devices that are allowed onto the (trial) network and deployment evolves from there. Regulatory approval testing Most regions require formal authorization before being allowed to be sold and deployed, ensur- ing that the equipment does not cause harmful interference. For example, the United Stated requires Federal Communications Commission (FCC) authorization to the importer or manufac- turer of (most) equipment that can emit RF energy-which is (rule of thumb) defined as any product that can oscillate at a frequency of 9 KHz (this includes CU, DU, and RU equipment, of course). The FCC website outlines the steps required for authorization as follows3: Determine the rules that apply to the product as per CFR47. Key documents include: FCC CFR47, Chapter I, Subchapter A, Part 2-General rules and regulations. FCC CFR47, Chapter I, Subchapter A, Part 15, Subpart A-Operation without an individual license of and intentional, unintentional, or incidental radiator. Also includes administrative requirements and conditions to device marketing. An intentional radiator is defined as a unit (e.g., smartphone or an RU) that requires to transmit energy as part of intended operation. An unintentional radiator is defined as a unit (e.g., DU or CU) that can potentially radiate energy as an unintended side effect. FCC CFR47, Chapter I, Subchapter A, Part 15, Subpart B-Operation of an intentional or unintentional radiator not in accordance with the regulations in this part must be licensed. FCC CFR47, Chapter I, Subchapter A, Part 15, Subpart C-Operation of an intentional or unintentional radiator not in accordance with the regulations in this part is prohibited unless specifically exempted. Determine the equipment authorization procedure. The FCC defines three ways to acquire authorization-where the first two have been streamlined into a single "Supplier Declaration of Conformity": Verification of RF energy radiation by the manufacturer or (or a third-party laboratory) as done for equipment that either does not contain a radio or inc