totalled nearly 1.5 billion by mid-2004, about one-quarter of the world's population (www.ciol.com/content/news/ 2004/104120906.asp) 68. For instance, by March 2005, Vodafone had spent some GBP 5.1 billion (approx. USD 9 billion) globally on 3G but was only adding 3G customers at the rate of 1 million per month (Vodafone Group, annual report 31 March 2005). 69. Fierce Wireless, news bulletin, 31 October 2005, www.fiercewireless.com. 70. ARPU, monthly average revenue per user; standard measure of returns in the mobile industry. 71. OECD, "Potential offshoring of ICT-intensive occupations", Working Party on the Information Economy, STI/ICCP/IE(2004)19/FINAL, 2005. 72. Ursula Huws and Simone Dahlmann, Outsourcing of ICT and Related Services in the EU, European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions, Dublin, 2004. 73. Dexter Roberts, "Let a thousand brands bloom", Business Week, 17 October 2005. INFRASTRUCTURE TO 2030: TELECOM, LAND TRANSPORT, WATER AND ELECTRICITY - ISBN 92-64-02398-4 - © OECD 2006 2. TELECOMS INFRASTRUCTURE TO 2030 74. Otto Raspe and Frank van Oort, "ICT loves agglomeration: the urban impact of ICT in the Netherlands", paper presented at ERSA 2004 Congress, 25-29 August 2004, Porto, available at www.ruimtelijkplanbureau.nl/upload/documenten/ict_loves_agglomeration.pdf. 75. OECD, Infrastructure Policies for the 1990s, OECD, 1993. 76. 2004 ITAC American Interactive Consumer Survey; www.telecommute.org/news/ pr090204.htm. 77. In-Stat/MDR 2003 78. Patricia L. Mokhtarian, Telecommunications and Travel, Millennium white paper prepared for the Transportation Research Board, 2000, available at http:// gulliver.trb.org/publications/millennium/00115.pd 79. Hop Associates, The Impact of Information and Communications Technologies on Travel and Freight Distribution Patterns: Review and Assessment of Literature, DTLR, 2002, available at www.virtual-mobility.com/report.htm. 80. Hop Associates, ibid. 81. Transport Canada, Assumptions Report, 2004-2018, Economic Analysis Policy, Transport 