use all services, including video as most demanding (on average) for humans as end-users. Typically such bitrates are in the range of Mbit/s and tens of Mbit/s. The speeds in the range of 100 Mbit/s and even Gbit/s per individual access (i.e. fixed end-user) can be referred to as ultra-broadband (around 2020). Considering such a view in the longer term, the only ultra-broadband technology in the access part is fiber access. However, there are a lot of deployed copper access networks (including twisted pairs and coaxial cables) which will be used until they can be concurrent with fiber access in both bitrates (copper access loses the battle with fiber access gradually) and price (copper-based access has been in a better starting position because it was deployed during the 4.1 Ultra-broadband DSL and Cable Access twentieth century in many parts of the world and is still present). So, copper-based access also plays a role in the ultra-broadband story in the 2010s and 2020s. Ultra-broadband DSL and Cable Access For provision of ultra-broadband fixed access, telecom operators require a wide range of technology solutions. The fiber solution is the best regarding provided capacities (i.e. bitrates) per cable; however, copper infrastructure such as DSL and cable access net- works (based on coaxial cable) can still be used in the last mile, or more accurately in the last kilometer (or less) where fiber installation is not feasible or practical. 4.1.1 DSL Ultra-Broadband Access The initial technology for DSL access (which goes over twisted pair lines) was ADSL, starting with the first standard in 1999 from ANSI [1] and following with standardization by the ITU-T [2], also known as G.DMT (because it is using Discrete Multi-Tone, i.e. DMT modulation). For longer lengths of the subscriber's local loop there is also the ITU-T standard [3] known as G.Lite (due to its lower data rates, up to 1.5 Mbit/s in downlink, as a tradeoff for longer lengths of the subscriber's line). ADSL was fitted to average telephone lines between user