nctionality, performance, operations, and maintenance, should be tested. It is also highly desirable to have a test suite that runs nightly to catch regression issues and perform network health checks. 5G SA network design fundamentals Maintenance framework: The maintenance cycle of a network is undeniably the longest. Even while 5G networks are being deployed the world over, the legacy 2G networks are still being maintained to support older 2G devices. Hence, lots of expenses are incurred by mobile network operators to maintain a network, and hence the need for tools that can help maintain these large, complicated networks easily. Many third-party tools integrate seamlessly with the network elements and schedule upgrades automatically and also perform health checks and rollbacks if necessary. The induction of automated tools in the network maintenance cycle has not only reduced the time to upgrade a network but also the chances of human errors. Monitoring framework: Dashboards for monitoring a network are the only windows into the health of the network. Many third-party and open source tools do a great job of alarm correlation and reporting. Patterns in logs and transactions can also be monitored and parsed by such tools to predict future failure. Diagnostic tools can be run by an automation framework to detect failure causes, which are then reported by the tool. Analytics engine: The mobile network is a crucible of invaluable information. The signaling messages, transactions, and events all add up to data that can be mined for patterns and user trends that can help in many ways, such as rolling out a new business plan or providing user trends to applications and third-party applications, all while abiding by data privacy laws. In this section, we delved into the details of designing a macro or a public network. In the next section, we will delve into the details of designing a private (non-public) network, which is expected to be extremely popular with enterprises. Designing a non-public (private) network Just 