), 289, 293-294 LACNIC (Latin American and Caribbean Internet Addresses Registry), 250 Lamarr, Hedy, 569 J-carrier system LANs (local area networks), 173-200 as backbone for WANs, 206-211 access methods, 182-185 E-carrier VS., 122 ATM networks and, 231, 238 overview of, 15-16 benefits of, 174-175 Robbed Bit Signaling in, 121 components of, 175 standards, 115 concepts, 174 Jamming resistance, 667 evolution of, 147-148, 173 Japanese Total Access Communication Systems fiber optics and, 79 (JTACS), 581 internetworking of, 148 Java ME (Java Micro Edition), 704-705 N-ISDN for, 214 Java ME MIDPI (Mobile Information Device Profile topologies, 185-187 version 1), 705 transmission media, 176-177 JITC (Joint Interoperability Test Command), 279 transport techniques and standards, 177-181 Jitter wireless. See WLANs (wireless local area digital video and, 396 networks) in IP networks, 240 LANs (local area networks), interconnection and packet switching and, 98 networking VoFR and, 228 bridges, 192-194 VoIP and, 326 hubs, 187-189 Johnson, Samuel, xxiv IP switches, 198-200 Joint Interoperability Test Command (JITC), 279 routers, 194-198 JTACS (Japanese Total Access Communication switches, 189-191 Systems), 581 VLANs, 191-192 JTAPI (Java TAPI), 319 LAPD (Link Access Protocol on the D Channel), Junction exchange, 8 Laser diodes, 75-76 Latency Ka-band, 65 digital video and, 396 Kao, Charles, 73 mobile video and, 707 KDDI Ultra 3G, 612 packet switching and, 216 Kevlar, and fiber optics, 74 VoIP and, 325-326 Kinescope, 398 Latin American and Caribbean Internet Addresses Ku-band, 64 Registry (LACNIC), 250 Index Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP), 353 Link adaptation, in HSUPA, 604 Layer 2 VPNs Link layers, 265 overview of, 369-371 Link Management Protocol (LMP), 477, 485 VPLS, 371-373 Link-state advertise