eir efficiency, reliability, and capacity. Not getting that right means that the mobile subscribers will likely suffer dropped calls, interrupted data usage, and a generally poor user experience. At the same time, operators will suffer network instability, inefficient usage of the radio spectrum, and unhappy customers. Refer to "Chapter 10. Mobile Timing Requirements", for more information on mobile standards and requirements. Modern 5G networks are created using very sophisticated radio technologies designed to increase data rates and reliability, enhance the subscribers' experience, and maximize the utilization of the spectrum (which is normally purchased at very high cost). The techniques used in the radios rely on coordination between transmitting and receiving equipment placed quite far apart from one other. This includes the large, wide-area macro cells; localized small cells; and the mobile user equipment (such as your phone), which all must work together. This effective coordination relies on tight syn- chronization between these various components of the 5G radio system, as depicted in Figure 1-2. Synchronization Figure 1-2 Radio Synchronization in a 5G Network The successful deployment of synchronization makes use of a combination of techniques to source and carry timing. Therefore, the secret to a successful synchronization solution is the selection of the technologies with the flexibility to support numerous network topologies and designs. Typically, this combines a network of strategically located time sources-most likely receivers of a satellite navigation system such as the Global Positioning System (GPS)-and a well-designed transport network to carry the timing out to where it is needed. 1.2.1 Frequency Versus Phase Versus Time Synchronization As stated previously, many people loosely use the terms clocking, synchronization, and timing in- terchangeably, but it is time to get more specific about the different forms of synchronization. Fig- ure 1-3 illustrates a way to demonstrate the difference, u