th the operator. The dialog is the first approach by the NRA (directed to operators) to define a set of KPIs, or to point to QoS degrada- tion issues and require responses from the operator (in order to encourage and foster improvements on QoS). Publishing information on telecom operators' QoS performance. This is the typical approach in developed ICT/telecom markets, which aim to provide QoS measure- ment results to customers SO they can make informed choices. Imposing explicit regulations on QoS. In this case there are specified and required minimum levels of QoS, and fines for operators with continuous unsatisfactory QoS (over a given time period) or compensation (to the customers) are defined. QoS regulation has as its main goal provision of QoS at a certain level that reflects the development of the technologies at a given time. There are two main approaches regarding QoS regulation: Regulation-oriented approach. In this case QoS reporting is performed by the NRA, the QoS targets are defined in national regulations, and fines are specified by the reg- ulator if national operators do not achieve QoS targets. Customer-oriented approach. In this case QoS reporting is toward customers. The minimum QoS levels are provided in the contracts, while compensation for poor qual- ity performances is payable to the affected customer. One should note that QoS regulation imposes additional costs (e.g. for the QoS mea- surement systems and human capacity for performing measurements and analysis) and such additional costs should be weighed up against the benefits of QoS assessment. That can be accomplished by focusing QoS measurements on services and areas where there are known (or detected) quality problems. However, QoS problems can change dynam- ically over time, including the location of appearance as well as the time of appearance and service being affected, SO there needs to be a certain flexibility in the approach to QoS assessment. Although QoS regulation is based on a selection of QoS parameters, not all existing pa