 as the dominant traffic type in the 5G era (the 2020s). Table 5.8 Comparison of ITU objectives in IMT-Advanced (4G) and IMT-2020 (5G). IMT-Advanced IMT-2020 Minimum peak bitrate Downlink: 1 Gbit/s Downlink: 20 Gbit/s Uplink: 0.05 Gbit/s Uplink: 10 Gbit/s Bitrate experienced by 10 Mbit/s 100 Mbit/s individual mobile device Peak spectral efficiency Downlink: 15 bit/s/Hz Downlink: 30 bit/s/Hz Uplink: 6.75 bit/s/Hz Uplink: 15 bit/s/Hz Mobility 350 km h-¹ 500 km h-superscript(1) User plane latency 10 ms Connection density 100 thousand devices per km2 1 million devices per km2 Traffic capacity 0.1 Mbit/s/m2 10 Mbit/s/m² in hot spots Frequency bandwidth Up to 20 MHz/carrier (up to Up to 1 GHz (single or 100 MHz aggregated) multiple frequency carriers) 5.6 The ITU's IMT-2020 Ultra-reliable and low-latency communications. This scenario is targeted to services that have strict requirements on performances such as throughput, latency, and avail- ability (e.g. smart city transportation, driverless vehicles and drones, industrial pro- cesses, remote surgery). Massive machine type communications (massive MTCs). This scenario refers to the very large number of devices connected via the mobile networks. Regarding QoS, this type of communication requires relatively low bitrates (e.g. hundreds of kbit/s or couple of Mbit/s) and in most cases is not too sensitive on delay. Such devices (e.g. sensors) are intended to have low cost and very long (lifelong) battery duration. Considering the general principles of IMT-2020 mobile systems, they should support services with different end-to-end QoS requirements [13]. Also, the IMT-2020 network should be designed to avoid congestion for massive numbers of different MTC devices (with concurrent connections) at a given location, with aim of providing the required end-to-end QoS. For third parties to be able to guarantee a certain level of QoS, the mobile operator (operating IMT-2020 system) should be able to provide information about QoS capabilities (as well as other capabilities, such as 