Vascular Neurology Doctors and Physicians (Vascular Neurologists) Vascular neurology is the study and treatment of vascular diseases of the nervous system. A neurologist is a physician who diagnoses and treats nervous system disorders. A vascular neurologist treats patients who have disorders of the veins and arteries in the nervous system. Diseased vessels that provide circulation to the nervous system can generate problems such as a stroke or hemorrhage that affects the brain or spinal cord.