phone business is not an issue, despite overwhelming industry evidence to the contrary. This has resulted in regulatory and standards making that have resulted in a multiplicity of band plans and standards that are hard to support in the front end of a user's device. The 'front end' is an industry term to describe the in and out signal paths including the antenna, filters, oscillators, mixers and amplifiers, a complex mix of active and passive components that are not always easily integrated. The physicality of these devices means they do not scale as efficiently as baseband devices. These inefficiencies need to be resolved to ensure the long-term economic success of the mobile broadband transition. The band allocations are not easily changed SO technology solutions are needed. In Chapter 4 we listed the eleven 'legacy bands' and 25 bands now specified by 3GPP. The band combination most commonly supported in a 3 G phone is the original 3G band at 1900/2100 MHz, described as Band 1 in the 3GPP numbering scheme, and the four GSM bands, 850, 900, 1800 and 1900 MHz (US PCS). We also highlighted changes to existing allocations, for example the proposed extension of the US 850 band and the related one-dB performance cost incurred. This directly illustrated the relationship between operational bandwidth, the pass band expressed as a ratio of the centre frequency of the band, and RF efficiency. Additionally in some form factors, for example tablets, slates and lap tops, we suggested a future need to integrate ATSC TV receive and/or DVB T or T2 receiver functionality in the 700-MHz band. Within existing 3GPP band plan boundaries there are already significant differences in handset performance that are dependent on metrics such as the operational bandwidth as a percentage of centre frequency, the duplex gap and duplex spacing in FDD deployments and individual channel characteristics determined, for example, by band-edge proximity. It is not therefore just the number of band plans that need to be taken into account but also