ion MSC server GMSC server T-SGW *) control- Transport signaling connectivity CAP gateway CS domain Applications & services *) HSS *) R-SGW *) with gateways and servers Roaming SGW IN/VAS/service enablers These elements are duplicated for figure layout purpose Signaling interface only. They belong to the logical element in the reference Signaling and data transfer interface model service network drawn without content provision Figure 8.9 The control and connectivity are separated in this release Service Implementation IMS = IP multimedia subsystem MGW control +HSS +CPS Service layer SIP signaling IN/VAS/service enablers See also MM-SIP Camel, WAP, MExE, (U)SAT etc domain in figure 8.6 IMS control layer CPS server MGW contról IP/ATM Radio Internet Connectivity layer IP networks HSS = Home subscriber server UMTS IP radio access network CPS = Call processing server, such as CSCF Core network packet switched domain Figure 8.10 A unified all-IP network with IMS, the IP multimedia subsystem Service enablers add value to network resources and The challenge: To make terminals, terminals services and network work together. Need for middleware API interfaces for fast application creation Application Terminal if any Content Content support Applications Service enablers Service enablers Network control and intelligence Access Core connectivity Clever clients, Peers Call and session control is of Mobility Broader accesses Uniform backbone most importance for the permit new services with QoS for all continuity of operators Mobile and fixed targeted services business models both today and tomorrow Figure 8.11 The horizontal network from a distributed business angle - all parts contribute to the competitiveness and cope with a broad range of services Figure 8.12 gives a good idea of the complexity in the overall picture. The access transport parts are mainly used in metropolitan and urban areas and are justified by the distance between terminal and gateway/edge nodes. They consist of self-healing optical rings. See for example F