criptions and by a grant is a liaison member of the JTC1 set up by ISO/IEC. from the DTI. The BSI represents the UK in the IEC, ISO and CEN/CENLEC, which have national standards bodies at meetings. It operates a 22.4.7.2 series of technical committees which obtain the views of BSI members for presentation to these bodies. The BSI also has a The Standards Promotion and Application Group (SPAG) was es- Technical Committee (TCT/101) whose purpose is to co-ordinate tablished in 1983, by twelve European IT companies, to promote the views of UK members to ETSI, and in this it works closely with OSI and to develop test services for OSI protocols. It is supported the DTI. by the CEC. The group was incorporated in Brussels in October 1986 as SPAG SA, and SPAG Services was set up to provide a conformance and inter-operability testing service. 22.4.7 European trade and user organisations SPAG plays an active role on functional standards within the European Workshop on Open Systems (EWOS) and in the ISO 22.4.7.1 The European Computer Manufacturers Association work on ISPs. It has developed the European certification structure for OSI products, and is involved in the CEC programme for The European Computer Manufacturers Association was estab- Conformance Testing Services (CTS). The group has close working lished in 1961 by European computer manufacturers to produce ties with the Japanese Promoting conference for OSI (POSI) and the standards and interim guides for its members. US Corporation for Open Systems (COS). It develops and markets It has its Secretariat in Geneva, and now includes several North conformance test tools and also carries out interoperability testing. American companies as well. There are two classes of members, Ordinary Members, who are European companies making and mar- keting data processing equipment, and Associated Members, who 22.4.7.3 The EWOS have an interest and experience in the European area, or other areas of interest to the Technical Committees. The European Workshop on Open Systems (EWOS) was 