ion Scope 5.2 Overview of Technology Contents 5.2.1 TDM Evolution 5.2.2 EDFA Role in DWDM 5.2.3 Technology Evolutions in DWDM 5.2.4 Standardization Efforts 5.2.5 Example of High-End DWDM System 5.3 DWDM Advocacy for Metro Access/Metro Core 5.3.1 Issues 5.3.2 Network Management in DWDM 5.4 Example of Optimized Edge Equipment End Notes Chapter 6 Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing (CWDM) Technology 6.1 Technology Scope 6.2 CWDM Systems 6.2.1 Less Expensive Hardware 6.2.2 Lower-Power Requirements 6.2.3 Comparable Reliability 6.2.4 Smaller Physical Size 6.2.5 Up to 16 Wavelengths 6.2.6 Standards Underway 6.3 Other Applications 6.4 Other Technologies 6.4.1 Cisco Implementation of BWDM 6.4.2 BWDM Applications End Notes Chapter 7 All-Optical Networks 7.1 Background and Drivers for ION 7.1.1 Advantages of ION 7.1.2 Issues Impacting ION 7.1.3 Mechanisms to Support ION 7.2 Approaches for ION 7.2.1 Control Plane Mechanism 7.2.2 Design Considerations 7.3 A Review of MPLS 7.3.1 MPLS Elements 7.3.2 Optical Elements End Notes Contents Chapter 8 GMPLS in Optical Networks 8.1 Labels in Optical Networks 8.1.1 Nongeneralized Labels 8.1.2 Generalized Labels 8.1.3 Requesting Generalized Labels 8.2 Constraining Label Choice 8.2.1 Label Set 8.2.2 Explicit Label Control 8.2.3 Egress Label Control 8.3 Out-of-Band Signaling 8.3.1 Extending Routing Calculation 8.3.2 Signaling Message Encapsulation 8.3.3 Data Interface Identification 8.3.4 Standardization Status 8.4 Reducing Signaling Latency and Overhead 8.4.1 Switch Programming Latency 8.4.2 Soft-State Overhead 8.4.3 Efficient Fault Handling 8.5 Bidirectionality 8.5.1 Upstream Labels 8.5.2 Confirming the Forward Path 8.5.3 The Need for Asymmetry 8.6 Link Management Protocol (LMP) 8.6.1 Control Channel Management 8.6.2 Traffic-Engineering Links 8.6.3 Link Verification 8.6.4 Link Property Summarization 8.6.5 Fault Detection 8.6.6 Authentication 8.7 Optical User-Network Interface (O-UNI) 8.7.1 Models 8.7.2 UNI Services 8.7.3 Addressing and Routing 8.7.4 The Realization of UNI in GMPLS Pr