eakthrough in computing power and/or network throughput comes first; applications that make use of these new capabilities are developed later. The caveat is that it is unclear when exactly these new business cases and applications taking advantages of the progress in speed and power will emerge; it can take a while. One good example of a similar case is 3G, which was initially deployed in the early 2000s, but it was not until the late 2000s that 3G MBB market penetration became significant, in part thanks to the launch of the iPhone. This is not to say that there is no need for better, faster, and more energy-efficient wire- less networks supporting billions of devices. According to the Cisco Virtual Network Index (VNI) forecast, as shown in Figure 2.1, there will be 396 Exabytes (EB) per month overall IP traffic by 2022. Ericsson estimates in their Mobility Report that 80 EB of these will be consumed by mobile devices, as shown in Figure 2.2. There are similar forecasts indicating growth of connected devices in general and IoT in particular, as well as other indicators pointing to the fact that it is reasonable to expect that 30% CAGR Mobile (46% CAGR) 2017-2022 Fixed/Wi-Fi from Wi-Fi-Only Devices (17% CAGR) 22.1% Fixed/Wi-Fi from Mobile Devices (53% CAGR) Fixed/Wired (18% CAGR) 25.0% Exabytes per month 31.8% 21.1% *Wireless traffic includes Wi-Fi and mobile Figure 2.1 Cisco VNI IP traffic forecast (Source: SISCO VNI Global IP traffic forecast 2017-22). 2 NTT DoCoMo's Freedom of Mobile Multimedia Access (FOMA) network is usually regarded as the first 3G deployment, even though initially it did not follow the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) standard. 2.2 Key Ideas Global mobile data traffic (EB per month) 5G data traffic 4G/3G/2G data traffic Ericsson Mobility Report November 2018 Figure 2.2 Ericsson Mobility Report, global mobile data traffic (EB per month). network traffic in general and mobile traffic in particular are likely to continue growing exponentially. Therefore, even though it may no