es not give much detail on the implementation or the specific set of functions to be performed at the network interface layer except it being the point for connection of host to network and use of an associated protocol to trans- mit IP packets. Protocols like point-to-point protocol (PPP) and serial line Internet protocol (SLIP) can be considered protocols of the network interface layer. The actual protocol used in the network interface layer varies from host to host and network to network. The network interface layer is also called the network access layer. In some implementations of the network interface layer, it performs functions like frame synchronization, control of errors, and media access. There are some significant differences between the OSI model and TCP/IP model. In the TCP/IP model, reliability is mainly handled at the transport layer. The transport layer takes on all functions for handling data transfer reliabil- ity, which includes capabilities like error detection and recovery, checksums, acknowledgments, and timeouts. The other difference is the presence of intelligent hosts when using a TCP/ IP model. This means that an OSI model does not handle management of network operations while most TCP/IP implementations like Internet have capabilities to manage network operations, which make them intel- ligent hosts. OSI model was developed as a standard and serves more as a teaching aid. This is because it clearly demarcates the functionality to the performed when two systems interact over a distributed environment. On the other hand, the TCP/IP model was adopted as a standard due to more widespread application of the model in domains like the Internet. It should be noted that the TCP/ IP model was developed before the OSI model. 10.10 Conclusion The network model is required to have a good understanding of how two network elements communicate whether the elements are in the same network or in two separate networks. The OSI model is the most common model used in text book descriptions to give the read