processing and memory resources required for network management. One or more NMSs may exist on any managed network [7,8]. CHAPTER 3 IEEE 802. 16m Reference Model and Protocol Structure model. Multiple mobile stations may be attached to a BS. The MS communicates to the BS over the air interface using a primary management connection, basic connection or a secondary management connection [3]. The latter connection types have been replaced with new connection types in IEEE 802.16m standard [12]. 3.1.1 The MS and BS Interface The MAC management PDUs that are exchanged over the primary management connection can trigger, or are triggered by, primitives that are exchanged over either the C-SAP or the M-SAP, depending on the particular management or control operation. The messages that are exchanged over secondary management connection can trigger or are triggered by primitives that are exchanged over the M-SAP. This interface is a set of SAP between an IEEE 802.16 entity and NCMS as shown in Figure 3-5. It consists of two parts: the M-SAP is used for delay-tolerant management-plane primi- tives; and the C-SAP is used for delay-sensitive control-plane primitives that support handovers, Scope of IEEE 802.16 Standard CS SAP Service Specific Convergence Sublayer (CS) CS Management/Configuration MAC SAP MAC Common Part Sublayer (MAC CPS) MAC Management/Configuration Security Sublayer Management Information Base (MIB) PHY SAP Physical Layer (PHY) PHY Management/Configuration Control Plane/Data Plane Management Plane Embodyment of IEEE 802.16 Entity Other Network Entities FIGURE 3-5 Partitioning of the IEEE 802.16 network control and management system [3] "A management connection is used for transporting MAC management messages or standards-based messages. The primary management connection is established during network entry and is used to transport delay-tolerant MAC management messages. The secondary management connection may be established during MS registration that is used to transport standards-based messages; e.g., SNMP,