 the cost of such universal coverage is high as many areas may be sparsely populated, and the revenue per these particular base stations can be less than the cost of the service provided. Regardless of its contractual obligations, an operator may still decide to provide wide coverage. This ensures the provision of high grade of service and wide-area user connectivity. Indeed, the extent of coverage is primarily a business decision; lack of widespread coverage has been a pri- mary cause of failure for a number of technologies. A primary example of this is the PHS service in Japan. While the service was initially successful when introduced in 1994, PHS operators could not compete when a wide-coverage 2G service was rolled-out. The main reason was the inferior coverage, and as a result the PHS service has now been nearly phased out. For highly populated areas such as cities, it is important to provide full geographic coverage to ensure good service reputation. However, this is not easy as a good measure of signal to noise ratio (SNR) for a minimum service capacity is complex to maintain. Physical objects - both natural such as hills and valleys and manmade such as buildings - block the propagation of radio signals, and result in insufficient received signal power. Complex coverage strategies and configurations are needed to provide high quality universal signal reception. However this high quality coverage must be balanced with an operator's need to minimise infrastructure costs. Wireless telecommunications network infrastructure design, planning and installation is a specialised task and is aimed to service a populated area in a cost effective manner. It must also facilitate future network evolution as the subscriber base grows and new technologies are introduced. Infrastructure design consists of a number of steps including estimating the prospective number of subscribers and average offered traffic. The theory is based on the tele- traffic engineering introduced in Chapter 3 [3], and is covered by a number of tex