etworks. In general, there are two resource types, one with 5 QoS for Mobile Ultra-Broadband Table 5.2 QoS class identifiers (QCI) for LTE/LTE-Advanced (3GPP Release 14). Delay Resource budget Packet Priority loss rate Targeted services Voice over IP (VoIP) Video call and live streaming Real-time gaming, V2X messages Buffered video streaming (not conversational) Mission critical push to talk (MCPTT) voice Non-mission critical push to talk voice Vehicle-to-X (V2X) messages IMS signaling Buffered video streaming, interactive TCP-based applications (Web, email, file sharing, etc.) Voice, live video streaming, interactive gaming Non-GBR Buffered video streaming, interactive TCP- based applications (Web, email, file sharing, etc.) Mission critical signaling (e.g. MCPTT signaling) Mission critical data from buffered video streaming, interactive TCP-based applications (Web, email, file sharing, etc.) V2X messages guaranteed bitrates (i.e. GBR) and the other one with non-guaranteed bitrates (i.e. non-GBR). However, each of the resource types has several QCIs which are targeted to be used for QoS differentiation in LTE/LTE-Advanced mobile networks. Initially, LTE/LTE-Advanced had 9 QCI; however, with later releases (e.g. 3GPP Release 14, which is the last release before the appearance of the 5G, which appears with 3GPP Release 15) further granulation that introduced several new QCIs was required, having priorities in between some of the existing (initial) QCIs, as shown Table 5.2. From all types of traffic, highest priority is given to IMS signaling, although it is served by non-GBR resource type. Signaling has no predefined bitrates because it depends on the load (e.g. volume of voice call setup/release signaling), but it must have the highest priority because it is a prerequisite for establishing call/sessions (e.g. voice calls over the mobile network). Further, priority two is given to voice services over LTE (e.g. VoIP over LTE -VoLTE); however, the delay budget for voice is more flexible than, for example, the requir