A fellowship physician is a doctor who possesses a higher degree in medicine on completion of a residency training program. Fellows gain experience on training in any medical specialty of their choice such as pediatrics or internal medicine.ccording to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, postsecondary fellowship physicians earned an average yearly salary ranging from between $41,600 and $83,670. In addition, the annual salary for the top 10 percent of post-doctoral fellows working as teachers is a 6-figure salary of about $121,850. 1  Share on Facebook.