enabling technology needs to provide quick service delivery and high levels of service assurance. Having an underlying process in place that supports optimal operations is also a requirement in NGNM. The process should be lean in that with minimal effort more operational capabilities must be possible. 4. Business/industry direction requirements: Mergers and acquisitions are ris- ing and the NGN management capabilities should allow ease in the process of consolidating process and products. Interoperability is a key requirement and seamless integration should be available for products to compete in the market. Most management products are expected to follow open information models based on SID (shared information and data)/CIM (common infor- mation model). The management interfaces are also published and based on standards like MTOSI (Multi-Technology Operations System Interface) and OSS/J (OSS through Java Initiative). With management products that are based on open standards building adapters for communication to integrate with other products is easy. Also when the business process is aligned with telecom process frameworks like eTOM, it is easier to acquire or merge the business process for a particular service offering. The FAB component (ful- fillment, assurance, and billing) needs to align to best meet the interests of Fundamentals of EMS, NMS and OSS/BSS the customer. The business should be focused on meeting the SLA set with the customer. Along with quality of service from the service provider space, the quality of end-user experience from customer space needs to be param- eterized and measured. A key industry direction is toward service oriented architecture and COTS (commercial off-the-shelf) based products. This means that reuse should be maximized. Service abstraction, service discov- ery, and service reusability features of SOA are suitable for providing services that can be extended to legacy and next generation at the same time. New NMS solutions especially for next generation network and services ar