-car entertainment systems that require automatic over-the-air updates. Many high- end and even moderately priced cars include options for touch screens on dashboards to activate various networked functions and entertainment systems. These include in- car Wi-Fi hotspots for passengers, outside sensors and rear view cameras to assist in parking, and embedded GPSs. As these in-car systems become accepted and increas- ingly sophisticated, prices will drop and they will become even more widely available. Another advantage to carriers of M2M service is ease of support. Currently, car- riers operate large customer service centers for responding to questions about billing and technical issues. Customer service for M2M service is lower than that for handsets because inquiries and customer service requests will only be required for the central- ized staff members who manage these applications for customers. Mobile and Wi-Fi Networks The Wholesale Model for Downloads and Software Updates Certain M2M applications for consumer devices involve a wholesale model by which companies that supply services to consumers contract for service with a carrier. A prime example is downloading e-books to e-readers. When consumers purchase a Kindle from Amazon or a Nook reader from Barnes & Noble, their e-book purchases are transmitted over a mobile operator's network. In these instances, book retailers contract with a carrier such as Sprint Nextel for electronic book downloads. There is no contract between the consumer and a carrier for the electronic book downloads. These types of applications are known as business-to-business-to-consumer (B2B2C). The actual transactions are between two businesses, but the service is provided to consumers. Another application that uses a wholesale transaction involves car manufacturers paying carriers for subscriptions that automatically send over-the-air software updates to cars. An over-the-air update is one that can be sent to a car and implemented auto- matically without requiring a manual update at t