Where did copper come from for bronze age?
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Where did copper come from for Aegean bronze age?
Republic of Cyprus Cyprus
In Great Britain, the Bronze Age is considered to have been the period from around 2100 to 750 BC. Migration brought new people to the islands from the continent. Recent tooth enamel isotope research on bodies found in early Bronze Age graves around Stonehenge indicate that at least some of the migrants came from the area of modern Switzerland. Another example site is Must Farm, near Whittlesey, which has recently been host to the most complete Bronze Age wheel ever to be found. The Beaker culture displayed different behaviours from the earlier Neolithic people, and cultural change was significant. Integration is thought to have been peaceful, as many of the early henge sites were seemingly adopted by the newcomers. The rich Wessex culture developed in southern Britain at this time. Additionally, the climate was deteriorating; where once the weather was warm and dry it became much wetter as the Bronze Age continued, forcing the population away from easily defended sites in the hills and into the fertile valleys. Large livestock farms developed in the lowlands and appear to have contributed to economic growth and inspired increasing forest clearances. The Deverel-Rimbury culture began to emerge in the second half of the Middle Bronze Age ( –1100 BC) to exploit these conditions. Devon and Cornwall were major sources of tin for much of western Europe and copper was extracted from sites such as the Great Orme mine in northern Wales. Social groups appear to have been tribal but with growing complexity and hierarchies becoming apparent.
Where did copper come from in Britain for bronze age?
Great Orme mine northern Wales Great Orme
Bronze Age
Copper smelting took place in West Africa prior to the appearance of iron smelting in the region. Evidence for copper smelting furnaces was found near Agadez, Niger that has been dated as early as 2200 BC. However, evidence for copper production in this region before 1000 BC is debated. Evidence of copper mining and smelting has been found at Akjoujt, Mauretania that suggests small scale production to 400 BC.
Where may have copper come from in Africa for bronze age?
Akjoujt, Mauretania Mauretania
Bronze Age
The Timna Valley contains evidence of copper mining in 7000–5000 BC. The process of transition from Neolithic to Chalcolithic in the Middle East is characterized in archaeological stone tool assemblages by a decline in high quality raw material procurement and use. This dramatic shift is seen throughout the region, including the Tehran Plain, Iran. Here, analysis of six archaeological sites determined a marked downward trend in not only material quality, but also in aesthetic variation in the lithic artefacts. Fazeli et al. use these results as evidence of the loss of craft specialisation caused by increased use of copper tools.
Where may have copper come from in the Middle East for prior to and during the bronze age?
Timna Valley, Negev Desert, Israel Timna Valley
Chalcolithic
"Copper manufacturing, a more complex industry than jade working, gradually appeared in the Yangshao period (5000 to 3000 BC). Jiangzhai is the only place where copper artifacts were found in the Banpo culture. ... Archaeologists have found a number of remains of copper metallurgy in various cultures from the late fourth millennium B.C.E. to the early third millennium B.C.E. These remains include the copper-smelting remains and copper artifacts in the Hongshan culture (4700 to 2900 BC), and copper slag at the Yuanwozhen site. ... Thus we may suppose that the inhabitants of the Yellow River valley by the later Yangshao period had already learned how to make copper artifacts..."
Where may have copper come from in China for prior to and during the bronze age?
Yuanwozhen Yellow River valley
History of metallurgy in China
History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20metallurgy%20in%20the%20Indian%20subcontinent
History of metallurgy in China
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20metallurgy%20in%20China
Cyprus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus
Chalcolithic
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcolithic
Bronze Age
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze%20Age
An ancient civilization is defined to be in the Bronze Age either by producing bronze by smelting its own copper and alloying with tin, arsenic, or other metals, or by trading for bronze from production areas elsewhere
Bronze Age
The Aegean Bronze Age began around 3200 BC, when civilizations first established a far-ranging trade network. This network imported tin and charcoal to Cyprus, where copper was mined and alloyed with the tin to produce bronze.
Bronze Age
The Great Orme copper mine was estimated to have produced enough copper to make about 2,000 tons of bronze during the Bronze Age
Great Orme
Archeologists have discovered that as early as 1000 BC, copper smelting and mining was occurring in Akjoujt
Akjoujt
The Timna Valley (תִּמְנָע, Hebrew pronunciation: [timˈna(ʕ)]) is located in southern Israel in the southwestern Arava/Arabah, approximately 30 kilometres (19 mi) north of the Gulf of Aqaba and the city of Eilat. The area is rich in copper ore and has been mined since the 5th millennium BCE.
Timna Valley
The Aegean Bronze Age began around 3200 BC, when civilizations first established a far-ranging trade network. This network imported tin and charcoal to Cyprus, where copper was mined and alloyed with the tin to produce bronze. In Britain, the Great Orme copper mine was estimated to have produced enough copper to make about 2,000 tons of bronze during the Bronze Age, which in Britain is considered to have been the period from around 2100 to 750 BC. In Africa, archeologists have discovered that as early as 1000 BC, copper smelting and mining was occurring in Akjoujt, Mauretania. In the Middle East, the Timna Valley, located in Southern Israel, is rich in copper ore and has been mined since the 5th millennium BC. In China, archaeologists have found a number of remains of copper metallurgy in various cultures from the late fourth millennium BC to the early third millennium BC. These remains include the copper-smelting remains and copper artifacts in the Hongshan culture and copper slag at the Yuanwozhen site. Thus, it can be assumed that the inhabitants of the Yellow River valley by the later Yangshao period had already learned how to make copper artifacts.