Most emphysema causes involve repeated breathing in of fumes and other things that irritate and damage the lungs and airways. Specific causes of emphysema can include: 1  Cigarette smoking. 2  Pipe, cigar, and other types of tobacco.3  Certain fumes or dust. 4  Genetic factors.ost emphysema causes involve repeated breathing in of fumes and other things that irritate and damage the lungs and airways. Specific causes of emphysema can include: 1  Cigarette smoking. 2  Pipe, cigar, and other types of tobacco.