educing the need for labour in configuration, testing and service update work. 6.7.1 Provisioning xDSL Integrating ADSL technology has been an expensive exercise for service providers. In particular, the labour-intensive, time-consuming provisioning of xDSL lines has long lead times and hampered the notorious problem of "building out the last mile". The most cost-intensive areas of xDSL deployment are probably the local exchange, the local loop and the subscriber premises. The main costs at the local exchange are for rejumpering the copper wires and configuring the DSLAM. Rejumpering in the Main Distribution Frame (MDF) is labour-intensive because each subscriber line must be located and rewired by a field technician. At the local loop, line testing and provisioning of the ADSL lines are necessary but labour-intensive. Work at subscriber premises is a major contributor to the cost of ADSL provision, because a field tech- nician must visit each customer and install the ADSL modem. In the industry, a visit to a customer site is known as a "truck roll". Since the main costs of xDSL deployment are incurred in the above three areas, provisioning solutions for ADSL target those areas. A product offered by Ericsson approaches the issues in the following way: 1. Local exchange: the need to rejumper the MDF and reconfigure the DSLAM is eliminated by allowing subscribers to be remotely connected to the DSLAM from the NOC. 2. Local loop: there is automatic testing and provisioning of the copper line for the ADSL subscription when the customer orders the service. OSS for Telecom Networks 3. Subscriber premises: the subscriber is given a home installation kit so that a tech- nician is required only if the subscriber has difficulties. The technician assists over the telephone so that a truck roll is only necessary for in exceptional cases. Siemens' AttaneXpress product suite and the AccessIntegrator product also address the problems in xDSL service provisioning mostly by attacking areas 1 and 2. Although not specifically targe