1 Cook the steaks in the oven for 40 to 45 minutes. 2  The steak will still look fairly uncooked when you remove it from the oven. 3  A thermometer inserted into the thickest part of the steak will reveal a cooking temperature five to ten degrees lower than the desired doneness.ow that you are no longer asking how long does it take to cook steak in the oven, you might want to give this oven-roasted steak recipe a try. It works best for very thick, tender cuts of steaks like baseball cut rib-eyes or thick-cut tenderloins. Choose a steak with a minimum one-inch thickness.