 and ARP, there are other QoS parameters for EPS bearers including MBR and GBR indicating the bandwidth (or bit rate) of an EPS bearer, and AMBR indicating the total bandwidth of multiple EPS bearers. The MBR and GBR are the maximum and the guaranteed bandwidths of an EPS bearer, respectively, and AMBR is the maximum total bandwidth of multiple EPS bearers [16,59]. Fig. 1.85 illustrates the QoS parameters applied to SDFs and EPS bearers. In this figure, the UE is connected to two PDNs. The UE has two IP addresses: IP address 1 assigned by PGW-1 for use in PDN-1, and IP address 2 assigned by PGW-2 for use in PDN-2. The UE has one default bearer and two dedicated bearers established for each PDN. The IP flows (user traffic) are filtered into SDFs in the PGW by using SDF templates. There are two groups of SDFs, each received from PDN-1 and PDN-2. For these SDFs, network resources are allocated and packet forwarding is treated according to the QoS rules set in the PGW. The SDFs are then mapped to EPS bearers based on their specified QCI and ARP. In case of PDN-1, as shown in the figure, the SDFs 1 and 2 are mapped to the default bearer, SDFs 3 and 4 are mapped to the non-GBR dedicated bearer, and SDF 5 is mapped to the GBR dedicated bearer, all forwarded to the UE. Such traffic mapped from SDF to EPS bearer is defined by using traffic filter template. All user traffic is subject to the EPS bearer QoS while being delivered through the EPS bearers. All non-GBR bearers associated with a PDN are controlled by the maximum APN-AMBR that they share while the ones associated with a UE are controlled by the maximum UE-AMBR that they share. In LTE, all QoS parameters for SDFs are provisioned by policy and charging rules func- tion of the EPC [59]. The NG-RAN general QoS framework, both for NR connected to 5GC and for LTE con- nected to 5GC scenarios, is depicted in Fig. 1.86. For each UE, 5GC establishes one or more PDU sessions and the NG-RAN establishes one or more data radio bearers per PDU session. The NG-RAN maps packets 