World Health Organization has deﬁned anemia in women. as hemoglobin concentrations less than 12.0 mg/dL (2). Up to the age of 75 years, women are disproportionately. affected by anemia, and the prevalence in females 65. years of age and older in the United States is approxi-. mately 10% (3,4). The manifestation of anemia in older populations is.