producing 3GPP2's specifications resides in the project's four technical specifica- tion groups (TSGs), comprising representatives from the project's individual mem- ber companies. The TSGs include TSG-A, which covers access network interfaces; TSG-C, which covers CDMA2000 standards; TSG-S, which covers services and sys- tems aspects; and TSG-X, which deals with core networks. Despite the global efforts to define one standard for 3G, there remain different approaches. The IMT-2000 standard evolved with five possible radio interfaces based on three different access technologies: FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA. However, the majority of deployed 3G systems consist of the two main technologies: W-CDMA (known as UMTS in Europe) and CDMA2000. There are other important 3G variants, including Time Division Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access (TD-SCDMA), which is used primarily in China, and NTT DoCoMo's Freedom of Mobile Multi- 3G: Moving Toward Broadband Wireless media Access (FOMA), which is used in Japan. FOMA is based on W-CDMA and is compliant with IMT-2000. As shown in Table 14.1 and discussed in the following sections, there is a single W-CDMA standard with three modes. UMTS/W-CDMA Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), the European implementa- tion of the 3G wireless phone system, uses W-CDMA. Its development was driven by the need for a ubiquitous, very-high-speed, low-latency, packet-based platform to provide broadband and other packet services to users at home, at work, or on the road. UMTS defines both narrowband (2Mbps in the 2GHz band) and broad- band (100Mbps and faster in the 60GHz band) services. Personal mobility is a major objective of UMTS. The UMTS Forum (www.umts-forum.org) estimates that over 60% of revenues from the UMTS networks will be derived from data commu- nications in the long term. New approaches to content aggregation and delivery will be needed to drive the uptake of UMTS services, introducing new players, including content providers, ISPs, and virtual mobile network operators. G