ity with a smartphone as User Equipment (UE) due to low power requirements as well as low latency. The architecture of 5G and satellite communications Platforms Orbit Typical beam Altitude range footprint size Low-Earth Orbit 300 1500 km 100 1000 km (LEO) satellite Circular around Medium-Earth the earth Orbit (MEO) 7000 - 25000 km 100 - 1000 km satellite notional station keeping Geostationary position fixed in terms Earth Orbit 35 786 km of elevation/azimuth 200 - 3500 km (GEO) satellite with respect to a given earth point Figure 16.12 - Features of satellite orbit platform Figure 16.12 shows the characteristics of the GSO, which stands for geostationary orbit, and Non-Geostationary Orbit (NGSO) platforms (MEO and LEO) for satellites. Enhanced DL/UL MIMO, Further eMBB 5G broadcast multiple transmission points enhancements eMBB-enhanced mobile In-band eMTC/NB-loT NR-Light Reduced Capability broadband services Full-duplex MIMO and 5G Core (RedCap) for low-complexity loT 5G core network and Mission-critical services with More capable, Extended enhanced E2E security eURLLC (e.g., 5G NR llo T) flexible IAB Reality (XR) Sub-6 GHz with Positioning Unlicensed spectrum Smart repeaters for massive MIMO across use cases across all use cases coverage expansion Advanced eMBB evolution Automotive and NR New spectrum above 52.6 GHz channel coding improved power, V2X enhancements mobility, more Leading 3GPP Release 18+ Release 15 Release 16 Release 17 evolution of New wave of 5G Established 5G NR Expanding to new use Continued expansion innovations in technology foundation cases and industries and enhancements the decade-long ~1.5-2 years between releases 5G evolution 5G Advanced 5G NR Centimeter accuracy Non-terrestrial network. Cellular V2X lloT with mmWave enhancements Scalable OFDM- Better coverage with Expand sidelink for V2X 5G NR-Light expansion based air interface IAB, uplink MIMO reliability, P2V, loT relay for loT and more Mobile 5G NR in unlicensed Enhancements to 5G mmWave spectrum NR Industrial loT AI/ML data-driven