one subscribers in developed and developing countries. The number of subscribers grew by a factor of 7.5 over a period of 12 years, reaching a global 100% penetration rate in 2013, a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 18.3%. The growth rate and rapid adoption in developing countries for these services is indicative of the basic need for telecommunications services. If prices are affordable, everyone will want to have access. This rapid adoption also demonstrates the effectiveness of national and interna- tional policies in standardisations, allocation of resources such as frequency spectrum, and deregulation of the telecommunications industry [10]. The technological and business transformations noted above have led to the rise of broad- band telecommunications. Broadband telecommunications may be defined as information transmission at 'very high' rates. This 'very high' has been changing over the years: while a 256 kilobits per second (kbps) link was considered broadband in 2000; broadband today (2014) refers to several tens of megabits per second (Mbps). Some analysts even define broad- band telecommunications systems as those capable of supporting transmission rates of 100 Mbps to 1 gigabit per second (Gbps) and more. In contrast to telephony, the history of data communication and subsequently broadband telecommunications is very recent and began only in the late 1980s. Technologies to enable Broadband Telecommunications Technologies and Management Developed Developing Figure 1.7 Growth of mobile telephone subscriber numbers in developed and developing countries during 2001-2015. 2013-*2015 figures are estimates. Reproduced with permission of Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OCED) computer-to-computer data communications emerged in the second half of the 20th century. Initially such services were provided to large companies, governments and universities using ded- icated links such as coaxial and optical fibre cables. Data communications from subscriber prem- ises also became possible 