"baak UEin io k 1e3z- ( N-Nitrosamines in Tobacco Carcinogenesis BRUNNEMANN, JOHN D. ADAMS, DIETRICH HOFFMANN, KLAUS ABRAHAM RIVENSON; AND STEPHEN HECHT Naylor Dana Institute for Disease Prevention American Health Foundation Valhalla  New York 10595 1982 US Surgeon General"s Report "The Health Consequences Smoking" concluded that cigarette smoking Inajor causc canccr of the lung, larynx, oral cavty, and csophagus and LS J cuntnbuting lactor in thc d- kidncy _ relopulent of caneer of thc pancreas bladder (Fublic Healu UMAIY Servicc [982). Smokers increascd risk for cancer (acc cigars and Pipes also of thc lung; larynx cavily_ ard esophagus (Tublic  Hcalth 1982). Scnco long-term of snulf Unyo McenI sudies Hacumcuted coreaton bclwedn and cancer of the Oral cavity , particularly cancets of the cheek and (Axell et a. 1978; Winn 1981). Based on the obscrvation that tobicco uaagc with cancers sites not directly exposed I5 JISC cOnfeRtEo obicco Droducts initiatcd dctailed studics with tobacco #hich specilic cranozens OTein Such groups of carcinogens includc thc laboratory anima Tamatic amnincs compounds, and N-nitrosamines (Public Health Servicc 1982) nutro Tle pre sence volatile N-nitrosamincs (VNA) mainsteam and slde cigarettes and in smoke-polluted strcan smoxc cnvironmcnts2 ccn tablishcd and   rcpcatedly described in our Previous reviews (Brunnemann and Hoffmann   1978; Hoffmann al. 1980a Rull 1980). Morc reccntly_ in depth analyllaal Investigations VNA , N-itrosodicthanolaminc (NDELA) (TSNA) and tobacco-spccific N-nitrosamincs undertaken with snuff , since WCTC this product has been cortelated with oral cancer in man (Axell et 2. 1978; Winn et al . 1981). N-NITROSOMORPHOLINE SNUFF ToBaCCO findings Thc analyscs of snuff Products led the detection ol amonc oucr N-nilrosomorpholine   (MMOR) brands (Fig, 1; commercizl 1982). In addition, morpholine (MOR) was Brunncmann Touno slycrai samples ranging from 2.0-4.0 ppm (Tablc 1} Levcls MOR and NMOR in thc bc corrclated snulf did not thcrefore  presunied alidTater appc 10 conlirncd in modcl studics , that addition Uie concentalion of MOR This study dedicatcd thc foundcr 0f Ilc Anicrican Hcalth Fouudation, Dr. Einst Wyndcr tcntl Havla Drcnon AnAYCMM LLTNLC Discuic Frcvention L
"baak UEin io 1e3z- ( k N-Nitrosamines in Tobacco Carcinogenesis DIETRICH HOFFMANN, KLAUS BRUNNEMANN, JOHN D. ADAMS, ABRAHAM RIVENSON; AND STEPHEN HECHT Naylor Dana Institute for Disease Prevention American Health Foundation Valhalla  New York 10595 1982 US Surgeon General"s Report "The Health Consequences Smoking" concluded that cigarette smoking Inajor causc canccr of the lung, larynx, oral cavty, and csophagus and LS J cuntnbuting lactor in thc d- relopulent of caneer of thc pancreas kidncy _ UMAIY bladder (Fublic Healu Servicc [982). Smokers cigars and Pipes also (acc increascd risk for cancer of thc lung; larynx cavily_ ard esophagus (Tublic  Hcalth Scnco 1982). Unyo McenI sudies Hacumcuted coreaton bclwedn long-term of snulf and cancer of the Oral cavity , particularly cancets of the cheek and (Axell et a. 1978; Winn 1981). Based on the obscrvation that tobicco uaagc I5 JISC cOnfeRtEo with cancers sites not directly exposed obicco Droducts initiatcd dctailed studics with tobacco cranozens #hich OTein specilic thc laboratory anima Such groups of carcinogens includc Tamatic amnincs nutro compounds, and N-nitrosamines (Public Health Servicc 1982) Tle pre sence volatile N-nitrosamincs (VNA) mainsteam and slde strcan smoxc cigarettes and in smoke-polluted cnvironmcnts2 ccn tablishcd and   rcpcatedly described in our Previous reviews (Brunnemann and Hoffmann   1978; Hoffmann al. 1980a Rull 1980). Morc reccntly_ in depth analyllaal Investigations VNA , N-itrosodicthanolaminc (NDELA) and tobacco-spccific N-nitrosamincs (TSNA) WCTC undertaken with snuff , since this product has been cortelated with oral cancer in man (Axell et 2. 1978; Winn et al . 1981). N-NITROSOMORPHOLINE SNUFF ToBaCCO Thc analyscs of snuff Products led amonc oucr findings the detection ol N-nilrosomorpholine   (MMOR) commercizl brands (Fig, 1; Brunncmann 1982). In addition, morpholine (MOR) was Touno slycrai samples ranging from 2.0-4.0 ppm (Tablc 1} Levcls MOR and NMOR in thc snulf did not appc 10 bc corrclated thcrefore  presunied alidTater conlirncd in modcl studics , that addition Uie concentalion of MOR This study dedicatcd thc foundcr 0f Ilc Anicrican Hcalth Fouudation, Dr. Einst Wyndcr Drcnon tcntl AnAYCMM Havla LLTNLC Discuic Frcvention L