Nerve vs. Neuron. Although nerve and neuron may sound similar to most people, they are, in fact, two different components of the body. However, they are closely related, as nerves are actually projections of neurons. There are three main types of nerves: Afferent nerves, efferent nerves and mixed nerves.here are two types of neurons ‘“ the sensory neurons and the motor neurons. Sensory neurons send signals to the brain and the spinal cord, while the motor neurons receive signals from the brain and spinal cord. Therefore, information is transmitted through neurons by electrochemical signaling.