text: BESKRIVELSE OG TEGNINGER
                                     AF
                              ØSTER MARIE KIRKE
  
                           MED SÆRLIGT HENSYN TIL
                            DEN OPRINDELIGE FORM.
  
                                     AF
                               A. CLEMMENSEN.
  
                  UDGIVET MED UNDERSTØTTELSE AF MINISTERIET
                     FOR KIRKE- OG UNDERVISNINGSVÆSENET.
  
                                 KJØBENHAVN.
                           H. HAGERUPS BOGHANDEL.
               TRYKT HOS J. JØRGENSEN & CO. (M. A. HANNOVER).
                                    1894.
  
  
  Øster Marie Kirke paa Bornholm ligger ved Veien mellem Rønne og Svanike,
  omtrent en Mil fra den sidste. Den hører til en Gruppe af Kirker, ialt
  15, som omtrent samtidig ere opførte der paa Øen, antagelig i Slutningen
  af det 12te eller Begyndelsen af det 13de Aarhundrede, og ved deres
  særlige Byggemaade adskille sig fra andre gamle Kirkebygninger i Norden.
  
  Fraset de 4 Rundkirker have de alle et ensartet Anlæg, nemlig: mod Vest
  et Taarn, med flere hvælvede Afdelinger over hinanden, et Langhus,
  som altid er smallere end Taarnet, og et firkantet Chor med halvrund
  Afslutning mod Øst. [St. Povls Kirke danner en Undtagelse ved ikke at
  have havt noget Taarn.] Der findes ved de fleste af Kirkerne, og der har
  rimeligvis ved alle været, et særskilt Klokketaarn. Selve Kirketaarnet —
  paa Bornholm kaldes det »Fæstet« — har ikke kunnet have Klokker, dertil
  er de forskjellige Stokværks Høide for ringe; derimod er det meget
  sandsynligt, at de have været beregnede paa Forsvar; herpaa tyder de
  forskjellige hvælvede Afdelinger, som ikke have kunnet været brugte til
  Gudstjenesten, Sporene af Tinder, Spygatter, samt den Maade, hvorpaa
  Adgangen til Afdelingerne er indrettet, med Stængebomme for Dørene, osv.
  Det vides ogsaa, at Kirkerne have havt Skyts, og at de til forskjellige
  Tider have været brugte som Fængsler.
  
  Senere er der ved Kirkerne opført Vaabenhuse og andre Tilbygninger, og i
  det Hele ere de undergaaede mange Forandringer i Tidens Løb.
  
         *       *       *       *       *
  
  Forskjellige Forfattere have givet Meddelelser om disse eiendommelige
  Bygningsværker, bl. A. Thura, der 1756 udgav den ældste trykte
  Beskrivelse over Øen, og Brunius, hvis »Konstanteckningar under en Resa
  til Bornholm, År 1857«, udmærke sig ved Paalidelighed, men desværre ikke
  ere ledsagede af Tegninger.
  
  Paa Foranledning af Kultusministeriet bleve de bornholmske Kirker
  opmaalte under Ledelse af Arkitekt Hans J. Holm, og Tegninger samt
  Beskrivelse af dem udgivet paa Ministeriets Foranstaltning 1878. Det var
  i rette Tid, at dette udmærkede Værk kom frem — allerede nu ere 4 af
  Kirkerne nedbrudte og ombyggede, og andre ere blevne mere eller mindre
  »restaurerede«.
  
  Som naturligt var, have de omtalte Forfattere i deres Beskrivelse af de
  bornholmske Kirker givet en Fremstilling af disse i den Skikkelse, som
  de havde, da de bleve undersøgte; og uagtet de Oplysninger om Spor af de
  enkelte Bygningsdeles oprindelige Konstruktion, og de Forklaringer heraf,
  som findes i sidstnævnte Værk over Bornholmske Kirker, vilde man dog have
  havt et meget ufuldkomment Begreb om deres oprindelige Udseende, om ikke
  Tilfældet fornylig havde bragt Oplysninger for Dagen, som paany give
  disse gamle Bygninger en ganske særdeles Interesse.
  
         *       *       *       *       *
  
  Efter at det var bestemt at nedbryde Øster Marie Kirke, og at opføre
  en ny Kirke, hvortil Materialerne af den gamle skulde benyttes, blev i
  Aaret 1890 Nedbrydningen paabegyndt, idet dog den øverste Del af Taarnet
  allerede forinden var nedtaget paa Grund af tiltagende Brøstfældighed.
  
  Da en Del af Skibets Mure vare nedbrudte, Tagværket fjærnet og
  den i nyere Tid indsatte Bræddehvælving borttaget, opdagedes der
  forskjællige Mærkværdigheder i Bygningens Konstruktion, som bevirkede,
  at Nedbrydningen blev standset, og den nye Kirke blev fuldført uden
  yderligere Anvendelse af det gamle Materiale. Disse Opdagelser kaster Lys
  over flere, hidtil uforklarlige Forhold, og give et interessant Billede
  af den oprindelige Bygning, selv om man maa beklage, at det ikke har
  været muligt fulddtud at belyse alle Enkeltheder.
  
  Den Fremstilling heraf, som i det følgende skal gives, støtter sig
  til Undersøgelser og Opmaalinger af Bygningslevningen, som jeg har
  havt Lejlighed til at foretage, sammenholdte med de foreliggende
  Beskrivelser, Tegningerne i Værket over bornholmske Kirker, Meddelelser
  af Entreprenøren for Byggearbejdet, Architekt Bidstrup samt Professor
  Kornerups Indberetning af 16de Mai 1890 til Direktionen for de
  antikvariske Mindesmærkers Bevaring. Af de vedføiede Afbildninger ere
  de to første Blade Gjengivelser af Fotografier, tagne kort efter at
  Nedbrydningen blev standset; Blad 1-6 viser Bygningen som den nu staar.
  Med Hensyn til Kirkens Udseende før Nedbrydningen henvises til det
  ovenomtalte Værk over bornholmske Kirker, Blad 20-22.
  
  Bygningen er opført hovedsagelig af Granitsten; disse ere ikke kløvede ud
  af selve Klippebunden, men opsamlede fra Overfladen, og for største Del
  anvendte i den Form, hvori de forefandtes. Da disse, saakaldte Rullesten,
  maa antages at have været tilstede i stor Mængde, har det ikke været
  vanskeligt at udsøge dem med en nogenlunde jævn Flade, der kunde anvendes
  til Murværkets Ydersider. De ere satte omhyggeligt i Plan, udvendig og
  indvendig, og der er sørget for en god Forbindelse i Murværket ved, at
  der jævnlig er anbragt Bindere. Man træffer hyppigt vandrette Skifter,
  der ere dannede ved Udligning med en Slags Beton, bestaaende af smaa
  Strandsten (Singels) og Kalkmørtel, uden at dog disse Lag ere synlige i
  Murenes Yderflader. Fundamenterne have en Dybde af to til tre Alen og ere
  udligede med lignende Betonskifter.
  
  Mørtelen er af en ejendommelig fed og plastisk Beskaffenhed; man ser
  tydeligt Aftrykket af de Brædder, hvorpaa Hvælvingerne ere opmurede,
  og paa en Fuge har jeg endog fundet Aftryk af Hudens Fibre i en
  Tommelfinger, som i hin fjerne Tid er kommen i Berøring med den friske
  Mørtel. Ligesom ved andre bornholmske Kirker finder man jævnlig
  iblandet smaa Stykker Trækul, hvis Tilstedeværelse kunde tyde paa, at
  man har brændt Kalkstenen paa Stedet, ved Nedgravning i Jorden sammen
  med Brændselet, hvis Rester da ere komne med ved Læskningen. Baade de
  indvendige og de udvendige Murflader vare fugede, med brede, glatte
  Fuger, som synes at være strøgne til med en Ske, saa langt ind paa
  Stenens Kanter at der fremkom en nogenlunde jævn Flade i Murværket, uden
  dog helt at udfylde Stenenes Ujævnheder. Saavel ved sin gulgraa Farve og
  øvrige Beskaffenhed, som ved Behandlingsmaaden, adskiller den oprindelige
  Mørtel sig tydeligt fra de forskjellige Mørtelblandinger som ere anvendte
  ved senere Ombygninger, saa at det allerede derved er let at bestemme
  hvad der er oprindeligt Murværk.
  
  Foruden Rullesten er ogsaa anvendt en Kalksten som findes paa Øen, den
  saakaldte Cementsten, samt en rødlig Sandsten, som forefindes i Egnen
  omkring Nexø. Sandstenen findes kun som Smaastumper imellem andet
  Materiale i Murværket, men har ogsaa — som det senere skal omtales
  — været anvendt i Form af Fliser, saaledes som disse forefindes i
  Overfladen af Lagene og endnu i vor Tid anvendes i og omkring Nexø, til
  Belægning af Fortove, til Stengjærder m. m.
  
         *       *       *       *       *
  
  Til Hvælvingerne er hovedsagelig anvendt Cementsten, dog findes ogsaa
  Granit og Sandsten derimellem. Stenene ere nogenlunde kileformede, men
  synes i Almindelighed heller ikke her at have været tilhuggede. De ere
  murede eller rettere »satte« i Kalkmørtel, paa Buestillinger, hvorover
  en Forskalling af Brædder er løst anbragt, som det ses af Aftrykket
  i Mørtelen, der har trykket sig ud under Stenene. Sokkellisten, det
  øverste Led af Gesimserne og de profilerede Sten i Buernes Trykleie
  ere tildannede af Cementsten af gjennemgaaende ringe Tykkelse, 5 à 6",
  svarende til Tykkelsen af Aflejringerne i de Lag, der findes paa Øen. Til
  Buestikkene over Triumfbuen og Vinduerne er anvendt Cementsten, grovt
  tildannede, dog findes derimellem ogsaa Granitsten, særlig i Bygningens
  udvendige Murflader. Ved Indgangen mod Syd er til de finere Led anvendt
  Cementsten; iøvrigt, ligesom til de større Led i Gesimserne, ved Hjørner
  o. Lgn., er anvendt hugget Granit.
  
  Mellem Resterne fra Nedbrydningen af Taarnet fandtes enkelte tildannede
  Sten, og derimellem to Granitsten, paa hvilke en hugget Rundstav paa en
  mærkelig Maade følger Stenenes Sider (se Blad 6). Om de kunde tænkes
  som Hjørner af Skibets Gesims, vilde her være et Fingerpeg med Hensyn
  til Gavlspidsernes Afslutning, men herom har iøvrigt Intet yderligere
  kunnet give Oplysning, og Chorets Gesims er ialfald afskaaret lige med
  Gavlens Plan. At Skibet har havt Gesims, ligesom Chor og Apsis, er høist
  sandsynligt, og de fundne Rester kunne hidrøre fra den mod Taarnets
  Vestside i en nyere Tid opførte Stræbepille.
  
  I Værket over bornholmske Kirker er omtalt et Brudstykke af en
  Hjørnesøile, som fandtes ved Skolebygningen og antoges at kunne hidrøre
  fra den nordre Indgang, som dengang var tilmuret. Det viste sig ved
  Nedbrydningen, at denne Indgang kun havde en simpel firkantet Aabning
  med halvrundt Felt over og to Kragsten af hugget Cementsten; den omtalte
  Søilerest kan altsaa ikke have hørt hertil (se Blad 5). Ved den søndre
  Indgang var i 1874 Kragstenene under Dørfeltet borthuggede; nu mangle
  ogsaa Karmstenene (se Blad 4).
  
  Af de oprindelige Vinduer findes et velbevaret i Chorrundingen mod Øst,
  største Delen af to Vinduer i Skibets søndre Side, og en ringe Del af
  Stikket i Overkanten af det udvidede Vindue i Chorets nordre Side.
  I den nu nedbrudte nordre Side af Skibet fandtes kun et Vindue. Af
  Skibets Vinduer var saa meget bevaret, at man med Bestemthed kan paavise
  deres Form. I Lysningen fandtes Karmsten, omtrent 2¼ Tomme tykke, af
  hugget Cementsten, den øverste halvcirkelformede Del var udhugget i et
  enkelt Stykke (se Blad 6). Vinduerne vare høie og smalle, omtrent 6" i
  Lysningen, Siderne meget skraa baade udefter og indefter. Underkanten
  synes at have været skraat afskaaret indvendig, men lige udvendig, en hel
  Sten som Afdækning af Muren synes der ikke at have været.
  
  Endvidere fandtes to Aabninger, af hvilke i alfald den ene sikkert er
  oprindelig, men om hvis Bestemmelse det er vanskeligt at have nogen
  Formodning. De findes i Skibets Sidemure, den ene mod Syd, den anden
  mod Nord, i en Høide af omtrent 3¼, Alen over Sokkelen. Aabningen i den
  søndre Mur var i den ene Side forstyrret af en senere Udbrydning, den i
  den nordre Side var udvendig 17" høi, 9" bred, men udvidede sig ind imod
  Kirken til en Brede af omtrent 1½ Al. Aabningens Overkant var i samme
  Høide udvendig og indvendig, medens Underkanten var omtrent 16" lavere
  indvendig.
  
         *       *       *       *       *
  
  Da man ved Nedbrydningen fjernede den Bræddebeklædning, som i en nyere
  Tid var blevet anbragt paa Skibets østre Væg, over Triumfbuen, fandt man
  midt over Buen en Døraabning (se Blad 2), og gjennem denne kom man ind
  i et lille hvælvet Rum, som altsaa laa over Chorets Tøndehvælving, og
  som fik et sparsomt Lys fra en smal Lysaabning i Chorets Gavl (se Blad
  3)[1]. Hvælvingen over dette Rum, som er betydelig smallere end Choret
  nedenunder, har en stærkt tilspidset Form, og Oversiden af den danner
  sammen med Chorhvælvingens Ydersider to skraa Flader. Dette Forhold
  ledede til den Formodning, at Bygningens Afdækning havde bestaaet af
  Murværk, uden Anvendelse af Tagtømmer, i Lighed med hvad der kjendes
  af enkelte tidlige middelalderlige Bygninger i Syd-Frankrig, hvor der
  over Hvælvingerne er dannet skraa Flader, dækkede med Stenfliser; men
  som rigtignok vare betydelig fladere end den formodede Tagskraaning
  paa Øster-Marie Kirke[2]. Ved at undersøge den udvendige Side af
  Skibets Gavl langsmed de omtalte ydre Flader af Hvælvingerne blev denne
  Formodning bestyrket, idet der fandtes indmuret i skraa Retning i Gavlen
  en Del Sandstensskaller, netop efter en Linie, der svarede til den, hvori
  Chorets Tagflader maatte antages at skjære Gavlmuren, og ved gjentagne
  Undersøgelser fandt jeg ubedragelige Spor af Tagdækningens Konstruktion,
  som viser, hvor udmærket man har forstaaet at anvende de Midler, som man
  raadede over, paa en til Forholdene svarende Maade, og mure en solid
  Stenafdækning paa de steile Flader.
  
  Udmuringen mellem Hvælvingernes Yderflader og Tagfladen er utvivlsomt
  foretaget paa den Maade, at der med visse Mellemrum er lagt et vandret
  Lag af den under Kirkens Murværk omtalte Beton og herover en Række
  Sandstensfliser i vandret Stilling med Kanten i Tagflugten; ovenpaa
  dette Lag er derefter henmuret en Række Sandstensfliser, stillede skraat
  efter Tagets Retning, og mellem disse og Hvælvingen er udfyldt med
  Murværk, saaledes at det næste Betonlag ligger lige med Overkanten af de
  skraatstaaende Fliser. Disse dækkes altsaa af den næste Række vandrette
  Fliser, paa hvilke der igjen er muret en Række Fliser i skraa Stilling,
  og saa fremdeles (se Blad 6). Afstanden mellem de vandrette Lag er ikke
  nøjagtig ens, men svarer iøvrigt gjennemsnitlig til den Størrelse, i
  hvilken saadanne Sandstensskaller, som have været anvendte til Dækningen,
  endnu den Dag i Dag almindelig forekommer.
  
  Da det i vort Klima ikke lod sig gjøre at give Taget saa ringe Skraaning,
  at man over Chorhvælvingen kunde lægge Fliser saaledes, at den ene
  dækkede ud over den anden, har man altsaa for at danne en steilere
  Tagflade, istedetfor at mure en kompakt Masse paa Toppen af Hvælvingen,
  hvilket vilde give en altfor stor Vægt, dannet Skraaningen ved en mindre
  Hvælving ovenpaa, og derefter anbragt Tagfliserne paa en Maade, der
  forhindrede en Nedskridning af dem[3].
  
         *       *       *       *       *
  
  Den her paaviste Konstruktion af Taget over Choret giver Forklaring paa
  en anden mærkelig Opdagelse, der blev gjort, da den indvendige Side af
  Skibets Gavl kom for Dagen.
  
  I Sidemurene var fundet Spor af indmurede Bjælker, med omtrent i Alens
  Mellemrum; Murværket omkring disse var dog ikke oprindeligt, men blandet
  med Mursten og Munketegl. Derimod saaes i Skibets Gavl, i den Høide,
  hvor det tidligere flade Bjælkeloft har været, tydelige Rester af to
  afbrudte Tøndehvælvinger, hvis enkelte Sten ere indmurede i Gavlen og
  springe frem for denne i forskjellig Længde, saa at Hvælvingerne sikkert
  maa have været murede samtidig med det øvrige Murværk (se Blad 2). Under
  Bjælkeloftet have Hvælvingerne været afbrudte plant med Gavlen, og midt
  over Triumfbuen er Udbrydningen udfyldt med Murværk af Munkesten.
  
  Professor Kornerup, som paa Foranledning af Direktionen for de
  antikvariske Mindesmærkers Bevaring reiste over forat undersøge
  nogle forefundne Spor af gamle Kalkmalerier, saae disse Rester af
  Tøndehvælvingerne og fandt ved Udgravning to Pillefundamenter i Skibets
  Længdeaxe.
  
  Det fremgaar heraf, at Skibet oprindelig har været overhvælvet med to
  parallele Tøndehvælvinger, som have hvilet dels paa Ydermurene, dels paa
  en Mur i Skibets Længdeaxe, som har været gjennembrudt med tre Aabninger,
  hvis Buer vare spændte mellem Østgavlen (over Midten af Triumfbuen), de
  to Piller i Skibet og Taarnmuren. Da Taarnet blev nedbrudt, stod endnu
  Kirkens buede Bræddeloft og Bræddeklædningen for Enderne af samme, saa at
  man af den Grund ikke er blevet opmærksom paa Sporene af de oprindelige
  Tøndehvælvinger, som man utvivlsomt ogsaa maatte have kunnet finde her.
  
  I Østgavlen stod det oprindelige Murværk endnu ganske uberørt indenfor
  en Linie omtrent efter Chorets Tagflade. Det var fuget ganske i
  Lighed med Kirkens øvrige Murværk. Udvendig kunde man se enkelte Sten
  umiddelbart over Tagfladen, som øjensynlig endnu sad paa deres Plads i
  det oprindelige Murværk. Ind mod Kirken aftog Gavlen i Tykkelse efter
  en buet Linie af lignende Form som Taghvælvingen over Choret. Resten af
  Gavlen er senere Murværk; det findes iblandet enkelte Stykker Teglsten,
  Mørtelen er af en anden Beskaffenhed, og Udførelsen af Arbejdet er mindre
  omhyggelig. Dersom der, som det maa antages, over Skibet har været et
  lignende Stentag som over Choret, vilde man ved at fjærne det være nødt
  til at nedbryde netop saa meget af Gavlen som det der viser sig at være
  senere paamuret.
  
         *       *       *       *       *
  
  Da Aakirke i Aaret 1874 blev istandsat, fandtes i Skibet et
  Midterskillerum med Bueaabninger i Lighed med det der har været i
  Øster-Marie Kirke. Det blev desværre borttaget, fordi man ikke kunde
  finde nogen rimelig Forklaring paa dets Bestemmelse og ansaa det for ikke
  hørende til det oprindelige Anlæg[4]. Efter hvad der nu er kommet frem
  i Øster-Marie Kirke, maa Grunden til en saadan Tvedeling af Skibet uden
  Tvivl søges deri, at man, forat anvende samme Konstruktion af Taget som
  over Choret, har villet borttage noget af den øverste Hvælvings Tryk fra
  Sidemurene, her hvor Afstanden mellem disse var større. Istedetfor den
  ene Hvælving med det hule Tagrum over, har man derfor muret to Hvælvinger
  ved Siden af hinanden, og midt over disse igjen en tilspidset Hvælving,
  hvorved man dannede Tagskraaningen, som da har kunnet beklædes med
  Sandsten paa samme Maade som over Choret (se Blad 8.)
  
  Jeg har forgjæves søgt efter Spor af lignende Hvælvinger i de andre
  bornholmske Kirker. Aakirke, som har havt Skillerummet i Midten, er nu
  saa restaureret, at der ikke mere er noget at finde; i de andre Kirker
  var det dog muligt at grundigere Undersøgelser kunde bringe noget frem;
  men man maatte da afbanke Pudsen i Kirken, grave op i Gulvet, o. s. v.
  
  Det maa indrømmes, at den — baade i konstruktiv og kunstnerisk Henseende
  — mindre heldige Tilslutning af Skillerummet til Gavlen, lige over
  Midten af Triumfbuen, ikke stemmer rigtig godt med Kirkens øvrige smukke
  Formgivning, selv om man kan finde en vis Lighed mellem denne og et Snit
  gjennem Rundkirkernes Skib og Chor. At Midterskillerummet i Aakirke
  har en Pille umiddelbart ved Triumfbuen kunde tyde paa en lignende
  Anordning ved Choret, med to Buer, som findes ved Forbindelsen mellem
  Skibet og Taarnet saavel i Øster-Marie Kirke, som i de fleste andre
  bornholmske Kirker, og Fundamentet til en Pille her kunde jo tænkes
  at være bortryddet ved senere Begravelser i Kirken, som vides at have
  fundet Sted. Der findes imidlertid i Øster-Marie Kirke over Triumfbuen,
  nøjagtigt der hvor Skillerummet har været, et Stykke af en Vederlagssten,
  der tydeligt angiver Buens Begyndelse, saa at man nødes til at antage, at
  den østlige Bue i Midterskillerummet har hvilet paa Triumfbuen.
  
         *       *       *       *       *
  
  Selve Stikket over Triumfbuen og Muren deromkring er ogsaa oprindeligt
  Murværk, derimod ere Siderne, i Høide indtil Vederlaget, forstyrrede
  og udflækkede med Munkemursten. Hvad Grunden er hertil har ikke
  kunnet oplyses, saalidt som Betydningen af de Fremspring der findes i
  Fundamentet paa hver Side af Aabningen.
  
         *       *       *       *       *
  
  Naar Choret og Skibet have havt Stentag, er det rimeligt, at ogsaa
  Chorrundingen har været dækket paa lignende Maade. At der har været et
  Rum over Rundingens Hvælving, kan man slutte af en lille Aabning, som
  findes i Chorgavlen, gjennem hvilken man har kunnet komme derind fra
  selve Choret. Denne Aabning har været til at lukke med en Lem, som kunde
  skydes ind i Muren.
  
  I den omtalte Indberetning fra Professor Kornerup antages det hvælvede
  Rum over Choret at have været benyttet i Ufredstider til Gjemmested for
  Kirkens hellige Kar og andre værdifulde Sager. Dette kunde snarere passe
  paa det lille Rum over Chorrundingen, men er ikke meget sandsynligt med
  Hensyn til Tagrummet over Choret. Aabningen i Skibets Gavl, som gav
  Adgang til dette Rum fra Tagrummet over Skibet, har ligesom de fleste
  Døraabninger i de bornholmske Kirker en Stenkarm, og indenfor denne
  findes i hver Side et firkantet Hul, af hvilke det i den ene Side gaar
  langt ind i Muren. Disse Huller have tjent til Anbringelse af Bomme,
  hvormed man spærrede Døren. Ved den omtalte Aabning ere Bomhullerne
  anbragte saaledes, at Døren spærredes inde fra Rummet over Choret, og
  for at lukke for de Sager, man vilde gjemme derinde, maatte man altsaa
  selv blive indenfor. Som ovenfor paavist er det omtalte hvælvede Rum
  fremkommet af konstruktive Grunde, men Bomhullerne tyde paa at det
  saaledes for Haanden værende Rum tillige kan have været benyttet som
  Tilflugtssted i urolige Tider.
  
  Det er foran omtalt, at de bornholmske Kirkebygninger ikke alene have
  været bestemte til kirkeligt Brug, men sandsynligvis ogsaa have været
  beregnede paa Forsvar. I Sammenhæng hermed har det Interesse at iagttage,
  hvorledes de forskjellige Døraabninger ere anbragte, og den Maade,
  hvorpaa de stængedes.
  
         *       *       *       *       *
  
  Adgangen til Taarnets forskjellige Afdelinger sker ad en snever
  Stentrappe, som har sin Indgang indefra Taarnets underste Afdeling.
  Ad denne naar man til Taarnets 2den Afdeling. Her fandtes en Aabning
  mod Øst, som maa have ført ind til det hvælvede Rum over Skibet. Af
  Opmaalingerne fra 1874 kan man ikke med Bestemthed afgjøre, om Aabningens
  Form er oprindelig, men det stemmer godt med Høideforholdene, at flere
  Trin i Murens Tykkelse føre opad. Paa den ene Side af denne Aabning
  fandtes en Niche, som efter Beskrivelsen i »Bornholmske Kirker« syntes
  at have været aaben, idet der i dens ene Side fandtes et dybt Hul til
  en Stængebom. En lignende Aabning fandtes efter Opgivelse af Ingeniør
  Zahrtmann paa den modsatte Side, da man nedbrød Taarnet. Disse to
  Aabninger have altsaa været stængede inde fra Taarnets 2den Afdeling.
  Efter den Plads, hvor de ere angivne paa Tegningerne i Værket over
  bornholmske Kirker, have de ført ud i Kirkerummet, umiddelbart under de
  omtalte Tøndehvælvinger, en i Midten af hver Hvælving. Dersom de have
  tjent som Adgang til Taarnet, maa det altsaa være sket ved Hjælp af
  Stiger. I Øster-Lars Kirkes 2det Stokværk, i Ibs Kirkes Taarn, i 3die
  Afdeling, og muligt i flere andre Kirker, findes lignende Aabninger i
  Ydermurene, med Huller til Stængebomme. At de have tjent som Indgange kan
  naturligvis ikke bevises, men for Lys og Luft pleiede man ikke i hin Tid
  at have saa store Aabninger[5].
  
  Fra Rummet over Kirkens Skib førte som omtalt en Aabning ind til det
  hvælvede Rum over Choret og blev stænget indefra dette.
  
  Fra Taarnets 2den Afdeling førte Trappen videre op, og syntes underveis
  at kunne have været stænget ved en fremspringende Karm med Bomhuller ved
  Siden. Man naaede da til 3die Afdeling. Medens 1ste og 2den Afdeling
  havde en enkelt Tøndehvælving fra Øst til Vest, var denne dækket med to
  Tøndehvælvinger, som hvilede paa en Cementstensbue, spændt tvers over
  Rummet. Trappen gik paa samme Maade videre, stadig fra Øst til Vest,
  op under Taarntaget, hvis senere indlagte Bjælker kun laa 1½ à 2 Alen
  over Gulvet. Her fandtes forskjellige Spor, der kunde tyde paa, at her
  havde været en Vægtergang. Paa Langsiderne i denne Afdeling var der to
  Aabninger, paa hver af de andre Sider en Aabning, men det kunde ikke
  bestemt afgjøres, om de tidligere havde været overdækkede eller ei. I
  sidstnævnte Tilfælde kan Taarnet siges at have havt Tinder. De murede
  Gavle vare nye; da Brunius i 1857 besøgte Kirken, vare de af Bindingsværk.
  
  [Med Hensyn til Stængning af Dørene er jeg blevet opmærksom paa et
  mærkeligt Forhold ved Aa Kirke. Ved denne findes i »Bornholmske Kirker«
  omtalt et Dørhul mellem to Rum i Taarnets 3die Afdeling, »som, naar
  det stængedes, spærrede Adgangen til Trappen videre op.« Dette er ikke
  rigtigt. Døren har været anbragt saaledes, at den stængedes fra det
  forreste — vestre — Rum i Taarnets 3die Afdeling og altsaa fra dette
  spærrede Adgangen for den, der kom fra det nærmest Kirken værende Rum,
  hvorfra Trappen fører videre op. Man har altsaa fra det forreste Rum
  kunnet spærre Adgangen baade nede fra og oppe fra.]
  
         *       *       *       *       *
  
  Samler man nu de her fremdragne Enkeltheder, faar man et Billede
  af Kirken i sin oprindelige Skikkelse; klar og simpel i Anlæget og
  Konstruktionen, med store, kraftige Murflader og smalle Lysaabninger. Paa
  Blad 7-10 er givet en Fremstilling af Bygningen i Overensstemmelse med,
  hvad der i det foregaaende er oplyst om de oprindelige Former.
  
  Gulvet har vistnok været af Sten, større og mindre Stykker faststampede i
  Kalkmørtel, som en Slags Beton, som det ses af enkelte i Øster-Marie og
  andre Kirker fundne Rester. I Chorrundingen fandtes et muret Stenalter,
  som Professor Kornerup lod nedbryde, og under hvilket han fandt en gammel
  Mønt med et Kors og tre Bogstaver i Vinklerne, som blev indsendt til
  Nationalmuseet.
  
         *       *       *       *       *
  
  Om Kirkens Indre oprindelig har havt malede Dekorationer er tvivlsomt.
  Som anført, vare de indvendige Murflader fugede, saa at de enkelte
  Sten vare synlige. Paa denne Flade findes flere Steder Indvielseskors,
  malede med en mørk, rød Farve, saaledes som de træffes mange Steder i
  Middelalderens Kirker. Der sees et i Chorrundingen, et paa Skibets østre
  Væg ved Siden af Triumfbuen, og et paa Skibets søndre Veg. Paa det raa
  (fugede) Murværk har man med en Kost med Hvidtekalk strøget et Stykke af
  ganske uregelmæssig Form, saa stort at Korset kunde faa Plads derpaa, og
  herpaa ere Korsets Omrids svagt indridsede; dette er udført med Omhu og
  Nøiagtighed, hvorimod Udfyldningen med Farve er foretaget mere skødesløst
  — eller af en uøvet Haand — saa at Farven ikke altid udfylder Omridsene
  og flere Steder er stænket til Siden eller flydt lidt ned ad Muren.
  
  Maaske er denne Malning udført af Præsten ved selve Indvielsesceremonien,
  medens Konturen iforvejen har været ridset op af Haandværkerne. Det kan
  da have været en rent symbolsk Handling, og Korsene ikke været tillagte
  nogen Betydning i dekorativ Henseende, saa at det altsaa kan tænkes,
  at en mere omhyggelig Behandling af de indvendige Murflader kan være
  foretaget umiddelbart eller ganske kort Tid efter. Imidlertid tyder
  jo Fugningen paa, at man ikke har havt til Hensigt at anbringe noget
  Pudslag, men maaske kun en Overstrygning med Kalkfarve.
  
  Det første Pudslag paa den raa Mur har megen Lighed med den ved det
  oprindelige Murværk anvendte Kalkmørtel. Paa dette fandtes Spor af
  Dekorationer. I de halvrunde Felter under Hvælvingsresterne paa Østgavlen
  utydelige Rester af en billedlig Fremstilling (Korsfæstelsen?). Denne
  syntes at gaa helt op under Hvælvingerne og maa i saa Fald have været
  udført, inden disse bleve erstattede med fladt Bjælkeloft. Paa Skibets
  Sidemure fandtes Spor af et Baand, med en Indskrift i sort Farve, i
  Høide med Tøndehvælvingernes Trykleje, og under dette Ornamenter med
  hjertedannede Blade, fornemmelig i grønt og gult. Omkring Triumfbuen ind
  mod Choret har ogsaa været en Indskrift med sorte Bogstaver. Over et
  lille, senere udbrudt Vindue i den søndre Side af Chorrundingen findes en
  Dekoration, som Professor Kornerup henfører til 1ste Halvdel af det 15de
  Aarhundrede. Om den er samtidig med de omtalte Dekorationer i Skibet, tør
  jeg ikke med Bestemthed afgjøre, men jeg tror, at disse sidste ere fra en
  noget tidligere Tid. Derimod ere vistnok de røde Sving, af en temmelig
  almindelig Art, hvormed Absis og Chorets Hvælvinger vare bemalede, og
  som ogsaa fandtes paa Undersiden af Triumfbuen og over Indskriftbaandet
  paa Skibets Langvægge, uden Tvivl senere og syntes at være malede paa en
  Hvidtning over det underste Pudslag.
  
  En endnu senere Dekoration sees midt over Triumfbuen, der hvor
  Udbrydningen af Midterskillerummet er tilmuret; den viser Chr. d. 4des
  Navnetræk med Krone og derunder Bogstaverne H. R. K. og ANNO 1636. Thura
  beretter i sin Bornholms-Beskrivelse 1756, at Holger Rosenkranz (til
  Glimminge) og Hustrus Vaabner fandtes udskaarne paa Prædikestolen. Denne
  er senere kommet bort fra Kirken; men Resterne, som Maleren Zahrtmann
  havde opsporet og skænkede til den nye Kirke, ere nu anvendte der i den
  nye Prædikestol. Endelig fandtes Levninger af en grov Maling med Kønrøg i
  Barokstil, og derover igjen et tykt Pudslag.
  
         *       *       *       *       *
  
  Man ser her den gradvise Forandring, som Bygningen er undergaaet. Den
  første Dekoration sluttede sig endnu til Skibets Tøndehvælvinger;
  senere bleve disse borttagne tilligemed Pillerne og Stentaget, Kirken
  fik fladt Bjælkeloft og en Tagkonstruktion af Træ. I Chr. d. 4des Tid
  overmaledes den gamle Dekoration, der opsattes Prædikestol m. m., som kun
  lidet svarede til Bygningens oprindelige Karakter, og maaske allerede
  den Gang udbrød man store Vinduesaabninger i Murene. Den tidligste
  Tilbygning var Vaabenhuset, som opførtes foran den søndre Indgang; i
  langt senere Tid tilføiedes en Udbygning mod Nord, som nu benyttedes til
  Materialskur, efterat den nordre Indgang til Kirken var tilmuret. Taarnet
  var gjentagende lappet med Jernankere hist og her, og tilsidst afstivet
  med en uhyre Murpille. I sin seneste Skikkelse fremtraadte Kirken med
  Pulpiturer, der fyldte det meste af Skibet, et buet Bræddeloft med Puds,
  hele Kirken overhvidtet, med Fugtighedspletter paa Murene, raadent
  Trægulv og tarvelige, stilløse Bænke, Prædikestol og Altertavle.
  
         *       *       *       *       *
  
  En lille Rest af Bygningens Murværk staar nu som Minde om svundne Tiders
  djærve Bygningskunst.
  
  [Illustration]
  
  [Illustration]
  
  [Illustration: _Blad 1._
  
  _Plan af Øster-Marie Kirke som den nu er._]
  
  [Illustration: _Blad 2._
  
  _Snit af Skibet._
  
  _Snit af Choret._]
  
  [Illustration: _Blad 3._
  
  _Snit fra Øst til Vest._]
  
  [Illustration: _Blad 4._
  
  _Den søndre Indgang._]
  
  [Illustration: _Blad 5._
  
  _Den nordre Indgang._]
  
  [Illustration: _Blad 6._
  
  _Chorets Tagafdækning._
  
  _Profil af Gesims paa Choret, paa Apsis._
  
  _Vindue i Skibet._
  
  _Profileret Sten._]
  
  [Illustration: _Blad 7._
  
  _Plan af Øster-Marie Kirke som den oprindelig var._]
  
  [Illustration: _Blad 8._
  
  _Snit af Skibet._
  
  _Snit af Choret._]
  
  [Illustration: _Blad 9._
  
  _Snit fra Øst til Vest._]
  
  [Illustration: _Blad 10._
  
  _Den søndre Side._]
  
  
  
  
  FODNOTER
  
  
  [1] I Værket over bornholmske Kirker er Døraabningen antydet i Snittet,
  men paa Grund af den omtalte Bræddebeklædning har man ikke kunnet kumme
  ind i Rummet over Choret, som derfor ikke er rigtig fremstillet paa
  Tegningerne.
  
  [2] Dehio und Bezold »Die kirchliche Baukunst des Abendlandes« har paa
  Tavle 97 en Afbildning af Kirken Ste Marie au Lac i Le Thor (nærved
  Avignon) som stammer fra det 12te Aarhundrede. Taget er her formet paa
  lignende Maade, ved at der over Skibets Krydshvælvinger i Bygningens
  Længderetning er muret en spidsbuet Tøndehvælving, hvis Yderflader sammen
  med den underste Hvælving danne Tagfladerne, som ere dækkede med Sten.
  De nævnte Forfattere anføre, efter at have omtalt, at i det 11te og
  12te Aarhundrede gik man fra de tidligere anvendte flade Trælofter over
  til at overhvælve Kirkerne, »Nach aller Wahrscheinlichkeit fällt der
  Umschwung mit dem Eintritt des Friedens nach der Epoche der normanischen
  und sarazenischen Invasion zusammen, als gleichzeitig eine grosse Anzahl
  neuer Kirchen aus Trümmern und Asche sich erhob. _Charakteristisch ist,
  dass gerade die älteren Generationen des Gewölbebaues alles Holzwerk
  vollständig verbannen, indem sie die Dachziegel unmittelbar auf den
  Gewölben befestigen._
  
  [3] I min Indberetning til Ministeriet af 20de Mai 1890 er anført, at
  Enden af Stenene skyder ud over de underliggende. Denne Fejltagelse beror
  paa den første Undersøgelses mindre Grundighed. Ligeledes er den i samme
  Skrivelse fremsatte Antydning af at de Sandstensfliser, der vare anvendte
  til Gulv i Taarnets underste Etage, kunde hidrøre fra Tagbeklædningen,
  forhastet. Disse Fliser vare tilhuggede af Sten, der maa være brudte af
  dybereliggende Lag, medens Tagets Fliser uden Tvivl have været saakaldte
  »Skaller«, opsamlede fra Overfladen.
  
  [4] Af samme Mening er Brunius, medens dog Løffler, i sin Beskrivelse af
  Danmarks Kirkebygninger, mener at Skillerummet i Aakirke er opført til
  Støtte for to parallelt løbende Tøndehvælvinger.
  
  [5] Architekt V. Koch har velvilligt meddelt mig, at der ogsaa i det
  romanske Taarn ved Sønder-Næraa Kirke paa Fyn (som i meget minder om de
  bornholmske Kirketaarne) findes en Aabning i 2det Stokværks Ydermur mod
  Nord.
  
  
  
  
  
  End of Project Gutenberg's Øster Marie Kirke, by Andreas Lauritz Clemmensen
  
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