The term geological processes describes the natural forces that shape the physical makeup of a planet. Plate tectonics, erosion, chemical weathering and sedimentation are all examples of forces that significantly affect the Earth’s surface and account for its major features.hen rock is worn away by water, ice or even wind, this is known as erosion. It is one of the most important geological processes, and, over time, can transform landscapes. Particles of grit and sand carried by water or wind have an abrasive effect and can sculpt rock into new shapes on a large scale.