tworks Cable cuts, when they occur, are major problems, disrupting communications between entire countries. Fishing trawlers are responsible for most accidental cable cuts. Due to the specialized equipment needed to repair cables that lie miles deep in oceans, it often takes weeks to repair a cable. See Figure 4-4 for a list of time to www.TechnicalPDF.com repair cable cuts. Repairing undersea cable cuts requires the costly deployment of submersible robots tethered to and controlled by motherships. Large trawling fishing nets are weighted and often snag cabling as they are being dragged across ocean floors. The second most frequent cause of outages results from ship anchors dragged across the ocean floor. #5 - Route diversity Repairs per Year Outage (days/year) Philippines- Taiwan Singapore-Hong Kong Hong Kong-Tokyo Mumbai-Singapore Tokyo-Los Angeles Source: Palmer-Felgate, A., and Booi, P. How Resilient is the Global Cable Network? SubOptic 2016 #OralWE2A-5 Figure 4-4 Submarine cable outages. (Courtesy of SubOptic, first presented by Palmer-Felgate, A and Booi, P [Verizon] at SubOptic 2016) The following are the reasons for delays in repairing cables: There are a limited number of ships equipped to repair submarine cable cuts. Nations have concerns that ships in their waters could leavesdrop on communications from ships repairing cables. www.TechnicalPDF.com It can take weeks to be granted permission for these ships to be allowed to repair cuts in other countries' waters. The non-profit International Cable Protection Committee's (ISCPC) goal is to prevent submarine cable cuts. To reach that goal it communicates the criticality of undersea cables internationally, distributes cable maps to marine organizations, and lobbies internationally to reduce nations' reluctance to allow ships to repair damaged cables. BANDWIDTH CAPABILITIES IN CARRIER NETWORKS Carriers mainly use high-capacity 400 Gigabit Ethernet and Terabit (1,000 Gigabit) services to transport IP data, Ethernet, and VoIP traffic on long-haul networks. Th