nagement application functionality (MAF), 567 transmission factors in, 187-193 management information base (MIB), 555, 568 transmission-loss engineering and, 191-193 information types available in, 571 long-distance traffic, 14 management plane (M-plane), 516 longitudinal redundancy check (LRC), 255 management protocols, 554-558 long route design (LRD), 98, 101 Common Management Information Protocol, look-ahead delay, 393 562-564 look-up table, 317 Simple Network Management Protocol, 554-558 loopback testing, 547 telecommunication management network, loop design rules, North American, 101-102 564-568 loop filter, 425-426 Manchester coding, 265, 300 loop formation, 308-309 manual exchange switching functions, 69f loop resistance, 101 "mark" (binary, 1), 117, 119, 120, 252 for conductor gauges, 96 marker (hard-wired processor) systems, 73 loop signaling, 165 mark-space convention table, 252 loop-start signaling, 164 master clocks, digital network, 495 LOS microwave antennas, tower height calculation master clock synchronization, 138 for, 200-203. See also line-of-sight (LOS) master/slave loop timing, Ethernet, 306 microwave material dispersion, 233, 243 LOS microwave equipment/system parameters, 203 MAUs, MAC frame, 303, 304 LOS microwave radios, digital modulation of, maximum transmission path, MAC frame, 303 208-211 mean, 60, 61 loss (attenuation), 31-32. See also attenuation mechanical latching, 72 (loss), media (medium), 1 insertion, 630-631 media gateway, 390-391 return, 631-632 media gateway controller (MGC), 395-400 in satellite communications, 218-219 media gateway control protocol (MGCP), 396, subscriber loop, 94-95 397-398 telephone connection, 42 media transmission, 5 loss design, in fiber-optic links, 242-244 medium access control (MAC), 296-297, 300. See loss-limited fiber-optic systems, 35 also MAC entries loss limits. See attenuation (loss) limits medium earth orbit (MEO) satellites, 484-485 INDEX Megaco (ITU-T Rec. H.248) protocol, 396, mouthpiece (telephone transmitter), 91, 93 398-400 MPEG-2 compr