Nerve cell. Definition. noun, plural: nerve cells. A neuron; a cell of the nervous system that transmits nerve impulses. Supplement. Nerve cells are cells of the nervous system that transmit nerve impulses coming from sensory cells or from other nerve cells.Also called: 1  neuron.upplement. Nerve cells are cells of the nervous system that transmit nerve impulses coming from sensory cells or from other nerve cells. Also called: 1  neuron.