The Mughal Empire was a Muslim dynasty that ruled Northern India  and parts of modern Pakistan and Afghanistan. The Mughal Empire was  established by Zahir-ud-din Muhammad B…abur, a descendant of Timur  and Genghis Khan, in 1526, which lasted until 1857. The Mughals  introduced the use of artillery in war. Akbar the Great and Shah  Jahan, the builder of Taj Mahal, were the most popular rulers of  the Mughal dynasty.