ness processes, reduction in network complexity, elimination of network elements, and reduced operational requirements. Let us therefore in the following chapters choose a number of significant processes and compare the traditional and the new solutions. Seamless migration solutions should be used when introducing new technology, to retain existing customers. Through a successive and business-driven transition, services and applications can be shifted to inherently future-proof and scalable solutions. Discretionary Core Investments This chapter has a business-oriented focus. However, in order not to lose the firm connec- tion between telecom business and technology, the chapter also contains some technical elements. For a deeper study of core and backbone techniques refer to Chapters 3, 12 and 14, and the core part of the CD 'IP internetworking' mentioned in Chapter 1. Keywords for the new core are multi-service and multimedia. The transformation affects both mobile and fixed networks. The core network is divided into three layers: the connectivity layer, control layer and application layer. User applications reside at the edge of the network, accessible through the network services. Communication and control servers comprise the control layer, providing call control and session management, and control service provisioning and usage as well as network infrastructure resources. The connectivity layer including the backbone network takes care of the packet transport. End users connect to the multi-service network through access points. Process Differences between the Traditional Vertical Networks and the New Horizontal Structure Figure 4.47 exemplifies what process activities to analyse when evaluating alternative solutions. Analysed activities Service provisioning Service Customer assurance support BUILD OPERATE New service deployment Planned management New service infrastructure forecast Re-active management Service network planning Transport planning Network build Solution planning Test and commission equipment 