ating part of the network to voice and part to data. And finally, EDGE can handle more voice than GPRS. Divergent Paths to 3G The two main standards organizations, 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) and 3rd Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2), specified interoperable protocols and architectures (the way devices are connected together and interoperate) for 3G core mobile networks. 3GPP is a collaboration agreement formed by European, Asian, and North American telecommunications standards bodies to jointly develop technical specifications for maintaining GSM, GPRS, and EDGE and for evolving WCDMA networks. 3GPP has expanded its scope to develop LTE and 4G LTE Advanced specifications. 3GPP2 is a parallel group that developed technical specifications for CDMA2000 networks. The goal of these groups and others like it is to ensure that networks are able to interconnect seamlessly and that subscribers can roam globally while maintaining feature transparency. For example, call waiting and caller ID should operate the same in a subscriber's local area as they do in other locations. Migrating from 2G to Wideband CDMA 3G Service WCDMA is the 3G service that most GSM operators install when they upgrade from 2G. The Japanese carrier NTT DoCoMo was the first carrier to implement WCDMA in October 2001. Other carriers in Japan as well as Europe followed. Carriers install WCDMA for its added voice capacity and capabilities to carry data services such as e-mail and web surfing. As the amount of data transmitted on 3G networks increases, carriers upgrade to higher-speed 3G technologies such as High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) and High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA). Whereas some carriers are upgrad- ing to pre-4G protocols, around the world, many are still in the process of migrating to 3G networks. Second-, Third-, and Fourth-Generation Digital Networks The Costs and Logistics of Upgrading from GSM to WCDMA European operators invested enormous amounts of money in spectrum and equipment for 3G services pred