in overlay networks, 475 Augmented reality, xlviii-xlix Aspect ratio, 398-399 Authentication Assignment, 554 asymmetric cryptography for, 377-379 Association of Radio Industries and Businesses digital cellular networks, 587 (ARIB), 408 IMS, 423-424 Assured Forwarding, DiffServ, 301 POP security protocols, 286-287 ASTN (Automatic Switched Transport Network), VPN security protocol, 375 Authentication, authorization, and accounting Asymmetric encryption, 377-379 (AAA) Asymmetric key cryptography, 377-379 IMS, 422 Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line. See ADSL RADIUS for WLAN security, 648 (Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line) VPN security, 375 Asynchronous Transfer Mode. See ATM (Asynchro- Authorization. See AAA (authentication, authoriza- nous Transfer Mode) tion, and accounting) Asynchronous transmission, 162-164 Automated Switched Optical Network. See ASON Athletics (Automated Switched Optical Network) reality innovations for, xlviii-xlix Automatic repeat request (ARQ), 540, 603 smart garments for, xliv Automatic Switched Transport Network (ASTN), ATM adaptation layer (AAL), 233-235 ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode), 229-243 Autonomous system boundary router (ASBR), ADSL deployed with, 504-505 OSPF, 261 advantages/disadvantages of, 237 Autonomous system number, 260 applications, 230-232 Autonomous systems current status of, 238 exterior routing and, 262-263, 265 evolution of, 229 interior routing and, 260, 265 Frame Relay and, 221 in public Internet, 85, 252 interfaces, 232-233 Available bit rate (ABR), 439 Internet performance and, 290-291 IP and, 238-242, 449 layers, 233-235 B (bridge links), 135 MFA Forum and, 243 Backbone router (BR), 261 multiservice edge supporting, 436 Backbones overview of, 229-230 ATM, 221, 229, 237, 239 packet size in, 220 bus topology, 186 placement in network, 236 as core network, 8 provisioned VPN based on, 350-352 fiber-based, 52, 78-80, 510-511 QoS, 438-440 Gigabit Ethernet for, 181 switches, 99, 288 increased bandwidth in, xxxvi-xxxvii transmission path of, 235-236 increased digit