Treatment must cover more virulent pathogens. Health care–associated pneumonia: Meeting the clinical challenges. ABSTRACT: The risk factors for health care–associated pneumo-. nia (HCAP) include hospitalization for 2 or more days within. the past 90 days, residence in a nursing home or extended-care. facility, home infusion therapy, and long-term dialysis within. the past 30 days. Distinguishing between community-acquired.