onnection (CEI), 133-134, product space, 108f substitutes and, 107, 112f compelled access, 38-39 with scarce capacity, 78-83 congestion effects and, 106 average cost pricing, 83 competitive access providers (CAP), 237-238 constrained revenue-maximizing price, 81, 82f competitive local exchange carriers (CLECs), 95, 154, demand at zero price less than network capacity, 178-180, 182-184 80, 80f complementary services, 34-35, 149-150 efficient price and capacity level, 81-82, 83f access to, 269 market-clearing price, 79f cable television, 112 unconstrained revenue-maximizing price, 81, 81f communications network, 112-113 time-of-use pricing, 84, 88f competition among, 235 consumption at full-capacity level, 88f competition in telephony, 234-237 multiple time periods of usage, 87f FCC on, 269 under uncertainty, 83, 84f in information technology, 35 spot price, 83, 84f Internet, 112 capital-intensive ratemaking, 127-129 platform access to, 271, 367 Caramanis, Michael C., 5 complete graph, 24, 24f Carlton, Dennis W., 291n27 CompuServe, 405 carrier of last resort, 255 Computer Inquiries (FCC) Carterfone decision (FCC), 235, 268, 423-424 cable modem service, 338 Cayley's Formula, 43f, 44 customer premises equipment, 381, 423 CDMA. See code division multiple access enhanced services, 131 CEI. See comparably efficient interconnection information services providers, 268 Chamberlin model, 110, 110f last-mile broadband, 353 Chamberlin, Edward, 137 platform access, 328, 363 Chenery, Hollis, 52, 52n8, 53 separate subsidiary requirement, 236 Chung, Minn, 379n12 standardized hardware/software interfaces, circuit graph, 26, 27f 157-158 circuit split, 290 structural separation requirements, 133-134, classical economics 134n19, 158, 246 supply-and-demand in, 190n1 wireless technology and, 270-272 CLECs. See Competitive Local Exchange Carriers confiscatory rate-making, 219n17 club goods, 412, 412n6, 413, 413n7, 414n8 congestion economics, 412-420 CMTS. See cable modem termination system Coasian proxies as alternative solution to Coas