 cases to provide connectivity. In such cases, combinations of different cost bases for different technologies are more likely to be used in practice [37]. 4 QoS for Fixed Ultra-Broadband Mapping of existing Broadband infrastructure (rural, suburban, infrastructure urban) Mapping of people using the Coverage broadband in urban, suburban, and rural areas Ultra-broadband infrastructure investment needs Desired coverage by different Networks fixed and mobile network technologies Cost per technology in a given Investment country (e.g. labor cost, price costs per level, etc.) technology Figure 4.13 Framework for ultra-broadband infrastructure investment needs. A framework for determining total ultra-broadband infrastructure needs is given in Figure 4.13. Based on such frameworks are developed and continuously updated national broadband and ultra-broadband plans and strategies, which by default include the investments required to achieve desired levels of broadband/ultra-broadband access, bearing in mind the costs, the technology mix per geographic area, and/or the targeted types of customers. In parallel with economic aspects of ultra-broadband, the regulatory environment (for the telecommunication/ICT sector) is the one that can provide guarantees that customers and citizens in general can exploit the new possibilities and services through ultra-broadband access, having also greater choice of end-user devices (for human end-users), services, and applications, and at the same time developing the appropriate framework for consumer protection, as well as innovations and investments in the ICTs. Typically, regulators on the global scene use a set of best practice guidelines [37] to protect consumer interests, and at the same time they use a light-touch regulatory approach to ensure a working field for traditional and new market players. Regarding the development of the broadband targets toward ultra-broadband in the 2020s, an example from Europe is given in Table 4.9, based on the targets set by the European Commission, 