 power efficiency, and lower latency. The values are based on the following assumptions: A peak rate of 10 Gbps assumes 1 GHz bandwidth with 2x2 MIMO and 256 QAM modulation with 10 bps/Hz. 1 Introduction Low band Mid-band Millimeter wave 24.25 <1 GHz 2.5 GHz 3.5/3.7 GHz 4.5 GHz 26/28 GHz Band n4 1 Band n78 Band n79 Band n258 Band n77 Band n257 China Korea Japan 0.2 Gbps 2 Gbps 20 Gbps Full coverage Urban coverage Hot spot coverage Critical communications 10x capacity boost 100x capacity boost High capacity macro cells Fixed wireless Figure 1.5 Global 5G spectrum options. Gain VS LTE Target value Technology Large bandwidth 1 GHz at mm 10x data rates 10 Gbps waves 10x lower cost <2 cent/GB Higher spectral efficiency Larger bandwidth 100 MHz New radio design 10x lower latency <1 ms Distributed architecture Radio protocol optimization 10x lower IoT power <10 uWh per tx Grant-free access Lean carrier 5x energy efficiency <2 kWh/TB Wideband carrier Massive MIMO, lean design, 5x spectral efficiency >10 bps/cell/Hz efficient spectrum utilization Figure 1.6 Summary of 5G technology capabilities. The cost per byte considers network capital expenditures (capex) and operating expenditures (opex). The calculation assumes a busy hour average throughput of 1 Gbps for a three-sector macro base station, busy hour share 7% of daily traffic, depreciation period of five years, 20% of base stations carry 50% of traffic, base station capex 40 000 EUR, and that opex equals capex. The cost per byte in 5G can be 10x lower than in the reference case of LTE because of higher spectral efficiency and wider bandwidth, which provide a lot more capacity per carrier in 5G. The transmission time in 5G is 0.125 ms, and even less with mini-slot, which enables a round trip time of 1-2 ms together with the 5G architecture enabling local service provisioning. A practical LTE round trip time is 10-15 ms. 1.6 5G Capacity Boost The average power consumption for an IoT device is assumed to be 300 mW dur- ing active time and 0.02 mW during deep sleep. With