ng. See Conjugate Structure Algebraic CELP (Code- CWDM (Coarse Wavelength Division Excited Linear Prediction), 325 Multiplexing) Connection-oriented networking, 84-85 Coax (coaxial cable), 51-54 Connection-oriented packet-switched networks advantages/disadvantages of, 53-54 MPLS as, 446-447 applications of, 53 overview of, 97 broadband media options for, 490 process in, 218 characteristics of, 43, 52-53 Connectionless networking, 84-85 HFC architectures, 52-53, 510-511 Connectionless packet-switched networks, 95-97, overview of, 51-52 218-219 usable bandwidth of, 14-15 Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire Cochlear implants, xlii (CERN), lii Code Division Multiple Access. See CDMA (Code Constant bit rate (CBR), 438-440 Division Multiple Access) Constraint-Based Routed Label Distribution Proto- Codec (coder-decoder) col (CR-LDP), 485-486 digital voice technologies and, 324 Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems overview of, 20-23 (CCSDS), 304 Coded Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex- Consultative Committee on International Radio ing (COFDM), 573 (CCIR), 553 Coding schemes, 160-162 Consumer Electronic Bus (CEBus) standard, COFDM (Coded Orthogonal Frequency Division 540-541, 543 Multiplexing), 573 Consumer Electronics Powerline Communication Cognitive radio (CR), 692-693 Alliance (CEPCA), 540 Collaboration grids, lii Contention ratios, broadband technology, Collating sequence, 19, 160-162 497-498 Collision domains, 184 Continuum, IP QoS, 295-296 Index Control and Provisioning of Wireless Access Points nodes, PSTN, 111 (CAPWAP), 654-655 VPNs based on, 352, 358 Control networks, 542-543 CR (cognitive radio), 692-693 Control plane, 238 CR-LDP (Constraint-Based Routed Label Distribu- Control segments, satellites, 66 tion Protocol), 485-486 Controlled environmental vaults (CEVs), PONs, CRC (cyclic redundancy check), 165, 223 Cross (C) links, 135 Convergence Cross-connects in applications, 413-414 digital, 211 arguments for, 414 SDH/SONET, 128-129 IP networks for, 202 Crossbar switches, 90-91 multiservi