fications in multiple the identified interfaces are specified. During the de- regions. The present organizational partners of 3GPP are tailed specification of the interfaces, the standards body ARIB (Japan), CCSA (China), ETSI (Europe), ATIS may find that it has to change decisions made either in (USA), TTA (Korea) and TTC (Japan). the architecture or even in the requirements phase. The T1.P1 committee was part of T1 which presently has joined the ATIS standardization organization. 3 The TDMA part of the FRAMES project was also fed into 2G standardization as the evolution of GSM into EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution). CHAPTER 4. 1 Background of 3G evolution Finally, the testing and verification phase starts. It is A parallel partnership project called 3GPP2 was usually not a part of the actual standardization in the formed in 1999. It also develops 3G specifications, but standards bodies, but takes place in parallel through for cdma2000, which is the 3G technology developed testing by vendors and interoperability testing between from the 2G CDMA-based standard IS-95. It is also vendors. This phase is the final proof of the standard. a global project, and the organizational partners are ARIB, During the testing and verification phase, errors in the CCSA, TIA, TTA and TTC. standard may still be found and those errors may change 3GPP TSG RAN is the technical specification group decisions in the detailed standard. Albeit not common, that has developed WCDMA, its evolution HSPA, as changes may need to be done also to the architecture or well as LTE, and is in the forefront of the technology. the requirements. To verify the standard, products are TSG RAN consists of five working groups (WGs): needed. Hence, the implementation of the products starts after (or during) the detailed specification phase. 1. RAN WG1 dealing with the physical layer The testing and verification phase ends when there are specifications. stable test specifications that can be used to verify that 2. RAN WG2 dealing with the layer 2 and