etCable was provisioning of packet-based voice communication for users connected to cable networks. Its architecture includes call signaling, accounting, con- figuration management, security, as well as PSTN interconnection. To guarantee QoS over the DOCSIS access network (which is also used for access to best-effort Internet services, such as web, email, etc.), PacketCable services are delivered with guaranteed priority in the DOCSIS access part and that ensures guaranteed bit rates and controlled latency (i.e. packet delay). 4.2 Ultra-Broadband Optical Access Ultra-Broadband Optical Access Optical access is the long-term way to achieve ultra-broadband speeds per subscriber. Although copper-based access networks are still on the ground and with VDSL2 and similar access technologies have prolonged their lifetime in the telecommunication world, future access on the physical layer is targeted at all optical networks, due to the better transmission of optic compared with copper access. But let's first look through the history of fiber communication [10]. Although the invention of the laser and its demonstration for optical communications goes back to the 1960s, the real research on fiber optic communication started around 1975 [10]. Since then one may distinguish five different phases in the development of lightwave telecommunication systems: Phase 1. The first fiber systems operated near 850 nm (wavelength), with the first com- mercial products appearing around 1980. The bitrates were in the range 34-45 Mbit/s and repeaters placed on a distance of 10 km. This was also the era of plesiochronous digital hierarchy (PDH), which in Europe was based on digital hierarchies of 2 Mbit/s, 34 Mbit/s, and later 140 Mbit/s (8 Mbit/s was also specified but rarely used in prac- tice), while in the United States PDH bitrates of 1.5 Mbit/s, 6 Mbit/s, 45 Mbit/s, and 140 Mbit/s (the latter was the same for both Europe and the U.S.) were available. Phase 2. In the 1980s wavelength region was moved toward 1300 nm, which provided the po