pinions on approval testing. The Directive also abolished the PTT's exclu- Commission proposals. sive rights on the sale, maintenance and installation of terminal equipment. There are several legal instruments available under the Treaty of The June 1989 Type Approvals Directive followed, whose aim Rome, in order to enforce community regulations. These are as was to ensure mutual recognition of type approval testing. It follows: required that terminals could be sold in all Member States following approval by a recognised testing house in any one 1. The direct application of Treaty rules, in which the Commission Member State. can obtain enforcement before the European Court of Justice. Liberalisation of the telecommunications services market. The Persons within Member States also have rights which they can EC aim is to provide open access to harmonised services across bring to the ECJ. Europe, separating out services, products and regulation, pre- Directives. The aims of all directives are binding on Member viously all these being provided by monopolistic nationalised States, but the method of attaining the aim is left to the legal operators. In this context the EC Council Decision of February system within individual Member States. Directives are usually 1990 on Open Network Provision (ONP) is key (Sharma, issued by the Council, on proposals from the Commission, 1991). ONP specifies the conditions for a network which is although the Commission can also issue directives. open to users and service providers. It has three components: The key players 11/9 technical interfaces, usage and supply conditions and traffic 2. Part II projects. These projects establish the technical feasi- principles. ONP covers a wide range of applications, such as bility of IBC. They involve technology co-operation between leased lines, ISDN, voice telephony, packet switching, mobile participants, at the pre-competitive stage. The projects often services (including paging), telex, intelligent networks and lead to the development of prototyp