 interference/resource management procedures. Small-cell enhancements tried to address deployment scenarios in which different frequency bands are separately assigned to macro-layer and small-cell layer. Small-cell enhancements are applicable to the existing cellular bands and those that might be allocated in the future with special focus on higher frequency bands, for example, the 3.5 GHz band, to take advantage of more available spec- trum and wider bandwidths. Small-cell enhancements have considered the possibility of fre- quency bands that, at least locally, are only used for small cell deployments. The studies further considered cochannel deployment scenarios between macro-layer and small-cell layer. Some example spectrum configurations may include the use of carrier aggregation in the macro-layer with bands X and Y and the use of only band X in the small-cell layer. Other example scenarios may include small cells supporting carrier aggregation bands that are cochannel with the macro-layer; or small cells supporting carrier aggregation bands that are not cochannel with the macro-layer. One potential cochannel scenario may include deploy- ment of dense outdoor cochannel small cells, including low-mobility UEs and non-ideal backhaul. All small cells operate under a macro-cell coverage irrespective of duplex schemes [frequency division duplex/time division duplex (FDD/TDD)] that are used for macro-layer and small-cell layer. Air interface and solutions for small cell enhancement are band- independent [12]. In a small cell deployment, it is likely that the traffic volume and the user distribution are dynamically varying between the small-cell nodes. It is also possible that the traffic is highly asymmetrical and it is either downlink or uplink centric. Both uniform and nonuniform traffic and load distribution in time-domain and spatial-domain are possible. During performance modeling, both non-full-buffer and full-buffer traffic were considered, where non-full buffer traffic was prioritized as it was deemed to b