, China, parts of Latin America , South Korea, etc., and low cost CDMA-450 also used in Russia and elsewhere. CDMA-2 for faster 3G operations, for multimedia, emerging in the United States and South Korea. These are augmented by other forms of mobile radio communications: PHS, PCN and other standards in use in Japan, used with the 2.5 G i-mode Internet access service from DoCoMo. Tetra, in Europe for PAMR systems. Direct broadcast standards for streaming forms of mobile TV to handsets. However, alternative wireless technologies (AWTs) are increasingly important for the future. Their role is not just voice telephony but rather packet communications that can include voice, and mobile IPv6 protocols will enhance this. In later decades, they could form part of the local loop, and an increasing part of the core network, with gateways into long distance over fibre or satellite or microwave links. Current leading AWTs include: WiFi (IEEE 802.11) for wireless LANs for data, but now for VoIP. WiMAX (IEEE 802.16) for fixed urban coverage originally but now for mobile. Flash OFDM (proprietary from Flarion - may be standardised as IEEE 802.20). ZigBee (IEEE 802.15.4) for shorter ranges for sensor networks, including forms of radio frequency identification (RFID). Broadband mobile communications, especially wireless broadband The rollout of broadband, in the range of 100 kbps up to 2 Mbps, has accelerated over the past five years. Originally oversold in a technology "push", demand has at last arrived through customer need for faster Internet access. Access may be asymmetric (i.e. large pipe download, thin pipe upload). Broadband access is currently available in the local loop over multiple bearer types: Enhanced twisted pair - usually some form of DSL (digital subscriber line) typically running at hundreds of kbps. Access modules (DSLAMs) are INFRASTRUCTURE TO 2030: TELECOM, LAND TRANSPORT, WATER AND ELECTRICITY - ISBN 92-64-02398-4 © OECD 2006 2. TELECOMS INFRASTRUCTURE TO 2030 located in the switch and customer premises, de