Napoleon set up the Duchy of Warsaw in a smaller area of Poland , but after his defeat and the implementation of the Congress of Vienna program , things became even worse for Poles than before . Poland would be briefly resurrectedâ '' if in a smaller frameâ '' in 1807 , when Napoleon set up the Duchy of Warsaw . After his defeat and the implementation of the Congress of Vienna treaty in 1815 , the Russian-dominated Congress Kingdom of Poland was created in its place .