Gbit/s on a 10 Gbit/s Line by PolSK 9.5.3.1 Draft Design and Power Budget 9.5.3.2 Penalties Analysis 9.5.4 Practical Multilevel Systems: Native 100 Gbit/s Ultra-Long Haul Systems 9.5.4.1 Draft Design 9.5.4.2 Penalties Analysis Summary of Experimental 100 Gbit/s Systems Characteristics References 10 Next Generation Networking: Enabling Technologies, Architectures, and Performances 10.1 Introduction 10.1.1 Digital Optical Network Contents 10.1.2 Optical Transparent Network 10.1.3 Optical Packet Network 10.2 Optical Digital Network 10.2.1 Optoelectronic Integration: ODN Enabling Technology 10.2.2 Optical Digital Network Architecture and Design 10.2.2.1 ODN Control and Management Plane 10.2.2.2 ODN Physical Layer Sub-Layering 10.2.2.3 ODN Network Elements and Data Plane 10.3 Transparent Optical Transport Network 10.3.1 Enabling Technologies for the Transparent Optical Transport Network 10.3.1.1 Nonlinear Behavior of Semiconductor Amplifiers 10.3.1.2 Wavelength Converters and Regenerators Based on Cross-Gain Modulation 10.3.1.3 Wavelength Converters and Regenerators Based on Cross-Phase Modulation 10.3.1.4 Wavelength Converters Based on Four-Wave Mixing 10.3.2 Transparent Optical Network Elements 10.3.2.1 PWP Transparent OXC: Example of Performances 10.3.2.2 PWC Transparent OXC: Example of Performances 10.3.2.3 LWC Transparent OXC: Example of Performances 10.3.2.4 Final Comparison 10.3.3 Transport of Control Plane and Management Plane Messages 10.3.3.1 Pilot Tones 10.3.3.2 Low Frequency Subcarrier Modulated Data Channel 10.3.3.3 Optical Code Division Multiplexing 10.3.4 Design of a Transparent Optical Network: ILP Optimization 10.3.4.1 Integer Linear Programming to Dimension Transparent Optical Transport Networks 10.3.4.2 Problem of Wavelength Routing and the Use of Wavelength Converters 10.3.4.3 Problem of Transmission Impairments and the Use of Regenerators 10.3.5 Cyclic-Based Design Algorithms and Wavelength Converters Placement 10.3.5.1 Full Wavelength Conversion Cyclic Algorithm 10.3.5.2 No Wavelength Conversion 