matches the uplink packet). The UE uses the QFI in the corresponding matching QoS rule to bind the uplink packet to a QoS flow. The UE then binds QoS flows to the AN resources. If no match- ing QoS rule is found, the UE discards the uplink data packet. The UPF maps user-plane traffic to QoS flows based on the PDRs [3] and performs session-AMBR enforcement and PDU count- ing for charging. The UPF further transmits the PDUs of the PDU session in a single tunnel between 5GC and access network. The UPF includes the QFI in the encapsulation header and it may further include an indication for reflective QoS activation. The UPF performs transport-level packet marking in downlink, which is based on the 5QI and ARP of the associated QoS flow. The access network maps PDUs from QoS flows to access-specific resources based on the QFI and the associated 5G QoS characteristics and parameters. The UE uses the stored QoS rules to determine mapping between uplink user-plane traffic and QoS flows. The UE marks the uplink PDU with the QFI of the QoS rule containing the matching packet filter and transmits the uplink PDUs using the corresponding access- specific resource for the QoS flow based on the mapping provided by RAN. The access net- work transmits the PDUs to UPF. The access network includes the QFI value, in the encap- sulation header of the uplink PDU when sending an uplink packet from the access network to the core network. The access network performs transport-level packet marking in the uplink, which may be based on the 5QI and ARP of the associated QoS flow. The UPF veri- fies whether QFIs in the uplink PDUs are aligned with the QoS rules provided to the UE or implicitly derived by the UE (e.g., in case of reflective QoS) and performs session-AMBR enforcement and counting of packets for charging. The 5G QoS parameters can be further described in detail as follows [3]: 5QI is a scalar that is used as a reference to 5G QoS characteristics, that is, access node-specific parameters that control QoS forwarding treatment for