The term kidney disease refers to any disease, disorder, or condition that affects the kidneys. Here is a list of different types of kidney diseases.Hover over the highlighted term for a description of the ailment. 1  Alport Syndrome.2  Diabetic Nephropathy. 3  Fabry Disease.4  Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis. 5  Glomerulonephritis.he term kidney disease refers to any disease, disorder, or condition that affects the kidneys. Here is a list of different types of kidney diseases.