1 Neanderthal 1: The first Neanderthal specimen found during mining in August 1856. 2  It was discovered in a limestone quarry at the Feldhofer grotto in Neanderthal, Germany. 3  The find consisted of a skull cap, two femora, three right arm bones, two left arm bones, ilium, and fragments of a scapula and ribs.ith an average cranial capacity of 1600 cm 3, the cranial capacity of Neanderthals is notably larger than the 1400 cm 3 average for modern humans, indicating that their brain size was larger. Males stood 164–168 cm (65–66 in) and females 152–156 cm (60–61 in) tall.