Albuquerque Population 2016. Albuquerque is the largest city in New Mexico and is located in the central region of the state along the Rio Grande. With a 2012 population of 555,400, Albuquerque is the 32nd largest city in the United States. The estimated 2014 population of Albuquerque is just 558,000, a slight increase from the 2010 census figures of 545,800.