provisions of the ANSI T1.416 standard are intended to be consistent with applicable requirements concerning safety and environmental conditions. Some useful definitions follow: Scrambler A randomizing mechanism that replaces the real data bit stream with one (at the same bit rate) that can be conceived as the process of exclusive ORing the data stream with delayed copies of itself (or self-synchronous scramblers) or exclusive ORing that data stream with a bit stream created by the exclusive ORing of an initial pattern with delayed copies of itself (for frame synchronous scramblers). The process is often represented by generation polynomials. The intent is to eliminate long strings of ones and zeros to improve the effectiveness of the clock synchronization. The received signal is descrambled by the inverse process. VT1.5 interface line-terminating element (VT1.5LTE) Network elements that originate and terminate VT1.5 interface signals. VT1.5 LTEs can originate or terminate the line overhead of the VT1.5 interface signal. VT1.5 transport format The VT1.5 transport format has a 2.048- Mbps format. This format has 32 bytes per 125 usec frame, allocating 26 bytes for single VT1.5 SPE, 1 byte for a VT1.5 pointer, and 5 bytes per frame of line overhead. This format multiplexes the 1.728-Mbps bandwidth for a single VT1.5 payload and pointer as well as 320 Kbps of line overhead into a 2.048-Mbps transport format. VT1.5 interface The SONET VT1.5 transmission interface that transports one VT1.5 SPE and pointer (27 bytes per frame) along with a line overhead (5 bytes per frame). VT1.5 interfaces may be defined by several electrical and optical physical transport technologies. Traditional SONET Architectures 3.3.1 Common Criteria The order of transmission of bits and bytes is specified in ANSI T1.105. For all diagrams of frame structures shown in this standard, bytes will be transmitted in the following order for each frame: 1. The uppermost row is transmitted first, byte by byte, from left to right. 2. The second row is tra