ring each to invest in cabling to subscribers. To make sure there is adequate funding for infrastructure, telephone company investors and wholesale purchasers (ISPs) will be able to invest jointly in new fiber-optic cabling and electronics. Currently, much of the infrastructure is based on copper and microwave. Other parts of the regulations include rules on network neutrality such that capa- bilities of the network are transparent and consumers have access to published mini- mum quality levels. Carriers will still have the ability to use network management techniques and set caps on the amounts of data that users can transmit. There are other regulations that cover privacy, the establishment of a new European Telecoms Author- ity, and more flexibility on spectrum use. Europe Expansion in Eastern Europe, Asia, and Africa Due to the saturation of cell phones in Western Europe, large carriers have expanded by offering service in Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Eastern Europe offered opportunities after the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and democratization in many of these countries. These events resulted in privatization of formerly govern- ment-owned incumbent telephone companies and openness to competition for tele- communications services. In addition, operators began modernizing their equipment. Improvements in economies resulted in populations eager for new mobile services. A similar phenomenon resulted in opportunities in many developing countries world- wide. Thus, the largest European operators offer services throughout Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, and Latin America. These operators offer fixed, landline ser- vices as well as mobile services. The following cellular carriers headquartered in Europe are large conglomerates that offer services internationally and are among the ten largest carriers, worldwide. Vodafone Group, PLC UK-based Vodafone is the second largest wireless operator worldwide, after China Mobile. It offers services in more than 20 countries around the globe. Altho