Each item identifies a possible cause, the type of illness and common symptoms associated with each. The sooner you (and/or your doctor) determine what type of illness you’re suffering from, the sooner you’ll find relief for your sore throat. Here are 11 Possible Causes for Your Sore Throat (Plus Symptoms for Each): 1. The Common Cold. Type: Viral Infection. The common cold is the most popular cause of a sore throat. The symptom usually presents itself abruptly alongside the other symptoms listed below. Most people can identify when they’re suffering from a cold. Symptoms of the Common Cold: Coughing, sneezing, muscle and joint aches and pains, fatigue, clear, runny nose.