diff --git a/business/business_1.txt b/business/business_1.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0c457b4c3a22379cd5d4e6bf3f7bed1ee1e7100e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_1.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Lufthansa flies back to profit
+
+German airline Lufthansa has returned to profit in 2004 after posting huge losses in 2003.
+
+In a preliminary report, the airline announced net profits of 400m euros ($527.61m; £274.73m), compared with a loss of 984m euros in 2003. Operating profits were at 380m euros, ten times more than in 2003. Lufthansa was hit in 2003 by tough competition and a dip in demand following the Iraq war and the killer SARS virus. It was also hit by troubles at its US catering business. Last year, Lufthansa showed signs of recovery even as some European and US airlines were teetering on the brink of bankruptcy. The board of Lufthansa has recommended paying a 2004 dividend of 0.30 euros per share. In 2003, shareholders did not get a dividend. The company said that it will give all the details of its 2004 results on 23 March.
diff --git a/business/business_10.txt b/business/business_10.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f9e485b393e4b0fc7aeea923f9840b362508e5db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_10.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Winn-Dixie files for bankruptcy
+
+US supermarket group Winn-Dixie has filed for bankruptcy protection after succumbing to stiff competition in a market dominated by Wal-Mart.
+
+Winn-Dixie, once among the most profitable of US grocers, said Chapter 11 protection would enable it to successfully restructure. It said its 920 stores would remain open, but analysts said it would most likely off-load a number of sites. The Jacksonville, Florida-based firm has total debts of $1.87bn (£980m). In its bankruptcy petition it listed its biggest creditor as US foods giant Kraft Foods, which it owes $15.1m.
+
+Analysts say Winn-Dixie had not kept up with consumers' demands and had also been burdened by a number of stores in need of upgrading. A 10-month restructuring plan was deemed a failure, and following a larger-than-expected quarterly loss earlier this month, Winn-Dixie's slide into bankruptcy was widely expected. The company's new chief executive Peter Lynch said Winn-Dixie would use the Chapter 11 breathing space to take the necessary action to turn itself around. "This includes achieving significant cost reductions, improving the merchandising and customer service in all locations and generating a sense of excitement in the stores," he said. Yet Evan Mann, a senior bond analyst at Gimme Credit, said Mr Lynch's job would not be easy, as the bankruptcy would inevitably put off some customers. "The real big issue is what's going to happen over the next one or two quarters now that they are in bankruptcy and all their customers see this in their local newspapers," he said.
diff --git a/business/business_100.txt b/business/business_100.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5a45f4fc597d8afa8cc36244f274abd7e79becfb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_100.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+US economy still growing says Fed
+
+Most areas of the US saw their economy continue to expand in December and early January, the US Federal Reserve said in its latest Beige Book report.
+
+Of the 12 US regions it identifies for the study, 11 showed stronger economic growth, with only the Cleveland area falling behind with a "mixed" rating. Consumer spending was higher in December than November, and festive sales were also up on 2003. The employment picture also improved, the Fed said.
+
+"Labour markets firmed in a number of districts, but wage pressures generally remained modest," the Beige Book said. "Several districts reported higher prices for building materials and manufacturing inputs, but most reported steady or only slightly higher overall price levels." The report added that residential real estate activity remained strong and that commercial real estate activity strengthened in most districts. "Office leasing was especially brisk in Washington DC, and New York City, two of the nation's strongest commercial markets," the Fed said.
diff --git a/business/business_11.txt b/business/business_11.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a7c65d161f8152f6d1277390f06b013eb74db097
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_11.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+Saab to build Cadillacs in Sweden
+
+General Motors, the world's largest car maker, has confirmed that it will build a new medium-sized Cadillac BLS at its loss-making Saab factory in Sweden.
+
+The car, unveiled at the Geneva motor show, is intended to compete in the medium-sized luxury car market. It will not be sold in the US, said GM Europe president Carl-Peter Forster. As part of its efforts to make the US marque appeal to European drivers, the car will be the first Cadillac with a diesel engine.
+
+GM's announcement should go some way to allay fears of the Saab factory's closure. The factory in Trollhaettan has been at the centre of rumours about GM's planned severe cutbacks in its troubled European operations. But the group's new commitment to the Swedish factory may not be welcomed by the group's Opel workers in Ruesselsheim, Germany. They may now have to face a larger proportion of GM's cuts.
+
+Neither will the announcement be seen as unalloyed good news in Sweden, since it reflects Saab's failure to make significant inroads into the lucrative European luxury car market. For years, Saab has consistently said it is competing head-on with BMW, Mercedes and Jaguar. The segment's leaders do not agree.
+
+GM's plans to build the American marque in Sweden is part of its efforts to push it as an alternative luxury brand for European drivers. In the US, it has long been established as an upmarket brand - even the presidential limousine carries the badge. Yet it could prove tough for Cadillac to steal market share from the majors in Europe. Other luxury car makers, most notably the Toyota subsidiary Lexus, have enjoyed tremendous success in the US without managing to make significant inroads in Europe. There, German marques Mercedes Benz and BMW have retained their stranglehold on the luxury market.
+
+Bringing Cadillac production to Sweden should help introduce desperately-needed scale to the Saab factory, which currently produces fewer than 130,000 cars per year. That is about half of what major car makers consider sufficient numbers for profitable operations, and Saab is losing money fast - albeit with losses halved in 2004 to $200m (£104m; 151m euros) from $500m the previous year. Beyond the 12,000 job cuts announced last year at its European operations, GM is reducing expenditure by building Saabs, Opels - badged as Vauxhalls in the UK - and now Cadillacs on the same framework, and by allowing the different brands to share parts. Another way to further reduce Saab's losses could be to shift some of the production of Saabs to the US, a market where drivers have adopted it as an upmarket European car. Doing so would remove the exposure to the weak US dollar, which is making Saabs more expensive to US consumers. But not everyone in the industry agree that it would be the best way forward. "We know that in five years the US dollar will be stronger than it is today," the chief executive of a leading European car maker told BBC News. The current trend towards US production was "stupid", he said.
+
+In a separate announcement, GM unveiled a new scheme to allow European consumers the chance to test drive its Opel and Vauxhall models. It is to deploy a fleet of 35,000 test cars across 40 countries, inviting potential buyers to try out a vehicle for 24-hours. It follows a similar initiative by GM in the US. GM said it wanted to change "customers' perceptions" about Opel and Vauxhall cars, showing them that the quality had improved in recent years.
diff --git a/business/business_12.txt b/business/business_12.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..24106e684ee91a890e00b108bb02fc589cf2baf7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_12.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Bank voted 8-1 for no rate change
+
+The decision to keep interest rates on hold at 4.75% earlier this month was passed 8-1 by the Bank of England's rate-setting body, minutes have shown.
+
+One member of the Bank's Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) - Paul Tucker - voted to raise rates to 5%. The news surprised some analysts who had expected the latest minutes to show another unanimous decision. Worries over growth rates and consumer spending were behind the decision to freeze rates, the minutes showed. The Bank's latest inflation report, released last week, had noted that the main reason inflation might fall was weaker consumer spending.
+
+However, MPC member Paul Tucker voted for a quarter point rise in interest rates to 5%. He argued that economic growth was picking up, and that the equity, credit and housing markets had been stronger than expected.
+
+The Bank's minutes said that risks to the inflation forecast were "sufficiently to the downside" to keep rates on hold at its latest meeting. However, the minutes added: "Some members noted that an increase might be warranted in due course if the economy evolved in line with the central projection". Ross Walker, UK economist at Royal Bank of Scotland, said he was surprised that a dissenting vote had been made so soon. He said the minutes appeared to be "trying to get the market to focus on the possibility of a rise in rates". "If the economy pans out as they expect then they are probably going to have to hike rates." However, he added, any rate increase is not likely to happen until later this year, with MPC members likely to look for a more sustainable pick up in consumer spending before acting.
diff --git a/business/business_13.txt b/business/business_13.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3c517ea9adb383db2dcce98800ae2a69d078cccf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_13.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Industrial revival hope for Japan
+
+Japanese industry is growing faster than expected, boosting hopes that the country's retreat back into recession is over.
+
+Industrial output rose 2.1% - adjusted for the time of year - in January from a month earlier. At the same time, retail sales picked up faster than at any time since 1997. The news sent Tokyo shares to an eight-month high, as investors hoped for a recovery from the three quarters of contraction seen from April 2004 on. The Nikkei 225 index ended the day up 0.7% at 11,740.60 points, with the yen strengthening 0.7% against the dollar to 104.53 yen. Weaker exports, normally the engine for Japan's economy in the face of weak domestic demand, had helped trigger a 0.1% contraction in the final three months of last year after two previous quarters of shrinking GDP. Only an exceptionally strong performance in the early months of 2004 kept the year as a whole from showing a decline. The output figures brought a cautiously optimistic response from economic officials. "Overall I see a low risk of the economy falling into serious recession," said Bank of Japan chief Toshihiko Fukui, despite warning that other indicators - such as the growth numbers - had been worrying.
+
+Within the overall industrial output figure, there were signs of a pullback from the export slowdown. Among the best-performing sectors were key overseas sales areas such as cars, chemicals and electronic goods. With US growth doing better than expected the picture for exports in early 2005 could also be one of sustained demand. Electronics were also one of the keys to the improved domestic market, with products such as flat-screen TVs in high demand during January.
diff --git a/business/business_14.txt b/business/business_14.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..607ac309611cc7d7696e23e3d8e065ba9a6d6e9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_14.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Khodorkovsky ally denies charges
+
+A close associate of former Yukos boss Mikhail Khodorkovsky has told a court that fraud charges levelled against him are "false".
+
+Platon Lebedev has been on trial alongside Mr Khodorkovsky since June in a case centring around the privatisation of a fertiliser firm. The pair claim they are being punished by the authorities for the political ambitions of Mr Khodorkovsky. Mr Lebedev said there were "absurd contradictions" in the case. Opening his defence, he said he could not see the legal basis of the charges he faced, which also include allegations of tax evasion. "To my embarrassment, I could not understand the file of complaints against me," he told a Moscow court. Mr Lebedev headed the Menatep group, the parent company of Yukos.
+
+Mr Lebedev and Mr Khodorkovsky, who each face a possible 10 year jail sentence if convicted, will be questioned by a judge over the next few days. Mr Khodorkovsky began his testimony last week, telling the court that he objected to the way that the "running of a normal business has been presented as a work of criminal fiction". The charges are seen by supporters as politically motivated and part of a drive by Russian President Vladimir Putin to rein in the country's super-rich business leaders, the so-called oligarchs. Yukos has been presented with a $27.5bn (£13bn) tax demand by the Russian authorities and its key Yugansk division was auctioned off to part settle the bill. The company's effort to gain bankruptcy protection in the US - in a bid to win damages for the sale - were dismissed by a court in Texas.
diff --git a/business/business_15.txt b/business/business_15.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..13e8eed90727cb4d5a6ae8a6705836a2a70f586f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_15.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+China keeps tight rein on credit
+
+China's efforts to stop the economy from overheating by clamping down on credit will continue into 2005, state media report.
+
+The curbs were introduced earlier this year to ward off the risk that rapid expansion might lead to soaring prices. There were also fears that too much stress might be placed on the fragile banking system. Growth in China remains at a breakneck 9.1%, and corporate investment is growing at more than 25% a year. The breakneck pace of economic expansion has kept growth above 9% for more than a year. Rapid tooling-up of China's manufacturing sector means a massive demand for energy - one of the factors which has kept world oil prices sky-high for most of this year. In theory, the government has a 7% growth target, but continues to insist that the overshoot does not mean a "hard landing" in the shape of an overbalancing economy. A low exchange rate - China's yuan is pegged to a rate of 8.28 to the dollar, which seems to be in relentless decline - means Chinese exports are cheap on world markets. China has thus far resisted international pressure to break the link or at least to shift the level of its peg. To some extent, the credit controls do seem to be taking effect. Industrial output grew 15.7% in the year to October, down from 23% in February, and inflation slowed to 4.3% - although retail sales are still booming.
diff --git a/business/business_16.txt b/business/business_16.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..051c89414259e702b573d289fedb33ab60ea40d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_16.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Verizon 'seals takeover of MCI'
+
+Verizon has won a takeover battle for US phone firm MCI with a bid worth $6.8bn (£3.6bn), reports say.
+
+The two firms are expected to seal the deal on Monday morning, according to news agency reports, despite what was thought to be a higher bid from Qwest. The US telecoms market is consolidating fast, with former long-distance giant AT&T being bought by former subsidiary SBC earlier this year for $16bn. MCI exited bankruptcy in April, having gone bust under previous name WorldCom. The bankruptcy followed its admission in 2002 that it illegally booked expenses and inflated profits.
+
+Shareholders lost about $180bn when the company collapsed, while 20,000 workers lost their jobs. Former Worldcom boss Bernie Ebbers is currently on trial, accused of overseeing an $11bn fraud. Qwest has itself come under suspicion of sub-standard behaviour, paying the Securities and Exchange Commission $250m in October to settle charges that it manipulated its results to keep Wall Street happy.
+
+MCI is the US's second-biggest long distance firm after AT&T. Consolidation in the US telecommunications industry has picked up in the past few months as companies look to cut costs and boost client bases. A merger between MCI and Verizon would be the fifth billion-dollar telecoms deal since October. Last week, SBC Communications agreed to buy its former parent and phone trailblazer AT&T for about $16bn. Buying MCI would give either Qwest or Verizon access to MCI's global network and business-based subscribers. The rationale is similar to the one underpinning SBC's AT&T deal. Verizon is by far the bigger company and has its own successful mobile arm - factors which may have swung the board in its favour since both suitors are offering a mixture of cash and shares.
diff --git a/business/business_17.txt b/business/business_17.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dbe4d2861c45e4d1eff0b51cfb81918bf69b497a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_17.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+Crossrail link 'to get go-ahead'
+
+The £10bn Crossrail transport plan, backed by business groups, is to get the go-ahead this month, according to The Mail on Sunday.
+
+It says the UK Treasury has allocated £7.5bn ($13.99bn) for the project and that talks with business groups on raising the rest will begin shortly. The much delayed Crossrail Link Bill would provide for a fast cross-London rail link. The paper says it will go before the House of Commons on 23 February.
+
+A second reading could follow on 16 or 17 March. "We've always said we are going to introduce a hybrid Bill for Crossrail in the Spring and this remains the case," the Department for Transport said on Sunday. Jeremy de Souza, a spokesman for Crossrail, said on Sunday he could not confirm whether the Treasury was planning to invest £7.5bn or when the bill would go before Parliament.
+
+However, he said some impetus may have been provided by the proximity of an election.
+
+The new line would go out as far as Maidenhead, Berkshire, to the west of London, and link Heathrow to Canary Wharf via the City. Heathrow to the City would take 40 minutes, dramatically cutting journey times for business travellers, and reducing overcrowding on the tube. The line has the support of the Mayor of London, Ken Livingstone, business groups and the government, but there have been three years of arguments over how it should be funded. The Mail on Sunday's Financial Mail said the £7.5bn of Treasury money was earmarked for spending in £2.5bn instalments in 2010, 2011 and 2012.
diff --git a/business/business_18.txt b/business/business_18.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e82999186a1d14f394093fd988ae7809066924aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_18.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Small firms 'hit by rising costs'
+
+Rising fuel and materials costs are hitting confidence among the UK's small manufacturers despite a rise in output, business lobby group the CBI says.
+
+A CBI quarterly survey found output had risen by the fastest rate in seven years but many firms were seeing the benefits offset by increasing expenses. The CBI also found spending on innovation, training and retraining is forecast to go up over the next year. However, firms continue to scale back investment in buildings and machinery.
+
+The CBI said companies are looking to the government to lessen the regulatory load and are hoping interest rates will be kept on hold. "Smaller manufacturers are facing an uphill struggle," said Hugh Morgan Williams, chair of the CBI's SME Council. "The manufacturing sector needs a period of long-term stability in the economy." The CBI found some firms managed to increase prices for the first time in nine years - but many said increases failed to keep up the rise in costs. Of the companies surveyed, 30% saw orders rise and 27% saw them fall. The positive balance of plus 3 compared with minus 10 in the previous survey. When firms were questioned on output volume, the survey returned a balance of plus 8 - the highest rate of increase for seven years - and rose to plus 11 when looking ahead to the next three months.
diff --git a/business/business_19.txt b/business/business_19.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b2d8244a42d66904d57b66f5f4751b1b5b1ca181
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_19.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Deutsche Boerse boosts dividend
+
+Deutsche Boerse, the German stock exchange that is trying to buy its London rival, has said it will boost its 2004 dividend payment by 27%.
+
+Analysts said that the move is aimed at winning over investors opposed to its bid for the London Stock Exchange. Critics of the takeover have complained that the money could be better used by returning cash to shareholders. Deutsche Boerse also said profit in the three months to 31 December was 120.7m euros ($158.8m; £83.3m). Sales climbed to 364.4m euros, lifting revenue for the year to a record 1.45bn euros.
+
+Frankfurt-based Deutsche Boerse has offered £1.3bn ($2.48bn; 1.88bn euros) for the London Stock Exchange. Rival pan-European bourse Euronext is working also on a bid. Late on Monday, Deutsche Boerse said it would lift its 2004 dividend payment to 70 euro cents (£0.48; $0.98) from 55 euro cents a year earlier. "There is a whiff of a sweetener in there," Anais Faraj, an analyst at Nomura told the BBC's World Business Report. "Most of the disgruntled shareholders of Deutsche Boerse are complaining that the money that is being used for the bid could be better placed in their hands, paid out in dividends," Mr Faraj continued. Deutsche Boerse is "trying to buy them off in a sense", he said.
diff --git a/business/business_2.txt b/business/business_2.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..86072a3dab48b38851118b39e158b754a1e76e1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_2.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+Japanese growth grinds to a halt
+
+Growth in Japan evaporated in the three months to September, sparking renewed concern about an economy not long out of a decade-long trough.
+
+Output in the period grew just 0.1%, an annual rate of 0.3%. Exports - the usual engine of recovery - faltered, while domestic demand stayed subdued and corporate investment also fell short. The growth falls well short of expectations, but does mark a sixth straight quarter of expansion.
+
+The economy had stagnated throughout the 1990s, experiencing only brief spurts of expansion amid long periods in the doldrums. One result was deflation - prices falling rather than rising - which made Japanese shoppers cautious and kept them from spending.
+
+The effect was to leave the economy more dependent than ever on exports for its recent recovery. But high oil prices have knocked 0.2% off the growth rate, while the falling dollar means products shipped to the US are becoming relatively more expensive.
+
+The performance for the third quarter marks a sharp downturn from earlier in the year. The first quarter showed annual growth of 6.3%, with the second showing 1.1%, and economists had been predicting as much as 2% this time around. "Exports slowed while capital spending became weaker," said Hiromichi Shirakawa, chief economist at UBS Securities in Tokyo. "Personal consumption looks good, but it was mainly due to temporary factors such as the Olympics. "The amber light is flashing." The government may now find it more difficult to raise taxes, a policy it will have to implement when the economy picks up to help deal with Japan's massive public debt.
diff --git a/business/business_20.txt b/business/business_20.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0ac2ab31535307c94d2bb0b8faadc1b6e81d1b2a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_20.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+Brewers' profits lose their fizz
+
+Heineken and Carlsberg, two of the world's largest brewers, have reported falling profits after beer sales in western Europe fell flat.
+
+Dutch firm Heineken saw its annual profits drop 33% and warned that earnings in 2005 may also slide. Danish brewer Carlsberg suffered a 3% fall in profits due to waning demand and increased marketing costs. Both are looking to Russia and China to provide future growth as western European markets are largely mature.
+
+Heineken's net income fell to 537m euros ($701m; £371m) during 2004, from 798m euro a year ago. It blamed weak demand in western Europe and currency losses. It had warned in September that the weakening US dollar, which has cut the value of foreign sales, would knock 125m euros off its operating profits. Despite the dip in profits, Heineken's sales have been improving and total revenue for the year was 10bn euros, up 8.1% from 9.26bn euros in 2003. Heineken said it now plans to invest 100m euros in "aggressive" and "high-impact" marketing in Europe and the US in 2005. Heineken, which also owns the Amstel and Murphy's stout brands, said it would also seek to cut costs. This may involve closing down breweries.
+
+Heineken increased its dividend payment by 25% to 40 euro cents, but warned that the continued impact of a weaker dollar and an increased marketing spend may lead to a drop in 2005 net profit.
+
+Carlsberg, the world's fifth-largest brewer, saw annual pre-tax profits fall to 3.4bn Danish kroner (456m euros). Its beer sales have been affected by the sluggish European economy and by the banning of smoking in pubs in several European countries. Nevertheless, total sales increased 4% to 36bn kroner, thanks to strong sales of Carlsberg lager in Russia and Poland. Carlsberg is more optimistic than Heineken about 2005, projecting a 15% rise in net profits for the year. However, it also plans to cut 200 jobs in Sweden, where sales have been hit by demand for cheap, imported brands. "We remain cautious about the medium-to-long term outlook for revenue growth across western Europe for a host of economic, social and structural reasons," investment bank Merrill Lynch said of Carlsberg.
diff --git a/business/business_21.txt b/business/business_21.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..80b328fb96442cf214e2154b6ea312d72b711921
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_21.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Russia WTO talks 'make progress'
+
+Talks on Russia's proposed membership of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) have been "making good progress" say those behind the negotiations.
+
+But the chairman of the working party, Ambassador Stefan Johannesson of Iceland, warned that there was "still a lot of work has to be done". His comments came as President George W Bush said the US backed Russian entry. But he said for Russia to make progress the government must "renew a commitment to democracy and the rule of law". His comments come three days before he is due to meet President Vladimir Putin.
+
+Russia has been waiting for a decade to join the WTO and hopes to finally become a member by early 2006. A decision could be reached in December, when the WTO's 148 current members gather for a summit in Hong Kong. That would allow an earliest date for membership of January 2006, if the Hong Kong summit gave its approval. While pinpointing several areas in which there are difficulties in the bilateral and multilateral work with Russia, the US said the meeting was "much more efficient than we've seen for some time". And Australia said it was "one of the best (meetings) we can recall in terms of substance". Mr Johannesson also said progress "on the bilateral market access side is accelerating". Sticking points to membership have included limits on foreign ownership in the telecommunications and life insurance businesses, as well as issues surrounding counterfeiting, piracy, and data protection. Some WTO members also dislike Russia's energy price subsidies, which competitors say give Russian businesses an unfair advantage.
diff --git a/business/business_22.txt b/business/business_22.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8ab6d2a653247697d3e3182a3b9a4dab275ba753
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_22.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+India's rupee hits five-year high
+
+India's rupee has hit a five-year high after Standard & Poor's (S&P) raised the country's foreign currency rating.
+
+The rupee climbed to 43.305 per US dollar on Thursday, up from a close of 43.41. The currency has gained almost 1% in the past three sessions. S&P, which rates borrowers' creditworthiness, lifted India's rating by one notch to 'BB+'. With Indian assets now seen as less of a gamble, more cash is expected to flow into its markets, buoying the rupee.
+
+"The upgrade is positive and basically people will use it as an excuse to come back to India," said Bhanu Baweja, a strategist at UBS. "Money has moved out from India in the first two or three weeks of January into other markets like Korea and Thailand and this upgrade should lead to a reversal." India's foreign currency rating is now one notch below investment grade, which starts at 'BBB-'. The increase has put it on the same level as Romania, Egypt and El Salvador, and one level below Russia.
diff --git a/business/business_23.txt b/business/business_23.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..808a365a7df8b524234c552bf30452b5ca5f38d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_23.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Dollar drops on reserves concerns
+
+The US dollar has dropped against major currencies on concerns that central banks may cut the amount of dollars they hold in their foreign reserves.
+
+Comments by South Korea's central bank at the end of last week have sparked the recent round of dollar declines. South Korea, which has about $200bn in foreign reserves, said it plans instead to boost holdings of currencies such as the Australian and Canadian dollar. Analysts reckon that other nations may follow suit and now ditch the dollar. At 1300 GMT, the euro was up 0.9% on the day at 1.3187 euros per US dollar. The British pound had added 0.5% to break through the $1.90 level, while the dollar had fallen by 1.3% against the Japanese yen to trade at 104.16 yen.
+
+At the start of the year, the US currency, which had lost 7% against the euro in the final three months of 2004 and had fallen to record lows, staged something of a recovery.
+
+Analysts, however, pointed to the dollar's inability recently to extend that rally despite positive economic and corporate data, and highlighted the fact that many of the US's economic problems had not disappeared. The focus once again has been on the country's massive trade and budget deficits, with predictions of more dollar weakness to come. "The comments from Korea came at a time when sentiment towards the dollar was already softening," said Ian Gunner, a trader at Mellon Financial. On Tuesday, traders in Asia said that both South Korea and Taiwan had withdrawn their bids to buy dollars at the start of the session. Mansoor Mohi-Uddin, chief currency strategist at UBS, said that there was a sentiment in the market that "central banks from Asia and the Middle East are buying euros". A report last month already showed that the dollar was losing its allure as a currency that offered rock-steady returns and stability. Compiled by Central Banking Publications and sponsored by the UK's Royal Bank of Scotland, the survey found 39 nations out of 65 questioned were increasing their euro holdings, with 29 cutting back on the US dollar.
diff --git a/business/business_24.txt b/business/business_24.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f5e093c9af373d2343a43872c02389c0ac158e30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_24.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+India and Russia in energy talks
+
+India and Russia are to work together in a series of energy deals, part of a pact which could see India invest up to $20bn in oil and gas projects.
+
+On the agenda are oil and gas extraction as well as transportation deals, to be led by Russian energy giant Gazprom and India's ONGC. The Indian firm is also expected to hold talks on Tuesday about buying a stake in assets once owned by Yukos. It is reported to be keen on buying a 15% stake in oil unit Yuganskneftegas. The former Yukos subsidiary was controversially sold off last year and eventually acquired by state-owned energy giant Rosneft.
+
+Russian media reported that India and Russia signed a memorandum of understanding on energy co-operation on Tuesday during a meeting between Oil and Natural Gas Corporation chairman Subir Raha, Gazprom chairman Aleksey Miller and India's petroleum minister Mani Shankar Aiyar.
+
+The agreement is likely to see the two companies develop refining facilities in Russia, India and elsewhere and organise delivery of oil, gas and petrochemicals from Russia to India and other countries across Asia. ONGC could invest in gas and oil fields in Sakhalin, in the far east of Russia, and may also take part in joint tender bids for projects in eastern Siberia and the Caspian Sea.
+
+India is urgently searching for fresh energy supplies - particularly liquefied natural gas - as domestic demand is growing at more than 5% a year.
+
+ONGC's Mr Raha said the two could work together on joint bids from next year. "At current oil and gas prices, our cash flow situation is good," he told Reuters. "What we are saying is - Gazprom has a huge amount of gas and we have the money. "The investment may go up to $20bn or more for a period of five years or so."
+
+Russian news agencies reported that India's petroleum minister Mr Aiyar and Russian energy minister Viktor Khristenko would discuss the future of Yugansk at a meeting on Tuesday. ONGC's Mr Raha declined to be drawn on his firm's reported interest in the company. However, he stressed that ONGC was not interested in a 'loan-for-oil deal' in connection to Yugansk, similar to that concluded recently between Rosneft and China's National Petroleum Corporation. "China's problem is it has immediate demand and they needed the oil for their coastal refineries. We do not. We would like long-term security through equity participation." It is thought that any decision over Yugansk will be delayed until a US court has decided whether to grant Yukos bankruptcy protection. Yukos is suing a host of companies involved in the sale of Yugansk, auctioned off to pay a huge back-tax bill. It has also threatened legal action against any business which has future commercial dealings with its former subsidiary.
diff --git a/business/business_25.txt b/business/business_25.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1822017ccc909aaa6f35bfa3f7efcf5471a92a61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_25.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Weak data buffets French economy
+
+A batch of downbeat government data has cast doubt over the French economy's future prospects.
+
+Official figures showed on Friday that unemployment was unchanged at 9.9% last month, while consumer confidence fell unexpectedly in October. At the same time, finance minister Nicolas Sarkozy warned that high oil prices posed a threat to French growth. "[Oil prices] will weigh on consumer spending in the short term, and potentially on confidence," he said. World oil prices have risen by more than 60% since the start of the year as production struggles to keep pace with soaring demand.
+
+Analysts said French companies, keen to protect their profit margins at a time of rising energy costs, were reluctant to take on extra staff. "[The unemployment figures] show the main problem of the French economy: we have growth but without an improvement in employment," said Marc Touati, an economist at Natexis Banques Populaires. "Politicians must have the will and guts to solve structural unemployment with thorough reforms, otherwise in five or ten years, it will be too late." Obligatory employer contributions to worker welfare programmes mean that it costs more to hire staff in France than in many other European economies. Many economists have urged the government to stimulate employment by reducing non-wage payroll costs, and by scrapping restrictions on working hours. The French statistics agency, INSEE, expects the economy to grow by about 2.4% this year, buoyed by strong consumer spending and business investment. That is above the projected eurozone average of just above 2%.
diff --git a/business/business_26.txt b/business/business_26.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0d21a8d25d790d9cfdb068beb9dc98db3009dcef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_26.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+Business fears over sluggish EU economy
+
+As European leaders gather in Rome on Friday to sign the new EU constitution, many companies will be focusing on matters much closer to home - namely how to stay in business.
+
+Lille is a popular tourist destination for Britons who want a taste of France at the weekend. But how many tourists look at the impressively grand Victorian Chambre de Commerce, which stands beside the Opera House, and consider that it was built - like the town halls in many northern English towns - on the wealth created by coal, steel and textiles? Like northern England and industrial Scotland, those industries have been in long term decline - the last coal pit closed in 1990. Beck-Crespel is a specialist steel firm in Armentieres, about 20 miles from Lille. The company has not laid off a worker since 1945. It specialises in making bolts and fixings for power stations and the oil industry, but not many of those are being built in Europe these days.
+
+Director Hugues Charbonnier says he is under pressure because factories in the Far East are able to make some of his output more cheaply, while his key markets are now in China and India. "In our business the market is absolutely global, you can not imagine living with our size (of business) even within an enlarged European Union, (if we did that) we would need not 350 people but perhaps just 150 or 200," he says. It isn't just globalisation that is hurting; the law in France means workers are paid for a 39 hour week even though they work just 35 hours. But at least there is still a steel industry. Coal has now totally vanished and textiles are struggling. New business has been attracted, but not enough to make up the difference.
+
+That is one reason why people here are not great fans of the EU, says Frederic Sawicki, a politics lecturer at the University of Lille.
+
+"In the region today the unemployment rate is 12%, in some areas it is 15%. They don't see what Europe is doing for them, so there is a kind of euro scepticism, especially in the working classes," he says. Which is strange because Lille is at the crossroads of Europe - if anywhere should be benefiting from the euro it is here. The euro was designed to increase trade within the eurozone, but the biggest increase in trade has been with the rest of the world. Much of that trade passes through the world's largest port, Rotterdam, in Holland, home to specialist crane maker Huisman Itrec. Its cranes help build oil rigs and lifted the sunken Russian submarine Kursk from the sea bed, but Huisman Itrec is now setting up a factory in China, where costs are cheaper and its main customers are closer.
+
+Boss Henk Addink blames the low growth rate in Europe for the lack of orders closer to home. "In the US growth is something like 6%, in China they are estimating 15%, and in the EU it is more or less 1%," he says. Mr Addink blames the euro for stifling demand. He much preferred the old currencies of Europe, which moved in relation to each country's economic performance. In Germany, industry is exporting more these days, but the economy as a whole is once again mired in slow growth and high unemployment. Growth is likely to peak this year at just under 2%. In Britain that would be a bad year; in Germany it is one of the best in recent years. With Germany making up a third of the eurozone's economy, this is a major problem. If Germany doesn't once again become the powerhouse of Europe, growth across the bloc is never going to be as strong as it could be. However, at one factory near the Dutch border things are changing.
+
+The Siemens plant at Boscholt makes cordless phones and employs 2,000 staff. Staff have started working an extra four hours a week for no extra pay, after Siemens threatened to take the factory and their jobs to Hungary. Factory manager Herbert Stueker says that he now hopes to increase productivity "by nearly 30%". But Germany needs much more reform if all its industry is to compete with places such Hungary or China. The Government is reforming the labour market and cutting the generous unemployment system, but the real solution is to cut the wages of low skilled workers, says Helmut Schneider, director of the Institute for the Study of Labour at Bonn University. "Labour is too costly in Germany, especially for the low skilled labour and this is the main problem. If we could solve that problem we could cut unemployment by half," he says. The EU set itself the target of being the most efficient economy in the world by 2010. Four years into that process, and the target seems further away than ever.
diff --git a/business/business_27.txt b/business/business_27.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..17f843adac3410f526f79c8b523d008f8e9f6010
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_27.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+M&S cuts prices by average of 24%
+
+Marks & Spencer has cut prices in London and the regions by an average of 24%, according to research from a City investment bank.
+
+Dresdner Kleinwort Wasserstein said: "In spite of the snow in the UK, it still feels very early to be cutting prices of spring merchandise." Stuart Rose, head of M&S, said last year its prices were too high. "We are bringing in ranges at new price points to compete against mid-market retailers like Next," said M&S.
+
+Next is one of M&S's biggest competitors and the move may force it to lower prices. DrKW said the cuts are either to clear stock or could indicate a longer term "step change in pricing in certain areas" at M&S. "Either way, this cannot be good news for M&S' margin," it added. "We have brought in quite a lot of new clothing at new price points as part of Stuart Rose's strategy of quality, style -and price," said the M&S spokesman. Many analysts believe February is proving to be a difficult month for retailers and British Retail Consortium figures, due in a few weeks, are expected to reflect the tough trading environment. Separately, investment bank Goldman Sachs produced reseach showing that a basket of 35 M&S goods is now 11% above the high-street average, compared with 43% higher last year.
+
+It has been a strange week for M&S, which on Tuesday received a statement from Philip Green, the billionaire Bhs owner, confirming he was not rebidding for the company. This was followed the same day by Mark Paulsmeier, a South African financier, issuing a press release saying his Paulsmeier Group was interested in M&S. A sudden spike in M&S's share price followed. However, an M&S spokesman said on Sunday it had no evidence that Mr Paulsmeier had lined up sufficient finance for a bid. He also said the Takeover Panel and the UK's financial watchdog the Financial Services Authority had been in touch with M&S at the beginning of the week to find out what it knew about the Paulsmeier developments.
diff --git a/business/business_28.txt b/business/business_28.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0ff154163bfe3f93bab8a9aeed4e8f4f0b92db80
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_28.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+Fiat chief takes steering wheel
+
+The chief executive of the Fiat conglomerate has taken day-to-day control of its struggling car business in an effort to turn it around.
+
+Sergio Marchionne has replaced Herbert Demel as chief executive of Fiat Auto, with Mr Demel leaving the company. Mr Marchionne becomes the fourth head of the business - which is expected to make a 800m euro ($1bn) loss in 2004 - in as many years. Fiat underperformed the market in Europe last year, seeing flat sales.
+
+The car business has made an operating loss in five of the last six years and was forced to push back its break-even target from 2005 to 2006. The management changes are part of a wider shake-up of the business following Fiat's resolution of its dispute with General Motors. As part of a major restructuring, Fiat is to integrate the Maserati car company - currently owned by Ferrari - within its own operations. Ferrari, in which Fiat owns a majority stake, could be separately floated on the stock market in either 2006 or 2007.
+
+Mr Marchionne, who only joined the company last year, said Fiat Auto was now the "principal focus" of his attention. "I have made the decision to take on the post of chief executive of the auto unit to speed up the company's recovery," he said. "A profound cultural transformation is underway following a management reorganisation that has delivered a more agile and efficient structure," he added.
+
+Although Mr Marchionne does not have a background in the car industry, he has been playing an increasing role in the group's activities. Last year, he said that a series of new models, launched as part of the group's recovery plan, had not boosted revenues as much as hoped. The car business, best known for its Alfa Romeo marque, is expected to make a loss of about 800m euros in 2004. Sales are expected to fall in 2005, Fiat said this week, as it exits unprofitable areas such as the rental car market. Mr Demel, a car industry veteran, took the helm in November 2003 after being recruited by former Fiat chief executive Giuseppe Morchio. Mr Morchio made a bid last year to become chairman after the death of president Umberto Agnelli. However, this was rejected by the founding Agnelli family and Mr Morchio subsequently resigned. Earlier this week, Fiat reached an agreement with GM to dissolve an alliance which could have obliged GM to buy the Italian firm outright. GM will pay Fiat $2bn as part of the settlement.
diff --git a/business/business_29.txt b/business/business_29.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4e3011b38ee4ad5fd73cd947106f40d11a597a80
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_29.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+UK 'risks breaking golden rule'
+
+The UK government will have to raise taxes or rein in spending if it wants to avoid breaking its "golden rule", a report suggests.
+
+The rule states that the government can borrow cash only to invest, and not to finance its spending projects. The National Institute of Economic and Social Research (NIESR) claims that taxes need to rise by about £10bn if state finances are to be put in order. The Treasury said its plans were on track and funded until 2008. According to NIESR, if the government's current economic cycle runs until March 2006 then it is "unlikely" the golden rule will be met. Should the cycle end a year earlier, then the chances improve to "50/50". Either way, fiscal tightening is needed, NIESR said.
+
+The report is the latest to call into question the viability of government spending projections. Earlier this month, accountancy firm Ernst & Young said that Chancellor of the Exchequer Gordon Brown's forecasts for tax revenues were too optimistic.
+
+It claimed revenues were likely to be £6bn below estimates by the end of the tax year despite the economy growing in line with forecasts. A Treasury spokesperson dismissed the latest claims, saying it was "on track to meeting spending rules and the golden rule in the current cycle and beyond". "Spending plans have been set out until 2008 and they are fully affordable." Other than its warning on possible tax hikes, the NIESR report was optimistic about the state of the UK and global economy.
+
+It said the recent record-busting surge in oil prices would have a limited effect on worldwide expansion, saying that if anything the "world economy will continue to grow strongly". Global gross domestic product (GDP) is tipped to be 4.1% this year, dipping to 4% in 2005, before picking up again to 4.2% in 2006. The US will continue to drive expansion until 2006, albeit at a slightly slower rate, as will be the case in Japan. Hinting at better times for UK exporters, NIESR said the euro zone "is expected to pick up speed".
+
+Growth in Britain also is set to accelerate, it forecast. "Despite weak growth in the third quarter, the forces sustaining the upswing remain intact and the economy will expand robustly in 2005 and 2006," NIESR said, adding that "the economy will become better balanced over the next two years as exports stage a recovery". GDP is expected at 3.2% in 2004, and 2.8% in both 2005 and 2006. The main cloud on the horizon, NIESR said, was the UK's much analysed and fretted over property market.
diff --git a/business/business_3.txt b/business/business_3.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a932d77f08aca0df8e577fbc203f480af454672b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_3.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+WorldCom director admits lying
+
+The former chief financial officer at US telecoms firm WorldCom has admitted before a New York court that he used to lie to fellow board members.
+
+Speaking at the trial of his former boss Bernard Ebbers, Scott Sullivan said he lied to the board to cover up the hole in WorldCom's finances. Mr Ebbers is on trial for fraud and conspiracy in relation to WorldCom's collapse in 2002. He pleads not guilty. The firm had been overstating its accounts by $11bn (£8.5bn). Mr Sullivan, 42, has already pleaded guilty to fraud and will be sentenced following Mr Ebbers' trial, where he is appearing as a prosecution witness. Mr Ebbers, 63, has always insisted that he was unaware of any hidden shortfalls in WorldCom's finances.
+
+In the New York court on Wednesday, Mr Ebbers' lawyer Reid Weingarten asked Mr Sullivan: "If you believe something is in your interest, you are willing and able to lie to accomplish it, isn't that right?"
+
+"On that date, yes. I was lying," replied Mr Sullivan. Mr Weingarten has suggested that Mr Sullivan is implicating Mr Ebbers only to win a lighter sentence, something Mr Sullivan denies. Mr Sullivan also rejects a suggestion that he had once told fellow WorldCom board member Bert Roberts that Mr Ebbers was unaware of the accounting fraud at WorldCom. The trial of Mr Ebbers is now into its third week.
+
+Under 23 hours of questioning from a federal prosecutor, Mr Sullivan has previously told the court that he repeatedly warned Mr Ebbers that falsifying the books would be the only way to meet Wall Street revenue and earnings expectations. Mr Sullivan claims that Mr Ebbers refused to stop the fraud. Mr Ebbers could face a sentence of 85 years if convicted of all the charges he is facing. WorldCom's problems appear to have begun with the collapse of the dotcom boom which cut its business from internet companies. Prosecutors allege that the company's top executives responded by orchestrating massive fraud over a two-year period. WorldCom emerged from bankruptcy protection in 2004, and is now known as MCI.
diff --git a/business/business_30.txt b/business/business_30.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..90e8231c977a3fd01710c80eb4138024c1299d33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_30.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+Call centre users 'lose patience'
+
+Customers trying to get through to call centres are getting impatient and quicker to hang up, a survey suggests.
+
+Once past the welcome message, callers on average hang up after just 65 seconds of listening to canned music. The drop in patience comes as the number of calls to call centres is growing at a rate of 20% every year. "Customers are getting used to the idea of an 'always available' society," says Cara Diemont of IT firm Dimension Data, which commissioned the survey. However, call centres also saw a sharp increase of customers simply abandoning calls, she says, from just over 5% in 2003 to a record 13.3% during last year. When automated phone message systems are taken out of the equation, where customers have to pick their way through multiple options and messages, the number of abandoned calls is even higher - a sixth of all callers give up rather than wait. One possible reason for the lack in patience, Ms Diemont says, is the fact that more customers are calling 'on the move' using their mobile phones.
+
+The surge in customers trying to get through to call centres is also a reflection of the centres' growing range of tasks. "Once a call centre may have looked after mortgages, now its agents may also be responsible for credit cards, insurance and current accounts," Ms Diemont says. Problems are occurring because increased responsibility is not going hand-in-hand with more training, the survey found.
+
+In what Dimension Data calls an "alarming development", the average induction time for a call centre worker fell last year from 36 to just 21 days, leaving "agents not equipped to deal with customers". This, Ms Diemont warns, is "scary" and not good for the bottom line either. Poor training frustrates both call centre workers and customers. As a result, call centres have a high "churn rate", with nearly a quarter of workers throwing in the towel every year, which in turn forces companies to pay for training new staff. Resolution rates - the number of calls where a customer's query is resolved to mutual satisfaction - are running at just 50%. When the query is passed on to a second or third person - a specialist or manager - rates rise to about 70%, but that is still well below the industry target of an 85% resolution rate.
+
+Suggestions that "outsourcing" - relocating call centres to low-cost countries like India or South Africa - is to blame are wrong, Ms Diemont says.
+
+There are "no big differences in wait time and call resolution" between call centres based in Europe or North America and those in developing countries around the world. "You can make call centres perform anywhere if you have good management and the right processes in place," she says. However, companies that decide to "offshore" their operations are driven not just by cost considerations. Only 42% of them say that saving money is the main consideration when closing domestic call centre operations. Half of them argue that workers in other countries offer better skills for the money. But not everybody believes that outsourcing and offshoring are the solution. Nearly two-thirds of all firms polled for the survey have no plans to offshore their call centres. They give three key reasons for not making the move:
+
+- call centre operations are part of their business "core function", 
+ - they are worried about the risk of going abroad, 
+ - they fear that they will damage their brand if they join the offshoring drive. The survey was conducted by Sunovate on behalf of Dimension Data, and is based on in-depth questionnaires of 166 call centres in 24 countries and five continents. What are your experiences with call centres? Are you happy to listen to Vivaldi or Greensleeves, or do you want an immediate response? And if you work in a call centre: did your training prepare you for your job?
diff --git a/business/business_31.txt b/business/business_31.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..019a76d63e46700749f6ebf9f556a25319f25368
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_31.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+Novartis hits acquisition trail
+
+Swiss drugmaker Novartis has announced 5.65bn euros ($7.4bn; £3.9bn) of purchases to make its Sandoz unit the world's biggest generic drug producer.
+
+Novartis, which last month forecast record sales for 2005, said it had bought all of Germany's Hexal. It also acquired 67.7% of Hexal's US affiliate Eon Labs, and offered to buy the remaining shares for $31 each. Novartis said that it would be able to make cost savings of about $200m a year following the acquisitions. Novartis' shares rose 1% to 57.85 Swiss francs in early trading.
+
+The deal will see Novartis' Sandoz business overtake Israel's Teva Pharmaceuticals as the world's biggest maker of generics. Based on 2004 figures the newly merged producer would have sales of more than $5bn, the company estimated. Novartis said that it would merge a number of departments, adding that there may be job cuts.
+
+"The strong growth outlook for Sandoz, which will create jobs, is expected to partially compensate for necessary reductions in the work force," the firm said in a statement. Generic drugs are chemically identical to their more expensive branded rivals. Producers such as Sandoz can copy the branded products usually after their patent protection expires and can sell them more cheaply as they do not have to pay research and development cost.
+
+There are more than 150 generic drugmakers worldwide and analysts have predicted consolidation in a market that they call fragmented. However, not all analysts were initially convinced about the deal. "This is a very expensive acquisition," Birgit Kuhlhoff, from Sal Oppenheim investment bank, told Reuters. "I find it strange that they are making acquisitions in exactly those markets where they suffered price pressure."
diff --git a/business/business_32.txt b/business/business_32.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0fdd1162c5635a408be7c9013245aa9973546972
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_32.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Economy 'strong' in election year
+
+UK businesses are set to prosper during the next few months - but this could trigger more interest rate rises, according to a report.
+
+Optimism is at its highest since 1997 and business will reap the benefits of a continuing rise in public spending, say researchers at BDO Stoy Hayward. The Bank of England is expected to keep rates on hold this week - but they could go up later in the year. Rates are likely to rise after the anticipated general election in May. The BDO optimism index - a leading indicator of GDP growth two quarters ahead edged up in January to 102.5, from 102.2 in October. The rise is due, in part, to an increase in public spending and increased merger and acquisition activity.
+
+The only thing blighting business optimism this year will be uncertainties associated with the general election, BDO said. Its BDO's output index - which predicts GDP movements a quarter in advance - remained at 100.8 for January, implying GDP growth at 2.9% in the second quarter of 2005. However, the output index is being held back by recent interest rate rises, sterling's strength against the dollar and high oil prices, the group noted. Its inflation index, which has risen continuously over the last 8 months, climbed to 110.0 in January from 108.0 in October last year. "The UK is looking strong going into the general election, but businesses need to prepare themselves for a jolt ahead as the Bank of England reacts to growth and inflationary pressures," said Peter Hemington, partner at BDO Stoy Hayward. "Growth will probably slow by the end of 2005 and it is likely that we will see higher interest rates or a sharp drop in demand for products and services."
diff --git a/business/business_33.txt b/business/business_33.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..19fdc07d06a8e171e99288edbe96599d6cee759f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_33.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Sluggish economy hits German jobs
+
+The number of people out of work in Europe's largest economy has risen for the tenth straight month as growth remains stubbornly slow.
+
+German unemployment rose 7,000 in November to 4.464 million people, or 10.8% of the workforce. The seasonally adjusted rise showed a smaller rise than expected, as government measures to encourage job creation began to take effect. But officials said stagnant growth was still stifling the job market. "There are clear signs of a revival in domestic demand," said Frank-Juergen Weise, head of the Federal Labour Agency, in a statement. "But growth of 0.1%... in the third quarter is still insufficient to deliver positive momentum to the labour market." High oil prices and the soaring euro - which damages the competitiveness of exporters - were also having a negative effect, he said. The brunt of the unemployment is still being felt in the eastern part of Germany, where the rate is 18.8%.
+
+With unemployment stuck above 4 million for years, the government of Chancellor Gerhard Schroeder has put job creation at the top of the agenda. A controversial package of measures to shake up incentives to get back to work, paid for by cutting some cherished benefits, has sparked anger among some German workers. Strikes in a number of industries, notably among the country's iconic carmakers, have demonstrated the displeasure - as well as fears about further job losses as outsourcing takes hold. Among the new initiatives are the so-called "one-euro jobs" which top up unemployment benefit. The scheme's formal launch is January, but hirings for these positions are already taking place and affecting the unemployment statistics, economists said. "The deterioration of the labour market does not come as a surprise," said Isabelle Kronawitter at Hypovereinsbank. "Job creation measures probably prevented a stronger increase in the seasonally adjusted numbers."
diff --git a/business/business_34.txt b/business/business_34.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..52cdf42e7731b225204b977252871364b7d9185d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_34.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Sales 'fail to boost High Street'
+
+The January sales have failed to help the UK High Street recover from a poor Christmas season, a survey has found.
+
+Stores received a boost from bargain hunters but trading then reverted to December levels, the British Retail Consortium and accountants KPMG said. Sales in what is traditionally a strong month rose by 0.5% on a like-for-like basis, compared with a year earlier. Consumers remain cautious over buying big-ticket items like furniture, said BRC director general Kevin Hawkins. Higher interest rates and uncertainty over the housing market continue to take their toll on the retail sector, the BRC said. But clothing and footwear sales were said to be generally better than December, while department stores also had a good month.
+
+In the three-months to January, like-for-like sales showed a growth rate of -0.1%, the same as in the three months to December, the BRC said. "Following a relatively strong New Year's bank holiday, trading then took a downward turn," said Mr Hawkins. "Even extending some promotions and discounts and the pay-day boost later in the month could not tempt customers." The previous BRC survey found Christmas 2004 was the worst for 10 years for retailers. And according to Office for National Statistics data, sales in December failed to meet expectations and by some counts were the worst since 1981.
diff --git a/business/business_35.txt b/business/business_35.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..da9c35147c28296b6d8bfaa82942d89840b48532
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_35.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Call to save manufacturing jobs
+
+The Trades Union Congress (TUC) is calling on the government to stem job losses in manufacturing firms by reviewing the help it gives companies.
+
+The TUC said in its submission before the Budget that action is needed because of 105,000 jobs lost from the sector over the last year. It calls for better pensions, child care provision and decent wages. The 36-page submission also urges the government to examine support other European countries provide to industry. TUC General Secretary Brendan Barber called for "a commitment to policies that will make a real difference to the lives of working people."
+
+"Greater investment in childcare strategies and the people delivering that childcare will increases the options available to working parents," he said. "A commitment to our public services and manufacturing sector ensures that we can continue to compete on a global level and deliver the frontline services that this country needs." He also called for "practical measures" to help pensioners, especially women who he said "are most likely to retire in poverty". The submission also calls for decent wages and training for people working in the manufacturing sector.
diff --git a/business/business_36.txt b/business/business_36.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..afdcb8c47eb47d7ff7feb424c7689763df6a11ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_36.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Bat spit drug firm goes to market
+
+A German firm whose main product is derived from the saliva of the vampire bat is looking to raise more than 70m euros ($91m; £49m) on the stock market.
+
+The firm, Paion, said that it hoped to sell 5 million shares - a third of the firm - for 11-14 euros a share. Its main drug, desmoteplase, is based on a protein in the bat's saliva. The protein stops blood from clotting - which helps the bat to drink from its victims, but could also be used to help stroke sufferers. The company's shares go on sale later this week, and are scheduled to start trading on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange on 10 February. If the final price is at the top of the range, the company could be valued at as much as 200m euros. The money raised will be spent largely on developing the company's other drugs, since desmoteplase has already been licensed to one manufacturer, Forest Laboratories.
diff --git a/business/business_37.txt b/business/business_37.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..78d0b8192fb24f00fe1583c1f662f6dd9edaa1ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_37.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+Firms pump billions into pensions
+
+Employers have spent billions of pounds propping up their final salary pensions over the past year, research suggests.
+
+A survey of 280 schemes by Incomes Data Services' (IDS) said employer contributions had increased from £5.5bn to £8.2bn a year, a rise of 49.7%. Companies facing the biggest deficits had raised their pension contributions by 100% or more, IDS said. Many firms are struggling to keep this type of scheme open, because of rising costs and increased liabilities. A final salary scheme, also known as a defined benefit scheme, promises to pay a pension related to the salary the scheme member is earning when they retire.
+
+The rising cost of maintaining such schemes has led many employers to replace final salary schemes with money purchase, or defined contribution, schemes. These are less risky for employers. Under money purchase schemes, employees pay into a pension fund which is used to buy an annuity - a policy which pays out an income until death - on retirement.
+
+IDS said there were some schemes in good health.
+
+But, in many cases, firms had been forced to top up funds to tackle "yawning deficits". The level of contributions paid by employers has increased gradually since the late 1990s. In 1998/99, for example, contributions rose by 4.7% and in 2002/03 by 8.6%. In contrast, between 1996 and 1998, some employers cut their contribution levels. Helen Sudell, editor of the IDS Pensions Service, said the rise in contributions was "staggering" and the highest ever recorded by IDS. "We have warned before that the widespread closure of final salary schemes to new entrants is just the beginning of a much bigger movement away from paternalistic provision," said Ms Sudell. "With figures like this there can be little doubt that many employers will have to reduce future benefits at some point for those staff still in these schemes."
diff --git a/business/business_38.txt b/business/business_38.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..845b82fac1f154d54521c019c7a2b86b4f522fda
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_38.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+UK homes hit £3.3 trillion total
+
+The value of the UK's housing stock reached the £3.3 trillion mark in 2004 - triple the value 10 years earlier, a report indicates.
+
+Research from Halifax, the country's biggest mortgage lender, suggests the value of private housing stock is continuing to rise steadily. All regions saw at least a doubling in their assets during the past decade. But Northern Ireland led the way with a 262% rise, while Scotland saw the smallest increase of just 112%.
+
+The core retail price index rose by just 28% in the same period, underlining how effective an investment in housing has been for most people during the past decade. More than a third of the UK's private housing assets - representing more than a trillion pounds in value - are concentrated in London and the South East, the Halifax's figures indicate. Tim Crawford, Group Economist at Halifax, said: "The value of the private housing stock continues to grow and the family home remains, by a large margin, the most valuable asset of the majority of households in the UK." Halifax's own monthly figures on house sales - issued on Thursday - suggest the average price of a British property now stands at £163,748 after a 0.8% rise in January. Housing experts are split on prospects for the market, with some saying price growth will slow but not fall, while others predict a sharp drop in values.
diff --git a/business/business_39.txt b/business/business_39.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..42202c47e739638fcee91aff7dde8df081cd23b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_39.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+Market unfazed by Aurora setback
+
+As the Aurora limped back to its dock on 20 January, a blizzard of photos and interviews seemed to add up to an unambiguous tale of woe.
+
+The ship had another slice of bad luck to add to its history of health scares and technical trouble. And its owner, P&O Cruises - now part of the huge US Carnival Corporation - was looking at a significant slice chopped off this year's profits and a potential PR fiasco. No-one, however, seems to have told the stock markets. The warning of a five-cent hit to 2005 earnings came just 24 hours after one of the world's biggest investment banks had upped its target for Carnival's share price, from £35 to £36.20. Other investors barely blinked, and by 1300 GMT Carnival's shares in London were down a single penny, or 0.03%, at £32.26.
+
+Why the mismatch between the public perception and the market's response? "The Aurora issue had been an ongoing one for some time," says Deutsche Bank's Simon Champion. "It was clearly a source of uncertainty for the company - it was a long cruise, after all. But the stock market is very good at treating these issues as one-off events."
+
+Despite its string of bad luck, he pointed out, Aurora is just one vessel in a large Carnival fleet, the UK's P&O Princess group having been merged into the much larger US firm in 2003. And generally speaking, Carnival has a reputation for keeping its ships pretty much on schedule. "Carnival has an incredibly strong track record," Mr Champion.
+
+Similarly, analysts expect the impact on the rest of the cruise business to be limited. The hundreds of disappointed passengers who have now had to give up the opportunity to spend the next three months on the Aurora have got both a refund and a credit for another cruise. That should mitigate some of the PR risk, both for Carnival and its main competitor, Royal Caribbean. "While not common, cancellations for technical reasons are not entirely unusual in the industry," wrote analysts from Citigroup Smith Barney in a note to clients on Friday. "Moreover, such events typically have a limited impact on bookings and pricing for future cruises." After all, the Aurora incident may be big news in the UK - but for Carnival customers elsewhere it's unlikely to make too much of a splash.
+
+Assuming that Citigroup is right, and demand stays solid, the structure of the industry also works in Carnival's favour. In the wake of P&O Princess's takeover by Carnival, the business is now to a great extent a duopoly. Given the expense of building, outfitting and running a cruise ship, "slowing supply growth" is a certainty, said David Anders at Merrill Lynch on Thursday. In other words, if you do want a cruise, your options are limited. And with Carnival remaining the market leader, it looks set to keep selling the tickets - no matter what happens to the ill-fated Aurora in the future.
diff --git a/business/business_4.txt b/business/business_4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b81871e44305e7de58cfbf67d578064a137c2af2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Glaxo aims high after profit fall
+
+GlaxoSmithKline saw its profits fall 9% last year to £6.2bn ($11.5bn), but Europe's biggest drugmaker says a recovery during 2005 is on the way.
+
+Cheap copies of its drugs, particularly anti-depressants Paxil and Wellbutrin, and a weak dollar had hit profits, but global sales were up 1% in 2004. The firm is confident its new drug pipeline will deliver profits despite the failure of an obesity drug. Chief executive Jean-Pierre Garnier said it had been a "difficult year".
+
+In early afternoon trade in London the company share price was down 1% at 1218 pence. Mr Garnier said the company had absorbed over £1.5bn of lost sales to generics but still managing to grow the business. "The continuing success of our key products means we can now look forward to a good performance in 2005," he said. "2005 will also be an important year in terms of research and development pipeline progress." However, the firm discontinued development of an experimental treatment for obesity, known as '771, after disappointing clinical trial results. Glaxo is relying on new treatments for conditions such as cancer, diabetes, depression, HIV/AIDS and allergies to lift the pace of sales growth after several disappointing years.
diff --git a/business/business_40.txt b/business/business_40.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1a85b4f0627d5773bcf2324bc53dfeb096950602
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_40.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+Renault boss hails 'great year'
+
+Strong sales outside western Europe helped Renault boost its profits by more than 40% in 2004 although the firm warned of lower margins this year.
+
+France's second largest carmaker enjoyed a healthy 43% rise in net profits to 2.4bn euros ($3.1bn; £2.9bn) as sales rose 8% to 40.7bn euros. The firm said strong demand outside western Europe and the good performance of its Megane range lifted its results. Chairman Louis Schweitzer said 2004 had been a "great year" for the firm.
+
+Renault sold more than 2.4 million vehicles in 2004, an increase of 4% on the previous year. Growth came mainly from outside western Europe, with particularly strong sales in Turkey, Russia and North Africa.
+
+In total, sales outside western Europe - Renault's core market - rose 16.5%. Japanese carmaker Nissan - in which Renault owns a 44% stake - contributed 1.7bn euros in net income over the year. Nissan chairman Carlos Ghosn is to succeed Mr Schweitzer at the head of Renault later this year.
+
+Renault said the outlook for the industry in Europe this year was "stable", with small growth forecast in other regions. The firm will benefit from the launch of a new Clio model in the coming year and the roll-out of the Logan in many markets. However, the firm said it expected operating margins to be lower in 2005, at 4% of sales as opposed to 5%. "In a sluggish market and an environment impacted by the rise in raw material prices, Renault intends to continue to grow its global sales," the company said in a statement.
diff --git a/business/business_41.txt b/business/business_41.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..199ec4a68ba23562d6e749e4f0a402a98169cafa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_41.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Safety alert as GM recalls cars
+
+The world's biggest carmaker General Motors (GM) is recalling nearly 200,000 vehicles in the US on safety grounds, according to federal regulators.
+
+The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) said the largest recall involves 155,465 pickups, vans and sports utility vehicles (SUVs). This is because of possible malfunctions with the braking systems. The affected vehicles in the product recall are from the 2004 and 2005 model years, GM said. Those vehicles with potential faults are the Chevrolet Avalanche, Express, Kodiak, Silverade and Suburban; the GMC Savana, Sierra and Yukon.
+
+The NHTSA said a pressure accumulator in the braking system could crack during normal driving and fragments could injure people if the hood was open. This could allow hydraulic fluid to leak, which could make it harder to brake or steer and could cause a crash, it warned. GM is also recalling 19,924 Cadillac XLR coupes, SRX SUVs and Pontiac Grand Prix sedans from the 2004 model year. This is because the accelerator pedal may not work properly in extremely cold temperatures, requiring more braking. In addition, the car giant is calling back 17,815 Buick Raniers, Chevrolet Trailblazers, GMC Envoys and Isuzu Ascenders from the 2005 model years because the windshield is not properly fitted and could fall out in a crash. However, GM stressed that it did not know of any injuries related to the problems. News of the recall follows an announcement last month that GM expects earnings this year be lower than in 2004. The world's biggest car maker is grappling with losses in its European business, weak US sales and now a product recall. In January, GM said higher healthcare costs in North America, and lower profits at its financial services subsidiary would hurt its performance in 2005.
diff --git a/business/business_42.txt b/business/business_42.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1038e25f7aeefe372624e74b0497a13101c35c78
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_42.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+Asian quake hits European shares
+
+Shares in Europe's leading reinsurers and travel firms have fallen as the scale of the damage wrought by tsunamis across south Asia has become apparent.
+
+More than 23,000 people have been killed following a massive underwater earthquake and many of the worst hit areas are popular tourist destinations. Reisurance firms such as Swiss Re and Munich Re lost value as investors worried about rebuilding costs. But the disaster has little impact on stock markets in the US and Asia.
+
+Currencies including the Thai baht and Indonesian rupiah weakened as analysts warned that economic growth may slow. "It came at the worst possible time," said Hans Goetti, a Singapore-based fund manager. "The impact on the tourist industry is pretty devastating, especially in Thailand." Travel-related shares dropped in Europe, with companies such as Germany's TUI and Lufthansa and France's Club Mediterranne sliding. Insurers and reinsurance firms were also under pressure in Europe.
+
+Shares in Munich Re and Swiss Re - the world's two biggest reinsurers - both fell 1.7% as the market speculated about the cost of rebuilding in Asia. Zurich Financial, Allianz and Axa also suffered a decline in value.
+
+However, their losses were much smaller, reflecting the market's view that reinsurers were likely to pick up the bulk of the costs. Worries about the size of insurance liabilities dragged European shares down, although the impact was exacerbated by light post-Christmas trading. Germany's benchmark Dax index closed the day 16.29 points lower at 3.817.69 while France's Cac index of leading shares fell 5.07 points to 3.817.69. Investors pointed out, however, that declines probably would be industry specific, with the travel and insurance firms hit hardest. "It's still too early for concrete damage figures," Swiss Re's spokesman Floiran Woest told Associated Press. "That also has to do with the fact that the damage is very widely spread geographically."
+
+The unfolding scale of the disaster in south Asia had little immediate impact on US shares, however. The Dow Jones index had risen 20.54 points, or 0.2%, to 10,847.66 by late morning as analsyts were cheered by more encouraging reports from retailers about post-Christmas sales. In Asian markets, adjustments were made quickly to account for lower earnings and the cost of repairs. Thai Airways shed almost 4%. The country relies on tourism for about 6% of its total economy. Singapore Airlines dropped 2.6%. About 5% of Singapore's annual gross domestic product (GDP) comes from tourism. Malaysia's budget airline, AirAsia fell 2.9%. Resort operator Tanco Holdings slumped 5%.
+
+Travel companies also took a hit, with Japan's Kinki Nippon sliding 1.5% and HIS dropping 3.3%. However, the overall impact on Asia's largest stock market, Japan's Nikkei, was slight. Shares fell just 0.03%. Concerns about the strength of economic growth going forward weighed on the currency markets. The Indonesian rupiah lost as much as 0.6% against the US dollar, before bouncing back slightly to trade at 9,300. The Thai baht lost 0.3% against the US currency, trading at 39.10. In India, where more than 2,000 people are thought to have died, the rupee shed 0.1% against the dollar Analysts said that it was difficult to predict the total cost of the disaster and warned that share prices and currencies would come under increasing pressure as the bills mounted.
diff --git a/business/business_43.txt b/business/business_43.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..77e66a2b1dee93a141a019a05395e99425f2403a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_43.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+Oil prices reach three-month low
+
+Oil prices have fallen heavily for a second day, closing at three-month lows after news that US crude stocks have improved ahead of winter.
+
+London Brent crude closed at $40.15 on Thursday - a drop of 5.1% - having dived below $40 a barrel for the first time since mid-September. US light crude traded in New York lost more than $2 to $43.25, its lowest close since 10 September. The price of both benchmark crudes has dropped 12% in two days. The falls were triggered when the Energy Information Administration (EIA) said on Wednesday that US crude stocks were 3.5% higher than a year ago. The news calmed worries about winter shortages. Weak US fuel and heating oil stocks have been a persistent factor in pushing up oil prices. "It's amazing how quickly sentiment changed," said Rick Mueller, an analyst at Energy Security Analysis. Analysts also attributed the fall to mild early-winter weather, which has tempered demand for heating oil.
+
+The stronger fuel inventories helped boost US stock markets to nine-month highs on Wednesday, though only the Nasdaq index had hung onto those gains by the end of Thursday.
+
+In London, the FTSE 100 index closed 15 points higher at 4,751. The long-awaited drop in oil prices helped to ease persistent investor jitters over the impact of energy costs on company profits and economic growth. However, traders warned that the fall could be short-lived if there is a cold snap in North America this winter or any major supply problems in other parts of the world.
+
+The price of crude is still up about 30% on the start of 2004, but has fallen from the record of $55.67 set in late October. Opec nations have increased production to 25-year highs to meet global demand and this has helped rebuild US stocks hit by supply disruptions after Hurricane Ivan in September. Traders were also encouraged by comments on Wednesday from the energy minister of Opec member Algeria. Chakib Khelil said the cartel was likely to keep output unchanged when it meets next week. However, some analysts believe the sharp fall in crude prices may harden Opec's attitude to over-production, leading to a scaling back of oil output.
+
+Fears still remain over the level of US heating oil stocks, which are rising but remain down on 2004 levels. A cold spell in north America would start to deplete supplies and could spark further price rises. Analysts, however, say prices will fall further if inventories continue to rise. "Mother Nature is going to be huge in the next several weeks," said Kyle Cooper, at Citigroup Global Markets. "Long term I think we're headed to $30-35 but I don't think we're doing that yet. We have a lot of winter left." John Person, president of National Futures Advisory Services, said the EIA data indicated there should be adequate supplies for the next three months in the US. .
diff --git a/business/business_44.txt b/business/business_44.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..aad8fb8880288d1a962f3dd4bcb3d14ff313127b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_44.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+Markets fall on weak dollar fears
+
+Rising oil prices and the sinking dollar hit shares on Monday after a finance ministers' meeting and stern words from Fed chief Alan Greenspan.
+
+The London FTSE fell 0.8% while Tokyo's Nikkei 225 dropped 2.11%, its steepest fall in three months. G20 finance ministers said nothing about supporting the dollar, whose slide could further jeopardise growth in Japan and Europe. And Mr Greenspan warned Asian states could soon stop funding the US deficit.
+
+On Monday afternoon, the euro was close to an all-time high against the dollar at above $1.30. Oil pushed higher too on Monday, as investors fretted about cold weather in the US and Europe and a potential output cut from oil producers' group Opec, although prices had cooled by the end of the day. In London, the benchmark Brent crude price closed down 51 cents at $44.38 a barrel, while New York light sweet crude closed down 25 cents at $48.64 a barrel. The slide comes as the US has been attempting to talk up the traditional "strong dollar" policy.
+
+The latest to pitch in has been President George W Bush himself, who told the Asia Pacific Economic Co-operation (Apec) summit in Chile that he remained committed to halving the budget deficit. Together with a $500bn trade gap, the red ink spreading across America's public finances is widely seen as a key factor driving the dollar lower. And last week US Treasury Secretary John Snow told an audience in the UK that the policy remained unaltered. But he also said that the rate was entirely up to the markets - a signal which traders took as advice to sell the dollar. Some had looked to the G20 meeting for direction. But Mr Snow made clear exchange rates had not been on the agenda.
+
+For the US government, letting the dollar drift is a useful short-term fix.
+
+US exports get more affordable, helping perhaps to close the trade gap. In the meantime, the debt keeps getting bigger, with Congress authorising an $800bn rise in what the US can owe - taking the total to $8.2 trillion. But in a speech on Friday, Federal Reserve chairman Alan Greenspan warned that in the longer term things are likely to get tricky. At present, much of gap in both public debt is covered by selling bonds to Asian states such as Japan and China, since the dollar is seen as the world's reserve currency. Similarly, Asian investment helps bridge the gap in the current account - the deficit between what the US as a whole spends and what it earns. But already they are turning more cautious - an auction of debt in August found few takers. And Mr Greenspan said that could turn into a trend, if the fall of the dollar kept eating into the value of those investments. "It seems persuasive that, given the size of the US current account deficit, a diminished appetite for adding to dollar balances must occur at some point," he said.
diff --git a/business/business_45.txt b/business/business_45.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d466d81e5a9aafba57cdecaa0b9fe71df2a1a2ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_45.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Five million Germans out of work
+
+Germany's unemployment figure rose above the psychologically important level of five million last month.
+
+On Wednesday, the German Federal Labour Agency said the jobless total had reached 5.037 million in January, which takes the jobless rate to 12.1%. "Yes, we have effectively more than five million people unemployed," a government minister said earlier on ZDF public television. Unemployment has not been this high in Germany since the 1930s.
+
+Changes to the way the statistics are compiled partly explain the jump of 572,900 in the numbers. But the figures are embarrassing for the government. "With the figures apparently the worst we've seen in the post-war period, these numbers are very charged politically," said Christian Jasperneite, an economist with MM Warburg. "They could well put an end to the recent renaissance we've seen by the SPD [the ruling Social Democrats] in the polls, and with state elections due in Schleswig-Holstein and North Rhine-Westphalia, they may have an adverse effect on the government's chances there."
+
+The opposition also made political capital from the figures. It said there are a further 1.5 million-2 million people on subsidised employment schemes who are, in fact, looking for real jobs. It added that government reforms, including unpopular benefit cuts, do not go far enough. Under the government's controversial "Hartz IV" reforms, which came into effect at the beginning of the year, both those on unemployment benefits and welfare support and those who are long-term unemployed are officially classified as looking for work. The bad winter weather also took its toll, as key sectors such as the construction sector laid off workers. Adjusted for the seasonal factors, the German jobless total rose by 227,000 in January from December.
diff --git a/business/business_46.txt b/business/business_46.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..89927349cdde505a6f3efd46e3b7f22e41ceda12
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_46.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+German bidder in talks with LSE
+
+Deutsche Boerse bosses have held "constructive, professional and friendly" talks with the London Stock Exchange (LSE), its chief has said.
+
+Werner Seifert met LSE chief executive Clara Furse amid rumours the German group may raise its bid to £1.5bn ($2.9bn) from its initial £1.3bn offer. However, rival suitor Euronext also upped the ante in the bid battle. Ahead of talks with the LSE on Friday, the pan-European bourse said it may be prepared to make its offer in cash. The Paris-based exchange, owner of Liffe in London, is reported to be ready to raise £1.4bn to fund a bid.
+
+The news came as Deutsche Boerse held its third meeting with the LSE since its bid approach in December which was turned down by the London exchange for undervaluing the business. However, the LSE did agree to leave the door open for talks to find out whether a "significantly-improved proposal" would be in the interests of LSE's shareholders and customers. In the meantime, Euronext, which combines the Paris, Amsterdam and Lisbon stock exchanges, also began talks with the LSE. In a statement on Thursday, Euronext said any offer was likely to be solely in cash, but added that: "There can be no assurances at this stage that any offer will be made." A deal with either bidder would create the biggest stock market operator in Europe and the second biggest in the world after the New York Stock Exchange. However, neither side has made a formal offer for the LSE, with sources claiming such a step may still be weeks away.
+
+Deutsche Boerse could also face mounting opposition to a bid at home. Among sweeteners reported to have been discussed by Mr Seifert with Ms Furse were plans to move the management of its cash and Eurex derivatives market to London, as well as two members of its executive board. But, Hans Reckers, a board member of Germany's central bank, the Bundesbank, said that cash trading should also remain in Frankfurt, something Deutsche Boerse could move to the UK. "It is not just the headquarters of the Boerse but also important market segments that must stay permanently in Frankfurt. This has special importance for the business activities of the banks and the consultants," he said. Local government officials in Frankfurt's state of Hessen have also spoken out against the move. "It is our wish that the headquarters stay here to maintain Frankfurt's standing as the number one financial centre in continental Europe," Alois Rhiel, its minister for economic affairs added.
diff --git a/business/business_47.txt b/business/business_47.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cd813f0fc9dedcf73ad6d79ab6e93759b8268ff0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_47.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Amex shares up on spin-off news
+
+Shares in American Express surged more than 8% on Tuesday after it said it was to spin off its less profitable financial advisory subsidiary.
+
+The US credit card to travel services giant said off-loading American Express Financial Advisors (AEFA) would boost its profitability. AEFA has more than 12,000 advisers selling financial advice, funds and insurance to 2.5 million customers. Over the years it has delivered poor profits and even some losses.
+
+"This is an excellent move by American Express to focus on its core businesses, and sell off a laggard division, which has been a problem for quite some time," said Marquis Investment Research analyst Phil Kain. Analysts estimate that a stand-alone AEFA could have a market value of $10bn (£5.3bn). The unit was acquired by American Express 20 years ago as Investors Diversified Service, of Minneapolis, at a time when firms were amassing one-stop financial empires. However, the business of selling investments was never integrated with the rest of the group.
diff --git a/business/business_48.txt b/business/business_48.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cd0a8576fe44778c1cb80ff14357d2f2f6ed2140
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_48.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Stock market eyes Japan recovery
+
+Japanese shares have ended the year at their highest level since 13 July amidst hopes of an economic recovery during 2005.
+
+The Nikkei index of leading shares gained 7.6% during the year to close at 11,488.76 points. In 2005 it "will rise toward 13,000", predicted Morgan Stanley equity strategist Naoki Kamiyama. The optimism in the financial markets contrast sharply with pessimism in the Japanese business community. Earlier this month, the quarterly Tankan survey of Japanese manufacturers found that business confidence had weakened for the first time since March 2003.
+
+Slower economic growth, rising oil prices, a stronger yen and weaker exports were blamed for the fall in confidence. Despite this, traders expect strength in the global economy to benefit Japan, which has been close to sliding into recession in recent months. Structural reform within Japan and an anticipated end to the banking sector's bad debt problems should also help, they say.
diff --git a/business/business_49.txt b/business/business_49.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c7dba81d1d245dc796d83df4a5dc449044d0e28d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_49.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+Iraqi voters turn to economic issues
+
+Beyond the desperate security situation in Iraq lies an economy in tatters.
+
+A vicious cycle of unemployment, poor social services and poverty has been made worse by a lack of investment. So there is much hope that an elected government will break the deadlock. "First rule of law, then the economy," says Radwan Hadi, deputy managing director of Aberdeen-based oil and gas consultancy Blackwatch Petroleum Services, which entered Iraq in 2003. Mr Hadi's view about what the new government's priorities should be is shared by many Iraqis. The economy has become the second-most dominant issue for many political parties ahead of Sunday's election, according to Bristol University political scientist Anne Alexander, who is working on a project that looks at governance and security in post-war Iraq.
+
+Job creation ranks high both on election manifestos and on the Iraqi people's wish list. Nobody knows exactly how many Iraqis are out of work, but it is clear that the situation is dire. "Estimates of Iraq's unemployment rate vary, but we estimate it to be between 30-40%," the Washington-based independent think-tank The Brookings Institution says in its Iraq Index. But some progress has been made, largely thanks to the country's oil revenues which have exceeded $22bn since June 2003.
+
+Iraq's infrastructure is on the mend, with notable improvements having been made in areas such as electricity supply, irrigation, telephone networks and the re-opening of hospitals. But serious problems remain and the growing divide between haves and have-nots is angering voters. One Iraqi woman told Ms Alexander about her frustration as she watched TV adverts for private hospitals soon after having failed to track down basic medicines from Baghdad's pharmacies. Observes Mr Hadi: "The economy at present marks a big divide; the rich get richer, the poor get poorer." An indication of this can be seen in the world of finance where, in contrast with the daily plight of ordinary people, 19 private banks operate, only one of which is run in accordance with Islamic banking principles. Hopes are high for the future of finance, so foreign banks have been buying into the sector. National Bank of Kuwait has bought a majority stake in Credit Bank of Iraq, the Jordanian investment bank Export & Finance Bank has bought 49% of National Bank of Iraq.
+
+Foreign firms also hope to cash in on the reconstruction effort. Bechtel's efforts to rebuild schools and restore power have attracted controversy as well as boosting its bottom line while Halliburton has enjoyed a wealth of military contracts. But the involvement of foreign firms in the health and banking sectors and beyond sits uneasily with many Iraqis who are accustomed to the state taking responsibility for functions that are essential to making society work, observes Ms Alexander. "It is seen as a selling off of Iraq's assets and bringing in multinationals at the expense of Iraqi businesses and Iraqi workers," she says. Consequently, the transitional government has been forced to backtrack in recent months over its proposal to allow 100% foreign ownership of Iraqi assets, she explains. In the West, it is easy to forget that the otherwise brutal Baathist regime used to look after the majority of Iraq's citizens rather well in terms of job creation, social security and healthcare. Opinion polls suggest that "people still want the state to take a leading role in providing these things", Ms Alexander says.
+
+Yet in some areas of the economy, investment from abroad is still warmly welcomed, insists Mr Hadi, an Iraqi who left the country three decades ago. "I think the private sector will evolve incredibly fast," Mr Hadi says. "Iraq's vast natural resources can support any magnitude of economic growth."
+
+Many foreign companies say they are keen to get in on the act, yet few are actually entering the country in any meaningful way. But there are exceptions. Mr Hadi's Blackwatch is just one of many small operators preparing for a much bigger future. Blackwatch's Baghdad-based affiliate Falcon Group has dozens of people working for it across the country in Kirkuk and Baghdad, and its engineers and geo-scientists work with the Iraqi oil ministry to hammer out technology transfer issues, Mr Hadi points out. "These guys are trying to work. The Iraqi business people will do business at all times. "Life goes on in Iraq, the people take responsibility, they want to live normal lives."
diff --git a/business/business_5.txt b/business/business_5.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c8a11c4ffca99e5c6522987c4a3650ddf49a32fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_5.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Peugeot deal boosts Mitsubishi
+
+Struggling Japanese car maker Mitsubishi Motors has struck a deal to supply French car maker Peugeot with 30,000 sports utility vehicles (SUV).
+
+The two firms signed a Memorandum of Understanding, and say they expect to seal a final agreement by Spring 2005. The alliance comes as a badly-needed boost for loss-making Mitsubishi, after several profit warnings and poor sales. The SUVs will be built in Japan using Peugeot's diesel engines and sold mainly in the European market. Falling sales have left Mitsubishi Motors with underused capacity, and the production deal with Peugeot gives it a chance to utilise some of it.
+
+In January, Mitsubishi Motors issued its third profits warning in nine months, and cut its sales forecasts for the year to March 2005. Its sales have slid 41% in the past year, catalysed by the revelation that the company had systematically been hiding records of faults and then secretly repairing vehicles. As a result, the Japanese car maker has sought a series of financial bailouts. Last month it said it was looking for a further 540bn yen ($5.2bn; £2.77bn) in fresh financial backing, half of it from other companies in the Mitsubishi group. US-German carmaker DaimlerChrylser, a 30% shareholder in Mitsubishi Motors, decided in April 2004 not to pump in any more money. The deal with Peugeot was celebrated by Mitsubishi's newly-appointed chief executive Takashi Nishioka, who took over after three top bosses stood down last month to shoulder responsibility for the firm's troubles. Mitsubishi Motors has forecast a net loss of 472bn yen in its current financial year to March 2005. Last month, it signed a production agreement with Japanese rival Nissan Motor to supply it with 36,000 small cars for sale in Japan. It has been making cars for Nissan since 2003.
diff --git a/business/business_50.txt b/business/business_50.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..289272df1b313c3915787c219b4d0ab5e6ea0403
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_50.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+China continues breakneck growth
+
+China's economy has expanded by a breakneck 9.5% during 2004, faster than predicted and well above 2003's 9.1%.
+
+The news may mean more limits on investment and lending as Beijing tries to take the economy off the boil. China has sucked in raw materials and energy to feed its expansion, which could have knock-on effects on the rest of the world if it overheats. But officials pointed out that industrial growth had slowed, with services providing much of the impetus. Growth in industrial output - the main target of government efforts to impose curbs on credit and investments - was 11.5% in 2004, down from 17% the previous year.
+
+Still, consumer prices - at 2.4% - rose faster than in 2004, adding to concern that a sharp rise in producer prices of 7.1% could stoke inflation. And overall investment in fixed assets was still high, up 21.3% from the previous year - although some way off the peak of 43% seen in the first quarter of 2004. The result could be higher interest rates. China raised rates by 0.27 percentage points to 5.8% - its first hike in nine years - in October 2004.
+
+Despite the apparent rebalancing of the economy the overall growth picture remains strong, economists said. "There is no sign of a slowdown in 2005," said Tim Congdon, economist at ING Barings.
+
+China's economy is not only gathering speed thanks to domestic demand, but also from soaring sales overseas. Figures released earlier this year showed exports at a six-year high in 2004, up 35%. Part of the impetus comes from the relative cheapness of the yuan, China's currency. The government keeps it pegged close to a rate of 8.28 to the US dollar, - much to the chagrin of many US lawmakers who blame China for lost jobs and competitiveness. Despite urging to ease the peg, officials insist they are a long way from ready to make a shift to a more market-set rate. "We need a good and feasible plan and formulating such a plan also needs time," National Bureau of Statistics chief Li Deshui told Reuters. "Those who hope to make a fortune by speculating on a renminbi revaluation will not succeed in making a profit."
diff --git a/business/business_51.txt b/business/business_51.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a8a364118307596c26408fba5fc4246c0b8c2bff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_51.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+Japan's ageing workforce: built to last
+
+In his twenties he battled tuberculosis for eight years, then went on to run his own clothing business before marrying in his late thirties. And the 101-year-old Torao Toshitsune has eaten raw fish pretty much every day throughout his life.
+
+Mr Toshitsune is one of Japan's 23,000 centenarians - a club that is growing by 13% annually, and where the oldest member is 114. At his neat Osaka detached house, where he lives with one of his sexagenarian daughters, Mr Toshitsune keeps a regular routine of copying out Buddhist sutras and preparing the traditional Japanese tea ceremony. Between tasks, this remarkably active senior citizen reveals what his next goal is: "Well, what's most important for me is to be Japan's number one." Mr Toshitsune wants to outlive everyone. And when it comes to longevity, Japan, as a country, appears to be doing just that. Women can expect to live until 85, men until 78, four years longer than Americans and Europeans.
+
+On the outskirts of Kyoto, 83-year-old Yuji Shimizu contemplates this phenomenon during a round of golf with his younger friends, who are in their seventies.
+
+"I think this is because the food industry and the environment have improved," he remarks. "On average, we can live longer." Whether it's the diet, or the traditional family structure where roles were clearly defined, or just something in the genes, Japan's elderly are remarkable. But while life may be a game of golf for Mr Shimizu, his grandchildren have huge problems ahead. Japan is the world's least fertile nation with childbirth rates of just two thirds of that in the US.
+
+By 2007, Japan's population is expected to peak at 127 million, then shrink to under 100 million by the middle of the century. This means 30 million fewer workers at a time when the number of elderly will have almost doubled.
+
+"In the year 2050, if the birth rate remains the same people over 60 will make up over 30% of the population," explains Shigeo Morioka of the International Longevity Centre in Tokyo. So how will Japan's finances stay on track? After a decade of economic stagnation and huge deficit spending, the public sector debt is already about 140% of the country's gross domestic product (GDP), the highest rate among industrialised countries. The International Monetary Fund predicts that as the falling birth rate takes grip from 2010, the cost of running Japan's welfare state will double to more than 5% of GDP, while current account balances will deteriorate by over 2%. But unfortunately, Japan appears poorly prepared both financially and politically. Glen Wood, Vice President of Deutsche Securities Japan, asks; "Who's going to fund the pension fund for the next generation and indeed who are going to be the new Japanese worker? "Who is going to build the economy, who are going to be the leaders? Who are going to be the producers of the GDP going forward?" One option is further welfare reform. Another is immigration, possibly from the Philippines and Indonesia. But so far, any emerging policy appears restricted to a limited number of nursing staff.
+
+Standing next to Tokyo harbour is a version of New York's Statue of Liberty. But, as yet, Japan is not ready for an Ellis Island.
+
+"Japan has never really liked that option in its history and I think it's an option that's becoming more and more plausible and necessary," insists Mr Wood. In Japan, as in Europe which also faces a workforce decline, immigration is a very sensitive subject. But for the Japanese economy, facing 8% fewer consumers by 2050 means slumping domestic sales of cars, hi-tech kit and home appliances, perhaps even another property crash.
+
+Of course the Japanese could always have more children. The government is currently considering financial rewards for procreative couples similar to those in operation in Australia. But there would be no pay back until 2030, when today's babies are taxpayers, and the demographic crisis, like in Europe, starts to unfold in 2010. In contrast to Japan - and of course the European Union - the US population is expected to increase by 46% to 420 million by the middle of the century. Although President Bush must re-devise Social Security to take account of a 130% rise in America's over 65s, the IMF foresees a positive contribution to the US current account balance from the combined forces of fertility and immigration.
+
+Some voices in Japanese industry are calling for radical changes to the nature of the Japanese labour market. They want a shift towards financial services, though doubts persist over the country's ability, let alone willingness, to move away from manufacturing. "Japan still has problems getting a viable banking system, let alone shifting their auto business or their semi-conductor business or the broad based tech manufacturing business overseas," says Mr Wood. Japan can either drive some radical reforms or else run the risk of a vicious ageing recession. Falling demand and a lower tax take could result in soaring budget pressures and a basket case currency. Come 2020, Japan could be more dependent on a shrinking workforce than any other industrialised power. There are fears that the world's number two economy is doomed to a permanent recession. But none of this is Mr Toshitsune's concern anymore. At 101, he chuckles that, he feels fine.
diff --git a/business/business_52.txt b/business/business_52.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c8d994b8bb390935c3be01adc8c86e63e81f8f04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_52.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+UK economy facing 'major risks'
+
+The UK manufacturing sector will continue to face "serious challenges" over the next two years, the British Chamber of Commerce (BCC) has said.
+
+The group's quarterly survey of companies found exports had picked up in the last three months of 2004 to their best levels in eight years. The rise came despite exchange rates being cited as a major concern. However, the BCC found the whole UK economy still faced "major risks" and warned that growth is set to slow. It recently forecast economic growth will slow from more than 3% in 2004 to a little below 2.5% in both 2005 and 2006.
+
+Manufacturers' domestic sales growth fell back slightly in the quarter, the survey of 5,196 firms found. Employment in manufacturing also fell and job expectations were at their lowest level for a year.
+
+"Despite some positive news for the export sector, there are worrying signs for manufacturing," the BCC said. "These results reinforce our concern over the sector's persistent inability to sustain recovery." The outlook for the service sector was "uncertain" despite an increase in exports and orders over the quarter, the BCC noted.
+
+The BCC found confidence increased in the quarter across both the manufacturing and service sectors although overall it failed to reach the levels at the start of 2004. The reduced threat of interest rate increases had contributed to improved confidence, it said. The Bank of England raised interest rates five times between November 2003 and August last year. But rates have been kept on hold since then amid signs of falling consumer confidence and a slowdown in output. "The pressure on costs and margins, the relentless increase in regulations, and the threat of higher taxes remain serious problems," BCC director general David Frost said. "While consumer spending is set to decelerate significantly over the next 12-18 months, it is unlikely that investment and exports will rise sufficiently strongly to pick up the slack."
diff --git a/business/business_53.txt b/business/business_53.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ae4d69d1861c7d8a14b1eadebc0ae6c59c156f64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_53.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+Steady job growth continues in US
+
+The US created fewer jobs than expected in December, but analysts said that the dip in hiring was not enough to derail the world's biggest economy.
+
+According to Labor Department figures, 157,000 new jobs were added last month. That took 2004's total to 2.2 million, the best showing in five years. Job creation was one of last year's main concerns for the US economy. While worries still remain, the conditions are set for steady growth in 2005, analysts said. The unemployment rate stayed at 5.4% in December, and about 200,000 jobs will need to be created each month if that figure is to drop.
+
+"It was a respectable report," said Michael Moran, analyst at Daiwa Securities.
+
+"Payroll growth in December was a little lighter than the consensus forecast, but we had upward revisions to the prior two months and an increase in manufacturing employment." "Manufacturing is a cyclical area of the economy and if it's showing job growth, it's a good indication that the economy is on a solid growth track." That means that the Federal Reserve is likely to continue its policy of raising interest rates. The Fed lifted borrowing costs five times last year to 2.25%, citing evidence the US economic recovery was becoming more robust.
+
+Job creation was one of last year's main concerns for the US economy, and proved to be a main topic of debate in the US presidential election. While demand for workers is far from booming, the conditions are set for steady growth. "Overall, compared to the previous year it looks great, it just keeps going stronger and stronger and I expect that to be the case" in 2005, said Kurt Karl, economist at Swiss Re in New York. Meanwhile, economists cautioned against reading too much into data from the Federal Reserve showing an unexpected $8.7bn drop in consumer debt in November. A fall in consumer spending, which makes up about two-thirds of all US economic activity, could help limit the extent of any future interest rate rises. But economists said there could be a number of reasons for a fall in the borrowing, which include credit cards and personal loans, while noting that such figures can vary on a month-to-month basis.
diff --git a/business/business_54.txt b/business/business_54.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2b9cac4e234e5ce69e19894f57e694177dfaee51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_54.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Dutch bank to lay off 2,850 staff
+
+ABN Amro, the Netherlands' largest bank, is to cut 2,850 jobs as a result of falling profits.
+
+The cuts - amounting to 3% of the bank's workforce - will result in a one-off charge of 790m euros ($1.1bn). About 1,100 jobs will go in investment banking while 1,200 and 550 will go in IT and human resources respectively. ABN Amro is the third large European bank to announce cutbacks in the past month following Deutsche Bank and Credit Suisse Group.
+
+Its profitability has been hit by a fall in mortgage lending in the United States - the bank's largest single market - following recent interest rate rises. ABN Amro's operations in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom will be hardest hit. Jobs will also be lost in the US - which accounted for 46% of profit in the first half of 2004 - and across its operations in the Americas and Asia-Pacific regions.
+
+The restructuring is designed to improve efficiency by reducing administrative costs and increasing focus on client service. The bank said it was on course for a 10% rise in net income this year but operating profits are set to fall because of a fall in US revenues. ABN Amro currently has more than 100,000 staff. "To get any profit growth in the coming years, they will have to lower costs, so shedding jobs makes total sense," Ivo Geijsen, an analyst with Bank Oyens & Van Eeghen, told Bloomberg. Europe's leading banks seem set for a period of retrenchment. Deutsche Bank said earlier this month it would reduce its German workforce by 1,920 while as many as 300 jobs will be lost at Credit Suisse First Boston.
diff --git a/business/business_55.txt b/business/business_55.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e56328a767bc1f6d14fe3228abbda23561390c2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_55.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Fannie Mae 'should restate books'
+
+US mortgage company Fannie Mae should restate its earnings, a move that is likely to put a billion-dollar dent in its accounts, watchdogs have said.
+
+The Securities & Exchange Commission accused Fannie Mae of using techniques that "did not comply in material respects" with accounting standards. Fannie Mae last month warned that some records were incorrect. The other main US mortgage firm Freddie Mac restated earnings by $5bn (£2.6bn) last year after a probe of its books. The SEC's comments are likely to increase pressure on Congress to strengthen supervision of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac.
+
+The two firms are key parts of the US financial system and effectively underwrite the mortgage market, financing nearly half of all American house purchases and dealing actively in bonds and other financial instruments. The investigation of Freddie Mac in June 2003 sparked concerns about the wider health of the industry and raised questionsmarks over the role of the Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight (OFHEO), the industry's main regulator. Having been pricked into action, the OFHEO turned its attention to Fannie May and in September this year said that the firm had tweaked its books to spread earnings more smoothly across quarters and play down the amount of risk it had taken on. The SEC found similar problems. The watchdog's chief accountant Donald Nicolaisen said that "Fannie Mae's methodology of assessing, measuring and documenting hedge ineffectiveness was inadequate and was not supported" by generally accepted accounting principles.
diff --git a/business/business_56.txt b/business/business_56.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2083dc69c9dafc91dea05243f89cb2afbdd372bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_56.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Soaring oil 'hits world economy'
+
+The soaring cost of oil has hit global economic growth, although world's major economies should weather the storm of price rises, according to the OECD.
+
+In its latest bi-annual report, the OECD cut its growth predictions for the world's main industrialised regions. US growth would reach 4.4% in 2004, but fall to 3.3% next year from a previous estimate of 3.7%, the OECD said. However, the Paris-based economics think tank said it believed the global economy could still regain momentum.
+
+Forecasts for Japanese growth were also scaled back to 4.0% from 4.4% this year and 2.1% from 2.8% in 2005. But the outlook was worst for the 12-member eurozone bloc, with already sluggish growth forecasts slipping to 1.8% from 2.0% this year and 1.9% from 2.4% in 2005, the OECD said. Overall, the report forecast total growth of 3.6% in 2004 for the 30 member countries of the OECD, slipping to 2.9% next year before recovering to 3.1% in 2006. "There are nonetheless good reasons to believe that despite recent oil price turbulence the world economy will regain momentum in a not-too-distant future," said Jean-Philippe Cotis, the OECD's chief economist. The price of crude is about 50% higher than it was at the start of 2004, but down on the record high of $55.67 set in late October.
+
+A dip in oil prices and improving jobs prospects would improve consumer confidence and spending, the OECD said. "The oil shock is not enormous by historical standards - we have seen worse in the seventies. If the oil price does not rise any further, then we think the shock can be absorbed within the next few quarters," Vincent Koen, a senior economist with the OECD, told the BBC's World Business Report. "The recovery that was underway, and has been interrupted a bit by the oil shock this year, would then regain momentum in the course of 2005." China's booming economy and a "spectacular comeback" in Japan - albeit one that has faltered in recent months - would help world economic recovery, the OECD said. "Supported by strong balance sheets and high profits, the recovery of business investment should continue in North America and start in earnest in Europe," it added. However, the report warned: "It remains to be seen whether continental Europe will play a strong supportive role through a marked upswing of final domestic demand." The OECD highlighted current depressed household expenditure in Germany and the eurozone's over-reliance on export-led growth.
diff --git a/business/business_57.txt b/business/business_57.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5f8077bf79d9052735521f4c7f35af06eb9a56c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_57.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Stormy year for property insurers
+
+A string of storms, typhoons and earthquakes has made 2004 the most expensive year on record for property insurers, according to Swiss Re.
+
+The world's second biggest insurer said disasters around the globe have seen property claims reach $42bn (£21.5bn). "2004 reinforces the trend towards higher losses," said Swiss Re. Tightly packed populations in the areas involved in natural and man-made disasters were to partly to blame for the rise in claims, it said. Some 95% of insurance claims were for natural catastrophes, with the rest attributed to made-made events.
+
+The largest claims came from the US, which was struck by four hurricanes, and Japan, which suffered the highest concentration of typhoons for decades plus a major earthquake.
+
+Europe suffered fewer natural disasters, but 191 people were killed and more than 2,000 injured in March after the terrorist attack on train stations in Madrid. The damages claimed in 2004 eclipsed previous years, including 2001 when the 11 September attacks pushed claims up to $37bn. Swiss Re said it had registered about 300 natural and man-made disasters around the world in 2004. Twenty-one thousand people lost their lives in the catastrophes with a cost to the global economy of around $105bn (£54bn).
diff --git a/business/business_58.txt b/business/business_58.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..82b6a3cbe7a97c824b1b680d1591cf53b46d59e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_58.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+Christmas shoppers flock to tills
+
+Shops all over the UK reported strong sales on the last Saturday before Christmas with some claiming record-breaking numbers of festive shoppers.
+
+A spokesman for Manchester's Trafford Centre said it was "the biggest Christmas to date" with sales up 5%. And the Regent Street Association said shops in central London were also expecting the "best Christmas ever". That picture comes despite reports of disappointing festive sales in the last couple of weeks.
+
+The Trafford Centre spokeswoman said about 8,500 thousand vehicles had arrived at the centre on Saturday before 1130 GMT. "We predict that the next week will continue the same trend," she added.
+
+It was a similar story at Bluewater in Kent. Spokesman Alan Jones said he expected 150,000 shoppers to have visited by the end of Saturday and a further 100,000 on Sunday. "Our sales so far have been 2% up on the same time last year," he said. "We're very busy, it's really strong and people will be shopping right up until Christmas. "Over the Christmas period we're expecting people to spend in excess of £200m at the centre."
+
+On Saturday afternoon, a spokeswoman for the St David's Shopping Centre in Cardiff said it looked like being its busiest day of the year with about 200,000 shoppers expected to have visited by the close of play. At the St Enoch's Shopping Centre in Glasgow, more than 140,000 shoppers - an all-time record - were expected to have passed through the doors by its closing time of 1900 GMT. Senior business manager Jon Walton said: "It has been phenomenal - absolutely mobbed. "Every week footfall has been showing strong growth and at the weekends it has been going mad." Regent Street Association director Annie Walker said on Saturday: "The stores were heaving today and a lot of people are going to be doing last minute shopping as many people finished work on Friday and can go in the week."
+
+She said reports of a slump in pre-Christmas sales were related to the growing popularity of internet sales. "I do think this has had a lot to do with reports of lower sales figures," she said. "Internet shopping has gone up enormously and not all stores have websites."
diff --git a/business/business_59.txt b/business/business_59.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a257f43f930aa885653dad8ec23758286cca7c0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_59.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Diageo to buy US wine firm
+
+Diageo, the world's biggest spirits company, has agreed to buy Californian wine company Chalone for $260m (£134m) in an all-cash deal.
+
+Although Diageo's best-known brands include Smirnoff vodka and Guinness stout, it already has a US winemaking arm - Diageo Chateau & Estate Wines. Diageo said it expects to get US regulatory approval for the deal during the first quarter of 2005. It said Chalone would be integrated into its existing US wine business.
+
+"The US wine market represents a growth opportunity for Diageo, with favourable demographic and consumption trends," said Diageo North America president Ivan Menezes. In July, Diageo, which is listed on the London Stock Exchange, reported an annual turnover of £8.89bn, down from £9.28bn a year earlier. It blamed a weaker dollar for its lower turnover. In the year ending 31 December 2003, Chalone reported revenues of $69.4m.
diff --git a/business/business_6.txt b/business/business_6.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fe0dbf3fbb993d4b935bd67e73e7d15315c7f1a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_6.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+US adds more jobs than expected
+
+The US economy added 337,000 jobs in October - a seven-month high and far more than Wall Street expectations.
+
+In a welcome economic boost for newly re-elected President George W Bush, the Labor Department figures come after a slow summer of weak jobs gains. Jobs were created in every sector of the US economy except manufacturing. While the separate unemployment rate went up to 5.5% from 5.4% in September, this was because more people were now actively seeking work.
+
+The 337,000 new jobs added to US payrolls in October was twice the 169,000 figure that Wall Street economists had forecast. In addition, the Labor Department revised up the number of jobs created in the two previous months - to 139,000 in September instead of 96,000, and to 198,000 in August instead of 128,000. The better than expected jobs data had an immediate upward effect on stocks in New York, with the main Dow Jones index gaining 45.4 points to 10,360 by late morning trading. "It looks like the job situation is improving and that this will support consumer spending going into the holidays, and offset some of the drag caused by high oil prices this year," said economist Gary Thayer of AG Edwards & Sons.
+
+Other analysts said the upbeat jobs data made it more likely that the US Federal Reserve would increase interest rates by a quarter of a percentage point to 2% when it meets next week. "It should empower the Fed to clearly do something," said Robert MacIntosh, chief economist with Eaton Vance Management in Boston. Kathleen Utgoff, commissioner of the Bureau of Labor, said many of the 71,000 new construction jobs added in October were involved in rebuilding and clean-up work in Florida, and neighbouring Deep South states, following four hurricanes in August and September. The dollar rose temporarily on the job creation news before falling back to a new record low against the euro, as investors returned their attention to other economic factors, such as the US's record trade deficit. There is also speculation that President Bush will deliberately try to keep the dollar low in order to assist a growth in exports.
diff --git a/business/business_60.txt b/business/business_60.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ef623022a75c61c86ca8a108d2dc6712c47613fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_60.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Indy buys into India paper
+
+Irish publishing group Independent News & Media is buying up a 26% stake in Indian newspaper company Jagran in a deal worth 25m euros ($34.1m).
+
+Jagran publishes India's top-selling daily newspaper, the Hindi-language Dainik Jagran, which has been in circulation for 62 years. News of the deal came as the group announced that its results would meet market forecasts. The company reported strong revenue growth across all its major markets.
+
+Group advertising revenues were up over 10% year-on-year, the group said, with overall circulation revenues are expected to increase almost 10% year-on-year. This was helped by the positive impact of "compact" newspaper editions in Ireland and the UK, it said. "2004 has proven to be an important year for Independent News & Media," said chief executive Sir Anthony O'Reilly. "Our simple aim at Independent is to be the low cost producer in every region in which we operate. I am confident that we will show a meaningful increase in earnings for 2005."
+
+Meanwhile, the group made no comment about the future of the Independent newspaper despite recent speculation that Sir Anthony had held talks with potential buyers over a stake in the daily publication. He has consistently denied suggestions that the Independent and the Independent on Sunday are up for sale. Buy it is understood that the recent success of the smaller edition of the Independent, which has pushed circulation up by 20% to 260,000, has prompted interest from industry rivals, with Daily Mail & General Trust tipped as the most likely suitor. The loss-making newspaper is not expected to reach break-even until 2006.
diff --git a/business/business_61.txt b/business/business_61.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9c9ad0cbe0dc374b6895d856b55b237650c75a26
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_61.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+House prices drop as sales slow
+
+House prices fell further in November and property sale times lengthened as rate rises took their toll, the Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors found.
+
+A total of 48% of chartered surveyor estate agents reported lower prices in the three months to November - the highest level in 12 years. Meanwhile the number of sales dropped 32% to an average of 22 per surveyor. The amount of unsold properties on their books rose for the sixth month in a row to an average of 67 properties. "The slowdown occurring in the market has given buyers more power to negotiate, but this time of year is traditionally a quiet one," RICS housing spokesman Ian Perry said. "The decision by the Bank of England not to increase interest rates further and the healthy economy is allowing confidence to consolidate."
+
+The figures support recent data from the government and other bodies which all point to a slowdown in the housing market. On Monday, the Council of Mortgage Lenders, British Bankers Association and Building Societies Association all said mortgage lending was slowing. The figures were published as another survey by property website Rightmove said the average asking price of a home fell by more than £600 from £190,329 in November to £189,733 in December. Around the UK, the Midlands and South saw the biggest price falls, while London prices fell but at less than the national rate. In Scotland, where prices have remained on an upward path, increases were more "moderate", RICS added. But the news failed to dent confidence that sales will recover in future, with surveyors at their most optimistic in a year - as new purchase inquiries stabilised despite holding at lower levels. "Sales usually pick up in the New Year and I am confident this year will be no exception," Mr Perry added. Looking ahead, the group is anticipating a quiet start to 2005 with the market picking up in the second half - prompting a 3% rise in prices over the coming 12 months.
diff --git a/business/business_62.txt b/business/business_62.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5d441abf49bfd186cc171c4738564aadcff6bb22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_62.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+Banker loses sexism claim
+
+A former executive at the London offices of Merrill Lynch has lost her £7.5m ($14.6m) sex discrimination case against the US investment bank.
+
+An employment tribunal dismissed Stephanie Villalba's allegations of sexual discrimination and unequal pay. But the 42-year-old won her claim of unfair dismissal, resulting from her sacking in August 2003. Her partial victory is likely to cap her compensation to about £55,000, a tiny fraction of what she asked for. The extent of damages will be assessed in the New Year. The action - the biggest claim heard by an employment tribunal in the UK - had been viewed as something of a test case.
+
+The tribunal decided that Ms Villalba had been unfairly dismissed because, having been removed from a senior post, she was entitled to wait to see if a suitable alternative position could be found in the organisation. Ms Villalba, the former head of Merrill's private client business in Europe, has made no decision on whether to appeal.
+
+A spokesman for her lawyers described the decision as "very disappointing", but pointed to some criticism of Merrill's procedures within the lengthy judgement. The tribunal upheld Ms Villalba's claim of victimisation on certain specific issues, including bullying e-mails in connection with a contract, but said it found no evidence of "laddish culture" at the bank. "We said from the start that this case was about performance not gender," Merrill said in a statement. "Ms Villalba was removed by the very same person who had promoted her into the position and who then replaced her with another woman. "Merrill Lynch is dedicated to creating a true meritocracy where every employee has the opportunity to advance based on their skills and hard work."
+
+Based in London's financial district, Ms Villalba worked for Merrill's global private client business in Europe, investing funds for some of Merrill's most important customers. But in 2003 her employers told her she had no future after 17 years with the company, and she was made redundant. Merrill Lynch denied Ms Villalba's claims and said she was removed from her post because of the extensive losses the firm was suffering on the continent. The firm had told the tribunal that Ms Villalba's division had been losing about $1m a week. Merrill said Ms Villalba lacked the leadership skills to turn around the unit.
diff --git a/business/business_63.txt b/business/business_63.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c6a69ae38ae7d962ab933c400843731bb860c57e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_63.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Rover deal 'may cost 2,000 jobs'
+
+Some 2,000 jobs at MG Rover's Midlands plant may be cut if investment in the firm by a Chinese car maker goes ahead, the Financial Times has reported.
+
+Shanghai Automotive Industry Corp plans to shift production of the Rover 25 to China and export it to the UK, sources close to the negotiations tell the FT. But Rover told BBC News that reports of job cuts were "speculation". A tie-up, seen as Rover's last chance to save its Longbridge plant, has been pushed by UK Chancellor Gordon Brown. Rover confirmed the tie-up would take place "not very far away from this time".
+
+Rover bosses have said they are "confident" the £1bn ($1.9bn) investment deal would be signed in March or early April.
+
+Transport & General Worker's Union general secretary Tony Woodley repeated his view on Friday that all mergers led to some job cuts. He said investment in new models was needed to ensure the future of the Birmingham plant. "This is a very crucial and delicate time and our efforts are targeted to securing new models for the company which will mean jobs for our people," he said. SAIC says none of its money will be paid to the four owners of Rover, who have been accused by unions of awarding themselves exorbitant salaries, the FT reports. "SAIC is extremely concerned to ensure that its money is used to invest in the business rather than be distributed to the shareholders," the newspaper quotes a source close to the Chinese firm. Meanwhile, according to Chinese state press reports, small state-owned carmaker Nanjing Auto is in negotiations with Rover and SAIC to take a 20% stake in the joint venture. SAIC was unavailable for comment on the job cuts when contacted by BBC News. Rover and SAIC signed a technology-sharing agreement in August.
diff --git a/business/business_64.txt b/business/business_64.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8a7a153c885583a83742692b45c5157a39581f0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_64.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Jarvis sells Tube stake to Spain
+
+Shares in engineering group Jarvis have soared more than 16% on news that it is offloading its stake in London underground consortium Tube Lines.
+
+The sale of the 33% stake to Spain's Ferrovial for £146m ($281m) is a lifeline to Jarvis, which was weighed down by debts of more than £230m. The company recently warned it could go under if it did not secure a refinancing deal by mid-January 2005. But now its banks have agreed to extend its credit facilities until March 2006.
+
+The company also said it had agreed terms over the completion of 14 of its biggest construction projects under the government's Private Finance Initiative (PFI).
+
+Jarvis wants to scale back the division, which has proved too costly and has been blamed for many of its problems. Instead, it plans to focus on UK rail renewal, roads and plant hire work. Madrid-based Ferrovial already holds a 33% stake in Tube Lines, which maintains the Jubilee, Northern and Piccadilly lines. The Spanish group has been keen to snap up more UK infrastructure assets, having bought Amey in 2003. Jarvis said the sale, which raked in more than the £100m analysts had expected, would "substantially" enhance its financial position. "I am now confident that we can now move forward in 2005 towards rebuilding Jarvis and return it to growth as a profitable business," said chief executive Alan Lovell. Shares in Jarvis were up more than 16% to 18 pence by the close of trade on Friday.
diff --git a/business/business_65.txt b/business/business_65.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d9115f263abd40c1bc1a8a8dc3b63deb039355f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_65.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+Battered dollar hits another low
+
+The dollar has fallen to a new record low against the euro after data fuelled fresh concerns about the US economy.
+
+The greenback hit $1.3516 in thin New York trade, before rallying to $1.3509. The dollar has weakened sharply since September when it traded about $1.20, amid continuing worries over the levels of the US trade and budget deficits. Meanwhile, France's finance minister has said the world faced "economic catastrophe" unless the US worked with Europe and Asia on currency controls. Herve Gaymard said he would seek action on the issue at the next meeting of G7 countries in February. Ministers from European and Asian governments have recently called on the US to strengthen the dollar, saying the excessively high value of the euro was starting to hurt their export-driven economies. "It's absolutely essential that at the meeting of the G7 our American friends understand that we need coordinated management at the world level," said Mr Gaymard.
+
+Thursday's new low for the dollar came after data was released showing year-on-year sales of new homes in the US had fallen 12% in November - with some analysts saying this could indicate problems ahead for consumer activity.
+
+Commerce Department data also showed consumer spending - which drives two thirds of the US economy - grew just 0.2% last month. The figure was weaker than forecast - and fell short of the 0.8% rise in October. The official US policy is that it supports a strong dollar but many market observers believe it is happy to let the dollar fall because of the boost to its exporters.
+
+The US government has faced pressure from exporter organisations which have publicly stated the currency still has further to fall from "abnormal and dangerous heights" set in 2002. The US says it will let market forces determine the dollar's strength rather than intervene directly. Statements from President Bush in recent weeks highlighting his aim to cut the twin US deficits have prompted slight upturns in the currency. But while some observers said the quiet trade on Thursday had exacerbated small moves in the market, most agree the underlying trend remains downwards. The dollar has now fallen for a third consecutive year and analysts are forecasting a further, albeit less dramatic weakening, in 2005. "I can see it finishing the year around $1.35 and we can see that it's going to be a steady track upward for the euro/dollar in 2005, finishing the year around $1.40," said Adrian Hughes, currency strategist with HSBC in London.
diff --git a/business/business_66.txt b/business/business_66.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..85040b9f79e6990d8c38d21aa229c23c131a65fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_66.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+Disaster claims 'less than $10bn'
+
+Insurers have sought to calm fears that they face huge losses after an earthquake and giant waves killed at least 38,000 people in southern Asia.
+
+Munich Re and Swiss Re, the world's two biggest reinsurers, have said exposure will be less than for other disasters. Rebuilding costs are likely to be cheaper than in developed countries, and many of those affected will not have insurance, analysts said. Swiss Re has said total claims are likely to be less than $10bn (£5.17bn). Swiss Re believes that the cost would be substantial but that it is unlikely to be in double-digit billions, the Financial Times reported. Munich Re, the world's largest reinsurance company, said that its exposure is less than 100m euros (£70m; $136m).
+
+At least 10 countries have been affected, with Sri Lanka, Indonesia, India and Thailand among the worst hit. The region's resorts and Western tourists are expected to be among the main claimants.
+
+Lloyds of London told the Financial Times it expected its exposure to be limited to "holiday resorts, personal accident, travel insurance and marine risks". A spokeswoman for Hanover Re, Europe's fifth-largest reinsurance firm, estimated tsunami-related damage claims would be in the low double-digit millions of euros. The company has paid out about 300 million euros (£281m; $400m) to cover damage caused recently by four major hurricanes in the US.
+
+But insurers have not had long to assess the economic impact of the damage and reports of more casualties and destruction are still coming through.
+
+"So many things are unclear, it is just too early to tell," said Serge Troeber, deputy head of Swiss Re's natural disasters department. "You need very complicated processes to estimate damages. Unlike the hurricanes, you can't just run a model." He anticipated that his own company's total claims would be less then those from the hurricanes, which the company put at $640m. Allianz, a leading German insurer, said it did not know yet what its exposure would be. However, it said the tidal waves were unlikely to have a "significant" impact on its business. Zurich Financial said they could not yet assess the cost of the disaster.
+
+The impact on US insurance companies is not expected to be heavy, analysts said.
+
+Most US insurers have relatively little exposure to Asia and those that do, pass on a lot of the risk to reinsurance companies or special catastrophe funds. Insured damage could be a fraction of the "billions of dollars worth of destruction in Sri Lanka, India, Thailand, Indonesia, the Maldive Islands and Malaysia," said Prudential Equity Group insurance analyst Jay Gelb. "US insurers are likely to have only minimal to no exposure. It's more likely the Bermuda-based reinsurance [companies] might have some exposure," said Paul Newsome, an insurance analyst at AG Edwards & Co.
+
+Many of the affected countries, such as Indonesia, Sri Lanka or the Maldives, do not usually buy insurance for these kinds of disasters, said a US-based insurance expert. Early estimates from the World Bank put the amount of aid needed for the worst affected countries including Sri Lanka, India, Indonesia and Thailand, at about $5bn (£2.6bn), similar to the cash offered to Central America after Hurricane Mitch.
+
+Mitch killed about 10,000 people and caused damage of about $10bn in 1998. But the cost of the tsunamis on the individuals involved is incalculable. "We cannot fathom the cost of these poor societies and the nameless fishermen and fishing villages ... that have just been wiped out. Hundreds of thousands of livelihoods have gone," said Jan Egeland, head of the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. Tourists cutting short their holidays in affected areas may suffer a financial impact too. The Association of British insurers warned that travel insurance does not normally cover cutting short a holiday. It said loss of possessions will usually be covered, but the Association stressed the importance of checking the wording of travel policies.
diff --git a/business/business_67.txt b/business/business_67.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e678bc9e1be357f30d03248db48db9a8eccea40b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_67.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Dollar hits new low versus euro
+
+The US dollar has continued its record-breaking slide and has tumbled to a new low against the euro.
+
+Investors are betting that the European Central Bank (ECB) will not do anything to weaken the euro, while the US is thought to favour a declining dollar. The US is struggling with a ballooning trade deficit and analysts said one of the easiest ways to fund it was by allowing a depreciation of the dollar. They have predicted that the dollar is likely to fall even further.
+
+The US currency was trading at $1.364 per euro at 1800 GMT on Monday. This compares with $1.354 to the euro in late trading in New York on Friday, which was then a record low.
+
+The dollar has weakened sharply since September when it traded about $1.20 against the euro. It has lost 7% this year, while against the Japanese yen it is down 3.2%. Traders said that thin trading levels had amplified Monday's move. "It's not going to take much to push [the dollar] one way or the other," said Grant Wilson of Mellon Bank. Liquidity - a measure of the number of parties willing to trade in the market - was about half that of a normal working day, traders said.
diff --git a/business/business_68.txt b/business/business_68.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..26b81cfc45587cfe892fc6c5359ed112c935206c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_68.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Israeli economy picking up pace
+
+Israel's economy is forecast to grow by 4.2% in 2004 as it continues to emerge from a three-year recession.
+
+The main driver of the faster-than-expected expansion has been exports, with tourism seeing a strong rebound, the statistical office said. The economy is benefiting from a quieter period in Palestinian-Israeli violence and a pick-up in global demand for technology products. The outlook is better than it has been for a number of years, analysts said.
+
+Many companies have focused on cost cutting and greater efficiency, while the government has been trying to trim public spending and push through reforms. The growth figures come about despite a strike earlier this year by about 400,000 public sector worker which closed banks, hospitals, postal services and transport facilities. Growth did slow in the second half, but only slightly. Exports for the year rose by 14%, while tourist revenues were up by 30%. Imports gained by 13%, signalling that domestic demand has picked up again. In 2003, imports declined by 1.8%. In 2003, the economy expanded by 1.3%
diff --git a/business/business_69.txt b/business/business_69.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ab45bb5f876e9cce60d2af87f1a424e02e71fda9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_69.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+US gives foreign firms extra time
+
+Foreign firms have been given an extra year to meet tough new corporate governance regulations imposed by the US stock market watchdog.
+
+The Securities and Exchange Commission has extended the deadline to get in line with the rules until 15 July 2006. Many foreign firms had protested that the SEC was imposing an unfair burden. The new rules are the result of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, part of the US clean-up after corporate scandals such as Enron and Worldcom. Section 404 of the Sox Act, as the legislation is nicknamed, calls for all firms to certify that their financial reporting is in line with US rules. Big US firms already have to meet the requirements, but smaller ones and foreign-based firms which list their shares on US stock markets originally had until the middle of this year.
+
+Over the past few months, delegations of European and other business leaders have been heading to the SEC's Washington DC headquarters to protest. They say the burden is too expensive and the timescale too short and some, particularly the UK's CBI, warned that companies would choose to let their US listings drop rather than get in line with section 404. The latest delegation from the CBI met SEC officials on Wednesday, just before the decision to relax the deadline was announced. "I think this signifies a change of heart at the SEC," CBI director-general Sir Digby Jones told the BBC's Today programme. "They have been listening to us and to many overseas companies, who have reminded America what globalisation really means: that they can't make these rules in isolation." The SEC said it had taken into consideration the fact that foreign companies were already working to meet more onerous financial reporting rules in their home countries. The European Union, in particular, was imposing new international financial reporting standards in 2005, it noted. "I don't underestimate the effort (compliance) will require... but this extension will provide additional time for those issuers to take a good hard look at their internal controls," said Donald Nicolaisen, the SEC's chief accountant.
diff --git a/business/business_7.txt b/business/business_7.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c155ae37ac8a7bbed9b4e943f5d4e7159cfb3a9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_7.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+German jobless rate at new record
+
+More than 5.2 million Germans were out of work in February, new figures show.
+
+The figure of 5.216 million people, or 12.6% of the working-age population, is the highest jobless rate in Europe's biggest economy since the 1930s. The news comes as the head of Germany's panel of government economic advisers predicted growth would again stagnate. Speaking on German TV, Bert Ruerup said the panel's earlier forecast of 1.4% was too optimistic and warned growth would be just 1% in 2005.
+
+The German government is trying to tackle the stubbornly-high levels of joblessness with a range of labour market reforms. At their centre is the "Hartz-IV" programme introduced in January to shake up welfare benefits and push people back into work - even if some of the jobs are heavily subsidised. The latest unemployment figures look set to increase the pressure on the government. Widely leaked to the German newspapers a day in advance, they produced screaming headlines criticising Chancellor Gerhard Schroeder's Social Democrat-Green Party administration. Mr Schroeder had originally come into office promising to halve unemployment.
+
+Still, some measures suggest the picture is not quite so bleak. The soaring official unemployment figure follows a change in the methodology which pushed up the jobless rate by more than 500,000 in January. Adjusted for seasonal changes, the overall unemployment rate is 4.875 million people or 11.7%, up 0.3 percentage points from the previous month. Using the most internationally-accepted methodology of the International Labour Organisation (ILO), Germany had 3.97 million people out of work in January. And ILO-based figures also suggest that 14,000 new net jobs were created that month, taking the number of people employed to 38.9 million. The ILO defines an unemployed person as someone who in the previous four weeks had actively looked for work they could take up immediately.
diff --git a/business/business_70.txt b/business/business_70.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9957fb4f6e173ef2eafc5299cbd2d82c0109e731
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_70.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Record year for Chilean copper
+
+Chile's copper industry has registered record earnings of $14.2bn in 2004, the governmental Chilean Copper Commission (Cochilco) has reported.
+
+Strong demand from China's fast-growing economy and high prices have fuelled production, said Cochilco vice president Patricio Cartagena. He added that the boom has allowed the government to collect $950m in taxes. Mr Cartagena said the industry expects to see investment worth $10bn over the next three years.
+
+"With these investments, clearly we are going to continue being the principle actor in the mining of copper. It's a consolidation of the industry with new projects and expansions that will support greater production." Australia's BHP Billiton - which operates La Escondida, the world's largest open pit copper mine - is planning to invest $1.9bn between now and 2007, while state-owned Codelco will spend about $1bn on various projects. Chile, the biggest copper producer in the world, is now analyzing ways of to keep prices stable at their current high levels, without killing off demand or leading customers to look for substitutes for copper. The copper price reached a 16-year high in October 2004. Production in Chile is expected rise 3.5% in 2005 to 5.5 million tonnes, said Mr Cartagena. Cochilco expects for 2005 a slight reduction on copper prices and forecasts export earnings will fall 10.7%.
diff --git a/business/business_71.txt b/business/business_71.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9b3809776a23e4910c190dce47cd13b18f577f97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_71.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+US consumer confidence up
+
+Consumers' confidence in the state of the US economy is at its highest for five months and they are optimistic about 2005, an influential survey says.
+
+The feel-good factor among US consumers rose in December for the first time since July according to new data. The Conference Board survey of 5,000 households pointed to renewed optimism about job creation and economic growth. US retailers have reported strong sales over the past 10 days after a slow start to the crucial festive season.
+
+According to figures also released on Tuesday, sales in shopping malls in the week to 25 December were 4.3% higher than in 2003 following a last minute rush. Wal-Mart, the largest US retailer, has said its December sales are expected to be better than previously forecast because of strong post-Christmas sales.
+
+It is expecting annual sales growth of between 1% and 3% for the month. Consumer confidence figures are considered a key economic indicator because consumer spending accounts for about two thirds of all economic activity in the United States. "The continuing economic expansion, combined with job growth, has consumers ending this year on a high note," said Lynn Franco, director of the Conference Board's consumer research centre. "And consumers' outlook suggests that the economy will continue to expand in the first half of next year." The overall US economy has performed strongly in recent months, prompting the Federal Reserve to increase interest rates five times since June.
diff --git a/business/business_72.txt b/business/business_72.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..567b9b0703222304af9278c6b5ed52d02a48ffdd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_72.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Cash gives way to flexible friend
+
+Spending on credit and debit cards has overtaken cash spending in the UK for the first time.
+
+The moment that plastic finally toppled cash happened at 10.38am on Wednesday, according to the Association for Payment Clearing Services (Apacs) Apacs chose school teacher Helen Carroll, from Portsmouth, to make the historic transaction. The switch over took place as she paid for her groceries in the supermarket chain Tesco's Cromwell Road branch.
+
+Mrs Carroll was born in the same year that plastic cards first appeared in the UK. "I pay for most things with my debit card, with occasional purchases on one of my credit cards," said Mrs Carroll, who teaches at Peel Common Infants School in Gosport.
+
+Spending patterns for the year and estimates for December led Apacs to conclude that 10.38am was the time that plastic would finally rule the roost. Shoppers in the UK are expected to put £269bn on plastic cards during the whole of 2004, compared with £268bn paid with cash, Apacs said. When the first plastic cards appeared in the UK in June 1966, issued by Barclaycard, but only a handful of retailers accepted them and very few customers held them. "But in less than 40 years, plastic has become our most popular way to pay, due to the added security and flexibility it offers," said Apacs spokeswoman Jemma Smith. "The key driver has been the introduction of debit cards, which now account for two-thirds of plastic card transactions and are used by millions of us every day."
diff --git a/business/business_73.txt b/business/business_73.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c43cd0c7375635231a56e5c66c42b8090c32df96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_73.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Japanese mogul arrested for fraud
+
+One of Japan's best-known businessmen was arrested on Thursday on charges of falsifying shareholder information and selling shares based on the false data.
+
+Yoshiaki Tsutsumi was once ranked as the world's richest man and ran a business spanning hotels, railways, construction and a baseball team. His is the latest in a series of arrests of top executives in Japan over business scandals. He was taken away in a van outside one of his Prince hotels in Tokyo.
+
+There was a time when Mr Tsutsumi seemed untouchable. Inheriting a large property business from his father in the 1960s, he became one of Japan's most powerful industrialists, with close connections to many of the country's leading politicians. He used his wealth and influence to bring the Winter Olympic Games to Nagano in 1998. But last year, he was forced to resign from all the posts he held in his business empire, after being accused of falsifying the share-ownership structure of Seibu Railways, one of his companies. Under Japanese stock market rules, no listed company can be more than 80% owned by its 10 largest shareholders. Now Mr Tsutsumi faces criminal charges and the possibility of a prison sentence because he made it look as if the 10 biggest shareholders owned less than this amount. Seibu Railways has been delisted from the stock exchange, its share value has plunged and it is the target of a takeover bid.
+
+Mr Tsutsumi's fall from grace follows the arrests of several other top executives in Japan as the authorities try to curb the murky business practices which were once widespread in Japanese companies. His determination to stay at the top at all costs may have had its roots in his childhood. The illegitimate third son of a rich father, who made his money buying up property as Japan rebuilt after World War II, he has described the demands his father made. "I felt enormous pressure when I dined with him and it was nothing but pain," Tsutsumi told a weekly magazine in 1987. "He scolded me for pouring too much soy sauce or told me fruit was not for children. He didn't let me use the silk futon, saying it's a luxury." There have been corporate governance issues at some other Japanese companies too. Last year, twelve managers from Mitsubishi Motors were charged with covering up safety defects in their vehicles and three executives from Japan's troubled UFJ bank were charged with concealing the extent of the bank's bad loans.
diff --git a/business/business_74.txt b/business/business_74.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..63231449a02599ebc015fd4785c51f82be9438a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_74.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Oil rebounds from weather effect
+
+Oil prices recovered in Asian trade on Tuesday, after falling in New York on milder winter weather across the US.
+
+With winter temperatures staying relatively high in the northern US, a barrel of light crude ended Monday down $1.33 to $42.12. However crude prices have rebounded in Asia, rising to $42.30 a barrel for February delivery. In London, trading of Brent crude was suspended for a public holiday, but the price fell to $39.20 in the Far East.
+
+With milder temperatures expected to continue in the northern parts of the US over the next few days at least, analysts have said the price of oil may fall further - even if the decline was only temporary. "Weather has been the Achilles' heel of this market," said ABN AMRO analyst John Brady. "But it is winter in the northeast. Eventually we'll get another cold blast." Despite a fall of more than $12 a barrel from the record highs reached in late October, the price of crude oil remains almost 30% higher than year-ago levels. Prices rose last week after militant attacks in Riyadh, the capital of Saudi Arabia, briefly renewed fears that the supply chain might be broken in the world's leading crude exporter. "The market was panicked but fears essentially evaporated... since there was no follow-up," said Deborah White, senior economist for energy at SG Securities in Paris.
diff --git a/business/business_75.txt b/business/business_75.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..436b64d6b432dac32540b02cb881a71457f806cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_75.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+Weak end-of-year sales hit Next
+
+Next has said its annual profit will be £5m lower than previously expected because its end-of-year clearance sale has proved disappointing.
+
+"Clearance rates in our end-of-season sale have been below our expectations," the company said. The High Street retailer said it now expected to report annual profits of between £415m and £425m ($779m-798m). Next's shares fell more than 3% following the release of the trading statement.
+
+Next chief executive Simon Wolfson admitted that festive sales were "below where we would expect a normal Christmas to be", but said sales should still top analyst expectations.
+
+Among areas where Next could have done better, Mr Wolfson said menswear ranges were "a little bit too similar to the previous year". Mr Wolfson also said that disappointing pre-Christmas sales were "more to do with the fact that we went in with too much stock rather than (the fact that) demand wasn't there for the stock". Next's like-for-like store sales in the five months from 3 August to 24 December were up 2.9% on a year earlier. This figure is for existing Next stores, which were unaffected by new Next store openings. Like-for-like sales growth at the 49 Next stores directly affected by new store openings in their locality was 0.5%.
+
+Overall sales across both its retail and mail order divisions were up 12.4%, Next said. Its Next Directory mail order division saw sales rise 13.4% during the five-month period. "In terms of all the worries about their trading pre-Christmas, it's a result," said Nick Bubb, an analyst at Evolution Securities. "Profits of around £420m would be well within the comfort zone." However, one dealer, who asked not to be named, told Reuters the seasonal sales performance was "not what people had hoped for". "Christmas has been tough for the whole sector, and this is one of the best retailers," he said. Next's trading statement comes a day after House of Fraser and Woolworths disappointed investors with their figures.
diff --git a/business/business_76.txt b/business/business_76.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..420c0de2792256cbdabf3f5cc77857b34e7ac924
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_76.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Tate & Lyle boss bags top award
+
+Tate & Lyle's chief executive has been named European Businessman of the Year by a leading business magazine.
+
+Iain Ferguson was awarded the title by US publication Forbes for returning one of the UK's "venerable" manufacturers to the country's top 100 companies. The sugar group had been absent from the FTSE 100 for seven years until Mr Ferguson helped it return to growth. Tate's shares have leapt 55% this year, boosted by firming sugar prices and sales of its artificial sweeteners.
+
+"After years of a sagging stock price and a seven-year hiatus from the FTSE 100, one of Britain's venerable manufacturers has returned to the vaunted index," Forbes said. Mr Ferguson took the helm at the company in 2003, after spending most of his career at consumer goods giant Unilever. Tate & Lyle, which was an original member of the historic FT-30 index in 1935, operates more than 41 factories and 20 more additional production facilities in 28 countries. Previous winners of the Forbes award include Royal Bank of Scotland chief executive Fred Goodwin and former Vodafone boss Chris Gent.
diff --git a/business/business_77.txt b/business/business_77.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a633301fc7b3ec5cd97476909d376cfd83ef6ced
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_77.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+Deutsche Boerse set to 'woo' LSE
+
+Bosses of Deutsche Boerse and the London Stock Exchange are to meet amid talk that a takeover bid for the LSE will be raised to £1.5bn ($2.9bn).
+
+Last month, the German exchange tabled a 530 pence-per-share offer for LSE, valuing it at £1.3bn. Paris-based Euronext, owner of Liffe in London, has also said it is interested in bidding for LSE. Euronext is due to hold talks with LSE this week and it is reported to be ready to raise £1.4bn to fund a bid. Euronext chief Jean-Francois Theodore is scheduled to meet his LSE counterpart Clara Furse on Friday. Deutsche Boerse chief Werner Seifert is meeting Ms Furse on Thursday, in the third meeting between the two exchanges since the bid approach in December.
+
+The LSE rejected Deutsche Boerse's proposed £1.3bn offer in December, saying it undervalued the business.
+
+But it agreed to leave the door open for talks to find out whether a "significantly-improved proposal" would be in the interests of LSE's shareholders and customers. In the meantime, Euronext, which combines the Paris, Amsterdam and Lisbon stock exchanges, also began talks with the LSE. In a statement on Thursday, Euronext said any offer was likely to be solely in cash, but added that: "There can be no assurances at this stage that any offer will be made." A deal with either bidder would create the biggest stock market operator in Europe and the second biggest in the world after the New York Stock Exchange.
+
+According to the FT, in its latest meeting Deutsche Boerse will adopt a charm offensive to woo the London exchange. The newspaper said the German suitor will offer to manage a combined cash and equities market out of London and let Ms Furse take the helm. Other reports this week said the Deutsche Boerse might even consider selling its Luxembourg-based Clearstream unit - the clearing house that processes securities transactions. Its ownership of Clearstream was seen as the main stumbling block to a London-Frankfurt merger. LSE shareholders feared a Deutsche Boerse takeover would force them to use Clearstream, making it difficult for them to negotiate for lower transaction fees.
diff --git a/business/business_78.txt b/business/business_78.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f03a2c146edd870077e3e6086ecfda1653b62b92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_78.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+High fuel prices hit BA's profits
+
+British Airways has blamed high fuel prices for a 40% drop in profits.
+
+Reporting its results for the three months to 31 December 2004, the airline made a pre-tax profit of £75m ($141m) compared with £125m a year earlier. Rod Eddington, BA's chief executive, said the results were "respectable" in a third quarter when fuel costs rose by £106m or 47.3%. BA's profits were still better than market expectation of £59m, and it expects a rise in full-year revenues.
+
+To help offset the increased price of aviation fuel, BA last year introduced a fuel surcharge for passengers.
+
+In October, it increased this from £6 to £10 one-way for all long-haul flights, while the short-haul surcharge was raised from £2.50 to £4 a leg. Yet aviation analyst Mike Powell of Dresdner Kleinwort Wasserstein says BA's estimated annual surcharge revenues - £160m - will still be way short of its additional fuel costs - a predicted extra £250m. Turnover for the quarter was up 4.3% to £1.97bn, further benefiting from a rise in cargo revenue. Looking ahead to its full year results to March 2005, BA warned that yields - average revenues per passenger - were expected to decline as it continues to lower prices in the face of competition from low-cost carriers. However, it said sales would be better than previously forecast. "For the year to March 2005, the total revenue outlook is slightly better than previous guidance with a 3% to 3.5% improvement anticipated," BA chairman Martin Broughton said. BA had previously forecast a 2% to 3% rise in full-year revenue.
+
+It also reported on Friday that passenger numbers rose 8.1% in January. Aviation analyst Nick Van den Brul of BNP Paribas described BA's latest quarterly results as "pretty modest". "It is quite good on the revenue side and it shows the impact of fuel surcharges and a positive cargo development, however, operating margins down and cost impact of fuel are very strong," he said. Since the 11 September 2001 attacks in the United States, BA has cut 13,000 jobs as part of a major cost-cutting drive. "Our focus remains on reducing controllable costs and debt whilst continuing to invest in our products," Mr Eddington said. "For example, we have taken delivery of six Airbus A321 aircraft and next month we will start further improvements to our Club World flat beds." BA's shares closed up four pence at 274.5 pence.
diff --git a/business/business_79.txt b/business/business_79.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..db8f9b6d2099d7e019f9b3050ab9cfefea2da6a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_79.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+US interest rate rise expected
+
+US interest rates are expected to rise for the fifth time since June following the US Federal Reserve's latest rate-setting meeting later on Tuesday.
+
+Borrowing costs are tipped to rise by a quarter of a percentage point to 2.25%. The move comes as a recovery in the US economy, the world's biggest, shows signs of robustness and sustainability. The dollar's record-breaking decline, meanwhile, has spooked markets and along with high oil prices has raised concerns about the pace of inflation. "We are seeing evidence that inflation is moving higher," said Ken Kim, an analyst at Stone & McCarthy Research. "It's not a risk, it's actually happening." Mr Kim added that borrowing costs could rise further.
+
+The Fed has said that it will move in a "measured" way to combat price growth and lift interest rates from their 40-year lows that were prompted by sluggish US and global growth.
+
+With the economic picture now looking more rosy, the Fed has implemented quarter percentage point rises in June, August, September and November. Although the US economy grew at an annual rate of 3.9% in the three months to September, analysts warn that Fed has to be careful not to move too aggressively and take the wind out of the recovery's sails. Earlier this month figures showed that job creation is still weak, while consumer confidence is subdued. "I think the Fed feels it has a fair amount of flexibility," said David Berson, chief economist at Fannie Mae. "While inflation has moved up, it hasn't moved up a lot." "If economic growth should subside... the Fed would feel it has the flexibility to pause in its tightening. "But if economic growth picked up and caused core inflation to rise a little more quickly, I think the Fed would be prepared to tighten more quickly as well."
diff --git a/business/business_8.txt b/business/business_8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a1f25e74a9da177ba14cb1d277da519e66848cec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Weak dollar trims Cadbury profits
+
+The world's biggest confectionery firm, Cadbury Schweppes, has reported a modest rise in profits after the weak dollar took a bite out of its results.
+
+Underlying pre-tax profits rose 1% to £933m ($1.78bn) in 2004, but would have been 8% higher if currency movements were stripped out. The owner of brands such as Dairy Milk, Dr Pepper and Snapple generates more than 80% of its sales outside the UK. Cadbury said it was confident it would hit its targets for 2005. "While the external commercial environment remains competitive, we are confident that we have the strategy, brands and people to deliver within our goal ranges in 2005," said chief executive Todd Stitzer.
+
+The modest profit rise had been expected by analysts after the company said in December that the poor summer weather had hit soft drink sales in Europe.
+
+Cadbury said its underlying sales were up by 4% in 2004. Growth was helped by its confectionery brands - including Cadbury, Trident and Halls - which enjoyed a "successful" year, with like-for-like sales up 6%. Drinks sales were up 2% with strong growth in US carbonated soft drinks, led by Dr Pepper and diet drinks, offset by the weaker sales in Europe. Cadbury added that its Fuel for Growth cost-cutting programme had saved £75m in 2004, bringing total cost savings to £100m since the scheme began in mid-2003. The programme is set to close 20% of the group's factories and shed 10% of the workforce. Cadbury Schweppes employs more than 50,000 people worldwide, with about 7,000 in the UK.
diff --git a/business/business_80.txt b/business/business_80.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..810e224a490721dade7fdce01c481eed083414b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_80.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Continental 'may run out of cash'
+
+Shares in Continental Airlines have tumbled after the firm warned it could run out of cash.
+
+In a filing to US regulators the airline warned of "inadequate liquidity" if it fails to reduce wage costs by $500m by the end of February. Continental also said that, if it did not make any cuts, it expects to lose "hundreds of millions of dollars" in 2005 in current market conditions. Failure to make cutbacks may also push it to reduce its fleet, the group said. Shares in the fifth biggest US carrier had fallen 6.87% on the news to $10.44 by 1830 GMT. "Without the reduction in wage and benefit costs and a reasonable prospect of future profitability, we believe that our ability to raise additional money through financings would be uncertain," Continental said in its filing to the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).
+
+Airlines have faced tough conditions in recent years, amid terrorism fears since the 11 September World Trade Centre attack in 2001. But despite passengers returning to the skies, record-high fuel costs and fare wars prompted by competition from low cost carriers have taken their toll. Houston-based Continental now has debt and pension payments of nearly $984m which it must pay off this year. The company has been working to streamline its operations - and has managed to save $1.1bn in costs without cutting jobs. Two weeks' ago the group also announced it would be able to shave a further $48m a year from its costs with changes to wage and benefits for most of its US-based management and clerical staff.
diff --git a/business/business_81.txt b/business/business_81.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ba51af1e8cdb3904565872370195c247ae32a93e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_81.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+Mixed Christmas for US retailers
+
+US retailers posted mixed results for December - with luxury retailers faring well while many others were forced to slash prices to lift sales.
+
+Upscale department store Nordstrom said same store sales were 9.3% higher than during the same period last year. Trendy youth labels also sold well, with sales jumping 28% at young women's clothing retailer Bebe Stores and 32.2% at American Eagle Outfitters. But Wal-Mart only saw its sales rise after it cut prices. The company saw a 3% rise in December sales, less than the 4.3% rise seen a year earlier.
+
+Customers at the world's biggest retailer are generally seen to be the most vulnerable to America's economic woes.
+
+Commentators claim many have cut back on spending amid uncertainty over job security, while low and middle-income Americans have reined in spending in the face of higher gasoline prices. Analysts said Wal-Mart faced a "stand-off" with shoppers, stepping up its discounts as the festive season wore on, as consumers waited longer to get the best bargains. However, experts added that if prices had not been cut across the sector, Christmas sales - which account for nearly 23% of annual retail sales - would have been far worse. "So far, we are faring better than expected, but the results are still split," Ken Perkins, an analyst at research firm RetailMetrics LLC, told Associated Press. "Stores that have been struggling over the last couple of months appear to be continuing that trend. And for stores that have been doing well over the last several months, December was a good month." Overall, December sales are forecast to rise by 4.5% to $220bn - less than the 5.1% increase seen a year earlier.
+
+One discount retailer to fare well in December was Costco Wholesale, which continued a recent run of upbeat results with a better-than-expected 8% jump in same store sales. However, the losers were many and varied. Home furnishings store Pier 1 Imports saw its same store sales sink by a larger-than-forecast 8.8% as it battled fierce competition. Leading electronics chain Best Buy, meanwhile, missed its sales target of a 3-5% rise in sales, turning in a 2.5% increase over the Christmas period. Accessory vendor Claire's Stores also suffered as an expected last minute shopping rush never materialised, leaving its same store sales 5% higher, compared to a 6% rise last year. Jeweller Zale also felt little Christmas cheer with December sales down 0.7% on the same month last year. "This was not a good period for retailers or shoppers. We saw a dearth of exciting, new items," Kurt Barnard, president of industry forecaster Retail Consulting Group, said. However, one beneficiary of the desertion of the High Street is expected to be online stores. According to a survey by Goldman Sachs & Co, Harris Interactive and Neilsen/Net Ratings sales surged 25% over the holiday season to $23.2bn.
diff --git a/business/business_82.txt b/business/business_82.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ae4d69d1861c7d8a14b1eadebc0ae6c59c156f64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_82.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+Steady job growth continues in US
+
+The US created fewer jobs than expected in December, but analysts said that the dip in hiring was not enough to derail the world's biggest economy.
+
+According to Labor Department figures, 157,000 new jobs were added last month. That took 2004's total to 2.2 million, the best showing in five years. Job creation was one of last year's main concerns for the US economy. While worries still remain, the conditions are set for steady growth in 2005, analysts said. The unemployment rate stayed at 5.4% in December, and about 200,000 jobs will need to be created each month if that figure is to drop.
+
+"It was a respectable report," said Michael Moran, analyst at Daiwa Securities.
+
+"Payroll growth in December was a little lighter than the consensus forecast, but we had upward revisions to the prior two months and an increase in manufacturing employment." "Manufacturing is a cyclical area of the economy and if it's showing job growth, it's a good indication that the economy is on a solid growth track." That means that the Federal Reserve is likely to continue its policy of raising interest rates. The Fed lifted borrowing costs five times last year to 2.25%, citing evidence the US economic recovery was becoming more robust.
+
+Job creation was one of last year's main concerns for the US economy, and proved to be a main topic of debate in the US presidential election. While demand for workers is far from booming, the conditions are set for steady growth. "Overall, compared to the previous year it looks great, it just keeps going stronger and stronger and I expect that to be the case" in 2005, said Kurt Karl, economist at Swiss Re in New York. Meanwhile, economists cautioned against reading too much into data from the Federal Reserve showing an unexpected $8.7bn drop in consumer debt in November. A fall in consumer spending, which makes up about two-thirds of all US economic activity, could help limit the extent of any future interest rate rises. But economists said there could be a number of reasons for a fall in the borrowing, which include credit cards and personal loans, while noting that such figures can vary on a month-to-month basis.
diff --git a/business/business_83.txt b/business/business_83.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e1f994a0d4d951b36ffb0ca700e34af16e279d8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_83.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Barclays shares up on merger talk
+
+Shares in UK banking group Barclays have risen on Monday following a weekend press report that it had held merger talks with US bank Wells Fargo.
+
+A tie-up between Barclays and California-based Wells Fargo would create the world's fourth biggest bank, valued at $180bn (£96bn). Barclays has declined to comment on the report in the Sunday Express, saying it does not respond to market speculation. The two banks reportedly held talks in October and November 2004.
+
+Barclays shares were up 8 pence, or 1.3%, at 605 pence by late morning in London on Monday, making it the second biggest gainer in the FTSE 100 index. UK banking icon Barclays was founded more than 300 years ago; it has operations in over 60 countries and employs 76,200 staff worldwide. Its North American divisions focus on business banking, whereas Wells Fargo operates retail and business banking services from 6,000 branches. In 2003, Barclays reported a 20% rise in pre-tax profits to £3.8bn, and it has recently forecast similar gains in 2004, predicting that full year pre-tax profits would rise 18% to £4.5bn. Wells Fargo had net income of $6.2bn in its last financial year, a 9% increase on the previous year, and revenues of $28.4bn. Barclays was the focus of takeover speculation in August, when it was linked to Citigroup, though no bid has ever materialised. Stock market traders were sceptical that the latest reports heralded a deal. "The chief executive would be abandoning his duty if he didn't talk to rivals, but a deal doesn't seem likely," Reuters quoted one trader as saying.
diff --git a/business/business_84.txt b/business/business_84.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0249d0fa328b6f1814c730dd116aefb42f57dd8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_84.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+UK Coal plunges into deeper loss
+
+Shares in UK Coal have fallen after the mining group reported losses had deepened to £51.6m in 2004 from £1.2m.
+
+The UK's biggest coal producer blamed geological problems, industrial action and "operating flaws" at its deep mines for its worsening fortunes. The South Yorkshire company, led by new chief executive Gerry Spindler, said it hoped to return to profit in 2006. In early trade on Thursday, its shares were down 10% at 119 pence. UK Coal said it was making "significant progress" in shaking up the business. It had introduced new wage structures, a new daily maintenance regime for machinery at its mines and methods to continue mining in adverse conditions. The company said these actions should "significantly uplift earnings". It expected 2005 to be a "transitional year" and to return to profitability in 2006.
+
+The recent rise in coal prices has failed to benefit the company as most of its output had already been sold, it said. Total production costs were £1.30 per gigajoule, UK Coal said, but the average selling price was just £1.18 per gigajoule. "We have a long journey ahead to fix these issues. We continue to make progress and great strides have already been made," said Mr Spindler. UK Coal operates 15 deep and surface mines across Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire, Leicestershire, Yorkshire, the West Midlands, Northumberland and Durham.
diff --git a/business/business_85.txt b/business/business_85.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..47d4f93034d74ea8468f2110b9e7b7b92fccfa9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_85.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Chinese exports rise 25% in 2004
+
+Exports from China leapt during 2004 over the previous year as the country continued to show breakneck growth.
+
+The spurt put China's trade surplus - a sore point with some of its trading partners - at a six-year high. It may also increase pressure on China to relax the peg joining its currency, the yuan, with the weakening dollar. The figures released by the Ministry of Commerce come as China's tax chief confirmed that growth had topped 9% in 2004 for the second year in a row. State Administration of Taxation head Xie Xuren said a tightening of controls on tax evasion had combined with the rapid expansion to produce a 25.7% rise in tax revenues to 2.572 trillion yuan ($311bn; £165bn).
+
+According to the Ministry of Commerce, China's exports totalled $63.8bn in December, taking the annual total up 35.4% to $593.4bn. With imports rising a similar amount, the deficit rose to $43.4bn. The increased tax take comes despite healthy tax rebates for many exporters totalling 420bn yuan in 2004, according to Mr Xie. China's exporting success has made the trade deficit of the United States soar even further and made trade with China a sensitive political issue in Washington. The peg keeping the yuan around 8.30 to the dollar is often blamed by US lawmakers for job losses at home. A US report issued on Tuesday on behalf of a Congressionally-mandated panel said almost 1.5 million posts disappeared between 1989 and 2003. The pace accelerated in the final three years of the period, said the report for the US-China Economic and Security Review Commission, moving out of labour-intensive industries and into more hi-tech sectors. The US's overall trade deficit with China was $124bn in 2003, and is expected to rise to about $150bn for 2004.
diff --git a/business/business_86.txt b/business/business_86.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f346f3a73eb9ab93f4b9d1a8496f72517b4f864c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_86.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+Karachi stocks hit historic high
+
+The Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE) has recorded its largest single day gain, surging 3.5% to a new high.
+
+The index rose 225.79 points in four hours of furious trading, with many investors optimistic that political stability could bring an economic boom. The KSE index closed at 6709.93 - an overall gain of nearly 400 points in the first two trading days of the week. Energy and telecommunication stocks performed particularly well, recording an 8%-10% rise since Monday morning.
+
+In 2002, the KSE was the world's best performing stock market, with the index rising 112%.
+
+Pakistani investors are expecting the KSE to repeat, if not improve on, its 2002 performance. Jubilant investors danced on the streets as the market closed for the day on Tuesday, confident that the boom will continue at least until the public holiday on 22 January. Others, however, who had stayed out fearing an imminent collapse because of prices overheating, continued to warn that the "bubble may burst any time". "That's rubbish," KSE chairman Yaseen Lakhani told the BBC News website. "Whenever the market reflects Pakistan's true economic reality, it is described as a bubble." Mr Lakhani feels that the market has risen on the basis of solid economic growth and its current level rests on sound foundations.
+
+Market analysts are inclined to agree with Mr Lakhani, arguing that there are a number of major factors behind the KSE's performance. Analysts argue that a steady improvement in Pakistan's credit ratings by international credit rating agencies has finally begun to register in the market. Standard & Poor's upgraded Pakistan a few weeks ago. There are indications of yet another upgrade by the end of February.
+
+Then, say analysts, there is corporate profitability in the current fiscal year, which has gone up by 27% from last year. "Coupled with the 7% GDP growth expected by June this year, I am least surprised at the market's performance," says Mr Lakhani. One leading Karachi broker said the real reasons may be political. "If you file a $1.3 trillion case against Saudi money after 9/11, Arab money will not go to the US any more." A lot of Arab money, he says, has already gone to Malaysia and Indonesia. Pakistanis are now hoping that energy and telecoms, two of the strongest sectors in Pakistan, draw some of the Arab money to the KSE.
+
+Locally, too, say analysts, recent political developments have worked to the market's advantage.
+
+An anti-Musharraf campaign threatened by the MMA, a countrywide alliance of religious parties, has fizzled out. The release of Asif Zardari, former Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto's husband, has eased political tensions between the military-backed government and the opposition Pakistan People's Party. Most importantly, say analysts, the failure of talks between India and Pakistan on the Baglihar dam in Indian-administered Kashmir has not automatically led to heightened tensions. This, they say, indicates that neither country is interested in raising the temperature at this stage, irrespective of the state of their disagreements. The market is abuzz with speculation that substantial investment may now start to flow in from the US, a country seen locally as deeply interested in defusing tensions between the South Asian neighbours. "You can call it a peace dividend," smiles one broker. "Let us see how long one can reap its benefits."
diff --git a/business/business_87.txt b/business/business_87.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..85728a823d1b59dc8944142609c21898bb581e6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_87.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+US trade gap ballooned in October
+
+The US trade deficit widened by more than expected in October, hitting record levels after higher oil prices raised import costs, figures have shown
+
+The trade shortfall was $55.5bn (£29bn), up 9% from September, the Commerce Department said. That pushed the 10 month deficit to $500.5bn. Imports rose by 3.4%, while exports increased by only 0.6%. A weaker dollar also increased the cost of imports, though this should help drive export demand in coming months. "Things are getting worse, but that's to be expected," said David Wyss of Standard & Poor's in New York. "The first thing is that when the dollar goes down, it increases the price of imports. "We are seeing improved export orders. Things seem to be going in the right direction."
+
+Despite this optimism, significant concerns remain as to how the US will fund its trade and budget deficits should they continue to widen. Another problem highlighted by analysts was the growing trade gap with China, which has been accused of keeping its currency artificially weak in order to boost exports. The US imported almost $20bn worth of goods from China during October, exporting a little under $3bn. "It seems the key worry that has existed in the currency market still remains," said Anthony Crescenzi, a bond strategist at Miller Tabak in New York. The trade deficit and the shortfall with China "are big issues going forward". The Commerce Department figures caused the dollar to weaken further despite widespread expectations that the Federal Reserve will raise interest rates for a fifth time this year. Borrowing costs are tipped to rise by a quarter of a percentage point to 2.25% at a Fed meeting later on Tuesday.
diff --git a/business/business_88.txt b/business/business_88.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ca40a8e1f27e3de87a5818f6b648de441133204d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_88.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Saudi ministry to employ women
+
+Women will be employed in Saudi Arabia's foreign ministry for the first time this year, Foreign Minister Prince Saud Al-Faisal has been reported as saying.
+
+The move comes as the conservative country inches open the door to working women. Last year, Crown Prince Abdullah, the de-facto ruler, told government departments to put plans in place for employing women. But progress has been slow, reports from the country say.
+
+Earlier this week, the local Arab News said Labour Minister Ghazi al-Gosaibi had "caused uproar" when he said his ministry was having difficulty hiring women because they demanded segregated offices. The newspaper said many Saudi women found his explanation "a pitiful excuse for not employing women". Women now make up more than half of all graduates from Saudi universities but only 5% of the workforce. "Our educational reforms have created a new generation of highly-educated and professionally trained Saudi women who are acquiring their rightful position in Saudi society," Arab News quoted Prince Saud as saying. "I am proud to mention here that this year we shall have women working in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs for the first time."
diff --git a/business/business_89.txt b/business/business_89.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0f6518cfed310093e2560abdcfa10dc5a6d437b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_89.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+US prepares for hybrid onslaught
+
+Sales of hybrid cars in the US are set to double in 2005, research suggests.
+
+Research group JD Power estimates sales will hit 200,000 in 2005, despite higher prices and customer scepticism. Carmakers are starting to build hybrid sports utility vehicles (SUVs), the four-wheel-drive vehicles which now dominate the US car market. Hybrids cut both petrol consumption and emissions by combining a petrol engine with an electric motor constantly kept charged by extra engine power. Several jurisdictions, notably the state of California, mandate low emissions for new cars. Equally, the rise in oil prices over the past year has sparked hopes that consumers may be tempted by potential savings of a few hundred dollars a year on fuel.
+
+At the Detroit Motor Show, a range of manufacturers are prominently displaying their hybrid credentials. Toyota has led the market to date with the Prius, popularised by a number of celebrities keen to burnish their "green" credentials. In April it will launch a hybrid version of its Highlander SUV, with an SUV from its luxury Lexus marque due later in the year.
+
+Honda has three hybrids on the market, and between them the two Japanese carmakers sold more than 80,000 units last year. Ford, which has sold 4,000 of its first hybrid since its launch in August, is bringing a hybrid SUV - the Mariner - to market a year ahead of schedule, with plans for three more models by 2008. GM has a hybrid pickup on the market and is showing two concept SUVs in Detroit. Even sports car maker Porsche may join the race, although it insists it is still considering whether to hybridise its Cayenne SUV.
+
+Others remain more sceptical. Nissan has bought Toyota's hybrid technology, but plans to bring out its first model only in 2006. "We want to make sure we are not concentrating on one technology," Nissan chief executive Carlos Ghosn said. "We will not be surprised by any acceleration or deceleration in the hybrid market." Volkswagen, meanwhile, says it will focus on clean-burning diesel engines instead. And some watchers point out that the price tag on a hybrid - upwards of $3,000 above that of an equivalent normal-engined car, and suspicion of the technology - may still cool its attraction. "The average consumers aren't willing to pay that premium for a car they won't drive more than six years," said Anthony Pratt from JD Power.
diff --git a/business/business_9.txt b/business/business_9.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0f3ab9b03adff7f94c6285ab335224c108c1f491
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_9.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Oil prices fall back from highs
+
+Oil prices retreated from four-month highs in early trading on Tuesday after producers' cartel Opec said it was now unlikely to cut production.
+
+Following the comments by acting Opec secretary general Adnan Shihab-Eldin, US light crude fell 32 cents to $51.43 a barrel. He said that high oil prices meant Opec was unlikely to stick to its plan to cut output in the second quarter. In London, Brent crude fell 32 cents to $49.74 a barrel.
+
+Opec members are next meeting to discuss production levels on 16 March. On Monday, oil prices rose for a sixth straight session, reaching a four-month high as cold weather in the US threatened stocks of heating oil. US demand for heating oil was predicted to be about 14% above normal this week, while stocks were currently about 7.5% below the levels of a year ago. Cold weather across Europe has also put upward pressure on crude prices.
diff --git a/business/business_90.txt b/business/business_90.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8a8a85a17619a61c7b34090f92ebeed31a29082c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_90.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+German economy rebounds
+
+Germany's economy, the biggest among the 12 countries sharing the euro, grew at its fastest rate in four years during 2004, driven by strong exports.
+
+Gross domestic product (GDP) rose by 1.7% last year, the statistical office said. The economy contracted in 2003. Foreign sales increased by 8.2% last year, compared with a 0.3% slide in private consumption. Concerns remain, however, over the strength of the euro, weak domestic demand and a sluggish labour market. The European Central Bank (ECB) left its benchmark interest rate unchanged at 2% on Thursday. It is the nineteenth month in a row that the ECB has not moved borrowing costs. Economists predict that an increase is unlikely to come until the second half of 2005, with growth set to sputter rather than ignite.
+
+"During 2004 we profited from the fact that the world economy was strong," said Stefan Schilbe, analyst at HSBC Trinkaus & Burkhardt. "If exports weaken and domestic growth remains poor, we cannot expect much from 2005." Many German consumers have been spooked and unsettled by government attempts to reform the welfare state and corporate environment. Major companies including Volkswagen, DaimlerChrysler and Siemens have spent much of 2004 in tough talks with unions about trimming jobs and costs. They have also warned there are more cost cutting measures on the horizon.
diff --git a/business/business_91.txt b/business/business_91.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e5c8197a00396dc6724faf242fdc38385da0e2fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_91.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+US Ahold suppliers face charges
+
+US prosecutors have charged nine food suppliers with helping Dutch retailer Ahold inflate earnings by more than $800m (£428m).
+
+The charges have been brought against individuals as well as companies, alleging they created false accounts. Ahold hit the headlines in February 2003 after it emerged that there were accounting irregularities at its US subsidiary Foodservice. Three former Ahold top executives last year agreed to settle fraud charges.
+
+Ahold has admitted that it fraudulently inflated promotional allowances at Foodservice, improperly consolidated joint ventures and also committed other accounting errors and irregularities.
+
+The nine now charged, who worked as suppliers to Ahold, are accused of signing false documents relating to the amount of money they paid the retailer for promoting their products in its stores. Food companies pay supermarkets and retailers for prime shelf space. The suppliers in question are said to have inflated the amount of money they paid, providing auditors with signed letters that allowed Ahold to inflate its earnings. US Attorney David Kelley said he expects the nine vendors will plead guilty to the charges. He added that there may be more court actions in the future. "I don't want to leave you with the impression that these were the only ones involved," he said. Among those facing charges are John Nettle, a former employee of General Mills; Mark Bailin of Rymer International Seafood; Tim Daly of Michael Foods and Kenneth Bowman, who worked as an independent contractor for Total Foods.
+
+Others include Michael Hannigan of Sugar Foods; Peter Marion of Maritime Seafood Processors and First Choice Foods; Gordon Redgate of Commodity Manager and Private Label Distribution; Bruce Robinson of Basic American Foods and Michael Rogers, formerly of Tyson Foods. Pasquale D'Amuro of the FBI called the nine vendors the key ingredients in "the process of cooking the books" at Ahold. At the time of the scandal, Ahold was seen by many as Europe's Enron. Ahold shares tumbled on the news and many market observers predicted that the fall out could damage investor confidence across Europe. It was less severe than many had envisaged, however, and since then Ahold has worked hard at rebuilding its reputation and investor confidence. Ahold is the world's fourth-largest supermarket chain. Its other US businesses include Stop & Shop, and Giant Food.
diff --git a/business/business_92.txt b/business/business_92.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0ee64c324af32b3447c17dc1d5ceae19c8276906
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_92.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+US retail sales surge in December
+
+US retail sales ended the year on a high note with solid gains in December, boosted by strong car sales.
+
+Seasonally adjusted sales rose 1.2% in the month, compared to 0.1% a month earlier, boosted by a surge in shopping just before and after Christmas. Sales climbed 8% for the year, the best performance since an 8.5% rise in 1999, the Commerce Department added. The gains were led by a 4.3% jump in auto sales as dealers used enhanced offers to get cars out of showrooms. Dealers were forced to cut prices in December to maintain sales growth in a tough quarter when the usual end-of-year holiday sales boom was slow to get started.
+
+The increase in sales during December pushed total spending for the month to $349.4bn (£265.9bn). Sales for the year also broke through the $4 trillion mark for the first time - with annual sales coming in at $4.06 trillion However, if automotives are excluded from December's data, retail sales rose just 0.3% on the month. Home furnishings and furniture stores also performed well, rising 2.2%. But as well as hitting the shops, more US consumers were going online or using mail order for their purchases - with non-store retailers seeing sales rise by 1.9%. However, analysts said that the strong figures were unlikely to put the Federal Reserve Bank off its current policy of measured interest rate rises. "Consumers for now remain willing to spend freely, sustaining the US expansion. Given that attitude, the Fed remains likely to continue boosting the Fed funds rate at upcoming meetings," UBS economist Maury Harris told Reuters.
+
+Retail sales are seen as a major part of consumer spending - which in turn makes up two-thirds of economic output in the US. Consumer spending has been picking up in recent years after slumping during 2001 and 2002 as the country battled to recover from its first recession of the decade and the World Trade Centre attacks. During that time, sales grew a lacklustre 2.9% in 2001 and 2.5% a year later. Looking ahead, analysts now expect improvement in jobs growth to feed through to the High Street with consumer spending remaining strong. The belief comes despite the latest labor department report showing a surprise rise in unemployment. The number of Americans filing initial jobless claims jumped to 367,000, the highest rate since September. However, long-term claims slipped to their lowest level since 2001.
diff --git a/business/business_93.txt b/business/business_93.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ea839fa036238245925703d21e82acf8f5938bfb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_93.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+McDonald's boss Bell dies aged 44
+
+Charlie Bell, the straight-talking former head of fast-food giant McDonald's, has died of cancer aged 44.
+
+Mr Bell was diagnosed with colorectal cancer in May last year, a month after taking over the top job. He resigned in November to fight the illness. Joining the company as a 15-year-old part-time worker, Mr Bell quickly moved through its ranks, becoming Australia's youngest store manager at 19. A popular go-getter, he is credited with helping revive McDonald's sales. Mr Bell leaves a wife and daughter. "As we mourn his passing, I ask you to keep Charlie's family in your hearts and prayers," chief executive James Skinner said in a statement. "And remember that in his abbreviated time on this earth, Charlie lived life to the fullest." "No matter what cards life dealt, Charlie stayed centred on his love for his family and for McDonald's."
+
+After running the company's Australian business in the 1990s, Mr Bell moved to the US in 1999 to run operations in Asia, Africa and the Middle East. In 2001, he took over the reins in Europe, McDonald's second most important market. He became chief operating officer and president in 2002. Mr Bell took over as chief executive after his predecessor as CEO, Jim Cantalupo, died suddenly of a heart attack in April. Having worked closely with Mr Cantalupo, who came out of retirement to turn McDonald's around, Mr Bell focused on boosting demand at existing restaurants rather than follow a policy of rapid expansion. He had promised not to let the company get "fat, dumb and happy," and, according to Reuters, once told analysts that he would shove a fire hose down the throat of competitors if he saw them drowning. Mr Bell oversaw McDonald's "I'm lovin' it" advertising campaign and introduced successes such as McCafe, now the biggest coffee shop brand in Australia and New Zealand. Colleagues said that Mr Bell was proud of his humble beginnings, helping out behind cash tills and clearing tables when visiting restaurants.
diff --git a/business/business_94.txt b/business/business_94.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2f6da246e5d679ea17c0253248b13929bd731840
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_94.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+US industrial output growth eases
+
+US industrial production continued to rise in November, albeit at a slower pace than the previous month.
+
+The US Federal Reserve said output from factories, mines and utilities rose 0.3% - in line with forecasts - from a revised 0.6% increase in October. Analysts added that if the carmaking sector - which saw production fall 0.5% - had been excluded the data would have been more impressive. The latest increase means industrial output has grown 4.2% in the past year. Many analysts were upbeat about the prospects for the US economy, with the increase in production coming on the heels of news of a recovery in retail sales. "This is very consistent with an economy growing at 3.5 to 4.0%. It is congruent with job growth and consumer optimism," Comerica chief economist David Littman said of the figures.
+
+The US economy grew at a respectable annual rate of 3.7% in the three months between July and September, while jobs growth averaged 178,000 during the same period. While the employment figures are not spectacular, experts believe they are enough to whittle away at America's 5.4% jobless rate. A breakdown of the latest production figures shows mining output drove the increase, surging 2.1%, while factory output rose 0.3%. But utility output dropped 1.4%. Meanwhile, the amount of factory capacity in use during the month rose to 77.6% - its highest level since May 2001. "Many investors think that product market inflation won't be a problem until the utilisation rates are at 80% or higher," Cary Leahy, senior US economist at Deutsche Bank Securities, said. "So there is still a lot of inflation-fighting slack in the manufacturing sector," "Overall I'd say manufacturing at least away from autos continues to improve and I would bet that it improves at a faster rate in coming months given how lean inventories are," Citigroup senior economist Steven Wieting added.
diff --git a/business/business_95.txt b/business/business_95.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b87e96bb778930479f462e61d25bff0b33c70085
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_95.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+'Golden economic period' to end
+
+Ten years of "golden" economic performance may come to an end in 2005 with growth slowing markedly, City consultancy Deloitte has warned.
+
+The UK economy could suffer a backlash from the slowdown in the housing market, triggering a fall in consumer spending and a rise in unemployment. Deloitte is forecasting economic growth of 2% this year, below Chancellor Gordon Brown's forecast of 3% to 3.5%. It also believes that interest rates will fall to 4% by the end of the year.
+
+In its quarterly economic review, Deloitte said the UK economy had enjoyed a "golden period" during the past decade with unemployment falling to a near 30 year low and inflation at its lowest since the 1960s.
+
+But it warned that this growth had been achieved at the expense of creating major "imbalances" in the economy. Deloitte's chief economic advisor Roger Bootle said: "The biggest hit of all is set to come from the housing market which has already embarked on a major slowdown. "Whereas the main driver of the economy in recent years has been robust household spending growth, this is likely to suffer as the housing market slowdown gathers pace."
+
+Economic growth is likely to be constrained during the next few years by increased pressure on household budgets and rising taxes, Deloitte believes. Gordon Brown will need to raise about $10bn a year in order to sustain the public finances in the short term, the firm claims. This will result in a marked slowdown in growth in 2005 and 2006 compared to last year, when the economy expanded by 3.25%. However, Deloitte stressed that the slowdown was unlikely to have any major impact on retail prices while it expected the Bank of England to respond quickly to signs of the economy faltering. It expects a series of "aggressive" interest rate cuts over the next two years, with the cost of borrowing falling from its current 4.75% mark to 3.5% by the end of 2006. "Although 2005 may not be the year when things go completely wrong, it will probably mark the start of a more difficult period for the UK economy," Mr Bootle.
diff --git a/business/business_96.txt b/business/business_96.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f1e398786ffdf7a7c499b87f4100536a47416efc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_96.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+Industrial output falls in Japan
+
+Japanese industrial output fell in October while unemployment rose, casting further doubt on the strength of the country's economic recovery.
+
+Production dropped 1.6% in October, reflecting a decline in exports, while unemployment levels edged up 0.1% to 4.7%, slightly higher than forecast. The economy has grown for six quarters but growth slowed dramatically in the last quarter amid weaker global demand. Japan's government remains optimistic due to strong domestic demand.
+
+Analysts had been forecasting a 0.1% rise in month on month industrial output.
+
+According to figures from the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI), the decline was led by a fall in demand for electronic parts for mobile phones and digital televisions. Although inventories fell 0.7% month on month, they were 36% higher than a year ago. "It's a sign that the economy's adjustment phase is stronger than expected," said Takashi Yamanaka, an economist with UFJ Bank. Japan downgraded its overall economic assessment earlier this month for the first time in a year.
+
+Growth slowed to 0.3% in the quarter ending September 30, down from 6.3% in the first quarter of 2004. Experts believe the economy -which stagnated for most of the 1990s -may be entering a softer patch on the back of rising oil prices and the falling dollar. Japanese government officials played down the latest data, arguing that domestic consumer demand was still resilient. "The outlook for November is positive so I don't think one can say that conditions have worsened just because of the fall in October," said a METI official. Despite the rise in unemployment, jobless figures are still some way below historical highs of recent years. The comparatively weak economic date preyed on shares with the Nikkei down 1% in afternoon trade.
diff --git a/business/business_97.txt b/business/business_97.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..993922eaaf14cab888d73b002b616aeccce02540
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_97.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Jobs go at Oracle after takeover
+
+Oracle has announced it is cutting about 5,000 jobs following the completion of its $10.3bn takeover of its smaller rival Peoplesoft last week.
+
+The company said it would retain more than 90% of Peoplesoft product development and product support staff. The cuts will affect about 9% of the 55,000 staff of the combined companies. Oracle's 18-month fight to acquire Peoplesoft was one of the most drawn-out and hard-fought US takeover battles of recent times. The merged companies are set to be a major force in the enterprise software market, second only in size to Germany's SAP.
+
+In a statement, Oracle said it began notifying staff of redundancies on Friday and the process would continue over the next 10 days. "By retaining the vast majority of Peoplesoft technical staff, Oracle will have the resources to deliver on the development and support commitments we have made to Peoplesoft customers over the last 18 months," Oracle's chief executive Larry Ellison said in a statement.
+
+Correspondents say 6,000 job losses had been expected - and some suggest more cuts may be announced in future. They say Mr Ellison may be trying to placate Peoplesoft customers riled by Oracle's determined takeover strategy. Hours before Friday's announcement, there was a funereal air at Peoplesoft's headquarters, reported AP news agency. A Peoplesoft sign had been turned into shrine to the company, with flowers, candles and company memorabilia. "We're mourning the passing of a great company," the agency quoted Peoplesoft worker David Ogden as saying. Other employees said they would rather be sacked than work for Oracle. "The new company is going to be totally different," said Anil Aggarwal, Peoplesoft's director of database markets. "Peoplesoft had an easygoing, relaxed atmosphere. Oracle has an edgy, aggressive atmosphere that's not conducive to innovative production." On the news, Oracle shares rose 15 cents - 1.1% - on Nasdaq. In after-hours trading the shares did not move.
diff --git a/business/business_98.txt b/business/business_98.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c68166ebc258a93b190b5c9be60e97b5df69fab1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_98.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Beijingers fume over parking fees
+
+Choking traffic jams in Beijing are prompting officials to look at reorganising car parking charges.
+
+Car ownership has risen fast in recent years, and there are now two and a half million cars on the city's roads. The trouble is that the high status of car ownership is matched by expensive fees at indoor car parks, making motorists reluctant to use them. Instead roads are being clogged by drivers circling in search of a cheaper outdoor option. "The price differences between indoor and outdoor lots are unreasonable," said Wang Yan, an official from the Beijing Municipal Commission for Development and Reform quoted in the state-run China Daily newspaper. Mr Wang, who is in charge of collecting car parking fees, said his team would be looking at adjusting parking prices to close the gap. Indoor parking bays can cost up to 250% more than outdoor ones.
+
+Sports fans who drive to matches may also find themselves the target of the commission's road rage. It wants them to use public transport, and is considering jacking up the prices of car parks near sports grounds. Mr Wang said his review team may scrap the relatively cheap hourly fee near such places and impose a higher flat rate during matches. Indoor parking may be costly, but it is not always secure. Mr Wang's team are also going to look into complaints from residents about poor service received in exchange for compulsory monthly fees of up to 400 yuan ($48; £26). The Beijing authorities decided two years ago that visiting foreign dignitaries' motorcades should not longer get motorcycle outriders as they blocked the traffic. Unclogging Beijing's increasingly impassable streets is a major concern for the Chinese authorities, who are building dozens of new roads to create a showcase modern city ahead of the 2008 Olympic Games.
diff --git a/business/business_99.txt b/business/business_99.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d2aff889cdd57c35de882165005bb9cec023e8ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/business/business_99.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+GM issues 2005 profits warning
+
+General Motors has warned that it expects earnings this year be lower than in 2004.
+
+The world's biggest car maker is grappling with losses in its European business, and weak US sales. GM said higher healthcare costs in North America, and lower profits at its financial services subsidiary would hurt its performance in 2005. GM said it expects to meet its 2004 earnings targets "despite a tough competitive environment".
+
+GM, whose brands include Buick, Cadillac and Chevrolet in the US and Opel, Saab and Vauxhall in Europe, is due to reveal 2004 earnings on 19 January.
+
+It said it would deliver a shareholder payout of $6.0-$6.5 per share this year, as promised, but that next year's earnings per share would be lower, at between $4.0-$5.0. "We're following a roadmap that we believe will deliver strong results," said GM chief executive Rick Waggoner. GM said it was expecting "reduced financial losses" in Europe in 2005. It is in the midst of cutting 12,000 jobs - one fifth of the European total - in a bid to cut costs. The biggest job losses are in Germany. Its vehicle businesses have gained market share in three out of four regions in 2004, achieving record profitability in Asia Pacific and returning to profit in Latin America, the Middle East and Africa. The car maker has diversified into financial services, and is extending the reach of General Motors Acceptance Corp (GMAC), which has said it may enter the home loans market. GMAC has been a strong contributor to profits in 2004 but GM said it will do less well this year, delivering net income of $2.5bn. "Attaining earnings of $10 a share remains GM's goal," the company said, adding it believes it can achieve this in 2007.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_1.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_1.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..199cff8f2b431ee5dc3a33052188b25416e0c5c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_1.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+Sundance to honour foreign films
+
+International films will be given the same prominence as US films at next year's Sundance Film Festival, with movies dominated by the theme of war.
+
+The independent film festival will feature two new international cinema competitions, during its 20-30 January season in Utah. Forty-two films will debut at Sundance, including The Liberace of Baghdad by British director Sean McAllister. The prestigious festival was founded by actor Robert Redford in 1981.
+
+"We have always had an international component, but from next year they will enter a jury competition," festival director Geoffrey Gilmore said. "We wanted to give world cinema more emphasis and have now put it on par with the American dramatic and documentary competitions." Twelve films competing in the new world cinema documentary category focus on countries and people under siege.
+
+The Liberace of Baghdad features an Iraqi pianist hiding in a hotel as he waits for a visa, while Finnish film The Three Rooms of Melancholia looks at the war in Chechnya. Shake Hands With The Devil: The Journey of Romeo Dallaire tells of a UN mission to Rwanda during the 1994 genocide, while French-Israeli production Wall looks at Israel's controversial security wall separating it from the Palestinian territories. The 16 films competing in the new world cinema dramatic category include works from Germany, South Korea, Angola, China, Denmark and Australia.
+
+Several Hollywood stars feature in the festival's American independent drama category, including Keanu Reeves and Benjamin Bratt. Vince Vaughn stars in quirky movie Thumbsucker while 21 Grams actress Naomi Watts plays a budding Hollywood actress in Ellie Parker. The top Grand Jury prize at this year's festival went to low budget sci-fi thriller Primer, written and directed by Shane Carruth. Morgan Spurlock earned the directing award for Super Size Me, which became an international box office hit.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_10.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_10.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..acc2d73ca139c0aa24c5825e3ab504cced616a3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_10.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+TV station refuses adoption show
+
+A TV station in the US has refused to show a controversial new series where adopted children try and pick their birth father - and win a cash prize.
+
+The WRAZ-TV Fox affiliate in North Carolina was the only one of 182 stations to refuse Monday's show. Who's Your Daddy promises $100,000 (£52,000) to the contestant if she correctly identifies her father. It was met with protests by the National Council for Adoption, which said it "exploits" sensitive emotions. "It exploits the sensitive emotions of adoption," said Thomas Atwood, president of the National Council for Adoption. "It trivialises them. Adoption is a very personal, meaningful experience and it should not be commercialised like this." On the pre-taped programme, the contestant is presented with eight men who may or may not be her natural father.
+
+If she picks the correct man from the line-up, the contestant wins the jackpot prize of US$100,000 (£52,590). However, if she picks the wrong man, then the impostor takes the money. Fox producers defended the show, saying it was a "positive experience". They have made six specials, though only one episode has so far been broadcast.
+
+"The special was thoroughly vetted by our standards and practices department to ensure that it was appropriate for broadcast," said a Fox spokesman. "However, any network affiliate that feels the programming may be inappropriate for their individual market has the right to pre-empt the schedule." WRAZ-TV instead chose to air an independently-produced film, I Have Roots and Branches... Personal Reflections on Adoption, a documentary about families with adopted children. "We just don't think adoption is a game show," said Tommy Schenck, WRAZ-TV's general manager, though he said his decision had not been influenced by public protests.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_100.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_100.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..66bc229f9b6ae52c2a0b7d304004a2db99c7ae56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_100.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Last Star Wars 'not for children'
+
+The sixth and final Star Wars movie may not be suitable for young children, film-maker George Lucas has said.
+
+He told US TV show 60 Minutes that Revenge of the Sith would be the darkest and most violent of the series. "I don't think I would take a five or six-year-old to this," he told the CBS programme, to be aired on Sunday. Lucas predicted the film would get a US rating advising parents some scenes may be unsuitable for under-13s. It opens in the UK and US on 19 May. He said he expected the film would be classified PG-13 - roughly equivalent to a British 12A rating.
+
+The five previous Star Wars films have all carried less restrictive PG - parental guidance - ratings in the US. In the UK, they have all been passed U - suitable for all - with the exception of Attack of The Clones, which got a PG rating in 2002. Revenge of the Sith - the third prequel to the original 1977 Star Wars film - chronicles the transformation of the heroic Anakin Skywalker into the evil Darth Vader as he travels to a Hell-like planet composed of erupting volcanoes and molten lava. "We're going to watch him make a pact with the devil," Lucas said. "The film is much more dark, more emotional. It's much more of a tragedy."
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_11.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_11.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5e3ddbc02b1218d649b8feb7a1b0e2eb9c578d1e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_11.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Campaigners attack MTV 'sleaze'
+
+MTV has been criticised for "incessant sleaze" by television indecency campaigners in the US.
+
+The Parents Television Council (PTC), which monitors violence and sex on TV, said the cable music channel offered the "cheapest form" of programming. The group is at the forefront of a vociferous campaign to clean up American television. But a spokeswoman for MTV said it was "unfair and inaccurate" to single out MTV for criticism.
+
+The PTC monitored MTV's output for 171 hours from 20 March to 27 March 2004, during the channel's Spring Break coverage. In its report - MTV Smut Peddlers: Targeting Kids with Sex, Drugs and Alcohol - the PTC said it witnessed 3,056 flashes of nudity or sexual situations and 2,881 verbal references to sex. Brent Bozell, PTC president and conservative activist said: "MTV is blatantly selling raunchy sex to kids. "Compared to broadcast television programmes aimed at adults, MTV's programming contains substantially more sex, foul language and violence - and MTV's shows are aimed at children as young as 12. "There's no question that TV influences the attitudes and perceptions of young viewers, and MTV is deliberately marketing its raunch to millions of innocent children."
+
+The watchdog decided to look at MTV's programmes after Janet Jackson's infamous "wardrobe malfunction" at last year's Super Bowl. The breast-baring incident generated 500,000 complaints and CBS - which is owned by the same parent company as MTV - was quick to apologise. MTV spokeswoman Jeannie Kedas said the network follows the same standards as broadcasters and reflects the culture and what its viewers are interested in. "It's unfair and inaccurate to paint MTV with that brush of irresponsibility," she said. "We think it's underestimating young people's intellect and level of sophistication." Ms Kedas also highlighted the fact MTV won an award in 2004 for the Fight for Your Rights series that focused on issues such as sexual health and tolerance.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_12.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_12.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..57ba102ae7ad14925929288a5e40da2d8d94475e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_12.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+EastEnders 'is set for US remake'
+
+Plans to create a US soap based on the BBC's EastEnders have reportedly been drawn up by the Fox TV network.
+
+EastEnders' head writer Tony Jordan and music mogul Simon Fuller are involved in the project, according to reports in the Hollywood Reporter trade newspaper. It said scripts have been commissioned for a series about a community of working class people in of Chicago. The original EastEnders was pulled from BBC America last year after it proved a failure in the ratings. US versions of other British hits have proved less successful across the Atlantic.
+
+BBC comedy Coupling was remade with a US cast, but lost its primetime slot on the NBC network due to disappointing ratings. At home, EastEnders has been facing its own ratings battle, recently losing out to rival ITV soap Emmer dale. Primetime soaps on US television have made a recent comeback, following the success of ABC serial Desperate Housewives. The series takes a "darkly comedic" look at the goings-on of a group of characters living in the suburbs.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_13.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_13.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4bd68387c471d10dc6c92e9f54e48f262b53e335
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_13.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+UK TV channel rapped for CSI ad
+
+TV channel Five has been criticised for sending "offensive" and "threatening" advertising material to viewers for a new show about murder scene scientists.
+
+Five mailed thousands of fake dossiers including photos of murder victims and an e-mail suggesting the recipient was being stalked by a serial killer. Following complaints, the Advertising Standards Authority contacted Five to cease promotion of crime show CSI:NY. Five admitted it had sent out 55,000 promotion packs but had now stopped. The promotion material was sent in brown envelope of the type used by investigators in the series, a spin-off from the highly successful CSI: Crime Scene Investigation series, which also runs on Five. The pack also features pictures of forensic evidence from a crime scene and a wanted poster, which did have a CSI:NY logo printed in large at the bottom.
+
+Five said it had received 100 complaints but that it had been surprised at the reaction because it was "obvious this material is promoting a drama". A Five spokesman said: "In light of the efforts we have made to make the nature of the contents so transparent we are surprised a very small minority of recipients have mistaken it as anything else. "Everyone who was sent this promotion has expressed an interest in receiving details about this particular genre of programming on various websites. "We have also received emails and calls from recipients praising the originality and imagination of the campaign."
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_14.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_14.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d4b7a830290d060f6f8efc8dc5a523be7c3fe252
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_14.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+'Comeback' show for Friends star
+
+Friends actress Lisa Kudrow is to play the lead role in a new series about a one-time sitcom star, according to the Hollywood reporter.
+
+Thirteen episodes of Comeback have been commissioned by cable channel HBO, home of hits such as Sex And The City. Kudrow, who played Phoebe in Friends, co-wrote the pilot episode and will also act as executive producer. HBO has been looking for its next big comedy hit since Sex And The City drew to a close in the US in February. Comeback is the first 30-minute comedy series that the channel has picked up since the Sex And The City drew to the end of its six-year-run. Friends ended its 10-year run on the NBC network in May, and attentions have turned to which projects its six individual stars would pursue.
+
+Matt LeBlanc is starring in a Friends spin-off sitcom, charting Joey's fortunes in Los Angeles as he pursues his acting career. Jennifer Aniston, who was Rachel in the long-running show, has enjoyed a series of successful film appearances, with further projects in the pipeline. Courteney Cox Arquette (Monica) has been working on a drama project along with husband David Arquette for HBO, called The Rise And Fall Of Taylor Kennedy. Matthew Perry, who played Chandler, has appeared on the West End stage, and has a film, The Beginning Of Wisdom, currently in production. And David Schwimmer (Ross) directed during his time on Friends, and has also worked on Joey.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_15.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_15.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bbbb4236d1cf7bcfe93fa01ff497455b7bf93b55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_15.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Hillbillies singer Scoggins dies
+
+Country and Western musician Jerry Scoggins has died in Los Angeles at the age of 93, his family has said.
+
+Scoggins was best remembered for singing the theme tune to popular US TV show The Beverly Hillbillies. The Texan-born singer approached the producers of the programme with theme tune The Ballad of Jed Clampett for the pilot which was screened in 1962. The show, which told the story of a poor man striking oil and moving to Beverly Hills, ran until 1971.
+
+Scoggins' daugher Jane Kelly Misel said that her father never tired of the song and would sing it at least once a day. "He'd sing it at birthdays and anniversaries and variety shows. He never stopped performing it," she said. When a film version of The Beverly Hillbillies was made in 1993, Scoggins came out of retirement to perform the theme tune. Scoggins sang the lyrics while bluegrass stars Lester Flatt and Earl Scruggs played guitar and banjo.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_16.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_16.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e2297bbad458185296fa8c3c7cb18afb1bb22d98
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_16.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Housewives lift Channel 4 ratings
+
+The debut of US television hit Desperate Housewives has helped lift Channel 4's January audience share by 12% compared to last year.
+
+Other successes such as Celebrity Big Brother and The Simpsons have enabled the broadcaster to surpass BBC Two for the first month since last July. BBC Two's share of the audience fell from 11.2% to 9.6% last month in comparison with January 2004. Celebrity Big Brother attracted fewer viewers than its 2002 series.
+
+Comedy drama Desperate Housewives managed to pull in five million viewers at one point during its run to date, attracting a quarter of the television audience. The two main television channels, BBC1 and ITV1, have both seen their monthly audience share decline in a year on year comparison for January, while Five's proportion remained the same at a slender 6.3%. Digital multi-channel TV is continuing to be the strongest area of growth, with the BBC reporting Freeview box ownership of five million, including one million sales in the last portion of 2004. Its share of the audience soared by 20% in January 2005 compared with last year, and currently stands at an average of 28.6%.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_17.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_17.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..61f40a2529ddf6f81300fa97b66ff72f67ff8406
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_17.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+Top stars join US tsunami TV show
+
+Brad Pitt, Robert De Niro and Hugh Grant have been added to the line-up for a two-hour US TV special to raise money for victims of the Asian tsunami.
+
+Andy Garcia, Lucy Liu, Natalie Portman and Jay Leno are also among the new names for Saturday's Tsunami Aid. They will join A-list singers Madonna, Sir Elton John, Nelly and Usher plus actors Kevin Spacey, Halle Berry and George Clooney on the NBC broadcast. Viewers will be urged to phone in to make donations throughout the night. Norah Jones, Diana Ross, Stevie Wonder, Maroon 5, Mary J Blige and Eric Clapton will give musical performances on the show described as "A Concert of Hope".
+
+Catherine Zeta Jones, Michael Douglas, Bruce Willis, Uma Thurman, Matt Damon, Drew Barrymore and Tim Robbins are among the other movie superstars due to put in an appearance. George Clooney recently reacted angrily to a TV host's suggestion that not all funds raised would go towards tsunami relief. Fox TV's Bill O'Reilly said he would be "watching to see if the money gets to the tsunami victims" and warned the celebrities taking part "had better be involved all the way down the line". But Clooney accused O'Reilly of creating a fuss for his own personal gain, saying viewers may now be "afraid that their money will do no good".
+
+He urged O'Reilly to co-present the TV special, adding in a letter: "We're not playing games here, we're trying to save lives. It's as simple as this - you're either with this joint effort or against it." Organisers say all funds will go to the American Red Cross. The commercial-free benefit show will also be aired by a string of cable broadcasters and Clear Channel's radio stations across the US. In addition, performances will be available to buy on the internet as downloads from Sony's Connect music store. A similar TV benefit carried by all four primary US TV networks after the 11 September terror attacks raised more than $150m (£80m).
+
+
+ - The Bangkok International Film Festival got under way on Thursday in the Thai capital in the shadow of the country's 5,300 deaths from the tsunami. The red carpet gala opening night was ditched in favour of a more subdued first night. Six different films were shown at six cinemas, with all money from ticket sales going to charity.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_18.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_18.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8b1a05bc2c6fd1455270994caefbefa4c8d61f41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_18.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Star Trek fans fight to save show
+
+Star Trek fans have taken out a full-page ad in the Los Angeles Times in an attempt to persuade TV executives not to scrap Star Trek: Enterprise.
+
+Made by the UPN TV network, the latest spin-off from the hit sci-fi show is due to end in May after four series. But fans around the world have pitched in to pay for the advert, which had the headline "Save Star Trek". They are also asking the Sci-Fi Channel to pick it up from UPN and will stage a rally in Los Angeles on 25 February.
+
+The advert described the Star Trek franchise as a "cultural icon". Enterprise stars former Quantum Leap actor Scott Bakula as Captain Archer and is set before the original 1960s Star Trek series. "Captain Archer and the crew of the NX-01 need your help to continue their journeys!" the advert said. It also included a cut-out coupon for fans to send to UPN's parent companies Paramount and Viacom plus the Sci-Fi Channel. It also urged supporters to join the rally outside the Paramount studios.
+
+Fan website Trek United is hoping to raise $32m (£17m) from donations by the end of March to pay for a fifth series. More than $23,000 (£12,000) has been pledged so far, according to the site. The 98th and final episode of Star Trek: Enterprise will air in the US on 13 May. The fourth series has averaged 2.9 million viewers per episode - half the amount it got in its first series. Star Trek: Enterprise began in 2001 following other Star Trek spin-off series The Next Generation, Deep Space Nine and Voyager.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_19.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_19.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..347692c5eb65a5950bd8da99e185298d27f5931a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_19.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Oscar host Rock to keep it clean
+
+Oscar host Chris Rock said he will steer clear of bad language when he fronts the awards on 27 February.
+
+The comedian, who recently got into trouble for poking fun at the ceremony, is renowned for his heavy use of expletives during his stand-up routine. The live ceremony will be broadcast with a transmission delay on US network ABC to ensure swear words are removed. "I've been on TV and been funny not cursing," he said during an interview for CBS network's 60 Minutes show. "As far as content is concerned, I will talk about the movies. I'm not really worried about it. I'm sure ABC might be more worried about it than me," he added.
+
+The 40-year-old comedian caused a furore when he said in an interview with US magazine Entertainment Weekly recently that he hardly ever watched the Oscars and labelled awards ceremonies "idiotic". The show's producers defended Rock and confirmed that he would still be presenting the Oscar ceremony, saying his comments were "humorous digs". Meanwhile, the Academy has announced that Oscar-nominated actress Natalie Portman will present an award at the ceremony. Portman, who has been nominated for a best supporting actress gong for her role in Mike Nichols' Closer, joins a growing list of stars set to bestow an award at the ceremony including Dustin Hoffman, Drew Barrymore, Renee Zellweger and British-born actress Kate Winslet.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_2.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_2.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9db373575dca8b61c7ed80420452a346ff7b1324
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_2.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Day-Lewis set for Berlin honour
+
+Actor Daniel Day-Lewis is to be presented with an award for his career in film at the Berlin Film Festival.
+
+The 47-year-old, whose credits include his Oscar-winning performance in My Left Foot, will be presented with the Berlinale Camera award on 15 February. The honour, awarded since 1986, honours figures in cinema that the festival feels "particularly indebted to". Man to Man, a historical epic starring Kristin Scott Thomas, opens the German festival on 10 February. A candid documentary about the life and career of singer George Michael, A Different Story will also be screened at the 10-day event. '
+
+Day-Lewis has competed four times at the Berlin Film Festival, with films In The Name Of The Father (1994), The Crucible (1997), The Boxer (1998) and Martin Scorsese's Gangs Of New York (2003). The festival praises him for his "sensational start" with roles in My Beautiful Launderette and costume classic A Room With A View, and a "great number of celebrated roles" in subsequent productions. Japan's oldest film studio will also be honoured along with Day-Lewis. Shochiku film studios, which was founded 110 years ago, will become the first cinematic institution to receive the Berlinale Camera award. Famous Japanese directors including Akira Hurosawa have had films produced at the studio.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_20.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_20.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..60f1f819b23d41c07eb776e3366ddd8f38ab6a5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_20.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Double eviction from Big Brother
+
+Model Caprice and Holby City actor Jeremy Edwards have both left the Celebrity Big Brother house in a surprise double eviction on Friday.
+
+Caprice, who left in the scheduled fourth eviction having gained just 5% of the public vote, afterwards said: "I am so happy, I am so glad I'm out." Edwards then left in a surprise eviction, with 12% of the vote. Nineteen-year-old Blazin' Squad singer Kenzie is currently favourite to win the £50,000 charity prize. Caprice had been the pre-show favourite to be voted out of the house, with bookmakers Ladbrokes offering odds of 1/5 on her departure. Ladbrokes spokesman Warren Lush had said she was "the hottest eviction favourite so far this series".
+
+Odds on Kenzie's victory have been slashed from 4/6 to 1/2, although bookmakers have said they are not ruling out a late rally from former Happy Mondays star Bez. The other remaining housemate is actress Brigitte Nielsen. DJ Lisa I'Anson became the third housemate to be voted out on Wednesday when she became the victim of a surprise eviction during a game of hide-and-seek on the Channel 4 show. I'Anson said she was "glad to be out" and predicted that Kenzie would emerge as the winner. The winner is due to be announced on Sunday night.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_21.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_21.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f9564c9c565155765e3bc75c381cc0591efbc672
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_21.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Celebrities get their skates on
+
+Former England footballer Paul Gascoigne will join EastEnders' actress Scarlett Johnson on BBC One's Strictly Ice Dancing.
+
+The one-off Christmas special will also star television presenter Carol Smillie and Jessica Taylor from Liberty-X. Each celebrity will be paired with a professional skater to impress a panel of judges and win the audience vote. The BBC is yet to confirm the final two stars who will battle it out to become Ice King or Queen.
+
+Veteran presenter Bruce Forsyth and Tess Daly will host the programme, which follows hot on the heels of the current Saturday night series Strictly Come Dancing. The celebrities will have to practise a stipulated ice dance and perform it at an ice rink with their partner. The judges will have 50% of the vote to decide who wins the contest, with the ice rink audience making up the rest of the vote. The show forms part of the BBC's festive schedule. Ice skating duo Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean are to front a similar celebrity ice dance show for ITV, titled Stars on Thin Ice. The contestants on Stars on Thin Ice will each be paired up with a professional skater and will learn a new routine every week. At the end of the series, one celebrity will be crowned the winner.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_22.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_22.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0d0df6d85af62a56672767db8655bb1bd8c91d36
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_22.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Holmes wins '2004 top TV moment'
+
+Sprinter Kelly Holmes' Olympic victory has been named the top television moment of 2004 in a BBC poll.
+
+Holmes' 800m gold medal victory beat favourite moments from drama, comedy and factual programmes, as voted by television viewers. Natasha Kaplinsky's Strictly Come Dancing win was top entertainment moment and a Little Britain breast feeding sketch won the comedy prize. The 2004 TV Moments will be shown on BBC One at 2000 GMT on Wednesday. Double gold medal winner Holmes topped the best sports moment category, beating Maria Sharapova's Wimbledon triumph and Matthew Pinsent's rowing victory at the Olympics.
+
+She then went on to take the overall prize of Golden TV Moment. The sight of former royal correspondent Jennie Bond with dozens of rats crawling over her in ITV's I'm a Celebrity Get Me Out of Here was named best factual entertainment moment. Michael Buerk's return to Ethiopia, 20 years after originally reporting its famine, topped the factual category for BBC programme This World. Long-running soap EastEnders won the best popular drama moment title when character Dot confided in Den Watts that she was unwell.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_23.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_23.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..63f29779e9eb8f8f56983efce8d42597b787cdfb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_23.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Slater to star in Broadway play
+
+Actor Christian Slater is stepping into the role of Tom in the Broadway revival of The Glass Menagerie.
+
+Slater, 35, is replacing actor Dallas Roberts in the Tennessee Williams drama, which opens next month. No reason was given for Roberts' departure. The role will be played by understudy Joey Collins until Slater joins the show. Slater won rave reviews for his recent performance in One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest in London's West End.
+
+He has also starred in a number of films, including Heathers, Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves and more recently Churchill: The Hollywood Years. Preview performances of The Glass Menagerie will begin at New York's Ethel Barrymore Theatre on Thursday. Philip Rinaldi, a spokesman for the show, said the play's 15 March opening date remains unchanged. The revival, directed by David Leveaux, will also star Jessica Lange as the domineering mother, Amanda Wingfield.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_24.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_24.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cedc0bd4336da5e519565ce825d9404313373c0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_24.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Gervais writing Simpsons episode
+
+The Office's Ricky Gervais is writing an episode of hit US cartoon The Simpsons, following an invitation from its creator Matt Groening.
+
+Gervais has already begun writing the script but is keeping its subject matter a closely guarded secret. He will also write a part for himself in the episode. "I've got the rough idea but this is the most intimidating project of my career. The Simpsons is the greatest TV show of all time," he said. Groening recently heaped praise on The Office, saying: "Everybody on The Simpsons is a fan of The Office - it's one of the best shows on TV in the last decade." Gervais has already said he would not guest star in the show as his Office character David, having left him behind for good in the Christmas specials. The Office became a surprise US success when it was screened on cable channel BBC America. The first series won two Golden Globes in 2004 for best comedy and best TV actor for Gervais.
+
+In winning it beat the likes of Sex and the City and Will and Grace. An American version was produced, but so far only a pilot has been broadcast - to much criticism that it failed to live up to the original. At the British Comedy Awards on Wednesday, Gervais was handed a special achievement award for writing. But The Office missed out in the best comedy show category to Little Britain. Matt Groening was also at the awards to collect the award for best international comedy for The Simpsons.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_25.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_25.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b795f3d815fd71e801fba6982c2bd04ae0d2b0a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_25.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+John Peel replacement show begins
+
+The permanent replacement for late DJ John Peel's BBC Radio 1 show goes on air on Tuesday, with three hosts chosen to fill the legendary presenter's slot.
+
+Rock DJ Huw Stephens will go on air in the 2300 slot every Tuesday, with black music champion Ras Kwame on Wednesdays and dance DJ Rob Da Bank on Thursdays. Rob Da Bank filled in after Peel had a heart attack aged 65 in October. All three will play "diverse, unpredictable and non-commercial" songs under the banner of the OneMusic show.
+
+Radio 1 said the station was not trying to replace Peel, but would rise to the "challenge" of "keeping his legacy alive" with unpredictable music. The three DJs were chosen for their "in-depth musical knowledge across a variety of musical genres", the station said.
+
+Rob Da Bank is one of the hosts of The Blue Room, an early morning weekend show which plays electronic and dance music. Huw Stephens has been one half of the Thursday night show Bethan and Huw in Wales, which explores new music, especially up-and-coming acts in Wales. And Ras Kwame is host of 100% Homegrown on Radio 1's digital station 1Xtra, dedicated to showcasing the best hip-hop and garage. Another change to the station line-up will see Sara Cox return after maternity leave. She will host the lunchtime show on Saturdays from this week.
+
+Good luck to all three of them, not one DJ could fill Peels boots so it's probably a good idea to get them all contributing. This time next year I hope we are saying how well these DJs have done, but I fear this time next year we will really realise how much John Peel will be forever missed.
+
+Very good idea to continue the legacy without attempting to replace John Peel. Also, there will surely be a wider spectrum for international music as three top radio DJs unite under the One World name. Congratulations!
+
+The whole glory of John Peel was the fact he was not commited to one genre. He played what he liked across the range of music.... this is not going to be the same, and all they seem to be doing is what they already have. Bring back Steve Lamacq.
+
+The obvious heir to John Peel is the marvellous, wonderful and talented Claire Kember from totallyradio.com. This lady is young and fresh and is one of the most knowledgeable and likeable people in British broadcasting today. Everyone who listens to her show understands and compares her to the ledgendary John Peel. BBC Radio should seek out the real talent from internet radio stations, people who are making a real impact on the world of music and the world in general.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_26.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_26.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a4b99ccfb778de02c277485554519114ce4ac31a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_26.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Brookside actress Keaveney dies
+
+Actress Anna Keaveney, who appeared in Brookside, My Family and A Touch of Frost, has died of lung cancer aged 55.
+
+Keaveney, who played Brookside's Marie Jackson when the Channel 4 soap began in 1982, died on Saturday. Born in Runcorn, Cheshire, she also starred in numerous films including 1989's Shirley Valentine. She played Nellie in Mike Leigh's latest film Vera Drake, which won the Golden Lion prize for best film at this year's Venice Film Festival.
+
+And most recently she appeared alongside Richard Wilson in ITV's King of Fridges and with Martin Clunes in Doc Martin. Other TV appearances included the part of Matron in ITV drama Footballers' Wives and a cameo role as Tom Farrell's mother Sheila in BBC comedy Gimme Gimme Gimme. Keaveney's career also included stage performances in Neaptide for the National Theatre, Private Lives and The Rise and Fall of Little Voice. The actress died in hospital. Her agent Barry Brown said: "Anna was due to have had another operation on Friday but unfortunately she was too weak."
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_27.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_27.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..da3fbbe3f4d194a8ba870987680cb142cf056b72
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_27.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+£1.8m indecency fine for Viacom
+
+Media giant Viacom has paid out $3.5m (£1.8m) to end investigations into indecency in its US radio and TV shows.
+
+The settlement to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) ends a long-running saga dating back to 2001. The FCC was looking into 50 shows, including those by "shock jock" Howard Stern and two New York DJs. Stern recently announced he was leaving Viacom while the two DJs were sacked after their show featured a couple purporting to have sex in a church. After the church incident two years ago Viacom agreed to install audio delay equipment at its radio stations that broadcast live programming.
+
+It also agreed to train its broadcasters and employees about indecency laws. The agreement cancels investigations into about 50 radio and television shows, said Richard Diamond, FCC deputy secretary of communications. The shows were broadcast by Viacom-owned stations across the United States. Viacom has five days to pay the $3.5m fine, according to the agreement. The payment is not related to the FCC's $550,000 (£293,000) fine levied against Viacom after the exposure of singer Janet Jackson's breast during the CBS Super Bowl halftime show in January. Viacom is contesting that fine. It is not the first time that Viacom has paid out over indecency charges. Infinity Broadcasting, which is owned by Viacom, paid cumulative fines totalling $1.7m (£907,000) in 1995 to settle FCC violations by Stern.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_28.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_28.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..40a2843acdc5f6dc81eb927a7e4e984ef0c3b9fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_28.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+Triple triumph for Little Britain
+
+Top TV cult hit Little Britain has triumphed over The Office at the 15th annual British Comedy Awards.
+
+The BBC show beat The Office Christmas Special in the best TV comedy category and took the people's choice award. Matt Lucas and David Walliams also jointly won best TV comedy actor over The Office creator Ricky Gervais, who won a special award for writing. It was also a good night for Ant and Dec who clinched two awards, including best comedy entertainment personality. The Geordie duo also secured best comedy entertainment programme for Saturday Night Takeaway, beating I'm A Celebrity... Get Me Out Of Here!, which they also host, and the BBC's Have I Got News For You.
+
+The ceremony was presented by Jonathan Ross from ITV's London Studios headquarters on the capital's South Bank. Little Britain began life as a radio series on Radio 4, with Walliams and Lucas playing a range of misfit characters from an alternative Britain. It was later commissioned for BBC Three, where it proved a huge success, with the second series also shown on BBC One. After receiving his award for best TV comedy actor with Walliams, Lucas said: "It's a great honour to be nominated alongside Ricky Gervais and Martin Clunes."
+
+The show also won the people's choice award, which is the only gong on the night voted for by viewers. Speaking after receiving the award for best comedy, Walliams said: "It was a real shock but I don't think we deserved to beat The Office which is a great show and more than just a comedy. It's a beautiful piece of work." Gervais and The Office co-writer Stephen Merchant received a special award for writing, presented by Noel Gallagher and Tom Stoppard. Gervais said: "The show has won an awful lot of awards in the last couple of years, too much. It's got embarrassing to be honest." Other winners at the awards included Caroline Quentin, who took home best TV comedy actress for Life Begins and Von Trapped.
+
+Catherine Tate, from The Catherine Tate Show, was also nominated for the same award, but she did walk away with best comedy newcomer, over James McAvoy from Shameless (Channel 4) and Julian Barratt and Noel Fielding from The Mighty Boosh (BBC Three). Nighty Night was named Britain's best new TV comedy over ITV1 shows Doc Martin and Life Begins. But Doc Martin won best TV comedy drama, over Jonathan Creek (BBC One) and Shameless. Winner in the best international comedy category was The Simpsons, beating Sex and the City and Curb Your Enthusiasm. The prize was accepted by Matt Groening, creator of The Simpsons, who also received an outstanding contribution award from scientist Stephen Hawking, who has been featured in the series. School of Rock was voted best comedy film beating Shaun of the Dead and Shrek 2.
+
+Matt Lucas & David Walliams (Little Britain, BBC Three)
+
+Caroline Quentin (Life Begins/ Von Trapped, ITV1)
+
+Ant & Dec (Ant & Dec's Saturday Night Takeaway/ I'm A Celebrity, Get Me Out Of Here!, ITV1)
+
+Catherine Tate (The Catherine Tate Show, BBC Two)
+
+Nighty Night (Baby Cow Productions, BBC Three)
+
+Little Britain (BBC Three)
+
+Doc Martin (Buffalo Productions, ITV1)
+
+Ant & Dec's Saturday Night Takeaway (Granada, ITV1)
+
+The Simpsons (Twentieth Century Fox, BBC Two/Sky One/Channel 4)
+
+School Of Rock
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_29.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_29.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..619a7cd63c479d29bbf17fb167061c1a573bf789
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_29.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Wife Swap makers sue US 'copycat'
+
+The British producers of US Wife Swap are taking legal action against a show they claim is "a blatant and wholescale copycat" of their programme.
+
+RDF Media, which makes the show for US network ABC, has filed a damages claim for $18 million (£9.25 million) against Fox's Trading Spouses. ABC bought the rights to the British show, which was first aired in 2003 and became a hit on Channel 4. The US network is not part of the claim, but has supported RDF's action. "We respect our producing partners' right to protect their intellectual property in whatever manner they deem most appropriate," said ABC in a statement. A spokesman for Fox said it had not seen the details of the legal action and could not comment.
+
+Their show was first screened in June, and was criticised in the press for its similarities to Wife Swap. ABC originally planned to call their programme Trading Moms, but changed it to avoid confusion with the Fox version. Earlier this year, the NBC network claimed that Fox's boxing show The Next Great Champ had been hurriedly produced to ensure its programme was the first to be screened. NBC alleged that boxing regulations had been violated, but failed in their attempt to have the show pulled. The Fox show proved a ratings flop, while NBC's The Contender is due to begin in February.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_3.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_3.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7f77d3196c1a2bd71462a1d92669d9360a8036a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_3.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Legendary music studio to close
+
+The New York music studio where John Lennon spent his final hours is to close next month.
+
+The Hit Factory, which opened 37 years ago, has played host to some of the biggest stars in music, including Paul Simon, Madonna and David Bowie. However, the rise in digital recording has affected business at the studio, which is relocating to smaller premises in Miami. Lennon recorded his final album Double Fantasy at the studio in 1979.
+
+The studio was founded by Jerry Ragovoy in 1968. In 1975 it was sold to fellow producer Edward Germano, who turned it into a 100,000 square foot studio with seven recording rooms and live mastering suites. His first client was Stevie Wonder, who recorded part of his classic album Songs In The Key Of Life there. Other well-known albums to be recorded or partially recorded at the studio include Bruce Springsteen's Born In The USA, the Rolling Stones' Emotional Rescue and Paul Simon's Graceland. Michael Jackson, Billy Joel, Jay-Z and Beyonce are also among artists who have used the Hit Factory in the past, as well as 50 Cent who survived an attempt on his life as he left the premises in 2000. The studio made history in 1994 when it won a record 41 Grammy nominations for songs recorded, mastered or mixed there, including the soundtrack to the Whitney Houston film The Bodyguard.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_30.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_30.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fd68d11a9fae4ec934748702336486a6fbfa8f77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_30.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+Jungle TV show ratings drop by 4m
+
+The finale of ITV1's I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out of Here drew an average of 10.9m viewers - about four million fewer than the previous series.
+
+The fourth series of the show peaked on Monday at 11.9m and 49.2% of the audience, just before Joe Pasquale won. This compared with a peak of 15.3m at and a record 62.2% of the TV audience when Kerry McFadden won in February. Comic Pasquale beat former Royal butler Paul Burrell who came second, nightclub owner Fran Cosgrave, who was third. Pasquale follows Kerry McFadden, Phil Tufnell and Tony Blackburn as winners of the show.
+
+Singer and TV presenter McFadden was the show's first female winner. When cricketer Phil Tufnell won in May 2003, 12.3 million people - 50% of the viewing public - tuned in to watch. And when Tony Blackburn won the first show in 2002, 10.9 million people saw the show. Pasquale had been the show's hottest ever favourite to win, and its hosts Anthony McPartlin and Declan Donnelly, known as Ant and Dec, said Monday's deciding vote was the closest in the programme's history.
+
+Pascuale has been flooded with offers of TV work, according to his management company, but one of his first jobs on his return is pantomime.
+
+Before joining I'm a Celebrity, he had signed up to play Jack in Jack and the Beanstalk in Birmingham, and tickets for the show have become increasingly popular since he joined the TV show. His manager Robert Voice said: "We've had interest from different TV producers. Some are for comedy shows, some are new-type projects. "There are a number of things Joe wants to do. He is very ambitious. "He wants to play the West End and do different things other than straightforward comedy. We are talking to a couple of West End producers about a musical."
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_31.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_31.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1cbcd822ee56024e9dde275c31b530f8403261c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_31.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Muslim group attacks TV drama 24
+
+A British Muslim group has criticised the new series of US drama 24, which is about to be aired on Sky One, claiming it portrays Islam unfairly.
+
+The Muslim Council of Britain has complained to broadcasting watchdog Ofcom. It says the programme breaches editorial guidelines. The group's members met with Sky executives on Tuesday after viewing previews of the first five episodes. The drama, now in its fourth series, begins on Sunday evening. The new series portrays a Muslim family as a sleeper terrorist cell. The Muslim Council of Britain said in a statement: "We are greatly concerned by the unremittingly hostile and unbalanced portrayal of Muslims in this series of 24 based upon a preview of the first five episodes that we have seen." "There is not a single positive Muslim character in the storyline to date. At a time when negative stereotypes of Muslims are on the increase we feel that Sky - as a major UK broadcaster - has a responsibility to challenge these insidious views, not help to reinforce them." But Sky denied the programme breached broadcasting guidelines. A spokesperson said: "During a useful meeting yesterday, Sky listened to the concerns raised by representatives of the council. Sky does not believe that the episodes that it has reviewed to date breach Ofcom's programme code." Fox TV, which shows the series in the US, is broadcasting public service announcements showing Muslims in a positive light after complaints about the series.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_32.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_32.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..90d3b066d7e743d04e3d98663b70338c74e09d2a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_32.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Brookside creator's Channel 4 bid
+
+The creator of defunct TV soap Brookside has written to the culture minister to offer to buy Channel 4.
+
+Phil Redmond, now chairman of Mersey TV, told Tessa Jowell he would run it with its current remit intact for the next 10 years. But media watchdog Ofcom has said the the commercially funded public service broadcaster will not be privatised. A spokesman for the Department for Culture, Media and Sport said there were no plans to sell the channel.
+
+He added that primary legislation would be required for the station to be sold off, which the government was not intending to introduce. Brookside was axed in 2003 after its ratings slumped from a peak of seven million to just 1.5 million. Redmond also brought teen soap Hollyoaks to Channel 4 and created Grange Hill, the school-based drama serial which was first broadcast on BBC One in 1978. He was awarded the CBE for services to drama earlier this year.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_33.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_33.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..87355e3ab80779ab1d871f743cbd5cadb1392352
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_33.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+South Bank Awards honour hit soap
+
+Coronation Street has become the first soap to triumph at the South Bank Show Awards, which traditionally reward highbrow and groundbreaking culture.
+
+The soap beat fellow ITV1 show Filthy Love and Channel 4's Shameless to win the best TV drama prize on Thursday. Little Britain was named best comedy while Franz Ferdinand beat Morrissey and The Libertines to the music award. Shane Meadows' Dead Man's Shoes picked up the best film award, beating Shaun of the Dead and My Summer of Love. The two award ceremonies reflect the achievements the industry believes have been made in the last year.
+
+In 2004, Coronation Street pulled away from its BBC One rival EastEnders in the ratings and dominated other TV awards. Last year, the South Bank Award for best TV drama went to Steven Poliakoff's period piece The Lost Prince, while Bloody Sunday, about the 1972 killings in Northern Ireland, won in 2003. In other South Bank categories, Little Britain's second series beat Nighty Night and The Green Wing to the comedy trophy while Alan Bennett's The History Boys won in the theatre category. Author David Mitchell made up for losing out in the Booker Prize to Alan Hollinghurst by beating him to the literary award with his book Cloud Atlas. Shameless, State Of Play and Clocking Off creator Paul Abbott got a lifetime achievement award while former Grange Hill actress Amma Asante won the breakthrough award for writing and directing her first film, A Way Of Life.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_34.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_34.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e63b2086da7201b89bcbee62c6d457c37f729344
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_34.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Housewives lift Channel 4 ratings
+
+The debut of US television hit Desperate Housewives has helped lift Channel 4's January audience share by 12% compared to last year.
+
+Other successes such as Celebrity Big Brother and The Simpsons have enabled the broadcaster to surpass BBC2 for the first month since last July. However the channel's share of the audience fell from 11.2% to 9.6% last month in comparison with January 2004. Celebrity Big Brother attracted less viewers than its 2002 series.
+
+Comedy drama Desperate Housewives managed to pull in five million viewers at one point during its run to date, attracting a quarter of the television audience. The two main television channels, BBC1 and ITV1, have both seen their monthly audience share decline in a year on year comparison for January, while Five's proportion remained the same at a slender 6.3%. Digital multi-channel TV is continuing to be the strongest area of growth, with the BBC reporting Freeview box ownership of five million, including one million sales in the last portion of 2004. Its share of the audience soared by 20% in January 2005 compared with last year, and currently stands at an average of 28.6%.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_35.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_35.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..284b85855e582f54db1f9332959ae955bee1d9d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_35.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+New media battle for Bafta awards
+
+The BBC leads the nominations for the Bafta Interactive Awards, including one for the Radio Times website and one for Sport Interactive's Euro 2004 coverage.
+
+The awards, which were started in 1997, recognise the best websites, digital TV shows and CD roms. Other nominees include The Guardian news website, the National Theatre, MTV, the Science Museum and the London Stock Exchange. The winners from 12 different categories are crowned on 2 March 2005. There were nearly 400 entries this year - a third more than last year. The BBC has 16 nominations while The Guardian has three nominations.
+
+"This year's nominees are a testament to the creative and innovative work going on within the industry," said Grant Dean, chair of the interactive committee. Categories include interactive TV, film, digital TV, mobile phones and music. Shaun of the Dead, Oasis' Definitely Maybe, Really Bend It Like Beckham, The Chaplin Collection and The Day Today will battle it out in the DVD category.
+
+ITV's Great British Spelling Test takes on the BBC's Olympics and Spooks Interactive for the interactive TV award. And the Guardian takes three of a possible five nominations in the news and sport category for its website coverage of Euro 2004, the Tour de France and the US elections. The BBC's iCan site is up for the technical and social innovation award alongside the likes of Nottingham University's Uncle Roy All Around You. In 2002, the British Academy of Film and Television decided to split the awards into separate games and interactive ceremonies, to fully cover the range of innovation outside the gaming industry.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_36.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_36.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f887de2e1a7ad51d80143de1323733ac393e8e2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_36.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+Bets off after Big Brother 'leak'
+
+A bookmaker has stopped taking bets on Celebrity Big Brother after claiming "sensitive information" about the Channel 4 show had been leaked.
+
+William Hill made the move after four people tried to place bets on Friday's surprise double eviction. "This is highly unlikely to have been an inspired guess," William Hill spokesman Rupert Adams said. However, a Big Brother spokeswoman was "satisfied" that sensitive information about the show remained confidential.
+
+The bookmaker said its suspicions had been aroused by betting for the last two contestant evictions, when people were still trying to place large sums despite odds as short as 1/14. But William Hill's "overwhelming evidence" came on Friday when four unknown callers asked to place bets on the show's surprise double eviction.
+
+Shortly afterwards model Caprice and actor Jeremy Edwards left the show. Mr Adams believed someone had gained access to figures which revealed how viewers were voting, and was using them to predict which celebrity would be evicted next. "We think somebody somewhere has got them and has been trying very hard to take us to the cleaners," he said. The bets were not taken. Mr Adams did not believe anyone from Channel 4 or Big Brother producer Endemol had tried to place the queried bets. But he added: "They need to look at how many people are privy to the sensitive information."
+
+Big Brother's spokeswoman said: "Only a handful of senior production executives are privy to any sensitive information regarding eviction voting and there are strict procedures in place to keep this information strictly confidential. "We do not feel the need to investigate this further as we are satisfied that these measures are effective." The show's independent adjudicator - the Electoral Reform Services - was also satisfied, she added. The current series of Celebrity Big Brother ends on Sunday, with Happy Mondays star Bez, actress Brigitte Nielsen and Blazin' Squad rapper Kenzie competing for a £50,000 charity prize.
+
+Bookmaker Ladbrokes said it would continue to accept bets on the final, with Kenzie its favourite at 2/9. "We felt no need whatsoever to close the book," spokesman Warren Lush said. "We've seen absolutely no suspicious betting patterns." Mr Lush added that people sometimes vote on short odds "because they think it's like buying money". "You do have to risk quite a lot of money for a very small gain but if they think there's no chance of an upset they will still do it," he said.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_37.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_37.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..02d7f5a74f57480ebfd42857511acff970c5a9bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_37.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Farrell due to make US TV debut
+
+Actor Colin Farrell is to make his debut on US television in medical sitcom Scrubs, according to Hollywood newspaper Daily Variety.
+
+The film star, who recently played the title role in historical blockbuster Alexander, will make a cameo appearance as an unruly Irishman. The episode featuring the 28-year-old will be screened on 25 January. Farrell's appearance is said to be a result of his friendship with Zach Braff, who stars in the programme. It will be the actor's first appearance on the small screen since he appeared in BBC series Ballykissangel in 1999. The gentle Sunday night drama came to an end in 2001.
+
+He has since become one of Hollywood's fastest-rising stars, with a string roles in major league films such as Minority Report, Phone Booth and Daredevil. Farrell is pencilled in to play the role of Crockett in a film version of 1980s police drama Miami Vice. Scrubs, which appears on the NBC network in the US and has been shown on Channel 4 on British television, is an off-beat comedy about a group of hospital doctors. Other film stars to have appeared in Scrubs include Heather Graham, while Friends actor Matthew Perry has guest-starred and directed an episode of the show. Its leading star, Zach Braff, has recently been seen on the big screen in Garden State, which he also directed.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_38.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_38.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bd74991b739f472aa70220c4580f53bf80f1567b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_38.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Fox 'too reliant on reality TV'
+
+The head of US TV network Fox has admitted the broadcaster had relied too heavily on reality TV shows such as the poor-rating Who's Your Daddy.
+
+Chief executive Gail Berman said "in the case of this fall we drifted to too much on the unscripted side". The series Who's Your Daddy, where a young woman tries to pick her natural father for a cash prize caused outrage from adoption groups and rated badly. Last season, Fox's prime-time audience fell by 600,000 to 5.9 million. Ms Berman said: "I think the audience expects loud things from Fox. Sometimes they work, and sometimes they don't."
+
+Who's Your Daddy, the first episode of which was shown on 3 January, pulled in a disappointing audience of 6.3 million, according to the Nielsen ratings system. Five other episodes of the show had also been filmed will be dropped from Fox's schedules, Ms Berman said. She was predicting a drop in ratings even for some of the network's established reality shows, such as American Idol, which is due to start its fourth series this week. Fox had unveiled a new strategy last year promising to launch new shows every season, including the traditionally quiet summer season. Though that had met with a poor reception, Ms Berman said "there's no question that the audience, in our mind, is ready, willing and able to accept new programming in the summer". Fox has changed this plan, launching new shows in May instead of June. One of the new shows will be the animated series American Dad, made by Seth MacFarlane, the creator of Family Guy. That series, after becoming a hit on DVD, is also set to return with new episodes.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_39.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_39.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c20b4f6c1ceaf82a38dcda3a6c082113b7feb361
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_39.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+George Michael to perform for BBC
+
+George Michael is to perform live at London's Abbey Road studios as part of a BBC Radio 2 special next month.
+
+The session, which will broadcast on 18 December, will also see him talk about how his biggest hits came about. Michael's appearance is part of the station's Sold on Song initiative, which explores the art of songwriting. The station also confirmed that Chris Tarrant will be hosting a one-off New Year's Eve programme. He left London's Capital FM this year after 17 years. The former breakfast show host - who attracted some of the highest ratings in Britain, despite only broadcasting to London - will offer his own individual take on the year in the two-hour show. "This should be great fun," Tarrant said. "I've had a fantastic year and I know that lots of other people have as well. I'm definitely looking forward to being on Radio 2." Other Christmas specials from Radio 2 include singer Jamelia hosting a Christmas Day concert from the London Community Gospel Choir, while actor Christopher Lee will read Fireside Tales from the likes of Edgar Allan Poe, E Nesbit and Ambrose Bierce. Comedian Harry Hill will host a spoof nostalgia show on Christmas Day, while singer Jamie Cullum will perform a live concert for the station.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_4.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ce22e5c5a6ee0b746772e9ced25e1c87dbe9351a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Top gig award for Scissor Sisters
+
+New York band Scissor Sisters have won a gig of the year award for their performance at this year's V Festival.
+
+The award was voted for by listeners of Virgin Radio, which compiled a top 10 which was mostly dominated by newcomers on the music scene this year. The quirky disco-rock band beat The Red Hot Chili Peppers who came second for their Hyde Park performance in June. Virgin Radio DJ Pete Mitchell said: "This year has seen an amazing array of talent come into the mainstream." He added: "The Scissor Sisters are one of the most original, eccentric bands to come through and it's no surprise the British public are lapping up their performances." Newcomers Keane came in third place for their August gig at the V Festival, followed by Maroon 5 and Snow Patrol.
+
+Music veterans The Who and David Bowie, both earned places on the list, at number eight and 10 respectively. At number seven was Oxfam's Make Fair Trade gig at London's Hammersmith Apollo in October, which featured performances by REM, Razorlight and Coldplay's Chris Martin. Glasgow's Franz Ferdinand earned a place at number nine for their home-town performance in April. The annual survey was voted for by nearly 4,000 listeners.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_40.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_40.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0e8fd169660d67a44019cd96f40941939e77a356
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_40.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Joy Division story to become film
+
+The life of late Joy Division singer Ian Curtis is to be made into a film, it has been announced.
+
+The Manchester-based production is called Touching From A Distance, after a book by Curtis's widow Deborah which forms the basis for the film. Music mogul Tony Wilson, who headed the record company Joy Division were signed to, will be co-executive producer. The musician committed suicide in 1980 aged 23, shortly before the band were due to go on tour in the US. Mr Wilson, who has remained friends with Curtis's widow and daughter Natalie, who he says asked for his involvement to make the film "official". "People have different ideas as to why Ian committed suicide, so maybe the film will reflect those different views," he told the BBC News website.
+
+Plans for a separate Joy Division film had been announced at the Cannes Film Festival earlier this year, but the project did not get off the ground as it failed to get the backing of Curtis's family. Mr Wilson, who was also involved with Joy Division's sucessor band New Order, as well as the Happy Mondays, said he would "rather not" appear in the film. He made a cameo appearance in 24 Hour Party People, in which his leading role was played by Steve Coogan. "I'm not an actor and I did a lousy job playing my part in 24 Hour Party People," said the Factory Records founder, who has been associated with the Manchester music scene since the 1970s. "Film people have a tendency to mess up when they touch music, but I hope this one works.
+
+"This is much more than the music - they want to do the real story of Ian," he said. The film is to be directed by Dutch-born Anton Corbijn, who has made music movies for Depeche Mode and U2. It will be produced by a US production company, while the widow of Ian Curtis will also be an executive producer.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_41.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_41.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8a10ee094f13a327ccbc9a5ee79daeda017c58b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_41.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Famed music director Viotti dies
+
+Conductor Marcello Viotti, director of Venice's famous La Fenice Theatre, has died in Germany at 50.
+
+Viotti, director of La Fenice since 2002, conducted at renowned opera houses worldwide including Milan's La Scala and the Vienna State Opera. His time at La Fenice coincided with its reopening in 2003 after it was destroyed by fire in 1996. He fell into a coma after suffering a stroke during rehearsals for Jules Massenet's Manon last week.
+
+He conducted some of the best orchestras in the world including the Berlin Philharmonic and the English Chamber Orchestra. Viotti was born in Switzerland and studied the piano, cello and singing at the Lausanne Conservatory. His career breakthrough came in 1982 when he won first prize at the Gino Marinuzzi conducting competition in Italy. Viotti established himself as chief conductor of the Turin Opera and went on to become chief conductor of Munich's Radio Orchestra. At La Fenice Viotti was widely acclaimed for his production of the French composer Massenet's Thais and some of his other productions included Giuseppe Verdi's La Traviata and Richard Strauss's Ariadne auf Naxos.
+
+The last opera he directed at La Fenice was Massenet's Le Roi de Lahore. Viotti's debut at the New York's Metropolitan Opera came in 2000 with Giacomo Puccini's Madame Butterfly, followed by La Boheme, La Traviata and Fromental Halevy's La Juive. Giampaolo Vianello, superintendent of the Fenice Theatre Foundation, said: "I am filled with extreme sadness because, other than a great artist, he is missed as a friend - a main character in the latest joyous times, during the rebirth of our theatre." Viotti's last public performance was on 5 February when he conducted Vincenzo Bellini's Norma at the Vienna State Opera.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_42.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_42.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1acb621ae6a9b4482e01d00e7258614c04da5f63
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_42.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Three DJs replace Peel radio show
+
+The late John Peel's BBC Radio 1 show is to be succeeded in February by three shows hosted by three DJs focusing on diverse, non-commercial music.
+
+Huw Stephens, Ras Kwame and Rob Da Bank will each host the mid-week, late-night timeslot, showcasing UK talent. Radio 1 said the show would not try to replace Peel, but would rise to the "challenge" of "keeping his legacy alive" with unpredictable music. Peel died after suffering a heart attack in Peru in October. Radio 1 said the three DJs had been chosen for their "in-depth musical knowledge across a variety of musical genres". Rob Da Bank has been hosting The John Peel Show since the DJ's death. He is also one of the hosts of The Blue Room, an early morning weekend show that plays a mix of old and new electronic and dance music. Huw Stephens is currently one half of the Radio 1 Thursday night show Bethan and Huw in Wales, which explores new music, especially up and coming acts breaking through in Wales. And Ras Kwame is the host of 100% Homegrown on Radio 1's digital station 1Xtra. His show is dedicated to showcasing the best of UK black music and broadcasts live sessions, often giving new artists their first chance to perform on live national radio.
+
+All of the three DJs will continue to host their current shows on Radio 1. "It is widely accepted that John Peel can never be replaced," said the radio station. It added that One Music would support both signed and unsigned talent, and said: "It will seek out those making music for music's sake rather than for commercial success. "Above all it will provide support to emerging genres of music and styles that have not yet and may never reach the mainstream."
+
+One Music is not new to Radio 1 as it already exists as a website, offering advice on aspects of the music industry, such as recording a demo and signing a record contract. Radio 1's controller, Andy Parfitt, said: "We believe that by having a series of DJs hosting a selection of shows under the One Music title, we will ensure that his legacy lives on." Stephens said he grew up "listening to John" and that it was a "massive honour" to continue Peel's work championing new music. The show will be broadcast from 1 February on Tuesdays, Wednesdays and Thursdays from 2300 GMT - 0100 GMT.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_43.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_43.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d3785d211d947d0bab096551fbaff7c25666ce45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_43.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Youssou N'Dour wins music prize
+
+Senegalese musician Youssou N'Dour has been named a winner of a BBC Radio 3 World Music Award.
+
+His album Egypt won the critics' award for album of the year, while the best newcomer accolade went to Argentine Chango Spasiuk. Winners were chosen from ten categories to reflect different continents. A special Poll Winners concert, hosted by Eliza Carthy and Benjamin Zephaniah will take place at The Sage in Gateshead on 5 March.
+
+The concert will be broadcast on Radio 3's World Music Day the following evening and will feature performances by many of the award winners. It will also include the announcement of the Audience Award, chosen by Radio 3 and BBC World Service listeners, alongside BBC Four viewers.
+
+Winner in the Africa category was Malian desert blues band Tinariwen, formed from the nomadic people of the southern Sahara. Cuban pianist Bebo Valdes and flamenco singer Diego El Cigala, responsible for critically acclaimed album Lagrimas Negrasmusic, won an award in the "boundary crossing" category. Each winner will receive a specially commissioned sculpture entitled Planet by Anita Sulimanovic who won a competition to design the award. Highlights of the Poll Winners Concert, to be held at The Sage, Gateshead, will be televised on BBC Four on 11 March.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_44.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_44.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4ca5cd3d0e6e45c542ebd9826cd792caa85cdae1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_44.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Singer Sizzla jailed for swearing
+
+Reggae star Sizzla, whose UK tour was cancelled after protests at his "anti-gay" lyrics, has been jailed in Jamaica for swearing on stage.
+
+The singer must serve 15 days in prison after he consistently swore during a concert in St Thomas, Jamaica, in January despite warnings by police. He was charged under a law which prohibits indecent dress or expression. Sizzla's five-date UK tour was cancelled last November after protests by gay rights campaigners.
+
+Sizzla, whose real name is Miguel Collins, has released 25 albums since 1995 and is credited with taking dancehall music back to its reggae origins. Many Jamaican entertainers have appeared before the courts for use of profanity in recent years but they usually receive a verbal warning, a suspended sentence or community service. Sizzla's UK tour was cancelled after Scotland Yard's Racial and Violent Crime taskforce announced it was examining lyrics by eight reggae artists. It would not confirm that Sizzla was among them. One of his most controversial songs, Pump Up, contains the Jamaican patois lyrics "fire fi di man dem weh go ride man behind", translated by gay rights group OutRage! as "burn the men who have sex with men".
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_45.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_45.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a2abfe179bbedadfa4df00c5e3a6882753646426
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_45.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Prince crowned 'top music earner'
+
+Prince earned more than any other pop star in 2004, beating artists such Madonna and Elton John in US magazine Rolling Stone's annual list.
+
+The singer banked $56.5m (£30.4m) from concerts, album and publishing sales with his Musicology tour and album. He kept Madonna in second place, as she earned $54.9m (£29.5m) while embarking on her global Re-Invention Tour. Veterans Simon and Garfunkel were in 10th place, their comeback tour helping them earn $24.9m (£13.4m) last year.
+
+"Prince returned to centre stage after a decade in the commercial wilderness," the magazine reported. The singer's 2004 tour took $90.3m (£48.5m) in ticket sales and he sold 1.9 million copies of his latest album Musicology.
+
+Although she grossed more than Prince last year, Madonna remained in second place because of the "monumental" production costs of her tour. Heavy metal band Metallica's Madly in Anger with the World tour helped push their 2004 earnings up to $43.1m (£23.1m). They were ahead of Sir Elton John, who took fourth place and almost $42.7m (£23m) from performances including a debut on the Las Vegas Strip. Other seasoned performers in the list included Rod Stewart, whose sold-out shows and third volume of The Great American Songbook covers album helped net him £35m (£19m). The highest-ranking rap act in the list was 50 Cent, who at number 19 took $24m (£13m) to the bank.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_46.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_46.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..041d0ebdfdcf683c1e584463b4189d828fc436ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_46.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Help for indies in download sales
+
+A campaign has been launched to help independent labels get their music online and benefit from the growing trend for downloading music.
+
+The British Phonographic Industry has identified a lack of independent music available for download. "We want to ensure that independent repertoire is as successful in the download world as it is in the physical world," said BPI chief Peter Jamieson. Downloaded singles have now overtaken physical singles in the UK. Mr Jamieson said his organisation was lobbying music service providers, which include iTunes and Napster, to urge them to promote independent releases. Download sales are due to be incorporated into the UK singles chart later this year. "With downloads shortly to be eligible for the singles chart, this is a key commercial issue on which the BPI committed to assisting its members," added Mr Jamieson. As part of the campaign the BPI is running a series of seminars entitled Getting Your Music Online, focusing on how independent labels can embrace digital music. The US has already begun incorporating download sales in the Billboard's Hot 100 chart.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_47.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_47.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..92bb95afbaf30c8e1546d2ad4fef6302842c082f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_47.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Musical treatment for Capra film
+
+The classic film It's A Wonderful Life is to be turned into a musical by the producer of the controversial hit show Jerry Springer - The Opera.
+
+Frank Capra's 1946 movie starring James Stewart, is being turned into a £7m musical by producer Jon Thoday. He is working with Steve Brown, who wrote the award-winning musical Spend Spend Spend. A spokeswoman said the plans were in the "very early stages", with no cast, opening date or theatre announced.
+
+A series of workshops have been held in London, and on Wednesday a cast of singers unveiled the musical to a select group of potential investors. Mr Thoday said the idea of turning the film into a musical had been an ambition of his for almost 20 years. It's a Wonderful Life was based on a short story, The Greatest Gift, by Philip van Doren Stern. Mr Thoday managed to buy the rights to the story from Van Doren Stern's family in 1999, following Mr Brown's success with Spend Spend Spend. He later secured the film rights from Paramount, enabling them to use the title It's A Wonderful Life.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_48.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_48.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8a10ee094f13a327ccbc9a5ee79daeda017c58b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_48.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Famed music director Viotti dies
+
+Conductor Marcello Viotti, director of Venice's famous La Fenice Theatre, has died in Germany at 50.
+
+Viotti, director of La Fenice since 2002, conducted at renowned opera houses worldwide including Milan's La Scala and the Vienna State Opera. His time at La Fenice coincided with its reopening in 2003 after it was destroyed by fire in 1996. He fell into a coma after suffering a stroke during rehearsals for Jules Massenet's Manon last week.
+
+He conducted some of the best orchestras in the world including the Berlin Philharmonic and the English Chamber Orchestra. Viotti was born in Switzerland and studied the piano, cello and singing at the Lausanne Conservatory. His career breakthrough came in 1982 when he won first prize at the Gino Marinuzzi conducting competition in Italy. Viotti established himself as chief conductor of the Turin Opera and went on to become chief conductor of Munich's Radio Orchestra. At La Fenice Viotti was widely acclaimed for his production of the French composer Massenet's Thais and some of his other productions included Giuseppe Verdi's La Traviata and Richard Strauss's Ariadne auf Naxos.
+
+The last opera he directed at La Fenice was Massenet's Le Roi de Lahore. Viotti's debut at the New York's Metropolitan Opera came in 2000 with Giacomo Puccini's Madame Butterfly, followed by La Boheme, La Traviata and Fromental Halevy's La Juive. Giampaolo Vianello, superintendent of the Fenice Theatre Foundation, said: "I am filled with extreme sadness because, other than a great artist, he is missed as a friend - a main character in the latest joyous times, during the rebirth of our theatre." Viotti's last public performance was on 5 February when he conducted Vincenzo Bellini's Norma at the Vienna State Opera.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_49.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_49.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..badc93f573504bfdb014799987a83bf50bcd9538
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_49.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+The Producers scoops stage awards
+
+The Producers has beaten Mary Poppins in the battle of the blockbuster West End musicals at the Olivier Awards.
+
+The Producers won three prizes at the UK's most prestigious annual theatre awards, while Mary Poppins won two. Mel Brooks' hit show triumphed in the battle for best new musical, where it was up against Mary Poppins and Andrew Lloyd Webber's The Woman in White. Alan Bennett's The History Boys was the big winner in the straight theatre categories, picking up three trophies. But all eyes were on the musical prizes after The Producers, Mary Poppins and The Woman in White all had high-profile openings in the last six months.
+
+The Producers' Nathan Lane, a last-minute replacement for Richard Dreyfuss, beat his former co-star Lee Evans to win best musical actor. Lane has already left the production. A smash hit on Broadway before moving to London, the show also won best musical performance in a supporting role for Conleth Hill, who plays director Roger DeBris. Mary Poppins' awards came for best choreography and best musical actress for its star Laura Michelle Kelly. It led the nominations going into Sunday's ceremony at London's Hilton hotel, up for nine awards. Both shows are stage adaptations of 1960s films. The History Boys, set in a grammar school in the early 1980s and partly based on Bennett's experiences as a teacher, was named best new play.
+
+It also won best actor for Richard Griffiths, who beat his Harry Potter film co-star Michael Gambon, nominated for Endgame, as well as Jonathan Pryce and Ben Whishaw. The play also won National Theatre artistic director Nicholas Hytner best director and Bennett got a special award for outstanding contribution to British theatre. Dame Judi Dench, who starred in All's Well That Ends Well at the Gielgud, lost out in the best supporting role category to Amanda Harris, who played Emilia in Othello for the Royal Shakespeare Company. The Olivier Awards have been handed out by the Society of London since 1976.
+
+- Best lighting design - His Dark Materials designed by Paule Constable at the Olivier 
+ - Best sound design - The Woman in White designed by Mick Potter at the Palace 
+ - Best new opera - Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk at the Royal Opera House 
+ - Outstanding achievement in opera - Thomas Ades and the Royal Opera House for the world premiere of The Tempest 
+ - Best costume design - All's Well That Ends Well designed by Deirdre Clancy at the Gielgud 
+ - Best Revival - Hamlet by William Shakespeare at The Old Vic 
+ - Best set design - His Dark Materials designed by Giles Cadle at the Olivier 
+ - Outstanding musical production - Grand Hotel at the Donmar Warehouse 
+ - Best supporting role in a musical - Conleth Hill for The Producers at Theatre Royal, Drury Lane 
+ - Best theatre choreographer - Matthew Bourne and Stephen Mear for Mary Poppins at the Prince Edward 
+ - Best actor - Richard Griffiths for The History Boys at the Lyttelton 
+ - Outstanding achievement or performance in an affiliate theatre - Andrew Scott for A Girl in A Car With A Man at the Jerwood Theatre Upstairs at the Royal Court 
+ - Best new dance production - Rambert Dance Company's Swamp at Sadler's Wells 
+ - Outstanding achievement in dance - San Francisco Ballet for their season at Sadler's Wells 
+ - Best performance in a supporting role - Amanda Harris for Othello at Trafalgar Studios 
+ - Best actress - Clare Higgins for Hecuba at the Donmar Warehouse 
+ - Best musical actor - Nathan Lane for The Producers at Theatre Royal, Drury Lane 
+ - Best musical actress - Laura Michelle Kelly for Mary Poppins at the Prince Edward 
+ - Best director - Nicholas Hytner for The History Boys at the Lyttelton 
+ - Best new play - The History Boys by Alan Bennett at the Lyttelton 
+ - Best new musical - The Producers at Theatre Royal, Drury Lane 
+ - Special award - Alan Bennett for his outstanding contribution to British theatre
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_5.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_5.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9c06940c767b13fdbf1374f075f760a2d4516a3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_5.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Rock group Korn's guitarist quits
+
+The guitarist with US rock band Korn has quit the music business, saying he made the decision after experiencing a religious awakening.
+
+Brian 'Head' Welch told a radio station in California that his bandmates respected his decision to leave. A replacement guitarist has yet to be named by Korn, who are currently at work on their eighth studio album. Welch added that he would appear at a church in Bakersfield to explain how he "got to this place in life". The remaining members of Korn, who are known for their hardcore brand of rock, said they hoped Welch "finds the happiness he is looking for".
+
+The 34-year-old made reference to the band's aggressive brand of music and its young fans in his parting statement. "Anger is a good thing, and if kids want to listen to Korn, good, but there's happiness after the anger," he told his local radio station in Bakersfield. "I'm going to show it through my actions, how much I love my fans," added Welch. Korn have enjoyed a moderate degree of chart success in the UK, with 10 singles breaking into the Top 40. Their best performance to date in the UK has been 2002's Here To Stay, which reached number 12, while their album Untouchables, released in the same year, made it to number four.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_50.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_50.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4e94a70e6630c98969da95e842a56bba8c8d30c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_50.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+Potter director signs Warner deal
+
+Harry Potter director Alfonso Cuaron has signed a three-year deal with Hollywood studio Warner Brothers, according to Variety trade magazine.
+
+The Mexican film-maker, who directed Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, will produce mainstream movies and smaller Spanish-language films. "We had a wonderful experience with Alfonso on Harry Potter," Warner producer Jeff Robinov told Variety. Cuaron's other films include Mexican movie Y Tu Mama Tambien.
+
+The 2001 rites-of-passage drama about two teenage boys who embark on a relationship with an older woman, brought Cuaron international attention - and box office glory.
+
+It also won him and his brother Carlos, with whom he co-wrote the screenplay, an Oscar nomination for best original screenplay. Warner will distribute Cuaron's films in several languages outside the US. "This deal will give us the opportunity to collaborate with Alfonso on movies that make the most of his artistry and vision, and continue to offer him the mainstream worldwide audiences that our studio provides so successfully," said Mr Robinov.
+
+His first film for Warner Brothers was 1995's family fantasy movie A Little Princess. Based on the novel by Frances Hodgson Burnett, A Little Princess tells the story of a young girl who is sent to live in a New York boarding school when her widowed father enlists for war. After the erotic nature of Y Tu Mama Tambien, Cuaron was a surprise choice to direct the third Harry Potter film but his dark interpretation was received well by the public and critics alike.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_51.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_51.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..033461ef71a7aa3d062e3c6540cff3edfe964f73
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_51.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+Music man to the Oscars
+
+Bill Conti's job of musical director of the Oscars show is not for the faint-hearted since conducting the orchestra is the ultimate plate-spinning assignment.
+
+This year marks Conti's 17th turn at the helm of the Academy Awards orchestra. "The excitement is a live performance as a musician," he says. "All of your colleagues, everyone in the film industry is in the theatre. All the important people. "I guess it's just a television show but we always think it's a bit more.' The orchestra strikes up more than 110 times during the average Oscars show. As well as playing the presenters and winners on and off stage, it also performs during the commercial breaks to entertain the live audience in the house.
+
+"It's a very busy evening, it takes a certain amount of preparation of music, orchestrating, sketching rehearsing, before the show. But you don't know what the unexpected will be and as the musical director, it's exciting," explains Conti. And much of the preparation goes into mastering scores that will never be performed. "We don't know who the winners will be. So when they say, 'the winner is', we have five different pieces of music in front of us, they say the name, we play the appropriate one immediately," adds Conti.
+
+The orchestra is often called upon to play when the winners ramble on too long during their acceptance speeches, despite being told to be brief by the show's producers.
+
+The decision to drown out or 'kill' the offending star with music is relayed from the director's box to the orchestra via Conti's earpiece. "I don't feel good about it at all. It's not my call though," he says. "When the director says 'music' the orchestra plays and he takes a long shot of the hall. We don't usually see the person speaking while his microphone is cut off. "The person that's been cut off, who's 10 feet from me, is glaring at me like it's death time." On occasions, some stars have taken it upon themselves to send a warning shot across the bows of the musical director before they start to speak. "Julia Roberts, when she came on, she asked me to not get ready to play because she had so much to do," he says. Conti received an Oscar in 1983 for the original score of The Right Stuff. He also received two nominations in the original song category in 1976 for Gonna Fly Now from Rocky and in 1981 for the title song from For Your Eyes Only.
+
+"It's a moment in the sun," he says. "When people get up there, some people, this is hard to believe, people that spend their lives in front of the camera or audiences entertaining, might get a little flustered. "But there's this moment in time when the biggest award that they could possibly get in their life has been handed to them and they're either not in control or they want to thank everyone that they ever met."
+
+The image of the Oscars telecast is one of slick presentation and smooth transitions between performances and the award categories. Behind the scenes, the key players, such as Conti, have a bewildering array of technical props to deal with. "There's a big script and video monitors you have to watch and there are also audio controls. I can control hearing in my ears, the left ear or the right ear - different things at different times.
+
+"I have to communicate with the director. I have a little microphone that's attached to my headset. To open up that microphone, I have a footswitch," he explains. Conti's most nerve-wracking moment came during his first Oscars show as musical director, in 1977, when a member of the orchestra alerted him that they could smell smoke. Conti immediately told the show's director: "I start cursing and screaming, I tell him we're not going to die for this show - you must do something or I'm going to climb out of this pit with 60 musicians and we're going to be home in 10 minutes. "'Oh no Bill don't do anything," came the response. "Imagine these elegantly dressed ladies and gentlemen of the orchestra, 60 or so of them in the pit and while we're playing, firemen with their helmets and their hatchets crawling among us trying to find the reason for the smoke." The smell turned out to be new paint smouldering on the music stands. "No one died, it's not a big story, but it was scary at the time," laughs Conti. When the ceremony is over, the music director attends the annual Governor's Ball with his family. "I have a drink and relive the show," he says. "I'm not for too much carousing. I go home and unwind. It takes me about a day."
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_52.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_52.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..78c439abdfc0a243743ebd36c7a8ac162761e73d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_52.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Prodigy join V Festival line-up
+
+Essex act Prodigy are to headline the second stage at this year's V Festival, joining main stage headliners Scissor Sisters and Franz Ferdinand.
+
+The event, which is in its 10th year, will be held at two venues - Hylands Park in Essex and Weston Park in Staffordshire on 20 and 21 August. Meanwhile, rock veterans New Order have joined the T in the Park line-up alongside Athlete and Green Day. The Manchester band will play on 9 July at Scotland's biggest festival. It will be their debut performance at the music event which is held over the weekend of 9 and 10 July in Balado near Kinross. Other bands at the sold-out festival include Queens of the Stone Age, The Killers, Keane, The Streets and Foo Fighters.
+
+A month later at the V Festival, Prodigy will play at Weston Park on Saturday 20 August and Hylands Park on Sunday 21 August and the Chemical Brothers vice versa. It will be the Chemical Brothers' only UK festival performance of the year. V festival director Bob Angus said: "With the Prodigy and the Chemical Brothers now confirmed to headline the second stage, we are headed for a really stellar line-up. "We pride ourselves on putting on an unbeatable live music experience and V Festival 2005 will not disappoint." Tickets for the V festival go on sale on Friday 11 March.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_53.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_53.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..257a7b2ca33d32202a467b58d5915b6233faa579
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_53.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+DJ double act revamp chart show
+
+DJ duo JK and Joel are taking over BBC Radio 1's flagship chart show on Sunday, adding showbiz news, celebrity interviews and between-song banter.
+
+They hope to boost ratings for the long-running show, which has been overtaken in popularity by independent radio's Hit 40 UK rundown. "Radio 1's chart show is an institution and remains the station's single most popular show," says JK, also known as Jason King. "For years people have been tuning in at four o'clock with their tape recorders ready to record their favourite tunes. Not that I ever did that. "But things have moved on a lot now so it was time for a change."
+
+That change involved ejecting previous host Wes Butters and relocating King and DJ partner Joel Ross from their weekend afternoon Radio 1 slot. The pair have worked together for a decade - meeting on Viking Radio in Hull before moving to Manchester station Key 103 and winning two Sony Radio awards. They also presented gadget series Playboyz and car show Motor Maniacs for cable TV channel Granada Men and Motors, and Pure Soap on BBC Three.
+
+On the revamped chart show their cheeky, laddish banter will punctuate star interviews and competitions, film and DVD charts plus a look at future single releases, in addition to the singles chart itself. "The chart rundown is no longer the only point of the programme," says Ross. "The show used to be the only way to discover who was in the Top 40. Now you can just click on the internet to find that out, so the show has plenty of extra items too." The show's reduced reliance upon the Top 40 also reflects the fact that music fans are now more likely to download songs in digital format rather than buy them on compact disc, vinyl or cassette.
+
+"I personally buy downloads rather than CD singles," says 27-year-old Ross. "Even my grandma can download songs now. JK is still struggling with the technology, though." "But it's premature for people to say that the singles chart is dead," Ross adds. "While sales of singles on traditional formats are down, interest in songs has been revived by download sales, which will be incorporated into our main chart rundown from April. "Music fans still want to know what is the most popular song of the week."
+
+Ross will be plumping for chart success from rapper Verbalicious and the Stereophonics on Sunday, while King is more of an R&B and dance music fan. "So listeners will get the advantage of both our music tastes," says King, 30, who describes outgoing host Butters as "an extremely professional and competent broadcaster".
+
+"The advantage Joel and I have is that we're a double act, with a rapport between us that makes the show much more interactive," King says. "Wes has a great broadcasting career ahead of him. And if not, I could always use a cleaner," he jokes. Ross says the pair have done their best to ignore the weight of expectation placed upon the revamped show. "Other people can worry about that, we are going to continue doing what we do well," he says. "At the end of the day this is a radio show that is meant to be entertaining. Nobody died."
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_54.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_54.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..275d41aa782c2073f09db509cb0dfbcea61206ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_54.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+REM announce new Glasgow concert
+
+US band REM have announced plans to perform for 10,000 Scottish fans in a rescheduled gig.
+
+The band will play in what has been dubbed Europe's biggest tent on Glasgow Green on Tuesday, 14 June. They were forced to pull out of a concert at the SECC in Glasgow last month after bassist Mike Mills contracted flu. Fans who bought tickets for the original 22 February show can attend the rescheduled concert. The June gig will act as a warm-up for REM's open air concert at Balloch Castle Country Park, on the banks of Loch Lomond, four days later.
+
+Promoters Regular Music booked Glasgow Green as the SECC was not available on the most suitable date. Mark Mackie, director of Regular Music, said: "It is fantastic news and it really shows REM's commitment to their Scottish fans that they are coming back to Glasgow for what will be a truly unique gig." The REM gigs will kick-start what promises to be a memorable summer for Scottish music lovers.
+
+Grammy Award winners U2 will play Hampden on 21 June while Oasis will also perform at the national stadium in Glasgow on 29 June. Coldplay have announced a concert at Bellahouston Park in Glasgow on 1 July and T in the Park will be held at Balado, near Kinross, from 9-10 July. Ticketweb and the SECC box office will write to customers who bought tickets for the February gig asking if they want to attend the new show. Those who bought tickets in person are being urged to return to the point of purchase. Anyone who cannot make the concert will be given a refund. The cut-off date for swapping tickets is 1 April, when those remaining will go on sale to the public.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_55.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_55.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a653522a8f7c9e9905b5489210b4e73da02f7bb0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_55.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Baghdad Blogger on big screen
+
+A film based on the internet musings of the "Baghdad Blogger" has been shown at the Rotterdam Film Festival.
+
+The film has been directed by the man who calls himself Salam Pax, the author of the weblog about Iraqi life during and after the war. The movie version comes in the form of a series of shorts made by Pax on a hand-held camera. Baghdad Blogger is among a number of films about Iraq showcased at the Dutch festival, which runs until Sunday. Following the fascination with the writing of Salam Pax - not his real name - he began a regular column in The Guardian newspaper and was given a crash course in documentary film-making. For the film he travelled Iraq to document the changing landscape of the country and the problems it has faced since the invasion, speaking to ordinary Iraqis about their experiences. The festival will also see the screening of Underexposure, one of Iraq's first features to emerge since the toppling of Saddam Hussein.
+
+Director Oday Rasheed made the film on discarded 1980s Kodak film taken from the remains for the former Ministry of Culture building. It centres on the lives of families and strangers going about their everyday business as Baghdad is under siege. Rasheed said the title was refers to the isolation felt by Iraqis under Saddam's regime and the difficult time the country is now experiencing. "Saddam's regime was hell, but now I think the hell has doubled," Rasheed said. The festival was also due to screen murdered Dutch film-maker Theo Van Gogh's film about the treatment of woman under Islam, but it was withdrawn due to safety fears. Van Gogh was shot and stabbed in November 2004, following death threats he received about his film Submission.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_56.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_56.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..75efd5fae04e5b5acdf8e0cae3b56d97ef944ac7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_56.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Angels 'favourite funeral song'
+
+Angels by Robbie Williams is the song Britons would most like played at their funeral, a survey has suggested.
+
+While the melancholy hit topped the UK poll, Europeans favoured Queen's more upbeat anthem The Show Must Go On as their first choice. Frank Sinatra's My Way was second in the UK vote with Monty Python's Always Look on the Bright Side of Life in third place. More than 45,000 people were surveyed by digital TV station Music Choice.
+
+The European chart, which included Denmark, France and Germany, put Led Zeppelin's Stairway to Heaven in second and AC/DC's Highway to Hell in third. Queen's Who Wants to Live Forever was highly favoured by both UK and European voters.
+
+Both lists featured only one traditional or classic song each, with Britons requesting the Royal Scots Dragoon Guards' Amazing Grace and their continental counterparts opting for Mozart's Requiem. "Wanting to share your most treasured musical gem with those you're leaving behind is the perfect way to sign off and leave a lasting impression," Music Choice music and marketing manager Simon George said.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_57.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_57.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..abb55aa5a88670cd31e86e6d1b9af94bd51f05f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_57.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Dame Julie pops in to see Poppins
+
+Mary Poppins star Dame Julie Andrews watched the hit stage version of her classic film at a charity performance in London's West End.
+
+It was the first time Dame Julie, who shot to fame as the nanny in the 1964 Disney movie, had seen the musical, staged at the Prince Edward Theatre. She watched Laura Michelle Kelly, 23, reprise the role on stage. The show has been one of the West End's hottest tickets since opening in December, winning two Olivier Awards. Kelly was named best musical actress at last month's ceremony and the musical also won best choreography.
+
+But Kelly said she was "very nervous" about meeting Dame Julie because she was "my absolute hero". The gala performance saw Dame Julie, 69, return to the theatre where she had her first starring role in a performance of Humpty Dumpty in 1948. The Mary Poppins musical has been masterminded by theatre impresario Sir Cameron Mackintosh and directed by Richard Eyre with choreography by Matthew Bourne. Sir Cameron said he hoped the production, which cost £9m to bring to the stage, was a blend of the sweet-natured film and the original book by PL Travers. Proceeds from Thursday's show will go to charities including Absolute Return for Kids (Ark), international relief agency Operation USA and drama school Lamda.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_58.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_58.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3541946f7364fe05f826752899a856b14c65d839
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_58.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Fry set for role in Hitchhiker's
+
+Actor Stephen Fry is joining the cast of the forthcoming film adaptation of The Hitchhiker's Guide To The Galaxy.
+
+Fry will provide the voice of The Guide, an electronic book which accompanies the story's hero Arthur Dent on his travels around the galaxy. Martin Freeman, John Malkovich, Bill Nighy and Alan Rickman are co-starring in the film, due for release in May. The late Douglas Adams' original 1977 scripts have also been turned into a series of successful books.
+
+"Being asked to do the voice of The Guide is like having your birthday on Christmas Day, discovering a winning lottery ticket in your stocking and having chocolate poured all over you," said Fry, a self-confessed fan of the book. The film's executive producer Robbie Stamp said that Adams, who died in 2001, would have been "delighted" with the choice of Fry for the role.
+
+"His humour and intelligence are perfect for the voice of The Guide," added Mr Stamp. Adams wrote the screenplay based on his book before his premature death, while a new radio series was aired 26 years after the first broadcast and included many of the original cast members. Hollywood star Malkovich will play religious cult leader Humma Kavula, which was especially created by Adams for the new film. Freeman, who starred in hit BBC comedy The Office, will play the role of Arthur Dent, who begins his intergalactic voyage following the destruction of the Earth.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_59.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_59.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..92bb95afbaf30c8e1546d2ad4fef6302842c082f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_59.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Musical treatment for Capra film
+
+The classic film It's A Wonderful Life is to be turned into a musical by the producer of the controversial hit show Jerry Springer - The Opera.
+
+Frank Capra's 1946 movie starring James Stewart, is being turned into a £7m musical by producer Jon Thoday. He is working with Steve Brown, who wrote the award-winning musical Spend Spend Spend. A spokeswoman said the plans were in the "very early stages", with no cast, opening date or theatre announced.
+
+A series of workshops have been held in London, and on Wednesday a cast of singers unveiled the musical to a select group of potential investors. Mr Thoday said the idea of turning the film into a musical had been an ambition of his for almost 20 years. It's a Wonderful Life was based on a short story, The Greatest Gift, by Philip van Doren Stern. Mr Thoday managed to buy the rights to the story from Van Doren Stern's family in 1999, following Mr Brown's success with Spend Spend Spend. He later secured the film rights from Paramount, enabling them to use the title It's A Wonderful Life.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_6.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_6.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..929181fa4191f764210013d13cb391f94201d54b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_6.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Beastie Boys win sampling battle
+
+US rappers Beastie Boys have won their long-running battle over the use of a sample in their song Pass the Mic.
+
+The punk-rappers used three notes of music from flautist James Newton's Choir in their track from 1992. Although the group had paid a licence fee for the sample, Mr Newton said his copyright had been infringed. But the US Court of Appeal upheld its original decision that the group did not have to pay an additional fee to license the underlying composition. The Beastie Boys - Michael Diamond, Adam Horowitz, and Adam Yauch - are considered to be one of early pioneers of sampling music.
+
+Sampling, now a standard practice among musicians, involves taking a segment of one track and using it in a different song. A three-judge panel of the court held in 2003 that the band had abided by copyright protections by paying a licence fee for a sample of Mr Newton's recording. That finding upheld a lower-court dismissal of the case in favour of the Beastie Boys. "We hold that Beastie Boys' use of a brief segment of that composition, consisting of three notes separated by a half-step over a background C note, is not sufficient to sustain a claim for infringement of Newton's copyright," Chief Judge Mary Schroeder wrote in her opinion. Mr Newton is a critically acclaimed jazz and classical flutist, composer, performer, and university professor. Mr Newton and the Beastie Boys were not available for comment.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_60.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_60.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..31f79e9e64c330526de37a9f3cddf42df45d9b37
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_60.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+US critics laud comedy Sideways
+
+Road trip comedy Sideways has had more praise heaped on it by two US critics' associations, adding to honours it has already picked up.
+
+The Chicago Film Critics Association (CFCA) named it winner in five categories including best film and best actor for Paul Giamatti. But the director award went to Clint Eastwood for Million Dollar Baby. The Southeastern Film Critics also awarded Sideways its best film of the year accolade. Director Alexander Payne was named best director, and he also won best screenplay shared with Jim Taylor. The CFCA awarded Thomas Haden Church the best supporting actor prize and Virginia Madsen the best supporting actress award for their roles in the film.
+
+Sideways has already been voted best film by critics associations in New York and Los Angeles and has been nominated for a Golden Globe. British actress Imelda Staunton won the CFCA best actress for the gritty abortion drama Vera Drake, adding to a growing list of awards she has won for her performance in the Mike Leigh film. Scrubs star Zach Braff was named best new director for his debut Garden State. Michael Moore's controversial documentary Fahrenheit 9/11 won the best documentary, while A Very Long Engagement won best foreign film. The Chicago critics have yet to name a date for when their awards ceremony will be held.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_61.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_61.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0d34208218126d77fe3b6e27b68e616b0351ab9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_61.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Hollywood hunts hits at Sundance
+
+The Sundance Film Festival, the movie industry's top destination for uncovering the next independent hits and new talent, opens on Thursday.
+
+The event will see screen executives decamp from Hollywood to Park City, Utah, for 11 days to search for low-key movies that could make it big in 2005. Open Water, Napoleon Dynamite, Garden State and Super-Size Me were all snapped up at last year's festival. But stars like Keanu Reeves and Pierce Brosnan also have films showing there. The festival is being opened by a screening of quirky comedy Happy Endings, starring former Friends actress Lisa Kudrow and Maggie Gyllenhaal, on Thursday.
+
+Kudrow's Friends co-star, David Schwimmer, plays a divorced drunkard in Duane Hopwood, while Brosnan stars as a hit man in comedy The Matador. Keanu Reeves appears in coming-of-age tale Thumbsucker while Kevin Costner and Michael Keaton are among the other big names whose films are involved. Robert Redford founded Sundance in 1981 and it has gone on to showcase future successes such as Reservoir Dogs, The Blair Witch Project and The Full Monty. But it has received criticism that it has become more commercial and mainstream over the years. "As much as the press argues that Sundance has completely changed, it hasn't changed that much," festival director Geoffrey Gilmore said. "It's still a place for discovery. It's a place for common ground among film-makers and audiences more than it is the celebrity stuff." Other films generating interest before this year's festival include Hustle & Flow, about an aspiring rapper, The Squid and the Whale, an autobiographical film by writer-director Noah Baumbach, and comedy/drama Pretty Persuasion. It also has two new international cinema competitions.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_62.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_62.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fa71304820d0672ae1c6b69a95356cdab9052d93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_62.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Actress Roberts takes spider role
+
+Actress Julia Roberts will play the part of a spider in a new film version of children's classic Charlotte's Web.
+
+She will voice Charlotte, who teams up with a girl to save their friend Wilbur the pig, in the story by EB White. The film - a mix of live action and animation - will be Roberts' first project since the birth of her twins, Hazel and Phinnaeus, two months ago. Oprah Winfrey will voice a goose, John Cleese will voice a sheep and Steve Buscemi a rat in the 2006 film.
+
+Ten-year-old Dakota Fanning will play Fern, the girl at the centre of the story, in the film to be directed by 13 Going on 30 film-maker Gary Winick. Filming is due to begin in Melbourne, Australia, later this month. Charlotte's Web has sold 45 million copies since it was published in 1952. An animated version was made in 1973 but this will be the first live action film. The actor who will voice Wilbur the pig has yet to be revealed.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_63.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_63.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..60a3ed5e7dbecc2202820df841bbc4e63212711c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_63.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Fantasy book wins Hollywood deal
+
+A British author has had the film rights to her children's bestseller snapped up for a seven-figure sum, with Ridley Scott set to direct.
+
+Michelle Paver's Wolf Brother, a fantasy set 6,000 years ago, is the first in a planned series of six books. Film studio Fox has bought the rights for around $4m (£2.13m) for Scott's company Scott Free to develop. The director said he was "thrilled" with the project. "Wolf Brother is an enchanting book," he said. Paver, who lives in London and previously worked as a lawyer, began writing the book in 1982 while studying biochemistry at Oxford University.
+
+She was an established author of love stories when she turned the work-in-progress into a children's novel. It was published in 2004, with Paver earning an advance of $5m (£2.8m) - the highest sum ever paid for a debut children's book. Wolf Brother tells the story of Torak, a 12-year-old hunter who lives in the forest. After his father is killed he teams up with a wolf cub and sets out to rid the forest of an evil force. Paver is currently writing the second book in the series. "Michelle Paver lives and breathes the worlds she writes about," said a spokesman for the author. "I've told her about the film deal but at the moment she is writing the second book and her mind is 6000 years away deep in the primeval forest."
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_64.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_64.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8b54c0b8d60c9c3615954ad1b7be97fd45181adf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_64.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+Bangkok film festival battles on
+
+Organisers of the third Bangkok International Film Festival have been determined to carry on with this year's event despite the ravages of the Asian tsunami disaster.
+
+The festivities have been scaled down, red carpets have been mothballed and profits from ticket sales are being donated to the tsunami relief fund. Apart from this, however, the festival has continued as originally planned. "When the disaster happened, we naturally asked ourselves if we should cancel," said the festival's executive director, Craig Prater. "The decision was made that we would continue, but that the focus would change.
+
+"Our premieres became fundraisers, the opening night was visibly toned down and 10% of every ticket sold goes to the disaster fund," he continued. "But we feel like we've turned a page. We've acknowledged our position, and now it's business as usual."
+
+Mr Prater's sentiments were echoed by Christine Rush, director of the festival's sister event, the Bangkok Film Market. "We have been careful to be respectful of the Thai nation's recovery from this terrible disaster," she said.
+
+"However, the nation's recovery very much depends upon it continuing its economic life. "We are encouraging attendees to keep the victims in mind and aggressively support the aid organisations helping out," she added. Given the conspicuously low audience figures, that support may be more symbolic than significant. However, poor ticket sales have less to do with any fallout from the disaster and more to do with administrative and promotional difficulties.
+
+The eclectic programme contains a wide range of titles, including such Oscar hopefuls as Ray Charles biopic Ray and Mike Leigh's abortion drama Vera Drake. That said, the absence of Thai subtitles on most film prints might have proved offputting to local cinemagoers.
+
+On a more positive note, the celebrity guests attending the event have generated huge media interest in this busy capital city. Problems securing air transport, the clash with last Sunday's Golden Globes ceremony in Los Angeles and other factors have forced some big names to cancel.
+
+But the festival has still attracted such Hollywood directors as Oliver Stone and Joel Schumacher, alongside such screen stars as Michael Douglas, Jeremy Irons and Jean-Claude Van Damme. Irons, whose film Being Julia is in competition for the festival's Golden Kinnaree awards, said he had wondered whether he should attend after December's catastrophe. "I questioned whether I should come when such a tragedy had happened," the British actor said. "I thought it might be in rather bad taste. But then I spoke to the organisers and I was encouraged to let life go on. "Now I've come here I'm very glad. What impresses me about Thai culture is they get over these things far quicker than we do in the West," he continued. "Basically I was invited here by Thailand. If they still want you to come, you should."
+
+Now in its third year, Bangkok is a relatively recent addition to the hectic film festival calendar. And while it has yet to attain the stature of more established events held in Hong Kong, Tokyo and Pusan in South Korea, Mr Prater predicts it will soon become their equal. "It's grown awfully fast in three years - maybe too fast," he concedes. "We've had some bumps in the road, but that's only because the festival is still a baby. "I have no doubt in my mind that in five years, this will be the top Asian film festival in the world." The Golden Kinnarees will be awarded on Friday. The festival itself runs until 24 January.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_65.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_65.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4d303bac9dec0389d18ba3a96ae6cd02c3e69f2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_65.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+Carry On star Patsy Rowlands dies
+
+Actress Patsy Rowlands, known to millions for her roles in the Carry On films, has died at the age of 71.
+
+Rowlands starred in nine of the popular Carry On films, alongside fellow regulars Sid James, Kenneth Williams and Barbara Windsor. She also carved out a successful television career, appearing for many years in ITV's well-loved comedy Bless This House. Rowlands died in Hove on Saturday morning, her agent said.
+
+Born in January 1934, Rowlands won a scholarship to the Guildhall School of Speech and Drama scholarship when she was just 15.
+
+After spending several years at the Players Theatre in London, she made her film debut in 1963 in Tom Jones, directed by Tony Richardson. She made her first Carry On film in 1969 where she appeared in Carry On Again Doctor. Rowlands played the hard-done-by wife or the put-upon employee as a regular Carry On star. She also appeared in Carry On at your Convenience, Carry On Matron and Carry On Loving, as well as others.
+
+In recent years she appeared in BBC mini-series The Cazalets and played Mrs Potts in the London stage version of Beauty and the Beast. Agent Simon Beresford said: "She was just an absolutely favourite client She never complained about anything, particularly when she was ill, she was an old trouper. "She was of the old school - she had skills from musical theatre and high drama, that is why she worked with the great and the good of directors. "She didn't mind always being recognised for the Carry On films because she thoroughly enjoyed making them. She was a really lovely person and she will be much missed." Her last appearance on stage was as Mrs Pearce in the award-winning production of My Fair Lady at the National Theatre. Previously married, she leaves one son, Alan. Her funeral will be a private, family occasion, with a memorial service at a later date.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_66.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_66.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a0c39f1252871ce5db75639c84de83af695eb4e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_66.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Dirty Den's demise seen by 14m
+
+More than 14 million people saw "Dirty" Den Watts killed off on Friday, marking EastEnders' 20th anniversary, according to unofficial figures.
+
+Den's death came 16 years after he was supposedly shot in 1989. But he came back to the show in September 2003. The audience for BBC One's one-hour special averaged 13.7 million and peaked at 14.2 million in the last 15 minutes, overnight figures showed. Den died after being confronted by Zoe, Chrissie and Sam in the Queen Vic.
+
+If the ratings are confirmed, the episode will have given the soap its highest audience for a year. The overnight figures showed almost 60% of the viewing public tuned into EastEnders between 2000 and 2100 GMT, leaving ITV1 with about 13%. "We are very pleased with the figures," a BBC spokesman said. "It shows viewers have really enjoyed the story of Den's demise." The show's highest audience came at Christmas 1986, when more than 30 million tuned in to see Den, played by Leslie Grantham, hand divorce papers to wife Angie.
+
+Two years later, 24 million saw him apparently shot by a man with a bunch of daffodils by a canal. More than 16 million viewers watched his return in 2003. The show's ratings have since settled down to about 12 million per episode. Grantham hit the headlines in May after a newspaper printed photographs of him apparently exposing himself via a webcam from his dressing room. He also allegedly insulted four co-stars. He apologised for his "deplorable actions" and "a moment's stupidity".
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_67.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_67.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c83f9ca29a896aca65a39c46bc0ea530e99bddfa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_67.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+Johnny Depp: The acting outlaw
+
+Johnny Depp, whose latest role was Peter Pan creator JM Barrie in Finding Neverland, is celebrated as one of Hollywood's most maverick talents. Depp has become an unlikely major star, given his preference for taking dark and idiosyncratic roles instead of surefire box office hits. He has had a long-running working relationship with the equally unconventional director Tim Burton. Depp was born in Kentucky in 1963 and at first wanted to be a rock star, playing in a number of bands and supporting acts such as Iggy Pop and The B-52s in Florida. On a visit to Los Angeles, his former wife introduced him to actor Nicolas Cage.
+
+In 1984 he started his film career playing a doomed teenager in horror film Nightmare On Elm Street. Two years later he played a soldier in Oliver Stone's Vietnam epic Platoon. But it was TV that first made Depp a star. He played undercover cop Tommy Hanson in the US series 21 Jump Street for three years from 1987.
+
+In 1990 he began his partnership with Burton in the dark fairy tale Edward Scissorhands, about a young man with blades for hands. He won plaudits in 1993 for the downbeat film What's Eating Gilbert Grape, where he played a sensitive youth looking after an overweight mother and a retarded younger brother, played by Leonardo DiCaprio. Another role under Burton, Ed Wood, starred Depp as the crazed cult film-maker Wood, in 1994. He played a much more serious, sensitive role in his next major film, Donnie Brasco, where he portrayed an undercover cop infiltrating a mafia ring. In 1997 he directed his only film to date - The Brave, the story of an Indian man offered money to appear in a snuff film.
+
+Two years later he played Hunter S Thompson in Terry Gilliam's ambitious but poorly-received big screen adaptation of Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas. He worked again with Tim Burton in the 1999 horror film Sleepy Hollow, and appeared opposite Dame Judi Dench and Juliette Binoche in Chocolat. His performance in Pirates of the Caribbean, which earned him Golden Globe and Bafta nominations, had many critics thinking he based it upon the mannerisms of his friend, Rolling Stones guitarist Keith Richards. His latest role in Finding Neverland explored JM Barrie's relationship with Sylvia (Kate Winslet) and her children. Depp's charismatic performance drew an audience of adults and children alike into Barrie's vivid imagination, and he was called the "fifth child of the group" by the film's director Marc Forster.
+
+He has two children of his own with French singer Vanessa Paradis, having previously been in a long-term relationship with British model Kate Moss. The theme of children's literature in Depp's career - and his long association with Tim Burton - are set to continue in his next role, playing Willy Wonka in a remake of Roald Dahl's classic Charlie and the Chocolate Factory. British TV comedy fans might also remember Depp's guest role in the final episode of BBC sketch programme The Fast Show, cited as his favourite show. It was another surprise move in Depp's varied and intriguing career.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_68.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_68.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..29d10666f89baccedf8ef39614ae465742aa1374
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_68.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Roxy Music on Isle of Wight bill
+
+Roxy Music will appear at June's Isle of Wight music festival, along with Morrissey, Supergrass and Idlewild.
+
+REM have already been confirmed as headliners for the three-day event, which takes place from 10-12 June. Original band members Bryan Ferry, Phil Manzerana, Andy Mackay and Paul Thompson will take to the stage on the Saturday night of the festival. The band are also working in the studio on new material, their first since the 1982 album Avalon. Roxy Music were formed in 1971 by Ferry, Mackay and Brian Eno, with Manzanera joining the following year. Their first hit was 1972's Virginia Plain, with other hits including Street Life, Love Is The Drug and the 1981 John Lennon cover, Jealous Guy. Roxy Music's back catalogue was re-released in 2000, leading to the band undertaking a world tour in 2001. Morrissey will also play on Saturday at the festival, while Supergrass and Idlewild have been confirmed for the Friday.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_69.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_69.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2296e2396fd704eb159f54ec513b91105d8e7e2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_69.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Moreno debut makes Oscar mark
+
+Catalina Sandino Moreno has joined a rare group of actresses who have been nominated for an Oscar for starring in a foreign language film.
+
+The Colombian-born actress was the final hope for director Joshua Marston, who scoured the US and Colombia for a lead for Maria Full of Grace. The film sees the 23-year-old play a teenage drug mule who smuggles heroin by swallowing pellets in condoms. Plaudits have been raining down on her for her gritty performance, making it all the more surprising that this is her first film. Her previous acting experience was in amateur productions in her home city of Bogota at the Ruben Di Pietro theatre academy. She has already received a nomination for the Independent Spirit Awards leading actress category but these rarely overlap with Academy Awards, instead recognising quirkier, low-budget films. And at the 2004 Berlin Film Festival the jury could not choose between her and Charlize Theron's Oscar winning performance in Monster so gave them a tied award. Sandino Moreno is now being regarded as one of the most promising actresses around at the moment. But she is taking her time committing to her next project, hoping to land a strong Spanish script and would love to be able to work with directors Pedro Almodovar or Alejandro Amenabar.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_7.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_7.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dbe53c7e4bc21fabc23f257c27ba1e831c96462b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_7.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+Pupils to get anti-piracy lessons
+
+Lessons on music piracy and copyright issues are to be taught to secondary school pupils in the UK.
+
+The lessons, aimed at 11 to 14-year-olds, will introduce them to copyright - including the issues of downloading from the internet and the illegal copying of CDs - and its role in protecting creativity.
+
+Music piracy, including illegally swapping music online, costs the UK music industry millions every year and has been blamed for a decline in world-wide CD sales. British Music Rights (BMR) - which was formed to represent the interests of songwriters and composers - worked with education experts to put together a learning pack.
+
+Songwriter Guy Chambers, who has worked with stars including Robbie Williams, has thrown his support behind the scheme. He said as well as educating children about music piracy, it would also protect young people planning a career in the music industry from "unscrupulous" individuals. At a debate in London to launch the scheme, Chambers said: "I think it is important that young people receive practical and engaging learning in schools. "These lessons will give them an insight into how the creative industries work which will help them in possible future careers." The education pack, which has already been requested by more than 1,600 secondary schools, is aimed at giving children an understanding of copyright in relation to the music industry. It will also teach children about the importance of royalties and raises awareness of different careers in the music industry, particularly in the digital age.
+
+Henri Yoxall, general manager of British Music Rights, told BBC News schools had been crying out for a resource to help them educate pupils about the issues. The scheme - which is an extension of BMR's Respect the Value of Music campaign - is also being backed by singer-songwriters Feargal Sharkey, Lucie Silvas and Grammy Award-winning composer David Arnold. Silvas said: "I think it is so important that students gain an understanding of how the music industry works when they are at a young age. "I wish I had been given an opportunity like this when I was at school." Emma Pike, director general of British Music Rights, said: "We believe that copyright is an essential part of teaching music in schools. It is vital that the creatives of the future know how to turn their ideas into value. "Copyright education has always been important... creatives are facing more challenges and more opportunities from technological change. "Technology is allowing people to create music and distribute their music to the public in a whole host of new ways."
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_70.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_70.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..56b58c1ed14f04395125315746eb1d11bb73a0e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_70.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+Bening makes awards breakthrough
+
+Film actress Annette Bening is up for an Oscar for her starring role in the award-winning film Being Julia.
+
+Bening, who was born in Texas in 1958, has gained prominence for a string of key roles. Although an Oscar has so far eluded her, her status as one of Hollywood's favourite actresses remains solid. One of the biggest Oscars buzzes in recent years was for Bening's role as troubled Carolyn Burnham in 1999's American Beauty. But her deliciously neurotic portrayal of surburban life turning sour was overlooked in favour of Hilary Swank's leading role in Boys Don't Cry. After opening her career in the theatre - and gaining a Tony Award nomination in 1986 - Bening had a low-key spell in television. She then made her film debut as a sex-starved wife in 1988's The Great Outdoors, opposite comics Dan Akroyd and John Candy.
+
+Following a cameo in Postcards From The Edge, Bening's breakthrough role came in 1990, playing seductive con artist Myra Langtry in The Grifters - a role that won her an Oscar nomination. Despite some rave reviews, Bening did not win the best supporting actress Academy Award.
+
+However the high-profile performance enabled Bening to capture roles in a number of big budget Hollywood productions, co-starring with some of Hollywood's greatest players, including Robert De Niro and Harrison Ford. But it was her role opposite Warren Beatty in 1991 gangster flick Bugsy which had the greatest impact. Bening played Virginia Hill, another role which won her high critical acclaim, but the film only picked up two of a staggering 12 Oscar nominations.
+
+Bugsy was the start of a very significant liaison for Bening - she married Beatty, with whom she had a child as the couple promoted the film in Europe. The couple now have four children together. A pair of contrasting yet successful performances peppered Bening's career in the mid-1990s. She played Michael Douglas' opposite number in romantic comedy The American President, and as a "fiery" Queen Elizabeth I in a contemporary adaptation of Shakespeare's Richard III.
+
+Bening was the first choice to play the female lead in American Beauty, director Sam Mendes' film debut which was a critical and commercial success - but the actress had to be content with a Bafta award for her strong performance. But current film Being Julia has made Bening an award-winning actress rather than the perennial nominee, with success at the Golden Globes. The witty tale of revenge and love set in 1930s London sees the eponymous theatrical diva - played by Bening - grow tired of her success and fall for a young American - and could be the role which finally wins her the coveted Academy Award.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_71.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_71.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6ab95e4ded06038aae2063b99f0e4f3cd767d6e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_71.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+Oscars steer clear of controversy
+
+The Oscars nominations list has left out some of the most controversial films of the past year in favour of safer, less contentious cinema.
+
+If best film nominees were drawn on the basis of column inches, two of the front-runners would have had to be Michael Moore's Bush-baiting documentary Fahrenheit 9/11 and Mel Gibson's The Passion of the Christ. Both films polarised opinion but had critics talking, and the public turning up to see them - Fahrenheit 9/11 breaking US box office records for a documentary, and The Passion of the Christ making more than US$370m (£196m) in the US alone. But this year's Academy Awards have shied away from the big name controversies, with The Passion of the Christ - a film accused of being anti-Semitic - receiving nominations only in the 'minor' categories of cinematography, makeup and musical score.
+
+Fahrenheit 9/11 has also been overlooked, despite winning the Palme d'Or at the Cannes International Film Festival in 2004.
+
+Moore's caustic documentary may have been affected by its distributors' decision to enter it in the best picture category, rather than best documentary, says Tim Dams, the news editor of trade magazine Screen International. But he also believes the strong political viewpoint of Moore's film does not sit well with the Academy. "If you look at past Oscar winners and nominees, the very conservative Oscar voters tend to go for very conservative, epic-style pictures. Fahrenheit 9/11 didn't really fit in to that category. "They tend to go for films like Titanic, Gladiator, and the Lord of the Rings, films with scale that often aren't too contentious," he said. While he said the Oscar voting panel were not "snubbing" Moore's film, he thought it was unlikely a documentary could ever seriously compete in a best film category. "I think it's more a misjudgement by the people putting it out rather than a deliberate snub," he said.
+
+The problem with Mel Gibson's film, he believed, was that the voting panel may have been cautious in nominating a film with dialogue in Aramaic, an ancient Middle Eastern language.
+
+"Hollywood doesn't tend to like foreign-language films - no-one's ever tried doing a film in a dead language," he said. But aside from these two films, some potentially contentious pictures have won nominations. The German film The Downfall, a biopic tracing the final days of Nazi leader Adolf Hitler in his Berlin bunker, has been recognised in the best foreign film category. The film has caused some controversy in showing Hitler as a fallible but human man, rather than a semi-mythical, historical monster. But Mr Dams said: "It's not an inflammatory film. It has done very well in Germany, and it's a film that portrays Hitler as a human rather than some kind of devil or monster." Another 'contentious' film, Mr Dams said, has gained a nomination in the best documentary section through the force of its charm.
+
+Independent film-maker Morgan Spurlock may have forced fast-food giant McDonalds to withdraw its 'super size' portions in the US after he went on a month-long diet eating nothing but McDonalds meals - and filmed his progress.
+
+The film has been a hit around the world. Mr Dams said: "It's a political film, but it's quite fun and punky and well-paced. "Morgan Spurlock is a really likeable guy. It's a very accessible film, and it doesn't beat you over the head with its views. "While in Fahrenheit 9/11 there are moments of comedy, I think the way that Super Size Me is put together - the fact it's a very likeable film - means it's won through on charm." Dam's pick at this year's Oscars? The Aviator, Martin Scorsese's biopic of aviation pioneer and Hollywood player Howard Hughes. Tinseltown, it seems, likes nothing more than a picture about one of its own.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_72.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_72.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..59b2d6558859642d4cd39abae34a9e8fa33bffd1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_72.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Van Gogh festival film withdrawn
+
+Murdered director Theo van Gogh's controversial film Submission has been pulled from the Rotterdam Film Festival because of security fears.
+
+It was one of three of his works to be shown as part of a freedom of expression event in tribute to the late film-maker's life. The film is critical of the treatment of women under Islam. Its TV screening is thought to have led to his murder. The 10-day Dutch festival begins on Wednesday. Submission was made with liberal Somali-Dutch politician Ayaan Hirsi Ali and was due to be shown on 30 January. Van Gogh was shot and stabbed to death in November 2004 several months after receiving death threats following Submission's first broadcast on Dutch television. Two of Van Gogh's other films will be shown as planned, including the theatrical world premiere of his last feature 06/05.
+
+Festival director Sandra den Hamer said: "The festival reflects what happens around us and within cinema itself." The festival opens with the French film The 10th District Court, Moments of Trials made by Raymond Depardon. The event sees 14 films competing to win three Top Tiger Awards which aim to introduce promising new talent. New sections added to this year's festival include Cinema of the Future and Cinema of the World, with special focus on Russian and south-east Asian productions. There is also an Iraqi-German offering entitled Underexposure, which looks at life in Iraq after Saddam Hussein.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_73.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_73.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1797a6ff806cbd5f8c19f2a8658e32cb4b29ed3a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_73.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Douglas set for Indian adventure
+
+Actor Michael Douglas is to co-produce and star in an adventure film about a diamond robbery set in India.
+
+The new picture is expected to be similar to Douglas's action films of the 1980s, Romancing The Stone and The Jewel Of The Nile. Another Hollywood star is being lined up to co-star, while the rest of the cast will be Indian. Aishwarya Rai, star of Bride and Prejudice, is the "preferred choice" of the Indian studio involved in the film.
+
+On a visit to India, the 60-year-old actor said he hoped to start shooting Racing The Monsoon next year. Douglas added that it had been inspired by a Wall Street Journal article about India's 'angadias', who courier money and diamonds around India.
+
+The actor's own production company, Further Films, is working in partnership with two Indian film-making concerns to bring the picture to the screen. Shailendra Singh, the founder of India's Percept Films, said there would be "a lot of India" in the movie - and that an Indian train would play a big role. "The train will be a crucial part of the film. The chase and most of the stunts will be on the train," said Mr Singh. Swashbuckling adventure film Romancing The Stone saw Douglas's female co-star Kathleen Turner win a Golden Globe award for her performance in 1985.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_74.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_74.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d274e8e612408d4ad1b4fd2ee6c0a1b780a5e770
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_74.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Russian film wins BBC world prize
+
+Russian drama The Return (Vozvrashchenie) has been named winner of the BBC Four World Cinema Award.
+
+The film tells the story of two adolescent boys who are subjected to a harsh regime when their strict father returns after a 10-year absence. Directed by Andrey Zvyagintsev, The Return previously won the 2003 Golden Lion award at the Venice Film Festival. The prize was presented at an awards ceremony held in London on Thursday and hosted by Jonathan Ross. The winner was chosen by a panel which included X Files actress Gillian Anderson, critic Roger Clarke and Touching the Void director Kevin McDonald.
+
+Ross, who is the presenter of BBC One's Film 2005, was also involved in the deliberations. A shortlist of six films from around the world had been drawn up from which the panel chose. Other nominees included the Motorcycle Diaries, Zatoichi and Hero. A viewer poll saw director Zhang Yimou's martial arts epic Hero emerge as the favourite with 32% of votes cast. Tragedy struck the production of The Return when one of the young stars, 15-year-old Vladimir Girin, drowned in a lake. The winner of the World Cinema Award last year was the French animated feature Belleville Rendezvous
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_75.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_75.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7862a21b0fdca83ab2337191e8f4addfac1eca42
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_75.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Incredibles win animation awards
+
+The Incredibles movie has beaten Shrek 2 to the main prizes at Hollywood's animation awards, the Annies.
+
+The superhero film was named best animated feature while Brad Bird won best director, writer and voice actor for his role as designer Edna Mode. The Incredibles won a total of 10 awards - but Shrek 2, which had seven nominations, went home empty-handed. The two movies will compete with Shark Tale in the best animated film category of the Oscars at the end of February.
+
+The Incredibles' awards came despite Shrek 2's greater box office success. Shrek 2 took $881m (£468m) around the world, compared with $576m (£306m) for The Incredibles. SpongeBob SquarePants was named best animated TV show while TV comedy King of the Hill picked up two prizes including one for actress Brittany Murphy's voice work. Tom Kenny, who provides the voice for SpongeBob SquarePants, hosted Sunday's ceremony at the Alex Theater, Los Angeles. The awards are handed out by the International Animated Film Society. Finding Nemo won nine Annies last year.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_76.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_76.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..42a23a16582db00a84e6a3db4f23ae76a38a7abd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_76.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Singer's film to show at festival
+
+A documentary which takes a candid look at the life of chart-topping singer George Michael will be shown at this year's Berlin Film Festival.
+
+A Different Story will screen in the Panorama section of the festival, which runs from 10-20 February. It features the singer talking about both his career and his personal life, from his days in Wham! through to more recent events. Michael will attend the festival to introduce the screening on 16 February. Director Southan Morris and executive producer Andy Stephens will also attend the festival.
+
+The 93 minute film will see Michael discussing his early days in Wham! along with his later career, including his legal battles with record label Sony and his stance against the Iraq war and American politics. It will also touch upon his turbulent personal life, including his arrest in a Beverly Hills park toilet in 1998 for "lewd behaviour", and the death of his boyfriend Anselmo Feleppa from Aids. The film, which includes previously unseen footage of the singer also features contributions from Michael's former Wham! partner Andrew Ridgeley, as well as ex-Wham! backing singers Pepsi and Shirlie. Other contributors include Sting, Mariah Carey, Elton John, Noel Gallagher, Geri Halliwell and Simon Cowell. This year's festival will open with Man To Man, a historical epic starring Joseph Fiennes and Kristin Scott-Thomas. It will be one of 21 films competing for the festival's top prize, the Golden Bear. Other films in competition will include The Life Aquatic, a quirky comedy starring Bill Murray, and the biopic Kinsey, which features Liam Neeson. The full programme will be announced on 1 February.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_77.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_77.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4200e7191374b0987eb6c2c1a40408219ff0d23a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_77.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+De Niro film leads US box office
+
+Film star Robert De Niro has returned to the top of the North American box office with his film Hide and Seek.
+
+The thriller shot straight to the number one spot after taking $22m (£11.7m) at the box office. De Niro recently spent three weeks at the top with comedy Meet The Fockers, which was at number five this week. Oscar hopefuls The Aviator, Million Dollar Baby and Sideways all cashed in on their multiple nominations with stronger ticket sales.
+
+In Hide and Seek, De Niro plays a widower whose daughter has a creepy imaginary friend. Despite lukewarm reviews from critics, the film took more than the expected $18m (£9.5m). "The element of a real actor in a psychological thriller certainly elevated it," said Bruce Snyder, president of domestic distribution at 20th Century Fox. Clint Eastwood's Million Dollar Baby led the Oscar hopefuls with $11.8m (£6.3m), coming in at number three during its first weekend of wide release. The Aviator, a film biography of Howard Hughes that leads the Oscar field with 11 nominations, was at number six for the weekend with $7.5m (£4m). Oscar best-picture nominee Sideways entered the top ten for the first time in its 15th week of release. It came in seventh $6.3 (£3.35m). Last week's top film, Ice Cube's road-trip comedy Are We There Yet?, slipped to second place with $17m (£9m), while Coach Carter fell two places to number four, taking $8m (£4.25m) in its third week. Rounding out the top ten were In Good Company - starring Dennis Quaid and Scarlett Johansson - Racing Stripes and Assault on Precinct 13.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_78.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_78.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7a783cf8bb6221133117bdae00e0bc91c01240b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_78.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Howl helps boost Japan's cinemas
+
+Japan's box office received a 3.8% boost last year, with ticket sales worth 211bn yen (£1.08bn).
+
+The surge was led by animated movie Howl's Moving Castle, which took 20bn yen (£102m) to become the biggest film in Japan in 2004. It is expected to match the 30.7bn yen (£157m) record of Hayao Miyazaki's previous film Spirited Away. Japan Motion Picture Producers figures showed that 170 million cinema admissions were made in Japan in 2004. The Last Samurai, starring Tom Cruise, was the biggest foreign movie hit in Japan last year, taking 13.8bn yen (£70.7m).
+
+It was followed by Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, Finding Nemo and The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King. The second highest-grossing Japanese film was romantic drama Crying Out Love in the Centre of the World, followed by Be With You and Pocket Monsters Advanced Generation. Japanese films accounted for 37.5% of Japan's box office total last year, with foreign films taking the remaining 62.5%. This represented a 4.5% gain for the proportion of Japanese films in 2004 compared to 2003. The number of Japanese films released rose to 310 in 2004 from 287 the previous year. Sales of movies on DVD and video amounted to 497bn yen (£2.54bn) for the year.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_79.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_79.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0e6f7d50b31f9a7a6f51e8df86994795ce18b67c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_79.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Keanu Reeves given Hollywood star
+
+Actor Keanu Reeves, best known for his role in the Matrix movies, has been awarded a star on the prestigious Hollywood Walk of Fame.
+
+The 40-year-old attended the unveiling of the star with his mother, Patricia, and thanked her for inspiring him to become an actor. "When I was 15 years old I asked my mom if it was OK to be an actor," Reeves said. "She said: 'Whatever you want'." His star is the 2,277th to be embedded in the pavement on Hollywood Boulevard.
+
+The actor, who was born in the Lebanese capital Beirut, also spoke of how he dropped out of school to pursue an acting career. "Hollywood was calling," he said, "So I got in my car, a 1969 British racing green Volvo with holes in the floor and bricks holding up the seats. I was a young man full of hopes and dreams." Reeves first found fame in the teen comedy Bill and Ted's Excellent Adventure, and went on to combine such blockbusters as Speed, The Devil's Advocate and the Matrix series, with smaller films including My Own Private Idaho. More recently he was seen in Something's Gotta Give alongside Jack Nicholson and Diane Keaton. His next film, the supernatural thriller Constantine, is released in the US later this month and opens in the UK in March.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_8.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..104e3cd556818acdb651a7d30e9f94e81c95ce91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Parker's saxophone heads auction
+
+A saxophone belonging to legendary jazz musician Charlie Parker is expected to fetch up to $1m (£535,000) at an auction of jazz memorabilia next month.
+
+The sale, at Guernsey's Auction House in New York, will feature instruments from other musicians including John Coltrane and Benny Goodman. Other items will include an evening gown belonging to Ella Fitzgerald. Organisers said the auction was the first in the US to be devoted to items belonging to jazz musicians.
+
+Other items that will be auctioned include unreleased tape recordings of music by Parker as well as handwritten sheet music by jazz composers John Coltrane and Theolonius Monk. Among the instruments in the sale will be a trumpet which belonged to Dizzy Gillespie, which is expected to fetch around $500,000 (£267,000), as well as JJ Johnson's trombone and a vibraphone which beloned to Lionel Hampton. Works of art by musicians including Miles Davis and Bruni Sablan will also be featured. The proceeds from the auction, which will take place on 20 February, will go towards several organisations including the John Coltrane Foundation, a foundation set up in memory of Benny Goodman, and the Red Cross.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_80.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_80.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5f9b4ca8e7c4cf195e05454ba0047757169a3816
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_80.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Vera Drake scoops film award
+
+Oscar hopefuls Mike Leigh and Imelda Staunton were both winners at the 2004 Evening Standard British Film Awards.
+
+Vera Drake - Leigh's 1950s drama about a backstreet abortionist - was named best film and Staunton, who played the title role, was named best actress. Other winners included Paddy Considine, who was crowned best actor for his role in Dead Man's Shoes. Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason was named Evening Standard Readers' Film of 2004 at the central London ceremony.
+
+Leigh was presented with his winner's statuette by Timothy Spall and Staunton's award was announced by Patrick Stewart, during the glittering ceremony at The Savoy on Sunday night. Evening Standard film critic Derek Malcolm said: "He [Leigh] has never made a film that is better controlled and technically more secure... If this isn't one of the films of the year, I don't know what is." The Alexander Walker Special Award - which honours those who have made a supreme contribution to British film - went to Tim Bevan and Eric Fellner, the co-chairmen of Working Title films. The production company is behind films such as My Beautiful Laundrette, Billy Elliot, About A Boy, Shaun of The Dead and Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason.
+
+Simon Pegg, who stars in and co-wrote Shaun of the Dead, won the 2004 Peter Sellers Award For Comedy. Other winners included Emily Blunt and Nathalie Press who were jointly named ITV London Most Promising Newcomer Award for their performances in Pawel Pawlikowski's rites-of-passage story, My Summer of Love. Pawlikowski won the best screenplay statuette, while Roger Deakins won the Technical Achievement Award for his cinematography on The Village and The Ladykillers. Guests at the ceremony included Dame Judi Dench, Kim Cattrall, Charles Dance, Bill Nighy and Colin Firth. The awards, which were hosted by Jack Dee, are to be screened on ITV London on Tuesday at 2300 GMT.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_81.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_81.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1dfb048ecd42a8f182b76fda950a914e65f6ae63
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_81.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+De Niro completes box office coup
+
+Robert De Niro has completed a transatlantic box office double by topping the UK and US film charts with two different films at the same time.
+
+Comedy sequel Meet the Fockers, in which he stars with Ben Stiller, Dustin Hoffman and Barbra Streisand, shot to the top of the UK chart at the weekend. It took £7.2m in three days - eight times more than the number two, Closer. Assault on Precinct 13 was in third. At the same time, US audiences were won over by his new thriller Hide and Seek. In Meet the Fockers, he picks up the role of an uptight father and ex-CIA agent from 2000 hit comedy, Meet the Parents.
+
+It is a big leap to his role in Hide and Seek, a supernatural horror in which he plays a widower whose daughter's imaginary friend turns nasty. In the UK box office chart, Meet the Fockers pushed Closer off the top spot while police action movie Assault On Precinct 13, starring rapper Ja Rule, made £750,000 in its first weekend. London Underground thriller Creep was another new entry at six while quirky comedy Sideways, which got five Oscar nominations last week, entered in eighth place. The Oscar nominations do not seem to have had an impact on fans' choices at cinemas. Leading contenders The Aviator, Million Dollar Baby and Ray all suffered substantial drops in takings compared with the previous weekend.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_82.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_82.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..edb13b9022e13d3ae175ade5c32d6cb8ff244b95
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_82.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Day-Lewis set for Berlin honour
+
+Actor Daniel Day-Lewis is to be presented with an award for his career in film at the Berlin Film Festival.
+
+The 47-year-old, whose credits include his Oscar-winning performance in My Left Foot, will be presented with the Berlinale Camera award on 15 February. The honour, awarded since 1986, honours figures in cinema that the festival feels "particularly indebted to". Man to Man, a historical epic starring Kristin Scott Thomas, opens the German festival on 10 February. A candid documentary about the life and career of singer George Michael, A Different Story will also be screened at the 10-day event. '
+
+Day-Lewis has competed four times at the Berlin Film Festival, with films In The Name Of The Father (1994), The Crucible (1997), The Boxer (1998) and Martin Scorsese's Gangs Of New York (2003). The festival praises him for his "sensational start" with roles in My Beautiful Launderette and costume classic A Room With A View, and a "great number of celebrated roles" in subsequent productions. Japan's oldest film studio will also be honoured along with Day-Lewis. Shochiku film studios, which was founded 110 years ago, will become the first cinematic institution to receive the Berlinale Camera award. Famous Japanese directors including Akira Kurosawa have had films produced at the studio.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_83.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_83.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c2f50743bde20e44574e2fad802a2606abd3df0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_83.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Britney attacks 'false tabloids'
+
+Pop star Britney Spears has attacked "false" and "desperate" US tabloid magazines, questioning their honesty after they reported she was pregnant.
+
+In a letter on her website, the singer named celebrity tabloids Us Weekly, In Touch and Star as the worst offenders. "Until you face what is going on in your life, I guess you'll remain a false tabloid," the 23-year-old wrote. Stories about the state of her marriage to Kevin Federline and rumours about a pregnancy have recently appeared. But the chart-topping singer's letter did not shed any further light on those stories. In February, Spears clashed with Us Weekly for publishing pictures of her honeymoon in Fiji without permission. The couple, who married in Los Angeles last September, claimed staff took photographs of them which were later sold.
+
+They said they allowed the pictures to be taken after they were assured they would only be used for a private scrapbook, which they later received as a souvenir. Us magazine was unrepentant about their decision to publish, saying: "Britney should start her own magazine if she'd like to dictate her own coverage." "Coming from a celebrity who sold pictures of both her wedding and her stepdaughter, it's unlikely the issue here is privacy," they added. Spears claimed that other magazines were approached with the pictures but chose to contact her instead.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_84.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_84.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..85d2c8ff3f4583b64dcd0fae6d44dd57ff6e21cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_84.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Casino Royale is next Bond movie
+
+Casino Royale, author Ian Fleming's first James Bond book, is to be the next Bond film, with Goldeneye director Martin Campbell behind the camera.
+
+It will be the 21st James Bond film to hit the big screen, and speculation has been rife over who will play the lead. Casino Royale was turned into a spoof spy movie by John Huston in 1967, with David Niven in the lead role. Pierce Brosnan led the past four Bond films but said producers axed him after offering him the chance to return. Among the favourites to take over the coveted role are Scottish actor Dougray Scott, Oscar nominee Clive Owen and Australian star Hugh Jackman. Producers say no decision has yet been made on who will become the seventh actor, including Niven, to play Bond on film. Kill Bill director Quentin Tarantino had talked of wanting to take on the Casino Royale project, and said he had spoken to Brosnan about it.
+
+Shooting on Casino Royale is expected to begin once Campbell has finished work on The Legend of Zorro, a sequel to The Mask of Zorro, starring Catherine Zeta Jones and Antonio Banderas. Producers Barbara Broccoli and Michael G Wilson expect the film to be released in 2006.
+
+The script will once again be developed by Neal Purvis and Robert Wade who have both worked on two previous Bond movies. Fleming's book saw the introduction of Bond pitted against a Russian spy in a game of baccarat. Simultaneously, a woman arrives on the scene to take his eye off the game. The novel is one of Fleming's most violent and sadistic stories, with 007 suffering a savage beating from his nemesis Le Chiffre. In addition to the 1967 film, it was also adapted for television in 1954 with actor Barry Nelson as an Americanised "Jimmy" Bond. MGM Vice Chairman Chris McGurk said: "Martin (Campbell) is an incredibly exciting film-maker. Goldeneye was a wonderful movie and helped reinvigorate the Bond franchise. We're thrilled to have him back to direct the newest Bond." New Zealand-born Campbell moved to the UK in 1966 and directed TV series such as The Professionals, Minder and Bergerac. His film credits include Edge of Darkness, Vertical Limit and Beyond Borders, which starred Angelina Jolie and Clive Owen.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_85.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_85.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b76349a06f706b7babac85b557b22c855fd86c8d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_85.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Berlin celebrates European cinema
+
+Organisers say this year's Berlin Film Festival, which opens on Thursday with period epic Man to Man, will celebrate a revitalised European cinema.
+
+Of the 21 films in competition for the Golden and Silver Bear awards, more than half are from Europe with France particularly well represented. Festival director Dieter Kosslick says this strong showing signals "a new consciousness for European films". "They're on an incredible winning streak," he told the Reuters agency. "This isn't to say there aren't any good American films," he continued. "It's just that there are more good European films."
+
+However, Mr Kosslick refused to accept that widespread opposition to the Iraq war had turned audiences against Hollywood imports. "There is no anti-American mood," he said. Some 350 films will be screened at this year's festival, with a further 300 shown at the European Film Market that runs alongside it. More than a dozen celebrities are scheduled to attend, among them Will Smith, Kevin Spacey and Keanu Reeves. But Mr Kosslick says more would be coming had the Academy Awards not been brought forward to 27 February. "I'm not worried that we won't be able to fill the red carpet with stars," he said, though he admitted the festival may be moved to January next year to avoid a similar clash. The 10-day Berlinale runs until 20 February.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_86.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_86.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..68cd0945a45bb7a3728e13acde13ae37ac4d819d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_86.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Hundreds vie for best film Oscar
+
+A total of 267 films are eligible for the best film Oscar but only five will be chosen to go forward as nominees.
+
+The Academy of Motion Picture, Arts and Sciences has sent out the first ballot papers with the full list of films vying for recognition. Among those expected to receive nominations are The Aviator, Million Dollar Baby and Sideways. Academy members will now vote for their favourites before the final nominees are announced on 25 January.
+
+To be eligible for nomination a film must have been shown in a commercial theatre for seven consecutive days before the deadline of 31 December. Director Martin Scorsese's The Aviator, starring Leonardo DiCaprio went on general release on Christmas Day in the US, ensuring it just made the deadline. Studios have already begun lobbying voters, taking out full page adverts in trade publications such as Variety urging them to remember particular films when it comes to choosing what to back. Other movies tipped for possible success include Closer, starring Jude Law and Julia Roberts, Finding Neverland, with Johnny Depp as author JM Barry and Kinsey starring Liam Neeson as the famed sex scientist Alfred Kinsey. Meanwhile, design engineer Takuo Miyagishima will be awarded an Oscar at the Scientific and Technical Awards Dinner on 12 February 2005. Miyagishima is the 18th recipient of the Sawyer Award, which is "presented to an individual in the motion picture industry whose technological contributions have brought credit to the industry." The main Oscar ceremony will be held in Los Angeles on 27 February.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_87.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_87.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..474d275b6964b4f1a72c7be1a74187d561c94b29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_87.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Ray DVD beats box office takings
+
+Oscar-nominated film biopic Ray has surpassed its US box office takings with a combined tally of $80m (£43m) from DVD and video sales and rentals.
+
+Ray's success on DVD outstripped its $74m (£40m) US box office total, earning more than $40m (£22m) on the first day of the DVD's release alone. Ray has been nominated in six Oscar categories including best film and best actor for Jamie Foxx. The film recounts the life of blues singer Ray Charles, who died in 2004. In its first week on home entertainment release the film was the number one selling DVD, with the limited edition version coming in at number 11. Sony horror film The Grudge, starring Michelle Gellar, was the US' second best-selling DVD, with Jennifer Lopez and Richard Gere's romantic comedy Shall We Dance? at number three. Foxx's critically acclaimed performance as Ray has already earned him a Screen Actors Guild Award for best actor, as well as a prestigious Golden Globe. Ray director Taylor Hackford, responsible for the classic 1982 film An Officer and a Gentleman, has also received an Oscar nomination in the best director category. The film's three other Oscar nominations are for costume, film editing and sound mixing.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_88.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_88.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fdbea8da49764ed16edffd9ff59afda391e5eebb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_88.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+Vera Drake's Bafta triumph hope
+
+At the Bafta film awards on Saturday night, there is the prospect that a home-grown movie could walk off with a clutch of trophies.
+
+Vera Drake, Mike Leigh's tale about a 1950s backstreet abortionist, is nominated in 11 categories. These include best film, best director and best actress shortlist for Imelda Staunton who plays the eponymous character. The film has spent months being lauded with prizes, from the Venice Film Festival to five awards from the London Critics' Circle on Wednesday night.
+
+The Baftas has a tradition of honouring British cinema, and this year Vera Drake is the obvious candidate to be heaped with praise. Empire magazine's reviews editor Dan Jolin said the film had "a very good chance" of doing well on Saturday, predicting that it would collect five or six awards. "I don't think it's going to do a Lord of the Rings-style sweep, but Imelda Staunton is a shoo-in for best actress," he said.
+
+"A best director prize for Mike Leigh and best British film are also likely and it could steal some awards from heavily-nominated competitors The Aviator and Finding Neverland." Mr Jolin tipped another contender - most likely The Aviator - to walk away with the Bafta for best film, and added that Finding Neverland had been lavished with nominations but not trophies. Strong Oscar contenders Million Dollar Baby and Sideways did not figure in the Bafta nominations, giving Vera Drake greater potential to walk away with the big prizes.
+
+"There is a sense that this film is ours and we should slap our own guys on the back. Out of all the films in the running for the Baftas, Vera Drake is the true blue British one."
+
+"If Mike Leigh is going to win awards for anything, it should be Vera Drake at this year's Baftas", said Mr Jolin, adding that the film was probably his most technically accomplished and lavish work yet. Mr Jolin also tipped Phil Davis for a best supporting actor prize for his role in Vera Drake but felt that Heather Craney could be outdone by Kate Winslet or Natalie Portman in the supporting actress category. "If there is anywhere where this film is going to win, it will be at the Baftas," he said.
+
+The Guardian's film critic Peter Bradshaw felt that there "might well be" a sweep of awards for Vera Drake on Saturday night. "I hope that Bafta voters will respond to the extremely high standard of acting from the whole cast of the film. If Bafta can't do so, what hope is there?" he said. Mr Bradshaw felt that Mike Leigh's "masterpiece" was entitled to the best film award - leaving Dead Man's Shoes, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, My Summer of Love and Shaun of the Dead to slug it out for the best British film trophy. "I will be cheering if Vera Drake wins a whole host of awards," he added.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_89.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_89.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..34c0d72ce53f6d98eb8eed02670df7ed5af1d328
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_89.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+Film star Fox behind theatre bid
+
+Leading actor Edward Fox is one of the men behind plans to reopen a Swansea theatre thought to be Wales' oldest.
+
+The star of film and TV hits Day of the Jackal and Edward and Mrs Simpson has joined forces with Swansea-born actor-director Terry Palmer. They will set up a charity to raise money to buy the Palace Theatre, and hope to reopen it to audiences in summer 2006. It is estimated that £500,000 is needed to buy the Grade II listed building. The Palace Theatre, which will be known as The Pavilion Repertory Theatre, was sold to an undisclosed bidder at auction 13 months ago for £340,000. Before that it had been used as a nightclub for 10 years.
+
+Oscar-winner Sir Anthony Hopkins, who was born in nearby Port Talbot, made his professional debut there, and Charlie Chaplin and Lily Langtry have also trodden its boards. Fox told the South Wales Evening Post that after visiting the theatre he was surprised by its beauty. "A lot of money needs to be spent on it, but all the bones are there - it just needs a beautiful skin," he said.
+
+"To call it a jewel is not an over-estimation. There are not many theatres left like this. "The hope for the immediate future is that we can attract enough people to come forward to allow it to prosper," he told the newspaper.
+
+Fox first found fame in the 1960s. One of his most memorable roles was as an assassin in the Day of the Jackal in 1973, and he won a TV Bafta as the Prince of Wales in 1980 for Edward and Mrs Simpson. He was brought on board to save the theatre by Mr Palmer, a long-standing friend of 40 years. "Two years ago I decided to return to Swansea and do something for the city," said Mr Palmer. He said he was excited by the idea of running the Palace as a charity where young actors could develop, and with an annual Shakespeare festival in the summer. "If in five years' time the theatre can function in all areas without me, I shall be well satisfied having helped to create a vital living theatre for the city," he added. Keith Poulton, a business adviser from Swansea, has already committed an undisclosed amount of money to the project. "We need at least £75,000 to secure a deposit on the building and we've only got two months to do that," said Mr Poulton. "A few benefactors have expressed their interest and Mr Fox is going to give it an awful lot of time," he added. Last year, roads around the theatre were cordoned off when masonry from its roof fell onto a car, but engineers said they were happy that it was safe.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_9.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_9.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1e52c78ef83fad7f74f0d1f5d81a88053ff23555
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_9.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Comic Morris returns with sitcom
+
+Comedian Chris Morris, who created controversial TV show Brass Eye, is to return to screens with a new sitcom about a spoof London media worker.
+
+Morris will direct and co-write Nathan Barley - a character from cult website TV Go Home - for Channel 4. It is a send-up of the stereotypical "cool" metropolitan media scene, with Nicholas Burns in the title role. A Brass Eye satire of the media handling of paedophilia sparked 2,500 complaints in 2001.
+
+Nathan Barley will be "a character-driven comedy", according to Charlie Brooker, who created TV Go Home in 1999 and has co-written the series. Barley is described as a "webmaster, guerrilla film-maker, screenwriter, DJ and in his own words, a 'self-facilitating media node". The story will also feature Dan Ashcroft, a style magazine columnist, and his sister Claire, a film-maker who hates the "cool" scene. As well as Brass Eye, Morris was behind another news show satire, The Day Today, and dark sketch comedy Jam. The new show is expected to begin in February.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_90.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_90.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3b6e8d666562041846cdb778d4d023eb42d84e8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_90.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Lopez misses UK charity premiere
+
+Jennifer Lopez cancelled an appearance at the UK charity premiere of her new movie saying she was too ill to fly.
+
+The actress and singer dropped out at the last minute and has now cancelled all European promotion of the film Shall We Dance? and her new album. She said: "I very much wanted to be in London but unfortunately I'm not well. At the advice of my doctors I'm unable to travel." Co-star Richard Gere attended the event held in aid of the tsunami appeal. Thousands braved the cold weather to see the stars in London's Leicester Square. The red carpet boasted waltzing dancers in honour of the film's ballroom dancing theme. The film's director Peter Chelsom said he was disappointed that Lopez did not attend.
+
+"It's a shame. I know it's true that she's not well because she has also cancelled her promotional tour. I've heard she has swollen glands." Gere, 55, greeted the crowd and signed autographs, accompanied by his wife Carey Lowell. Other stars who turned out on the night included Honor Blackman, Strictly Come Dancing presenter Tess Daly and actress Anita Dobson. Lopez issues a statement apologising for her absence. "I'm so proud of Shall We Dance and was looking forward to visiting London," she said. "This film was a labour of love for me, and I want to thank everyone involved in bringing it to you, from the cast, to the film director, to the crew." Lopez appeared at the Grammy awards on Sunday, singing a duet with her third husband Marc Anthony.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_91.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_91.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2d5cf9705e4c9987225adccfc3408fc3d2a67ae1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_91.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Original Exorcist to be screened
+
+The original version of horror prequel Exorcist: The Beginning, dropped by producers over claims it was not scary enough, is to have its world premiere.
+
+The film, directed by Paul Schrader, will be screened on 18 March at the International Festival of Fantastic Film in Brussels. The psychological drama stars Stellan Skarsgard and foreruns the 1973 film. Schrader was replaced by director Renny Harlin who made a new version of the film which debuted in 2004. The prequel project was originally announced in 2001, with actor Liam Neeson in the lead role and John Frankenheimer as director. However Frankenheimer pulled out in 2002, a month before he died.
+
+Skarsgard then replaced Neeson in the role of Father Merrin, made famous by Max Von Sydow in the 1973 film. Principal footage was shot in Morocco and Rome at a reported cost of $32m. However, in August 2003 it emerged that producers Morgan Creek were shelving Schrader's version of the film, having complained it was not scary enough. As well as replacing Schrader with Harlin - the director behind Die Hard 2 and Cliffhanger - the producers also changed most of the cast, but Swedish star Skarsgard stayed in the Merrin role. Harlin's film, released in the UK in October 2004, received lukewarm reviews but went on to make over $76m (£40.7m) worldwide. The festival screening will be the first time that Schrader's film has been seen in public. Reports that it will be released either in cinemas or on DVD have yet to be confirmed. Other films at the festival in the Belgium capital, which runs from 11-26 March, include the US horror hit Boogeyman and the forthcoming sequel Ring 2, as well as a selection of films adapted from the works of Jules Verne.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_92.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_92.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8e8706c48f547f9c2d563e6a496188dd6e2188d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_92.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+Oscar nominees lack pulling power
+
+This year's clutch of Oscar nominees have been the least popular for 20 years according to box office figures.
+
+In the US the five nominated for best film have been seen by 50% fewer people than movies in previous years. While the awards are not based on box office popularity there is concern for the ratings of the televised ceremony. "We don't have a Titanic or a Lord of the Rings out there. I think it's fair to say it does concern us a bit," said Academy executive director Bruce Davis. About 51 million people in the US have seen this year's nominees, compared with between 100 million and 118 million in recent years. The last time combined attendance was so low was in 1984 when Amadeus beat The Killing Fields, A Passage to India, Places in the Heart and A Soldier's Story to best picture, when 41 million saw the five films. Last year's ceremony attracted the highest audience in four years as viewers tuned in to see Lord of the Ring: Return of the King sweep the board.
+
+And the show reaped its biggest audience in 1997 when Titanic took home 11 Oscars.
+
+The film had taken $500m (£264m) worldwide before the ceremony, and eventually took $1.8bn (£952m). "Eyeballs starring at the movie screen translates to eyeballs staring at the TV screen," said Paul Dergarabedian of box office tracker Exhibitor Relations. "People like to have a vested interest in what they're watching. "When Titanic does $1.8bn in worldwide box office, you've got a lot of people with a vested interest." Past years have also seen blockbusters such as Saving Private Ryan, Forrest Gump and Ghost compete for Oscars. The biggest box office hitter among this year's nominees is The Aviator, which has taken $90m (£48m) in the US, although takings in the UK have reached only £7m so far.
+
+Low-budget move Sideways and Finding Neverland have so far grossed about $45m (£24m) each. The year's biggest blockbusters do actually feature in the Oscar nominees but in the animation category. Shrek 2 and The Incredibles took $436m (£231m) while The Incredibles took $259m (£137m). Mel Gibson's The Passion of the Christ, which took $370m (£196m) in the US, was largely ignored by Academy voters.
+
+But many in the film industry do not equate award and box office success. "I have never equated the Academy Awards with how much money a movie takes in," said Nikki Rocco, head of distribution at Universal which released nominee Ray. "That's the People's Choice Awards. This is not about the public. This is about the industry bestowing awards on what they think are the best films of the year."
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_93.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_93.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d8a0b527697bf9b9add445994cd151169228c02b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_93.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Bollywood DVD fraudster is jailed
+
+A major distributor of pirated DVDs of Bollywood films has been sent to prison for three years.
+
+Jayanti Amarishi Buhecha from Cambridge was found guilty of two trademark offences last month, and sentenced at Harrow Crown Court, London, on Tuesday. Buhecha, who made £26,000 per month from his illegal trade, was called "one of the biggest Bollywood pirates in the UK" by the sentencing judge. The British Phonographic Industry (BPI) worked for two years on the case.
+
+An operation was launched against Buhecha in 2002 after complaints were received about his activities. The judge in the case, which lasted seven days, said that "a heavy penalty was called for because of the enormous damage Buhecha caused to legitimate business". Fake DVDs were manufactured in Pakistan and Malaysia and sold on wholesale to shops by Buhecha, who traded in conterfeit DVDs in 2002 and 2003.
+
+In December 2002, he was stopped in his car by trading standards officers, who uncovered 1,000 pirated DVDs and faked inlay cards printed with registered trademarks. Despite being arrested and bailed, Buhecha was caught a second time at the end of 2003. His home and a lock-up in Cambridge were found to contain 18,000 counterfeit DVDs and further faked inlay cards. Buhecha was previously a legitimate distributor of Bollywood films, but was suspended and sued by his employers for dealing in illegal copies of Bollywood classic Mohabbatein. Legitimate Bollywood film distributors have hailed the conviction as "a major boost". Bollywood music and film suffers piracy at the rate of 40%, which is more than that suffered by mainstream productions. The BPI welcomed the news of the prison sentence, but warned there are plenty of other active counterfeiters of Bollywood films. The organisation's anti-piracy director David Martin said: "The problem simply will not disappear with Buhecha. Others and more will take his place, so it's vital that keep up our efforts in this field."
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_94.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_94.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..127b3dbfafbc1d86f1060faead69e921effc5f93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_94.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Film row over Pirates 'cannibals'
+
+Plans to portray Dominica's Carib Indians as cannibals in the sequel to hit film Pirates of the Caribbean have been criticised by the group's chief.
+
+Carib Chief Charles Williams said talks with Disney's producers revealed there was "a strong element of cannibalism in the script which cannot be removed". The Caribbean island's government said Disney planned to film in Dominica. The Caribs have long denied their ancestors practised cannibalism. Disney was unavailable for comment. "Our ancestors stood up against early European conquerors and because they stood up...we were labelled savages and cannibals up to today," said Mr Williams.
+
+"This cannot be perpetuated in movies." Shooting on the sequel is expected to begin in April, with hundreds of Dominicans applying to be extras in the movie.
+
+About 3,000 Caribs live on the island of Dominica, which has a population of 70,000. Many Caribs were killed by disease and war during colonisation up to the 1600s. Mr Williams said he had received support from indigenous groups around the world in his efforts to have cannibalism references removed from the film. But he admitted there were some members of the Carib council who did not support the campaign. He said some did not "understand our history, they are weak and are not committed to the cause of the Carib people". The first Pirates of the Caribbean film took $305m (£162m) at the box office in the US alone. The cast and crew are to work on two sequels back-to-back, with the first to be released in 2006.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_95.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_95.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..285b218fec6783bce6bd064d5fbec3b434a4a4c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_95.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+Jackson film 'absolute disaster'
+
+A PR expert has told the Michael Jackson child abuse trial that the TV documentary at the heart of the case was an "absolute disaster".
+
+Ann Kite told the court in the Californian town of Santa Maria she was hired to "crisis manage" the fallout after the programme had aired in 2003. Jurors saw the film, in which the pop star held hands with the alleged victim, on Tuesday. Mr Jackson denies 10 charges of child abuse and false imprisonment. If convicted, he could face up to 21 years in prison.
+
+Ms Kite suggested Jackson's associates had been intent on launching a smear campaign against the accuser's family after the airing of Martin Bashir's film Living with Michael Jackson. She told the court that in the aftermath of the broadcast, a Jackson lawyer had told her the boy's mother would be made to look like a "crack whore". Jackson's defence questioned Ms Kite's credibility, pointing that she worked for the singer's team for less than a week before being fired, and had never met or spoken to the star.
+
+Ms Kite said she received a phone call on 13 February 2003 from a Jackson associate, Marc Schaffel, who said the boy and his family had left the Neverland ranch where they had been staying.
+
+Ms Kite told the court she had later asked Jackson's lawyer, David LeGrand, what had happened. "I said, `Don't make me believe that these people were hunted down like dogs and brought back to the ranch'," she said. Ms Kite began to work for Mr Jackson in February 2003, after the controversial film was televised in the US and Europe. The documentary sparked a media storm and the subsequent investigation into Mr Jackson's relationship with the boy. In the film, the singer said he did not see anything wrong with sharing a bed with a child.
+
+Questioned by the prosecution, Ms Kite said her plan had been to move media coverage of the star away from a focus on his human frailties to concentrate more on his musical genius. Ms Kite said that an additional problem was the release of documents relating to a previous allegation of child abuse against Mr Jackson. The Smoking Gun website publication was "beyond disaster", Ms Kite said. Correspondents say the reference is important because it was unclear whether the prosecution would be able to bring up the previous case in front of the jury.
+
+The judge is studying whether the prosecution's first witness, reporter Martin Bashir, is in contempt of court. The defence protested after Mr Bashir, who interviewed Jackson for the TV documentary, refused to answer nearly all their questions, citing a California "shield" law intended to allow journalists to protect their sources. In the prosecution's opening statement on Monday, Tom Sneddon told the court that Mr Jackson had shown the boy porn and plied him with wine, in order to molest him. He said the singer had visited sexually explicit websites and showed the boy - who was 13 at the time - and his younger brother pornography at his ranch.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_96.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_96.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..aa3c1dcc511859dec47fa88eb9e37c7c519f7486
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_96.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+UK Directors Guild nominees named
+
+Martin Scorsese and Clint Eastwood are among the nominees for the top prize at the Directors Guild of Great Britain awards, now in their second year.
+
+The Oscar rivals will compete for the international film prize at the ceremony, to be held at the Curzon Mayfair cinema in London on 20 March. Other nominees include Bill Condon for Kinsey and Michel Gondry for Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind. Mike Leigh's Vera Drake is among the nominees for best British film. The awards will see Eastwood and Scorsese once again competing for the directing prize, following last weekend's Oscars. Clint Eastwood won best director for Million Dollar Baby, beating Scorsese who was nominated for a fifth time for the Howard Hughes biopic The Aviator. Mike Leigh will compete for the British film prize with Shane Meadows for Dead Man's Shoes, Roger Michell For Enduring Love and My Summer Of Love director Pawel Pawlikowski.
+
+Nominees for best foreign film include Spain's Pedro Almodovar for Bad Education and Hong Kong director Wong Kar-Wai for 2046. In the TV categories, comedy series Early Doors and The Alan Clark Diaries will compete for the best directing award for a 30-minute television show, while the directors of Shameless, Hustle and Bodies are all nominated for the 60-minute television prize. The directors of Omagh and Sex Traffic are among the nominees for a television movie or mini-series. American Beauty's Sam Mendes will receive a lifetime achievement award for his work in film and theatre, while theatre director Simon McBurney will be given an award for outstanding directorial achievement.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_97.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_97.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f3b69d6ed95c6f2b11cc63a8ffc4a47b6ce7a633
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_97.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Tarantino 'to make Friday sequel'
+
+Director Quentin Tarantino is in talks to write and direct a new instalment in the Friday the 13th horror franchise, according to the Hollywood Reporter.
+
+The film-maker will reportedly meet executives from New Line Cinema this week to discuss the 12th film in the long-running 'stalk and slash' series. The original film, released in 1980, has spawned ten sequels based around mask-wearing murderer Jason Voorhees. The most recent, Freddy Vs Jason, was released in summer 2003. That film saw Jason battle Freddy Krueger, star of the Nightmare on Elm Street franchise. According to the industry newspaper, New Line had been trying to make another sequel involving Ash, the hero of the Evil Dead movies, but was unable to agree terms with director Sam Raimi. Tarantino is said to be intrigued by the prospect of building a new film around one of the horror genre's most recognised figures. First, however, he is scheduled to direct the season finale of US television series CSI: Crime Scene Investigation. Filming is due to start in early April. Tarantino's episode, for which he also wrote the original story, will be broadcast in the US on 19 May.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_98.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_98.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b4e46a0e61227fd480e16c24c842b8ed615b742b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_98.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+Stars gear up for Bafta ceremony
+
+Film stars from across the globe are preparing to walk the red carpet at this year's Bafta award ceremony.
+
+The 2005 Orange British Academy Film Awards are being held at The Odeon in London's Leicester Square. A host of Hollywood stars, including Cate Blanchett, Leonardo DiCaprio, Keanu Reeves and Richard Gere, are expected to attend Saturday's ceremony. Hosted by Stephen Fry, the glittering ceremony will be broadcast on BBC One at 2010 GMT.
+
+Other actors expected to add to the glamour of the biggest night in UK film are Gael Garcia Bernal, Imelda Staunton, Diane Kruger, Christian Slater, Anjelica Huston, Helen Mirren and former James Bond star Pierce Brosnan. Hollywood blockbuster The Aviator, starring DiCaprio, leads the field with 14 nominations, including best film.
+
+It is up against Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind, Finding Neverland, The Motorcycle Diaries and British film Vera Drake, which has 11 nominations. British hope Imelda Staunton is one of the favourites to land the best actress award for her gritty role as a backstreet abortionist in the small-budget film. Other nominees in the best actress category include Charlize Theron for Monster, Ziyi Zhang for House of Flying Daggers and UK star Kate Winslet, who has two nods for her roles in Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind and Finding Neverland.
+
+DiCaprio faces competition from Bernal, Jamie Foxx, Jim Carrey and Johnny Depp in the best actor category. And British actor Clive Owen is hoping to repeat his Golden Globe success with a best supporting actor award for his role in Closer. His co-star Natalie Portman is up against Blanchett, Heather Craney, Julie Cristie and Meryl Streep in the best supporting actress category. Mike Leigh is up for the best director award for Vera Drake, alongside Martin Scorsese for The Aviator, Michael Mann for Collateral, Michel Gondry for Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind and Marc Forster for Finding Neverland.
diff --git a/entertainment/entertainment_99.txt b/entertainment/entertainment_99.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cae127d17cc6824985db8e88f7c463c2c5a779bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/entertainment/entertainment_99.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Boogeyman takes box office lead
+
+The low-budget horror film Boogeyman has knocked Robert de Niro thriller Hide and Seek from the top spot at the UK box office.
+
+The film, in which a young man is forced to revisit a traumatic childhood experience, took £788,439 in its first three days on release. Hide And Seek, which was knocked off the top of the US box office by Boogeyman last month, fell one place. Oscar nominee Hotel Rwanda was also a new entry in the chart, at number five. The film, which scored Oscar nominations for Don Cheadle and British actress Sophie Okonedo, made £507, 596 in its first week of nationwide release.
+
+Comedy sequel Meet The Fockers and Shall We Dance?, starring Jennifer Lopez and Richard Gere, completed the top five. Clint Eastwood's Million Dollar Baby re-entered the charts at number eight, following its recent success at the Oscars. The boxing drama, which won four awards including best film and best director, has made £4.4m to date. Two other new entries, a remake of the 1965 film Flight of the Phoenix, and the teen comedy Harold and Kumar Get The Munchies, debuted outside the top 10.
diff --git a/food/food_1.txt b/food/food_1.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dbf0b0d8624cae39d839c43449f1cce97a6dd959
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_1.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+Grilled Shrimp Tacos with Avocado-Corn Salsa
+instruction 
+Remove the corn kernels from the cobs: Place a large container on a damp towel. Fold a paper towel into fourths and place it inside the container. Stand 1 ear of corn on the paper towel, using the stem as a handle. Using a paring knife, slice downward, letting the kernels fall into the container. Rotate the cob and continue until all the kernels have been removed; discard the cob. Repeat with the remaining corn. Discard the paper towel.
+Add the scallions, tomatoes, measured lime juice, cilantro, serrano, and measured salt and stir to combine.
+Halve and pit the avocados. Using a paring knife, score the flesh of the avocado halves in a 1/4-inch-wide crosshatch pattern (be careful not to cut through the skin). Using a spoon, scoop the avocado pieces into the corn mixture and gently fold to combine.
+Taste and add more lime juice or salt as needed; set aside.
+For the tacos:
+Heat an outdoor grill to high (about 450°F to 550°F). Meanwhile, assemble the shrimp.
+Whisk the lime juice, oil, chipotle powder, salt, and cumin together in a large bowl. Add the shrimp and toss to combine.
+Skewer each shrimp through the tail and head ends, leaving about 1/4 inch of space between each shrimp. Transfer the skewers to a baking sheet.
+Place the skewers in a single layer on the grill without touching. Close the grill and cook until grill marks appear on the bottom, about 4 minutes. Flip the skewers, close the grill, and cook until the shrimp are just firm, about 1 minute more. Transfer the skewers to a clean baking sheet.
+Remove and discard the skewers, transfer the shrimp to a cutting board, and coarsely chop. Place in a serving bowl.
+Serve the shrimp with the tortillas and salsa.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/food/food_10.txt b/food/food_10.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cdfc559ed2730489925c93049fe04917f08b8901
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_10.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+  2     teaspoons  anise extract
+     3/4           cup  sugar
+       1         pinch  salt
+   1 1/2          cups  all-purpose flour
+     1/4           cup  cornstarch
+     1/2      teaspoon  baking powder
+
+PREHEAT OVEN TO 350F. Combine the eggs, extract, sugar and salt in a mixing bowl or the bowl of an electric mixer and whip with a hand mixer set at high speed or in a heavy duty mixer fitted with the whip. Continue whipping until the mixture is very light and increased in volume, 6-7 minutes. While the egg mixture is whipping, combine the flour, cornstarch and baking powder and stir to mix. Remove the whipped eggs from the mixer and sift over the flour mixture in three additions, folding it in after each addition with a rubber spatula. The batter will lose most of its air and become rather stiff. Pipe the batter, using a pastry bag with a 3/4-inch opening, but no tube, onto a jelly roll pan lined with parchment paper or buttered wax paper. Pipe two logs about 1 1/2 inches wide and the length of the pan. Bake the logs about 20 minutes, until they are well risen and golden. Remove from  oven and place logs on a cutting board to cool about 10 minutes. Using a sharp, serrated knife, slice the logs diagonally at 1/2-inch intervals. Place the biscotti cut side down on the pan and return them to the oven for about 10-15 minutes, until they color lightly on the cut surfaces.  Cool the biscotti on the pans and store them in a tin between layers of wax paper.
+
diff --git a/food/food_100.txt b/food/food_100.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e26260b9480a604ab9468758db9914c189cdf88c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_100.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+eafy greens that contain beta-carotene, such as collard greens, spinach, and Swiss chard, contribute to the growth and repair of the body’s tissues. Beta-carotene may also protect your skin against sun damage. Beta-carotene is converted to vitamin A in the body, and food sources of beta-carotene are the best way to get your vitamin A fix, since extremely high doses of vitamin A in supplements can be toxic and lead to bone, liver, and neural disorders as well as birth defects. Food sources of beta-carotene are entirely safe, though, since the body regulates how much beta-carotene is converted into vitamin A.
+
+Leafy greens are an excellent source of folate, which can reduce your risk of cardiovascular disease and memory loss. And since folate contributes to the production of serotonin, it may help ward off depression and improve mood.
+
+The vitamin E found in green leafy vegetables works with vitamin C to keep skin healthy as you age. This vitamin also helps protect your skin from the sun’s damaging rays and may help reduce your risk of cataracts and macular degeneration.
+
+While leafy greens offer many health benefits, they can sometimes trigger IBS in individuals who are sensitive. Additionally, if you’re taking a blood thinner like warfarin (Coumadin), be sure to have your doctor monitor your blood and your medication dosage as you increase your intake of dark leafy green vegetables. These vegetables are rich in vitamin K, which plays a key role in blood clotting.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/food/food_11.txt b/food/food_11.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..39dcf6016ccb716374664cda810902666c117157
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_11.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+3 1/4          cups  all-purpose flour
+   2 1/2     teaspoons  baking powder
+     1/2           cup  butter or margarine -- softened
+       1           cup  sugar
+       3                eggs
+       2     teaspoons  lemon peel -- finely shredded
+     1/4      teaspoon  almond extract
+       1         pinch  saffron -- if desired
+     1/2           cup  almonds -- finely chopped,toast
+       1                egg white
+
+Combine flour and baking powder.  In large mixer bowl beat butter and sugar until blended.  Beat in eggs, lemon peel, almond extract and saffron.  Beat in flour mixture until well blended.  Stir in almonds.  Divide dough in half.  Shape each portion into a 12x2x1-inch loaf.  Place 6 inches apart on a lightly greased cookie sheet.  Beat the egg white until foamy.  Brush over tops of loaves.  Bake in 375F oven 20 to 25 minutes or until light brown.  Cool on cookie sheet about 1 hour.  Cut each loaf diagonally into 1/2- inch thick slices.  Lay slices, cut side down, on cookie sheet.  Bake in a 325F oven 10 minutes longer or until dry and crisp.  Cool on wire rack. These cookies are good made several days ahead and stored in a paper bag to soften slightly.  To store longer, place in a covered container.  Makes about 36 cookies.
diff --git a/food/food_12.txt b/food/food_12.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..948d15f2086ba2443b59eef4b9c1e1e20ed2bf6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_12.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+  1           cup  almonds -- whole, unblanched
+       2          cups  unbleached flour -- unsifted
+       1           cup  sugar
+       1      teaspoon  baking soda
+       1         pinch  salt
+       3         large  eggs
+     1/2      teaspoon  vanilla
+
+This recipe makes about 4 dozen very crunchy biscotti.  I've never put chocolate on the biscotti.  You need two 12x15 inch (approx.) cookie sheets.  Butter and flour ONE of the cookie sheets.  The oven should be at 350 to roast the almonds, and 300 to bake the biscotti.  Total baking time for the biscotti is about 2 hours.  You also need to have handy and ready a surface for kneading the biscotti dough and a surface for cutting the baked biscotti.  Roast the almonds in a 350 degree often until lightly browned (10-15 minutes).  Cool nuts completely. Lower the oven temperature to 300.  In a medium bowl, stir together the dry ingredients (flour, sugar, baking soda, salt) just to mix.  Separate out about 1/2 cup of this mixture, and spread SOME of the reserved 1/2 cup onto your kneading surface.  In a small bowl or measuring cup, lightly beat together the eggs and vanilla.  Make a well in the flour mixture in the medium bowl and pour in the egg/vanilla mixture.  Stir the flour into the egg mixture from the outside of the well.  Continue combining until the mixture is too stiff to stir.  Turn the mixture out onto your kneading surface, which should already be floured with some of the reserved dry ingredients.  With floured hands (use some of the reserved dry ingredients for this if you want), fold the dough over itself until it coheres.  Use the rest of the reserved dry ingredients for your hands and the work surface, if necessary.  Press the nuts into the dough and keep folding the dough over itself until the nuts are evenly distributed.  Let the dough sit a few minutes so the flour absorbs the liquid completely, making the dough less sticky.  Divide the dough into 3 equal pieces. Roll each piece with your hands so that the pieces are elongated into strips about 1" wide and 12"-14" long. *** Place the strips on the buttered/floured baking sheet, leaving about 4" between each strip.  If you want somewhat wider strips, flatten the strips with your hands to a width of 2".  Bake for about 50 minutes at 300.  Let the strips cool for 5 minutes, and them remove them with a spatula to a cutting surface.  Using a sharp knife and making downward strokes, cut the strips into diagonal bars about 1/2" wide.  Lay the cut biscotti on their sides on the two baking sheets.  Toast 35-50 minutes, depending on how dark (and crunchy?) you want them.  *** To make much wider strips, divide the dough into two strips, same length (12"-14").  Each cookie will be about 6" long.  This should make about 2 dozen cookies.
diff --git a/food/food_13.txt b/food/food_13.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..88298a14c1cd79ef99c0b0d4048059be7c515f8a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_13.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+  4          cups  flour -- sifted
+       1           cup  sugar
+       1    tablespoon  baking powder
+     1/4      teaspoon  salt
+       1           cup  shortening
+       2                eggs -- slightly beaten
+     1/2           cup  milk
+     1/4         pound  sesame seeds -- about 2/3 to 3/4 cup
+
+Lightly grease 2 cookie sheets.  Heat the oven to 375F.  Sift together the flour, sugar, baking powder, and salt into a bowl.  Cut in the shortening with a pastry blender or two knives, until the pieces are the size of small peas.  Stir in the eggs and the milk (1 tablespoon at a time) to make a soft dough.  Mix together thoroughly. Break the dough into small pieces and roll each between the palms of your hands to form rolls about 1 1/2 inches in length.  Flatten the rolls slightly and roll them in the sesame seeds.  Place about 3/4 inch apart on the prepared cookie sheets.  Bake for 12 to 15 minutes, or until thee cookies are lightly browned.  Makes about 6 dozen cookies.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/food/food_14.txt b/food/food_14.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fe91ee370dfd4de5ed9b6f9fb20bbe8634c2d6f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_14.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+  2          cups  all-purpose flour
+     3/4           cup  sugar
+     3/4           cup  almonds -- unblnchd,fine ground
+     1/2      teaspoon  bicarbonate of ammonia
+     1/2      teaspoon  cinnamon
+     3/4           cup  almonds -- whole, unblanched
+     1/3           cup  honey
+     1/3           cup  water
+
+Can substitute 1/2 teaspoon each of baking powder and baking soda for bicarb of ammonia.
+
+Be careful with the first baking of these biscotti. Even though they are baked a second time after being cut, if they do not bake sufficiently the first time, the biscotti will have a hard, heavy core.  PREHEAT OVEN TO 350F. Combine all ingredients except honey and water in a mixing bowl and stir a minute or 2 to mix. Add the honey and water and stir until a firm dough forms. Remove dough from bowl and divide in half. Roll each half into a log about 15 inches long. Place both logs, well apart, on a jelly roll pan lined with parchment or buttered wax paper. Bake about 30 minutes, until well risen, firm and a dark golden color. Remove from oven, cool logs slightly and place on a cutting board. Slice the logs diagonally at 1/2-inch intervals.  Return the cut biscotti to the pan, cut side down, and bake an additional 15 minutes, until lightly colored and dry. Cool on the pan. Store in a tin--they keep well.
diff --git a/food/food_15.txt b/food/food_15.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..60f5e46d32a744f54a3c92cca8e15ebd6bd34133
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_15.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+ 4          cups  all-purpose flour
+       2          cups  sugar
+       2     teaspoons  baking powder
+       6                eggs
+       4   tablespoons  frangelico -- (hazelnut liquor)
+       2     teaspoons  vanilla extract
+       2     teaspoons  almond extract
+       2          cups  hazelnuts, oil-roasted -- coarsley chopped
+
+These biscotti are perfect for dipping in espresso and the sweet Italian wine Vin Santo.  Since these cookies have no added shortening, there is very little moisture.  These cookies are hard, so crunch carefully.  Most important, enjoy!  I have substituted 2 cups roasted chopped almonds for the Hazelnuts and the results have been fine.  Also, I've been thinking about substituting 4 tablespoons of anise liquor for the Frangelico and tossing in a handful of anise seeds.  Pre-heat the oven to 350 degrees.  Mix dry ingredients (except the nuts) together in a bowl.  In a separate bowl mix the liquids.  Mix the liquids into the dry ingredients until the dough is stiff.  Do not overmix.  Stir in the nuts.  Shape the dough into 2 flattish logs 3 inches wide and approximately 15 inches long.  Place the logs on a buttered cookie sheet.  Bake for 20 minutes at 350.  Remove from the oven and let cool to the touch.  Using a bread knife, slice the log crosswise into 3/4 inch pieces. Place the pieces back on the cookie sheet side down.  Bake again for 15 minutes until the cookies are a golden brown.  Store in a tight tin.  Cookies store well for weeks.
+
diff --git a/food/food_16.txt b/food/food_16.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6de8b6b3f95d57bb73efd8432a6f4192a91a413a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_16.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+  2          cups  all-purpose flour -- more if needed
+     1/2           cup  ground almonds
+       1           cup  sugar
+       2                extra large   eggs
+     1/4           cup  dark rum
+     1/4           cup  amaretto -- or nocello
+       1      teaspoon  vanilla extract
+     1/2      teaspoon  ground cinnamon
+       2     teaspoons  baking powder
+       1           cup  walnuts
+       1           cup  blanched almonds -- whole
+
+Preheat oven to 350 degrees; lightly grease 2 cookie sheets with softened butter and dust with flour, shaking off the excess.  In a large bowl, combine the flour, ground almonds, sugar, eggs, rum, liqueur, vanilla extract, cinnamon and baking powder; beat with a heavy wooden spoon until well blended.  Stir in the walnuts and whole almonds. The dough should be soft and a bit sticky, but it should hold its shape when picked up.  If it is too runny, add more flour.  With your hands, scoop up half of the dough; shape into a long cylinder, about the length of a roll of paper towel.  Place on the cookie sheet so that it does not touch the edge of the pan.  Repeat with the second half of the dough.  Bake for 45 to 60 minutes, or until golden brown and firm.  They will spread during baking.  Remove the cookie sheets from the oven to a wire rack; let stand for 15 to 20 minutes.  Carefully loosen the cylinders from the cookie sheets, using metal spatulas.  Let stand on a cutting board until almost at room temperature.  With a serrated bread knife, cut each of the cylinders into crosswise slices about 1-inch thick.  Place the sliced, a cut side up, on the cookie sheets.  Return the cookie sheets to the oven for about 10 to 15 minutes to let the cookies out and turn slightly golden.  Cool completely before storing.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/food/food_17.txt b/food/food_17.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..09695ea70a39c4fdec92629d7b89a0090650b3d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_17.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+  1/2           cup  butter -- at room temperature
+       1           cup  sugar
+       2                eggs
+   1 1/2     teaspoons  vanilla extract
+       2          cups  all-purpose flour
+     1/2      teaspoon  baking powder
+     1/2      teaspoon  baking soda
+   1 1/2          cups  nuts -- chopped
+
+This comes from the Dallas Morning News' "Dallas Life Magazine". The Highland Park restaurant Patrizio contributes this recipe for biscotti.  Combine butter, sugar and eggs, mixing well. Beat in vanilla.  Combine flour, baking powder, baking soda and chopped nuts. Add to the egg mixture. The batter will be very stiff and sticky. Cover the dough with plastic wrap and refrigerate for 1 hour or over night.  With floured hands, divide the dough into two portions and shape each into a loaf about 12 inched long.  Grease a 10 by 14 baking sheet. Place both loaves on the sheet, leaving at least 3 inches between them. Flatten each loaf slightly, as evenly as possible.  Place in preheated 400 degree oven and bake for 20 min. or until firm to the touch.  Remove can cool on wire rack slightly. Lower oven to 375.  While still warm, slice the loaves into diagonal slices about 1/3 inch thick.  Arrange on ungreased baking sheet and bake at 375 fro 15 mintues - do not brown.  Var.     Chocolate: basic recipe, adding 1 cup of cocoa powder and 1 1/2 cups chocolate chips.      Banana: basic recipe, adding 1/4 cup banana flavoring (not extract) and use walnuts or pecans      Cinnamon: basic recipe, adding 1/4 cup ground cinnamon. For the nuts, use almonds or pecans
+
+
diff --git a/food/food_18.txt b/food/food_18.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3a0aedb8c95fd5389f000b8641d5bbacc6e53a83
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_18.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+     1/2           cup  (1 stick) butter or margarine
+       1           cup  granulated sugar
+       2         large  eggs
+       1      teaspoon  vanilla extract
+   2 1/2          cups  all-purpose flour
+       1      teaspoon  baking powder
+       1      teaspoon  baking soda
+   1 3/4          cups  mini chocolate baking bits -- divided
+       1           cup  slivered almonds -- toasted
+     1/4           cup  unsweetened cocoa powder
+       2   tablespoons  instant coffee granules
+
+Preheat oven to 350 degrees F.
+
+Lightly grease cookie sheets; set aside. 
+
+In large bowl cream butter and sugar until light and fluffy; beat in eggs and vanilla. 
+
+In medium bowl combine flour, baking powder and baking soda; blend into creamed mixture. Dough will be stiff. 
+
+Stir in 1 1/4 cups mini chocolate baking bits and nuts. 
+
+Divide dough in half. Add cocoa powder and coffee granules to one half of the dough, mixing to blend. 
+
+On well-floured surface, gently knead doughs together just enough to marble. Divide dough in half and gently roll each half into 12 x 2-inch log; place on prepared cookie sheets at least 4 inches apart.
+
+Press remaining 1/2 cup mini chocolate baking bits onto outside of both logs. 
+
+Bake 25 minutes. Dough will spread. 
+
+Cool logs 15 to 20 minutes. Slice each log into 12 slices; arrange on cookie sheet cutside down. 
+
+Bake an additional 10 minutes. (For softer biscotti, omit second baking.) 
+
+Cool completely. 
+
+Store in tightly covered container.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/food/food_19.txt b/food/food_19.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..65dfe92299bb4b0a14d93f23ffadad9af372d1b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_19.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+ 1/2      teaspoon  ground cinnamon
+     1/4           cup  soy sauce
+       1                green onion -- cut in half
+       2    tablespoon  dry red wine
+       1         clove  garlic -- crushed
+       1    tablespoon  brown sugar
+       2         whole  pork tenderloins
+       1    tablespoon  honey
+                        (about 12 oz each)
+       2      teaspoon  red food coloring -- optional
+                        trimmed
+
+Combine soy sauce; wine,sugar,honey, food coloring, cinnamon, onion and garlic in large bowl. Add pork, turning tenderloins to coat completely. Cover and refrigerate 1 hour or overnight, turning meat occasionally. Drain pork, reserving marinade. Place tenderloins on wire rack over baking pan. Bake in preheated 350F oven, turning and basting often with reserved marinade, until cooked through, about 45 minutes. Remove pork from oven; cool. Cut into diagonal slices. Makes about 8 appetizer size servings This is very nice served with green onion curls.
+
+ Pam in Va Formatted by Elaine Radis Converted by MMCONV vers. 1.00
diff --git a/food/food_2.txt b/food/food_2.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..edb50c3366182baa47d03f2b3f53789eeb3d22b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_2.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+Mexican BBQ Chicken
+instruction
+Combine all of the marinade ingredients except the orange juice in a blender or food processor. Puree until smooth. Add the orange juice and puree until combined. Pour into a large mixing bowl and add the chicken. Cover and marinate overnight in the refrigerator.
+Remove the chicken from the marinade and pat it dry with paper towels. Let stand at room temperature for 30 minutes while you prepare a grill.
+Prepare an outdoor grill for medium heat; if using a charcoal grill, set up the coals for indirect heat. When the grill is ready, use tongs to rub the grate with several layers of paper towels dipped in vegetable oil (or spray with cooking spray). You can also use a stove-top grill over medium-high heat. Spray it with cooking spray before proceeding.
+Arrange the chicken over the hottest part of the grill and cook, turning once halfway through, for about 10 minutes, or until the skin starts to crisp but not burn. Move the chicken pieces to the cooler part of the grill, cover, and cook, turning occasionally, until cooked through (a meat thermometer should read 165°-170°F), about 15 to 20 minutes longer. If using a stove-top grill or gas grill, turn the heat to medium low and cook until cooked through.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/food/food_20.txt b/food/food_20.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d09bf829c8a8bb755e3f2b0034bfabcdd3c7a9a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_20.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+ 4            md  tomatoes
+       2    tablespoon  oil
+       2         pound  flank steak
+       1            md  green pepper -- sliced
+       3    tablespoon  soy sauce
+       1            md  onion -- sliced
+       2    tablespoon  dry sherry
+       1                beef bouillon cube
+      10    milliliter  garlic -- minced
+     3/4           cup  boiling water
+     1/2      teaspoon  ground ginger
+       2    tablespoon  cornstarch
+     1/8      teaspoon  ground black pepper
+       2    tablespoon  cold water
+
+Thinly slice beef on the diagonal (for easy slicing,place meat in the freezer until slightly frozen);place in  a  snug-fitting bowl.Combine soy sauce,sherry,garlic,and black pepper;pour over meat,tossing to coat completely.Cover and refrigerate 8 to 10 hours. In a large skillet or wok,heat oil. Add green pepper and onion saute for 2 minutes.Dissolve bouillon cube in boiling water. Add beef and marinate.Bring to boiling point.Reduce heat and simmer,covered for 8 minutes.Blend cornstarch with cold water. Stir into mixture in skillet.Cook and stir until thickened.Cut tomatoes into wedges;add to skillet;stir gently.Cover and simmer, just until tomatoes are hot,about 3 minutes.Serve hot over rice with scallions,if desired.Serves 6 to 8.
diff --git a/food/food_21.txt b/food/food_21.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d40b688bcee0d543395d4c2b1c71fa732b020f1c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_21.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+   2         whole  chickens -- quartered
+     1/4           cup  salad oil
+       1      teaspoon  salt
+     1/4      teaspoon  pepper
+  15 1/2        ounces  pineapple chunks in syrup -- unsweetened
+     1/2           cup  sugar
+       2   tablespoons  cornstarch
+     3/4           cup  cider vinegar
+       1    tablespoon  soy sauce
+     1/4      teaspoon  ginger
+       1                chicken bouillon cube
+       1         large  green or red pepper -- cut in 1/2" slices
+
+Wash chicken, pat dry.  heat oil in large skillet, add chicken, a few pieces at a time and brown on all sides.  Remove as browned to shallow roasting pan.  Arrange pieces skin side up.  Sprinkle with salt and pepper.
+
+Meanwhile, preheat oven to 350 degrees. 
+
+Make sauce, drain the pineapple chunks pouring syrup into 2 cup measure, add water to make 1 1/4 cups.  In medium saucepan, combine sugar, cornstarch, pineapple syrup, vinegar, soy sauce. ginger and bouillon cube.  Bring to a boil stirring constantly.  Boil 2 minutes.  Pour over chicken. Bake uncovered 30 minutes.  Add pineapple chucks and green or red peppers.  Bake 30 minutes longer or until chicken is tender.
diff --git a/food/food_22.txt b/food/food_22.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2e798f39e750f9f252f164311f06d04e8d1bc0df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_22.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+  3    tablespoon  oil
+       1      teaspoon  cornstarch
+       1         pound  boneless chicken breasts *
+     1/2      teaspoon  ground ginger
+     1/2           cup  broccoli forets
+   1 1/2           cup  water
+       2         ounce  snow peas (about 1/2 c)
+       2      teaspoon  imported soy sauce
+       1           med  carrot thinly sliced
+       1      teaspoon  white or rice vinegar
+     1/2           med  red or green pepper **
+                        hot cooked rice
+       1           env  golden onion soup mix
+
+*     Chicken breasts should be cut into thin strips. ** Sweet pepper should be cut into thin strips. ~------------------------------------------------------ ~------------------ In large skillet, heat oil and cook chicken with vegetables over medium- high heat, stirring constantly. 10 minutes or until chicken is golden and vegetables are crisp-tender.  Thoroughly blend golden onion recipe soup mix, cornstarch, ginger, water, soy sauce and vinegar; stir into chicken mixture.  Bring to a boil, then simmer uncovered t minutes or until sauce is thickened. Serve over hot rice and garnish, if desired, with sliced green onion and toasted sesame seeds. MICROWAVE DIRECTIONS: Omit oil and degrease ginger to 1/4 t.  In 2-quart casserole, heat chicken, uncovered, at HIGH (Full Power) 4 minutes or until almost done; remove chicken and drain. Add vegetables to casserole and heat uncovered 5 minutes at HIGH (Full Power). Thoroughly blend golden onion soup mix, cornstarch, ginger, water, soy sauce and vinegar; stir into vegetables. Heat uncovered 5 minutes on HIGH (Full Power) or until sauce is thickened, stirring once. Return chicken to casserole and heat 1 minute or until heated through. Let stand covered 5 minutes.  Serve and garnish as above. Converted by MMCONV vers. 1.00
+
+
diff --git a/food/food_23.txt b/food/food_23.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a84d6a9c263ca540de9a03984bf6e06ea0a6b26d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_23.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+     1         pound  chicken ; breasts -- cubed
+       1      teaspoon  salt
+       1      teaspoon  cornstarch
+       3                green peppers -- cut into 1/
+                        set above ingredients aside
+                        sauce
+       2    tablespoon  soy sauce
+       1    tablespoon  soybean paste
+       1    tablespoon  sugar
+       2    tablespoon  rice wine vinegar
+     1/2      teaspoon  salt
+
+Mix the above ingredients well and set aside. Cook chicken  in a little oil and minced garlic.   When the chicken  is  no longer pink, add the bamboo shoots and the green pepper to the wok (or  fry pan if you don't have a wok).  Cook for a minute or two. Sprinkle a little of the rice wine vinegar over the chicken/veggie mixture and cook another minute.  Add nuts and cook another minute.  Pour sauce over the contents of wok and cook until heated through. Serve over  hot cooked rice with a nice side dish liked my Szechuan  Green Beans (see Green Beans R? under this same BB) Hope you enjoy! DAN GRUBER   (PXSM21A)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/food/food_24.txt b/food/food_24.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ff94005bc4d17658159b8b0c43bf83c035111b8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_24.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+  1         pound  flank steak -- diagonally sliced
+                        marinade:
+     1/4           cup  soy sauce
+       2   tablespoons  dry sherry
+       1      teaspoon  sugar
+       2     teaspoons  cornstarch
+     1/4           cup  water
+       2   tablespoons  oil
+       4        cloves  garlic -- chopped
+       2     teaspoons  ginger root -- peeled, grated
+       2                scallions -- chopped
+       2   tablespoons  oil
+       1         large  onion
+       2                green peppers -- sliced
+
+Marinate steak for 15 minutes or more.  Add oil to hot wok. Swirl and stir fry garlic, ginger and scallions for 30 seconds.  With slotted spoon, reserving the marinade, add half the steak and stir fry for 3 minutes.  Remove and set aside.  Repeat with remaining steak.  Add oil and stir fry onion and green peppers for 2 minutes.  Push vegetables to sides of wok.  Add marinade to center of wok and stir until thickened and bubbly.  Blend in vegetables, add steak and heat thoroughly.
+
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/food/food_25.txt b/food/food_25.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8e7c72bb7ef7a58d7d19083bfc99cd729bfa6de8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_25.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+  1            lg  sweet red pepper
+       1           cup  finely chopped chicken  *
+       1    tablespoon  sesame oil
+       1           cup  cooked regular rice
+       1         clove  garlic -- minced
+     1/2           cup  frzn english peas -- thawed
+       1      teaspoon  minced fresh gingerroot
+                        egg -- beaten
+     1/2           cup  finely chopped carrots
+       1    tablespoon  plus 1 1/2 t soy sauce
+     1/4           cup  thinly sliced green onions
+     1/8      teaspoon  salt
+
+*  1 cup finely chopped, cooked Chicken Breast (skinned before cooking) Cut a 1/2" thick slice from the side of each pepper, reserving slices; remove seeds. Place peppers in boiling water, boil 5 minutes. Drain, set aside. Coat a large skillet or wok with Pam; add sesame oil, and place over med heat until hot. Add garlic and gingerroot; stir fry 30 seconds. Add carrots and green onions; stir fry 2 minutes more. Remove from heat. Add chicken and remaining ingredients, stirring well. Spoon 3/4 cup mixture into each reserved pepper. Top with reserved pepper slices. Arrange peppers, cut side up, in a 10x6x2" baking dish. Cover and bake 350 deg F for 30 minutes or until thoroughly heated. PER SERVING: 231 calories, 16.4 g protein, 6.7 g fat, 25.7 carbohydrates 98 g cholesterol, 3.1 mg iron, 366 mg sodium, 37 mg calcium. Converted by MMCONV vers. 1.00
+
+
diff --git a/food/food_26.txt b/food/food_26.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a77c3a2eed3a77ae70557460d190e1ba101851f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_26.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+   1         pound  medium russet potatoes
+                        onions
+                        cut into julienne strips
+       1    tablespoon  rice wine vinegar
+     1/2           cup  chopped red bell pepper
+       2      teaspoon  hoisin sauce
+     1/4           cup  finely chopped green
+       1      teaspoon  sesame seeds -- toasted
+
+Soak Potatoes in Cold Water 15 Min; Drain & Pat Dry With Paper Towels. Arrange Potatoes in A Single Layer in A Large Shallow Pan Coated With Cooking Spray.  Bake At 450 F. For 30 Min. Stirring Every 10 Min. Combine Potatoes, Bell Pepper & Green Onions in A Medium Bowl. Combine Vinegar & Hoisin Sauce in A Small Bowl.  Pour Over potato mixture, Tossing Gently. Sprinkle With Sesame Seeds & Serve Immediately. (Fat 1.4. Chol. 0.)
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/food/food_27.txt b/food/food_27.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..55cf8e10db13fc4d84a72ebee6e5a48e9c291ccd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_27.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+   3    tablespoon  oil
+     1/2         pound  spinach -- bite size pcs
+   1 1/4         pound  chick br,bonls,skinls -- 1"cube
+      11         ounce  mandarin oranges -- drained
+       3    tablespoon  scallions -- chpd
+       3    tablespoon  soy sauce
+                        garlic clove -- minced
+       1    tablespoon  honey
+     1/4           cup  cashews
+     1/4      teaspoon  ground ginger
+
+Prep: 25 mins  Cook: 5 mins In salad bowl, combine lettuce, spinach, and oranges. In small bowl, combine soy sauce, honey, ginger, and 3T water. Set aside. In wok, heat oil over med high heat. Add chicken, stir-fry until cooked, 5 mins. Add scallions and garlic, cook 1 min.  Add sauce and cook, tossing, 30 sec. Pour chicken and sauce over greens and oranges, toss. Sprinkle with cashews. Converted by MMCONV vers. 1.00
diff --git a/food/food_28.txt b/food/food_28.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5f4dc5f275163d42607cbf5410adfd822c8db293
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_28.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+     4         small  oriental dried black mushrooms
+     1/2           cup  bamboo shoots -- slivered
+     1/4         pound  boneless pork center rib -- slivered
+       1    tablespoon  soy sauce
+       1      teaspoon  salt
+       1         quart  chicken broth
+       1           cup  bean curds -- slivered
+       1      teaspoon  white pepper
+       3   tablespoons  red wine vinegar
+       2   tablespoons  cornstarch -- blended with
+       3   tablespoons  cold water
+       1                egg -- beaten
+       1    tablespoon  sesame oil
+       1                green onion, whole -- chopped
+
+Soak mushrooms in warm water until softened.  Drain, remove stems and shred caps.  Combine mushrooms, bamboo shoots, prok, soy sauce, salt and chicken broth in large sauce pan.  Bring to a boil over high heat.
+
+Reduce heat and simmer 3 minutes.  Add bean curd, pepper and vinegar.  Bring to a boil again.  Stir until soup thickens.
+
+slowly pour in beaten egg. stirring gently.  remove from heat and ladle into serving bowl.  Stir in sesame oil.  garnish with green onion.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/food/food_29.txt b/food/food_29.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9eb64b00a545c0745a77e22266b9d6d13266ae2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_29.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+ 1/2         pound  flank steak -- lean
+       2     teaspoons  finely chopped ginger root -- OR
+     1/2      teaspoon  ground ginger
+       2     teaspoons  cornstarch
+     1/2      teaspoon  salt
+     1/4      teaspoon  chinese 5 spice -- OR
+     1/4      teaspoon  allspice
+       1    tablespoon  oil
+       1        medium  onion -- thinly sliced
+     1/2         pound  broccoli flowerets
+     1/2         pound  fresh mushrooms -- sliced
+       2         large  tomatoes -- cut in wedges
+
+Slice steak into thin strips.
+
+In mixing bowl combine steak, ginger, cornstarch, salt and Chinese 5 spice.  Heat oil in electric wok or pan uncovered at 375 degrees.  Add meat mixture and stir fry 2 to 3 minutes.  Push up side of wok.  Add onions and stir fry 1 minute.  Push up side of wok.  Add broccoli flowerets and stir fry 3 minutes.  Push up wok side, add mushrooms and stir fry 1 minute.  Add tomato wedges and gently stir all ingredients to combine.  Reduce heat to warm for serving.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/food/food_3.txt b/food/food_3.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1cd63caa6ad6b3773026f5eb3885115f89945a2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_3.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Guacamole Turkey Burgers
+instructions
+In a medium bowl, combine the turkey, onion, chili powder, lime zest, and half the cilantro. Season with the measured salt and some black pepper. Use your hands to gently combine. Divide the meat into 4 equal portions and shape each portion into an even 1/2-inch-thick patty. Use your thumb to make a shallow indentation in the center of each patty (this helps the burgers cook more evenly). Transfer the patties to a plate and set aside.
+To make the guacamole, place the avocado in a small bowl and, with the back of a fork, mash it until it’s almost smooth. Add the tomato, the remaining cilantro, and the lime juice. Season with salt and stir to combine.
+Heat a grill pan or outdoor grill to medium-high, about 375°F to 425°F. When the grill is hot, use tongs to grab several layers of wadded paper towels, dip them in vegetable oil, and smear the grill pan’s ridges or outdoor grill’s grates (you can also apply cooking spray directly to the pan or grates).
+Use a metal spatula to transfer the turkey patties to the pan or grill (close the lid if it’s the latter) and cook, undisturbed (don’t be tempted to press down on the patties!), until grill marks appear on the bottom, about 5 to 6 minutes. Flip the burgers, close the grill (if using), and cook until the patties are cooked through and an instant-read thermometer registers 165°F, about 6 minutes more. Add the cheese to the top of each patty for the last 4 minutes of cooking time. When the cheese melts, transfer the burgers to a warmed plate and tent loosely with foil for 5 minutes. Meanwhile, split and toast the buns on the grill.
+Top each bottom bun with a turkey patty, divide the guacamole evenly among the patties, and cover with the bun tops. Serve immediately.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/food/food_30.txt b/food/food_30.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..35a1271725489d23035e767b418fe6df3dc05c6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_30.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+  4                chicken--breasts -- skinned a
+  10 1/2    tablespoon  lite soy sauce
+     3/4           cup  chicken broth -- -condensed
+  10 1/2      teaspoon  cornstarch
+       4    tablespoon  oil -- lite
+   1 1/2           cup  snow peas -- -fresh or defrost
+       2           cup  mushrooms -- sliced fresh
+       1           cup  celery -- -sliced 1/4" wide
+       1           med  onion -- -cut into 6-8 wedge
+     1/2           cup  green pepper -- strips
+     1/2           cup  walnuts -- (broken) or peanut
+
+DIRECTIONS This recipe is for 4 but can be cut in half for 2. I usually make the whole thing up so I can enjoy it the next day for lunch or as a side dish when completely mixed into the rice.  I holds well in the fridge if covered tightly. Cut chicken into strips. Toss with 1 TBS soy and set aside.  Mix together remaining soy, chicken broth and cornstarch.  Set aside. Heat 1 1/2 TBS oil in wok or large fry pan and quickly stir fry the drained chicken strips until browned.  Be sure wok is hot.Remove from wok and keep warm. Add remaining oil to wok and stir fry all veggies over medium heat for 4-5 minutes. Add the broth mix, bring to a boil--stirring constantly. Return chicken to the wok, add the nuts and heat about one minute.  Serve immediately over white rice. Please try the sticky rice, folks. Once you d you will probably never go back to the minute again. The oil can be cut back if you desire without affecting the final results. BTW, is anyone out there reading the posts of those who are taking their time? How about joining in for some variety. I know would like some new ones such as from  Kathleen and Rita and Frank and Bev etc., etc., etc.. GUY  FROM:       GUY ATTWOOD (NFWF89A)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/food/food_31.txt b/food/food_31.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3e6cf3d14042fad50b4a8d4d7641d9b970f1de57
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_31.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+1 1/4        pounds  small flank steak
+       3   tablespoons  fresh lime juice
+       2   tablespoons  olive oil
+       3        cloves  garlic -- minced
+       2     teaspoons  dried oregano
+       1      teaspoon  hot pepper sauce
+     1/2      teaspoon  salt
+     1/2      teaspoon  freshly ground black pepper
+     1/2      teaspoon  cumin seeds
+       6                Bays English Muffins -- split, lightly toast
+                        MAYONESA ROSADA
+     1/4           cup  mayonnaise
+       1    tablespoon  pimento or roasted red pepper -- finely diced bottled
+       1      teaspoon  tomato paste
+       1      teaspoon  fresh lime juice
+     1/4      teaspoon  hot pepper sauce
+
+                        SALSA DE AQUACATE
+  1              large  (or 2 small) ripe avocados -- peeled, seeded, dice
+  2        tablespoons  bottled drained pimento or roasted red pep -- diced
+  1         tablespoon  olive oil
+  2          teaspoons  drained capers
+  2          teaspoons  fresh lime juice
+     1/4      teaspoon  (1/4 to 1/2) hot pepper sauce -- as desired
+
+Combine oil, lime juice, garlic, oregano, and pepper sauce; pour over steak. Close bag securely; turn to coat steak with oil mixture. 
+
+Refrigerate at least 30 minutes or up to 2 hours before grilling. Drain steak, discarding marinade. Sprinkle steak with salt, pepper, and cumin seeds. 
+
+Grill over medium-hot coals for 4 to 5 minutes per side for medium-rare steak. Transfer to carving board; tent with foil and let stand for 5 minutes. 
+
+Carve steak crosswise into thin slices. Spread Mayonesa Rosada over four muffin halves; pile steak strip on top. Close sandwiches with muffin tops. Serve with Salsa de Aguacate. 
+
+MAYONESA ROSADA:
+In a small bowl, combine all ingredients; mix well. Serve immediately or cover and refrigerate up to 2 hours before serving.
+
+SALSA de AGUACATE:
+In medium bowl, combine all ingredients. Serve immediately or cover and chill up to 2 hours before serving.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/food/food_32.txt b/food/food_32.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c24af76dc03ce4c16264002850f84a93fa2c3868
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_32.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+    1                pita pocket
+     1/4           cup  hummus
+     1/3           cup  tabouli
+       2   tablespoons  Feta cheese -- crumbled
+       1                leaf  romaine lettuce -- torn into pieces
+     1/4    tablespoon  tomato -- chopped
+     1/4           cup  alfalfa sprouts
+       1    tablespoon  Greek olives -- chopped
+                        Lemon Dill dressing (see recipe)
+
+Cut top 1/4 from pita pocket and reserve for another use*. Open pocket and spread one side with hummus. Spoon in tabouli. Add remaining ingredients, drizzling salad dressing over all. This serves one, but is easily multiplied for many. 
+
+* Broiled pieces of pita bread are excellent for dipping extra hummus.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/food/food_33.txt b/food/food_33.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c97970c1e5c714d7296a8cb6124e23a18d89a9a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_33.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+  1          loaf  French Bread -- unsliced
+   1 1/2        pounds  Lean Ground Beef
+       2   tablespoons  Onion -- grated
+   1 1/2          cups  Medium OR Sharp Cheddar Cheese -- grated
+       1           cup  Sour Cream
+       1    tablespoon  Worcestershire Sauce
+                        Salt & Pepper -- totaste
+       2        medium  Tomatoes -- chopped
+       1                Green Bell Pepper -- seeded and chopped
+
+Slice the bread lengthwise. Lightly butter the bread and wrap in foil. Bake at 350 degrees F for 15 minutes. 
+Brown the meat and drain the excess fat. Add the onion, and cook until the onion is transparent. Remove from the heat and add the sour cream, worcestershire sauce, salt and pepper. Remove the bread from the oven and spread the meat mixture on each half. Arrange the chopped tomatoes and chopped green pepper on top of the meat mixture and top with the grated cheese. Place back in the oven and bake only until the cheese is melted. Serve hot.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/food/food_34.txt b/food/food_34.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e027a0eb432808f437748f1d44d698f33b837016
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_34.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+  4                round fresh Portabella Mushrooms
+       2   tablespoons  Olive Oil
+       2   tablespoons  Balsamic Vinegar
+       1        medium  Shallot -- minced
+     1/4        medium  Red Bell Pepper
+     1/4        medium  Yellow Bell Pepper
+     1/4        medium  Carrot -- cut lengthwise,1/4"
+     1/4        medium  Zucchini -- cut lengthwise,1/4"
+       2   tablespoons  Herbed Goat Cheese
+       1        medium  Red Onion -- sliced
+       2  large slices  Multi-grain Bread
+     1/2         bunch  Watercress -- washed, drained,drie
+
+Make a marinade for the frilled vegetables by combining oil, vinegar, shallot, garlic, fresh herbs, salt and pepper. Lightly toss the mushroom, peppers, carrot and zucchini in the marinade.
+
+Grill vegetables for 5 minutes maximum. Midway through, turn vegetables over. (Or roast in a 425 degree oven for 8 to 10 minutes.) Towards the end of the cooking time, toast bread. To assemble, slice mushroom and bell peppers into 1/4" slices.
+
+Spread goat cheese on toasted bread. Add the grilled vegetables; top with onion or scallion and drizzle on reserved marinade.
diff --git a/food/food_35.txt b/food/food_35.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2b0bcc3e6d1bd2435f79f56060ab550a0ead34b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_35.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+  8          each  leeks, white & green part only
+       1         stick  butter
+       4        medium  potatoes -- peel & finely dice
+       1          each  carrot -- thinly sliced
+       4          cups  chicken broth -- heated
+       1           cup  milk
+                        salt and white pepper -- to taste
+                        chopped parsley -- to garnish
+
+Cut leeks in half lengthwise and then crosswise in 1 inch pieces.  Simmer gently in butter for about 10 minutes.  Add potatoes, carrot, chicken broth and water.  Season with salt and white pepper to taste.  Cook over just enough heat to keep soup at low boil for 40 minutes or until potatoes can be mashed easily against sides of pan.  Let cool slightly and put through blender.  Return to stove.  Stir in scant cup of milk.  Adjust seasonings.  Garnish each serving with chopped parsley.
diff --git a/food/food_36.txt b/food/food_36.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..731f611eb7b51f54f9ef398fe48aca7a23863857
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_36.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+   1         bunch  asparagus
+     1/2           cup  cheese -- grated
+       2          cups  milk
+                        basil
+       2          cups  water
+                        celery salt
+       1                potato -- chopped
+                        vegetable salt
+       3    tablespoon  butter
+                        pepper
+     1/2                onion -- chopped
+                        garlic (pinch)
+     1/2           cup  mushrooms -- sliced
+                        parsley (pinch)
+
+Chop asparagus, setting aside tips for use later.  Simmer chopped asparagus and chopped potato in 2 cups water, with 2 Tbs. butter, basil, celery salt, vegetable salt and pepper to taste.  Simmer until vegetables are tender, and cool.  Place cooled broth and vegetables in blender and puree, slowly adding the 2 cups of milk. Saute onion, mushrooms and reserved asparagus tips with a pinch of garlic and a pinch of parsley in 1 Tbs. of butter.  Add to soup mixture, simmer 15-20 minutes.  Grate and add cheese, if desired, just before serving.
+
diff --git a/food/food_37.txt b/food/food_37.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fbd96b91bc6766f027a911ca576b45a335de6755
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_37.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+ 4        cloves  garlic finely chopped
+       1  28 ounce can  tomatoes (coarsely
+       1         pound  fin fish (red snapper
+                        chopped) with liquid
+                        flounder -- trout)
+       2           cup  fish stock -- clam juice or
+     1/2            lb  shrimp, lobster -- (1/2 to 1)
+                        chicken broth
+                        scallops -- crab meat-any or
+     1/2           cup  dry sherry
+                        all
+       2      teaspoon  salt
+      18            sm  clams, mussels -- or lobster
+     1/2      teaspoon  thyme, basil -- saffron
+                        claws-any or all
+                        pepper to taste
+     1/4           cup  olive oil
+                        fresh chopped parsley for
+       1            lg  onion finely chopped
+                        garnish
+       2                shallots minced
+
+Cut boneless pieces of fish into bite size pieces. Remove shells from shrimp, lobster, crab. Scrub clams and mussels. Saute onions, garlic and shallots in oil on low heat until lightly golden. In a large pot, put in all liquids and seasonings except parsley. Bring to a boil. Lower heat and simmer 15 minutes. Add all seafood, mix and simmer 10 minutes. Serve hot in large bowls. Top with parsley. Serve with crusty bread, semi-soft cheese and a tossed salad.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/food/food_38.txt b/food/food_38.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d66603a7e37186584c27143a1e19a9fde5d31264
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_38.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+  1/2         pound  salt cod
+       1         pound  chickpeas -- soaked overnight
+       1            in  water to cover
+     1/2          head  garlic -- unpeeled in one
+       1                bay leaf
+       1        medium  onion -- peeled
+                        salt -- to taste
+       2   tablespoons  olive oil
+       2        slices  french bread -- 1/4 inch thick
+       1         clove  garlic -- peeled
+                        few strands saffron
+     1/4         pound  spinach -- washed, trimmed
+                        and cut into thin
+                        strips
+                        garlic croutons -- optional
+
+Soak cod in water to cover for 24 hours, changing water a few times. Drain chickpeas. Place in 5-quart pot with tightly fitting lid. Add water to cover and add garlic, bay leaf, onion and salt to taste. Cover and bring to a boil and simmer until chickpeas are tender, about 1 1/2 to 2 hours. Drain salt cod. Add cod to chickpeas during last 1/2 hour of cooking time. In skillet, heats oil and fry bread and 1 clove garlic until golden. Puree in blender with saffron and 1 cup cooking liquid from soup. Add to soup. Remove garlic head and bay leaf. Set aside some whole chickpeas and cod for garnish. Puree remainder of soup in small batches. Return to stove and heat to simmer. Correct seasoning. Ladle into soup bowls and garnish with whole chickpeas, flacks of salt cod, spinach and croutons.
diff --git a/food/food_39.txt b/food/food_39.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8770c1f0e77c8ddd421875cf0c1b9e2df48978e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_39.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+                       Assorted dried beans and peas
+                        Ham Hock
+       1           can  tomatoes -- (28 oz.)
+       2                Onions -- chopped
+       4        stalks  celery -- chopped
+       2        cloves  garlic -- minced
+                        Salt and pepper to taste
+                        Bay leaves
+                        Thyme
+                        Basil
+       1         pound  sausage -- sliced
+       2                boneless Chicken breast
+     1/2           cup  red wine
+     1/2           cup  chopped parsley
+
+Wash beans, cover with water and soak overnight.
+
+Drain beans, and add 3 quarts water, ham hock, bay leaves, thyme, and basil and simmer 2 1/2 to 3 hours.
+
+Add tomatoes, onion, celery, salt, pepper and simmer 1 1/2 hours.
+
+Add sausage, chicken and simmer 30 to 40 minutes.
+
+Before serving add wine and parsley.
+
+NOTE:  If refrigerated for at least a day before serving the flavor is enhanced.
+
+Possum Kingdom Lake Cookbook
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/food/food_4.txt b/food/food_4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f2937e17f6b1cc006c0026b001440077bed0a2e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+ 2          cups  all-purpose flour
+     3/4           cup  sugar
+     3/4           cup  whole unblanched almonds
+     3/4           cup  finely ground unblanched almonds
+     1/2      teaspoon  baking soda
+     1/2      teaspoon  baking powder
+     1/2      teaspoon  salt
+     1/2      teaspoon  cinnamon
+     1/3           cup  honey
+     1/3           cup  water
+     1/4      teaspoon  almond extract
+
+In medium bowl, mix flour, sugar, whole almonds, finely ground almonds, baking soda, baking powder, salt and cinnamon. In separate bowl, blend honey, water and almond extract.
+
+Add to dry ingredients and mix until well-blended. Turn dough out onto a lightly floured surface. Divide dough in half and form each portion into a log about 12" x 2" x 3/4".
+
+Place logs onto baking sheet coated with nonstick spray. Bake 30 minutes at 250 degrees. Remove from oven and cool for 10 minutes. Place log on cutting board. With a serrated knife, cut log diagonally into 1/2" slices, using a sawing motion.
+
+Place slice, with the cut side up, on baking sheet and bake for an additional 15 minutes. Centers will be slightly soft, but will harden as they cool. Remove from oven and place on wire rack to cool.
+
+Description:
+  "Coffee house treats can turn an afternoon break or after-dinner
+  coffee with family and friends into a special occasion. So go ahead,
+  dunk Honey Almond Biscotti in a steaming mug of freshly brewed
+  coffee."
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/food/food_40.txt b/food/food_40.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a6883ac5f9c8b4bab9600975b672f44f82fcdecc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_40.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+     2          cups  water
+                        skinned potatoes*
+       1      teaspoon  salt
+     1/8      teaspoon  white pepper
+       2   tablespoons  butter or margarine
+       1         small  boiling onions **
+                        young fresh baby carrots ***
+     1/2         pound  young fresh green beans ****
+       2          cups  fresh shelled tiny peas
+       2          cups  half and half (light cream)
+       3   tablespoons  all purpose flour
+
+* Potatoes peeled and halved ** or 6 green onions (including tops), cut into 3-inch lengths *** 1/2 lb. **** cut into 1-inch lengths Heat water to boiling in a wide 5-quart pan; add potatoes.  Reduce heat; cover and simmer for 5 minutes.  Add salt, pepper, butter, onions, carrots, and green beans; simmer for 8 more minutes.  Add peas and cook for another 2 minutes or until vegetables are crisp-tender.
+
+In a small bowl, stir together half and half and flour until smooth; stir into simmering vegetables.  Cook, stirring until soup slightly thickened (about 5 minutes)  Serving size: 1-2/3 cup May be served with open faced sandwiches of cream cheese on rye, decorated with sliced vegetables.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/food/food_41.txt b/food/food_41.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ac000d2bbeda3dc96907ebf0df919d8c345a23bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_41.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+1/4           cup  margarine
+       2   tablespoons  vegetable oil
+       1         large  onion -- minced
+       2        cloves  garlic
+       3        pounds  yellow squash -- thinly sliced
+       4          cups  chicken broth
+       1           cup  half and half
+   1 1/2     teaspoons  white pepper
+                        parsley -- chopped
+
+Combine butter and oil in dutch oven.  Add onion and garlic, saute til tender.  Stir in squash and chicken broth, simmer covered 15 to 20 minutes. Spoon 1/3 squash mixture into container of electric blender and process until smooth, repeat with remaining squash.
+
+Return to Dutch oven, stir in half and half, salt and pepper.  Cook over low heat stirring constantly, till hot.  Serve hot or chilled,  Garnish with parsley.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/food/food_42.txt b/food/food_42.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5ebd94d6023c6aaa0e0140542f33bd2aa1388a78
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_42.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+  2        pounds  snow crab clusters
+       2          cups  broccoli flowerettes
+       2          cups  carrots -- cut in diagonal
+                        -- slices
+       8                Green onions -- cut into brushes,
+                        -- if desired
+       2          cans  regular-strength chicken broth -- (14 1/2 oz. each)
+       2          cups  water
+                        Creamy sauce -- see recipe
+
+Thaw crab if frozen.
+
+Cut into serving-size pieces; crack.
+
+Arrange crab and vegetables on large platter or serving bowl.
+
+Transfer broth to chafing dish; keep warm.
+
+Provide diners with long handled fondue forks or chop-sticks.
+
+Let each cook crab and vegetables in broth until crab is heated through and vegetables are cooked crisp-tender.
+
+Serve with Creamy Sauce and crusty French bread or rice.
+
+Cooking broth may be ladled into cups and served as a soup after crab and vegetables are cooked.
+
+Possum Kingdom Lake Cookbook
diff --git a/food/food_43.txt b/food/food_43.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fea5e5ee661578dabc5648827433b1ba480ee2e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_43.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+  3                carrots -- large
+       1                turnip -- large
+       2        stalks  celery
+       2                onions
+       2   tablespoons  butter
+       3        quarts  water
+       2     teaspoons  salt
+       6   large sprig  parsley
+     1/2                bay leaf
+       1      teaspoon  thyme
+
+Scrub and coarsely chop carrots, turnip, celery, peel and chop onions. Melt butter in 8-quart pan over medium heat.  Add chopped vegetables and cook, stirring occasionally, until vegetables turn golden (about 15 minutes). Add water, salt, parsley, bay leaf, and thyme leaves.  Cover and bring to a boil.  Reduce heat and simmer for 1-1/2 hours.  Strain and discard vegetables.  Makes 2-1/2 quarts stock. You can adjust the seasoning to suit your taste by adding 2 cloves, peeled garlic, several peppercorns, or your favorite herbs.  You can freeze extra stock for future use.
diff --git a/food/food_44.txt b/food/food_44.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f6316e5cb872e08ea2e476324087fbe5873af999
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_44.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+ 2   tablespoons  margarine
+       1         stalk  celery -- chopped
+       1        cloves  garlic -- minced
+     1/2           cup  med onion -- chopped
+       2          cups  vegetable stock
+      16        ounces  frozen peas
+       1          dash  white pepper
+     1/2           cup  low-fat milk
+       1          dash  nutmeg
+
+GARNISH: Herbed garlic Croutons, 1/4 c chopped fresh parsley and 2 T lemon peel, or grated Parmesan cheese, optional. In a Dutch oven or 4-5 qt saucepan, melt margarine. Add celery, garlic, and onion. Saute until softened, about 5 minutes.  Add vegetable stock, peas, and white pepper. Over med heat, cover and simmer 5 minutes.  Transfer mixture to bowl of food processor. Cool slightly. Puree.  Return mixture to pan; add milk and nutmeg. Heat through, about 5 minutes, stirring constantly. Top each serving with garnish if desired.
+
+
diff --git a/food/food_45.txt b/food/food_45.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5ad907de64a9ad97f79468761ffcbb64c3a89594
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_45.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+                    potatoes -- peeled & diced
+       1     med stalk  celery -- chopped
+       1           med  carrots -- chopped
+     1/4           cup  onion -- chopped
+       1                garlic, clove -- minced
+       2          cups  vegetable stock
+     1/4      teaspoon  black pepper
+     1/2      teaspoon  thyme
+       1          dash  nutmeg
+       3          cups  broccoli florets
+       1           cup  milk
+                        egg yolk -- lightly beaten
+       1    tablespoon  soy sauce
+
+GARNISH: minced fresh parsley, dash of paprika, minced fresh chives, grated cheese, sliced almonds, or finely diced sweet red peppers, opt.
+
+In Dutch oven or 4-5 qt saucepan, place potatoes, celery, carrots, onion, garlic, stock, and seasonings. Bring to a boil, cover, lower heat, and simmer until vegetables are very tender, about 10 minutes. (The potatoes must be fully cooked to thicken the soup properly.) While the soup is simmering, steam the broccoli florets.  When the simmered vegetables are tender, transfer it and broth to food processor, and process till smooth.  Return pureed soup mixture to pan. Stir in broccoli florets. In a measuring cup, combine remaining ingredients. Add to soup and heat; do not allow mixture to boil. Top each serving with garnish if desired.
diff --git a/food/food_46.txt b/food/food_46.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0e4a538c6bb35fa4e7408efa434dcb56e8b971ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_46.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+
+       2   tablespoons  safflower oil
+       1            lg  onion, sliced
+                        carrot, sliced (with greens)
+       1         stalk  celery,sliced (w/grns)
+                        tomato, cubed
+                        potato, cubed
+                        turnip, sliced (peel if waxy
+       1        cloves  garlic, halved
+       2        quarts  plus 1 cup water
+                        bay leaf
+       1      lg sprig  parsley
+     1/2      teaspoon  black pepper
+
+In a stock pot, heat oil. Add onion, celery, tomato, potato, turnip, and garlic. Cook until vegetables are tender, about 10 minutes.  Add remaining ingredients. Cover, bring to a boil, reduce heat, and simmer 1 hour.  Strain stock and discard the vegetables, bay leaf, and parsley. Stock may be used immediately, refrigerated for 3-4 days, or frozen for up to 1 month.
+
diff --git a/food/food_47.txt b/food/food_47.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ecb7804be130d7e0c9489c2e79e8d7e9d200569f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_47.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+ 1    tablespoon  cornstarch
+       2          cups  milk
+       2   tablespoons  margarine
+     1/2      teaspoon  salt
+     1/4      teaspoon  pepper
+       1                Chicken bouillon cube
+       1           cup  finely chopped cooked vegetables -- (spinach, asparagus
+                        -- or broccoli)
+
+In saucepan mix cornstarch and 1/2 cup of the milk until smooth.
+
+Stir in next 4 ingredients and remaining milk.
+
+Bring to boil over medium heat, stirring constantly, and boil 1 minute.
+
+Add vegetables.
+
+Makes 3 cups
+
+Possum Kingdom Lake Cookbook 1/2         pound  flank steak -- lean
+       2     teaspoons  finely chopped ginger root -- OR
+     1/2      teaspoon  ground ginger
+       2     teaspoons  cornstarch
+     1/2      teaspoon  salt
+     1/4      teaspoon  chinese 5 spice -- OR
+     1/4      teaspoon  allspice
+       1    tablespoon  oil
+       1        medium  onion -- thinly sliced
+     1/2         pound  broccoli flowerets
+     1/2         pound  fresh mushrooms -- sliced
+       2         large  tomatoes -- cut in wedges
+
+Slice steak into thin strips.
+
+In mixing bowl combine steak, ginger, cornstarch, salt and Chinese 5 spice.  Heat oil in electric wok or pan uncovered at 375 degrees.  Add meat mixture and stir fry 2 to 3 minutes.  Push up side of wok.  Add onions and stir fry 1 minute.  Push up side of wok.  Add broccoli flowerets and stir fry 3 minutes.  Push up wok side, add mushrooms and stir fry 1 minute.  Add tomato wedges and gently stir all ingredients to combine.  Reduce heat to warm for serving.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/food/food_48.txt b/food/food_48.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..eb5006d82e82a7e7068d0f39610ebac564649dac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_48.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+  16        ounces  tomatoes
+       7        ounces  green chiles -- diced
+       1                onion -- cut into chunks
+       3          cups  chicken broth -- or homemade turkey
+                        stock
+       3          cups  cooked turkey -- bite sized pieces
+       2          cups  cooked brown rice
+       1      10 ounce  wh  kernel corn, frozen
+     3/4      teaspoon  ground cumin
+     1/2      teaspoon  garlic salt
+     1/4      teaspoon  chili powder
+
+This is a recipe that I like to use for turkey leftovers.  I use the carcass to make the stock first.  I throw in any vegetables I want to use up in the fridge into the stock pot except cabbage and broccoli and carrot greens which smell too strong if I let the stock boil too hard by accident.  I simmer the stock about 2 hours or so.  After straining the stock and discarding the bones and vegetables I use the following recipe from the Sunset "Fresh Ways with Chicken" cookbook, which I usually double.  I also use more broth and less turkey than they call for, I really don't measure the ingredients, I just add what I've got until it's as thick as I want it and the proportions look right. In a blender or food processor combine tomatoes and their liquid, chiles and onion; whirl until smooth.  Pour into a large pan, add broth and bring to a boil over high heat.  Add turkey, rice, corn, garlic and spices.  Reduce heat and simmer until heated through. Serve with fresh cilantro, sour cream and tortilla strips, their recipe calls for strips made from flour tortillas, but I use corn sometimes too.
+
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/food/food_49.txt b/food/food_49.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9dce15b553b4c34cc6730fd7848a6bba26ae80ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_49.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+ 1/4           cup  unsalted butter
+       4          cups  thinly slice spring onions -- tender tops also
+       3   tablespoons  all-purpose flour
+       2          cups  chicken stock
+       2          cups  milk -- plus 2 tablespoons
+       1      teaspoon  salt
+     1/8      teaspoon  fresh ground pepper
+       2       bunches  watercress sprigs -- stems removed
+       2   tablespoons  heavy cream
+
+1.  Melt butter in large sauce pan over medium heat.  When foam subsides, add onions, saute until wilted abut 4 minutes.  Reduce heat to low.  Cover pan, sweet onions stirring occasionally,, until tender about 15 minutes. (Do not allow onions to brown)  Sprinkle flour over onions, cook, stirring constantly, about 4 minutes.
+
+2.  Heat chicken stock, milk, salt and pepper in medium saucepan to simmering.  Gradually whisk stock mixture into onion mixture.  simmer, stirring constantly until soup begins to thicken, about 5 minutes.  Simmer, covered, stirring occasionally. 20 minutes.  Puree soup in batches in food processor or blender until smooth.
+
+3.  While soup is simmering, plunge watercress into large saucepan of simmering water. Cook 30 seconds.  Drain, Squeeze to extract all moisture, combine in blender with 2 tablespoons milk, puree until completely smooth.  Add cream, process only long enough to blend.
+
+4.  Ladle soup into heated soup bowls.  Add watercress puree to soup. Swirling the green cream against the white soup with small spoon.
+
+Tip:  2 1/2 cups sliced leeks (white parts only)  plus 1 1/2 cup sliced green onions can be used.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/food/food_5.txt b/food/food_5.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ab52f0740392ef457382ec43fb94a172a82ea025
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_5.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+ 2 1/4          cups  flour
+   1 1/4          cups  sugar
+       1         pinch  salt
+       3                eggs -- lightly beaten
+       1    tablespoon  oil
+     1/4      teaspoon  almond extract
+                        finely grated zest of 1 orange
+     1/2           cup  almonds -- chopped
+       2      teaspoon  baking powder
+
+Preheat oven to 350 F.  Grease and flour cookie sheet.  In a large bowl, sift the flour, sugar. baking powder and salt.  Make a well in the center of the mixture; add the remaining ingredients and mix well.  Divide the dough in halt.  Shape each half into flat-bottomed cylinders (1-inch high x 2 1/2-inches wide x 8-inches long). bake 30-35 minutes or until brown on top. Remove from oven and cool slightly.  Cut into 3/4-inch slices.  Return to oven with cut side down for 15 minutes or until slices are brown.  Remove from oven and cool on racks.
+
+
diff --git a/food/food_50.txt b/food/food_50.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..efe6ec7ce6b296029dd7373c3fdb057643f4eb00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_50.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+1/2           cup  elbow macaroni,shells, etc
+       2   tablespoons  safflower oil
+       1           med  onion, chopped
+       1         clove  garlic, minced
+                        green bell pepper, chopped
+       3          cups  vegetable stock
+       1  6 ounces can  tomato paste (2/3 cup)
+       1      15 ounce  ca  chick peas, drained
+       1      16 ounce  ca  kidney beans, drained *
+     3/4      teaspoon  black pepper
+     1/2      teaspoon  summer savory
+     1/2      teaspoon  thyme leaves
+       1          dash  cayenne pepper
+
+GARNISH: grated Parmesan cheese, optional.
+
+Cook pasta in boiling water for about 6 minutes, until al dente. While pasta is cooking, in Dutch oven or 4-5 qt saucepan, heat oil. Stir in onion, garlic, and green pepper. Saute till tender. Stir in remaining ingredients except macaroni. Cover and cook for 10 minutes. When pasta is done, drain well. Stir into other ingredients. Heat. Garnish if desired. Variations: - substitute or add other vegetables such as chopped sweet red shredded carrot to sauteed veggies; substitute 1 t basil and 1 t oregano for savory, thyme, and cayenne pepper.
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/food/food_51.txt b/food/food_51.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..08ff2c884c8c283c027e8e4b740a5fccf7d5bab0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_51.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+CHOCOLATE AS A SUPPLEMENT: THE BENEFITS OF CHOCOLATE
+The more scientists learn about chocolate, the more amazing chocolate seems. What are the benefits of chocolate aside from the feeling of satisfaction that only chocolate can bring? Here's a short list of the benefits of chocolate.
+
+1. Chocolate, according to recent research, may provide a mental boost by elevating blood flow to the brain. The effect of this is that chocolate may be good for improving one's memory and attention and may be helpful for speeding up reaction times.
+
+2. Chocolate may be good for the skin. A German study found that women who were given chocolate cocoa every day for a period of three months had skin that was moister and softer, possibly as a result of improved blood circulation.
+
+3. Chocolate may provide some level of protection against heart disease. Researchers have found that dark chocolate consumption reduces hypertension, reduces cholesterol levels, and adds protection against blood clots.
+
+4. Lastly, chocolate seems to make people feel better. For athletes, this may come in the form of improved recovery times after periods of exertion and for women this may come in the form of an improved sexual experience (chocolate does seem to be an aphrodesiac in its own right).
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/food/food_52.txt b/food/food_52.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2916e8df76eccc272f4afa0eb48a4f91d3d885c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_52.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+HOW YOU COOK FISH MAY AFFECT YOUR RISK OF STROKE
+Fish seems to be synonymous with healthy eating. However, how you cook fish may determine how much benefit you get from its consumption, and this may be particularly true for older individuals.
+
+A study conducted by Dr. Daariush Mozaffarian found that elderly individuals who consumed more tuna and other types of fish experienced a lower risk of stroke incidence.
+
+However, the level of stroke occurrence varied partly according to whether or not the fish was fried or non-fried. Individuals who ate tuna and non-fried fish 1-4 times per week lowered their risk of stroke by 27 percent, while those who consumed tuna and non-fried fish at least five times per week decreased their risk of stroke by 30 percent.
+
+Individuals who consumed fried fish did not seem to gain any advantage from eating fish. Their risk of stroke was actually forty-four percent higher if they ate fried fish more than one time per week.
+
diff --git a/food/food_53.txt b/food/food_53.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d3965dc48586db4bd9b0d0433ca2db4c95ea729b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_53.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+CAN USING OLIVE OIL REDUCE THE RISK OF CANCER ?
+Cancer rates are reportedly higher in areas of northern Europe as compared to southern Europe. And it is in southern Europe where olive oil is an important dietary component. Is there a connection between lower rates of cancer and the use of olive oil? A Danish team of researchers from the Copenhagen University Hospital conducted a study to investigate the matter.
+
+The danish study involved 182 men between the ages of twenty and sixty, originating from five separate European nations. In the course of the study, researchers added olive oil to their daily diet for a period of two weeks. The goal was to measure any appreciable effect on the produced levels of a substance known as 8oxodG, which correlates with cellular damage as a result of oxidation.
+
+The result? At the end of the two week period, the study participants were found to have thirteen percent less 8oxodG in their urine, suggesting the potential for reduced levels of DNA damage (DNA damage can lead to the development of cancer) as a result of using olive oil.
diff --git a/food/food_54.txt b/food/food_54.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6eb6baf7b64b56ef084fd7b904c1c13be746ae00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_54.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+CAN DRINKING TEA LOWER BLOOD PRESSURE AND DECREASE THE RISK OF HEART DISEASE ?
+According to the results of a german study, there may be something to this. The study found that drinking black tea had a significant effect on artery dilation. The ability of arteries to dilate, or expand, is important to the maintenance of normal blood pressure levels.
+
+How can the consumption of black tea protect against high blood pressure? The researchers found that molecular substances in black tea known as catechins help to expand arteries by producing nitric oxide.
+
+Interestingly enough, many british tea drinkers may be unknowingly giving up the heart health benefits of tea. How is this the case? The german study group found that adding milk to tea, the habit of most british tea drinkers, introduces caseins (caseins are proteins found in milk) that block the ability of catechins to dilate blood vessels.
diff --git a/food/food_55.txt b/food/food_55.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..251c83fb695a7980bd7c555258473d6789f001eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_55.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+	
+Does Green tea prevent certain types of cancers ?
+Apparently a few scientists in Spain and Britain think this may be the case. Researchers in both countries have been able to show that a specific compound found in green tea known as EGCG (the AP article on green tea did not disclose what this acronym actually stands for) has the ability to inhibit the growth of cancer cells.
+
+EGCG seems to accomplish the remarkable feat of preventing cancer cell growth by inhibiting a particular enzyme, dihydrofolate reductase and according to a Professor Roger Thorneley of the John Innes Center in Norwich, England, "This is the first time, to our knowledge, a known target for an anti-cancer drug has been identified as being inhibited by EGCG".
+
+The wonderful news for green tea afficionados, of course, is that green tea contains about five times as much EGCG as regular tea.
+
+However, as Professor Thorneley states, so far there has been no determination as to how much green tea an individual would need to consume to obtain the beneficial effects provided by this compound.
+
+But since he also goes on record to state that EGCG may be just one of several ingredients in green tea that have such properties, there's certainly no reason to stop drinking green tea.
+
+Unless you are a pregnant woman, that is. Women who are pregnant are given the advice that folic acid supplements may protect newborns against spina bifida. Apparently, green tea, if consumed in large amounts, can have the effect of decreasing folic acid's effectiveness.
diff --git a/food/food_56.txt b/food/food_56.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fc691be81c8ac72b7c78e934ac54f6ded0dcfff2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_56.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+The Antioxidant Properties of Chocolate
+If you're curious as to where chocolate comes from and what its health benefits may be, the following article may help answer some of these questions, as well as other questions such as:
+
+can eating chocolate boost antioxidant levels?
+
+Does chocolate contain flavonoids? (not an everyday question, but the article does address it)
+
+Is one form of chocolate superior to other forms?
+
+Readers who have an interest in the health benefits of chocolate, of course, may not be surprised to read that dark chocolate is the healthiest choice while adding milk to chocolate (either in the form of milk chocolate or by drinking liquid milk while eating chocolate) has the effect of diluting some of chocolate's natural benefits.
+
+Of course, as healthy as chocolate may be, the fact that it is usually, in most forms, laden with sugar and high calories makes it a food item whose consumption should be rationed.
+
+However, there are sugar free forms of chocolate available, most notably the various products produced by the Russell Stover company. The only downside to these are that many individuals do not do well with the artificial sugar alcohol sweeteners that are currently in use (from a first hand perspective, I can inform you that gastric distress and flatulence are two of the unfortunate side effects of eating these types of treats--though this affects different individuals in varying levels of intensity).
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/food/food_57.txt b/food/food_57.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4ba2d979d5260a4b3a8d02c2c19d229c1d3407ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_57.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+Eating Meat Comes with a Higher Risk for Developing Cancer
+A reuters article appearing on MSNBC.com cites a new study that, for the first time, shows a definite link between meat consumption and certain types of cancer, including colorectal cancer, liver cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, and lung cancer.
+
+The study involved five hundred thousand individuals between the ages of fifty-one and seventy. After an eight-year period, 53,396 individual diagnoses of cancer were made.
+
+In such a large study, focusing on this particular age range, that number may not seem significant. However, the researchers were able to able to find high statistical correlations between meat (particularly red meat) consumption and the incidence of the aforementioned cancers.
+
+To use one example, those individuals whose processed meat consumption placed them in the top twenty percent of meat eaters...had a twenty percent higher risk for developing colorectal cancer and a sixteen percent higher risk for developing lung cancer.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/food/food_58.txt b/food/food_58.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..17ceb257e88a388d874cf4fa24cd600366109033
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_58.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+Omega-3 Fatty Acids - its not hype
+There is a plethora of nutrition information out there and much of it, unfortunately, focuses on claims that range from the dubious to the preposterous.
+
+Lately, the buzz is all about Omega-3’s and our deficiency in this micro nutrient. While you may want to ignore all the nutrition propaganda in the headlines, a recent article states that you should listen to, and head the information about, Omega-3’s .
+
+The article, written by CityNews.ca, referenced the study “Fish Consumption, Fish Oil, Omega-3 Fatty Acids, and Cardiovascular Disease” which was released by The American Heart Association in 2002. The study showed tremendous evidence that Omega-3’s decreased triglyceride levels, decreased the risk of arrhythmias, lowered blood pressure, and decreased growth rates of atherosclerotic plaques.
+
+Omega-3 fatty acids are also thought to offer positive, and potentially healing, effects for medical conditions such as lupus, multiple sclerosis, menstrual pain, Crohn’s Disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and migraines.
+
+To get your dose of Omega-3’s, eat plenty of fresh wild salmon, sardines, cod, herring, krill oil, anchovies, and mackerel. Some dairy products also add Omega-3’s (check labels to find the healthiest dairy products, though).
+
+If you are a vegetarian, you can get your Omega-3’s from Omega-3 eggs and if you are vegan, or follow a lacto-ovo vegetarian diet, good sources of this nutrient include flaxseed, pecans, walnuts and hazelnuts.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/food/food_59.txt b/food/food_59.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..851dfe17ce85d6b027ae726d9ee9ce105f673431
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_59.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+Organic food really is healthier
+For the longest time, advocates of organic food have had to deal with the naysayers. A lot of people still think that organic food is mostly hype and a way to charge more money for practically the same items. They fail to recognize the benefits of richer, cleaner soil and the lack of pesticides and genetically modified chemicals.
+
+The truth is that organic foods really are more nutritious and they actually do taste better. A study conducted by Newcastle University and funded by the European Union found that organic food contains higher levels of antioxidants and flavonoids, less unhealthy fats, as well as higher levels of valuable minerals.
+
+The study also found that organic milk had 50% to 80% more antioxidants than milk from non-organic cattle and that many organic foods, from onions and cabbage to potatoes and wheat, had 20% to 50% more minerals than non-organic varieties.
+
+The researchers are still trying to find out what the logical difference is to produce such staggering results. Ongoing research will try to find out why organic food has a higher nutritional content.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/food/food_6.txt b/food/food_6.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e03fbd3825101749ad4c240f4829d84a190952b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_6.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+  2 1/4          cups  flour
+   1 1/4          cups  sugar
+     1/4      teaspoon  baking powder
+                        salt
+       3                eggs -- lightly beaten
+       1    tablespoon  vegetable oil
+     1/4      teaspoon  almond extract
+                        zest of 1 orange -- fine grated
+     1/2           cup  coarsely chopped almonds
+                        vegetable shortening
+
+1. Preheat oven to 350. Grease and flour baking sheet. Shake off excess. 
+
+2. In a large bowl, sift flour, sugar, baking powder and salt together. Make a well in center of mixture. To the well add remaining ingredients. With your hands, work dry mixture with liquids until a dough has been formed. Divide the dough in half. 
+
+3. On a lightly floured surface, shape dough into 2 flat-bottomed cylinders, 1 in. high, 2 1/2 in. wide and 8 in. long. Remove each to the baking sheet. Bake for 30 to 35 minutes, until lightly colored on top. Remove from oven and cool slightly. 
+
+4. Holding a long sharp knife by the handle and tip; cut cylinders diagonally into 3/4-in. slices. Carefully place slices back on baking sheet, cut sides down; return to oven for 15 minutes more and bake until sides are golden and biscotti have dried a bit. Remove from oven and cool on wire racks. The biscotti should be somewhat hard and crunchy. 
+
+Yield: 20 to 24 biscotti.  You can also dip one end into some melted chocolate, for a nice effect and great taste.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/food/food_60.txt b/food/food_60.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a98fcdabe1196f9ae8e5023513ed9508506a00d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_60.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+Fish Oil is a healthy source of good fat
+As most people know, fish oil is a healthy source of fat. A recent study suggests that it may also reduce fatty substances found in the blood of those with type 2 diabetes.
+
+The study, which studied over 40 adults taking a supplement with 4 grams of fish oil over 8 weeks, proved that it lowered levels of traicylglycerol, a fatty substance that contributes to heart disease.
+
+They also found that levels of HDL, good cholesterol, rose with those who took fish oil.
+
+The study was reported in the Diabetes Care magazine and reported that those taking fish oil supplements showed LDL and HDL feel by almost 1%. That might not be a lot, but for diabetics, reducing the amount of fat in the blood by any amount is helpful.
+
+While taking fish oil supplements is helpful, eating fatty fish like salmon and mackerel is the natural way to get plenty of fish oils.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/food/food_61.txt b/food/food_61.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..98ce11a83207086edfed52803341e894501c752e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_61.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+The Juice from Sea-buckthorn Berries
+Sea-buckthorn Berries May Produce a Juice so Rich in Vitamins and Antioxidants That It may be Considered a Tonic For the Heart.
+
+Most of us have never even heard of a sea-buckthorn bush let alone the fact that the berries of this plant are a potential tonic for our hearts. Well these berries do exist and they are filled with cholesterol reducing compounds that may prevent arteries from clogging.
+
+Sea-buckthorn berries are found from the Atlantic coast of Europe to China, although sea-buckthorn bushes seem to thrive in the semi arid deserts of central Asia.
+
+The juice of sea-buckthorn berries has long been used in China, Tibet, Mongolia, and Russia as a health drink. Due to the acidic nature of the berries, they are not pleasant to eat. However, when mixed with other sweet juices such as apple or grape they are much more palatable for our consumption. This juice is full of vitamin C, vitamin E, amino acids, and minerals that may prevent bad cholesterol from becoming oxidized thus reducing an individual’s risk of coronary artery disease.
+
+Recently, a new process has been developed to extract the juice of the sea-buckthorn berry that allows forty percent of the original polyphenol, fifty percent of the flavonoids and seventy percent of the vitamin C to remain in the juice. The improvement in the extraction process may enable the juice to become more marketable for western consumers as a preventative tonic for the heart.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/food/food_62.txt b/food/food_62.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..72ef1440df40913d99505920a8761e4b76aacfc5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_62.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Firat Güder admits it, albeit a bit chagrined. He often leaves unopened yogurt in his office at room temperature for several weeks before he eats it. So far, he’s escaped any ill effects. “They’re still good to eat,” he said. “I have not gotten sick from them yet. Of course, I don’t suggest other people do this.”
+
+Güder, assistant professor in the department of bioengineering at Imperial College London, knows maybe he’s just been lucky. Like many consumers, he thinks about food safety, but tries to keep his perspective about the risks. “I do throw away items myself, but usually just use the ‘use-by’ dates as a reference point,” he said. “I do not solely rely on them.”
+
+He's referring to the often baffling dates stamped on food labels, which, in reality, have little to do with safety — and pose little danger if ignored, except in the case of infant formula — according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture. "Sell by" tells the store how long — for inventory reasons — to display the product. "Use by" is the last date the food will be at its peak, similar to "best by," the last date for optimal flavor and quality. In response to consumer confusion, the government created a detailed list of how long foods can be considered fresh. Nevertheless, dates on packaging confuse people and often prompt many shoppers to toss food that's still safe and wholesome to eat.
+
+Güder thinks he’s come up with an idea that will help solve this problem. He’s invented an inexpensive sensor that can be embedded in a smartphone and held up against a food package at home or in the store to detect whether the food is still fresh. The sensor, which costs about two cents to make, identifies spoilage gases — ammonia and trimethylamine, for example — and are linked to “near field communication” (NFC) tags, microchips that smartphones easily can read.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/food/food_63.txt b/food/food_63.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2025d9fd6e1fd163e4a400cacded17462ae0d7b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_63.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+You probably already know that processed food is bad for you. Twinkies, after all, are not eaten for health, but for the joy of chewing yellow sponge cake injected with non-perishable cream. But it might surprise you to know that there's never been any real data to back this up.
+
+Most researchers and nutritionists theorized that ultra-processed food makes you overeat, on top of being high in calories, sugar, and fat while being low in fiber. To test that hypothesis, researchers at the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases recruited 20 volunteers, evenly split by gender, and kept them in a special wing of the NIH Clinical Center for 28 days straight. Nutrition studies are often plagued by having too many variables you can’t control for. People who eat more processed foods also tend to have other factors that might influence their health, like having less money to pay for healthcare or less time to spend exercising. Just observing the general traits of folks consuming junk food won’t get you to any definitive conclusions—you can only ever get associations.
+
+So instead of just observing what people ate, the NIH researchers prescribed and controlled every single meal, plus the amount of daily exercise the participants got. For the first two weeks, half of the group ate a diet rich in veggies, whole grains, and other unprocessed food, while the other half ate ultra-processed stuff. Every meal contained twice as many calories as the person would actually need to maintain their body weight, and everyone was told to eat as much or as little as they wanted. Then the groups swapped menus for the last two weeks of the study, which was published this week in the journal Cell Metabolism.
+
+The most important part of this study, though, is that the meals were matched on their macros. Whether you were on the processed or unprocessed week, each meal had roughly the same number of carbs, fat, protein, fiber, sugar, and total calories. The researchers couldn’t match more specific categories, like added sugar or saturated fat, simply because it’s hard to find chips and fruit juice that are as low in those unhealthy nutrients as whole foods are.
+
diff --git a/food/food_64.txt b/food/food_64.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..060fc3669d2e2ce5aff90b1f87623f421d17a4f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_64.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Every day, doctors write prescriptions for medications that will treat various ailments in their patients. Those prescriptions, though, come once the patient is already sick. In an effort to stop disease before it starts, some researchers are pushing for policies and programs that would let doctors prescribe healthy foods and insurers to cover them—actively helping patients shift to a health-promoting diet.
+
+These types of programs work: Subsidizing fruits, vegetables, and other healthy foods under Medicare and Medicaid could prevent millions of cases, as well as deaths from cardiovascular disease, according to a new model. It would prevent hundreds of thousands of diabetes cases, as well, and save billions of dollars in healthcare costs.
+
+“The power of food as medicine is increasingly clear,” says study author Dariush Mozaffarian, dean of the Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy at Tufts University. And the idea of treating food as a key element of healthcare is catching on across the healthcare industry, says Rita Nguyen, assistant Health Officer in the San Francisco Department of Public Health. “People are recognizing the common sense of it all,” she says. “We spend so much on healthcare, and our outcomes are abysmal. We don’t invest in prevention.”
+
+Food as medicine doesn’t mean that individual foods can be used to treat individual conditions or diseases, but that a healthy diet can help manage disease, Nguyen notes—the leading risk factor for cardiovascular disease, for example, is poor diet. “With food insecurity, treating someone by giving them food can improve health. For those who are food secure, anyone given a good diet will have improved health management,” she says.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/food/food_65.txt b/food/food_65.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9b57f5ed1283077eff917fe1de7485f5a3fb8f8f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_65.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+The new model analyzed the effects of two policy scenarios: In the first, 30 percent of the costs of fruits and vegetables would be covered under Medicare and Medicaid; in the second, 30 percent of fruits, vegetables, and other healthy foods like whole grains and seafood would be covered. The model incorporated things like socioeconomic demographics and health risk factors of people enrolled in Medicare and Medicaid, data on the way price decreases change healthy food purchasing behaviors, and subsidy costs.
+
+The study team found that subsidizing fruits and vegetables would prevent 1.93 million cardiovascular events, like heart attacks, and 350,000 deaths from the conditions. Subsidizing fruits, vegetables, and other healthy foods would prevent 3.28 million cardiovascular events, 620,000 deaths, and 120,000 cases of diabetes. The fruits and vegetables program would save nearly $40 billion in healthcare costs, and the addition of other healthy foods would save over $100 billion.
+
+“It costs money, but most of that is offset by lower healthcare costs,” Mozaffarian says. “When you look at the cost per year of life saved, all of the interventions were extremely cost effective.” It’s just as cost effective, he says, as paying for drugs to prevent high blood pressure.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/food/food_66.txt b/food/food_66.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c3ecfb0971188de221672ee68a45a43715ffcabb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_66.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+The conversations around health-focused food subsidies also highlights that the barriers to healthy food are largely financial. "Food security is a money issue," Nguyen says. "If you have the money, you can get healthy food." While food deserts are important issues, they're not the primary hurdle—and research shows that simply adding grocery stores doesn't increase people's consumption of healthy food or their health. "It's not to say access isn't an issue, but often times in low income communities, it's not the main thing," she says.
+
+Food prescription and subsidy programs that lower costs, though, can help, and are designed to stop healthcare problems and costs from ever appearing. “If our social structures aren’t aligned to support people meeting their basic needs to support health, we’ve chosen to pay for it in other ways. And then we have worse health outcomes,” Nguyen says.
+
+In other words, if we’re worried about high blood sugar, food interventions might be a better bet than doctors visits and high-tech medicine. If we’re focused on making sure people are getting their blood sugar levels checked regularly, she says, it’s already too late. “Access to healthcare isn’t going to really stop the source.”
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/food/food_67.txt b/food/food_67.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..65bb1593604fe58295623513b8e12c4f3cc324e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_67.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Increasing the amount of ultra-processed foods that you eat also shortens your life, according to a new study. The research, published in JAMA Internal Medicine, tracked nearly 45,000 French men and women over eight years. It found that for every 10 percent increase in the amount of ultra-processed foods the participates ate, risk of death went up 1 percent.
+
+Ultra-processed foods fall at the far end of the NOVA food classification system, which breaks what you eat down into four categories: unprocessed foods (edible parts of plants and animals); processed ingredients (like oils, flour, or sugar); processed foods (which involve cooking unprocessed foods with processed ingredients to make breads or canned vegetables); and ultra-processed foods (which don't have any intact, unprocessed parts).
+
+These ultra-processed foods are mostly made from substances derived from other foods, preservatives, and additives—designed to create convenient and long-lasting products. Both processed and ultra-processed foods can add excess sugars, oils, and fats to a diet, notes Claire Berryman, an assistant professor in the department of nutrition, food, and exercise sciences at Florida State University. Ultra-processed foods, though, take the amount to the next level—and also contain additives and other highly manufactured ingredients.
+
+The JAMA Internal Medicine can't say that these foods caused an earlier death, just that they're associated with an early death. It's not possible, therefore, to say what exactly in these foods contributes to the problems. However, the high amounts of bad-for-you ingredients are likely to play a role, Berryman says. "Anytime you're getting an excess of sugar, fat, or salt, there can be problems." Here's what's hiding in the packaging:
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/food/food_68.txt b/food/food_68.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5b55518dca9d7b63bdab1c40d6b836848bd0cb42
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_68.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Over the past few years, major food companies, like Coca-Cola, General Mills, and Hershey, signaled an interest in combating their images as junk-food giants—they’ve been introducing healthier products, cutting sugar, and promoting exercise.
+
+However, these food giants haven't changed their advertising practices to match with those causes, according to a new report from the University of Connecticut Rudd Center for Food Policy & Obesity. In addition, their product promotion continues to disproportionately affect black and Hispanic children and teenagers, whom the companies target specifically with junk food ads. These groups are more likely to see more of these ads than their white counterparts.
+
+“Companies say that they want to be part of the solution to obesity and the overconsumption of unhealthy foods,” says Jennifer Harris, report author and Director of Marketing Initiatives at the Rudd Center. “But they are still overwhelmingly using ads to push unhealthy stuff, and their disproportionately targeting black and Hispanic youth.”
+
+Using market research data, the team examined advertising spending in 2017 in total, as well as advertising spending for Spanish-language and black-targeted television in 32 brands, including McDonald’s, Hershey, Kellogg, and Domino's Pizza. They also looked at black, white, and Hispanic children and teen’s exposure to food-related advertising.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/food/food_69.txt b/food/food_69.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..eb93cca060eb554c14558b5368d3d889656f2d8a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_69.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+The analysis shows that of the billions of dollars spent on advertising, only 3 percent of that money went to promote healthier food products, like 100 percent juice, water, nuts, or yogurt. Black and Hispanic viewers were far less likely to be targeted with healthier advertising—healthy food made up just 1 percent of food advertising on black-targeted television. “No water, fruit or nut brands targeted either Hispanic or Black consumers,” the report noted.
+
+Although companies don’t disclose their marketing strategies, statements they do release shows that they see Hispanic and or “multicultural” groups as important marketing opportunities, the report said. “But it seems only unhealthy brands are a marketing opportunity,” Harris says.
+
+The findings build on the Rudd Center’s 2015 report that looked at advertising practices in 2013, and shows that the data has largely stayed the same since then. “We’re not surprised, but we did expect we might see some improvement, especially in healthy products,” Harris says. “Not much has changed, unfortunately.”
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/food/food_7.txt b/food/food_7.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..592db13e1d21a0633b7f9b567bd7b34414cf7910
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_7.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+  3        pounds  chicken wings -- tips removed at
+                        joints into 2 pcs
+     1/3           cup  soy sauce
+     1/3           cup  orange juice
+     2/3           cup  plus 2 T dry red wine -- preferable
+                        Beaujolais
+       3        cloves  garlic -- mashed
+       2   tablespoons  gingerroot -- chopped
+       6   tablespoons  red currant jelly
+       2   tablespoons  orange zest -- grated
+       1    tablespoon  orange zest -- thin julienne, for
+                        garnish
+
+1. Place split wings in a large shallow nonaluminum pan. Mix soy, orange juice, red wine, garlic and gingerroot together and pour over the wings. Cover pan with plastic wrap and refrigerate overnight, turning several times in the marinade. 
+2. 375. Line a baking pan with foil. Coat a cooking rack with vegetable cooking spray and place rack in baking pan. 
+3. Drain chicken and arrange on rack. Roast for 45 minutes, turning wings once. Remove from oven, but do not turn off the oven. 
+4. Combine jelly, 2 T red wine, and grated zest in small pan medium heat. Stir until jelly is melted. Brush wings generously with the glaze and return to oven for 10 minutes. Turn and brush again with glaze. Bake another 10 minutes, or until a rich dark brown and shiny. Remove and cool 5 minutes. Can be baked up to a day ahead and reheated. 
+5. Arrange in overlapping rows. Sprinkle with julienned zest. Serve warm
+
diff --git a/food/food_70.txt b/food/food_70.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..344d72cdc9ff2265d873decbd098c4f1dc01bedb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_70.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+One major change, though, was in the amount of money spent targeting black viewers—it increased by half from 2013 to 2017. Most individual companies increased their spending on black-targeted television between 2013 and 2017, and Hershey, PepsiCo, and Domino’s Pizza dedicated the biggest chunk—around 4 percent—of their advertising budget to that group.
+
+In addition, the gap widened between the number of food-related advertisements black and white children and teens saw. In 2013, black children and teens saw 70 percent more ads than white peers, and in 2017, that grew to 86 percent. While the amount of ad spending on black-targeted television might have contributed to the growing gap, it also might be due to the changing amount of time the groups spend watching television. “The amount of time spent watching TV is going down, but the declines are much greater for white teens than black teens,” Harris says.
+
+Socioeconomic factors might contribute to that discrepancy, she says: Wealthier, white communities might be more likely to pay for and watch television on services like Hulu or Netflix. “That’s great, but if you’re in a lower income household, you might not able to afford that.”
+Research shows that kids consume more junk food when they're exposed to junk food advertising, and that ads help solidify brand preferences in children—so if black and Hispanic kids have more exposure to these ads, they're more likely to eat more unhealthy food. "[Companies] would argue that they're not increasing consumption of sugary drinks overall, or fast food overall," Harris says. "But when sugary drinks are marketed, it grows the whole category, not just the one product."
+
+Black and Hispanic communities are already disproportionately affected by certain diseases that are exacerbated by an overconsumption of junk food, so the advertising targets compound an existing public health problem.
+
+“These companies are targeting kids in communities where their families have higher rates of obesity and diabetes and heart disease, which these products contribute to,” Harris says. “They’re not even trying to market healthy foods to these kids, which doubles down on it being unhealthy. I’m sure they’re not thinking of it that way, they’re trying to grow their business. But looking at the bigger picture, it’s really harmful.”
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/food/food_71.txt b/food/food_71.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fbd009d3456c00e1ebda500564332b33e71cb5b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_71.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Food allergies can be confusing to figure out. Once a food item has wrecked havoc on any part of your body, whether its an itchy rash or a bout of diarrhea, its easy to dismiss that reaction as an allergy. But how many of us actually have true food allergies? A recent study suggests that number is far less than what you might think.
+
+Even though common wisdom holds that allergies of all kinds have been on the rise in recent years, researchers actually have very little data on allergies in adults since many of them never get diagnosed by a physician. Some studies have attempted to use hospitalization data as a proxy, but that only picks up people with sufficiently serious allergies to go to the ER for anaphylaxis. Another study used data from NHANES, a massive national survey study that occurs every few years, to look at actual blood test results.
+
+One study in the journal JAMA Network Open, took a far broader approach, and focused solely on food allergies: Researchers based out of Northwestern University surveyed some 40,443 American adults and asked them a series of questions designed to figure out how many people actually had food allergies versus how many just thought they did. Their findings: Although one in five people surveyed reported having an allergy, only about one in 10 actually does.
+
+To understand how they came to this conclusion, we first have to understand the difference between a true food allergy and a food intolerance, both of which can seem similar to the untrained eye.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/food/food_72.txt b/food/food_72.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d140a485f9d7c352292d0562c4cf206597c327fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_72.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+Let’s start with an example pretty much everyone is familiar with: dairy. Most people know someone who’s lactose intolerant. These individuals lack the enzyme lactase (to varying degrees) that allows them to break down lactose, the sugar in milk. If they consume a large amount of lactose-containing dairy, the undigested lactose builds up in the gut causing uncomfortable symptoms like bloating and diarrhea until the stuff passes through the digestive tract. Though uncomfortable, that gastrointestinal distress is never life-threatening. As such, they can absolutely drink a milkshake (though they will likely pay for it later).
+
+On the other hand, you probably don't know someone with a milk allergy because that's much less common. But if you do, you know they can't drink milkshakes. That's because they have a true allergy, which means the root of the problem is not in their digestive systems, but rather in their immune systems. Allergists call these responses "IgE-mediated" because, well, they're mediated by a protein called Immunoglobulin E. IgE is an antibody that your immune system produces whose job it is to identify intruders like parasites. People with allergies accidentally produce IgE molecules that identify harmless proteins like those in peanuts, shellfish, or milk as being dangerous. That means upon ingestion, IgE are like the alarm that kicks up a massive immune response, recruiting histamines and other immune cells that kill the invader. It's this overreaction that causes your throat to close or your blood pressure to drop precipitously, or any of the other allergic symptoms that transcend one bodily organ and extend into the respiratory system or perhaps the skin or cardiovascular system. This response can absolutely be life threatening.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/food/food_73.txt b/food/food_73.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d1239704531cb167a73de5dc91b35db0afba9782
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_73.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Not everyone with a true food allergy will have the same symptoms, but they will all be governed by IgE. Conversely, people with food intolerances, like lactose intolerance, only get digestive symptoms. And listen, we're not here to dismiss the severity of your GI issues. If you're in genuine pain after you eat dairy, shellfish, or eggs, it might be best for you to avoid them. But when allergists are counting people with food allergies, they're not counting you. As the American Academy of Allergy Asthma and Immunology notes, these kinds of food intolerances are caused by enzyme deficiencies or some sensitivity to particular chemicals in food (natural or otherwise). Allergies, rather, must invoke the immune system.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/food/food_74.txt b/food/food_74.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7cd3f137942365f5643c2504576e0809545e895f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_74.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Potential confounding factors—like high income or physical activity level—are especially important when studying the health benefits of organic food, because eating organic is associated with lots of things that also help you live a longer, healthier life. In other words, people who regularly eat organic food tend to have other lifestyle factors and habits that could easily lower cancer risk as well. Even within just this one study, high organic food consumption was associated with higher income, higher occupational status (a "better" job, like being a manager or working an intellectual office job), more physical activity, eating more fruits and veggies, and eating less meat and processed food. Those are all things that make you more likely to stay healthy than those who can't afford to take such good care of themselves.
+
+And on top of those potential confounders, it's very easy for people to misreport how much and what kind of food they really eat. "Organic food intake is notoriously difficult to assess," notes an accompanying editorial in JAMA, "and its self-report is highly susceptible to confounding by positive health behaviors and socioeconomic factors."
+
+The researchers can try to control for these issues, which means doing statistical analysis to try to figure out the effect of organic food with all other factors being equal, but the problem with confounders is that it's very difficult to control for all of them.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/food/food_75.txt b/food/food_75.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..16ea4210ada1a41f2de7c8e71c4fb72a23ce6e54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_75.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Diets are everywhere, but could eating “negative calorie” foods, such as celery and grapefruit, help to boost weight loss? A calorie is a unit of energy, usually expressed as kilocalories (kcal) for the energy content in food. The theory behind negative calorie foods is that some foods have lower calorie (energy) content than the amount of energy it takes to digest and absorb the food into the body. This sounds plausible, in theory. But in reality, even the lowest calorie foods, such as celery, contain more calories than it takes to break down and absorb them in the body. Our energy needs are made up of three components: • The energy needed to maintain a body at rest, which is the energy needed for our body to carry out its basic processes so we can live. • The thermic effect of eating, which is the increase in metabolic rate after eating, while food is digested and absorbed. • Additional energy needed for activity and exercise.
+
+Of these, the thermic effect uses the fewest calories—about 10% of the energy we take in. In other words, about a tenth of the calories we eat are used to process our food—this includes chewing our food, moving it through the digestive system, absorbing nutrients, and storing excess energy.
+
+Foods such as celery, grapefruit, broccoli, tomatoes, and cucumber have all been touted as negative calorie foods, but there is no scientific evidence to support this idea. Although they are very low calorie foods, with seven to 30 kcal per 100g, it still takes less energy than this to process them. This is because they contain large amounts of water and fiber, which have a very low energy cost.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/food/food_76.txt b/food/food_76.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1db4d4365a36bfbd179469f17e32c68bb4902089
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_76.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+You've probably heard a lot of mixed things about coffee—it's bad, it's good, it doesn't do anything—but the bulk of the evidence says drinking joe is good for you. Cardiologists think some of the health benefits may come from the antioxidants in coffee, like polyphenols, but it's been difficult to link the effects to any specific compound. The polyphenolic antioxidants seem to improve insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism. Insulin is how your body tames spiking blood glucose levels, and when the system gets out of whack you can develop larger metabolic problems like type two diabetes.
+
+Most of the reassurance that coffee is part of a healthy diet comes from observational studies, where researchers ask a large number of people to describe their eating and coffee drinking habits, and then find associations between consuming coffee and heart health. Those studies have found that drinking somewhere around three to five cups a day reduces your overall risk of death as well as your risk of cardiovascular disease. Java also doesn’t seem to have any significant impact on arrhythmias, hypertension, blood lipid levels, or cholesterol, but it does decrease your risk of developing type two diabetes.
+
+All that being said, the thing that’s not healthy about many Americans’ coffee habits is the sugar. Coffee-flavored drinks, or simple drip coffee with tons of sugar added, are counterproductive. The sugar and calories in them work against the heart-healthy black coffee, so try to drink your morning cup with as few adulterating other ingredients as possible.
+
diff --git a/food/food_77.txt b/food/food_77.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..748b41bc498be401c841a025411c641aa6849d23
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_77.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Not even the most optimistic of nutritionists thinks you'll never touch a piece of cake again. We may assume those who teach people to eat for a living would believe in the elimination of all junk food, but the reality is that even the pros know you'll cave sometimes. And that's okay. You just gotta have a plan.
+
+"Eating is a rest-of-your-life thing," says Teresa Fung, a professor of nutrition at Simmons College. That means whatever your diet plan is, she and other nutritionists want you to be able to stick with it long-term. Unless you have god-level willpower, you're not going to be able to resist sugar forever—and in fact, nutritionists don't want you to. Fung explains that regardless of the diet you pick, if you go off of it once you've lost whatever weight you want to shed, you'll just end up gaining it back later and losing the benefit of dieting in the first place. It's far better for your long-term health to learn how to make better choices than it is to diet intermittently.
+
+Here are a few tips that Fung recommends to eat healthily while still making room for your favorite cookies.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/food/food_78.txt b/food/food_78.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7c9a995a9a185cd4cc377396286e04845d517c5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_78.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+If cutting down on calories is your primary goal, you might be tempted to skip other food in order to make room for your unhealthy treats in the plan. But Fung says this is a mistake, because your self-control is at its lowest when you're hungry. Your blood sugar levels have dropped, which means your brain isn't at its most rational, and you're probably in a bad mood. This is when you're most likely to overindulge. That's why Fung says "junk is for once you're full."
+
+Obviously no one is suggesting you go to town on some ice cream when you're already full to bursting from a meal of veggies—you can save some room for the good stuff. But if you make sure to eat treats after real food instead of when you're super hungry, you’ll make better choices about which foods to eat. Plus your ghrelin levels (the hormone that makes you feel hungry) will have dropped, which will decrease your overall desire to eat.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/food/food_79.txt b/food/food_79.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0205e1dc36bab269c0e2fd9dbce8e57ea3612d73
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_79.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+So, it’s unclear how many Americans will actually be looking to avoid GM food in the future. But even if you want to keep your pantry GMO-free, doing so could prove challenging.
+
+“Can people avoid them? The answer is certainly yes. Especially in the last few years there have been more products on the market that are non-GMO or organic,” says Jayson Lusk, an economist at Purdue University who studies the consumer side of GMOs. “Now, those products are more expensive—no one ever said you can avoid them for free. But they can if they’re willing and able to pay, and one way they’ll pay is in the time to find the products.”
+
+Though very few fruits and vegetables are genetically engineered, he points out that almost anything with corn or soybeans will be difficult to get without a GM component. More than 90 percent of both crops are bioengineered in the U.S., and corn and soy derivatives go into many processed foods. Much of the sugar produced derives from sugar beets, nearly all of which are genetically engineered. Somewhere between 60 and 70 percent of processed foods on the market today have a GM ingredient, but many of those foods may not require a label according to the proposed rules.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/food/food_8.txt b/food/food_8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e399b87c402f20e3b679ca34a0a4a275ba785b77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+3 1/2          cups  flour
+       1           cup  sugar
+     1/2           cup  butter -- softened
+       2     teaspoons  baking powder
+     1/2      teaspoon  lemon rind -- grated
+     1/2      teaspoon  salt
+       2                eggs
+                        -----vanilla cream-----
+     2/3           cup  sugar
+       3    tablespoon  cornstarch
+     1/4      teaspoon  salt
+       3                egg yolks
+       2           cup  milk
+       1    tablespoon  butter
+       1      teaspoon  vanilla extract
+       1      teaspoon  almond extract -- optional
+
+Blend everything in large bowl and mix.  Roll out on floured board and cut with a four inch water glass. Make 12 circles.  Line greased cupcake pan with the 12 circles.  Fill each cup with pastry cream (below). Top each with another circle cut with a 3 inch glass--make sure the cake is sealed.  Bake 20 to 25 minutes at 375.  Let cool completely in pan.  This is my mom's cream-puff cream.  It's just a sweet, vanilla cornstarch pudding.  I'm giving you the microwave recipe, because otherwise it takes an eternity of stirring on the stove, after which your arm will fall off. If you choose to cook it that way, make sure you keep the heat low while you're waiting for the stuff to thicken, and never ever stop stirring, or the cream will stick to the bottom and burn and then you will have a million nasty little brownish-black flecks throughout your pudding, which will do absolutely nothing for the texture.  VANILLA CREAM  In microwave bowl, mix: 2/3 C sugar 3 T cornstarch 1/4 t salt  add a fraction of  2 C milk, a little at first to make a smooth paste, then the rest until the mixture is smooth.  Microwave this at high for 8-9 minutes, stirring every 2 min until the stuff is smooth and thickened.  Meanwhile, put 3 egg yolks (or two whole eggs) into another bowl and beat them slightly.  Quickly stir half of the hot milk mixture into eggs, and then add the new egg mixture to the original milk mixture. Microwave at high 1 to 2 min until mixture is thick and glossy.
+
+Add 1 T butter 1 t vanilla extract (And, optionally, for extra flavor) 1 t almond extract  Let cream cool before adding to cupcakes or creampuffs...  If you're eating it by itself, it's great while it's still warm.
+
diff --git a/food/food_80.txt b/food/food_80.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c4c2496152cc7cb02b20d0ab74c3e1f88eff33f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_80.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Highly processed ingredients like high fructose corn syrup have little to no traceable DNA in them, and so the U.S. Department of Agriculture (which regulates food labels) doesn’t require manufacturers to add a label to indicate those bioengineered foods.
+
+And then there’s that word—”bioengineered.” The USDA only just announced how they would require manufacturers to disclose GM ingredients, though the law was enacted back in 2016, and the new rules don’t use the term “GMO” or even “GM.” Instead, they opt for “BE” or “bioengineered,” perhaps to avoid using loaded terminology. “I’m not sure how much people will know that term,” says Dominique Brossard, a communications professor at University of Wisconsin-Madison specializing in life science issues like GMOs. “I don’t think it’s going to be very easy for people to find out [which foods are genetically modified].”
+
+"I think this was actually the intent of the 2016 law," says Glenn Stone, an environmental anthropologist who studies the GMO debate. "[It] was passed just in time to overrule a state-level law was taking effect requiring that GMO foods have clear labels." Vermont had previously passed legislation that would have fined companies for failing to label food containing GM ingredients, including highly processed ones like corn syrup (though it excluded cheese, which often relies on a genetically engineered enzyme called chymosin). It also specified that the labels would include the phrase "genetic engineering," not "bioengineered."
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/food/food_81.txt b/food/food_81.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e3534ee52c404a22c632f2323abaadf57272efe4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_81.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+n contrast, the USDA regulations allow companies to choose between three options: write out the warning (as in "contains a bioengineered food ingredient"), include a BE label, or use a QR code that would link the consumer to a page disclosing all the information.
+
+Stone, along with other labeling proponents, argue that these options will make it harder for people to actually get the information the legislation is supposed to mandate. “This rule claims to label GMO foods, but it exempts the most common GMO food ingredients like soy oil and corn syrup while allowing the use of QR codes,” he says, “knowing perfectly well that few shoppers have the time or inclination to get out their phone, scan a code, and read a website over and over while shopping.”
+
+Unless those regulations change, though, it could be quite hard to figure out exactly which foods contain GM ingredients and which do not. Many of the top GM crops grown for human consumption—maize, soybeans, canola, sugar beet, papaya, squash, eggplant, potato, and apples—get processed first, and wouldn't require a label. The rest, if sold whole or as part of another food, would necessitate one. A recent overview of attitudes towards GM foods, published in the journal Annual Reviews, commented that "Since soybeans and corn (the most widely planted GE crops) are common ingredients in many food products (corn starch, corn syrup, corn oil, and soybean oil), it is likely that foods in the United States listing soybeans and corn as ingredients contain some GE ingredients unless it is specifically stated that they do not."
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/food/food_82.txt b/food/food_82.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..699e59cdb29c081c565cc726aa743ecea59d3375
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_82.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+If there's one meal guaranteed to meet the needs of picky toddlers, harried parents, and broke college students alike, it's mac-n-cheese. Whether you prefer the classic stuff in the blue box or the organic brand famous for its pasta bunnies, you probably realize that mac-n-cheese isn't healthy, exactly. But given the fast food alternatives, we tell ourselves, it's isn't that bad. And yet, because everything we love is secretly conspiring to kill us, a recent report suggests that each serving of America's favorite processed cheese food also serves up a hefty dose of phthalates, a class of chemicals increasingly thought to interfere with the body's hormones. But does this mean that you should give up eating that orange goo?
+
+Phthalates, which includes chemicals such as di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and Diethyl phthalate (DEP), help make rigid plastics more flexible and less breakable. In cosmetics, phthalates help chemical components better bind to each other. Unfortunately, a growing body of research links them to genital birth defects, the disruption of some hormones, learning disabilities, and behavioral problems.
+
+Thanks to a 2008 bill, phthalates are now banned in the production of children’s products (like toys). But they're still abundant. You’ll find phthalates in vinyl flooring, aftershave, nail polish, and increasingly in food, although their presence there isn’t completely understood. It’s thought that some foods packaged in materials containing phthalates (including cellophane, paperboard, and plastics) pick the chemicals up as they sit on your shelves. Tasty.
+
+Before delving into the mac-n-cheese report that is currently making the rounds, it's important to note that unless you're raising cows yourself with a feed you're making yourself (and hand-milking said cow into glass containers), almost all dairy products you consume contain phthalates. In fact, you might do all of the aforementioned dairy farming and still find that your milk contains the chemicals. A 2013 study in the journal Environment International tracked the progression of eight different phthalates through the food chain and determined that basically every step of the milk production process helps introduce phthalates into the end result.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/food/food_83.txt b/food/food_83.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e33d155af6809c32682fabed176426f69a22bc06
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_83.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+If you're feeling smug because you don't consume meat or animal products, you may be discouraged to discover that phthalates are also found in fruits and vegetables (albeit at lower concentrations). This is not a question of a single product being bad, but rather a symptom of an unhealthy food production system.
+
+Which brings us to the mac-n-cheese report, which is not a peer reviewed study. This means that outside scientists haven't been able to weigh in on the study methods, design, or conclusions. While it was conducted by an independent lab, it was done so at the behest of a host of environmental groups—including the National Resources Defense Council, Earth Justice, Center for Science in the Public Interest and others—under the not-exactly-subtle consortium name "Klean Up Kraft". Additionally, the report is heavily redacted: the specific brands they tested aren't referenced, and there are some discrepancies between the report and the summary sheet released to the media. The report, for example, says that they tested 51 samples, while the summary sheet reports that they tested 30. For simplicity's sake, I'm referencing data from the summary sheet.
+
+The summary sheet says that phthalates were detected in nearly every cheese product tested—29 out of 30—and that average phthalate levels were four times higher in the powdered stuff than in hard blocks and other cheeses. It also reports that the most commonly detected phthalates were Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), which is used to make plastic more flexible, and Diethyl phthalate(DEP), which is most commonly used to bind cosmetics and fragrances. All of which suggests that you should give up mac-n-cheese, right?
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/food/food_84.txt b/food/food_84.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b4a516bcc27ba4bf71d27201ff67dd2521cc2f32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_84.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Naturally, there are some caveats. The first is that our understanding of phthalates is still evolving, so it's possible that the acceptable threshold may decrease as we learn more. And it's true that the important thing may not be how much we're exposed to, but when we're exposed to it. An adult who has fully developed is likely less sensitive to the effects of phthalates than a fetus or an infant, whose development can be fundamentally changed by hormonal disruptions.
+
+The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) already sets a much lower threshold for the level of phthalates an infant should consume—just .02 milligrams a day per kilogram of body weight. If your average four-month-old infant scarfed down an entire box of the powdered stuff, he or she could indeed exceed that limit. But if your four-month-old has jumped right from their first taste of solid food to consuming an entire box of mac-n-cheese a day, you probably have other concerns. Your typical two-year-old—a demographic with more cause for concern—would have to eat five boxes to exceed the EPA's safe dosage. Toddlers may love their powdered cheese, but are they regularly eating thousands of calories' worth in a single day? Again, we're concerned, and it's not because of your tyke's phthalate exposure.
+
+The real issue is that these chemicals are ubiquitous, so mac-n-cheese is likely not your only source of exposure. If you wear perfume, wash your clothes with detergents containing fragrance, breathe while inside a room with vinyl floors, eat a container of jelly, or chow down on a carton of vegan ice cream, you’re probably getting some phthalates, too.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/food/food_85.txt b/food/food_85.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ac911ddb292a6b98b6d572a1ca1a16c915307963
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_85.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+Just how much these daily activities contribute to your exposure is really hard to tell, which is why EPA estimates have found that everyone from infants to adolescents routinely bypass their recommended threshold. How can we not, given that phthalates have been found in spices, seafood, fruit juice, and beer? The mac-n-cheese report did not test for the presence of phthalates in the macaroni, but it's likely that they too would have tested positive—phthalates have been found in bread and cereal products as well. Even if you buy products in glass jars, you're likely getting exposed when you consume them: one study found that glass jars of olives and peanut butter contain phthalates—they migrate from the little plastic gaskets that keep those jars sealed.
+
+The big takeaway? It's easy to obsess over the things we feel we can control. You can always choose to cut mac-n-cheese out of your child's diet, and that decision may make you feel like you're protecting them from toxic chemical exposure. It's the same reason we rejoice over studies that seem to say coffee helps us live longer or that chili peppers are the latest superfood—we want to believe that we can make choices that are good for us. But the truth is that our food system—and other industries—make it basically impossible to avoid the chemicals used to malign your toddler's favorite food. So the unsatisfying conclusion, as always, is this: you should probably enjoy everything in moderation.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/food/food_86.txt b/food/food_86.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..73a9c2ffbafd169e095908305949d40972bba598
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_86.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+ teen who ate nothing but fries, chips and other junk food for years slowly went blind as a result of his poor diet, according to a new report of the case.
+
+The case highlights a perhaps little-known fact about poor diets: In addition to being tied to obesity, heart disease and cancer, they "can also permanently damage the nervous system, particularly vision," according to the report, published today (Sept. 2) in the journal Annals of Internal Medicine.
+
+The teen's problems began at age 14, when he went to the doctor's office complaining of tiredness. 
+
+The teen was reportedly a "fussy eater," and blood tests showed he had anemia and low levels of vitamin B12, the report said. He was treated with injections of vitamin B12 along with advice on how to improve his diet. 
+However, by age 15, he developed hearing loss and vision problems, but doctors couldn't seem to find the cause — results from an MRI and eye exam were normal.
+
+Over the next two years, the teen's vision got progressively worse. When the boy was 17, an eye test showed that his vision was 20/200 in both eyes, the threshold for being "legally blind" in the United States.
+
+Further tests showed the teen had developed damage to his optic nerve, the bundle of nerve fibers that connects the back of the eye to the brain. In addition, the teen still had low levels of vitamin B12, along with low levels of copper, selenium and vitamin D.
+
+These deficiencies prompted doctors to ask the teen about the foods he ate. "The patient confessed that, since elementary school, he would not eat certain textures of food," the authors, from the University of Bristol in the United Kingdom, wrote in the report. He told doctors that the only things he ate were fries, chips — specifically, Pringles — white bread, processed ham slices and sausage.
+
+After ruling out other possible causes for his vision loss, the teen was diagnosed with nutritional optic neuropathy, or damage to the optic nerve that results from nutritional deficiencies. The condition can be caused by drugs, malabsorption of food, poor diet or alcohol abuse. "Purely dietary causes are rare in developed countries," the authors said.
+
+It's known that the B vitamins are essential for many cellular reactions, and deficiencies in these vitamins can lead to the buildup of toxic byproducts of metabolism, and eventually to the damage of nerve cells, according to the University of Iowa.
+
+Vision loss from nutritional optic neuropathy is potentially reversible if caught early. However, by the time the teen was diagnosed, his vision loss was permanent. What's more, wearing glasses would not help the teen's vision, because damage to the optic nerve cannot be corrected with lenses, said study lead author Dr. Denize Atan, a consultant senior lecturer in ophthalmology at Bristol Medical School and Bristol Eye Hospital. 
+
+The teen was prescribed nutritional supplements, which prevented his vision loss from getting any worse.
+
+The teen was also referred to mental health services for an eating disorder. The researchers note that the teen's diet was more than just "picky eating" because it was very restrictive and caused multiple nutritional deficiencies. 
+
+A relatively new diagnosis known as "avoidant-restrictive food intake disorder" (previously known as "selective eating disorder") involves a lack of interest in food or avoidance of foods with certain textures, colors, etc., without concern to body weight or shape. The condition usually starts in childhood, and patients often have a normal body mass index (BMI), as was the case for this patient, the authors said.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/food/food_87.txt b/food/food_87.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8ad3ef9bbec7563960ac8fb5922368f697f98d5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_87.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+While there's no question that food allergies are real — and for some, potentially life-threatening — people who self-diagnose as food allergic without consulting a medical professional may be misinterpreting their symptoms as an allergic reaction, the study authors wrote.
+
+In those cases, what the individuals were experiencing could be a sign of food intolerance" or other food related conditions" rather than a true allergic response, lead study author Dr. Ruchi Gupta, a pediatrician and professor of pediatrics at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine in Illinois, said in a statement.
+
+Allergic reactions are the immune system's response to a trigger that is perceived as a threat. Regarding food allergies, when some people eat a certain type of food — such as nuts, shellfish, wheat or dairy — it broadcasts an alarm signal to their immune system, provoking reactions that can vary widely between individuals, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
+
+Symptoms of food allergies can include hives, itching and swelling in the nose and throat, and stomach pain or nausea. In extreme cases, food allergies may lead to anaphylaxis — a state of shock accompanied by low blood pressure and constricted airways — which can be fatal if untreated, according to the Mayo Clinic.
+
+Shellfish is the most common food allergen in the U.S., affecting approximately 7 million adults, according to the study. Milk allergies affect nearly 5 million people, followed closely by peanut allergies, which affect about 5 million people. Other widespread allergens include tree nuts, fish, eggs, wheat, soy and sesame, the scientists reported.
+
+Allergies can be inherited or acquired, sometimes unexpectedly — bites from a type of tick have been linked to the onset of an allergy to meat, and a woman who recently received a lung transplant also acquired her organ donor's peanut allergy.
+
+In fact, developing food allergies in adulthood happens more frequently than expected, the scientists reported. They learned from the surveys that about 48 percent of the subjects who had food allergies first experienced at least one of them as an adult.
+
+"We were surprised to find that adult-onset food allergies were so common," Gupta said.
+
+If a person suspects that they have a food allergy, it is critical that they visit a doctor for testing and diagnosis before attempting to correct the problem by eliminating foods from their diet, Gupta said in the statement.
+
+"If food allergy is confirmed, understanding the management is also critical, including recognizing symptoms of anaphylaxis and how and when to use epinephrine," he added.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/food/food_88.txt b/food/food_88.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cda04c37d27e2e374a2e282e718f9d7f723c2003
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_88.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+Lab meat, also known as "in vitro" meat or clean meat, is grown from just a few stem cells taken from a living animal. The first lab-grown meat was consumed in 2013 at a news conference in London. It was a burger made by Mark Post, a pharmacologist at Maastricht University in the Netherlands, and the two tasters reported that it was a bit dry.
+
+In general, people are kind of grossed out about any sort of meat grown in the lab, researchers have found. A survey of potential lab-meat customers in the United States, published last year in the journal PLOS ONE, found that two-thirds of people would be willing to try the stuff, but only one-third could see themselves eating it regularly.
+
+"On average, people see clean meat as more ethical and environmental than farmed meat, but less natural, tasty and appealing," said study co-author Matti Wilks, a doctoral student in psychology at the University of Queensland, Australia. 
+
+Only 16 percent of respondents to Wilks' survey said they'd eat lab-grown meat if it were more expensive than typical meat, suggesting that people generally don't put too much monetary value on the ethical and environmental benefits of the product.
+
+That study found a very small number of people who reported that they'd be more willing to eat meat from animals like dogs, horses and cats if that meat were grown in the lab. But the numbers were so small they wouldn't be noticeable if scaled up to the whole population of consumers, Wilks told Live Science. What's more, she noted, the study found that vegetarians who already didn't eat meat were among the least likely to say they'd start eating meat if it were lab-grown. Similarly, people who don't see the appeal of cannibalism aren't likely to change their minds just because the meat was never part of a living person, she said.
+
+"I can't imagine that people who don't want to eat human meat now would suddenly feel motivated to eat human meat when produced via cellular agriculture," Wilks said. [7 Ways Food Needs to Change]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/food/food_89.txt b/food/food_89.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..963484922f4a8a4d0a819871e1ab03adcc2a77e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_89.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+Magnesium is the fourth most abundant mineral in the body after calcium, potassium and sodium, the researchers said. The element activates hundreds of enzymes that are involved in important biological reactions, including the enzymes that play a role in vitamin D metabolism, the review said.
+
+But many people don't get enough magnesium — a national survey from 2005-2006 found that about half of all Americans didn't consume enough magnesium, the review said. According to the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the recommended amount of magnesium is 400-420 milligrams per day for men, and 310-320 mg a day for women.
+
+Previous research has suggested that consuming magnesium can reduce the risk of vitamin D deficiency: A 2013 study found that people who consumed relatively high levels of magnesium were less likely to have low vitamin D levels, compared with people who didn't get enough magnesium.
+
+It may be that people who get enough magnesium require less vitamin D supplementation to reach adequate vitamin D levels, than they would if they didn't get enough magnesium, Razzaque said. "By consuming an optimal amount of magnesium, one may be able to lower the risks of vitamin D deficiency," he said.
+
+Some studies have also found that people with higher magnesium intakes have higher bone mineral density, and a lower risk of osteoporosis, compared with people with lower intakes of magnesium, the researchers said. However, more research is needed to see whether taking magnesium supplements can prevent or treat osteoporosis, according to the NIH.
+
+Foods high in magnesium include almonds, bananas, beans, broccoli, brown rice, cashews, egg yolk, fish oil, flaxseed, green vegetables, milk, mushrooms, other nuts, oatmeal, pumpkin seeds, sesame seeds, soybeans, sunflower seeds, sweet corn, tofu and whole grains, according to the review.
+
+It's important to note that if people take magnesium supplements, they should not consume more than the recommended amount, which is 350 milligrams per day for adults. (This limit is for supplements only. It may be lower than the recommended daily amount because the latter includes magnesium from food as well as supplements.) Too much magnesium from dietary supplements can cause diarrhea, nausea and abdominal cramping; and extremely high intakes can lead to irregular heartbeat and cardiac arrest, according to the NIH.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/food/food_9.txt b/food/food_9.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..91f4fa9970ac94704a2211e04b9521bbb134b1d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_9.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+--  ------------  --------------------------------
+       1           cup  almonds -- unblanched
+       1           cup  white flour -- unsifted
+     1/2           cup  whole-wheat flour
+     1/2           cup  turbinado sugar
+       1      teaspoon  baking soda
+       3         large  eggs
+     1/2      teaspoon  vanilla
+
+Roast almonds in a 350F oven for 10-15 minutes until lightly browned. Cool to room temperature.  Mix together dry ingredients in a large bowl reserving about 1 cup.  Lightly beat eggs and vanilla and add. Work mixture until dough coheres adding reserved dry ingredients if necessary. Add nuts and knead until they are evenly distributed. Divide into thirds and rest for a few minutes.  Then shape into slabs about 1" wide and 12-14" long.  Place on a lightly oiled cookie sheet and bake at 300F for 50 minutes. Cool on a rack for 5 minutes then cut diagonal bars 1/2" thick.  Lay the cookies on their sides and return to the oven for 50 minutes.  Store in a paper bag for 5-6 days before serving.  Yield: about 4 dozen.
+
+The result depends heavily on your mixing technique and on the flour you use.  If your first batch resembles a sack of small bricks, try (try) again.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/food/food_90.txt b/food/food_90.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e94a09efbe530aa9253793174f186b49f0248812
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_90.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Saturated fats are found in few vegetable oils (palm oil and palm kernel oil are two you’ll see listed in packaged foods), but they are found in many spreads and condiments, including butter, lard, cream cheese, shortening, and cream- or cheese-based salad dressings, as well as the skin on poultry, and in certain cuts of meat. While saturated fats have been thought in the past to contribute to heart disease, as well as inflammation that can make other conditions worse, recent information has made this issue less clear cut. So, although the jury is still out on whether saturated fats are really as bad as they were previously made out to be, it’s important to not go “butter crazy” and still practice moderation until more research is done.
+
+Trans fats are far and away the worst type of fat. Although meats and dairy products contain trace amounts of naturally-occurring trans fat, the large majority of trans fats in the US diet are man-made. These man-made trans fats are produced by adding hydrogen to vegetable oils and used in some baked goods and deep-fryer oils to extend shelf life. Trans fats raise your bad (LDL) cholesterol and lower your good (HDL) cholesterol, so they increase your risk of heart disease even more than saturated fats. They also raise your risk of type 2 diabetes and increase inflammation, which can worsen arthritis pain. Stick margarine typically contains trans fats and should therefore be avoided. However, many brands of soft tub margarine are now trans-fat free. To identify healthy spreads, make sure the label specifies 0 g trans fat and the ingredients panel does not list any hydrogenated oils.
+
+Other spreads include sterol and stanol spreads. Sterols and stanols are natural substances found in small amounts in the cell membranes of certain plants. Sterols and stanols have a structure similar to cholesterol. These compounds compete with cholesterol for access to receptors in the digestive tract, effectively blocking the absorption of dietary cholesterol and ultimately leading to lower blood cholesterol levels. Because you can’t get therapeutic doses from food alone, manufacturers have added concentrated amounts of sterols and stanols to certain heart-healthy spreads that taste and cook just like margarine. These spreads should be used only by people with cholesterol problems, who should consume no more than the recommended amount: two to three tablespoons per day. I suggest trying the light versions of these spreads to save calories.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/food/food_91.txt b/food/food_91.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..092b38f199373acac52c88349927d9a8d4568a9d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_91.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Fruits and vegetables are “juicy foods” that consist mostly of water, but they also provide a variety of vitamins, minerals, phytonutrients, and a good amount of fiber that helps fill you up. Juice is another story. When whole produce is processed into juice most of the fiber is lost and you’re left with a less nutritious end product. And consider this: It takes a couple minutes to eat a 60-calorie orange but only a couple seconds to guzzle down a 110-calorie glass of OJ.
+
+Fruit juice, in particular, is a highly concentrated source of fruit sugar. This can raise your blood sugar quickly, and that’s why juice is not recommended for people with type 2 diabetes. Individuals with high triglycerides should avoid fruit juice as well, as its concentrated simple sugars can raise triglyceride levels even higher. Fruit drinks — not to be confused with 100 percent juices — are an even worse choice because they contain added sugars and less nutrition. Because both fruit juices and fruit drinks are calorie-dense and low in fiber, people trying to lose or manage weight should dramatically limit their intake and choose fresh, filling whole fruit instead.
+
+Vegetables are naturally lower in sugar than fruit, which means freshly made vegetable juice is lower in calories than fruit juice and can be a helpful way to “squeeze” more produce into your diet. However, bottled and canned vegetable and tomato juices are not generally recommended as they contain high amounts of sodium, which increases your risk of hypertension.
+
+While it’s better to get your nutrients and fiber from whole vegetable and fruit sources, juice does still contain vitamins and minerals. For example, certain juices are high in vitamin C and contain folate and minerals such as potassium. Some juices, like orange juice, may also be fortified with calcium. If you are going to drink juice, look for 100 percent juice that doesn’t have any added sugar or sodium. You can also make your own fresh squeezed or pressed juices at home. And you may want to consider diluting your beverage with water or calorie-free seltzer to cut calories and sugar.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/food/food_92.txt b/food/food_92.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9967cd946e9f48fc184ee64f84710824a68e9fad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_92.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+The vitamin C in some juices is largely responsible for the health of collagen, a protein that helps maintain healthy skin and cartilage. Eating and drinking vitamin C–rich fruits and vegetables will help replenish your skin’s vitamin C stores and enhance its natural beauty. Vitamin C also aids in joint flexibility and maintenance of healthy hair. Lastly, vitamin C may help prevent cataracts and macular degeneration.
+
+Some juices are fortified with the mineral calcium, which helps keep your bones healthy. Juices that contain calcium may be able to help lower blood pressure, reduce your risk of cardiovascular disease and prevent osteoporosis. Calcium may also help alleviate PMS cramping. Juices rich in potassium may further help prevent osteoporosis by forming osteocalcin, a protein found only in the bone. Drinking potassium-rich juice can also help keep blood pressure low.
+
+B vitamins like folate may reduce your risk of cardiovascular disease, slow age-related memory decline, and help maintain healthy hair. Folate also contributes to the production of serotonin, so it may help ward off depression and improve mood.
+
+Aside from being a potential weight-loss buster, certain varieties of juice (mainly citrus juices) can trigger migraines in people who are sensitive. IBS sufferers take note: Some people with IBS are sensitive to sources of concentrated sugar like fruit juice and experience discomfort after eating them.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/food/food_93.txt b/food/food_93.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..982bc81f4d312b3c61fc6d255065f188ce00abbd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_93.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+Compared with diets high in refined grains, diets rich in nutritious whole grains reduce your risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and high blood pressure. On the flip side, the diet high in refined grains can contribute to high triglycerides and increase inflammation throughout the body, which may worsen symptoms of arthritis. Refined grains may also stand in the way of weight loss; because they are low in fiber, they’re not as filling as whole grains and are much easier to overeat.
+
+White bread, regular pasta, and other products made with “enriched wheat flour” or “all-purpose flour” are wheat-based and therefore contain gluten, so they should be avoided by people with celiac disease. In fact, all versions (including healthy whole-grain varieties) of wheat, rye, and barley contain gluten and must be avoided by people with celiac. If you have celiac disease, specifically choose gluten-free, whole grains like wild and brown rice, quinoa, amaranth, buckwheat, and whole corn and packaged foods made with these ingredients (and as an extra measure of precaution, be sure to check package labels).
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/food/food_94.txt b/food/food_94.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..29280794eebf983ee5dc446f9b3cdd0d62162f6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_94.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+Starchy vegetables are high-quality carbohydrates that are rich in vitamins, minerals, and fiber. Unlike poor-quality carbs, such as white bread, regular pasta, and other refined-grain products, starchy vegetables like sweet and white potatoes, winter squash, peas, and corn offer ample nutrition and are a great addition to your diet when prepared in a healthy way. That said, starchy vegetables are higher in calories than nonstarchy vegetables (like leafy greens, green beans, broccoli, cauliflower, peppers, cucumbers, carrots, mushrooms, and celery), so it’s important to moderate your portions, especially if you’re trying to lose weight. Because of their high starch content, starchy vegetables raise blood-sugar levels more than nonstarchy types, so individuals with diabetes need to be especially careful about limiting their intake.
+
+Starchy vegetables are a good source of fiber. A high-fiber diet aids in weight loss and weight management since fiber fills you up quickly and staves off hunger. Moderate portions of starchy vegetables at meals (such as half a baked potato or half a cup of corn, peas, or winter squash) are a nutritious addition to any weight-loss plan. Eating a diet rich in fiber can also help lower cholesterol and reduce the risk of heart disease and stroke.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/food/food_95.txt b/food/food_95.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..766e9b6b9ff27b32e0a5048968c165bc6fd3be4d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_95.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Caffeine is a natural chemical that activates the central nervous system, which means that it revs up nerves and thought processes. Regular caffeine consumption, from coffee and/or tea, has been shown to increase short-term focus and alertness, as well as long-term memory. Although most people enjoy caffeine’s “revved up” effect, some people are caffeine-sensitive and are left feeling jittery or ill after ingesting a dose. If you fall into the second group, you’ll want to eliminate caffeinated beverages or adjust your intake to match your personal tolerance. Those with sleeping problems or insomnia may need to stop drinking caffeinated beverages up to eight hours before bedtime (or omit entirely).
+
+Additionally, caffeinated beverages can sometimes trigger migraine headaches in people who are sensitive. And IBS sufferers take note: Some people with IBS become symptomatic after ingesting caffeinated coffee or tea.
+
+Caffeine may also have some adverse effects on women just before their menstrual cycles. Some research suggests that the effects of caffeine become magnified for women when they are premenstrual. Caffeine may exacerbate PMS symptoms and cause greater breast tenderness, nervousness, and irritability. If this is true for you, switch to herbal teas or decaffeinated beverages at this time in your cycle.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/food/food_96.txt b/food/food_96.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0e24f7916e3b4c7bd6a01869171f0c9e33aedfb8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_96.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Chocolate contains powerful antioxidants called flavonoids, as well as some magnesium. These nutrients may help lower blood pressure and reduce your risk of heart disease and stroke.
+
+Dark chocolate is the most nutritious form of chocolate. Compared with milk chocolate, it contains more than double the amount of heart-healthy flavonoids. Milk chocolate has another strike against it: The added milk it contains may reduce the body’s ability to absorb the beneficial flavonoids. To enjoy the delicious taste of chocolate and receive the benefits of flavonoids, choose a dark-chocolate variety that contains at least 70 percent cacao, or cocoa.
+
+Dark chocolate’s potential health benefits certainly don’t give you a free pass to overindulge, though. You’ll still need to watch your portions. That’s because even dark chocolate contains calories, fat, and sugar that will lead to weight gain if you overdo it, so be strategic about incorporating this treat into your diet. The best dark-chocolate varieties contain only one type of fat — cocoa butter — and do not contain added palm oil, coconut oil, or milk fat. Technically, they’re all saturated fats, but cocoa butter has a neutral effect on cholesterol levels, so it won’t raise your blood cholesterol the way other saturated fats will.
+
+Try sticking with one-ounce, snack-sized portions, and be sure to account for an extra 150 calories in your daily calorie allotment. You may also enjoy a cup of low-fat hot cocoa (typically less than 100 calories per cup) or a cup of soy milk with one tablespoon of chocolate syrup or powder. These beverages are rich in calcium and can help maintain strong bones. Unsweetened cocoa powder can be used as a flavoring in lower-calorie dessert recipes as well. I often include it as an ingredient in my recipes like Chocolate-Hazelnut Biscotti, Chocolate Angel Food Cake, and Warm Dark Chocolate Sauce with Fresh Fruit. Unsweetened cocoa powder is also a gluten-free food, so if you have celiac disease, it’s perfectly safe to use.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/food/food_97.txt b/food/food_97.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..01048b1fc8d37d3134b0545f9dde91bbd40b8552
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_97.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Cheese is a great source of protein and calcium. Since protein curbs hunger and keeps you feeling satisfied after meals and snacks, cheese can help you to lose weight. As part of a well-rounded nutrition plan, the protein in cheese can slow down the absorption of carbohydrates eaten at the same meal or snack and therefore help balance your blood-sugar levels and improve mood as well.
+
+The calcium in cheese can help keep your teeth and bones strong and guard against osteoporosis. In women, it can also offer some relief from PMS symptoms. Cheese contains additional nutrients like zinc and biotin. Zinc has several functions in the body: It aids in tissue growth and repair, prevents and treats macular degeneration, protects your skin, and helps keep your nails strong. Both zinc and biotin are also important for hair health.
+
+The problem with cheese is that it’s often high in saturated fat, which in excess can increase your risk of cardiovascular disease, high cholesterol, arthritis, and memory loss. It can also derail your weight-loss efforts since full-fat cheese is higher in calories, as well as saturated fat. Look for cheeses that are reduced-fat and fat-free to take advantage of the nutritional benefits of cheese without any of these disadvantages. And watch out for sodium too! Cheese can contain a lot of sodium, which is especially problematic if you’re concerned about your blood pressure. Read the labels and seek out cheeses that are low in sodium.
+
+The dairy in cheese makes it a trigger for some IBS sufferers. Aged cheeses are also common triggers for those who suffer from migraines. People with celiac disease must check all cheese labels carefully, as some cheeses — including all blue cheeses — are made with bread mold.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/food/food_98.txt b/food/food_98.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a02f7e0c3a06072da2d211b162a2a72bd37adc28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_98.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Fish and shellfish are both great sources of lean protein. Protein helps fill you up and keep you feeling satisfied, which in turn aids your weight-loss goals by making you less likely to snack on high-calorie fallback foods between meals. Protein also helps keep blood-sugar levels steady, which improves mood and protects against type 2 diabetes.
+
+Some fish and shellfish are high in vitamins and minerals like selenium, vitamin B12, niacin, iron, and zinc. The selenium in seafood is an antioxidant that can help manage arthritis and maintain healthy skin, while vitamin B12 may help reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and slow memory decline. Niacin is a B vitamin that may aid in cataract prevention. Iron-rich clams, oysters, and shrimp can help maintain healthy hair. The zinc in oysters and crab can also contribute to healthy hair and beautiful skin, while reducing the risk of macular degeneration.
+
+Some shellfish are high in dietary cholesterol and therefore should be eaten in moderation by individuals with elevated LDL-cholesterol levels (if you have high cholesterol, speak with your physician about how much you should be eating).
+
+Fish that is cured, smoked, canned, or pickled is typically high in sodium and should be avoided by people with high blood pressure. And if you suffer from migraines, be aware that these same fish varieties, which include anchovies, caviar, lox, pickled herring, and sardines, are also potential migraine triggers.
+
+ 
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/food/food_99.txt b/food/food_99.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9bc1a9d628dbf93e82d58e122610162c77b364db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/food/food_99.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+As a general rule, you should aim to eat at least five servings of vegetables daily (that’s about 2 1/2 cups of cooked vegetables), and that includes leafy greens. As long as they’re prepared in a healthy way, leafy greens, like other nonstarchy vegetables, are a great addition to your diet and offer countless health benefits.
+
+Leafy greens are full of vitamins, minerals, and disease-fighting phytochemicals. They are rich in fiber, an important nutrient for weight loss and maintenance because it keeps you feeling full and helps control your hunger. Fiber can also lower cholesterol and blood pressure, and help to temper blood-sugar swings by slowing the absorption of carbohydrates into your bloodstream after meals. This lowers your risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Leafy greens also contain a lot of water, which helps keep you hydrated and contributes to beautiful skin and hair.
+
+Some leafy greens, like collards and kale, are particularly rich in calcium, which helps keep your teeth and bones strong and reduces your overall risk for osteoporosis. Calcium also contributes to muscle function and blood-pressure management. Leafy greens contain potassium as well, which further protects against osteoporosis and helps manage blood-pressure levels.
+
+The antioxidants like vitamin C, lutein, and zeaxanthin that are contained in leafy greens may help reduce your risk of cataracts and macular degeneration. Vitamin C helps the body make collagen too; collagen is a major component of cartilage that aids in joint flexibility, may reduce your risk of arthritis, and keeps your skin and hair healthy and beautiful. Research shows vitamin C may also slow bone loss and decrease the risk of fractures.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_1.txt b/graphics/graphics_1.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e542820e2f5c08c88d46efa1094cae12fb0443ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_1.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+			Tuesday, June 22, 1993
+	    Carderock Division, Naval Surface Warfare Center
+	      (formerly the David Taylor Research Center)
+			  Bethesda, Maryland
+SPONSOR: NESS (Navy Engineering Software System) is sponsoring a 
+one-day Navy Scientific Visualization and Virtual Reality Seminar.  
+The purpose of the seminar is to present and exchange information for
+Navy-related scientific visualization and virtual reality programs, 
+research, developments, and applications.
+PRESENTATIONS: Presentations are solicited on all aspects of 
+Navy-related scientific visualization and virtual reality.  All 
+current work, works-in-progress, and proposed work by Navy 
+organizations will be considered.  Four types of presentations are 
+available.
+     1. Regular presentation: 20-30 minutes in length
+     2. Short presentation: 10 minutes in length
+     3. Video presentation: a stand-alone videotape (author need not 
+	attend the seminar)
+     4. Scientific visualization or virtual reality demonstration (BYOH)
+Accepted presentations will not be published in any proceedings, 
+however, viewgraphs and other materials will be reproduced for 
+seminar attendees.
+ABSTRACTS: Authors should submit a one page abstract and/or videotape to:
+     Robert Lipman
+     Naval Surface Warfare Center, Carderock Division
+     Code 2042
+     Bethesda, Maryland  20084-5000
+     E-MAIL  lipman@oasys.dt.navy.mil
+Authors should include the type of presentation, their affiliations, 
+addresses, telephone and FAX numbers, and addresses.  Multi-author 
+papers should designate one point of contact.
+DEADLINES: The abstact submission deadline is April 30, 1993.  
+Notification of acceptance will be sent by May 14, 1993.  
+Materials for reproduction must be received by June 1, 1993.
+For further information, contact Robert Lipman at the above address.
+Robert Lipman                     | Internet: lipman@oasys.dt.navy.mil
+David Taylor Model Basin - CDNSWC |       or: lip@ocean.dt.navy.mil
+Computational Signatures and      | Voicenet: (301) 227-3618
+   Structures Group, Code 2042    | Factsnet: (301) 227-5753
+Bethesda, Maryland  20084-5000    | Phishnet: stockings@long.legs
+The sixth sick shiek's sixth sheep's sick.
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_10.txt b/graphics/graphics_10.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7929c7583ec5d6ee809e7f32d8cd51ab53a73197
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_10.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+Hello everybody !
+If you are using PIXAR'S RenderMan 3D scene description language for creating 3D worlds, please, help me. 
+I'm using RenderMan library on my NeXT but there is no documentation about NeXTSTEP version of RenderMan available. I can create very complicated scenes and render them using surface shaders, 
+but I can not bring them to life by applying shadows and reflections.
+As far as I understand I have to define environmental and shadows maps to produce reflections and shadows, but I do not know how to use them.
+Any advises or simple RIB or C examples will be appreciated.
+Thanks in advance...
+Alex Kolesov                             Moscow, Russia.
+Talus Imaging & Communications Corporation
+e-mail: <alex@talus.msk.su> 		(NeXT mail accepted)  			   
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_100.txt b/graphics/graphics_100.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6c0118f1ad7630dab5c393697042b6ddc3b9cab8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_100.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+I need help in creating my 4x4 perspective matrix.  I'd like to use this for
+transforming x, y, z, w in some texture mapping code I got from Graphics Gems
+I.  I have many books which talk about this, but none of them in simple plain
+english.  If you have Graphics Gems I, I'm talking about page 678.
+I'd like to have a perspective matrix that handles different field-of-views
+and aspect of course.  Thank's for your help.
+Yes, of course everything I say is my personal opinion!
+      Robert J.C. Kyanko     (rob@rjck.oau.org or rob@rjck.UUCP)
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_11.txt b/graphics/graphics_11.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..48b650e35619790ed34a76d7a0ab480668b198e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_11.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+In article <1pp991$t63@cc.tut.fi>, jk87377@lehtori.cc.tut.fi (Kouhia Juhana)
+writes:
+>In article <1993Apr5.040819.14943@kpc.com> hollasch@kpc.com (Steve
+>Hollasch) writes:
+>>    I think you're proposal would work to get an extra one, maybe two extra
+>>bits of color resolution.  However, if you had a display that chould do only
+>>zero or full intensity for each primary, I don't think you'd get great
+>>equivalent 24-bit photographs.
+>I have not suggested to do so; I wrote about problems, and the problem
+>were clearly visible with 7 bit b&w images; not to mention 24 bit images.
+[ description of experiment deleted ]
+>If the 1 bit images are viewed quickly and in sync with screen,
+>then 100 intensities could be better than we have -- I dunno.
+[ more deleted ]
+>In any case, getting black color with slow machines is problem.
+>I could try it on our 8 bit screens but I don't know how to
+>render pixels with X in constant time. I recall our double buffer
+>has other image color and one b&w -- that doesn't help either.
+>Maybe I should dump photos to screen with low level code; how?
+A few years ago a friend and I took some 256 grey-level photos from
+a 1 bit Mac Plus screen using this method. Displaying all 256 levels
+synchronized to the 60Hz display took about 10 seconds. After
+experimenting with different aperture settings and screen
+brightnesses we found a range that worked well, giving respectable
+contrast. The quality of the images was pretty good. There were no
+visible contrast bands.
+To minimize the exposure time the display program built 255
+different 1 bit frames. The first contained a dot only for pixels
+that had value 255, the second only for pixels that had value 254,
+etc. These frames were stored using a sparse data structure that was
+very fast to 'or' onto the screen in sequence. Creating these
+frames sometimes took 5-10 minutes on that old Mac, but the camera
+shutter was closed during that time anyway. And yes, we wrote
+directly to the screen memory. Mea culpa.
+Our biggest problem was that small images were displayed in the
+top left corner of the screen instead of the center. It took
+an extra week to have the film developed and printed, because the
+processors took the trouble to manually move the all images into
+the center of the print. Who'd have guessed?
+regards,
+Jon Rowlands
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_12.txt b/graphics/graphics_12.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8d30cf93aa24cf5b82aa663b328a5d51ae603372
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_12.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+In article <C51C4r.BtG@csc.ti.com> rowlands@hc.ti.com (Jon Rowlands) writes:
+>A few years ago a friend and I took some 256 grey-level photos from
+>a 1 bit Mac Plus screen using this method. Displaying all 256 levels
+>synchronized to the 60Hz display took about 10 seconds.
+Why didn't you create 8 grey-level images, and display them for
+1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128... time slices?
+This requires the same total exposure time, and the same precision in
+timing, but drastically reduces the image-preparation time, no?
+Kenneth Sloan                   Computer and Information Sciences
+sloan@cis.uab.edu               University of Alabama at Birmingham
+(205) 934-2213                  115A Campbell Hall, UAB Station 
+(205) 934-5473 FAX              Birmingham, AL 35294-1170
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_13.txt b/graphics/graphics_13.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..eebc6f99ec802cb03ec2ef7a5584ed71f4ae2f5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_13.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+In article <h1p4s4g@zola.esd.sgi.com> erik@westworld.esd.sgi.com (Erik Fortune) writes:
+>> better than CDI
+>*Much* better than CDI.
+Of course, I do not agree.  It does have more horsepower.  Horsepower is not
+the only measurement for 'better'.  It does not have full motion, full screen
+video yet.  Does it have CD-ROM XA?
+>> starting in the 4 quarter of 1993
+>The first 3DO "multiplayer" will be manufactured by panasonic and will be 
+>available late this year.   A number of other manufacturers are reported to 
+>have 3DO compatible boxes in the works.
+Which other manufacturers?
+We shall see about the date.
+>All this information is third hand or so and worth what you paid for it:-).
+This is second hand, but it still hard to look to the future ;-).
+Lex van Sonderen
+lex@aimla.com
+Philips Interactive Media
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_14.txt b/graphics/graphics_14.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b74212728f6bbb8966bec42557523bf0cddb7f16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_14.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+I am currently looking for a 3D graphics library that runs on MS
+Windows 3.1.  Are there any such libraries out there other than
+Visuallib?  (It must run on VGA and should not require any other
+add-on graphics cards).
+For Visuallib, will it run with Metaware High C compiler v3.0?  Any
+email contact for the author of Visuallib?
+Any help would be much appreciated.  Thanks.
+* Chua, Teck Joo	    | Information Technology Institute *
+* Email: teckjoo@iti.gov.sg | 71 Science Park Drive	       *
+* Phone: (65) 772-0237 	    | Singapore (0511)		       *
+* Fax:   (65) 779-1827      |			   	       *
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_15.txt b/graphics/graphics_15.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1cca90c6146a60b246d0478d33a29b4aa75a496b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_15.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+kazsato@twics.co.jp writes:
+>Hi,
+>I'd like to know if there is any system (CPU + HD array + framebuffer)
+>which can play and record HDTV quality moving picture in realtime.
+>HDTV has about 6MB/frame, so recording/playing moving picture will need
+>about 180MB/sec bandwidth. I'm thinking to treat the raw data.. not
+>compressed. 
+Finding a disk array that can do 180MB/sec. will be difficult. The fastest
+ones I know about are from Maximum Strategy (IBM also sells these). They
+can attach HiPPI at up to 144 MB/sec. (64 bit). For these kinds of data
+rates you need more than SCSI for connections. Their latest model, the
+RAID 5 model Gen 4 only does 90 MB/sec. but I think this may be a
+limitation only of the HiPPI channel and that customer needs have not
+exceeded that speed since their older model was faster. They are also not
+idle (must be working on newer products that might be faster) and are a
+small company so you might be able to ask about custom interfaces. They
+still marketed the older, faster model as of a few mongths ago.
+Maximum Strategy, Inc.
+801 Buckeye Court
+Milpitas, CA 95035-7408
+sales@maxstrat.com
+You might still want to look into compression as it will be very difficult
+to keep the HiPPI bus fully working at all times - sustained throughput
+might come close to maximum burst rate.
+Interesting problem. Tell us more if you can?
+>If anyone can advise me what kind of product I should look into, please
+>e-mail me. I will appriciate it. The vendor's e-mail address, price of
+>the products, actual performance data of the products, any info will 
+>help me.
+>Thanks in advance,
+>Kaz Sato, Tokyo, Japan
+>e-mail: kazsato@twics.co.jp
+          Dick Wilmot
+          Editor, Independent RAID Report
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_16.txt b/graphics/graphics_16.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3981c284039bfca36071dcfa5b1bc1ed90437125
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_16.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+In article <C51Eyz.4Ix@optimla.aimla.com> lex@optimla.aimla.com (Lex van Sonderen) writes:
+>In article <h1p4s4g@zola.esd.sgi.com> erik@westworld.esd.sgi.com (Erik Fortune) writes:
+>>> better than CDI
+>>*Much* better than CDI.
+>Of course, I do not agree.  It does have more horsepower.  Horsepower is not
+>the only measurement for 'better'.  It does not have full motion, full screen
+>video yet.  Does it have CD-ROM XA?
+>>> starting in the 4 quarter of 1993
+>>The first 3DO "multiplayer" will be manufactured by panasonic and will be 
+>>available late this year.   A number of other manufacturers are reported to 
+>>have 3DO compatible boxes in the works.
+>Which other manufacturers?
+>We shall see about the date.
+A 3DO marketing rep. recently offered a Phillips marketing rep. a $100
+bet that 3DO would have boxes on the market on schedule.  The Phillips
+rep. declined the bet, probably because he knew that 3DO players are
+already in pre-production manufacturing runs, 6 months before the
+commercial release date.
+By the time of commercial release, there will be other manufacturers of
+3DO players announced and possibly already tooling up production.  Chip
+sets will be in full production.  The number of software companies
+designing titles for the box will be over 300.
+How do I know this?  I was at a bar down the road from 3DO headquarters
+last week.  Some folks were bullshitting a little too loudly about
+company business.
+>>All this information is third hand or so and worth what you paid for it:-).
+>This is second hand, but it still hard to look to the future ;-).
+>Lex van Sonderen
+>lex@aimla.com
+>Philips Interactive Media
+ What an impartial source!
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_17.txt b/graphics/graphics_17.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0acc83fae85d910ae6463893c6209b3caad3f178
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_17.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Learn Graphic Design and Launch Your Own Business
+Become your own boss when you learn professional graphic design skills.
+Looking to make a creative, productive change in your career this year? Learn graphic design. Designers are in near-constant demand in practically all industries for web projects, marketing campaigns, sales decks, and much, much more. When you have the skills to work in virtually any industry on virtually any project, you have the utmost flexibility to set your own schedule and be your own boss. Sounds nice, right? But, of course, you need to know design. The School of Graphic Design Mastery Bundle can get you started on the right foot.
+
+This 7-course, 40-hour bundle starts with the absolute basics of graphic design and slowly progresses to help you get familiar with design theory and the most popular tools that designers use. You'll get a crash course in the entire Adobe Creative Cloud, including Photoshop, Illustrator, and XD, and learn how to apply those tools in a productive process. You'll even get some more high-touch training in Photoshop and Illustrator to manipulate photos and create logos from scratch.
+
+It's the kind of comprehensive training that can launch a career. Sold separately, these courses would cost $1,400 but you can get them bundled together for just $39 today.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_18.txt b/graphics/graphics_18.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1c902df769544f4e0df984835c51f2cddde7b13f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_18.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Hi,
+I'm interested in writing a program to generate a SIRD picture, you know
+the stereogram where you cross your eyes and the picture becomes 3D.
+Does anyone have one or know where I can get one?
+Please e-mail to steveq@sndcrft.DIALix.oz.au with any replies.
+Many thanks for your help.
+Steve Q.
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_19.txt b/graphics/graphics_19.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a1825344e029f4f10fbc52bac5c37398f09748b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_19.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+	Does anybody know if there are any good 2d-graphics packages
+	available for IBM RS/6000 & AIX ? I'm looking for something
+	like DEC's GKS or Hewlett-Packards Starbase, both of which
+	have reasonably good support for different output devices
+	like plotters, terminals, X etc.
+	I have tried also xgks from X11 distribution and IBM's implementation
+	of Phigs. Both of them work but we require more output devices
+	than just X-windows.
+	Our salesman at IBM was not very familiar with graphics and
+	I am not expecting for any good solutions from there.
+		Ari
+	Ari Suutari			ari@carel.fi
+	Carelcomp Oy
+	Lappeenranta
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_2.txt b/graphics/graphics_2.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8215702935e3bcd16b3835ff1c4260660c20fd18
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_2.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Craft a Compelling Marketing Strategy Without Hiring a Designer
+Master the Adobe Creative Cloud and save money on your next ad campaign.
+The internet is incredibly competitive for businesses. To stand out, you need a great marketing strategy and compelling, engaging branding and design. For many small businesses, hiring a growth marketer and a graphic designer can be an expense that's just a little too steep to make. So, why not do it yourself? The All-in-One Adobe Creative Cloud Suite Certification Bundle can help.
+This extensive, eight-course bundle will introduce you to the Adobe Creative Cloud, the leading creative software suite for professionals. You'll get a crash course in some of the platform's most popular tools, including Photoshop, Lightroom, After Effects, Illustrator, InDesign, XD, and Premiere Pro, gaining the kind of comprehensive education you'll need to tackle virtually any project. Many of the courses are project-based, too, helping you learn how to develop a well-designed marketing strategy by actually doing it. You'll learn how to create a logo, social media posts, presentations, and even videos in as little as ten minutes. By the end of the bundle, you'll have a complete creative education that will help you create compelling ads and designs that can make your brand shine.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_20.txt b/graphics/graphics_20.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8bd334791639d5c9b5bbd4d8f3ad6c35f3870206
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_20.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+mars@ixos.de (Martin Stein) writes:
+#I use xwd/xpr (from the X11R5 dist.) and various programs of the
+#ppm-tools to print hardcopies of colored X windows. My problem is,
+I don't like xpr. It gives (at least, the X11R4 version does) louzy
+output: the hardcopy looks very grainy to me.
+Instead, I use pnmtops. This takes full advantage PostScript, and
+lets the printer do the dirty job of dithering a (graylevel)
+image to black and white dots.
+So: if you have a PostScript printer, try:
+	xwdtopnm <xwdfile> |	# convert to PPM
+	[ppmtopgm |]		# .. to graylevel for smaller file to print
+	pnmtops -noturn |	# .. to PostScript
+	lpr			# print
+pnmtops Has several neat options, but use them with care:
+If you want your image to be 4" wide, use:
+	pnmtops -noturn -scale 100 -width 4
+-noturn Prevents the image from being rotated (if it is wider than it
+	is high)
+-width 4 Specifies the PAPER width (not the image width - see below)
+-scale 100 Is used because if the image is small, it may fit within a
+	width less than 4", and will thus be printed smaller than 4" wide.
+	If you first scale it up a lot, it will certainly not fit in 4", and
+	will be scaled down by pnmtops automatically to fit the specified
+	paper width. 
+	In short: pnmtops will scale an image down to fit the paper size,
+	but it will not blow it up automatically.
+Hope this helps.
+Marcel.
+ X	   Marcel Wijkstra   AIO   (wijkstra@fwi.uva.nl)
+|X|	     Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science	
+ X	       University of Amsterdam   The Netherlands
+======Life stinks. Fortunately, I've got a cold.========
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_21.txt b/graphics/graphics_21.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1d01d86393f9e167cfacbb11650b94dbd7d97112
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_21.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+In article <1993Apr6.011605.909@cis.uab.edu> sloan@cis.uab.edu
+(Kenneth Sloan) writes:
+>Why didn't you create 8 grey-level images, and display them for
+>1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128... time slices?
+By '8 grey level images' you mean 8 items of 1bit images?
+It does work(!), but it doesn't work if you have more than 1bit
+in your screen and if the screen intensity is non-linear.
+With 2 bit per pixel; there could be 1*c_1 + 4*c_2 timing,
+this gives 16 levels, but they are linear if screen intensity is
+linear.
+With 1*c_1 + 2*c_2 it works, but we have to find the best
+compinations -- there's 10 levels, but 16 choises; best 10 must be
+chosen. Different compinations for the same level, varies a bit, but
+the levels keeps their order.
+Readers should verify what I wrote... :-)
+Juhana Kouhia
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_22.txt b/graphics/graphics_22.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7849095b1c1d8ffc2ac8fbc055bf5ed77a310654
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_22.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+I can't find CTDS (Connect The Dots Smoother) in France. If it is a commercial
+program I'll happily pay whatever it may cost (do not take it litterally).
+Please help!
+I have *LOTS* of PoV sources, texture images and animations though, if you
+are looking for something, just tell.
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_23.txt b/graphics/graphics_23.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..06b47801152becfbf0b5505b80ed09a2fd04492f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_23.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+Actually I am trying to write something like this but I encounter some
+problems, amongst them:
+- drawing a 3d wireframe view of a quadric/quartic requires that you have
+the explicit equation of the quadric/quartic (x, y, z functions of some
+parameters). How to convert the implicit equation used by PoV to an
+explicit one? Is it mathematically always possible?
+I don't have enough math to find out by myself, has anybody heard about
+useful books on the subject?
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_24.txt b/graphics/graphics_24.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2e181d63ee543639b031cbdc4b858074d903e8ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_24.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+Start a Creative Side Hustle With These Graphic Design Courses
+Become your own boss when you learn graphic design.
+Looking for a change? Whether you want more creative inspiration, independence, or professional flexibility, graphic design gives you the opportunity to do it all. Graphic designers are in high demand in virtually every industry to help with branding, marketing materials, building websites, and much more. Professional graphic designers can set their own hours and work only on what inspires them. Not a bad life, right? If it sounds like it might be for you but you're not sure where to start, The School of Graphic Design Mastery Bundle can help.
+
+This 7-course, 40-hour bundle will take you from absolute novice to a strong foundation from which you can launch a career. Here's what you get:
+
+Graphic Design Master Class: Beginner - Get started with design theory, key tools, and more.
+Graphic Design Master Class: Intermediate - Advance your knowledge into logo design, social media, and more.
+Adobe CC Master Class: Photoshop, Illustrator, Adobe XD, InDesign - Learn the most essential tools of the graphic design repertoire.
+Graphic Design Mastery: The Branding & Design Process - Understand how corporate branding works.
+Photoshop Manipulation & Editing Masterclass - Become a master at editing and retouching photos in Photoshop.
+The Complete Graphic Design Theory for Beginners Course - Explore the principles of color and other core graphic design theory.
+Logo Design Mastery In Adobe Illustrator - Get a step-by-step introduction to designing logos in Illustrator.
+Sold separately, these courses would run you $1,400. However, you can enroll in The School of Graphic Design Mastery Bundle for just $39 today.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_25.txt b/graphics/graphics_25.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..eed3592efff617f3cb96518706f8de71e8f2d46c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_25.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+I require BGI drivers for Super VGA Displays and Super XVGA Displays. Does 
+anyone know where I could obtain the relevant drivers ? (FTP sites ??)
+	Regards
+		Simon Crowe
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_26.txt b/graphics/graphics_26.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8a97270327c8bffc99f1d9712590b5c83351a2c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_26.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+>>>kjb/MGL/uvesa32.zip
+>>>This is a universal VESA driver.  It supports most video
+>>>boards/chipsets (include the Speedstar-24 and -24X) up to
+>>>24 bit color.
+>>>Terry
+>>>P.S.  I've tried it on a Speedstar-24 and -24X and it works. :)
+>>Not with all software. :( For instance it doesn't work at all with
+>>Animator Pro from Autodesk. It can't detect ANY SVGA modes when 
+>>running UniVESA. This is really a problem as we need a VESA driver
+>>for both AA Pro and some hi-color stuff. :(
+>Just out of curiosity... Are you using the latest version (3.2)?  Versions
+>previous to this did not fill in all of the capabilities bits and other
+>information correctly.  I had problems with a lot of software until I got
+>this version.  (I don't think the author got around to posting an 
+>announcementof it (or at least I missed it), but 3.2 was available in the 
+>directory indicated as of 3/29.)
+I sure did use version 3.2. It works fine with most software but NOT
+with Animator Pro and that one is quite important to me. Pretty
+useless program without that thing working IMHO.
+So I hope the author can fix that.
+/Daniel...
+!!      Daniel Falk          \\  " Don't quote me! No comments! "          !! 
+!!      ^^^^^^ ^^^^           \\               Ebenezum the Great Wizard   !! 
+!!      d91-fad@tekn.hj.se     \\                                          !!
+!!      d91fad@hjds90.hj.se    //  Also known as the mega-famous musician  !!
+!!      Jkpg, Sweeeeeden...    \\         Leinad of The Yellow Ones        !!
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_27.txt b/graphics/graphics_27.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..746b00522d36c9a6715815ddaebd24441e5882da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_27.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+This Design Platform Is Great for Small Businesses
+Cut out costly contract fees on designers and handle your design needs in-house.
+Graphic design is an essential aspect of any marketing campaign or emerging business. You can't brand a business without design tools. When you're starting a business, contracting designers for a website, marketing materials, flyers, a logo, and countless other business expenses can add up fast. At some point, you have to be willing to take on some of the creative challenges yourself. Design Wizard Pro can help.
+
+This simple, seamless graphic design software makes it easy to spice up your marketing and social media initiatives. With Design Wizard Pro, you can upload your own fonts, photos, logos, and create custom palettes to give you a workspace that features all of the design tools that are relevant to your brand. Plus, their library has over 1 million premium images and thousands of high-quality videos, illustrations, graphics, and more to help you find exactly what you're looking for. Their entire library is licensed for commercial use and resizes between formats automatically so you're good to use them on all of your channels.
+
+Find out why Design Wizard has received 4.5-star ratings from Capterra and AppSumo. A lifetime subscription is available now for just $39.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_28.txt b/graphics/graphics_28.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5a7f4b34416a7a0d39626b08ee38058518a80db6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_28.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Become an In-Demand Marketing Designer with This $29 Bootcamp
+This five-part training will help you master the techniques of design for both print and web.
+Posters. Flyers. Logos. Brochures. Gift certificates. Instagram ads. These are just some of the designs you need to market a business. And if you want to stand out from competitors and catch the eye of your target audience, they'd better be impressive.
+
+Good design converts, and if you want to be armed with visual techniques that drive sales, the Ultimate Graphic Design Bootcamp Certification Bundle comes packed with over 18 hours of training to help you master the techniques of graphic design. You can pick it up on sale for 96% off.
+
+Across five comprehensive courses, this online course bundle will give you a clearer understanding of the foundations and principles of graphic design. You will get to grips with what makes a design stand out, which will then help you create at a higher level (and score the job or promotion you've been eyeing). You'll also learn how to navigate and create projects using the big three design apps — Photoshop, Illustrator, and InDesign — as well as get familiarized with the tested and proven design techniques needed to create pixel-perfect projects for print and web.
+
+Usually $925, the Ultimate Graphic Design Bootcamp Certification Bundle is on sale now for $29 — a savings of 96 percent.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_29.txt b/graphics/graphics_29.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1cadcdc39998b659b70b81ee215bb731699a5826
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_29.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+Learn Adobe Photoshop, Illustrator, and InDesign For Less Than $35
+This 41-hour training covers Adobe's most important graphic design tools to help you fast-track a creative career.
+Get with the Times (New Roman): A brand is nothing without graphic designers. Nada. Zilch.
+
+Working at the intersection of art and technology, a savvy graphic designer creates imagery—typography, special effects, photos, drawings, and the like—that sells and strengthens ideas; their work communicates in a manner that's both assertive and aesthetically pleasing.
+
+Doing such work successfully requires more than a good eye, a pair of thick-framed glasses, and a penchant for artisanal lattes (although they certainly help). A degree in a fine arts discipline can also be useful, but it isn't required for a thriving graphic design career. No, the most important requisite is a working knowledge of the Adobe Creative Cloud Suite's tools — specifically Photoshop, InDesign, and Illustrator. 
+
+Aspiring designers should look into the Graphic Design Certification School for such training. Divided into three separate courses on that aforementioned trio of digital design tools, this 41-hour education covers the technological and artistic techniques that make for compelling visual communication. By the time you've completed every class, you'll have earned three Continuing Professional Development (CPD) certificates with which to garnish your résumé.
+
+You'll begin with 94 lectures on Illustrator, Adobe's vector graphics editor that's most commonly used to create icons, logos, and illustrations. You'll be introduced to concepts such as paths, nodes, bezier curves, layers, and masks, and find out how to use them alongside filters and the color management feature. Such expertise can later be applied to the drafting of both print and digital materials.
+
+Next up is a project-based seminar on Adobe InDesign, the publishing application that can be harnessed to design fliers, manuals, magazines, brochures, newsletters, and other documents. Across 91 lectures, you'll learn various file formats and print terminology while putting together templates featuring special effects and graphics designed with other Adobe software.
+
+Rounding out the bundle is a 17-hour crash course in all things Photoshop, Adobe's famed raster graphics editor. After exploring basic concepts such as importing images, you'll discover how to utilize plugins to construct 3D images, manipulate pictures in different formats, optimize color for print production, and much more.
+
+You can purchase lifetime access to the Graphic Design Certification School for just $33.15 with promo code 'MERRY15' by visiting the Entrepreneur Store today.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_3.txt b/graphics/graphics_3.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..27eb78c5447aae66ab6ef0bbdfbc73621833445b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_3.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+Create Incredible Branding Initiatives Without Hiring Design Help
+PixTeller PRO makes it easy to design campaigns without hiring outside help.
+As the internet becomes more and more saturated with ads, it becomes ever more important for small businesses to gain every advantage they can. Chances are if you're still in the growth stages of your business, you may not have the capital to bring on a complete marketing and design team. However, with PixTeller PRO, you can create engaging, conversion-worthy designs all by yourself, without needing to hire a graphic designer.
+PixTeller lets you create and customize images for tons of mediums, from websites and social media to print and e-books. Even if you've never used a design software, PixTeller makes it easy, with more than 134,000 templates, 1.5 million photos, and 100,000 shapes to browse from and customize to make them fully your own. (You can also upload your own photos or vectors.)
+
+With a vast selection of fonts, gradients, and tools, you can seamlessly transform templatized items into complete designs that perfectly reflect your brand. No idea how to present designs? PixTeller has a clipping and cropping function to help you find the perfect file size for any media.
+
+Supercharge your branding efforts without breaking the bank. PixTeller PRO subscriptions are on sale today. Get a one-year subscription for 81 percent off $108 at just $19.99, a two-year subscription for 86 percent off $216 at just $29.99, or a three-year subscription at 84 percent off $324 at just $49.99.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_30.txt b/graphics/graphics_30.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1d83b7746120d8eed73f8cffa109acfa85e30027
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_30.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Modern Graphic Design: Directions and Purpose
+The article presenting the variety of purposes served by modern graphic design: branding, UI navigation, mascots and lettering, tutorials, posters and animation.
+“The details are not the details. They make the design.” These words about the nature of the job, expressed by Charles Eames, have become a well-known eternal truth for graphic designers. They are actually the people building a bridge between the art and the functional goal-centered design. They mix the power of art and functionality within the limits of particular goals and a definite audience. They make beauty work for people.
+
+Here in Tubik, we have felt all the variety of stones in that way. Today we invite our readers to review the diverse purposes for which graphic design can be highly beneficial as we have checked in design practice.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_31.txt b/graphics/graphics_31.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3506ffba59568212e2999adcb4c41a475604bf47
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_31.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+Hi!  I am in immediate need for details of various graphics compression
+techniques.  So if you know where I could obtain descriptions of algo-
+rithms or public-domain source codes for such formats as JPEG, GIF, and
+fractals, I would be immensely grateful if you could share the info with
+me.  This is for a project I am contemplating of doing.
+Thanks in advance.  Please reply via e-mail if possible.
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_32.txt b/graphics/graphics_32.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..42707382d88eaa0901dd12d2d8f18782e057c38a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_32.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+Some rendering programs require that all surface normals point in the same
+direction.  (ie: On a closed cube, all normals point outwards).  You can use
+the points on the faces to determine the direction of the normal, by making
+sure that all points are either in clockwise or counter-clockwise order.
+How do you go about orienting all normals in the same direction, given a 
+set of points, edges and faces?   Say that you had a cube with all faces that 
+have their normals facing outwards, except for one face.  What's the
+best way to realize that face is "flipped", and should have it's points
+re-ordered?   I thought I had a good way of telling this, but then realized
+that the algorithm I had would only tell you if you had points in clockwise
+order for a 2d polygon.  I'd like something for 3d data.
+Any hints, tips, references would be appreciated.
+Steve
+Where humor is concerned there are no standards -- no one can say what is good 
+or bad, although you can be sure that everyone will.  -- John Kenneth Galbraith
+------- These opinions are my own.
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_33.txt b/graphics/graphics_33.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..48c4f0f4938619b5b1b5e0a8fc132a16259a062b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_33.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+What is graphic design?
+As we mentioned in one of our previous articles about the issue, graphic design can be described as the sphere of human activity that lies on the crossroads of several directions, first of all, visual arts, communication, and psychology. Basically, graphic designers do the job of communication to others by means of graphic (visual) elements such as images of different styles and complexity, types and fonts, pictograms, shapes and sizes, colors and shades, lines and curves, etc. Graphic designer makes all those elements of visual perception transfer the message, so he makes them functional. Therefore, we could say that graphic designers are artists applying their talents mostly not in pure art but communicating and purposeful art.
+
+Modern graphic design broadly covers all spheres of human life which deal with visual communication, from books and posters to sophisticated mobile applications or 3D animation. Let’s look into directions in which graphic designers can express their creativity for the sake of solving problems and satisfying needs.
+Graphic design directions
+Nowadays, graphic design is an incredibly broad sphere for the application of artistic talents. In particular, it includes:
+
+editorial design
+illustration
+identity (logo and branding) design
+icons and pictograms
+typography
+interface graphics and elements
+print advertisements
+big print items such as posters and billboards
+signs
+packaging etc.
+Thus, it’s easily seen that modern designers in this sphere have multiple options to apply their talents. In all the mentioned directions, the basic purpose of graphic design is to serve a particular purpose or even a set of them by means and techniques of art.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_34.txt b/graphics/graphics_34.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..78ac7f6cb1bb741b725cf4e240ad3838fe17ea2a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_34.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+Contact Signaware Corp
+-------------------------------- Original Memo --------------------------------
+BCC:     Vincent Wall                   From:      Imaging Club
+Subject: Signature verification  ?      Date Sent: 05/04/93
+sci.image.processing
+From: yyqi@ece.arizona.edu (Yingyong Qi)
+Subject: Signature Image Database
+Organization: U of Arizona Electrical and Computer Engineering
+Hi, All:
+Could someone tell me if there is a database of handwriting signature
+images available for evaluating signature verification systems.
+Thanks.
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_35.txt b/graphics/graphics_35.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..506d3133a43d574b2beb1a14a5be6aba300c8368
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_35.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Graphic design in modern life full of digital devices is getting more and more technological. Famous Italian designer Massimo Vignelli said “The life of a designer is a life of fight. Fight against the ugliness. Just like a doctor fights against disease. For us, the visual disease is what we have around, and what we try to do is cure it somehow with design.” Remembering the words we have to say that the purposes of modern graphic design are pushed further and further. Not only does it beautify the physical or digital object, but also helps its users, navigates them, guides their way via which they can get both aesthetic pleasure and problem-solving benefits.
+
+Graphic design purposes
+Today, graphic design can set diverse purposes. It rarely happens that the object of graphic design serves only one objective. Looking over the most essential of them, we would mention the following.
+
+Identifying
+This purpose, first of all, serves for branding reasons. It is primarily concerned about creating logos which usually lies the foundation for the whole branding strategy. This is the task at which designers work with multiple factors combining specific features of the target audience, laws, and rules of artistic harmony, the psychology of color and shape impact on human perception and emotions, the current situation on the market, business goals of the brand or company.
+
+Numerous logos accomplished by studio designers have proved that this symbolic image plays the crucial role in all the next stages of brand strategy, including print work (like posters, business cards, corporate documentation templates, etc.), interface design (when brand or company uses digital sources and channels of reaching their clients like blogs, websites, apps, widgets, etc.), branded items (like stationery, cups, notebooks, etc.) and other directions. The efficient logo is usually based on deep analysis supported by designer’s talent and skills and presents a balanced mixture of art and functionality. Thinking over all the details, the designer selects the type and image of a logo that will correspond to the objectives of the company or brand strategy.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_36.txt b/graphics/graphics_36.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..724452ec9f1d3eec17127fb43b3fdd47e6815c1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_36.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+Hi all,
+I have this program in which user can display many images one-by-one on the
+display. Now I am trying to get the best poosible color allocation. So
+each time I open a image, I try to allocate the colors reqd for that image
+(approach similar to that used in xv by john bradley). The problem 
+comes when I try to display the next image. Now I have effectively tied
+myself to the colors of the previous image. So the second image doesnot come
+up in original colors.(i.e. the colors it would have shown, had it been
+displayed first). 
+I know that I can display only 256 colors (or whatever depth of the display)
+at a time. But I also dont want the color reproduction dependent on the
+sequence in whihc you display the image. 
+So what is the best way out?
+Please rewpond to vijay@iitb.ernet.in.
+Thanks,
+Vijay 
+Vijay Talati                        Email: vijay@iitb.ernet.in
+ERNet Lab.                          (X.400):
+Computer Centre                      s=Talati ou=gateway o=iitb prmd=ernet c=in
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_37.txt b/graphics/graphics_37.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2746168330a2155e9e8e69c7b63e9be5925b9183
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_37.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+In article <1pscti$aqe@travis.csd.harris.com> srp@travis.csd.harris.com (Stephen Pietrowicz) writes:
+>How do you go about orienting all normals in the same direction, given a 
+>set of points, edges and faces? 
+Look for edge inconsistencies.  Consider two vertices, p and q, which
+are connected by at least one edge.
+If (p,q) is an edge, then (q,p) should *not* appear.  
+If *both* (p,q) and (q,p) appear as edges, then the surface "flips" when
+you travel across that edge.  This is bad.  
+Assuming (warning...warning...warning) that you have an otherwise
+acceptable surface - you can pick an edge, any edge, and traverse the
+surface enforcing consistency with that edge.  
+    0) pick an edge (p,q), and mark it as "OK"
+    1) for each face, F, containing this edge (if more than 2, oops)
+       make sure that all edges in F are consistent (i.e., the Face
+       should be [(p,q),(q,r),(r,s),(s,t),(t,p)]).  Flip those which
+       are wrong. Mark all of the edges in F as "OK",
+       and add them to a queue (check for duplicates, and especially
+       inconsistencies - don't let the queue have both (p,q) and (q,p)). 
+    2) remove an edge from the queue, and go to 1).
+If a *marked* edge is discovered to be inconsistent, then you lose.
+If step 1) finds more than one face sharing a particular edge, then you
+lose. 
+Otherwise, when done, all of the edges will be consistent.  Which means
+that all of the surface normals will either point IN or OUT.  Deciding
+which way is OUT is left as an exercise...
+Kenneth Sloan                   Computer and Information Sciences
+sloan@cis.uab.edu               University of Alabama at Birmingham
+(205) 934-2213                  115A Campbell Hall, UAB Station 
+(205) 934-5473 FAX              Birmingham, AL 35294-1170
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_38.txt b/graphics/graphics_38.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a6e746ac26aa9d6138a60030e9ad772b4a1d93a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_38.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+In <1pscti$aqe@travis.csd.harris.com> srp@travis.csd.harris.com (Stephen Pietrowicz) writes:
+>How do you go about orienting all normals in the same direction, given a 
+>set of points, edges and faces?
+This algorithm works well for me:
+Algorithm to attempt to find outward-facing normals:
+First, mark all faces as UNKNOWN.
+Then create an edge dictionary that allows you to find all of the
+faces sharing a given edge (where an edge is two integers representing
+the two shared vertices).
+Pick an arbitrary face and mark it COUNTER_CLOCKWISE.  Using the edge
+dictionary, orient all surrounding faces based on the orientation of
+this face.  And recurse for all surrounding faces, consistently
+orienting the entire surface.
+Find the average of the vertices in this surface.  Using that point,
+calculate a volume measurement, taking into account the face's
+orientation.  If the volume turns out to be positive, assume the faces
+are oriented correctly.  If it is negative, reverse their orientations
+(mark them CLOCKWISE).
+If any faces are still UNKNOWN after this, choose another face
+and go through the algorithm again.
+At the end, faces marked CLOCKWISE must have their indices reversed
+before facet normals are found.
+(Note: if you are running on Silicon Graphics machines and buy the
+IRIS Inventor 3D toolkit developers package you have the source to
+this algorithm-- see /usr/src/Inventor/tools/ivnorm/.  If you're
+not... sorry, I can't give out the source, and even if I could it
+relies heavily on Inventor).
+--gavin     (gavin@sgi.com,  (415)390-1024)
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_39.txt b/graphics/graphics_39.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c548f2a96d54a6b76bbc7a136987722d2d341c05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_39.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+andrey@cco.caltech.edu (Andre T. Yew) writes:
+>d9hh@dtek.chalmers.se (Henrik Harmsen) writes:
+>>1-4 bits per R/G/B gives horrible machbanding visible in almost any picture.
+>>5 bits per R/G/B (32768, 65000 colors) gives visible machbanding
+>>color-gradient picture has _almost_ no machbanding. This color-resolution is 
+>>see some small machbanding on the smooth color-gradient picture, but all in all,
+>>There _ARE_ situiations where you get visible mach-banding even in
+>>a 24 bit card. If
+>>you create a very smooth color gradient of dark-green-white-yellow
+>>or something and turn
+>>up the contrast on the monitor, you will probably see some mach-banding.
+>    While I don't mean to damn Henrik's attempt to be helpful here,
+>he's using a common misconception that should be corrected.
+>    Mach banding will occur for any image.  It is not the color
+>quantization you see when you don't have enough bits.  It is the
+>human eye's response to transitions or edges between intensities.
+>The result is that colors near the transistion look brighter on
+>the brighter side and darker on the darker side.
+>--Andre
+Yeah, of course... The term 'mach banding' was not the correct one, it should've
+been 'color quantization effect'. Although a bad color quantization effect could
+result in some visible mach-bands on a picture that was smooth before it was
+quantizised.
+Henrik Harmsen     Internet:  d9hh@dtek.chalmers.se
+               Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden. 
+      "I haven't lost my mind -- it's backed up on tape somewhere."
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_4.txt b/graphics/graphics_4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..65d222dc44b0c9729abde980ad6e2df918a5c73d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+Hello,
+     I am looking to add voice input capability to a user interface I am
+developing on an HP730 (UNIX) workstation.  I would greatly appreciate 
+information anyone would care to offer about voice input systems that are 
+easily accessible from the UNIX environment. 
+     The names or adresses of applicable vendors, as well as any 
+experiences you have had with specific systems, would be very helpful.
+     Please respond via email; I will post a summary if there is 
+sufficient interest.
+Thanks,
+Ken
+P.S.  I have found several impressive systems for IBM PC's, but I would 
+like to avoid the hassle of purchasing and maintaining a separate PC if 
+at all possible.
+Ken Hinckley (kph2q@virginia.edu)
+University of Virginia 
+Neurosurgical Visualization Laboratory
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_40.txt b/graphics/graphics_40.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..95600ae7eb0a73f98835b88ac6c23a3781b33703
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_40.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+Graphic design
+A continuously growing collection of graphic design inspiration and resources.
+Typography tips for graphic design students
+Designer Ben Terrett of Noisy Decent Graphics asked his readers what typographic advice they’d give a third year design student. Here are a few of the most useful answers from the comment thread.
+
+“Don't underestimate its importance. The best ideas, the most beautiful imagery, the most harmonious colour combinations will be blighted by inferior typography. So work at it, study it.
+
+“Look at all those great names in graphic design history; Tschichold, Schleger, Rand, Fletcher, Aicher, Muller-Brockmann; and look at their beautiful type. They understood the need to understand it.”
+— Richard Weston of Ace Jet 170
+
+“Picking up copy of Type and Typography can be immensely helpful. It’s got a particularly useful section about the styling of details within text.”
+— Alistair Hall of We Made This
+
+“As always, make sure you play with silly ideas on paper too, they get the creative juice flowing.”
+— Fernando Lins
+
+I agree. Using a pen and paper has been a huge help with my projects.
+
+“Look at historical design masters, don't dismiss them because they are old or because you have seen it all before. Richard Hollis' book on Swiss Graphic Design is great because it covers so many masters and shows you so many examples of work.
+
+“I second the suggestion of getting a boring book about rules. The details are what I look at. If you haven't got them down then they will stand out, but that's just me: a dusty old fogey. If I see an en dash used properly I appreciate it. Robert Bringhurt's book, The Elements of Typographic Style, is great for this.”
+— Jaypeg
+
+There's a quote from a Russian graphic designer that struck a chord, shown in a comment by Alicia.
+
+“The black space can never be beautiful until the white space is beautiful.”
+
+Other recommended typography books are Stop Stealing Sheep and Find Out How Type Works, by Erik Spiekermann, and Thinking with Type, by Ellen Lupton. And Michael Bierut wrote a nice piece titled, Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Typeface.
+
+What typographic advice would you offer a student?
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_41.txt b/graphics/graphics_41.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..305d7bea06cdbe2ea65ab0a4efef36f7519eff9d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_41.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+DesignCap: Graphic Designs Made Easy, No Design Skills Needed!
+Published in Graphic design
+Have you ever made a presentation, infographic, invitation, social media arts, and so on? Presentations, infographics, and the like prioritize design in the manufacturing process. Because with an attractive design, more people will be interested in seeing and reading presentations, infographics, and others.
+
+If usually, some people use design applications such as Photoshop and Adobe Illustrator to make a presentation, infographic, and others, now you don’t need to worry anymore. Why? Because now we’ve been facilitated by online design tools available on the internet. You can make presentation designs, infographics, invitations, social media arts, and so on using DesignCap.
+
+Features of DesignCap
+Using DesignCap, you can create various designs for various purposes very easily. DesignCap already has a variety of templates available that you can use to create various designs for all your needs.
+
+DesignCap also has outstanding design flexibility, so many internet users use this online tool to create designs. In this article, we will tell you some of the features of DesignCap.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_42.txt b/graphics/graphics_42.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ca8b51f145add1a72308adf6f37411f3df49c882
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_42.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+In article <o4fzrApDBh107h@eosvcr.wimsey.bc.ca>, aew@eosvcr.wimsey.bc.ca (Alan Walford) writes:
+|> We have heard many bad things about the ATI Ultra Plus card (mainly having
+|> to do with its buggy Windows drivers).
+|> I would like to replace by ATI Graphics Ultra with a true-colour accelerated
+|> card. I was about to buy the ATI Ultra Plus (EISA) but it has had so much
+|> bad press that I am reconsidering.
+I have the ATI Ultra Pro local bus with 2MB VRAM, and I am perfectly happy with
+the Windows drivers (currently using version 59).  It does everything you
+mention below, but also does 1024x768x16bpp true color.  As a matter of
+fact it also supports high refresh 1280x1024 at 256 colors.  The performance
+is great.
+|> I would like an accelerated card
+|>              a card that does 24bit true colour at 800x600 at least
+|>              a card that does 1024x758 at 256 colours (or more)
+|>              a card that has fast polygon fills
+|>              a card that has fast bit blits
+|>              a card that has a robust windows driver
+|>              a card that has high speed non-interlaced refresh
+|> Any suggestions?
+|> My app requires lots of 3d poly grahics and complexing true colour
+|> imaging.  I would sure like a faster solution that what I have now.
+Supposedly the new Matrox Ultra-something-or-other actually does some
+3d rendering (at least has some hardware support for Z).  Good luck in
+your search.
+Cheers,
+Phil
+|> Thanks,
+|> Alan Walford     Eos Systems Inc., Vancouver,B.C., Canada  Tel: 604-734-8655
+|> aew@eosvcr.wimsey.bc.ca           OR        ...uunet!wimsey.bc.ca!eosvcr!aew  
+Philip Carmack				| pcarmack@kpc.com	(408)987-3336
+Kubota Pacific Computers, Inc.		|
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_43.txt b/graphics/graphics_43.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..906d6cca5f180c16a3e767c2c73d7950bc9d9d71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_43.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+I am interested in any information on stereoscopic imaging on a sun
+workstation.  For the most part, I need to know if there is any hardware
+available to interface the system and whether the refresh rates are
+sufficient to produce quality image representations.  Any information
+about the subject would be greatly appreciated.
+    Thanks!
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_44.txt b/graphics/graphics_44.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2be7928035e7085b07b1a2c65eefe7076e173d7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_44.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+In article <7155@pdxgate.UUCP> idr@rigel.cs.pdx.edu (Ian D Romanick) writes:
+> One thing:  a small change in initial conditions can cause a huge
+> change in final conditions.  There are certain things about the way
+> the plate tektoniks and volcanic activity effect a land scape that
+> is, while not entirely random, unpredictable.  This is also true with
+> fractals, so one could also conclude that you could model this
+> fractally. 
+Yeah, and it's also true most long complicated sequences of events,
+calculations, or big computer programs in general.  I don't argue
+that you can get similar and maybe useful results from fractals, I
+just question whether you >should<.
+The fractal fiends seem to be saying that any part of a system that we
+can't model should be replaced with a random number generator.  That
+has been useful, for instance, in making data more palatable to human
+perception or for torture testing the rest of the system, but I don't
+think it has much to do with fractals, and I certainly would rather
+that the model be improved in a more explicable manner.
+I guess I just haven't seen all these earth-shaking fractal models
+that explain and correlate to the universe as it actually exists.  I
+really hope I do, but I'm not holding my self-similar breath.
+> There is one other thing that fractals are good for:  fractal
+> image compression.
+Uh huh.  I'll believe it when I see it.  I've been chasing fractal
+compression for a few years, and I still don't believe in it.  If it's so
+great, how come we don't see it competing with JPEG?  'Cause it can't,
+I'll wager.
+Actually, I have wagered, I quit trying to make fractal compression
+work- and I was trying- because I don't think it's a reasonable
+alternative to other techniques.  It is neat, though. :-)
+I'll reiterate my disbelief that everything is fractal.  That's why I
+don't think fractal compression as it is widely explained is
+practical.  I know Barnsley and Sloan have some tricks up their
+sleeves that make their demos work, but I don't see anyone using it in a
+real product.  It's been six years since Iterated Systems was formed,
+right?
+	"There are always going to be questions until there's a product
+	out there," Sloan replies.  The company plans to ship its first
+	encoding devices in the summer, he says.  In March, Iterated
+	Systems will have the other half of the system: the decoders.
+		- Scientific American, March 1990, page 77
+Allen B (Don't even get me started :-) )
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_45.txt b/graphics/graphics_45.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3866041825b5fb849c33df9360f89768466ddd44
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_45.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+In article <1993Apr22.011720.28958@midway.uchicago.edu>, dgf1@quads.uchicago.edu (David Farley) writes:
+|> In article <C5uHIM.JFq@rot.qc.ca> beaver@rot.qc.ca (Andre Boivert) writes:
+|> >I am looking for comments from people who have used/heard about PhotoShop
+|> >for Windows. Is it good? How does it compare to the Mac version? Is there
+|> >a lot of bugs (I heard the Windows version needs "fine-tuning)?
+|> >Any comments would be greatly appreciated..
+|> >Thank you.
+|> >Andre Boisvert
+|> >beaver@rot.qc.ca
+|> An review of both the Mac and Windows versions in either PC Week or Info
+|> World this week, said that the Windows version was considerably slower
+|> than the Mac.  A more useful comparison would have been between PhotoStyler
+|> and PhotoShop for Windows.  David
+I don't know about that...I've used Photoshop 2.5 on both a 486dx-50 and a Quadra
+950...I'd say they are roughly equal.  If anything the 486 was faster.
+Both systems were running in 24 bit color and had the same amount of RAM (16 megs)
+I also believe the quadra had one of those photoshop accelerators.
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_46.txt b/graphics/graphics_46.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9b6c22ff8e2d643a9ffb8cc6e8df5069c4195e14
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_46.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+Does anyone know where I can FTP MPEG for DOS from?  Thanks for any
+help in advance.  Email is preferred but posting is fine.
+				Scott
+| Lord Soth, Knight |||| email to --> LordSoth@uiuc                ||||||||
+| of the Black Rose |||| NeXT to ---> sas58295@sumter.cso.uiuc.edu ||||||||
+|    I have no clue what I want to say in here so I won't say anything.   |
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_47.txt b/graphics/graphics_47.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dc8d5aa45d3f29704b0525e1a8181d4d8b0948ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_47.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+In article <o4fzrApDBh107h@eosvcr.wimsey.bc.ca>, aew@eosvcr.wimsey.bc.ca writes...
+>We have heard many bad things about the ATI Ultra Plus card (mainly having
+>to do with its buggy Windows drivers).
+>I would like to replace by ATI Graphics Ultra with a true-colour accelerated
+>card. I was about to buy the ATI Ultra Plus (EISA) but it has had so much
+>bad press that I am reconsidering.
+I have the ATI GRAPHICS ULTRA PRO EISA version.  I must admit it has 
+received bad press but that was due to the faulty drivers it had.  Now the 
+drivers that are available for the EISA version are the same ones as the ISA 
+and Local Bus (v1.5 Build 59).  Some people complained about problems they 
+had with the Build 59 drivers, fortunately I couldn't duplicate them on my 
+machine, but I did have one problem with Harvard Graphics that nobody else 
+seemed to have.
+>I would like an accelerated card
+>             a card that does 24bit true colour at 800x600 at least
+>             a card that does 1024x758 at 256 colours (or more)
+>             a card that has fast polygon fills
+>             a card that has fast bit blits
+>             a card that has a robust windows driver
+>             a card that has high speed non-interlaced refresh
+>Any suggestions?
+I wouldn't recommed the ATI for 24bit colour at 800x600, at this resolution 
+the display will be interlaced.  But at 16bit it isn't, I thought it was my 
+monitor but it isn't, its the card (that is the only time you will get 
+interlaced).  If I come up with cards more suited for your needs I'll let 
+you know.
+Amro
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_48.txt b/graphics/graphics_48.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8e8fa306b5ae1ff33a0b7ab503a2024231808107
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_48.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+You'll probably have to set the palette up before you try drawing
+in the new colours.
+Use the bios interrupt calls to set the r g & b values (in the range
+from 0-63 for most cards) for a particular palette colour (in the
+range from 0-255 for 256 colour modes).
+Then you should be able to draw pixels in those palette values and
+the result should be ok.
+You might have to do a bit of colourmap compressing if you have
+more than 256 unique rgb triplets, for a 256 colour mode.
+Geoff Thomas			geoffrey@cosc.canterbury.ac.nz
+Computer Science Dept.
+University of Canterbury
+Private Bag				+-------+
+Christchurch				| Oook! |
+New Zealand				+-------+
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_49.txt b/graphics/graphics_49.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f58ee171c6fa3f188ef536b882188e01eba27cea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_49.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+No design skills needed
+Usually, some people will make designs using the help of design applications such as Adobe Illustrator and PhotoShop, right? But unfortunately, the app is not available for everyone, especially if you have no technical skills in design.
+
+These applications usually have a lot of tools that are on the right side, left side, top, and bottom display. It will make users who are not familiar and are still beginners in terms of design become very confused.
+
+With the availability of various available DesignCap templates, you can already create attractive presentations, infographics, invitations, and reports. And with these various templates, you don’t need professional editing skills. Because you can immediately replace the text and other elements such as lines, shapes, icons, and so on in the template to your liking, all you need to do is choose which item you want and then position it as you wish. Very easy, right?
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_5.txt b/graphics/graphics_5.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f32c07b7209024001dbeddb2fcbfa62b5ddf66f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_5.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+        I recently got a file describing a library of rendering routines 
+called SIPP (SImple Polygon Processor).  Could anyone tell me where I can 
+FTP the source code and which is the newest version around?
+        Also, I've never used Renderman so I was wondering if Renderman 
+is like SIPP?  ie. a library of rendering routines which one uses to make 
+a program that creates the image...
+                                        Thanks,  Joe Tham
+Joe Tham              joth@ersys.edmonton.ab.ca 
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_50.txt b/graphics/graphics_50.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d596b6df9e57ea3b3dc71f4bf3e0e10cf3ee7241
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_50.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+Save a lot of time
+What benefit me very much is that it saves me a lot of time when using DesignCap. As I talked above, you can only choose a template and replace all the elements on the templates to make it customized. The vast number of art resources will also facilitate your design to save you more time.
+
+DesignCap will help you if you need the results of the design in a short time. Therefore, DesignCap is highly trusted as an online tool that can create designs in a matter of minutes. When compared to making a design using any other editing applications, DesignCap will save you more time.
+
+5. Flexible editing tools
+The editing tools in DesignCap are compelling and flexible. If you feel something is missing in the template you have chosen, you can add it to your design using the tools in DesignCap.
+
+You can add photos or images, charts, text, modules, and backgrounds. To add photos or images, click the photos button, then there will display a variety of images in various themes. You can also insert a chart in your design, and the chart can be a pie chart, a bar chart, a line chart, etc. DesignCap offers the option to import data directly from spreadsheets of CSV, XLS, and XLSX.
+
+Likewise, with text, you can add text to your design with a variety of attractive fonts. You can also insert Modules to provide the information you want to convey. And finally, you can change your background design. The available background patterns also are very aesthetic, attractive, and elegant.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_51.txt b/graphics/graphics_51.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..57759c13bd0e1f9fd5537fede74be5a8cab26aab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_51.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Dear Binary Newsers,
+I am looking for Quick C or Microsoft C code for image decoding from file for
+VGA viewing and saving images from/to GIF, TIFF, PCX, or JPEG format. I have
+scoured the Internet, but its like trying to find a Dr. Seuss spell checker 
+TSR. It must be out there, and there's no need to reinvent the wheel.
+Thanx in advance.
+ The Internet is like a Black Hole....
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_52.txt b/graphics/graphics_52.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9d26ef310c974f0fafe811958fbbf2eaa8efd7e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_52.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+In article <1rqisi$rhj@cc.tut.fi>, jk87377@lehtori.cc.tut.fi (Kouhia Juhana) writes:
+>In article <1993Apr29.201420.19271@nessie.mcc.ac.uk>
+>C.C.Lilley@mcc.ac.uk writes:
+>>In article <1rohjc$avt@cc.tut.fi>, jk87377@lehtori.cc.tut.fi (Kouhia
+>>Juhana) writes:
+>>>I wrote something about making color modifications quickly
+>>>with 8bit quantized images and only at the saving the image to file
+>>>process we have to make the modifications to the 24bit image.
+>>>This makes sense, because the main use of XV is only viewing images.
+>>>Doing many changes to image, we should keep all modifications
+>>>in a buffer; and then before making the operations to 24bit image,
+>>>we should simplify the operation list for unnecessary operations.
+>>Think about what you are saying here. The 24 bit image is quantised down to 8
+>>bits so many 'similar' colours are mapped onto a single palette colour. This
+>>colour gets modified in fairly arbitrary ways. You then want to apply these
+>>modifications back to the 24 bit file, so you have to find which
+>>colours mapped to this one palette colour.
+>I suppose you don't know what about we have discussed.
+>We discussed about error(s) in XV 2.21 which shows images only as 8bit,
+>and my suggestion above works perfectly with it.
+Look be consistent. First you post something that seems to suggest that you see
+xv being an 8 bit program as some sort of error. 
+So I post and asy it is not a bug, it is meant to be like that. 
+So you post and say it is not a bug, you never said it was, I have misunderstood
+etc.
+Now you are saying:
+>We discussed about error(s) in XV 2.21 which shows images only as 8bit,
+If you would make up your mind what you are claiming it would make the
+discussion a *lot* easier.
+>So far I have seen a colormap editing window in XV -- that is, there
+>must be a colormap anyway. The problems you present are exist anyway,
+>and I didn't tried to solve them at all, because I would not make such
+>problems to my programs in the first place.
+Eh? Sorry, I don't understand what you are saying here. I am aware that English is
+not your native language and have tried hard to fathom your meaning, but this
+paragraph defeats me.
+>Gamma and color corrections are easily done to 24bit image
+>as I presented. There's no need make tricks from 8bit/quantized image
+>back to 24 bit image.
+Yes *as I originally said*, global changes are easily possible.
+But this statement contradicts what you said earlier: 
+>>>I wrote something about making color modifications quickly
+>>>with 8bit quantized images and only at the saving the image to file
+>>>process we have to make the modifications to the 24bit image.
+>>>>How would you suggest doing colour editing on a 24 bit file? How
+>>>>would you group 'related' colours to edit them together? Only global
+>>>>changes could be done unless the software were very different and
+>>>>much more complicated.
+>Ok, you're writing about situation that user want edit images as 24bit
+>and user want edit individual colors -- your questions, by the way,
+>jumps off the discussion a bit.
+No I don't think so actually. 
+You were talking about loading a 24 bit image into xv (by quantising),
+manipulating the colours in the colour editor, then somewhow applying these
+changes to the 24 bit file when you exit xv. Xv lets you edit individual
+colours. Where is this sudden jumping off the topic?
+>My solution doesn't work, because there's no colormap withing real 24bit
+>image 
+Yes I am aware there is no colourmap in a 24 bit file!!
+>-- you see, user see 24bit image; going back to 8bit is silly.
+I do not understand what this statement is supposed to mean.
+>About changing individual colors in 8bit/quantized/rasterized image:
+>changing individual colors in colormap is useless in most
+>cases if the image is quantized and rasterized -- small change may
+>make serious errors to anywhere in the image.
+What are you saying
+>XV allows this feature, but I don't recommend to use it with the
+>mentioned type images.
+Ah! now we see thew problem! First you want to extend xv to allow editing of 8
+bit previews of 24 bit images. Then I point out problems with this. Now you are
+saying there is no problem because you, personally, happen not to use those
+parts of the program that cause the problem!!
+>Moreover, XV is not a paint program; you can only make those global
+>changes. 
+Not sure what you are saying here. Certainly one can make local changes.
+>In full 24bit XV, changing individual colors sounds like
+>paint program job.
+>If person have 8bit screen, there's need for tricks to get the
+>original 24bit image modified. Because user don't see full 24bit
+>image, there's need to make approximations and it is not possible to
+>modify individual colors but individual pixels or pixel groups (if
+>image is rasterized). To select indiavidual color, there could be 7x7
+>cursor window which shows true color image in cursor window area --
+>selecting individual color is possible from that.
+Yes that is one possible approach. I would find a program that took such an
+approach clumsy, however.
+>Ok, I don't have thought very much 24bit painting programs, never seen
+>such in good view and are not planned to make such. Not to mention
+>24bit painting program in 8bit screen...
+Well here we agree - you have not thought it through very much. You don't seem
+to have a consistent point to make and contradict yourself from one post to the
+next. OK, we all have off days - perhaps you should step back and think this one
+through.
+>>Yes again. What *is* (was?) wrong with xv?
+>It saved 8bit/quantized/rasterized images as 24bit jpegs; jpeg is not
+>designed for that.
+As I said in the last post, JPEG is a compression algorithm. It is a way of
+saving disk space by trading off quality against compression. I fail to see what
+the problem is. You have not proposed any workable alternatives.
+>Also, human expect that 24bit will be saved as 24bit image; 
+Speak for yourself. You are the *only* person I have met or spoken to who,
+having quantised a 24 bit image down to 8 bits, expects this process to somehow
+reverse when the file is saved; keeping all modificvations that heve been made
+to the 8 bit image palette.
+Perhaps that is why you yused the singular?
+>say,
+>person would like to crop part of the image and save it, then it is
+>expected that the image still is the same. 
+Look, next time you import a 24 bit image into xv look carefully at the main
+control panel - it tells you how many colours have been allocated to the 8 bit
+image. XV makes it abundantly clear that you are not editing the original 24 bit
+file. You are the *only* person who claims this is confusing.
+>So, XV were designed
+>without thinking about human interface and how human expect the
+>program work -- design error.
+Is a design error the same as a bug? ;-)
+Read my lips. XV is a program for viewing and modifying 8 bit images. It lets
+you import other images. It shows, I would say, a good deal of thought about the
+human interface. And everyone else seems to use it happily for the purpose it
+was designed for. It makes no false claims.
+>I have heard XV were designed first for 8bit images/files, but
+>it were not good idea to take full 24bit images without making
+>major change to the original design.
+If you would come up with a solid, logical, well argued and lucid description of
+precisely how these proposed extensions would work, feel free to post them. So 
+far, you have not done so.
+>So, even all screen images are 8bit, the processed images and saved
+>images could have been 24bit very easily, instead of 8bit.
+Argh!! After all this, a comment like that. `Very easily'. OK, go ahead and code it
+if it is so easy.
+Or alternatively, look up the terms `import' and 'non-reversible transformation'.
+>Before anybody will make a note: yes, I may as well make a lift where
+>'up' means that the lift goes down and 'down' means that the lift goes
+>up, and put a note on this design solution to the manuals -- however,
+>even the manuals tells the correct situation, it doesn't solve the problem.
+>(Americans: the lift is just an example :)
+I think this is a bit of an exageration.
+What you are actually saying is, you got into a lift (elevator, if you are in
+the states ;-) ) and mistakenly pressed the down button to go up. Everyone else
+had no problem. Now you are trying to sue the manufacturer...
+>Well, my text may be a bit hard reading, 
+you bet
+>hopefully you suggeeded to
+>read it.
+Mostly. Leaving aside the language issue however, it betrays some very wooly
+thinking (as you yourself admit) which is the same in any language. Go think
+some more.
+Chris Lilley
+Technical Author, ITTI Computer Graphics and Visualisation Training Project
+Computer Graphics Unit, Manchester Computing Centre, Oxford Road, 
+Manchester, UK.  M13 9PL                        Internet: C.C.Lilley@mcc.ac.uk 
+Voice: +44 (0)61 275 6045  Fax: +44 (0)61 275 6040 Janet: C.C.Lilley@uk.ac.mcc
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_53.txt b/graphics/graphics_53.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c6c84595db0f784ce34a51fa26f4270105f3e5a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_53.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+Hi:
+I am digitizing a NTSC signal and displaying on a PC video monitor.
+It is known that the display response of tubes is non-linear and is
+sometimes said to follow Gamma-Law. I am not certain if these
+non-linearities are "Gamma-corrected" before encoding NTSC signals
+or if the TV display is supposed to correct this.
+Also, if  256 grey levels, for example, are coded in a C program do
+these intensity levels appear with linear brightness on a PC
+monitor? In other words does PC monitor display circuitry
+correct for "gamma errrors"?
+Your response is much appreciated.
+Amjad.
+Amjad Soomro
+CCS, Computer Science Center
+U. of Maryland at College Park
+email: amjad@wam.umd.edu
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_54.txt b/graphics/graphics_54.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a276fe13f9b10f7817a2d2cfabf778d8dafe35e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_54.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+5 images editing tips for graphic designers
+Published in Graphic design
+What is image editing? Why it is so important? Well most of us may know the answer because nowadays people click pictures everywhere with not only professional cameras but also with smartphone cameras. Who does not want to look beautiful? Everyone wants to look gorgeous or want the images they click to look beautiful. Pictures straight out of the camera may look okay or even more than okay with expensive cameras but they are not perfect at all.
+
+To make images perfect image editing or post-processing is necessary. Graphic designers or photoshop experts have professional knowledge of image editing software like Adobe photoshop cc, lightroom, illustration, etc. Most of the photographers also learn photoshop to edit their image on their own but this slows down the productivity of the photographer. So, today’s article is not only for the editors and designers but also for the photographers who can speed up their editing process with this basic editing.
+
+Image Editing Tips For Graphic Designers And Photographers
+The 5 image editing tips I am going to talk about today is for speeding up the editing process so that you can focus on the more important and critical things. Of course, if you are a graphic designer or a photoshop expert, the most important thing for you is editing but if you are a photographer then clicking pictures is more important than editing.
+
+The photo editing tips I am going to share is a combination of a few basic editing and easing the workflow for you. So, let’s get started without any delay…
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diff --git a/graphics/graphics_55.txt b/graphics/graphics_55.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..93df686f1fc32515f2402172f6f973846e72f8d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_55.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+Straighten and Crop
+After you insert your image into an image editing software the first thing you should do is to ensure your image is straight enough. Framing is an important aspect of making images look from good to great. To hit the right spot with image framing you should have to have the knowledge about photography and framing. I can give you what I know but let’s keep that for another day.
+So the first thing is to straighten your image and this can be done by cropping your image. Use the cropping tool of your image editing software and use a grid view while you crop. Why grid view is important? Well, the whole photography or cinematography is standing upon one rule. That is the “Rule of Thirds”. To be able to put your image one the rule of thirds you have to use the grid view. So, use grid view and crop tool, then crop your image, straighten it, put it in the rule of thirds.
+
+Remove Dust Particles
+The next must-do thing in your image editing is fixing the image. The process that we use to remove dust, spots, blemishes, and wrinkles from a photo is the photo retouching service. In this image editing technique, we use the Healing Brush Tool, Patch Tool, Red Eye, Clone Tool, Eraser Tool, Blur Tool, Dodge, and Burn Tools to fix the imperfection of the image.
+
+During the photoshoot, a photographer tries as hard as possible to get the perfect click but the raw image from the camera may contain dust particles, or maybe something came into the background. These are unavoidable and uncontrollable circumstances. So what should we do if we face something like this? The answer is image post-processing in photoshop.
+
+If you get minor spots, scratches, or blemishes image retouching technique can save you. On the other hand, if you unwanted subject appearing in your frame then the background removal process will help you. In background removal service all you need to do is use the clipping path technique to select the object you want to remove and then hit the delete button.
+Adjust the Highlights and Shadows
+Highlights and shadows are an important aspect of an image and if you messed up here, your image will look awful. Generally, the photographer tries hard to keep the highlights and shadows close to perfect during the shoot. So, try to achieve the maximum balance of highlights and shadow in the raw image and then make it perfect in post-processing.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_56.txt b/graphics/graphics_56.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6e48a6d219552dc5b10433f25e06c433ffa48b23
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_56.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+In article <1993Apr10.160929.696@galki.toppoint.de> ulrich@galki.toppoint.de  
+writes:
+> According to the TIFF 5.0 Specification, the TIFF "version number"
+> (bytes 2-3) 42 has been chosen for its "deep philosophical 
+> significance".
+> Last week, I read the Hitchhikers Guide To The Galaxy,
+> Is this actually how they picked the number 42?
+I'm sure it is, and I am not amused.  Every time I read that part of the
+TIFF spec, it infuriates me- and I'm none too happy about the
+complexity of the spec anyway- because I think their "arbitrary but
+carefully chosen number" is neither.  Additionally, I find their
+choice of 4 bytes to begin a file with meaningless of themselves- why
+not just use the letters "TIFF"?
+(And no, I don't think they should have bothered to support both word
+orders either- and I've found that many TIFF readers actually
+don't.)
+ab
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_57.txt b/graphics/graphics_57.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e10d5af7a0939ced1fde805737bf4c5f50e274b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_57.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+gchen@essex.ecn.uoknor.edu writes in article <C55DoH.2AI@constellation.ecn.uoknor.edu>:
+> Greetings!
+> Does anybody know if it is possible to set VGA graphics mode to 640x400
+> instead of 640x480?  Any info is appreciated!
+Some VESA bios's support this mode (0x100).  And *any* VGA should be able to
+support this (640x480 by 256 colors) since it only requires 256,000 bytes.
+My 8514/a VESA TSR supports this; it's the only VESA mode by card can support
+due to 8514/a restrictions. (A WD/Paradise)
+I am not responsible for anything I do or say -- I'm just an opinion.
+             Robert J.C. Kyanko (rob@rjck.UUCP)
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_58.txt b/graphics/graphics_58.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..813c2bdb6793630aca6ca793e7bede9dc7050302
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_58.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+abraxis@iastate.edu writes in article <abraxis.734340159@class1.iastate.edu>:
+> Anyone know about the Weitek P9000 graphics chip?
+> Micron is selling it with their systems They rank them at 50 winmarks...
+> Any info would help...
+> thanks.
+It's supposedly a high-performance chip based upon workstation graphics
+accelerators.  It's quite fast (I have 7), but as usual with new boards/chips
+the drivers are buggy for Windows.  As far as Winmarks go, it depends upon
+the version.  I think I got 42M winmarks with version 3.11.  2.5 yielded the
+50+ number.  I've also benchmarked this with Wintach at over 65 (from memory
+as well).
+As far as the low-level stuff goes, it looks pretty nice.  It's got this
+quadrilateral fill command that requires just the four points.
+It's very fast, but beware of buggy drivers, and otherwise no non-windows
+support.
+I am not responsible for anything I do or say -- I'm just an opinion.
+             Robert J.C. Kyanko (rob@rjck.UUCP)
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_59.txt b/graphics/graphics_59.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..40fc00ff4d39f4db3d8682a4c9e8c81eef9220f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_59.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Graphic design
+Graphic design is the process of visual communication and problem-solving through the use of typography, photography, iconography and illustration. The field is considered a subset of visual communication and communication design, but sometimes the term "graphic design" is used synonymously. Graphic designers create and combine symbols, images and text to form visual representations of ideas and messages.
+
+They use typography, visual arts, and page layout techniques to create visual compositions. Common applications of graphic design include corporate design (logos and branding), editorial design (magazines, newspapers and books), wayfinding or environmental design, advertising, web design, communication design, product packaging, and signage.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_6.txt b/graphics/graphics_6.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1d8b325a40ac1b7df5f11a3c21b7f85e7cd6e955
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_6.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+d9hh@dtek.chalmers.se (Henrik Harmsen) writes:
+>1-4 bits per R/G/B gives horrible machbanding visible in almost any picture.
+>5 bits per R/G/B (32768, 65000 colors) gives visible machbanding
+>color-gradient picture has _almost_ no machbanding. This color-resolution is 
+>see some small machbanding on the smooth color-gradient picture, but all in all,
+>There _ARE_ situiations where you get visible mach-banding even in
+>a 24 bit card. If
+>you create a very smooth color gradient of dark-green-white-yellow
+>or something and turn
+>up the contrast on the monitor, you will probably see some mach-banding.
+    While I don't mean to damn Henrik's attempt to be helpful here,
+he's using a common misconception that should be corrected.
+    Mach banding will occur for any image.  It is not the color
+quantization you see when you don't have enough bits.  It is the
+human eye's response to transitions or edges between intensities.
+The result is that colors near the transistion look brighter on
+the brighter side and darker on the darker side.
+--Andre
+             Andre Yew andrey@cco.caltech.edu (131.215.139.2)
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_60.txt b/graphics/graphics_60.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ceb20f88ec7e0e30a479d8e732097e87ee3b2576
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_60.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+I am writing some utilies to convert Regis and Tektonic esacpe sequences  
+into some useful formats. I would rather not have to goto a bitmap format.  
+I can convert them to Window Meta FIles easily enough, but I would rather  
+convert them to Corel Draw, .CDR, or MS Power Point, .PPT, files.  
+Microsoft would not give me the format. I was wondering if anybody out  
+there knows the formats for these two applications.
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_61.txt b/graphics/graphics_61.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0f4b56bb7f3b53bc615d116f1ee3a1447bb5ed69
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_61.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+How does the 16 bit color of HDTV work ? It can not be 5 bit Red Green and
+Blue like on the Macintosh. This gives only 64 gray levels.
+Apple also has developed a point-point network that is around 200MB (not
+sure if it is bits or bytes) per sec.
+Povl H. Pedersen   -   Macintosh specialist. Knows some DOS and UNIX too.
+pope@imv.aau.dk    -   povlphp@uts.uni-c.dk
+--- Finger me at pope@imv.aau.dk for PGP Public Key ---
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_62.txt b/graphics/graphics_62.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d7bce4b18498d69d984ff4732e55aad38f666dc2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_62.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Keeping your image close to natural looking is the best thing to do but if you want to manipulate your image and make with your imagination then you should only care for the lighting and shadow. Because in the image manipulation technique you can manipulate almost everything around the subject without the lighting and shadow. Yes, you can edit them also but won’t get the jaw-dropping result if you overdo it.
+
+Use Presets
+The editing tips I have given above are the basic thing you should do when you go to post-process your image. Now let’s talk about overall editing and applying different filters. After you complete those basic editing tries to use presets or actions to edit your image. What is preset? Or what are photoshop actions?
+
+Well, these are a combination of image editing that is saved and you can use them on a similar kind of image to get similar output but faster than before. How to use presets? It’s easy to just insert your image and do some basic touch up and then got to the preset menu and selects the saved preset in your computer and hit apply. Your image will get a similar filter that the preset holds. By using presets and actions you can achieve faster workflow like never before.
+
+Use Batch-Editing
+Sometimes you have lots of images that need similar kinds of editing. Editing then one by one is a time-wasting job for sure. In Lightroom, you can do batch editing. Basically, it is a process by which editors use a preset and select all the images and make a batch of them that they want to edit. Then they apply the preset to that batch and all of the images in that batch get the same editing in a matter of time. It is a huge time saver especially when you are short of it the most.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_63.txt b/graphics/graphics_63.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4f49fa1e3515558a557fd4e28e7a5f24f0a62b1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_63.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+Note the Followup-To: header ...
+steelem@rintintin.Colorado.EDU (STEELE MARK A) writes:
+>Is there a collection of forms routines that can be used with curses?
+>If so where is it located?
+On my SVR4 Amiga Unix box, I've got -lform, -lmenu, and -lpanel for
+use with the curses library.  Guess what they provide? :-)
+Unix Press, ie. Prentice-Hall, has a programmer's guide for these
+tools, referred to as the FMLI (Forms Mgmt Language Interface) and
+ETI (Extended Terminal Interface), now in it's 2nd edition.  It is
+Paraphrased from the outside back cover:
+    FMLI is a high-level programming tool for creating menus, forms,
+    and text frames.  ETI is a set of screen management library
+    subroutines that promote fast development of application programs
+    for window, panel, menu, and form manipulation.
+The FMLI is a shell package which reads ascii text files and produces
+screen displays for data entry and presentation.  It consists of a
+"shell-like" environment of the "fmli" program and it's database
+files.  It is section 1F in the Unix Press manual.
+The ETI are subroutines, part of the 3X manual section, provide
+support for a multi-window capability on an ordinary ascii terminal
+with controls built on top of the curses library.
+>Thanks
+>-Mark Steele
+>steelem@rintintin.colorado.edu
+Frank "Crash" Edwards          Edwards & Edwards Consulting
+Voice: 813/786-3675            crash%ckctpa@myrddin.sybus.com, but please
+Data:  813/787-3675            don't ask UUNET to route it -- it's sloooow.
+    There will be times in life when everyone you meet smiles and pats you on
+    the back and tells you how great you are ... so hold on to your wallet.
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_64.txt b/graphics/graphics_64.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cea3948c3fd3ac35916d1fe7c441cf38d544f209
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_64.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+merkelbd@sage.cc.purdue.edu (Brian Merkel) writes:
+>In article <1993Apr11.132604.13400@ornl.gov> ednobles@sacam.OREN.ORTN.EDU (Edward d Nobles) writes:
+>>I've been trying to view .tga files created in POVRAY.  I have the Diamond
+>>SpeedStar 24 Video board (not the _24X_).  So far I can convert them to
+>>jpeg using cjpeg and view them with CVIEW but that only displays 8 bit color.
+>>I'm looking for some way to convert and/or view them in 24 bit.
+>>I have UNIVESA (uvesa31.zip) and the DVPEG viewer but I don't get anything.
+>>Perhaps I am not setting up UNIVESA properly?  If anyone has ideas about this
+>>please feel free to enlighten me...
+>>Just want to see the darn things in real color...
+>Image Alchemy (aka alchemy) will view the TGA files that POV outputs
+> and just about any other format you can think of. It will also convert
+> between all these. It's shareware, so it's probably available by FTP
+> somwhere out there in netland...
+        Yep... Alchemy works fine on my Tseng400+DAC, but I think I remember
+reading that it only displays in 15-bit or so.  Of course, that's still 32K
+colors which is nothing to sneeze at.  Use the --v flag.
+ Neal Miller         | "Why not go mad?"  | millernw@craft.camp.clarkson.edu
+ Clarkson University |     - Ford Prefect |     dark@craft.camp.clarkson.edu
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_65.txt b/graphics/graphics_65.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..eef50fd77987455385264f03608a81c234777e7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_65.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+There is a new product for the (IBM'ers) out there... it is called
+IMAGINE and it just started shipping yesterday... I can personally attest that it will blow the doors off of 3D-Studio.  It is made by IMPUlSE, and is in its
+3rd version....(1st) for the IBM.... it can do morphing, your standard key-framming animation, it is a raytracer (reflections & shadows), and can do/apply special FX to objects... (like ripple, explode, bounce) things of that nature.  Also it has algorithmic texture maps....and your standard brushmapping also...
+you can have animated brushmaps...(ie. live video mapped on the objs)...
+also animated backdrops (ie. live video backgrounds)
+also animted reflections maps....
+you get the idea.... it will run for about 500$ retail (I think)...
+dont let the low price fool you.... this product can do it all when it
+comes to 3D-animation and Renderering...!
+also....does anyone here know how to get in the Imagine mailing list??
+please e-mail me if you do or post up here....
+oh...the number for IMPULSE is --->1 800 328 0184
+trb3@ra.msstate.edu
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_66.txt b/graphics/graphics_66.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5e23d938d9c0525979a7f7fca0306ba7687441e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_66.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+Graphic Design Trends for 2020
+Published in Graphic design
+We have prepared a selection of key trends in graphic design for 2020. From the article you will learn what will be at the peak of the wave, and what goes into the past. So, what will be the graphic design tomorrow:
+
+Templates and textures
+Today, there is a noticeable increase in the use of templates and textures, but there is no need to use them like competitors. The trend for 2020 is to combine several patterns in one design, in several parts.
+
+Virtual network users are faced with a deficit of texture and volumetric images. For this reason, the full immersion format is becoming increasingly popular.
+
+Graphic design has picked up trends in recent years. The triumph of gradients is replaced by the triumphant return of realistic textures. Contours and graininess make you want to touch what you see. For this reason, you need to find a really good developer, to convert PSD to HTML. This allows us to speak about the future of this trend, especially in the field of graphic design.  
+
+Colour solution 2020
+Specialists from the Pantone Color Institute proposed to call the main color of 2020 – a shade of blue. It is listed under the number 19-4052. Its other name is “ClassicBlue”.
+According to representatives of Pantone, this shade can be described as “an encouraging presence that can cause confidence, calmness. This blue color will be associated with stability, constancy, which is lacking in the modern world. People are always in a hurry, tired of the excess of information received. They lack trusting communication, honesty. The classic blue color will help to calm down, to gather thoughts.
+
+Specialists of the color institute decided to make a real gift for people. They wanted consumers not only to learn about the main shade of the year but also to experience multi-sensory experience, which will be associated with the classic blue color. Thematic images with soundtracks were created, thematic aroma and special fabric were invented. Cooperation with representatives of world companies allowed inventing even a tea mixture, as well as multimedia installation in honor of the main color of the year.
+
+It is important to mention that the institute of color has been selecting the main shade of the year for 20 years. Experts’ predictions are based on the analysis of many social trends that can have an impact on different industries, including design and fashion.  
+
+Isometry
+The creation of three-dimensional objects in two-dimensional measurement is a trend that has been actively developed this year. Designers can touch the miracle of making an entire universe in a small space. It will take some time to explore all the details of this universe.
+
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_67.txt b/graphics/graphics_67.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7ff5d4181717cc82ee9537f0d2504b6af26bcab1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_67.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+In article <734553308snx@rjck.UUCP> rob@rjck.UUCP (Robert J.C. Kyanko) writes:
+>gchen@essex.ecn.uoknor.edu writes in article <C55DoH.2AI@constellation.ecn.uoknor.edu>:
+>> Greetings!
+>> Does anybody know if it is possible to set VGA graphics mode to 640x400
+>> instead of 640x480?  Any info is appreciated!
+>Some VESA bios's support this mode (0x100).  And *any* VGA should be able to
+>support this (640x480 by 256 colors) since it only requires 256,000 bytes.
+>My 8514/a VESA TSR supports this; it's the only VESA mode by card can support
+>due to 8514/a restrictions. (A WD/Paradise)
+>I am not responsible for anything I do or say -- I'm just an opinion.
+>             Robert J.C. Kyanko (rob@rjck.UUCP)
+	Ahh no.  Possibly you punched in the wrong numbers on your
+calculator.  256 color modes take a byte per pixel so 640 time 480 is
+307,200 which is 300k to be exact.  640x400x256 only takes 250k but I
+don't think it is a BIOS mode.  I wouldn't bet that all VGA cards can do
+that either.  If a VGA card has 512k I bet it can do both 640x400 and
+640x480.  That by definition is SVGA, though not very high SVGA.
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_68.txt b/graphics/graphics_68.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..235124057a573abd7f2fa9cde1930787f3c4317c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_68.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+Benefits of Approval Studio Proofing Tool for Designers and Creative Teams
+Published in Graphic design, Software, Tools
+Among all of the design agencies’ headaches, artwork proofing is probably one of the most acute ones. Forwarding countless numbers of requests, following up your approvers with reminders that they have a file to check, searching for their feedback in the endless pile of emails or messages… Quite daunting, to say the least, and quite expensive too – the amounts of time and, as a result, money spent on this back-and-forth game are quite significant. However, there is a solution that would allow you to cut your turnaround time by up to 35% – a specialized proofing software.
+
+One of such programs is Approval Studio. It is a proofing tool developed specifically to help designers and creative teams spend less time on boring and repetitive processes and make the whole workflow more organized and efficient. There are quite a few features with which Approval Studio helps you to streamline proofing of visual assets, so let’s create a project, upload some file, and see what we can do with it.
+
+№1: Sharing files
+After the upload, users can start sharing their artwork with other reviewers. There are two types of reviewers: internal – they can access your dashboard or even get tasks assigned to them in Approval’s Pro version – and external ones. Let’s concentrate on the latter.
+A big blue “Share” button in the upper right corner is the starting point of your cooperation with the clients. You can send the invitation to Approval Studio to their email or share a short link via your messenger chat – with a password or making the file read-only if you like. Your reviewer will be able to see the same thing you see and add annotations. 
+
+№2: Online review tool
+Approval Studio offers advanced annotation possibilities that include a set of different shapes, namely a point, a circle, a square, and a free-form (if you need to draw something by hand). Users can pick a color for each annotation, which is helpful when there are several reviewers. Also, there is a possibility to bind one annotation to several places in the artwork if there is the same repeated mistake or if you need to apply similar changes, let’s say, to the fonts or colors. Annotations will appear on the mockup itself and on the comments panel to the right.
+If you need to check the artwork from another angle or annotate a much smaller detail, it is not a problem at all. Approval Studio allows rotating the image as much as you like and zooms it without descaling or quality loss so that you can read even the tiniest text.
+
+The main thing is that the system is totally live – whenever they add a comment, you will see it instantly on your screen with no need to refresh the page. It works like a built-in messenger to make your review sessions more convenient.
+
+After the discussion is over, the last thing that’s left is approving or rejecting the file. At this stage, it’s important to be careful, because you will not be able to add any new annotations to this version after you confirm your verdict.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_69.txt b/graphics/graphics_69.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cff1e96b8e36433a713b3a626ba00d268f1aeed6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_69.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+Toronto Siggraph 
+What: ``Chance's Art'': 2D Graphics and Animation on the Indigo.
+By:    Ken Evans, Imagicians Artware, Inc. 
+When:  Tuesday 20 April 1993 7:00pm-9:00pm 
+Where: The McLuhan Centre for Culture and Technology
+       University of Toronto
+       39A Queen's Park Crescent
+       Toronto
+Who:   Members and non-members alike 
+       (non-members encouraged to become members...)
+Abstract:
+Imagicians Artware, Inc. is entering into early beta site testing on Silicon 
+Graphics workstations of a new 2D abstract artwork and animation package called 
+Chance's Art.  The package will be described and demonstrated, and some of the 
+technical issues will be discussed.  Marketing plans will be outlined.  The 
+talk will also present some of the technical and business problems increasingly 
+confronting small startup software companies today, and some of the 
+opportunities this situation presents.
+Time after the event will be allocated for hands-on demonstrations to 
+interested parties.  Silicon Graphics is graciously providing an Indigo for 
+this event.  Myck Kupka will also be demonstrating his computerized interactive 
+reflective stereoscope, which is installed upstairs in the McLuhan Centre, so 
+feel free to drop by for a demonstration before or after the event. BTW, be 
+sure to sing "Happy Birthday, Myck"...
+The names of nominees for our Siggraph executive offices will be announced at 
+this meeting.  Nominations will still be open until the election at our 
+May 18th event; call Myck Kupka at 465-0943 or fax to 465-0729.  
+Directions: The McLuhan Coachhouse is on the east side of Queen's Park 
+Crescent, just NORTH of Wellesley, SOUTH of St. Joseph St., BEHIND (EAST of) 
+39 Queen's Park Crescent, which is the centre for Mediaeval Studies.  
+For information on Toronto Siggraph membership, contact Michael McCool via:
+	Internet: mccool@dgp.utoronto.ca; 
+	Voice: 652-8072/978-6619/978-6027; 
+	Fax: 653-1654
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_7.txt b/graphics/graphics_7.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cef2bafb3b1d71ac5fe066b2623414b1495e2f9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_7.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+I am a Mac-user when it comes to graphics (that's what I own software and hardware for) and
+I've recently come across a large number of TTTDDD format modeling databases.  Is there any
+software, mac or unix, for translating those to something I could use, like DXF?  Please
+reply via email.
+Thanx.
+Eric Oehler
+oehler@picard.cs.wisc.edu
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_70.txt b/graphics/graphics_70.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..077950607990eab1d6789efcad49bf26224f3413
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_70.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+How to design the perfect printed sticker
+Published in Graphic design
+measure. After all, an incredible design can become a costly waste if the print is low-quality.
+
+As well as all the design elements mentioned in this article, you should know exactly what your stickers will be used for before starting. Once you have a clear vision, a professional designer, and a copywriter, can bring your ideas together to create a sticker that’s visually appealing and persuasive.
+
+Designing the perfect sticker
+Sticker design is as much science as it is art. There are four key elements to the design stage: Shape, size, typography, and colour. The way you use creativity within these parameters is what determines how well your sticker or label is perceived. Don’t be afraid to break some rules to make your sticker stand out.
+
+Shape
+The shape of your sticker depends on the purpose of your sticker. Is it for marketing, or is it going to be a product label? If it’s just for giving away to customers, size isn’t as important as it would be for a product label.
+
+There are many creative shapes and sizes for stickers and product labels. The latter requires precise measurements to ensure it’s right for the product package. You might want your product label to complement the shape of the packaging, like the label on Marmite…
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_71.txt b/graphics/graphics_71.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f254d17a41063ac5f795c23d2f26f9afca326609
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_71.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+wing the suggestion of Stu Lynne, I have posted the Image File Format executable and source code to alt.sources.
+Herman Silbiger
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_72.txt b/graphics/graphics_72.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9a6a56d94d83e1a93defcf9e79819cf7bedb65bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_72.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+In article <1993Apr11.132604.13400@ornl.gov> ednobles@sacam.OREN.ORTN.EDU (Edward d Nobles) writes:
+>I've been trying to view .tga files created in POVRAY.  I have the Diamond
+>SpeedStar 24 Video board (not the _24X_).  So far I can convert them to
+>jpeg using cjpeg and view them with CVIEW but that only displays 8 bit color.
+>I'm looking for some way to convert and/or view them in 24 bit.
+>Just want to see the darn things in real color...
+>Thanks,
+>Jim Nobles
+The best program I've seen for viewing such files is VPIC.  You'll want version 5.9 or later.  (6.0x is current.)  It allows you to view in 15 and 24 bit modes.  It really is QUITE nice.
+Now, for a return question:  Do you run Windows?  If so, what are the dates on your drivers?  The newest ones *I* can find are from around 4-??-92!!  My problem is they conflict with Star Trek: After Dark, and other things as well.  I'm willing to bet that it's the drivers, and NOT the programs.  Anyone out there have info on newer SS24 (NOT X) drivers for windows or OS/2?
+Thanks,
+	Justin
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_73.txt b/graphics/graphics_73.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..15cec722db41e478442f53caae5c972319d284f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_73.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+In article <1993Apr13.025240.8884@nwnexus.WA.COM>, mpdillon@halcyon.com (Michael Dillon) writes:
+> I have an algorithm similar to Bresenhams line drawing algorithm, that
+> draws a line by stepping along the minor axis and drawing slices like
+> AAAA, BBBB, CCCC in the following diagram.
+	Yes, that's known as "Bresenhams Run Length Slice Algorithm for
+Incremental lines". See Fundamental Algorithms for Computer Graphics,
+Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg 1985.
+> I have tried to extrapolate this to circles but I can't figure out
+> how to determine the length of the slices. Any ideas?
+	Hmm. I don't think I can help you with this, but you might
+take a look at the following:
+	"Double-Step Incremental Generation of Lines and Circles",
+X. Wu and J. G. Rokne, Computer Graphics and Image processing,
+Vol 37, No. 4, Mar. 1987, pp. 331-334
+	"Double-Step Generation of Ellipses", X. Wu and J. G. Rokne,
+IEEE Computer Graphics & Applications, May 1989, pp. 56-69
+	Graeme Gill.
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_74.txt b/graphics/graphics_74.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f5d256bafdfd81349dfd5dcede1e10ee78c1c2eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_74.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1087 @@
+Archive-name: graphics/resources-list/part3
+Last-modified: 1993/04/27
+Computer Graphics Resource Listing : WEEKLY POSTING [ PART 3/3 ]
+Last Change : 27 April 1993
+11. Scene generators/geographical data/Maps/Data files
+DEMs (Digital Elevation Models)
+  DEMs (Digital Elevation Models) as well as other cartographic data
+  [huge] is available from spectrum.xerox.com [192.70.225.78], /pub/map.
+  Contact:
+  Lee Moore -- Webster Research Center, Xerox Corp. --
+  Voice: +1 (716) 422 2496
+  Arpa, Internet:  Moore.Wbst128@Xerox.Com
+[ Check also on ncgia.ucsb.edu (128.111.254.105), /pub/dems -- nfotis ]
+  Many of these files are also available on CD-ROM selled by USGS:
+  "1:2,000,000 scale  Digital Line Graph (DLG) Data". Contains datas
+  for all 50 states. Price is about $28, call to or visit in offices
+  in Menlo Park, in Reston, Virginia (800-USA-MAPS).
+  The Data User Services Division of the Bureau of the Census also has
+  data on CD-ROM (TSO standard format) that is derived from USGS
+  1:100,000 map data. Call (301) 763-4100 for more info or they have
+  a BBS at (301) 763-1568.
+[ From Dr.Dobbs #198 March 1993: ]
+      "The U.S. Defense Mapping Agency, in cooperation with their counterpart
+agencies in CANADA, the U.K., and Australia, have released the Digital Chart
+of the World (DCW). This chart consists of over 1.5 gigabytes of reasonable
+quality vector data distributed on four CD-ROMS. .... includes coastlines,
+rivers, roads, railrays, airports,cities, towns, spot elevations, and depths,
+and over 100,000 place names."
+It is ISO9660 compatible and only $200.00 available from:
+U.S. Geological Survey
+P.O. Box 25286
+Denver Federal Center
+Denver, CO 80225
+Digital Distribution Services
+Energy, Mines, and Resources Canada
+615 Booth Street
+Ottawa, ON
+K1A 0E9 Canada
+Director General of Military Survey
+(Survey 3)
+Elmwood Avenue
+Feltham, Middlesex
+TW13 7AH United Kingdom
+Director of Survey, Australian Army
+Department of Defense
+Campbell Park Offices (CP2-4-24)
+Campbell ACT 2601 Australia
+Fractal Landscape Generators
+Public Domain:
+  Many people have written fractal landscape generators. for example
+  for the Mac some of these generators were written by
+  pdbourke@ccu1.aukuni.ac.nz (Paul D. Bourke).
+  Many of the programs are available from the FTP sites and mail
+  archive servers. Check with Archie.
+Commercial:
+  Vista Pro 3.0 for the Amiga from Virtual Reality Labs -- list price
+  is about $100. Their address is:
+	2341 Ganador court
+	San Luis Obispo,
+	Telephone or FAX (805) 545-8515
+  Scenery Animator (also for the Amiga) is of the same caliber with Vista Pro 2.
+  Check with:
+	Natural Graphics
+	P.O. Box 1963
+	Raklin, CA 95677
+	Phone (916) 624-1436
+  Don't forget to ask about companion programs and data disks/tapes.
+  Vista Pro 3 has been ported to the PCs.
+CIA World Map II
+[  NOTE: this database is quite out of date, and not topologically structured.
+  If you need a standard for world cartographic data, wait for the
+  Digital Chart of the World. This 1:1M database has been produced from
+  the Defense Mapping Agency's ONCs and will be available, together with
+  searching and viewing software, on a number of CD-ROMs later this summer. ]
+  Check into HANAUMA.STANFORD.EDU and UCSD.EDU (see ftp list above)
+  The CIA database consists of coastlines, rivers and political boundaries
+  in the form of line strokes. Also on hanauma.stanford.edu is a 720x360
+  array of elevation data, containing one ieee floating point number for
+  every half degree longitude and latitude.
+  A program for decoding the database, mfil, can be found on the machine
+  pi1.arc.umn.edu (137.66.130.11).
+  There's another program, which reads a compressed CIA Data Bank file and
+  builds a PHIGS hierachical structure. It uses a PHIGS extension known as
+  polyline sets for performance, but you can use regular polylines. Ask
+  Joe Stewart <joes@lpi.liant.com>.
+  The raw data at Stanford require the vplot package to be able to view it.
+  (was posted in comp.sources.unix). To be more exact, you'll have to
+  compile just the libvplot routines, not the whole package.
+NCAR data
+  NCAR (National Center for Atmospheric Research) has many types of
+  terrain  data, ranging from elevation datasets at
+  various resolutions, to information about soil types, vegetation, etc.
+  This data is not free -- they charge from $40 to $90 or more, depending
+  on the data volume and media (exabyte tape, 3480 cartridge, 9-track tape,
+  IBM PC floppy, and FTP transfer are all available).  Their data archive
+  is mostly research oriented, not hobbyist oriented.  For more information,
+  email to ilana@ncar.ucar.edu.
+UNC data tapes with voxel data
+  There are 2 "public domain" tapes with data for the comparison and
+  testing of various volume rendering algorithms (mainly MRI and CT
+  scans). These tapes are distributed by the SoftLab of UNC @ Chapel Hill.
+  (softlab@cs.unc.edu)
+  The data sets (volume I and II) are also available via anonymous FTP from
+  omicron.cs.unc.edu [128.109.136.159] in pub/softlab/CHVRTD
+  Many US agencies such as NASA publish CD-ROMs with many altimetry data
+  from various space missions, eg. Viking for Mars, Magellan for Venus,
+  etc. Especially for NASA, I would suggest to call the following
+  address for more info:
+     National Space Science Date Center
+     Goddard Space Flight Center
+     Greenbelt, Maryland 20771
+     Telephone: (301) 286-6695
+     Email address:  request@nssdca.gsfc.nasa.gov
+  The data catalog (*not* the data itself) is available online.
+  Internet users can telnet to nssdca.gsfc.nasa.gov (128.183.10.4) and log
+  in as 'NODIS' (no password).
+  You can also dial in at (301)-286-9000 (300, 1200, or 2400 baud, 8 bits,
+  no parity, one stop). At the "Enter Number:" prompt, enter MD and
+  carriage return. When the system responds "Call Complete," enter a few
+  more carriage returns to get the "Username:" and log in as 'NODIS' (no
+  password).
+  NSSDCA is also an anonymous FTP site, but no comprehensive list of
+  what's there is available at present.
+Earth Sciences Data
+  There's a listing of anonymous FTP sites for earth science data, including
+  imagery. This listing is called "Earth Sciences Resources on Internet",
+  and you can get it via anonymous FTP from csn.org [128.138.213.21]
+  in the directory COGS under the name "internet.resources.earth.sci"
+  Some sites include:
+  aurelie.soest.hawaii.edu [128.171.151.121]: pub/avhrr/images - AVHRR images
+  ames.arc.nasa.gov [128.102.18.3]: pub/SPACE/CDROM  - images from
+        Magellan and Viking missions etc.
+        pub/SPACE/Index contains a listing of files available in the whole
+        archive (the index is about 200K by itself). There's also an
+        e-mail server for the people without Internet access: send a letter
+        to archive-server@ames.arc.nasa.gov (or ames!archive-server). In the
+        subject of your letter (or in the body), use commands like:
+        send SPACE Index
+        send SPACE SHUTTLE/ss01.23.91
+        (Capitalization is important! Only text files are handled by the
+        email server at present)
+  vab02.larc.nasa.gov [128.155.23.47]: pub/gifs/misc/landsat -
+	Landsat photos in GIF and JPEG format
+[ It was shut down - nfotis; anyone has a copy of this archive?? ]
+Others
+  Daily values of river discharge, streamflow, and daily weather data is
+  available from EarthInfo, 5541 Central Ave., Boulder CO  80301.  These
+  disks are expensive, around $500, but there are quantity discounts.
+  Check vmd.cso.uiuc.edu [128.174.5.98], the wx directory carries
+  data regarding surface analysis, weather radar, and sat view pics in
+  GIF format (updated hourly)
+  pioneer.unm.edu [129.24.9.217] is the Space and Planetary Image Facility
+  (located on the University of New Mexico campus) FTP server. It provides
+  Anonymous FTP access to >150 CD-ROMS  with data/images.
+  A disk with earthquake data, topography, gravity, geopolitical info
+  is available from NGDC (National Geophysical Data Center), 325 Broadway,
+  Boulder, CO  80303.  (303) 497-6958.
+  EOSAT (at least in the US) now sells Landsat MSS data older than two years
+  old for $200 per scene, and they have been talking about a similar deal
+  for Landsat TM data. The MSS data are 4 bands, 80 meter resolution.
+  Check out anonymous FTP to ftp.ncsa.uiuc.edu in
+  UNIX/PolyView/alpha-shape for a tool that creates convex hulls
+  alpha-shapes (a generalization of the convex hull) from 3D point sets.
+  The GRIPS II (Gov. Raster Image Processing Software) CD-ROM
+  is available from CD-ROM Inc. at 1-800-821-5245 for $49.
+  Code for viewing ADRG (Arc Digitised Raster Graphics) files is
+  available on the GRIPS II CD-ROM. The U.S. Army Engineer 
+  Topographic Labs (Juan Perez) code is also available via FTP
+  ( adrg.zip archive in  spectrum.xerox.com )
+NRCC range data
+  Rioux M., Cournoyer L. "The NRCC Three-Dimensional Image Data Files",
+  Tech. Report, CNRC 29077, National Research Council Canada,
+  Ottawa, Canada, 1988
+  [ From what I understand, these data are from a laser range finder,
+   and you can a copy for research purposes ]
+12. 3D scanners - Digitized 3D Data
+a. Cyberware Labs, Monterey, CA, manufactures a 3D color laser digitizer
+  which can be used to model parts of, or a complete, human body.
+  They run a service bureau also, so they can digitize models for you.
+  Address:
+    Cyberware Labs, Inc
+    8 Harris Ct, Suite 3D
+    Monterey, CA 93940
+  Phone: (408)373-1441, Fax: (408)373-3582
+b. Polhemus makes a 6D input device (actually a couple of models)
+  that senses position (3D) and *orientation* (+3D) based on electromagnetic
+  field interference.  This equipment is also incorporated in the
+  VPL Dataglove.
+  This hardware is also called ISOTRACK, from Keiser Aerospace.
+Ascension Technology makes a similar 3D input device.
+There is a company, Applied Sciences(?), that makes a 3D input
+device (position only) based on speed of sound triangulation.
+c. A company that specializes in digitizing is Viewpoint. You can ask
+   for Viewpoint's _free_ 100 page catalog full of ready to 
+   ship datasets from categories such as cars, anatomy, aircraft,sports,
+   boats, trains, animals and others. Though these objects are
+   quite expensive, the cataloge is nevertheless of interest for it
+   has pictures of all the available objects in wireframe , polygon mesh.
+  Contact:
+  Viewpoint,
+  870 West Center,
+  Orem, Utah 84057
+  fax# 801-224-2272
+  Some addresses for companies that make digitizers:
+  Ascension Technology
+  Bird, Flock of Birds, Big Bird: 6d trackers
+  P.O. Box 527,
+  Burlington, VT 05402
+  Phone: (802) 655-7879, Fax: (802) 655-5904
+  Polhemus Incorporated
+  Digitizer: 6d trackers
+  P.O. Box 560, Hercules Dr.
+  Colchester, Vt. 05446
+  Tel: (802) 655-3159
+  Logitech Inc.
+  Red Baron, ultrasonic 6D mouse
+  6506 Kaiser Dr.
+  Freemont, CA 94555
+  Tel: (415) 795-8500w
+  Shooting Star Technology
+  Mechanical Headtracker
+  1921 Holdom Ave.
+  Burnaby, B.C. Canada V5B 3W4
+  Tel: (604) 298-8574
+  Fax: (604) 298-8580
+  Spaceball Technologies, Inc.
+  Spaceball: 6d stationary input device
+  600 Suffolk Street
+  Lowell, MA, 01854
+  Tel: (508) 970-0330 
+  Fax: (508) 970-0199
+  Tel in Mountain View: (415) 966-8123 
+  Transfinite Systems 
+  Gold Brick: PowerGlove for Macintosh
+  P.O. Box N
+  MIT Branch Post Office
+  Cambridge, MA 02139-0903
+  Tel: (617) 969-9570
+  email: D2002@AppleLink.Apple.com
+  VPL Research, Inc.
+  EyePhone: head-mounted display
+  DataGlove: glove/hand input device
+  VPL Research Inc.
+  950 Tower Lane
+  14th Floor
+  Foster City, CA 94404
+  Tel: (415) 312-0200
+  Fax: (415) 312-9356
+  SimGraphics Engineering
+  Flying Mouse: 6d input device
+  1137 Huntington Rd. Suite A-1
+  South Pasadena, CA 91030-4563
+13. Background imagery/textures/datafiles
+ First, check in the FTP places that are mentioned in the FAQ or in the FTP
+list above.
+24-bit scanning:
+  Get a good 24-bit scanner, like Epson's. Suggested is an SCSI port for
+  speed. Eric Haines had a suggestion in RT News, Volume 4, #3 :
+  scan textures for wallpapers and floor coverings, etc. from doll
+  house supplies.
+  So you have a rather cheap way to scan patterns that don't have
+  scaling troubles associated with real materials and scanning area.
+Books with textures:
+  Find some houses/books/magazines that carry photographic material.
+  Educorp, 1-619-536-9999, sells CD-ROMS with various imagery - also
+  a wide variety of stock art is available.
+  Stock art from big-name stock art houses, such as Comstock,
+  UNIPHOTO, and Metro Image Base, is available.
+  In Italy, there's a company called Belvedere that makes such books
+  for the purpose of clipping their pages for inclusion in your
+  graphics work. Their address is:
+	Edition Belvedere Co. Ltd.,
+	00196 Rome Italy,
+	Piazzale Flaminio, 19
+	Tel. (06) 360-44-88, Fax (06)  360-29-60
+Texture Libraries:
+a. Mannikin Sceptre Graphics announced TexTiles, a set of 256x256 24-bit
+   textures. Initial shipments in 24-bit IFF (for Amigas), soon in 24-bit
+   TIFF format. Algorithmically built for tiled surfaces. SRP is $40 / volume
+   (each volume = 40 images @ 10 disks). Demo disks for $5 are available.
+   Contact:
+   Mannikin Sceptre Graphics
+   1600 Indiana Ave.
+   Winter Park, FL 32789
+   Phone: (407) 384-9484
+b. ESSENCE is a library of 65 (sixty-five) new algoritmic textures for Imagine
+   by Impulse, Inc. These textures are FULLY compatible with the floating point
+   versions of Imagine 2.0, Imagine 1.1, and even Turbo Silver.
+   Written by Steve Worley.
+   For more info contact:
+   Essence Info
+   Apex Software Publishing
+   405 El Camino Real Suite 121
+   Menlo Park CA 94025 USA
+[ What about Texture City ?? ]
+14. Introduction to rendering algorithms
+a. Ray-Tracing:
+  I assume you have a general understanding of Computer Graphics. No? Then read
+  some of the books that the FAQ contains. For Ray-Tracing, I would
+  suggest:
+   An Introduction to Ray Tracing, Andrew Glassner (ed.), Academic Press
+  Note that I have not read the book, but I feel that you can't be wrong
+  using his book. An errata list was posted in comp.graphics by Eric Haines
+  (erich@eye.com)
+There's a more concise reference also:
+  Roman Kuchkuda , UNC @ Chapel Hill: "An Introduction to Ray Tracing", in
+  "Theoretical Foundations for Computer Graphics and CAD", ed. R.A.E.Earnshaw,
+  NATO AS, Vol. F-40., pp. 1039-1060. Printed by Springer-Verlag, 1988.
+It contains code for a small, but fundamentally complete ray-tracer.
+b. Z-buffer (depth-buffer)
+A good reference is:
+        _Procedural Elements for Computer Graphics_, David F. Rogers,
+        McGraw-Hill, New York, 1985, pages 265-272 and 280-284.
+c. Others:
+[ More info is needed -- nfotis ]
+15. Where can I find the geometric data for the:
+a. Teapot ?
+"Displays on Display" column of IEEE CG&A Jan '87 has the whole
+story about origin of the Martin Newell's teapot. The article also has
+the bezier patch model and a Pascal program to display the wireframe
+model of the teapot.
+IEEE CG&A Sep '87 in Jim Blinn's column "Jim Blinn's Corner" describes
+an another way to model the teapot; Bezier curves with rotations for
+example are used.
+The OFF and SPD packages have these objects, so you're advised to get
+them to avoid typing the data yourself.  The OFF data is triangles at
+a specific resolution (around 8x8[x4 triangles] meshing per patch).
+The SPD package provides the spline patch descriptions and performs a
+tessellation at any specified resolution.
+b. Space Shuttle ?
+Tolis Lerios <tolis@nova.stanford.edu> has built a list of Space Shuttle
+datafiles. Here's a summary (From his sci.space list):
+model1:
+A modified version of the newsgroup model (model2)
+406 vertices (296 useful, i.e. referred to in the polygon descriptions.)
+389 polygons (233 3-vertex, 146 4-vertex, 7 5-vertex, 3 6-vertex).
+Payload doors non-existent.
+Units: unknown.
+Simon Marshall (S.Marshall@sequent.cc.hull.ac.uk) has a copy. He
+said there is no proprietary information associated with it.
+model2:
+The newsgroup model, in OFF format. You can find it in
+gondwana.ecr.mu.oz.au , file pub/off/objects/shuttle.geo
+hanauma.stanford.edu ,  /pub/graphics/Comp.graphics/objects/shuttle.data
+model3:
+The triangles' model.
+This model is stored in several files, each defining portions of the model.
+Greg Henderson (henders@infonode.ingr.com) has a copy.  He did
+not mention any restriction on the model's distribution.
+model4:
+The NASA model.
+The file starts off with a header line containing three real numbers,
+defining the offsets used by Lockheed in their simulations:
+<x offset> <y offset> <z offset>
+From then on, the file consists of a sequence of polygon descriptions
+3473 vertices.
+2748 polygons (407 3-vertex, 2268 4-vertex, 33 5-vertex, 14 6-vertex,
+ 10 7-vertex, 8 8-vertex, 8 12-vertex, 2 13-vertex, 2 15-vertex,
+ 17 16-vertex, 2 17-vertex, 2 18-vertex, 3 19-vertex, 8 24-vertex).
+Payload doors closed.
+Units: inches.
+Jon Berndt (jon@l14h11.jsc.nasa.gov) seems to be responsible for the model
+Proprietary info: unknown
+model5:
+The old shuttle model.
+The file consists of a sequence of polygon descriptions.
+104 vertices.
+452 polygons (11 3-vertex, 41 4-vertex).
+Payload doors open.
+Units: meters.
+We have been using this model at STAR Labs, Stanford University, for
+some years now. Contact me (tolis@nova.stanford.edu) or my supervisor
+Scott Williams (scott@star5.stanford.edu) if you want a copy.
+16. Image annotation software
+a. Touchup runs in Sunview and is pretty good.  It reads in
+  rasterfiles, but even if your image isn't normally stored
+  in rasterfile format you could use screendump to make it a
+  rasterfile.
+b. Idraw (part of Stanford's InterViews distribution) can handle some
+  image formats in addition to being a MacDraw like tool.  I'm not
+  sure exactly what they are.
+  You can ftp the idraw's binary from interviews.stanford.edu.
+c. Tgif is another MacDraw like tool that can handle X11 bitmap (xbm)
+  and X11 pixmap (xpm) formats.  If the image you have is in formats
+  other than xbm or xpm, you can get the pbmplus toolkit to convert
+  things like gif or even some Macintosh formats to xpm.
+  Tgif's sources are available in the pub directory on cs.ucla.edu
+  (Version 2.12 of tgif at patchlevel 7 plus patch8 and patch9)
+d. Use the editimage facility of KHOROS (see below).
+  This is just one utility in the overall system- you can essentially do all
+  your image processing and macdraw-type graphics using this package.
+e. You might be able to get by with PBMPlus.  pbmtext gives you text output
+  bitmaps which can be overlaid on top of your image.
+f. 'ice' requires Sun hardware running OpenWindows 3.It's a PostScript-based
+  graphical editor,and it's available for anonymous ftp from Internet host
+  eo.soest.hawaii.edu (128.171.151.12). Requires Sun C++ 2.0 and
+  two other locally developed packages, the LXT library (an Xlib-based
+  toolkit) and a small C++ class library. All files (pub/ice.tar.Z,
+  pub/lxt.tar.Z and pub/ldgoc++.tar.Z) are available in compressed
+  tar format. pub/ice.tar.Z contains a README that gives installation
+  instructions, as well as an extensive man page (ice.1).
+  A statically-linked compressed executable pub/ice-sun4.Z for
+  SPARC systems is also available for ftp.
+  All software is the property of Columbia University and may not
+  be redistributed without permission.
+  ice means Image Composition Environment and it's an imaging tool that
+  allows raster images to be combined with a wide variety of
+  PostScript annotations in WYSIWYG fashion via X11 imaging
+  routines and NeWS PostScript rasterizing.
+g. Use ImageMagick to annotate an image from your X server.  Pick the 
+  position of your text with the cursor and choose your font and pen 
+  color from a pull-down menu.  ImageMagick can read and write many
+  of the more popular image formats.  ImageMagick is available as
+  export.lcs.mit.edu: contrib/ImageMagick.tar.Z or at your nearest
+  X11 archive.
+17. Scientific visualization stuff
+X Data Slice (xds)
+  Bundled with the X11 distribution from MIT,
+  in the contrib directory. Available at ftp.ncsa.uiuc.edu [141.142.20.50]
+  (either as a source or binaries for various platforms).
+National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) Tool Suite
+Platforms: Unix Workstations (DEC, IBM, SGI, Sun)
+           Apple MacIntosh
+           Cray supercomputers
+Availability: Now available.  Source code in the public domain.
+              FTP from ftp.ncsa.uiuc.edu.
+Contact: National Center for Supercomputing Applications
+         Computing Applications Building
+         605 E. Springfield Ave.
+         Champaign, IL 61820
+Cost: Free (zero dollars).
+The suite includes tools for 2D image and 3D scene analysis and visualization.
+The code is actively maintained and updated.
+Spyglass
+  They sell commercial versions of the NCSA tools. Examples are:
+	Spyglass Dicer (3D volumetric data analysis package)
+		Platform: Mac
+	Spyglass Transform (2D data analysis package)
+		Platforms: Mac, SGI, Sun, DEC, HP, IBM
+  Contact:
+  Spyglass, Inc.
+  P.O. Box 6388
+  Champaign, IL  61826
+KHOROS 1.0 Patch 5
+  Available via anonymous ftp at pprg.eece.unm.edu (129.24.24.10).
+  cd to /pub/khoros to see what is available. It is HUGE (> 100 MB), but good.
+  Needs Unix and X11R4. Freely copied (NOT PD), complete with sources
+  and docs. Very extensive and at its heart is visual programming.
+  Khoros components include a visual programming language, code
+  generators for extending the visual language and adding new application
+  packages to the system, an interactive user interface editor, an
+  interactive image display package, an extensive library of image and
+  signal processing routines, and 2D/3D plotting packages.
+  See comp.soft-sys.khoros on Usenet and the relative FAQ for more info....
+  Contact:
+  The Khoros Group
+  Room 110 EECE Dept.
+  University of New Mexico
+  Albuquerque, NM 87131
+  Email: khoros-request@chama.eece.unm.edu
+MacPhase
+  Analysis & Visualization Application for the Macintosh.
+  Operates on 1D and 2D data arrays. Import/Export several different file
+  formats.  Several different plotting options such as gray scale,
+  color raster, 3D Wire frame, 3D surface, contour, vector, line, and
+  combinations.  FFTs, filtering, and other math functions, color look up
+  editor, array calculator, etc. Shareware, available via anonymous ftp from
+  sumex-aim.stanford.edu in the info-mac/app directory.
+  For other information contact Doug Norton (e-mail: 74017.461@@compuserve.com)
+IRIS Explorer
+  It's an application creation system developed by Silicon
+  Graphics that provides visualisation and analysis functionality for
+  computational scientists, engineers and other scientists. The Explorer
+  GUI allows users to build custom applications without having to write
+  any, or a minimal amount of, traditonal code. Also, existing code can
+  be easily integrated into the Explorer environment. Explorer currently
+  is available now on SGI and Cray machines, but will become available on
+  other platforms in time. [ Bundled with every new SGI machine, as far as
+  I know]
+  See comp.graphics.explorer or comp.sys.sgi for discussion of the package.
+  There are also two FTP servers for related stuff, modules etc.:
+  ftp.epcc.ed.ac.uk [129.215.56.29]
+  swedishchef.lerc.nasa.gov [139.88.54.33] - mirror of the UK site
+apE
+  Back in the 'old good days', you could get apE for nearly free.
+  Now has gone commercial and the following vendor supplies it:
+  TaraVisual Corporation
+  929 Harrison Avenue
+  Columbus, Ohio 43215
+  Tel: 1-800-458-8731 and (614) 291-2912
+  Fax: (614) 291-2867
+        Cost:
+  $895 (plus tax); runtime version with a site-license for a single user
+  (at a time), no limit on the number of machines in a cluster.
+  $895 includes support/maintenance and upgrades.
+  Source code more.  Additional user licenses $360.
+  The name of the package has become apE III (TM).
+  Khoros is very similar to apE on philosophy, as are AVS and Explorer.
+See also:
+        comp.graphics.avs
+Platforms: CONVEX, CRAY, DEC, Evans & Sutherland, HP, IBM, Kubota,
+Set Technologies, SGI, Stardent, SUN, Wavetracer
+Availability: AVS4 available on all the above:
+  For all UNIX workstations.
+Contact:
+  Advanced Visual Systems Inc.
+  300 Fifth Ave.
+  Waltham, MA    02154
+  (617)-890-4300   Telephone
+  (617)-890-8287   Fax
+  avs@avs.com      Email
+  Advanced Visual Systems Inc. for: CRAY, HP, IBM, SGI, Stardent, SUN
+  CONVEX for CONVEX
+  Advanced Visual Systems Inc. or CRAY for CRAY
+  DEC for DEC
+  Evans & Sutherland for Evans & Sutherland
+  Advanced Visual Systems Inc. or IBM for IBM
+  Kubota Pacific Inc. for Kubota
+  Set Technologies for Set Technologies
+  Wavetracer for Wavetracer
+  FTP Site: for modules, data sets, other info:
+	avs.ncsc.org (128.109.178.23)
+  In a nutshell it's a package of the same genre as AVS,Explorer,etc.
+  It seems more a image processing system than a generic SciVi system (IMHO)
+  Major elements are:
+  - a visual programming language, which automatically exploits the inherent
+        parallelism
+  - a code generator which converts the graph to a standalone program
+  Iconified libraries present a rich set of point, filter, io, transform,
+  morphological, segmentation, and measurement operations.
+  A flow library allows graphs to employ broadcast, merge,
+  synchronization, conditional, and sequencing control strategies.
+  WIT delivers an object-oriented, distributed, visual programming
+  environment which allows users to rapidly design solutions to their
+  imaging problems. Users can consolidate both software and hardware
+  developments within a complete CAD-like workspace by adding their
+  own operators (C functions), objects (data structures), and servers
+  (specialized hardware). WIT runs on Sun, HP9000/7xx, SGI and supports
+  Datacube MV-20/200 hardware allowing you to run your graphs in real-time.
+  For a free WIT demo disk, call, FAX, or e-mail (poon@ee.ubc.ca)
+  us stating your complete name, address, voice, FAX, e-mail info.
+  and desired platform.
+  Pricing: WIT for Sparc, one yr. free upgrades, 30 days
+  technical support....................$5000 US
+  Academic institutions: discounts available
+  Contact:
+  Logical Vision Ltd.
+  Suite 108-3700 Gilmore Way
+  Burnaby, B.C., CANADA
+  Tel: 604-435-2587
+  Fax: 604-435-8840
+  Terry Arden <poon@ee.ubc.ca>
+  A system for visually exploring the output of 5-D gridded data sets
+  such as those made by weather models. Platforms:
+    SGI IRIS with VGX, GTX, TG, or G graphics,
+    SGI Crimson or Indigo (R4000, Elan graphics suggested), IRIX 4.0.x
+    IBM RS/6000 with GL graphics, AIX version 3 or later;
+    Stardent GS-1000 and GS-2000 (with TrueColor display)
+  In any case, 32 (or more) MB of RAM are suggested.
+  You can get it freely (thanks to NASA support) via anonymous ftp:
+ ftp iris.ssec.wisc.edu  (or ftp 144.92.108.63), then
+  ftp> cd pub/vis5d
+  ftp> ascii
+  ftp> get README
+  ftp> bye
+ NOTE: You can find the package also on wuarchive.wustl.edu in the
+ graphics/graphics/packages directory.
+  Read section 2 of the README file for full instructions
+  on how to get and install VIS-5D.
+  Contact:
+  Bill Hibbard (whibbard@vms.macc.wisc.edu)
+  Brian Paul (bpaul@vms.macc.wisc.edu)
+DATAexplorer (IBM)
+  Platforms : IBM Risc System 6000, IBM POWER Visualization Server
+        (SIMD mesh 32 i860s, 40 MHz)
+  Working on (announced) : SGI, HP, Sun
+  Contact:
+  Your local IBM Rep.  For a trial package ask your rep to contact :
+  David Kilgore
+  Data Explorer Product Marketing
+Wavefront
+  Data Visualizer, Personal Visualizer, Advanced Visualizer.
+  Platforms: SGI, SUN, IBM RS6000, HP, DEC
+  Availability:
+    Available on all the above platforms from Wavefront
+    Technologies.  Educational programs and site licenses are
+    available.
+  Contacts:
+    Mike Wilson (mike@wti.com)
+    Wavefront Technologies, Inc.
+    530 East Montecito Street
+    Santa Barbara, CA 93103
+    Wavefront Europe
+    Guldenspoorstraat 21-23
+    B-9000 Gent, Belgium
+    Wavefront Technologies Japan
+    17F Shinjuku-sumitomo Bldg
+    2-6-1  Nishi-shinjuku, Shunjuku-Ku
+    Tokyo 168 Japan
+PLOT3D and FAST from NASA Ames
+  These packages are distributed from COSMIC at least
+  (for FAST ask Pat Elson <pelson@nas.nasa.gov> for
+  distribution information). In general, these codes are for US
+  citizens only :-(
+  On the contrib tape of X11R5. Its specialty is display of up
+  to 64 data sets (2D).
+  National Center for Atmospheric Research. One of the original graphics
+  packages. Runs on Sun, RS6000, SGI, VAX, Cray Y-MP, DecStations, and more.
+  Contact:
+	Graphics Information
+	NCAR Scientific Computing Division
+	P.O. Box 3000
+	Boulder, CO   80307-3000
+	scdinfo@ncar.ucar.edu
+  Cost:
+	.edu
+	$750 Unlimited users
+	.gov
+	$750 1 user
+	$1500 5 users
+	$3000 25 users
+	.com users multiply .gov * 2.0
+  An environment for scientific computing and visualization.
+  Based on an array oriented language, IDL includes 2D and 3D
+  graphics, matrix manupulation, signal and image processing,
+  basic statistics, gridding, mapping, and a widget based system
+  for building GUI for IDL applications (Open Look, Motif, or
+  MS-Windows).
+  Environments:  DEC (VMS and Ultrix), HP, IBM RS6000, SGI, Sun,
+          Microsoft Windows.  (Mac version in progress)
+  Cost:  $1500 to $3750, Educational and quantity discounts
+          available.
+  See also:   comp.lang.idl-pvwave (the IDL-PVWAVE bundle)
+  Contact:    Research Systems Inc.
+              777 29th Street, Suite 302
+              Boulder, CO  80303
+              Phone:  303-786-9900
+              E-mail: info@rsinc.com
+  Demo available via FTP.  Call or E-mail for details.
+  "A lot of people are using IDL with a package called SIPS. This was
+  developed at the University of Colorado (Boulder) by some people working
+  for Alex Goetz.  You might try contacting them if you already have IDL
+  or would be willing to buy it.  It's a few thousand dollars (American) I
+  expect for IDL and the other should be free.  Those are the general
+  purpose packages I've heard of, besides what TerraMar has.
+  SIPS _was_ written for AVIRIS imagery.  I'm not sure how general purpose
+  it is.  You would have to contact Goetz or one of his people and ask.  I
+  have another piece of software (PCW) that does PC and Walsh
+  transformations with pseudocoloring and clustering and limited image
+  modification (you can compute an image using selected components).  I've
+  used it on 70 megabyte AVIRIS images without problems, but for the best
+  speed you need an external DSP card.  It will work without it, but large
+  images take quite a while (50-70 times as long) to process.  That's a
+  freebie if you want it"
+  "My  favorite is IDL (Interactive Data Language) from Research Systems,
+  Inc.  IDL is in my opinion, much better and infinitely easier. Its
+  programming language is very strong and easy -- very Pascal-like. It
+  handles the number-crunching very well, also. Personally, I like doing
+  the number-crunching with IDL on the VAX (or Mathematica, Igor, or even
+  Excel on the Mac if it's not too hairy), then bringing it over to NIH
+  Image for the imaging part. I have yet to encounter any situation which
+  that combination couldn't handle, and the speed and ease of use
+  (compared to IRAF) was incredible. By the way, it's mostly astronomical
+  image processing which I've been doing. This means image enhancement,
+  cleaning up bad lines/pixels, and some other traditional image
+  processing routines. Then, for example, taking a graph of intensity
+  versus position along a line I choose with the mouse, then doing a curve
+  fit to that line (which I might do like in KaleidaGraph.) "
+[ For IDL call Research Systems , for PV-WAVE call Precision Visuals and
+ for SIPS call University of Colorado @ Boulder . From what I can
+ understand, you can get packaged programs from Research Systems, though
+ -- nfotis ]
+Visual3
+  contact Robert Haimes, MIT
+FieldView
+ An interactive program designed to assist an engineer in
+ investigating fluid dynamics data sets.          
+ Platforms:  SGI, IBM, HP, SUN, X-terminals
+ Availability:  Currently available on all of the above
+       platforms.  Educational programs and volume 
+       discounts are available.
+ Contact:
+ Intelligent Light 
+ P.O. Box 65
+ Fair Lawn, NJ 07410
+ Steve Kramer (kramer@ilight.com)
+SciAn
+  SciAn is primarily intended to do 3-D visualizations of data in an 
+  interactive environment with the ability to generate animations using
+  frame-accurate video recording devices.  A user manual, on-line help, and
+  technical notes will help you use the program.
+  Cost : 0 (Free), source code provided via ftp.
+  Platforms : SGI 4D machines and IBM RS/6000 with the GL card + Z-buffer
+  Where to find it:
+  ftp.scri.fsu.edu [144.174.128.34] : /pub/SciAn
+	A mirror is monu1.cc.monash.edu.au [130.194.1.101] : /pub/SciAn
+[ From the README : ]
+      Scry is a distributed image handling system  that  pro-
+ vides image transport and compression on local and wide area
+ networks, image viewing on workstations, recording on  video
+ equipment,  and  storage on disk.  The system can be distri-
+ buted among workstations, between supercomputers and  works-
+ tations,  and between supercomputers, workstations and video
+ animation controllers.  The system is most commonly used  to
+ produce  video based movie displays of images resulting from
+ visualization of time dependent data, complex 3D data  sets,
+ and  image  processing  operations.   Both  the  clients and
+ servers run on a variety of systems that provide UNIX-like C
+ run-time environments, and 4BSD sockets.
+ The source is available for anonymous ftp:
+ csam.lbl.gov [128.3.254.6] : pub/scry.tar.Z
+ Contact:
+ Bill Johnston, (wejohnston@lbl.gov, ...ucbvax!csam.lbl.gov!johnston)
+       or
+ David Robertson (dwrobertson@lbl.gov, ...ucbvax!csam.lbl.gov!davidr)
+ Imaging Technologies Group
+ Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
+ 1 Cyclotron Road
+ Berkeley, CA  94720
+  SVLIB is an X-Windows widget set based on the OSF (Open Software 
+  Foundation) Motif widget set. SVLIB widgets are macro-widgets 
+  comprising lower level Motif widgets such as buttons, scrollbars, 
+  menus, and drawing areas. It is designed to address the reusability 
+  of 2D visualization routines and each widget in the library is an 
+  encapsulation of a specific visualization technique such as colormap 
+  manipulation, image display, and contour plotting. It is targetted
+  to run on UNIX workstations supporting OSF/Motif. Currently, only 
+  color monitors are supported. Since SVLIB is a collection of widgets 
+  developed in the same spirit as the OSF/Motif user interface widget 
+  set, it integrates seamlessly with the Motif widgets. Programmers 
+  using SVLIB widgets see the same interface and design as other 
+  Motif widgets.
+  FVS is a visualization software for Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) 
+  simulations.  FVS is designed to accept data generated from these
+  simulations and apply various visualization techniques to present these
+  data graphically. 
+  FVS accepts three-dimensional multi-block data recorded in NCSA HDF format.
+ iti.gov.sg [192.122.132.130] : /pub/svlib (Scientific Visualization)
+      /pu/fvs; These directories contain demo binaries for Sun4/SGI
+  Cost : US$200 for academic and US$300 for non-academic institutions.
+  (For each of the above items). You're getting the source for the licence.
+  Contact
+  Miss Quek Lee Hian
+  Member of Technical Staff
+  Information Technology Institute
+  National Computer Board
+  NCB Building
+  71, Sicence Park Drive
+  Singapore 0511
+  Republic of Singapore
+  Tel : (65)7720435
+  Fax : (65)7795966
+  Email : leehian@iti.gov.sg
+GVLware Distribution:
+        Bob  - An interactive volume renderer for the SGI
+        Raz  - A disk based movie player for the SGI
+        Icol - Motif color editor
+The Army High Performance Computing Research Center (AHPCRC) has been
+developing a set of tools to work with large time dependent 2D and 3D
+data sets.  In the Graphics and Visualization Lab (GVL) we are using
+these tools along side standard packages, such as SGI Explorer and the
+Utah Raster Toolkit, to render 3D volumes and create digital movies.
+A couple of the more general purpose programs have been bundled into a
+package called "GVLware".
+GVLware, currently consisting of Bob, Raz and Icol, is now available
+via ftp.  The most interesting program is probably Bob, an interactive
+volume renderer for the SGI.  Raz streams raster images from disk to
+an SGI screen, enabling movies larger than memory to be played.  Icol
+is a color map editor that works with Bob and Raz.  Source and
+pre-built binaries for IRIX 4.0.5 are included.
+To acquire GVLware, anonymous ftp to:
+        machine - ftp.arc.umn.edu
+        file    - /pub/gvl.tar.Z
+To use GVLware:
+        mkdir gvl ; cd gvl
+        zcat gvl.tar.Z | tar xvf -
+        more README
+Some Bob features:
+        Motif interface, SGI GL rendering
+        Renders 64 cubed data set in 0.1 to 1.0 seconds on a VGX
+        Alpha Compositing and Maximum Value rendering, in perspective
+            (only Maximum Value rendering on Personal Iris)
+        Data must be a "Brick of Bytes", on a regularly spaced grid
+        Animation, subvolumes, subsampling, stereo
+Some Raz features:
+        Motif interface, SGI GL rendering
+        Loads files to a raw disk partition, then streams to screen
+            (requires an empty disk partition to be set aside)
+        Script interface available for movie sequences
+        Can stream from memory, like NCSA XImage
+Some Icol features:
+        Motif interface
+        Easy to create interpolated color maps between key points
+        RGB, HSV and YUV color spaces, multiple file formats
+        Communicates changes automatically to Bob and Raz
+        Has been tested on SGI, Sun, DEC and Cray systems
+BTW:    Bob  == Brick of Bytes
+        Icol == Interpolated Color
+        Raz  == ? (just a name)
+Please send any comments to
+        gvlware@ahpcrc.umn.edu
+This software collection is supported by the Army Research Office
+contract number DAALO3-89-C-0038 with the University of Minnesota Army
+High Performance Computing Research Center.
+  Imaging Applications Platform is a commercial package for medical and
+  scientific visualization. It does volume rendering, binary surface
+  rendering, multiplanar reformating, image manipulation, cine sequencing,
+  intermixes geometry and text with images and provides measurement and
+  coordinate transform abilities.
+  It can provide hardcopy on most medical film printers, image database
+  functionality and interconnection to most medical (CT/MRI/etc) scanners.
+  It is client/server based and provides an object oriented interface. It
+  runs on most high performance workstations and takes full advantage of
+  parallelism where it is available. It is robust, efficient and
+  will be submitted for FDA approval for use in medical applications.
+  Cost: $20K for OEM developer, $10K for educational developer
+  and run times starting at $8900 and going down based on quantity.
+  The developer packages include two days training for two people in Toronto.
+  Available from:
+  ISG Technologies
+  6509 Airport Road
+  Mississauga, Ontario,
+  Canada, L4V-1S7
+  e-mail: Rod Gilchrist <rod@isgtec.com>
+18. Molecular visualization stuff
+[ Based on a list from cristy@dupont.com < Cristy > , which asked for
+ systems for displaying Molecular Dynamics, MD for short ]
+Flex
+  It is a public domain package written by Michael Pique, at The Scripps
+  Research Institute, La Jolla, CA. Flex is stored as a compressed,
+  tar'ed archive (about 3.4MB) at perutz.scripps.edu [137.131.152.27], in
+  pub/flex. It displays molecular models and MD trajectories.
+MacMolecule
+  (for Macintosh). I searched with Archie, and the most
+  promising place is sumex-aim.stanford.edu (info-mac/app, and
+  info-mac/art/qt for a demo)
+  Runs on SGI machines. Call Terry Lybrand (lybrand@milton.u.washington.edu).
+XtalView
+  It is a crystallography package that does visualize molecules and much more.
+  It uses the XView toolkit.
+  Call Duncan McRee <dem@scripps.edu>
+landman@hal.physics.wayne.edu:
+  I am writing my own visualization code right now.  I look at MD output
+  (a specific format, easy to alter for the subroutine) on PC's.  My
+  program has hooks into GKS.  If your friend has access to Phigs for X
+  (PEX) and fortran bindings, I would be happy to share my evolving code
+  (free of charge).  Right now it can display supercells of up to 65
+  atoms (easy to change), and up to 100 time steps, drawing nearest
+  neighbor bonds between 2 defining nn radii.  It works acceptably fast
+  on a 10Mhz 286.
+icsg0001@caesar.cs.montana.edu:
+  I did a project on Molecular Visualization for my Master's Thesis, using
+  UNIX/X11/Motif which generates a simple point and space-filling model.
+KGNGRAF is part of MOTECC-91. Look on malena.crs4.it (156.148.7.12),
+in pub/motecc.
+motecc.info.txt          Information about MOTECC-91 in plain ascii format.
+motecc.info.troff        Information about MOTECC-91 in troff format.
+motecc.form.troff        MOTECC-91 order form in troff format.
+motecc.license.troff     MOTECC-91 license agreement in troff format.
+motecc.info.ps           Information about MOTECC-91 in PostScript format.
+motecc.form.ps           MOTECC-91 order form in PostScript format.
+motecc.license.ps        MOTECC-91 license agreement in PostScript format.
+ditolla@itnsg1.cineca.it:
+  I'm working on molecular dynamic too.  A friend of mine and I have
+  developed a program to display an MD run dynamically on Silicon
+  Graphics.  We are working to improve it, but it doesn't work under X,
+  we are using the graphi. lib. of the Silicon Gr. because they are much
+  faster then X.  When we'll end it we'll post on the news info about
+  where to get it with ftp. (Will be free software).
+XBall V2.0
+  Written by David Nedde. Call daven@maxine.wpi.edu.
+XMol
+  An X Window System program that uses OSF/Motif  for  the
+  display and  analysis  of  molecular  model data.  Data from several
+  common file formats can be read and written; current formats include:
+  Alchemy, CHEMLAB-II, Gaussian, MOLSIM, MOPAC, PDB, and MSCI's XYZ
+  format (which has been designed  for  simplicity  in  translating to
+  and from other formats). XMol also allows for conversion between
+  several of these formats.
+  Xmol is available at ftp.msc.edu. Read pub/xmol/README for
+  further details.
+  from BIOSYM Technologies Inc.
+  The program has been published in J. Molecular Graphics 10
+  (1992) 33. The program can analyze and display CHARMM, DISCOVER, YASP
+  and MUMOD trajectories. The program package contains also software for
+  the generation of probe surfaces, proton affinity
+  surfaces and molecular orbitals from an extended Huckel program.
+  It works on Silicon Graphics machines.
+  Contact Leif Laaksonen <Leif.Laaksonen@csc.fi or laaksone@csc.fi>
+ns.niehs.nih.gov [157.98.8.8] : /pub - MULTI 3.0 (Multi-Process
+		Molecular Modeling Suite)
+MindTool
+  It runs under SunView, and requires a fortran compiler and Sun's CGI
+  libraries. MindTool is a tool  provided  for  the  interactive  graphic
+  manipulation  of  molecules  and  atoms. Currently, up to 10,000
+  atoms may be input.
+  Available via anonymous FTP, at rani.chem.yale.edu, directory
+  /pub/MindTool ( Check with Archie for other  sites if that's too far )
+[ I would also suggest looking at least in SGI's Applications Directory.
+ It contains many more packages - nfotis ]
+19. GIS (Geographical Information Systems software)
+  (Geographic Resource Analysis Support System) of the US Army
+  Construction Engineering Research Lab (CERL). It is a popular geographic and
+  remote sensing image processing package. Many may think of GRASS as a
+  Geographic Information System rather than an Image Processing package,
+  although it is reported to have significant image processing
+  capabilities.
+  Feature Descriptions
+  I use GRASS  because it's public domain and can be obtained through the
+  internet for free.  GRASS runs in Unix and is written in C.  The source
+  code can be obtained through an anonymous ftp from the Office of Grass
+  Integration.  You then compile the source code for your machine, using
+  scripts provided with GRASS.  I would recommend GRASS for someone who
+  already has a workstation and is on a limited budget. GRASS is not very
+  user-friendly, compared to Macintosh software." A first review  of
+  overview documentation indicates that it looks useful and has some pixel
+  resampling functions not in other packages plus good general purpose
+  image enhancement routines (fft). Kelly Maurice at Vexcel Corp. in
+  Boulder, CO is a primary user of GRASS .  This gentleman has used the
+  GRASS software and developed multi-spectral (238 bands ??) volumetric
+  rendering, full color, on Suns and Stardents. It was a really effective
+  interface.  Vexcel Corp. currently has a contract to map part of Venus
+  and convert the Magellan radar data into contour maps. You can call them
+  at (303) 444-0094 or email care of greg@vexcel.com 192.92.90.68
+  Host Configuration Requirements
+  If you are willing to run A/UX you could install GRASS   on a Macintosh
+  which has significant image analysis and import capabilities for
+  satellite data. GRASS  is public-domain, and can run on a high-end PC
+  under UNIX. It is raster-based, has some image-processing capability,
+  and can display vector data (but analysis must be done in the raster
+  environment). I have used GRASS V.3 on a SUN workstation and found it
+  easy to use. It is best, of course, for data that are well represented
+  in raster (grid-cell) form.
+  Availability
+  CERL's Office of Grass Integration (OGI)  maintains an ftp server:
+  moon.cecer.army.mil (129.229.20.254).
+  Mail regarding this site should be addressed to
+  grass-ftp-admin@moon.cecer.army.mil.
+  This location will be the new "canonical" source for GRASS software, as
+  well as bug fixes, contributed sources, documentation, and other files.
+  This FTP server also supports dynamic compression and uncompression and
+  "tar" archiving of files.  A feature attraction of the server is John
+  Parks' GRASS tutorial.  Because the manual is still in beta-test stage,
+  John requests that people only acquire it if they are willing to review
+  it and mail him comments/corrections. The OGI is not currently
+  maintaining this document, so all correspondence about it should be
+  directed to grassx@tang.uark.edu
+  Support
+  Listserv mailing lists:
+  grassu-list@amber.cecer.army.mil (for GRASS users; application-level
+  questions, support concerns, miscellaneous questions, etc) Send
+  subscribe commands to grassu-request@amber.cecer.army.mil.
+  grassp-list@amber.cecer.army.mil (for GRASS programmers; system-level
+  questions and tips, tricks, and techniques of design and implementation
+  of GRASS applications) Send subscribe commands to
+  grassp-request@amber.cecer.army.mil.
+  Both lists are maintained by the Office of Grass Integration (subset of
+  the Army Corps of Engineers Construction Engineering Research Lab in
+  Champaign, IL). The OGI is providing the lists as a service to the
+  community; while OGI and CERL employees will participate in the lists,
+  we can make no claim as to content or veracity of messages that pass
+  through the list.  If you have questions, problems, or comments, send
+  E-mail to lists-owner@amber.cecer.army.mil and a human will respond.
+Microstation Imager
+  Intergraph (based in Huntsville Alabama) sells a wide range of GIS
+  software/hardware. Microstation is a base  graphics package that Imager
+  sits on top of. Imager is basically an  image processing package with a
+  heavy GIS/remote sensing flavor.
+  Feature Description
+  Basic geometry manipulations: flip, mirror, rotate, generalized affine.
+  Rectification: Affine, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th order models as well as a
+  projective model (warp an image to a vector map or to another image).
+  RGB to IHS and IHS to RGB conversion.  Principal component analysis.
+  Classification: K-means and isodata.  Fourier Xforms: Forward, filtering
+  and reverse.  Filters: High pass, low pass, edge enhancing, median,
+  generic.  Complex Histogram/Contrast control.  Layer Controller: manages
+  up to 64 images at a time -- user can extract single bands from a 3 band
+  image or create color images by combining various individual bands, etc.
+  The package is designed for a remote sensing application (it can handle
+  VERY LARGE images) and there is all kinds of other software available
+  for GIS applications.
+  Host Configuration Requirements
+  It runs on Intergraph Workstations (a Unix machine similar to a Sun)
+  though there  were rumors (there are always rumors) that the software
+  would be  ported to PC and possibly a Sun environment.
+  A company called PCI, Inc., out of Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada, makes
+  an array of software utilities for processing, manipulation, and use of
+  remote sensing data in eight or ten different "industry standard"
+  formats: LGSOWG, BSQ, LANDSAT, and a couple of others whose titles I
+  forget.  The software is available in versions for MS-DOS, Unix
+  workstations (among them HP, Sun, and IBM), and VMS, and quite possibly
+  other platforms by now.  I use the VMS version.
+  The "PCI software" consists of several classes/groups/packages of
+  utilities, grouped by function but all operating on a common "PCI
+  database" disk file.  The "Tape I/O" package is a set of utility
+  programs which read from the various remote-sensing industry tape
+  formats INTO, or write those formats out FROM, the "PCI database" file;
+  this is the only package I use or know much about.  Other packages can
+  display data from the PCI database to one or another of several
+  PCI-supported third-party color displays, output numeric or bitmap
+  representation of image data to an attached printer, e.g. an Epson-type
+  dot-matrix graphics printer.  You might be more spe- cifically
+  interested in the mathematical operations package: histo- gram and
+  Fourier analysis, equalization, user-specified operations (e.g.
+  "multiply channel 1 by 3, add channel 2, and store as channel 5"), and
+  God only knows what all else -- there's a LOT.  I don't have and don't
+  use these, so can't say much about them; you only buy the packages your
+  particular application/interest calls for.
+  Each utility is controlled by from one to eight "parameters," read from
+  a common "parameter file" which must be (in VMS anyway) in your "default
+  directory."  Some utilities will share parameters and use the same
+  parameter for a different purpose, so it can get a bit confusing setting
+  up a series of operations.  The standard PCI environment contains a
+  scripting language very similar to IBM-PC BASIC, but which allows you to
+  automate the process of setting up parameters for a common, complicated,
+  lengthy or difficult series of utility executions.  (In VMS I can also
+  invoke utilities independently from a DCL command procedure.)  There's
+  also an optional programming library which allows you to write compiled
+  language programs which can interface with (read from/write to) the PCI
+  data structures (database file, parameter file).
+  The PCI software is designed specifically for remote-sensing images, but
+  requires such a level of operator expertise that, once you reach the
+  level where you can handle r-s images, you can figure out ways to handle
+  a few other things as well.  For instance, the Tape I/O package offers a
+  utility for reading headerless multi-band (what Adobe PhotoShop on the
+  Macintosh calls "raw") data from tape, in a number of different
+  "interleave" orders. This turns out to be ideal for manipulating the
+  graphic-arts industry's "CT2T" format, would probably (I haven't tried)
+  handle Targa, and so on. Above all, however, you HAVE TO KNOW WHAT
+  YOU'RE DOING or you can screw up to the Nth degree and have to start
+  over.  It's worth noting that the PCI "database" file is designed to
+  contain not only "raster" (image) data, but vectors (for overlaying map
+  information entered via digitizing table), land-use, and all manner of
+  other information (I observe that a remote-sensing image tape often
+  contains all manner of information about the spectral bands, latitude,
+  longitude, time, date, etc. of the original satellite pass; all of this
+  can go into the PCI "database").
+  I _believe_ that on workstations the built-in display is used.  On VAX
+  systems OTHER than workstations PCI supports only a couple of specific
+  third-party display systems (the name Gould/Deanza seems to come to
+  mind).  One of MY personal workarounds was a display program which would
+  display directly from a PCI "database" file to a Peritek VCT-Q (Q-bus
+  24-bit DirectColor) display subsystem.  PCI software COULD be "overkill"
+  in your case; it seems designed for the very "high end"
+  applications/users, i.e. those for whom a Mac/PC largely doesn't suffice
+  (although as you know the gap is getting smaller all the time).  It's
+  probably no coincidence that PCI is located in Canada, a country which
+  does a LOT of its land/resource management via remote sensing; I believe
+  the Canadian government uses PCI software for some of its work in these
+  areas.
+SPAM (Spectral Analysis Manager)
+  Back in 1985 JPL developed something called SPAM (Spectral Analysis
+  Manager) which got a fair amount of use at the time.  That was designed
+  for Airborne Imaging Spectrometer imagery (byte data, <= 256 pixels
+  across by <= 512 lines by <= 256 bands); a modified version has since
+  been developed for AVIRIS (Airborne VIsual and InfraRed Imaging
+  Spectrometer) which uses much larger images.
+  Spam does none of these things (rectification, classification, PC and
+  IHS transformations, filtering, contrast enhancement, overlays).
+  Actually, it does limited filtering and contrast enhancement
+  (stretching).  Spam is aimed at spectral identification and clustering.
+  The original Spam uses X or SunView to display.  The AVIRIS version may
+  require VICAR, an executive based on TAE, and may also require a frame
+  buffer.  I can refer you to people if you're interested.  PCW requires X
+  for display.
+  Among the Mac GIS systems, MAP II is distributed by John Wiley.
+CLRview
+  CLRview is a 3-dimensional visualization program designed to exploit
+  the real-time capabilities of Silicon Graphics IRIS computers.
+  This program is designed to provide a core set of tools to aid in the
+  visualization of information from CAD and GIS sources.  It supports
+  the integration of many common but disperate data sources such as DXF,
+  TIN, DEM, Lattices, and Arc/Info Coverages among others.
+  CLRview can be obtained from explorer.dgp.utoronto.ca (128.100.1.129) 
+  in the directory pub/sgi/clrview.
+  Contact:
+  Rodney Hoinkes
+  Head of Design Applications
+  Centre for Landscape Research
+  University of Toronto
+  Tel:   (416) 978-7197
+  Email: rodney@dgp.utoronto.ca
+End of Resource Listing
+Nick (Nikolaos) Fotis         National Technical Univ. of Athens, Greece
+HOME: 16 Esperidon St.,       InterNet : nfotis@theseas.ntua.gr
+      Halandri, GR - 152 32   UUCP:    mcsun!ariadne!theseas!nfotis
+      Athens, GREECE          FAX: (+30 1) 77 84 578
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_75.txt b/graphics/graphics_75.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..44b10f9248c5c073d1e560b60b8068dc7d6be7c7
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+++ b/graphics/graphics_75.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+	I have seen several ray-traced scenes (from MTV or was it 
+RayShade??) with stroked fonts appearing as objects in the image.
+The fonts/chars had color, depth and even textures associated with
+them.  Now I was wondering, is it possible to do the same in POV??
+Thanks,
+Noel
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_76.txt b/graphics/graphics_76.txt
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+++ b/graphics/graphics_76.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+Easy photo calendar making software for graphic design newbies
+Published in Graphic design
+Are you looking for something to organize your schedule? The calendar on your phone makes your life a bit easier of course but it would be great to have a neat overview on your desk or refrigerator. All you need is a calendar making software, and the result will exceed your expectations! Even if you are not a super creative person, this program makes it very easy and enjoyable. Take advantage of over 100 templates and designs, discover many calendar types, from wallet size to wall calendar, and customize events.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_77.txt b/graphics/graphics_77.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5bd81a86223291a41209fb06be5370d716f09555
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+++ b/graphics/graphics_77.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+I have posted a DOS MPEG decoder/player to alt.binaries.pictures.utilities.
+Here is a short description and some technical information, taken from the
+accompanying documentation:
+                       Public Domain MPEG decoder
+                           by Stefan Eckart
+0. Features
+DMPEG/DMPLAY is another MPEG decoder/player for the PC:
+ - decodes (nearly) the full MPEG video standard
+   (I,P,B frames, frame size up to at least 352x240 supported)
+ - saves decoded sequence in 8 or 24bit raw file for later display
+ - optional on-screen display during decoding (requires VGA)
+ - several dithering options: ordered dither, Floyd-Steinberg, grayscale
+ - color-space selection
+ - runs under DOS, 640KB RAM, no MS-Windows required
+ - very compact (small code / small data models, 16 bit arithmetic)
+ - real time display of the raw file by a separate player for
+   VGA and many Super-VGAs
+4. Technical information
+The player is a rather straightforward implementation of the MPEG spec [1].
+The IDCT is based on the Chen-Wang 13 multiplication algorithm [2]
+(not quite the optimum, I know). Blocks with not more than eight non-zero
+coefficients use a non-separated direct multiply-accumulate 2D-IDCT
+(sounds great, doesn't it?), which turned out to be faster than a 'fast'
+algorithm in this (quite common) case. Dithering is pretty standard. Main
+difference to the Berkeley decoder (except for the fewer number of supported
+algorithms) is the use of 256 instead of 128 colors, the (default) option to
+use a restricted color-space and the implementation of a color saturation
+dominant ordered dither. This leads to a significantly superior quality of
+the dithered image (I claim, judge yourself).
+Restricted color-space means that the U and V components are clipped to
++/-0.25 (instead of +/-0.5) and the display color-space points are distributed
+over this restricted space. Since the distance between color-space points
+is thus reduced by a factor of two, the color resolution is doubled at the
+expense of not being able to represent fully saturated colors.
+Saturation dominant ordered dither is a method by which a color, lying
+somewhere between the points of the display color space, is approximated
+by primarily alternating between two points of constant hue instead of
+constant saturation. This yields subjectivly better quality due to the
+lower sensitivity of the human viewing system to saturation changes than
+to hue changes (the same reasoning as used by the PAL TV standard to improve
+on NTSC). The improvement is particularly visible in dark brown or redish
+areas.
+Stefan Eckart, stefan@lis.e-technik.tu-muenchen.de
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_78.txt b/graphics/graphics_78.txt
new file mode 100644
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+++ b/graphics/graphics_78.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+The 8 types of graphic design
+Graphic design uses visual compositions to solve problems and communicate ideas through typography, imagery, color and form. There’s no one way to do that, and that’s why there are several types of graphic design, each with their own area of specialization.
+
+Though they often overlap, each type of graphic design requires specific set of skills and design techniques. Many designers specialize in a single type; others focus on a set of related, similar types. But because the industry is constantly changing, designers must be adaptable and lifelong learners so they can change or add specializations throughout their careers.
+
+Whether you are an aspiring designer or seeking design services for your business, understanding the eight types of graphic design will help you find the right skills for the job.
+
+1. Visual identity graphic design
+—
+A brand is a relationship between a business or organization and its audience. A brand identity is how the organization communicates its personality, tone and essence, as well as memories, emotions and experiences. Visual identity graphic design is exactly that: the visual elements of brand identity that act as the face of a brand to communicate those intangible qualities through images, shapes and color.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_79.txt b/graphics/graphics_79.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..22b5e8f4c4a82c66a1929ee9b20d5052f195a5a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_79.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+Get creative with your design
+The exciting part starts here: use all your creativity and design a perfect calendar for yourself or your family member. Choose the template, add your photos and adjust them by cropping and moving to create a harmonious composition. Take advantage of various design options for the background: pick a color, a gradient or an image from an extensive gallery. Don’t overlook a huge palette of photo frames, which would perfectly suit whichever background you have chosen.
+
+Don’t forget important dates
+When you are satisfied with your design, go to “Customize holidays” and fill it out with all the important dates. You can choose the official holidays of your country and add personalized dates, like birthdays and wedding anniversaries for a personal calendar or important business meetings and deadlines for a business calendar. You can also create “all in one” with this easy calendar maker, by using different color tags for business and personal dates. If you are bilingual, add a second language to your calendar by ticking the checkbox and choose a second language from a comprehensive variety.
+
+Here is a small tip: if you are Photoshop guru, you can export your work into the program and make some adjustments if needed.
+
+Last touches
+Lastly display holiday names by ticking the checkbox and you’re all set! The program allows you to print in any sizes, from pocket size to A2.
+
+This calendar making software will give you a unique opportunity to create something special and individual for any occasion. Regardless, if it’s going on the fridge or to your office, your calendar will look professional and original. There’s no need to be a computer geek, even a beginner will master this program in no time. If you are ready to be inspired, get the Photo Calendar Creator and let your creative juices flowing!
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_8.txt b/graphics/graphics_8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8e1d480b894953e77e9405f478efa71ea8f8b93f
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+++ b/graphics/graphics_8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+        I am looking for publically accessible sources of data depicting brain
+and neuron functions.  Especially interesting would be volumetric data from
+brain scans, electromicographs, and so forth.  Please email me and let me know
+if you know of such.
+The HumBio Project is a CD-ROM-based curriculum tool for sixth-, seventh-, and
+eigth-graders, studying the function of the human brain and the effects of
+neurotransmitters, alcohol, and drugs.  The will be a special focus in depicting
+the effects of neurotransmitters on behavior.
+        Volotta Interactive Video is producing this project for Stanford Univers
+ity.
+We are currently in a pre-production phase and we are looking for data sets and
+visualizations depicting brain function on the whole brain, neuron and molecular
+levels.  We intend to use state-of-the-art visualization tools to render
+instructive visualizations from two-, three-, and four-dimensional data sets as
+well as using already-completed visualizations to their best effect.
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_80.txt b/graphics/graphics_80.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0ca90bb05beec60f286af6b15bbe1ee3f3b4d5db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_80.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+How to Create Images with Transparent Background for Your Website
+Published in Graphic design
+Is your excellent picture for your blog post ruined by a terrible background? Do you need to save a photo with a plain background for your e-commerce store or new blog? There are several reasons why you may want to make an image background transparent.
+
+But just in case you are wondering how to make the background of a picture transparent, all hope is not lost yet. Below we will describe three methods using various photo editing software like Photoshop, PhotoWorks and Paint that you can use to get rid of an unwanted background for a picture for your website. 
+
+Method 1. Using Photoshop
+Photoshop is one of the leading photo editing software you can use to create an image with transparent background. It’s no surprise that it is on this list, a vast number of photo editors use it across the globe.
+
+Here are a few steps you need to follow to use Photoshop to remove the background of an image.
+
+Step 1. Choose Quick selection from the list of tools on the toolbar.
+
+Step 2. Choose the part of the image you want to retain. Photoshop will automatically help you isolate it from the background.
+
+Step 3. If the automatic selection isn’t as accurate as you like, you can use the Subtract from selection option to retouch the edges.
+
+Step 4. Now you can inverse the selection by right-clicking and choosing Select inverse. The background image of the picture should now be transparent.
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diff --git a/graphics/graphics_81.txt b/graphics/graphics_81.txt
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+++ b/graphics/graphics_81.txt
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+I'm interested in find out what is involved in processing pairs of 
+stereo photographs.  I have black-and-white photos and would like 
+to obtain surface contours.
+I'd prefer to do the processing on an SGI, but would be interested
+in hearing what software/hardware is used for this type of
+image processing.
+Please email and/or post to comp.sys.sgi.graphics your responses.
+Thanks,
+Dane Hendrix                              | email: dane@wizard.dt.navy.mil 
+DTMB (a.k.a. Headquarters, Carderock Div.,|  or hendrix@oasys.dt.navy.mil
+Naval Surface Warfare Center)             |  or hendrix@nas.nasa.gov 
+Code 1542, Bethesda, MD 20084-5000        | phone: (301)227-1340
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_82.txt b/graphics/graphics_82.txt
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index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..142d02437221d8f982beded72416d392be34eb00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_82.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Learn from the Experts: 3 Simple Tricks To Design A Standout Brand
+Published in Branding, Graphic design
+A good brand equals great business. Businesses that present a brand consistently across their business can increase their revenue by up to 23 percent,  according to statistics cited by Forbes. With nearly every business expert continually driving home the importance of branding for business success, it’s no surprise that companies are now plugging millions into building a great brand. But with so many companies competing in the same market both on and offline, designing a standout image and brand is essential for businesses looking to  make promotion and advertising easier. Whether your aim is to increase your business value or drive consumer recognition, brand building can tick all the right boxes if done the right way and with a core focus on visuals.
+
+Make Your Social Media Presence Visually Appealing
+Social media is now ingrained into the consumer buying process. On Instagram, 90 percent of users follow businesses that they like and the engagement rate between them is currently 1.90 percent, indicating just how often the platform is used for viewing and interacting. When it comes to video marketing — a  key content marketing trend for 2020 — social media continues to lead the way, accounting for 28.7 percent of total video ad spending.
+With studies like PWC’s Retail 2017 survey showing that 59 percent of consumers use social media for everyday inspiration, having a well-curated social media account is now a necessity for any business looking to get on the map and stay there. Visual content is more likely to be shared on social media, which means it goes a long way in building your brand and getting your name out there. In addition to high-quality visual images, your graphics should be original and your content delivered in easily summed-up formats, such as infographics. A great idea is to  choose a social media color palette and posting styles, such as grayscale images for a still, serene, and more personal tone.
+
+Make Your Brand’s Print Visuals A Priority
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diff --git a/graphics/graphics_83.txt b/graphics/graphics_83.txt
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+7 Best Free Tools Allows You to Create Professional Graphics
+Published in Graphic design, Tools
+There are multiple numbers of free online tools, namely as the graphic creator. In the scenario that is present today, it is imperative to showcase good professional graphics. Moreover, it is a vital asset to portray the superiority of your content that you have. Not just this, if you are making good graphics to your website or any other platform, it increases the market value of your people. 
+
+Furthermore, with the usage and the requirement of critical graphic tools, the expenses of using top class tools are very high. Hence, at the end of the day, what will the people do who are just stepping into this field? Therefore for them, numerous free tools are present in the market. 
+
+You can access these tools quite very easily and create the quality graphics that you want to. Therefore, in this article, you will know about the seven best free devices that allow you to create professional graphics. 
+
+Crello
+Yes, it is undoubtedly one of the best free graphic creators. Also, the purposes and the areas where you can use it are vast enough. The platform has a lot of options to choose and can be in use as a multifunction tool. Not just this, numerous other added advantages present this platform an extra edge over many different platforms. 
+
+Assuming itself as “the simplest online image editor,” this application does not have a fixed tariff. However, the materials and resources available are limited, making the user have to buy the most compelling images and icons. Anyway, this application has several positive points: a series of pre-prepared layouts in different formats (social networks, banners, and posters), a set of themes in various sectors the possibility of using animated templates, and finally the option to download in different formats (JPEG, PNG, PDF).
+
+Furthermore, there are an end number of images that are present on this platform, and making is one of the most versatile tool currents for free use. Moreover, there are many types of animations that are a significant part of this tool.  
+Canva
+It is probably the most popular application of its kind. The freely available version allows you to choose from several formats: social media posts, online advertising, flyers, posters, etc. In the development of a graphic piece, it is possible to start with the suggestions that are in offer.
+
+ Moreover, to create an original design from scratch. The application provides images, backgrounds, and other resources, but it is possible to have access to a higher number of materials by opting for the paid format. 
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diff --git a/graphics/graphics_84.txt b/graphics/graphics_84.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..21a0dbae688fd52a93a66a771e17977189dc72dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_84.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+>>>>> On Wed, 14 Apr 1993 04:49:46 GMT, graeme@labtam.labtam.oz.au (Graeme Gill) said:
+Graeme> 	Yes, that's known as "Bresenhams Run Length Slice Algorithm for
+Graeme> Incremental lines". See Fundamental Algorithms for Computer Graphics,
+Graeme> Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg 1985.
+> I have tried to extrapolate this to circles but I can't figure out
+> how to determine the length of the slices. Any ideas?
+Graeme> 	Hmm. I don't think I can help you with this, but you might
+Graeme> take a look at the following:
+Graeme> 	"Double-Step Incremental Generation of Lines and Circles",
+Graeme> X. Wu and J. G. Rokne, Computer Graphics and Image processing,
+Graeme> Vol 37, No. 4, Mar. 1987, pp. 331-334
+Graeme> 	"Double-Step Generation of Ellipses", X. Wu and J. G. Rokne,
+Graeme> IEEE Computer Graphics & Applications, May 1989, pp. 56-69
+Another paper you might want to consider is:
+@article{fungdraw,
+  title="A Run-Length Slice Line Drawing Algorithm without Division Operations",
+  author="Khun Yee Fung and Tina M. Nicholl and A. K. Dewdney",
+  journal="Computer Graphics Forum",
+  year=1992,
+  volume=11,
+  number=3,
+  pages="C-267--C-277"
+Khun Yee
+Khun Yee Fung    clipper@csd.uwo.ca
+Department of Computer Science
+Middlesex College
+University of Western Ontario
+London, Ontario
+Canada N6A 5B7
+Tel: (519) 661-6889
+Fax: (519) 661-3515
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_85.txt b/graphics/graphics_85.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1165d83632affd3d020bba3c305721e65c6564c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_85.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+What is Graphic Design?
+Graphic design is the craft of creating visual content to communicate messages. Applying visual hierarchy and page layout techniques, graphic designers use typography and pictures to meet users’ specific needs and focus on the logic of displaying elements in interactive designs to optimize the user experience.
+
+
+Learn the fundamentals of Graphic Design with this video from GCFLearnFree.
+
+Graphic Design – Molding Users’ Experience Visually
+Graphic design is an ancient craft, dating back past Egyptian hieroglyphs to 17,000-year-old cave paintings. As a term originating in the 1920s’ print industry and covering a range of activities including logo creation, it concerns aesthetic appeal and marketing – attracting viewers using images, color and typography. However, graphic designers working in user experience (UX) design must justify stylistic choices regarding, say, image locations and font with a human-centered approach, focusing on—and seeking maximum empathy with—users while creating good-looking designs that maximize usability. Aesthetics must serve a purpose – in UX design we don’t create art for art’s sake. So, when doing graphic design for UX, you should consider the information architecture of your interactive designs, to ensure accessibility for users, and leverage graphic design skills in creating output that considers the entire user experience, including users’ visual processing abilities. For instance, if an otherwise pleasing mobile app can’t offer users what they need in several thumb-clicks, its designers will have failed to marry graphic design to user experience. The scope of graphic design in UX covers creating beautiful designs that users find highly pleasurable, meaningful, and usable.
+
+“Design is a solution to a problem. Art is a question to a problem.”
+
+— John Maeda, President of Rhode Island School of Design
+
+
+Author/Copyright holder: Teo Yu Siang and Interaction Design Foundation. Copyright terms and licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0
+Graphic Design is Emotional Design
+Although the digital age entails designing with interactive software, graphic design still revolves around age-old principles. Striking the right chord with users from the first glance is crucial. As a graphic designer, you should have a firm understanding of color theory and how vital the right choice of color scheme is. Color choices must reflect not only the organization (e.g., blue suits banking) but also users’ expectations (e.g., red for alerts; green for notifications to proceed). You should design with an eye for how elements match the tone (e.g., sans-serif fonts for excitement/happiness) and overall effect, noting how you shape users’ emotions as you guide them from, say, a landing page to a call to action. Often, graphic designers are involved in motion design for smaller screens, carefully monitoring how the work’s aesthetics match users’ expectations and enhance usability in a flowing, seamless experience by anticipating their needs and mindsets. With user psychology in mind some especially weighty graphic design considerations are:
+
+Symmetry and Balance (including symmetry types)
+Flow
+Repetition
+Pattern
+The Golden Ratio (i.e., proportions of 1:1.618)
+The Rule of Thirds (i.e., how users’ eyes recognize good layout)
+Typography (encompassing everything from font choice to heading weight)
+Audience Culture (re Color Use and Reading Pattern)
+
+Author/Copyright holder: Teo Yu Siang and Interaction Design Foundation. Copyright terms and licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0
+Overall, the mission vis-à-vis graphic design is displaying information harmoniously – beauty and usability must go hand in hand, discreetly carrying your organization’s ideals. Through a trustworthy visual presence, you hint to users that you know what they want to do – not just because you’ve arranged aesthetically pleasing elements that are where they expect to find them, or help them intuit their way around, but because the values your designs display mirror theirs, too.
+
+Learn More about Graphic Design
+The IDF’s encyclopedia addresses Graphic Design’s place in UX: https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/book/the-encyclopedia-of-human-computer-interaction-2nd-ed/visual-representation
+
+A first-hand account on transitioning from Graphic Design to UX Design: https://uxdesign.cc/3-things-i-wish-i-knew-before-i-made-the-shift-from-graphic-design-to-ux-design-655af468c923
+
+An incisive piece examining similarities/differences between Graphic and UX Design: https://theblog.adobe.com/ux-design-for-graphic-designers/
+
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_86.txt b/graphics/graphics_86.txt
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--- /dev/null
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@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+In article <1993Apr14.102007.20664@uk03.bull.co.uk> scrowe@hemel.bull.co.uk (Simon Crowe) writes:
+>I am looking for an algorithm to determine if a given point is bound by a 
+>polygon. Does anyone have any such code or a reference to book containing
+>information on the subject ?
+See the article "An Efficient Ray-Polygon Intersection," p. 390 in
+Graphics Gems (ISBN 0-12-286165-5).  The second step, intersecting the
+polygon, does what you want.  There is sample code in the book.
+Steve Lamont, SciViGuy -- (619) 534-7968 -- spl@szechuan.ucsd.edu
+San Diego Microscopy and Imaging Resource/UC San Diego/La Jolla, CA 92093-0608
+"They are not Bolsheviks,
+        just bullshitviks."  - Yevgeny Yevtechenko, "Again a meeting..."
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_87.txt b/graphics/graphics_87.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9fdddc6fef4d4502c92b29e8c9060b86c7619731
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_87.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+2. Marketing & advertising graphic design
+—
+When most people think of graphic design, they think of designs created for marketing and advertising.
+
+Companies depend on successful marketing efforts to tap into their target audience’s decision-making process. Great marketing engages people based on the wants, needs, awareness and satisfaction they have about a product, service or brand. Since people will always find visual content more engaging, graphic design helps organizations promote and communicate more effectively. 
+
+Marketing designers work with company owners, directors, managers or marketing professionals to create assets for marketing strategies. They might work alone or as part of an in-house or creative team. Designers can specialize in a specific type of media (vehicle wraps or magazine ads, for example) or create a broad assortment of collateral for print, digital, and beyond. While traditionally print-centered, this type of design has grown to include more digital assets, especially for use in content marketing and digital advertising.
+
+
+3. User interface graphic design
+—
+A user interface (UI) is how a user interacts with a device or application. UI design is the process of designing interfaces to make them easy to use and provide a user-friendly experience.
+
+A UI includes all of the things a user interacts with—the screen, keyboard and mouse—but in the context of graphic design, UI design focuses on the user’s visual experience and the design of on-screen graphic elements like buttons, menus, micro-interactions, and more. It’s a UI designer’s job to balance aesthetic appeal with technical functionality.
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diff --git a/graphics/graphics_88.txt b/graphics/graphics_88.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0df5ca8896189595f2afd8fe6b99894bafd059b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_88.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+scrowe@hemel.bull.co.uk (Simon Crowe) writes:
+>I am looking for an algorithm to determine if a given point is bound by a 
+>polygon. Does anyone have any such code or a reference to book containing
+>information on the subject ?
+Well, it's been a while since this was discussed so i take the liberty of
+reprinting (without permission, so sue me) Eric Haines reprint of the very
+interesting discussion of this topic...
+                /Jonas
+------------------------- X snip snip X ------------------------------
+"Give a man a fish, and he'll eat one day.
+Give a man a fishing rod, and he'll laze around fishing and never do anything."
+With that in mind, I reprint (without permission, so sue me) relevant
+information posted some years ago on this very problem.  Note the early use of
+PostScript technology, predating many of this year's papers listed in the
+April 1st SIGGRAPH Program Announcement posted here a few days ago.
+-- Eric
+Intersection Between a Line and a Polygon (UNDECIDABLE??),
+	by Dave Baraff, Tom Duff
+	From: deb@charisma.graphics.cornell.edu
+	Newsgroups: comp.graphics
+	Keywords: P, NP, Jordan curve separation, Ursyhon Metrization Theorem
+	Organization: Program of Computer Graphics
+In article [...] ncsmith@ndsuvax.UUCP (Timothy Lyle Smith) writes:
+>  I need to find a formula/algorithm to determine if a line intersects
+>  a polygon.  I would prefer a method that would do this in as little
+>  time as possible.  I need this for use in a forward raytracing
+>  program.
+I think that this is a very difficult problem.  To start with, lines and
+polygons are semi-algebraic sets which both contain uncountable number of
+points.  Here are a few off-the-cuff ideas.
+First, we need to check if the line and the polygon are separated.  Now, the
+Jordan curve separation theorem says that the polygon divides the plane into
+exactly two open (and thus non-compact) regions.  Thus, the line lies
+completely inside the polygon, the line lies completely outside the polygon,
+or possibly (but this will rarely happen) the line intersects the polyon.
+Now, the phrasing of this question says "if a line intersects a polygon", so
+this is a decision problem.  One possibility (the decision model approach) is
+to reduce the question to some other (well known) problem Q, and then try to
+solve Q.  An answer to Q gives an answer to the original decision problem.
+In recent years, many geometric problems have been successfully modeled in a
+new language called PostScript.  (See "PostScript Language", by Adobe Systems
+Incorporated, ISBN # 0-201-10179-3, co. 1985).
+So, given a line L and a polygon P, we can write a PostScript program that
+draws the line L and the polygon P, and then "outputs" the answer.  By
+"output", we mean the program executes a command called "showpage", which
+actually prints a page of paper containing the line and the polygon.  A quick
+examination of the paper provides an answer to the reduced problem Q, and thus
+the original problem.
+There are two small problems with this approach. 
+	(1) There is an infinite number of ways to encode L and P into the
+	reduced problem Q.  So, we will be forced to invoke the Axiom of
+	Choice (or equivalently, Zorn's Lemma).  But the use of the Axiom of
+	Choice is not regarded in a very serious light these days.
+	(2) More importantly, the question arises as to whether or not the
+	PostScript program Q will actually output a piece of paper; or in
+	other words, will it halt?
+	Now, PostScript is expressive enough to encode everything that a
+	Turing Machine might do; thus the halting problem (for PostScript) is
+	undecidable.  It is quite possible that the original problem will turn
+	out to be undecidable.
+I won't even begin to go into other difficulties, such as aliasing, finite
+precision and running out of ink, paper or both.
+A couple of references might be:
+1. Principia Mathematica.  Newton, I.  Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,
+   England.  (Sorry, I don't have an ISBN# for this).
+2. An Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages, and Computation.  Hopcroft, J
+   and Ulman, J.
+3. The C Programming Language. Kernighan, B and Ritchie, D.
+4. A Tale of Two Cities. Dickens, C.
+From: td@alice.UUCP (Tom Duff)
+Summary: Overkill.
+Organization: AT&T Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill NJ
+The situation is not nearly as bleak as Baraff suggests (he should know
+better, he's hung around The Labs for long enough).  By the well known
+Dobbin-Dullman reduction (see J. Dullman & D. Dobbin, J. Comp. Obfusc.
+37,ii:  pp. 33-947, lemma 17(a)) line-polygon intersection can be reduced to
+Hamiltonian Circuit, without(!) the use of Grobner bases, so LPI (to coin an
+acronym) is probably only NP-complete.  Besides, Turing-completeness will no
+longer be a problem once our Cray-3 is delivered, since it will be able to
+complete an infinite loop in 4 milliseconds (with scatter-gather.)
+From: deb@svax.cs.cornell.edu (David Baraff)
+Well, sure its no worse than NP-complete, but that's ONLY if you restrict
+yourself to the case where the line satisfies a Lipschitz condition on its
+second derivative.  (I think there's an '89 SIGGRAPH paper from Caltech that
+deals with this).
+ J o n a s   Y n g v e s s o n          email: jonas-y@isy.liu.se
+Dept. of Electrical Engineering	        voice:  +46-(0)13-282162          
+University of Linkoping, Sweden         fax  :  +46-(0)13-139282
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_89.txt b/graphics/graphics_89.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..152419488f597534a1c50de89a0a3c94b60acd63
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_89.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+In article <1993Apr14.102007.20664@uk03.bull.co.uk>, scrowe@hemel.bull.co.uk (Simon Crowe) writes:
+|> I am looking for an algorithm to determine if a given point is bound by a 
+|> polygon. Does anyone have any such code or a reference to book containing
+|> information on the subject ?
+|> 		Regards
+|> 			Simon
+Basically, there are two algorithms determining whether a point is inside,
+outside or on the polygon. The first one is Ray (or half line) method. In
+this method, you can draw any ray, if the number of the intersection point
+of the ray and the polygon is even, then it is outside. If the number is odd,
+then it is inside. Of cause, you have to deal with the special cases which
+may make you headache.
+The second method is PI algorithm. Draw the lines between the point and
+all the vertices on the polygon. Calculate and sum the angles of the
+successive lines. If the result is 2*PI, then it is inside. If PI, then
+it is on the polygon. Otherwise it is outside.
+My experience tells the second method is relible.
+Hope this helps.
+Yeh
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_9.txt b/graphics/graphics_9.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7640931a8074c9d2a6e55b4559115af1017464cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_9.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+Learn Adobe Illustrator and Get Started With Graphic Design
+From print and video ads to presentations and pitch decks, graphic designers have their hands in a huge array of projects in an organization. While some companies keep a design team in-house, many bring on contractors to handle their design needs. Either way, graphic designers enjoy flexible, lucrative careers that come with constant creative challenges. Sound intriguing? The 2020 Adobe Illustrator CC Master Class Bundle can teach you the tools you need to know to get started, and it's on sale for under $40 today.
+
+This six-course, 34-hour bundle takes you on a comprehensive journey into one of the world's leading design platforms, Adobe Illustrator. You'll get a crash course in the basics, understanding the nuts and bolts behind Illustrator's vector editing abilities, while learning how to use the core tools.
+
+From there, you'll learn how to apply your skills to build user interfaces on web pages and complete real-world projects like flyers and static ads. With that hands-on training, you'll be able to create actual projects that you can include in a portfolio and send to recruiters.
+
+Finally, in the advanced course, you'll learn how to streamline your productivity and workflow and complete complex projects from scratch.
+
+Ready to design your way to a brand new career? Normally $284, The 2020 Adobe Illustrator CC Master Class Bundle is on sale now for just $39.99.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_90.txt b/graphics/graphics_90.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a04e672379663110402615cb5b66fad8c4d115d3
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+++ b/graphics/graphics_90.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+How to Design a Professional PowerPoint Presentation
+Our series of tips on presentation design outlined some generic rules and ideas that you can live by to create better, more professional presentations. Today we want to follow that up by taking you through the actual process of designing a presentation from start to finish.
+
+We’ll break down every step of the design process, from choosing colors and images to using whitespace properly. After reading through this you should be all set to design your own beautiful presentation slides that will put your coworkers to shame.
+
+Using a pre-built PowerPoint template can be a good starting point for many people (we collected some of the best PowerPoint templates for you!). But if you’re wanting to design your own from start-to-finish, you’re in the right place!
+
+How Does Unlimited PowerPoint Templates Sound?
+Download thousands of PowerPoint templates, and many other design elements, with a monthly Envato Elements membership. It starts at $16 per month, and gives you unlimited access to a growing library of over 2,000,000 presentation templates, fonts, photos, graphics, and more.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_91.txt b/graphics/graphics_91.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b7a809fbf13d3748f1091a33045d6740d92b0614
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_91.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+Procreate vs. Photoshop: Should You Make the Switch?
+Designers are in love with Procreate. The app built for creative professionals makes designing on an iPad easier and more efficient in a completely new way. But can a $9.99 app be a realistic Photoshop competitor?
+
+For some, the answer is a definite yes.
+
+Here are five reasons Procreate could become your go-to design app (and five reasons why it might not). Plus, an introduction to what Procreate is, and why it might be the perfect app for you.
+
+What is Procreate?
+If you aren’t familiar with Procreate, it’s an iPad app that’s made for professional creatives. You can sketch, paint and edit with a robust collection of tools. It responds to touch and pressure with the Apple Pencil for detailed work.
+
+The tool includes a sleek interface and is a game changer when it comes to online drawing apps. It includes 64-bit color, customizable brushes, incredible canvas resolutions, a nice layer system, and cinema-style effects.
+
+Plus, everything includes the ease of use you’d expect from an Apple product (and you can save images from device to device). While this tool is fun for a lot of creatives, it’s most practical applications are for sketching, illustrations, some light editing and for drawing typography. But can Procreate replace other software and tools? (Maybe.)
+1. Quick Image Tweaking
+ant to touch up an image or stylize a piece of artwork? Procreate has got you covered. The image tweaking – we won’t call this an editing suite – includes blurs, sharpening, curve manipulation, color balance and more. Think of these tools as giving you the ability to design a cool filter of your own (Instagram style) and apply it to images.
+
+Then you can make it super fun with a time-lapse view of the changes that you can share. This small feature is great for designers that are experimenting with new techniques and want to get or give feedback.
+
+For editing on a tablet, this is probably one of the best, and most professional options available.
+While tweaking images is fun, Procreate is really designed for illustrators. The brush library has more than 130 brushes that create almost any art technique you can images. There’s also a dual-texture system so you can mix and match brush types.
+
+Every brush is customizable as well. (You’d be hard-pressed to have this many tools in an actual studio.) And we have a collection of 30+ of the best Procreate brushes to get you started!
+
+What sets Procreate apart in terms of illustration is that this is a professional set of tools. You can create a huge canvas to work on and export the drawings in high resolution still or video frames.
+
+It’s hard to imagine how cool the illustration tools are until you start playing with them. Add the Apple Pencil to the mix and it’s just like the real thing… albeit with the ability to tap “undo”! The drawing experience is as close to real as you can get in the
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_92.txt b/graphics/graphics_92.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7618a6aa919dcecda479ea6935b0e18369a6645b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_92.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+Dominic Lai (cs_cylai@cs.ust.hk) wrote:
+: Simon Crowe (scrowe@hemel.bull.co.uk) wrote:
+: 8~> I require BGI drivers for Super VGA Displays and Super XVGA Displays. Does 
+: 8~> anyone know where I could obtain the relevant drivers ? (FTP sites ??)
+: 	I would like to know too!
+: Regards,
+: Dominic
+garbo.uwasa.fi (or one of its many mirrors) has a file
+called "svgabg40" in the programming subdirectory.
+These are svga bgi drivers for a variety of cards.
+[from the README]:
+"Card types supported: (SuperVGA drivers)
+  Ahead, ATI, Chips & Tech, Everex, Genoa, Paradise, Oak, Trident (both 8800 
+  and 8900, 9000), Tseng (both 3000 and 4000 chipsets) and Video7.
+  These drivers will also work on video cards with VESA capability.
+  The tweaked drivers will work on any register-compatible VGA card."
+enjoy,
+Clark Verbrugge
+clump@cs.mcgill.ca
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_93.txt b/graphics/graphics_93.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..67bdb2519b2787275a7746fa7be218cba27f59e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_93.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+In article <16APR199309101156@trentu.ca>, ayounes@trentu.ca (Amro Younes, Trent University, C.C. #314, Peterborough, ON, Canada K9J 7B8. (705) 749-0391) writes:
+|> In article <o4fzrApDBh107h@eosvcr.wimsey.bc.ca>, aew@eosvcr.wimsey.bc.ca writes...
+|> >We have heard many bad things about the ATI Ultra Plus card (mainly having
+|> >to do with its buggy Windows drivers).
+|> >I would like to replace by ATI Graphics Ultra with a true-colour accelerated
+|> >card. I was about to buy the ATI Ultra Plus (EISA) but it has had so much
+|> >bad press that I am reconsidering.
+|> I have the ATI GRAPHICS ULTRA PRO EISA version.  I must admit it has 
+|> received bad press but that was due to the faulty drivers it had.  Now the 
+|> drivers that are available for the EISA version are the same ones as the ISA 
+|> and Local Bus (v1.5 Build 59).  Some people complained about problems they 
+|> had with the Build 59 drivers, fortunately I couldn't duplicate them on my 
+|> machine, but I did have one problem with Harvard Graphics that nobody else 
+|> seemed to have.
+|> >I would like an accelerated card
+|> >             a card that does 24bit true colour at 800x600 at least
+|> >             a card that does 1024x758 at 256 colours (or more)
+|> >             a card that has fast polygon fills
+|> >             a card that has fast bit blits
+|> >             a card that has a robust windows driver
+|> >             a card that has high speed non-interlaced refresh
+|> >Any suggestions?
+|> I wouldn't recommed the ATI for 24bit colour at 800x600, at this resolution 
+|> the display will be interlaced.  But at 16bit it isn't, I thought it was my 
+This doesn't sound right to me.  I have an ATI Ultra Pro VLB card with 2MB
+VRAM, and I'm pretty sure it is not interlaced at 800x600 in 24bit mode.  I'm
+at work right now so I can't check it out, but I know that when I set it up
+the utility let me specify non-interlaced for this mode.  And I haven't 
+noticed it the couple times that I have put the card in this mode in windows,
+but I could be wrong because I very rarely use this mode.  For most of my
+applications at home 1024x768x16bpp is what I use.
+Cheers,
+Phil
+|> monitor but it isn't, its the card (that is the only time you will get 
+|> interlaced).  If I come up with cards more suited for your needs I'll let 
+|> you know.
+|> Amro
+Philip Carmack				| pcarmack@kpc.com	(408)987-3336
+Kubota Pacific Computers, Inc.		|
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_94.txt b/graphics/graphics_94.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..22b1d5ab0aa9014d350aaf6215689b93ec8d3348
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_94.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+Does any one know of a decent quality library of routines for
+performing 3D graphics modelling on the PC?
+Ideally the routines would be embeded in our application program.
+Requirements (wish list):
+- flat surface modelling (simple phong shading optional)
+- ability to plot hidden-line drawings
+- Texture mapping -- both procedural and bit map
+- modeling light sources (local, distant, and spot lights)
+- Ray-tracing
+- Radiosity (optional)
+Any comments would be appreciated.
+John Chinnick -- jchinnic@mach1.wlu.ca
+phone : (519) 888-9666
+John Chinnick -- jchinnic@mach1.wlu.ca
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_95.txt b/graphics/graphics_95.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..72137408e203f2b04af2e0874f41518f5350d762
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_95.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+In article 8HC@mentor.cc.purdue.edu, ab@nova.cc.purdue.edu (Allen B) writes:
+>In article <1993Apr10.160929.696@galki.toppoint.de> ulrich@galki.toppoint.de  
+>writes:
+>> According to the TIFF 5.0 Specification, the TIFF "version number"
+>> (bytes 2-3) 42 has been chosen for its "deep philosophical 
+>> significance".
+>> Last week, I read the Hitchhikers Guide To The Galaxy,
+>> Is this actually how they picked the number 42?
+>I'm sure it is, and I am not amused.  Every time I read that part of the
+>TIFF spec, it infuriates me- and I'm none too happy about the
+>complexity of the spec anyway- because I think their "arbitrary but
+>carefully chosen number" is neither.  Additionally, I find their
+>choice of 4 bytes to begin a file with meaningless of themselves- why
+>not just use the letters "TIFF"?
+>(And no, I don't think they should have bothered to support both word
+>orders either- and I've found that many TIFF readers actually
+>don't.)
+>ab
+Why so up tight?  FOr that matter, TIFF6 is out now, so why not gripe
+about its problems?  Also, if its so important to you, volunteer to
+help define or critique the spec.
+Finally, a little numerology:  42 is 24 backwards, and TIFF is a 24 bit
+image format...
+Chris
+Christopher P. Tully				cptully@med.unc.edu
+Univ. of North Carolina - Chapel Hill
+Chapel Hill, NC 27599
+I get paid for my opinions, but that doesn't mean that UNC or anybody
+                     else agrees with them.
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_96.txt b/graphics/graphics_96.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..075eec8c9cf2fec831c6ee81942dbf33153a949b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_96.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Has anyone successfully converted Interleaf graphics to CGM, or even heard
+of it being done????
+We'd love to hear about it.
+-Mike McConnell
+emm@cray.com
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_97.txt b/graphics/graphics_97.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0bdd12af9e2dcb57612344ffccf69ba19355923b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_97.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+Sorry I missed you Raymond, I was just out in Dahlgren last month...
+I'm the Virtual Reality market manager for Silicon Graphics, so perhaps I
+can help a little.
+In article <1993Mar17.185725.13487@relay.nswc.navy.mil>,
+rchui@nswc-wo.nswc.navy.mil (Raymond Chui) writes:
+|> Hello, the real reality. Our agency started to express interest in
+|> virtual reality(VR).  So far, we do not know much about VR.  All we
+|> know about are the Hollywood movies "The Terminater 2" and "Lawnmover
+|> Man".  We also know something about VR from ABC news magazine and
+|> Computer Graphics World magazine.
+Unfortunately, while SGI systems were used to create the special effects
+for both Terminator 2 and Lawnmower Man, those are film-quality computer
+graphics, rendered in software and written to film a frame at a time.  Each
+frame of computer animation for those films took hours to render on
+high-end parallel processing computer systems. Thus, that level of graphics
+would be difficult, if not impossible, to acheive in real time (30 frames
+per second).
+|> We certainly want to know more about VR.  Who are the leading
+|> companies,
+|> agencies, universities?  What machines support VR (i.e. SGI, Sun4,
+|> HP-9000, BIM-6000, etc.)?
+It depends upon how serious you are and how advanced your application is.
+True immersive visualization (VR), requires the rendering of complex visual
+databases at anywhere from 20 to 60 newly rendered frames per second.  This
+is a similar requirement to that of traditional flight simulators for pilot
+training. If the frame rate is too low, the user notices the stepping of
+the frames as they move their head rapidly around the scene, so the motion
+of the graphics is not smooth and contiguous.  Thus the graphics system
+must be powerful enough to sustain high frame rates while rendering complex
+data representations.
+Additionally, the frame rate must be constant.  If the system renders 15
+frames per second at one point, then 60 frames per second the next (perhaps
+due to the scene in the new viewing direction being simpler than what was
+visible before), the user can get heavily distracted by the medium (the
+graphics computer) rather than focusing on the data. To maintain a constant
+frame rate, the system must be able to run in real-time.  UNIX in general
+does not support real-time operation, but Silicon Graphics has modified the
+UNIX kernel for its multi-processor systems to be able to support real-time
+operation, bypassing the usual UNIX process priority-management schemes. 
+Uniprocessor systems running UNIX cannot fundamentally support real-time
+operation (not Sun SPARC10, not HP 700 Series systems, not IBM RS-6000, not
+even SGI's uniprocessor systems like Indigo or Crimson). Only our
+multiprocessor Onyx and Challenge systems support real-time operation due
+to their Symmetric Multi-Processing (SMP) shared-memory architecture.
+From a graphics perspective, rendering complex virtual environments
+requires advanced rendering techniques like texture mapping and real-time
+multi-sample anti-aliasing.  Of all of the general purpose graphics systems
+on the market today, only Crimson RealityEngine and Onyx RealityEngine2
+systems fully support these capabilities. The anti-aliasing is particularly
+important, as the crawling jagged edges of aliased polygons is an
+unfortunate distraction when immersed in a virtual environment.
+|>  What kind of graphics languages are used with VR
+|> (GL, opengl, Phigs, PEX, GKS, etc.)?
+You can use the general purpose graphics libraries listed above to develop
+VR applications, but that is starting at a pretty low level. There are
+off-the- shelf software packages available to get you going much faster,
+being targeted directly at the VR application developer. Some of the most
+popular are (in no particular order):
+	- Division Inc.		    (Redwood City, CA) - dVS
+	- Sens8 Inc.		    (Sausalito, CA)    - WorldToolKit
+	- Naval Postgraduate School (Monterey, CA)     - NPSnet (FREE!)
+	- Gemini Technology Corp    (Irvine, CA)       - GVS Simation Series
+	- Paradigm Simulation Inc.  (Dallas, TX)       - VisionWorks, AudioWorks
+	- Silicon Graphics Inc.	    (Mountain View,CA) - IRIS Performer
+There are some others, but not off the top of my head...
+|> What companies are making
+|> interface devices for VR (goggles or BOOM (Binocular Omni-Orientational
+|> Monitor), hamlets, gloves, arms, etc.)?
+There are too many to list here, but here is a smattering:
+	- Fake Space Labs	    (Menlo Park,CA)    - BOOM
+	- Virtual Technologies Inc. (Stanford, CA)     - CyberGlove
+	- Digital Image Design	    (New York, NY)     - The Cricket (3D input)
+	- Kaiser Electro Optics	    (Carlsbad, CA)     - Sim Eye Helmet Displays
+	- Virtual Research	    (Sunnyvale, CA)    - Flight Helmet display
+	- Virtual Reality Inc.	    (Pleasantville,NY) - Head Mtd Displays, s/w
+	- Software Systems	    (San Jose, CA)     - 3D Modeling software
+	- etc., etc., etc.
+|> What are those company's
+|> addresses and phone numbers?  Where we can get a list name of VR
+|> experts
+|> and their phone numbers and Email addresses?
+Read some of the VR books on the market:
+	- Virtual Reality - Ken Pimental and Ken Texiera (sp?)
+	- Virtual Mirage
+	- Artificial Reality - Myron Kreuger
+	- etc.
+Or check out the newsgroup sci.virtual_worlds
+Feel free to contact me for more info.
+Regards,
+Josh
+**	Joshua Mogal		     **	Product Manager			**
+**	Advanced Graphics Division   **	  Advanced Graphics Systems	**
+**	Silicon Graphics Inc.	     **	Market Manager			**
+**	2011 North Shoreline Blvd.   **	  Virtual Reality		**
+**	Mountain View, CA 94039-7311 **	  Interactive Entertainment	**
+**	Tel:	(415) 390-1460						**
+**	Fax:	(415) 964-8671						**
+**	E-mail:	mogal@sgi.com						**
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_98.txt b/graphics/graphics_98.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7f22f6918a207b2894b9087fbbec3e744f487426
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_98.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+In article <jonas-y.734802983@gouraud> jonas-y@isy.liu.se (Jonas Yngvesson)  
+writes:
+> Intersection Between a Line and a Polygon (UNDECIDABLE??),
+> 	by Dave Baraff, Tom Duff
+> 	From: deb@charisma.graphics.cornell.edu
+> In recent years, many geometric problems have been successfully modeled in a
+> new language called PostScript.  (See "PostScript Language", by Adobe Systems
+> Incorporated, ISBN # 0-201-10179-3, co. 1985).
+> So, given a line L and a polygon P, we can write a PostScript program that
+> draws the line L and the polygon P, and then "outputs" the answer.  By
+> "output", we mean the program executes a command called "showpage", which
+> actually prints a page of paper containing the line and the polygon.  A quick
+> examination of the paper provides an answer to the reduced problem Q, and  
+thus
+> the original problem.
+Curiously, in modern PostScript, the point in a polygon problem can
+be solved even more easily.  To wit:
+%%Title: Point in Polygon
+%%Creator: Allen B (ab@cc.purdue.edu)
+%%For: the amusement of comp.graphics regulars
+%%LanguageLevel: 2
+%%DocumentNeededResource: humor sense thereof
+%%EndComments
+% This program will test whether a point is inside a given polygon.
+% Currently it uses the even-odd rule, but that can be changed by
+% replacing ineofill with infill.  These are Level 2 operators,
+% so if you've only got Level 1 you're out of luck.
+% The result will be printed on the output stream.
+% Caution: only accurate to device pixels!
+% Put a huge scale in first if you aren't sure.
+% Point to test
+% Vertices of polygon in counter-clockwise order
+dup 0 get aload pop moveto dup length 1 dup 3 1 roll
+sub getinterval { aload pop lineto } forall closepath
+ineofill { (Yes!) } { (No!) } ifelse =
diff --git a/graphics/graphics_99.txt b/graphics/graphics_99.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..991682d04bab7e614573978b415fe939e76b9f15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/graphics_99.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+8 Biggest Graphic Design Trends For 2020 & Beyond [Infographic]
+As you have probably noticed, the past few years in design have been dominated by bold colors, mind-bending gradients, and futuristic compositions. 
+
+But in 2020, the graphic design world is going to feel a lot more reserved, harmonious, and natural. 
+
+Well, except for the illustrations, those are going to get a lot more abstract this year.
+
+This shift is likely a reaction to the overuse of some of the previous graphic design trends. 
+
+Design styles that were very unique just a few years ago have become just another common tactic used by massive corporations. 
+
+So to stay ahead of the curve, be sure to check out the 8 Graphic Design Trends for 2020 and beyond below! 
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/historical/historical_1.txt b/historical/historical_1.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f67e4045d17a3519366f8d61cd9654e866bd4283
--- /dev/null
+++ b/historical/historical_1.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+As soon as he learned about the existence of ancient wheat specimens at University College London’s Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology from a 2018 BBC documentary, Richard Mott of the UCL Genetics Institute wanted to study them. The samples likely contained bits of ancient wheat DNA, he reasoned, which could yield valuable insights into the history of cultivation of this all-important crop species.
+
+Archaeobotanists at UCL helped Mott and a team of collaborators choose a handful of well-preserved husks from the museum’s collection of ancient emmer wheat, a variety native to the Near East and one of the first crops to be domesticated in the region, from which the researchers selected two husks for DNA extraction. After carefully removing the husks from the box, photographing them, and wrapping them in foil, the scientists transported the centuries-old plant material to a freshly bleached cleanroom used exclusively to process ancient and forensic samples. 
+There, team member Laura Botigué, a population geneticist and visiting researcher from the Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) in Barcelona, Spain, donned a hairnet, two Tyvek suits, two pairs of latex gloves, and a mask—part of a protocol designed to avoid contaminating the samples with her own cells. Uncertain how the delicate husks would hold up to the standard decontamination protocol of bleaching the samples, Botigué bleached one and left the second untouched. Then, to lyse the plant’s cells, she put the samples in a rotator that gently shook the husks inside an oven over the next several days. Finally, she used a centrifugation protocol to separate any DNA from the degraded cell walls and proteins.
+
+Once the samples had been prepped and delivered to the UCL Genomics facility for sequencing, it was a waiting game to see if the procedure had yielded any readable wheat DNA. “This is the more stressful part,” Botigué says. Because they lack the type of protective collagen matrix found in bones, plants don’t preserve ancient DNA as well as animals. “You finish, the DNA is theoretically extracted, but you don’t see it in the tube,” says Botigué. “You’re in the blind until you hear back from the sequencing services.” 
+
+Within just a few weeks, the team got good news. For the husk that Botigué had bleached, about two-thirds of the reads aligned with genomes of modern wild and domesticated emmer wheat varieties—a relatively good success rate for ancient DNA, according to evolutionary geneticist Michael Scott, a postdoc in Mott’s lab who conducted the bioinformatics analysis of the sequences. “The first surprise was how well it worked,” he says. “It appears that the dry conditions in Egypt were good for DNA preservation.” The unbleached husk had yielded a smaller quantity of sequences, but those fragments mostly matched the ones in the bleached sample, validating the identity of those sequences as coming from the ancient wheat samples rather than from contaminants.
+
+The museum wheat, which carbon dating showed was from between 1130 and 1000 BC, was genetically much more similar to modern domesticated varieties than to modern wild ones, suggesting that the plant lineage the samples came from had already been domesticated. Specifically, the sequences most resembled those of modern domesticated strains grown in Turkey, Oman, and India. There was also evidence for genetic exchange between the museum wheat strain and the wild emmer wheat that grew in the Levant, a large region in the Eastern Mediterranean that was a center of agricultural development in the Neolithic period, and where emmer was first cultivated. The genetic exchange could have occurred before the wheat’s introduction to Egypt from the Levant, says Scott. Alternatively, it’s possible that the ancient Egyptians’ wheat was able to interbreed with wild wheat in the Southern Levant thanks to interactions between the people in the two regions. 
+The bioinformatics analysis also uncovered some genetic variants in the ancient samples that weren’t found in any of the modern emmer wheat genomes the researchers studied. If these variants helped the wheat survive in arid locations around the Near East, perhaps introducing those sequences into modern varieties could help make them more sustainable or more drought resistant, Scott says, though he admits that this “is very much just an idea.” 
+
+The detection of ancient genetic variation is a notable achievement because wheat genomes are large—three to five times the length of a human genome—and repetitive, making the “analysis . . . incredibly complex,” says James Breen, head of the bioinformatics core at the South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute who reviewed the study and coauthored the perspective with Rabanus-Wallace, a PhD student in his lab at the Australian Centre for Ancient DNA at the time. “So being able to find unique pieces of DNA in that genome is very difficult.” He adds that after a couple of additional validation tests performed by the UCL team, he was convinced that “the data that came out was legitimately ancient.”
+
+Botigué and Scott emphasize that the study is primarily a proof of concept that museum-kept plant samples can yield readable genetic material. “We were able to look at DNA from specimens that had been stored in the museum for over 90 years without special preservation conditions—the museum was actually even bombed and flooded during wartime,” says Scott. “We think our study helps demonstrate the importance of museum collections as sources of genetic data, which”—in combination with new samples—“can be used to uncover the history of selection on crops and their movement around the globe.” 
+
diff --git a/historical/historical_10.txt b/historical/historical_10.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d6e246bcaab5b50ded98d9e66c7d19a8c69c3341
--- /dev/null
+++ b/historical/historical_10.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+Philippine-American War
+During the Spanish-American War, rebels in the Philippines proclaimed their independence after 300 years of Spanish rule… only to have their hopes for a free nation written off with a few pen strokes when the Treaty of Paris was signed in 1898, handing the Philippines to the United States. Rebel leader Emilio Aguinaldo—who had convened a revolutionary assembly that drew up the first democratic constitution in Asia—launched a revolt. 
+
+The United States responded by sending in troops and by war’s end, over 4,000 American soldiers had died, ten times the number of Americans killed in the Spanish-American War. Losses among locals were worse: 20,000 Filipino insurgents and an unknown number of civilians lost their lives in the fight for independence.
+
+David Silbey, associate director, Cornell in Washington and author of A War of Frontier and Empire: The Philippine-American War, 1899-1902, writes that the Philippine-American War “was our last war of manifest destiny and western expansion and our first imperial land war in Asia. It was the United States testing out what role it would have on the world stage and bringing with it all the complicated racial and cultural attitudes that shaped American society at home.”
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/historical/historical_100.txt b/historical/historical_100.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..74be5fc01c1b1ce792a3986beb19a677b08e20b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/historical/historical_100.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+Analysis of Pompeii’s Garbage Suggests the Ancient Romans Recycled, Too
+The city’s residents sorted waste materials for reuse in future projects, according to new research
+
+before Mount Vesuvius blanketed Pompeii in volcanic ash, one local’s trash could have easily become another’s building materials. As Dalya Alberge reports for the Guardian, archaeologists working in the ancient city have found evidence of a recycling program in which Pompeiians piled garbage at the city’s walls and sorted it for reuse in new projects.
+
+The researchers, led by Tulane University archaeologist Allison Emmerson, analyzed soil samples recovered from trash excavated in and around the city. The soil on the rubbish varied depending on where it was thrown out: Cesspits left traces of organic soil, while litter dumped in the street or piled up outside of the city’s walls was covered in sandy deposits.
+
+“The difference in soil allows us to see whether the garbage had been generated in the place where it was found, or gathered from elsewhere to be reused and recycled,” Emmerson—set to detail her research in Life and Death in the Roman Suburb, out next month from Oxford University Press—tells the Guardian.
+
+Emmerson and her colleagues found signs of the same sandy soil present in garbage mounds inside of several Pompeiian buildings’ walls. These structures’ cores were made of reused materials ranging from crumbled tiles to amphorae and lumps of mortar and plaster. The walls’ outer surfaces were covered in a layer of plaster that hid the “mess of materials” found within, according to Emmerson.
+
+This evidence suggests “[t]he piles outside the walls weren’t material that’s been dumped to get rid of it,” the archaeologist tells the Guardian. “They’re outside the walls being collected and sorted to be resold inside the walls.”
+
+The team’s findings refute a previous theory about the garbage piles’ origins. Per a 2012 press release from the University of Cincinnati, 19th-century archaeologists suspected the piles represented rubble cleared out of Pompeii after an earthquake rattled the city in 62 A.D.—17 years before the volcanic eruption that killed some 2,000 of the city’s 12,000 inhabitants. The majority of the mounds were actually removed by archaeologists during the 20th century, reports the Guardian.
+
+“As I was working outside Pompeii, I saw that the city extended into developed neighborhoods outside the walls ... [s]o it didn’t make sense to me that these suburbs were also being used as landfills,” says Emmerson to the Guardian.
+
+Emmerson argues that the ancient Romans viewed suburban garbage mounds differently than modern humans think of landfills. Rather than “corralling waste in areas far removed from normal life,” she writes in the abstract for a talk titled “Another Man’s Treasure? The Life and Afterlife of Pompeii’s Waste,” these sites “developed in the busiest areas of the suburb, which could serve as staging grounds for processes of recycling and reuse.”
+
+Speaking with the Guardian, Emmerson adds, “For the most part, we don’t care what happens to our trash, as long as it’s taken away. What I’ve found in Pompeii is an entirely different priority, that waste was being collected and sorted for recycling.”
+
+Emmerson’s previous research has shown that residents of Pompeii had a much closer relationship with trash than humans today. Trash littered Pompeii’s streets and was even found piled inside of and on top of the city’s tombs. Nineteenth-century archaeologists took these mounds as a sign that the 62 A.D. earthquake made the city fall into disrepair, but Emmerson, then at the University of Cincinnati, challenged this view by highlighting evidence suggesting the city was in a “period of rejuvenation” by 79 A.D.
+
+Pompeiians had a different relationship with death and cleanliness than 19th-century archaeologists thought, according to the archaeologist.
+
+“We tend to assume things like that are universal, but attitudes toward sanitation are very culturally defined, and it looks like in Pompeii attitudes were very different than ours,” she told Live Science’s Wynne Parry in 2012.
+
+Tombs, for example, were built not in secluded, respectful spaces, but in high-traffic parts of the city. The goal was to ensure that the deceased would be remembered—a strategy that had the unfortunate side effect of placing people’s resting places directly in the path of the city’s litter-leaving inhabitants.
+
+Per the press release, Emmerson and her colleagues once excavated a room in which two cesspits filled with animal bones, olive pits and other assorted waste stood alongside a cistern, or tank used for storing drinking and washing water.
+
+“The Pompeiians lived much closer to their garbage than most of us would find acceptable,” Emmerson tells the Guardian, “not because the city lacked infrastructure and they didn’t bother to manage trash, but because their systems of urban management were organized around different principles.”
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/historical/historical_11.txt b/historical/historical_11.txt
new file mode 100644
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+The Korean War: ‘The Forgotten War’
+The Korean War (1950-1953) was the first military action of the Cold War, though it’s often overshadowed by the victory of the Allies in World War II, earning it the nickname “the Forgotten War.” It began when soldiers from the communist North Korean People’s Army crossed the 38 parallel into the pro-Western Republic of Korea (today’s South Korea). American troops were sent to support the South and by the time a ceasefire was proclaimed in 1953, over five million soldiers and civilians had died. To this day, a formal peace treaty has not been signed.
+
+Sheila Miyoshi Jager, professor of East Asian Studies at Oberlin and author of Brothers at War: The Unending Conflict in Korea, writes, “Most histories of the Korean War stop with the armistice; the fact that no peace treaty was ever signed is presented in most history books as an unusual fact and that is all. However, the absence of a final conclusion to the Korean War has kept it alive as a major influence on Asian affairs.”
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+The ‘Secret War’ in Laos
+Laos is the most heavily-bombed country per capita in the world. The U.S. bombing of Laos (1964-1973) was part of a clandestine attempt by the CIA to wrest power from the Pathet Lao, a communist group allied with North Vietnam and the Soviet Union during the Vietnam War. Laos was critical to Dwight D. Eisenhower’s Domino Theory of keeping communism at bay, and presidents John F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson and Richard Nixon all escalated the bombings, which largely targeted North Vietnamese supply routes along the Ho Chi Minh Trail that stretched from Vietnam into Cambodia and Laos.
+While the U.S. invasion and bombing of Cambodia drew international protests, The Secret War in Laos remains largely shrouded in secrecy even as it marked the beginning of a more militarized CIA that would go on to fight proxy wars in Latin America and the Middle East.
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+Cambodian Genocide
+The Cambodian genocide (1975-1979) led to the deaths of over two million people at the hands of Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge—and was exacerbated by the U.S. bombing and invasion of Cambodia. Vaddey Ratner, author of In the Shadow of the Banyan and Music of the Ghosts, and a survivor of the genocide, writes, “While the Khmer Rouge genocide is a tragedy perpetrated by Cambodians, the U.S. aerial bombing campaign created the destruction and chaos that enabled the Khmer Rouge to seize power. That bombing, extending for eight years and long kept secret from the American public, was, in the eyes of American officials, a ‘sideshow’ to the war in Vietnam.”
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+American-Indian Wars
+Many elementary school students in the United States are introduced to Native Americans in the context of the First Thanksgiving. They don’t reemerge until they become side notes in lesson plans on Manifest Destiny and the American West—a narrative that often ends at Wounded Knee in 1890. The term “The American-Indian Wars” groups multiple conflicts between diverse tribes and settlers spanning nearly three centuries of American History.
+
+David Treuer, author of The Heartbeat of Wounded Knee, writes, “Rather than a sidebar to American history proper, Native American history IS American history. You can't, for example, understand the American Revolution without considering that one of the main reasons for revolt against Britain was over the question of whether the colonists or their British masters got to reap the benefit of westward expansion; you can't understand the tension between states' rights and federal power unless you understand the removal of the 5 Civilized Tribes from the American Southeast in the 1820s and ‘30s and how that paved the way for the expansion of slavery…Native people have been, since the beginning, involved and implicated in the making of America.” 
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+7 Reasons Ulysses S. Grant Was One of America’s Most Brilliant Military Leaders
+In March 1864, Ulysses S. Grant went to Washington, D.C., to receive his commission from Abraham Lincoln as lieutenant general in command of all the Union armies. After several years of frustration with a parade of unsuitable commanders, the president had finally found the man who would defeat Robert E. Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia and thus effectively end the Civil War. The choice was surprising to many who had known Grant in former days. Ten years before, in April 1854, Captain Grant had submitted his resignation under a cloud.
+
+In one of history’s unexpected developments, the military profession Grant “had always disliked,” in the words of his biographer Bruce Catton, ultimately “turned out to be the calling made for him.” How did an ambivalent soldier who had been away from the army for several years—and who had drifted during that interval from one civilian occupation to another in search of elusive success—end up leading a vast force to victory and saving the Union?
+
+Grant’s predecessors in command of the Union Army were far more accomplished in military art and science. Winfield Scott, whose experience dated back to the War of 1812, had led the army since 1841. George B. McClellan, who replaced the aging Scott early in the Civil War, was an able administrator who organized the Army of the Potomac. In the 1850s, McClellan had studied the Crimean War at first hand as a member of an official delegation of American observers. Henry W. Halleck, the author of Elements of Military Art & Science, was regarded as a master theoretician.
+
+
+Yet McClellan and Halleck both proved reluctant to take decisive action in the field. After the Battle of Shiloh, it took the latter almost a month to advance 20 miles south to attack the vital Confederate railroad junction at Corinth, Mississippi. Lincoln grew so frustrated with McClellan’s inaction that he responded to the general’s October 1862 request for more horses with an exasperated telegram: “I have just read your despatch about sore tongued and fatiegued [sic] horses. Will you pardon me for asking what the horses of your army have done since the battle of Antietam that fatigue anything?”
+
+By contrast, Grant had never been an enthusiastic student of military art and science. Even his fiercely loyal lieutenant William T. Sherman doubted Grant’s “knowledge of grand strategy, and of books of science and history.” He told his friend precisely that in a March 1864 letter, in which he also concluded that Grant’s triumph owed in large measure to his fundamental “common-sense” and to his “chief characteristic,” an unshakeable “faith” in victory. That faith was justified by a serendipitous combination of qualities that enabled Grant to become one of the most extraordinary military leaders in American history.
+Grant didn’t go in much for doctrine, but he brought a relentlessly aggressive approach to warfare. He always favored activity and forward movement to standing still. Even in victory, he would be frustrated by subordinates’ failure to pursue the retreating enemy.
+In his memoirs, he records an incident that reveals his philosophy. In 1863, Union General William Rosecrans refused an order to advance to meet an enemy force while Grant was laying siege to Vicksburg, the key to controlling the Mississippi River, because Rosecrans claimed that doing so would violate the “military maxim ‘not to fight two decisive battles at the same time.’” Grant was singularly unimpressed: “If true,” he observes, “the maxim was not applicable in this case. It would be bad to be defeated in two decisive battles fought the same day, but it would not be bad to win them.”
+
+When, in the summer of 1864, Grant informed the cautious Halleck, back in Washington, of his refusal to disengage Lee and withdraw troops to quell draft resistance in the North, Lincoln responded in language that encapsulated Grant’s tenacious approach: “I have seen your despatch expressing your unwillingness to break your hold where you are. Neither am I willing. Hold on with a bull-dog gripe [sic], and chew & choke, as much as possible.”	
+He was fearless.
+Sherman told his fellow officer James Harrison Wilson, “I am a damned sight smarter man than Grant; I know a great deal more about war, military history, strategy, and grand tactics than he does; I know more about organization, supply, and administration and about everything else than he does; but I’ll tell you where he beats me and where he beats the world. He don’t care a damn for what the enemy does out of his sight, but it scares me like hell!”
+
+Grant’s refusal to be paralyzed by imagining what the enemy was doing owed to an epiphany early in the war when he was leading a regiment for the first time, in pursuit of Confederate Colonel Thomas Harris in Missouri. “As we approached the brow of the hill from which it was expected we could see Harris’ camp, and possibly find his men ready formed to meet us, my heart kept getting higher and higher until it felt to me as though it was in my throat,” Grant recalls in his memoirs. But when he had the good fortune to find the camp abandoned, Grant’s “heart resumed its place.” He learned the vital lesson that his adversary “had been as much afraid of me as I had been of him... From that event to the close of the war, I never experienced trepidation upon confronting an enemy, though I always felt more or less anxiety.”
+He brushed off setbacks.
+In April 1862, during the bloody two-day Battle of Shiloh, Grant did not share his colleagues’ bleak view. Sherman was demoralized by the first day’s fighting, while Don Carlos Buell, who arrived with reinforcements in the midst of the battle, advised retreat. Grant refused: “The distant rear of an army engaged in battle is not the best place from which to judge correctly what is going on in front,” he asserts in his memoirs. By the next day, he continues, “we had now become the attacking party. The enemy was driven back all day, as we had been the day before, until finally he beat a precipitate retreat.” In May 1864, after fighting to a costly stalemate in his first battle with Robert E. Lee, at the Wilderness, in Virginia, Grant surprised and delighted the Union Army of the Potomac by not retreating, as they had done so many times before under different commanders. “Most of us thought…that the next day we should recross the river,” a captain in a Massachusetts regiment remembered, “but when the order came, ‘By the left flank, march!’ we found that Grant was not made that way, and we must continue the fight.” Sherman likewise celebrated Grant’s decision: “When Grant cried ‘Forward!’ after the battle of the Wilderness, I said: ‘This is the grandest act of his life; now I feel that the rebellion will be crushed.’ I wrote him, saying it was a bold order to give, and...it showed the mettle of which he was made.” 
+He believed in success—but didn’t romanticize the means to achieving it.
+What Sherman called Grant’s “simple faith in success” proved infectious. His confidence and determination made others believe in themselves as well: “when you have completed your best preparations, you go into battle without hesitation...no doubts, no reserve,” Sherman wrote to Grant. “I tell you that it was this that made us act with confidence. I knew wherever I was that you thought of me, and if I got in a tight place you would come—if alive.”
+
+But Grant was no mystic, nor was he reckless. His confidence was rooted in an unswerving sense of purpose, an unflappable nature, an ability to delegate responsibility as opposed to micromanaging, and knowledge gained by cool and careful observation over the years. In the Mexican War, he studied two commanders in action: Winfield Scott and Zachary Taylor, whose nicknames—“Old Fuss and Feathers” and “Old Rough and Ready”—encapsulate their antithetical styles. From Taylor, who always “put his meaning so plainly there could be no mistaking it,” Grant learned the importance of clear and direct communication.
+
+It was in Mexico, while serving as regimental quartermaster and involving himself in as many battles as he could, that Grant had learned the decidedly unromantic aspects of war: the ingenuity required to feed and supply an army, the hazards of poor camp sanitation, the value of different kinds of expertise and the unequivocal brutality of combat. In the last year of the Civil War, as casualties mounted and the horrors of trench warfare accumulated in the Battles of Cold Harbor and Petersburg, Grant remained fixed in his purpose to destroy Lee’s army. 
+He synthesized information quickly.
+In addition to being a gifted writer, Grant was an expert listener—“at his best,” one staff officer suggested, in “sudden emergencies.” Faced with a new situation, as he was on arriving in the besieged city of Chattanooga in late 1863, Grant sat “as silent as the sphinx” while officers delivered their reports, according to an eyewitness. Then, after firing “whole volleys of questions,” he proceeded to write out a series of dispatches. The biographer William McFeely explains the significance of this episode: Grant’s “orders and telegrams...demonstrated a grasp of the whole of the Western Theater of the war. From the disjointed reports he had been given, he put together a coherent picture of the terrain of an area new to him, and of the vast confused array of men who contended for it.”
+
+He had a gift for seeing the 'lay of the land.' 
+Grant’s memory for terrain was photographic. One staff officer observed that after one hard look at a map, “he could follow its features without referring to it again. Besides, he possessed an almost intuitive knowledge of topography, and never became confused as to the points of the compass.” This gift was complemented by superb horsemanship, which allowed Grant to see for himself as much of the battlefield as possible.
+
+In the Eastern Theater, which he studied for only eight weeks, Grant revealed a thorough grasp of the strategic situation. He decided to leave executive command of the Army of the Potomac to George G. Meade in order to give himself time to manage an extensive area of operations stretching from New England to New Mexico, from Minnesota to Mississippi. “Wherever Lee goes,” he ordered Meade, “there you will go also.” Keeping Lee’s army engaged, Grant unleashed Philip Sheridan’s cavalry on the Shenandoah Valley, the breadbasket of the Confederacy, and freed Sherman to march through the South destroying railroads, supplies—and morale.
+He never lost sight of the bigger picture.
+Yet none of this would have been possible had Grant not also comprehended the war’s larger political context and harmonized his efforts on the battlefield with the aims of the Lincoln administration. As the latter enlarged from preservation of the Union to the freeing of enslaved persons in the Confederacy with the Emancipation Proclamation of 1863, Grant’s policies and vision likewise evolved. His way of prosecuting the war and securing the peace revealed a sure understanding of the war’s political stakes—and of the fact that the South’s best hope of victory was to sap the political will of the North by prolonging the war.
+
+For Grant, who as a young man had fought in the Mexican War, a conflict in which he did not believe, the Civil War was a war of principle. At the conclusion of his memoirs, he sums it up with his customary lucidity when he describes the Confederate cause as “one of the worst for which a people ever fought, and one for which there was the least excuse.”
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+World War I began in 1914 after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and lasted until 1918. During the conflict, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire (the Central Powers) fought against Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, Romania, Japan and the United States (the Allied Powers). Thanks to new military technologies and the horrors of trench warfare, World War I saw unprecedented levels of carnage and destruction. By the time the war was over and the Allied Powers claimed victory, more than 16 million people—soldiers and civilians alike—were dead.
+
+Archduke Franz Ferdinand
+Tensions had been brewing throughout Europe—especially in the troubled Balkan region of southeast Europe—for years before World War I actually broke out.
+
+A number of alliances involving European powers, the Ottoman Empire, Russia and other parties had existed for years, but political instability in the Balkans (particularly Bosnia, Serbia and Herzegovina) threatened to destroy these agreements.
+
+The spark that ignited World War I was struck in Sarajevo, Bosnia, where Archduke Franz Ferdinand—heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire—was shot to death along with his wife, Sophie, by the Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip on June 28, 1914. Princip and other nationalists were struggling to end Austro-Hungarian rule over Bosnia and Herzegovina.
+The assassination of Franz Ferdinand set off a rapidly escalating chain of events: Austria-Hungary, like many countries around the world, blamed the Serbian government for the attack and hoped to use the incident as justification for settling the question of Serbian nationalism once and for all.
+
+Kaiser Wilhelm II
+Because mighty Russia supported Serbia, Austria-Hungary waited to declare war until its leaders received assurance from German leader Kaiser Wilhelm II that Germany would support their cause. Austro-Hungarian leaders feared that a Russian intervention would involve Russia’s ally, France, and possibly Great Britain as well.
+
+On July 5, Kaiser Wilhelm secretly pledged his support, giving Austria-Hungary a so-called carte blanche, or “blank check” assurance of Germany’s backing in the case of war. The Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary then sent an ultimatum to Serbia, with such harsh terms as to make it almost impossible to accept.
+World War I Begins
+Convinced that Austria-Hungary was readying for war, the Serbian government ordered the Serbian army to mobilize and appealed to Russia for assistance. On July 28, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, and the tenuous peace between Europe’s great powers quickly collapsed.
+
+Within a week, Russia, Belgium, France, Great Britain and Serbia had lined up against Austria-Hungary and Germany, and World War I had begun.
+
+The Western Front
+According to an aggressive military strategy known as the Schlieffen Plan (named for its mastermind, German Field Marshal Alfred von Schlieffen), Germany began fighting World War I on two fronts, invading France through neutral Belgium in the west and confronting Russia in the east.
+
+On August 4, 1914, German troops crossed the border into Belgium. In the first battle of World War I, the Germans assaulted the heavily fortified city of Liege, using the most powerful weapons in their arsenal—enormous siege cannons—to capture the city by August 15. The Germans left death and destruction in their wake as they advanced through Belgium toward France, shooting civilians and executing a Belgian priest they had accused of inciting civilian resistance. 
+First Battle of the Marne
+In the First Battle of the Marne, fought from September 6-9, 1914, French and British forces confronted the invading Germany army, which had by then penetrated deep into northeastern France, within 30 miles of Paris. The Allied troops checked the German advance and mounted a successful counterattack, driving the Germans back to north of the Aisne River.
+
+The defeat meant the end of German plans for a quick victory in France. Both sides dug into trenches, and the Western Front was the setting for a hellish war of attrition that would last more than three years.
+
+Particularly long and costly battles in this campaign were fought at Verdun (February-December 1916) and the Battle of the Somme (July-November 1916). German and French troops suffered close to a million casualties in the Battle of Verdun alone.
+
+World War I Books and Art
+The bloodshed on the battlefields of the Western Front, and the difficulties its soldiers had for years after the fighting had ended, inspired such works of art as “All Quiet on the Western Front” by Erich Maria Remarque and “In Flanders Fields” by Canadian doctor Lieutenant-Colonel John McCrae. In the latter poem, McCrae writes from the perspective of the fallen soldiers:
+
+To you from failing hands we throw
+The torch; be yours to hold it high.
+If ye break faith with us who die
+We shall not sleep, though poppies grow
+In Flanders fields.
+
+Published in 1915, the poem inspired the use of the poppy as a symbol of remembrance.
+
+Visual artists like Otto Dix of Germany and British painters Wyndham Lewis, Paul Nash and David Bomberg used their firsthand experience as soldiers in World War I to create their art, capturing the anguish of trench warfare and exploring the themes of technology, violence and landscapes decimated by war.
+The Eastern Front
+On the Eastern Front of World War I, Russian forces invaded the German-held regions of East Prussia and Poland, but were stopped short by German and Austrian forces at the Battle of Tannenberg in late August 1914.
+Despite that victory, Russia’s assault had forced Germany to move two corps from the Western Front to the Eastern, contributing to the German loss in the Battle of the Marne.
+
+Combined with the fierce Allied resistance in France, the ability of Russia’s huge war machine to mobilize relatively quickly in the east ensured a longer, more grueling conflict instead of the quick victory Germany had hoped to win under the Schlieffen Plan.
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+Russian Revolution
+From 1914 to 1916, Russia’s army mounted several offensives on World War I’s Eastern Front, but was unable to break through German lines.
+
+Defeat on the battlefield, combined with economic instability and the scarcity of food and other essentials, led to mounting discontent among the bulk of Russia’s population, especially the poverty-stricken workers and peasants. This increased hostility was directed toward the imperial regime of Czar Nicholas II and his unpopular German-born wife, Alexandra.
+
+Russia’s simmering instability exploded in the Russian Revolution of 1917, spearheaded by Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks, which ended czarist rule and brought a halt to Russian participation in World War I.
+
+Russia reached an armistice with the Central Powers in early December 1917, freeing German troops to face the remaining Allies on the Western Front.
diff --git a/historical/historical_18.txt b/historical/historical_18.txt
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+America Enters World War I
+At the outbreak of fighting in 1914, the United States remained on the sidelines of World War I, adopting the policy of neutrality favored by President Woodrow Wilson while continuing to engage in commerce and shipping with European countries on both sides of the conflict.
+
+Neutrality, however, was increasing difficult to maintain in the face of Germany’s unchecked submarine aggression against neutral ships, including those carrying passengers. In 1915, Germany declared the waters surrounding the British Isles to be a war zone, and German U-boats sunk several commercial and passenger vessels, including some U.S. ships.
+
+Widespread protest over the sinking by U-boat of the British ocean liner Lusitania—traveling from New York to Liverpool, England with hundreds of American passengers onboard—in May 1915 helped turn the tide of American public opinion against Germany. In February 1917, Congress passed a $250 million arms appropriations bill intended to make the United States ready for war.
+
+Germany sunk four more U.S. merchant ships the following month, and on April 2 Woodrow Wilson appeared before Congress and called for a declaration of war against Germany.
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+Gallipoli Campaign
+With World War I having effectively settled into a stalemate in Europe, the Allies attempted to score a victory against the Ottoman Empire, which entered the conflict on the side of the Central Powers in late 1914.
+After a failed attack on the Dardanelles (the strait linking the Sea of Marmara with the Aegean Sea), Allied forces led by Britain launched a large-scale land invasion of the Gallipoli Peninsula in April 1915. The invasion also proved a dismal failure, and in January 1916 Allied forces staged a full retreat from the shores of the peninsula after suffering 250,000 casualties.
+British-led forces also combated the Ottoman Turks in Egypt and Mesopotamia, while in northern Italy, Austrian and Italian troops faced off in a series of 12 battles along the Isonzo River, located at the border between the two nations.
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+The Coolest Ancient Ruins in Algeria, Africa
+A melting pot of cultural influences, Algeria is a highly underrated North African tourist destination that has a lot to offer the historically, and culturally, minded traveler. With a veritable treasure trove of past influences ranging from French to Spanish and Berber to Roman, it’s no wonder the ruins here are almost as good as the architecture that still remains. Predominantly Roman, take your pick from our list of the eight coolest ancient ruins to visit in Algeria.
+Khemissa
+The home to a well-preserved and little-visited Roman theater rather grandly called Thubursicum Numidarum, Khemissa is a town in north eastern Algeria which is well worth a visit if you’re hunting for an in-the-know spot. The ruins, what are left of the old Roman town which was once there, have merged with the landscape, adding to the beauty and the drama of the hillside location which looks out onto Khemissa itself. The view from the small old forum is amazing, and the well-formed and still intact arches are truly impressive.
+
+Ruines de Khemissa, Algeria, North Africa
+Timgad
+Rather grandly titled the ‘Pompeii of Africa,’ and UNESCO World Heritage recognized, Timgad is a fantastic example of a Roman colonial town that is a regularly recommended Algerian tourist attraction. Set in the lush hills of the northern Aurès Mountains, some of the must see points of interest at this fascinating sight include the Trajan Arch, which was restored at some point in the second century, and the Capitoline Temple. The latter is dedicated to Jupiter and is approximately the same size as the Pantheon in Rome, to give you some impression of the grandeur of this place. It is also one of the best examples of the logistics of Roman town planning, if that’s the kind of thing that floats your boat.
+
+Timgad, Algeria, North Africa
+
+Qal’a of Beni Hammad
+Moving briefly away from Roman ruins, the Qal’a of Beni Hammad was in the 11th century the first capital city of the Hammadid rulers. Not much survives of this fortified city, however the little that does is an intriguing insight into what life may have been like before the abandonment of it in 1900 due to the threat of a Hilalian invasion. Officially recognised by UNESCO in 1980, this archaeological site is set at a height of 1000m above sea level and is surrounded by an impressively beautiful mountainous setting. As one of the most precisely dated complexes of the Islamic civilization, the Qal’a of Beni Hammad is also home to the second oldest minaret in the country and a testament to the past palatial culture of North Africa.
+
+Qal’a of Beni Hannad, Algeria, North Africa
+
+Tipaza
+Previously known as Tipasa, this is another of Algeria’s most famed Roman ruins and with good reason. Constructed on three small hills, overlooking the ocean, it was a small trading-post of much commercial, but little cultural, importance in Roman Algeria. However, this cultural unimportance has long since been banished to the past, as Tipaza boasts a unique amalgamation of Phoenician, Roman, palaeochristian and Byzantine ruins, alongside indigenous monuments. This is according to the UNESCO World Heritage Site website, to which Tipaza was inaugurated in 1982. Aside from all this historical interest, the pristine Mediterranean beach location doesn’t hurt, either.
+
+Tipaza, Algeria, North Africa
+
+Lambaesis
+Among some of the most interesting and perhaps lesser-known ruins in northern Africa, we have the Roman ruin of Lambaesis, situated next to the modern village of Tazoult. Similarly to Timgad, it is located in the Aurès Mountains and is also home to arches, baths and even aqueducts. However, this garrison town is well worth a visit for the gem that is the praetorium of the Third Augustan Legion alone. This commandant’s house dates from around 268 and dominates the site of the modern day ruins of Lambaesis, which was once the capital of the Roman province, Numidia.
+
+Lambaesis, Algeria, North Africa
+
+Tiddis
+One of Algeria’s most beautiful and well-preserved Roman archaeological sites, the Roman town of Tiddis is a rarely visited spot by travelers, making it one of the country’s coolest ruins to check out. Tiny in size, but grand in history, Tiddis is also the home to a temple of Mithra, the ancient Persian god of light and wisdom, cisterns and archways and is very close to the visually stunning ‘city of bridges,’ Constantine. However, unlike many Roman towns, Tiddis is unusual for its use of winding pathways that climb the steep hillsides on which it is set. Archaeologists believe this to be because the site was originally a Berber settlement that was occupied and developed by the Romans during the first century.
+
+Tiddis, Algeria, North Africa
+
+Djemila
+Meaning ‘beautiful’ in Arabic, Djemila is just that. Of the trio of well-known Roman cities in Algeria, this one is undoubtedly the best known, and it’s easy to see why. Set in the mountains of Setif, Djemila was formerly known as Cuicol and founded by Emperor Nerva Trajan in the first century. Arguably the most impressive feature of this ruin is the ornate, lavishly tiled museum that is incredibly well-maintained. Every inch of the ample walls is covered with mosaics, making for an intriguing and unmissable visual display. There are also a handful of elaborate houses, Byzantine churches and ancient temples on offer at these awesome Roman ruins. For its display of classical Roman architecture, Djemila easily warrants a spot in Algeria’s coolest ruins.
+
+Djemila, Algeria, North Africa
+
+Tlemcen National Park
+To round off the list, we move to Tlemcen, ‘the town of cherries.’ This National Park is a recent addition to the national parks of Algeria, but it is one of the best as it includes not only expansive forests, cliffs and waterfalls, but also several archaeological sites, most notably that of Mansoura. Mansoura was the ancient city upon which the modern town of Tlemcen was built, and it’s well worth checking out. The 13th-century ruins of this enormous ancient mosque are really imposing, giving you some sense of life in the ancient world and a remarkable introduction to the architectural magnificence of it. If Mansoura doesn’t interest you though, the mausoleum of Sidi Boumediene, a 12th-century Sufi leader, is also situated within Tlemcen national park.
+
+Tlemcen National Park, Algeria, North Africa
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diff --git a/historical/historical_20.txt b/historical/historical_20.txt
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index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8b1de18aaeb5d6cdac23d243956f96b8c12cda7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/historical/historical_20.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Battle of the Isonzo
+The First Battle of the Isonzo took place in the late spring of 1915, soon after Italy’s entrance into the war on the Allied side. In the Twelfth Battle of the Isonzo, also known as the Battle of Caporetto (October 1917), German reinforcements helped Austria-Hungary win a decisive victory.
+
+After Caporetto, Italy’s allies jumped in to offer increased assistance. British and French—and later, American—troops arrived in the region, and the Allies began to take back the Italian Front.
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diff --git a/historical/historical_21.txt b/historical/historical_21.txt
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index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6a7fa8b3ad405682b35ce064b3f9f2ef70678bb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/historical/historical_21.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+World War I at Sea
+In the years before World War I, the superiority of Britain’s Royal Navy was unchallenged by any other nation’s fleet, but the Imperial German Navy had made substantial strides in closing the gap between the two naval powers. Germany’s strength on the high seas was also aided by its lethal fleet of U-boat submarines.
+
+After the Battle of Dogger Bank in January 1915, in which the British mounted a surprise attack on German ships in the North Sea, the German navy chose not to confront Britain’s mighty Royal Navy in a major battle for more than a year, preferring to rest the bulk of its naval strategy on its U-boats.
+
+The biggest naval engagement of World War I, the Battle of Jutland (May 1916) left British naval superiority on the North Sea intact, and Germany would make no further attempts to break an Allied naval blockade for the remainder of the war.
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diff --git a/historical/historical_22.txt b/historical/historical_22.txt
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index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0b5c79b31028c454d7340f1b9bf518cab157b608
--- /dev/null
+++ b/historical/historical_22.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+The Post World War II Boom: How America Got Into Gear
+After years of wartime rationing, American consumers were ready to spend money—and factories made the switch from war to peace-time production.
+In the summer of 1945, as World War II drew to a close, the U.S. economy was poised on the edge of an uncertain future.
+
+Since President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s call in late 1940 for the United States to serve as the “arsenal of democracy,” American industry had stepped up to meet the challenge. U.S. factories built to mass-produce automobiles had retooled to churn out airplanes, engines, guns and other supplies at unprecedented rates. At the peak of its war effort, in late 1943 and early 1944, the United States was manufacturing almost as many munitions as all of its allies and enemies combined.
+
+On the home front, the massive mobilization effort during World War II had put Americans back to work. Unemployment, which had reached 25 percent during the Great Depression and hovered at 14.6 percent in 1939, had dropped to 1.2 percent by 1944—still a record low in the nation’s history.
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diff --git a/historical/historical_23.txt b/historical/historical_23.txt
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+++ b/historical/historical_23.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+Second Battle of the Marne
+With Germany able to build up its strength on the Western Front after the armistice with Russia, Allied troops struggled to hold off another German offensive until promised reinforcements from the United States were able to arrive.
+
+On July 15, 1918, German troops launched what would become the last German offensive of the war, attacking French forces (joined by 85,000 American troops as well as some of the British Expeditionary Force) in the Second Battle of the Marne. The Allies successfully pushed back the German offensive and launched their own counteroffensive just three days later.
+
+After suffering massive casualties, Germany was forced to call off a planned offensive further north, in the Flanders region stretching between France and Belgium, which was envisioned as Germany’s best hope of victory.
+
+The Second Battle of the Marne turned the tide of war decisively towards the Allies, who were able to regain much of France and Belgium in the months that followed.
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diff --git a/historical/historical_24.txt b/historical/historical_24.txt
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index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..889c636f23d7d3020da0d3855bd054ce5412c89d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/historical/historical_24.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+Toward Armistice
+By the fall of 1918, the Central Powers were unraveling on all fronts.
+
+Despite the Turkish victory at Gallipoli, later defeats by invading forces and an Arab revolt had combined to destroy the Ottoman economy and devastate its land, and the Turks signed a treaty with the Allies in late October 1918.
+
+Austria-Hungary, dissolving from within due to growing nationalist movements among its diverse population, reached an armistice on November 4. Facing dwindling resources on the battlefield, discontent on the homefront and the surrender of its allies, Germany was finally forced to seek an armistice on November 11, 1918, ending World War I.
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diff --git a/historical/historical_25.txt b/historical/historical_25.txt
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index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2f2c4f124bff0befc6c9bdff6a13376f77f851cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/historical/historical_25.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Treaty of Versailles
+At the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, Allied leaders stated their desire to build a post-war world that would safeguard itself against future conflicts of such devastating scale.
+Some hopeful participants had even begun calling World War I “the War to End All Wars.” But the Treaty of Versailles, signed on June 28, 1919, would not achieve that lofty goal.
+
+Saddled with war guilt, heavy reparations and denied entrance into the League of Nations, Germany felt tricked into signing the treaty, having believed any peace would be a “peace without victory,” as put forward by Wilson in his famous Fourteen Points speech of January 1918.
+
+As the years passed, hatred of the Versailles treaty and its authors settled into a smoldering resentment in Germany that would, two decades later, be counted among the causes of World War II.
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diff --git a/historical/historical_26.txt b/historical/historical_26.txt
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+++ b/historical/historical_26.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+World War I Casualties
+
+World War I took the lives of more than 9 million soldiers; 21 million more were wounded. Civilian casualties caused indirectly by the war numbered close to 10 million. The two nations most affected were Germany and France, each of which sent some 80 percent of their male populations between the ages of 15 and 49 into battle.
+
+The political disruption surrounding World War I also contributed to the fall of four venerable imperial dynasties: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia and Turkey.
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diff --git a/historical/historical_27.txt b/historical/historical_27.txt
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index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..204ad229b9e51e18fb5a164d5861fe28a4f0a5d9
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+++ b/historical/historical_27.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Legacy of World War I
+
+World War I brought about massive social upheaval, as millions of women entered the workforce to support men who went to war and to replace those who never came back. The first global war also helped to spread one of the world’s deadliest global pandemics, the Spanish flu epidemic of 1918, which killed an estimated 20 to 50 million people.
+
+World War I has also been referred to as “the first modern war.” Many of the technologies we now associate with military conflict—machine guns, tanks, aerial combat and radio communications—were introduced on a massive scale during World War I.
+
+The severe effects that chemical weapons such as mustard gas and phosgene had on soldiers and civilians during World War I galvanized public and military attitudes against their continued use. The Geneva Convention agreements, signed in 1925, restricted the use of chemical and biological agents in warfare and remains in effect today.
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diff --git a/historical/historical_28.txt b/historical/historical_28.txt
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index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4aa1b57a1ece10cad924950ce2ec10536228fdb3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/historical/historical_28.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+The British: 139. Zulu Warriors: 4,000. Let Battle Begin
+
+January 22, 1879 — The Battle of Rorke’s Drift took place in South Africa on this day and is remembered as one of the world’s most remarkable military engagements. It was to be commemorated in 1964 with the release of the film Zulu, giving Michael Caine his first major screen role.
+
+Britain was intent on expanding its territory and influence in South Africa in the 1870s and had declared war on the Kingdom of Zululand. Rorke’s Drift was a mission station near the border between the British colony of Natal and the Zulu Kingdom and had been occupied by British troops. When the battle began, though, only 139 soldiers were encamped there. They had no idea what lay in store.
+
+At 4.20pm on January 22, 1879 a force of 4,000 Zulu warriors began to lay siege to the station. Their intermittent attacks were to last for almost twelve hours.
+
+Fortunately for the British, although some of the Zulus had old muskets and antiquated rifles, most were armed only with a short spear called an assegai and a shield made of cowhide. So in weaponry they were no match for the highly trained soldiers with their (then) sophisticated rifles and firepower. But the manpower advantage lay massively in favour of the Zulus.
+
+By 4am, after nearly 12 hours repulsing wave after wave of attacks involving hand-to-hand combat, a number of British soldiers lay dead. Most of the others were exhausted, rapidly running out of ammunition, and probably in no condition to repel another assault. But they didn’t have to. As dawn broke they saw that the Zulus were gone, leaving behind a battleground littered with the dead and dying. Zulu casualties were around 500, while the British sustained 17 dead and 10 wounded.
+
+The Victoria Cross is Britain’s highest medal for bravery. Eleven were awarded to the defenders of Rorke's Drift – the most ever received in a single action by one regiment.
+
+According to American military historian Victor Davis Hanson: “In the long annals of military history it is difficult to find anything quite like Rorke's Drift, where a beleaguered force, outnumbered forty to one, survived and killed twenty men for every defender lost.”
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diff --git a/historical/historical_29.txt b/historical/historical_29.txt
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/historical/historical_29.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+World War I, also called First World War or Great War, an international conflict that in 1914–18 embroiled most of the nations of Europe along with Russia, the United States, the Middle East, and other regions. The war pitted the Central Powers—mainly Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey—against the Allies—mainly France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, Japan, and, from 1917, the United States. It ended with the defeat of the Central Powers. The war was virtually unprecedented in the slaughter, carnage, and destruction it caused.
+
+World War I was one of the great watersheds of 20th-century geopolitical history. It led to the fall of four great imperial dynasties (in Germany, Russia, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey), resulted in the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, and, in its destabilization of European society, laid the groundwork for World War II.
+
+The Outbreak Of War
+With Serbia already much aggrandized by the two Balkan Wars (1912–13, 1913), Serbian nationalists turned their attention back to the idea of “liberating” the South Slavs of Austria-Hungary. Colonel Dragutin Dimitrijević, head of Serbia’s military intelligence, was also, under the alias “Apis,” head of the secret society Union or Death, pledged to the pursuit of this pan-Serbian ambition. Believing that the Serbs’ cause would be served by the death of the Austrian archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir presumptive to the Austrian emperor Franz Joseph, and learning that the Archduke was about to visit Bosnia on a tour of military inspection, Apis plotted his assassination. Nikola Pašić, the Serbian prime minister and an enemy of Apis, heard of the plot and warned the Austrian government of it, but his message was too cautiously worded to be understood.
+
+At 11:15 AM on June 28, 1914, in the Bosnian capital, Sarajevo, Franz Ferdinand and his morganatic wife, Sophie, duchess of Hohenberg, were shot dead by a Bosnian Serb, Gavrilo Princip. The chief of the Austro-Hungarian general staff, Franz, Graf (count) Conrad von Hötzendorf, and the foreign minister, Leopold, Graf von Berchtold, saw the crime as the occasion for measures to humiliate Serbia and so to enhance Austria-Hungary’s prestige in the Balkans. Conrad had already (October 1913) been assured by William II of Germany’s support if Austria-Hungary should start a preventive war against Serbia. This assurance was confirmed in the week following the assassination, before William, on July 6, set off upon his annual cruise to the North Cape, off Norway.
+
+The Austrians decided to present an unacceptable ultimatum to Serbia and then to declare war, relying on Germany to deter Russia from intervention. Though the terms of the ultimatum were finally approved on July 19, its delivery was postponed to the evening of July 23, since by that time the French president, Raymond Poincaré, and his premier, René Viviani, who had set off on a state visit to Russia on July 15, would be on their way home and therefore unable to concert an immediate reaction with their Russian allies. When the delivery was announced, on July 24, Russia declared that Austria-Hungary must not be allowed to crush Serbia.
+
+Serbia replied to the ultimatum on July 25, accepting most of its demands but protesting against two of them—namely, that Serbian officials (unnamed) should be dismissed at Austria-Hungary’s behest and that Austro-Hungarian officials should take part, on Serbian soil, in proceedings against organizations hostile to Austria-Hungary. Though Serbia offered to submit the issue to international arbitration, Austria-Hungary promptly severed diplomatic relations and ordered partial mobilization.
+
+Home from his cruise on July 27, William learned on July 28 how Serbia had replied to the ultimatum. At once he instructed the German Foreign Office to tell Austria-Hungary that there was no longer any justification for war and that it should content itself with a temporary occupation of Belgrade. But, meanwhile, the German Foreign Office had been giving such encouragement to Berchtold that already on July 27 he had persuaded Franz Joseph to authorize war against Serbia. War was in fact declared on July 28, and Austro-Hungarian artillery began to bombard Belgrade the next day. Russia then ordered partial mobilization against Austria-Hungary, and on July 30, when Austria-Hungary was riposting conventionally with an order of mobilization on its Russian frontier, Russia ordered general mobilization. Germany, which since July 28 had still been hoping, in disregard of earlier warning hints from Great Britain, that Austria-Hungary’s war against Serbia could be “localized” to the Balkans, was now disillusioned insofar as eastern Europe was concerned. On July 31 Germany sent a 24-hour ultimatum requiring Russia to halt its mobilization and an 18-hour ultimatum requiring France to promise neutrality in the event of war between Russia and Germany.
+
+Both Russia and France predictably ignored these demands. On August 1 Germany ordered general mobilization and declared war against Russia, and France likewise ordered general mobilization. The next day Germany sent troops into Luxembourg and demanded from Belgium free passage for German troops across its neutral territory. On August 3 Germany declared war against France.
+
+In the night of August 3–4 German forces invaded Belgium. Thereupon, Great Britain, which had no concern with Serbia and no express obligation to fight either for Russia or for France but was expressly committed to defend Belgium, on August 4 declared war against Germany.
+
+Austria-Hungary declared war against Russia on August 5; Serbia against Germany on August 6; Montenegro against Austria-Hungary on August 7 and against Germany on August 12; France and Great Britain against Austria-Hungary on August 10 and on August 12, respectively; Japan against Germany on August 23; Austria-Hungary against Japan on August 25 and against Belgium on August 28.
+
+Romania had renewed its secret anti-Russian alliance of 1883 with the Central Powers on February 26, 1914, but now chose to remain neutral. Italy had confirmed the Triple Alliance on December 7, 1912, but could now propound formal arguments for disregarding it: first, Italy was not obliged to support its allies in a war of aggression; second, the original treaty of 1882 had stated expressly that the alliance was not against England.
+
+On September 5, 1914, Russia, France, and Great Britain concluded the Treaty of London, each promising not to make a separate peace with the Central Powers. Thenceforth, they could be called the Allied, or Entente, powers, or simply the Allies.
+
+The outbreak of war in August 1914 was generally greeted with confidence and jubilation by the peoples of Europe, among whom it inspired a wave of patriotic feeling and celebration. Few people imagined how long or how disastrous a war between the great nations of Europe could be, and most believed that their country’s side would be victorious within a matter of months. The war was welcomed either patriotically, as a defensive one imposed by national necessity, or idealistically, as one for upholding right against might, the sanctity of treaties, and international morality.
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diff --git a/historical/historical_3.txt b/historical/historical_3.txt
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--- /dev/null
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@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+World War I
+World War I (often abbreviated as WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War or the Great War, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. Contemporaneously described as "the war to end all wars",[7] it led to the mobilisation of more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, making it one of the largest wars in history. It is also one of the deadliest conflicts in history, with an estimated nine million combatant and seven million civilian deaths as a direct result of the war, while resulting genocides and the related 1918 influenza pandemic caused another 17–50 million deaths worldwide.
+
+On 28 June 1914, Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian Serb Yugoslav nationalist, assassinated the Austro-Hungarian heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo, leading to the July Crisis. In response, on 23 July, Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia. Serbia's reply failed to satisfy the Austrians, and the two moved to a war footing.
+
+A network of interlocking alliances enlarged the crisis from a bilateral issue in the Balkans to one involving most of Europe. By July 1914, the great powers of Europe were divided into two coalitions: the Triple Entente—consisting of France, Russia, and Britain—and the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy (the Triple Alliance was only defensive in nature, allowing Italy to stay out of the war until April 1915, when it joined the Allied Powers after its relations with Austria-Hungary deteriorated). Russia felt it necessary to back Serbia and, after Austria-Hungary shelled the Serbian capital of Belgrade on the 28 July, approved partial mobilisation. Full Russian mobilisation was announced on the evening of 30 July; on the 31st, Austria-Hungary and Germany did the same, while Germany demanded Russia demobilise within twelve hours. When Russia failed to comply, Germany declared war on Russia on 1 August in support of Austria-Hungary, with Austria-Hungary following suit on 6 August; France ordered full mobilisation in support of Russia on 2 August.
+
+German strategy for a war on two fronts against France and Russia was to rapidly concentrate the bulk of its army in the West to defeat France within six weeks, then shift forces to the East before Russia could fully mobilise; this was later known as the Schlieffen Plan. On 2 August, Germany demanded free passage through Belgium, an essential element in achieving a quick victory over France. When this was refused, German forces invaded Belgium on 3 August and declared war on France the same day; the Belgian government invoked the 1839 Treaty of London and in compliance with its obligations under this, Britain declared war on Germany on 4 August. On 12 August, Britain and France also declared war on Austria-Hungary; on the 23 August, Japan sided with Britain, seizing German possessions in China and the Pacific. In November 1914, the Ottoman Empire entered the war on the side of the Central Powers, opening fronts in the Caucasus, Mesopotamia, and the Sinai Peninsula. The war was fought in and drew upon each power's colonial empire as well, spreading the conflict to Africa and across the globe. The Entente and its allies would eventually become known as the Allied Powers, while the grouping of Austria-Hungary, Germany and their allies would become known as the Central Powers.
+
+The German advance into France was halted at the Battle of the Marne and by the end of 1914, the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, marked by a long series of trench lines that changed little until 1917 (the Eastern Front, by contrast, was marked by much greater exchanges of territory). In 1915, Italy joined the Allied Powers and opened a front in the Alps. Bulgaria joined the Central Powers in 1915 and Greece joined the Allies in 1917, expanding the war in the Balkans. The United States initially remained neutral, though even while neutral it became an important supplier of war materiel to the Allies. Eventually, after the sinking of American merchant ships by German submarines, the declaration by Germany that its navy would resume unrestricted attacks on neutral shipping, and the revelation that Germany was trying to incite Mexico to make war on the United States, the U.S. declared war on Germany on 6 April 1917. Trained American forces would not begin arriving at the front in large numbers until mid-1918, but ultimately the American Expeditionary Force would reach some two million troops.
+
+Though Serbia was defeated in 1915, and Romania joined the Allied Powers in 1916 only to be defeated in 1917, none of the great powers were knocked out of the war until 1918. The 1917 February Revolution in Russia replaced the Tsarist autocracy with the Provisional Government, but continuing discontent with the cost of the war led to the October Revolution, the creation of the Soviet Socialist Republic, and the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk by the new government in March 1918, ending Russia's involvement in the war. This allowed the transfer of large numbers of German troops from the East to the Western Front, resulting in the German March 1918 Offensive. This offensive was initially successful, but failed to score a decisive victory and exhausted the last of the German reserves. The Allies rallied and drove the Germans back in their Hundred Days Offensive, a continual series of attacks to which the Germans had no reply. Bulgaria was the first Central Power to sign an armistice—the Armistice of Salonica on 29 September 1918. On 30 October, the Ottoman Empire capitulated, signing the Armistice of Mudros.On 4 November, the Austro-Hungarian empire agreed to the Armistice of Villa Giusti. With its allies defeated, revolution at home, and the military no longer willing to fight, Kaiser Wilhelm abdicated on 9 November and Germany signed an armistice on 11 November 1918, effectively ending the war.
+
+World War I was a significant turning point in the political, cultural, economic, and social climate of the world. The war and its immediate aftermath sparked numerous revolutions and uprisings. The Big Four (Britain, France, the United States, and Italy) imposed their terms on the defeated powers in a series of treaties agreed at the 1919 Paris Peace Conference, the most well known being the German peace treaty—the Treaty of Versailles. Ultimately, as a result of the war the Austro-Hungarian, German, Ottoman, and Russian Empires ceased to exist, with numerous new states created from their remains. However, despite the conclusive Allied victory (and the creation of the League of Nations during the Peace Conference, intended to prevent future wars), a second world war would follow just over twenty years later.
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diff --git a/historical/historical_30.txt b/historical/historical_30.txt
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+++ b/historical/historical_30.txt
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+Forces and resources of the combatant nations in 1914
+When war broke out, the Allied powers possessed greater overall demographic, industrial, and military resources than the Central Powers and enjoyed easier access to the oceans for trade with neutral countries, particularly with the United States.
+
+All the initial belligerents in World War I were self-sufficient in food except Great Britain and Germany. Great Britain’s industrial establishment was slightly superior to Germany’s (17 percent of world trade in 1913 as compared with 12 percent for Germany), but Germany’s diversified chemical industry facilitated the production of ersatz, or substitute, materials, which compensated for the worst shortages ensuing from the British wartime blockade. The German chemist Fritz Haber was already developing a process for the fixation of nitrogen from air; this process made Germany self-sufficient in explosives and thus no longer dependent on imports of nitrates from Chile.
+
+Of all the initial belligerent nations, only Great Britain had a volunteer army, and this was quite small at the start of the war. The other nations had much larger conscript armies that required three to four years of service from able-bodied males of military age, to be followed by several years in reserve formations. Military strength on land was counted in terms of divisions composed of 12,000–20,000 officers and men. Two or more divisions made up an army corps, and two or more corps made up an army. An army could thus comprise anywhere from 50,000 to 250,000 men.
+
+The land forces of the belligerent nations at the outbreak of war in August 1914 are shown in Table 2.
+
+The higher state of discipline, training, leadership, and armament of the German army reduced the importance of the initial numerical inferiority of the armies of the Central Powers. Because of the comparative slowness of mobilization, poor higher leadership, and lower scale of armament of the Russian armies, there was an approximate balance of forces between the Central Powers and the Allies in August 1914 that prevented either side from gaining a quick victory.
+
+Germany and Austria also enjoyed the advantage of “interior lines of communication,” which enabled them to send their forces to critical points on the battlefronts by the shortest route. According to one estimate, Germany’s railway network made it possible to move eight divisions simultaneously from the Western Front to the Eastern Front in four and a half days.
+
+Even greater in importance was the advantage that Germany derived from its strong military traditions and its cadre of highly efficient and disciplined regular officers. Skilled in directing a war of movement and quick to exploit the advantages of flank attacks, German senior officers were to prove generally more capable than their Allied counterparts at directing the operations of large troop formations.
+
+Sea power was largely reckoned in terms of capital ships, or dreadnought battleships and battle cruisers having extremely large guns. Despite intensive competition from the Germans, the British had maintained their superiority in numbers, with the result that, in capital ships, the Allies had an almost two-to-one advantage over the Central Powers.
+
+The strength of the two principal rivals at sea, Great Britain and Germany, is compared in Table 3.
+
+The numerical superiority of the British navy, however, was offset by the technological lead of the German navy in many categories, such as range-finding equipment, magazine protection, searchlights, torpedoes, and mines. Great Britain relied on the Royal Navy not only to ensure necessary imports of food and other supplies in wartime but also to sever the Central Powers’ access to the markets of the world. With superior numbers of warships, Great Britain could impose a blockade that gradually weakened Germany by preventing imports from overseas.
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diff --git a/historical/historical_31.txt b/historical/historical_31.txt
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+++ b/historical/historical_31.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+Technology of war in 1914
+The planning and conduct of war in 1914 were crucially influenced by the invention of new weapons and the improvement of existing types since the Franco-German War of 1870–71. The chief developments of the intervening period had been the machine gun and the rapid-fire field artillery gun. The modern machine gun, which had been developed in the 1880s and ’90s, was a reliable belt-fed gun capable of sustained rates of extremely rapid fire; it could fire 600 bullets per minute with a range of more than 1,000 yards (900 metres). In the realm of field artillery, the period leading up to the war saw the introduction of improved breech-loading mechanisms and brakes. Without a brake or recoil mechanism, a gun lurched out of position during firing and had to be re-aimed after each round. The new improvements were epitomized in the French 75-millimetre field gun; it remained motionless during firing, and it was not necessary to readjust the aim in order to bring sustained fire on a target.
+
+Machine guns and rapid-firing artillery, when used in combination with trenches and barbed-wire emplacements, gave a decided advantage to the defense, since these weapons’ rapid and sustained firepower could decimate a frontal assault by either infantry or cavalry.
+
+There was a considerable disparity in 1914 between the deadly effectiveness of modern armaments and the doctrinal teachings of some armies. The South African War and the Russo-Japanese War had revealed the futility of frontal infantry or cavalry attacks on prepared positions when unaccompanied by surprise, but few military leaders foresaw that the machine gun and the rapid-firing field gun would force armies into trenches in order to survive. Instead, war was looked upon by many leaders in 1914 as a contest of national wills, spirit, and courage. A prime example of this attitude was the French army, which was dominated by the doctrine of the offensive. French military doctrine called for headlong bayonet charges of French infantrymen against the German rifles, machine guns, and artillery. German military thinking, under the influence of Alfred, Graf von Schlieffen, sought, unlike the French, to avoid frontal assaults but rather to achieve an early decision by deep flanking attacks; and at the same time to make use of reserve divisions alongside regular formations from the outset of war. The Germans paid greater attention to training their officers in defensive tactics using machine guns, barbed wire, and fortifications.
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diff --git a/historical/historical_32.txt b/historical/historical_32.txt
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+++ b/historical/historical_32.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+7 Reasons Ulysses S. Grant Was One of America’s Most Brilliant Military Leaders
+What he lacked in knowledge of military art and science, he made up for with tenacity and grit.
+In March 1864, Ulysses S. Grant went to Washington, D.C., to receive his commission from Abraham Lincoln as lieutenant general in command of all the Union armies. After several years of frustration with a parade of unsuitable commanders, the president had finally found the man who would defeat Robert E. Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia and thus effectively end the Civil War. The choice was surprising to many who had known Grant in former days. Ten years before, in April 1854, Captain Grant had submitted his resignation under a cloud.
+
+In one of history’s unexpected developments, the military profession Grant “had always disliked,” in the words of his biographer Bruce Catton, ultimately “turned out to be the calling made for him.” How did an ambivalent soldier who had been away from the army for several years—and who had drifted during that interval from one civilian occupation to another in search of elusive success—end up leading a vast force to victory and saving the Union?
+
+Grant’s predecessors in command of the Union Army were far more accomplished in military art and science. Winfield Scott, whose experience dated back to the War of 1812, had led the army since 1841. George B. McClellan, who replaced the aging Scott early in the Civil War, was an able administrator who organized the Army of the Potomac. In the 1850s, McClellan had studied the Crimean War at first hand as a member of an official delegation of American observers. Henry W. Halleck, the author of Elements of Military Art & Science, was regarded as a master theoretician
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+The war in the west, 1914
+The German invasion
+For the smooth working of their plan for the invasion of France, the Germans had preliminarily to reduce the ring fortress of Liège, which commanded the route prescribed for their 1st and 2nd armies and which was the foremost stronghold of the Belgian defenses. German troops crossed the frontier into Belgium on the morning of August 4. Thanks to the resolution of a middle-aged staff officer, Erich Ludendorff, a German brigade occupied the town of Liège itself in the night of August 5–6 and the citadel on August 7, but the surrounding forts held out stubbornly until the Germans brought their heavy howitzers into action against them on August 12. These 420-millimetre siege guns proved too formidable for the forts, which one by one succumbed. The vanguard of the German invasion was already pressing the Belgian field army between the Gete River and Brussels, when the last of the Liège forts fell on August 16. The Belgians then withdrew northward to the entrenched camp of Antwerp. On August 20 the German 1st Army entered Brussels while the 2nd Army appeared before Namur, the one remaining fortress barring the Meuse route into France.
+The initial clashes between the French and German armies along the Franco-German and Franco-Belgian frontiers are collectively known as the Battle of the Frontiers. This group of engagements, which lasted from August 14 until the beginning of the First Battle of the Marne on September 6, was to be the largest battle of the war and was perhaps the largest battle in human history up to that time, given the fact that a total of more than two million troops were involved.
+
+The planned French thrust into Lorraine, totaling 19 divisions, started on August 14 but was shattered by the German 6th and 7th armies in the Battle of Morhange-Sarrebourg (August 20–22). Yet this abortive French offensive had an indirect effect on the German plan. For when the French attack in Lorraine developed, Moltke was tempted momentarily to postpone the right-wing sweep and instead to seek a victory in Lorraine. This fleeting impulse led him to divert to Lorraine the six newly formed Ersatz divisions that had been intended to increase the weight of his right wing. This was the first of several impromptu decisions by Moltke that were to fatally impair the execution of the Schlieffen Plan.
+
+Meanwhile, the German imperial princes who commanded armies on the Germans’ left (southern) wing in Lorraine were proving unwilling to forfeit their opportunity for personal glory. Crown Prince Rupert of Bavaria on August 20 ordered his 6th Army to counterattack instead of continuing to fall back before the French advance as planned, and Crown Prince William of Germany ordered his 5th Army to do the same. The strategic result of these unplanned German offensives was merely to throw the French back onto a fortified barrier that both restored and augmented their power of resistance. Thus, the French were soon afterward enabled to dispatch troops to reinforce their left flank—a redistribution of strength that was to have far-reaching results in the decisive Battle of the Marne.
+While this seesaw campaign in Lorraine was taking place, more decisive events were occurring to the northwest. The German attack on Liège had awakened Joffre to the reality of a German advance through Belgium, but not to its strength or to the wideness of its sweep. In preparing a counterattack against the German advance through Belgium, Joffre envisaged a pincer movement, with the French 3rd and 4th armies on the right and the 5th, supported by the BEF, on the left, to trap the Germans in the Meuse–Ardennes area south of Liège. The fundamental flaw in this new French plan was that the Germans had deployed about 50 percent more troops than the French had estimated, and for a vaster enveloping movement. Consequently, while the right-hand claw of the French pincer (23 divisions) collided with the German 5th and 4th armies (20 divisions) in the Ardennes and was thrown back, the left-hand claw (13 French and four British divisions) found itself nearly trapped between the German 1st and 2nd armies, with a total of 30 divisions, on the one hand, and the 3rd, on the other. As the French 5th Army, under General Charles Lanrezac, was checked in its offensive south of the Sambre River by a German attack on August 21, the British, who reached Mons on August 22, at first agreed to stand there to cover Lanrezac’s left; but on August 23 news of the fall of Namur and of the German 3rd Army’s presence near Dinant induced Lanrezac to wisely order a general retreat; and on August 24 the British began their retreat from Mons, just in time to escape envelopment by the German 1st Army’s westward march around their unprotected left flank.
+
+At last Joffre realized the truth and the utter collapse of Plan XVII. Resolution was his greatest asset, and with imperturbable coolness he formed a new plan out of the wreckage. Joffre decided to swing the Allied centre and left back southwestward from the Belgian frontier to a line pivoted on the French fortress of Verdun and at the same time to withdraw some strength from the right wing so as to be able to station a newly created 6th Army on the extreme left, north of Paris. This plan might, in turn, have collapsed if the Germans had not themselves departed from Schlieffen’s original plan due to a combination of Moltke’s indecisiveness, poor communications between his headquarters and the field army commanders of the German right wing, and Moltke’s resulting confusion about the developing tactical situation. In the first place, the German right wing was weakened by the subtraction of 11 divisions; four were detached to watch Antwerp and to invest French fortresses near the Belgian frontier, instead of using reserve and Ersatz troops for this as earlier intended, and seven more regular divisions were transferred to check the Russian advance into East Prussia (see below). In the second place, Alexander von Kluck, in command of the 1st Army, did in fact wheel inward north of Paris rather than southwest of the city.
+
+Kluck’s change of direction meant the inevitable abandonment of the original wide sweep around the far (western) side of Paris. Now the flank of this wheeling German line would pass the near side of Paris and across the face of the Paris defenses into the valley of the Marne River. The premature inward wheel of Kluck’s 1st Army before Paris had been reached thus exposed the German extreme right wing to a flank attack and a possible counter-envelopment. On September 4 Moltke decided to abandon the original Schlieffen Plan and substituted a new one: the German 4th and 5th armies should drive southeastward from the Ardennes into French Lorraine west of Verdun and then converge with the southwestward advance of the 6th and 7th armies from Alsace against the Toul–Épinal line of fortifications, so as to envelop the whole French right wing; the 1st and 2nd armies, in the Marne valley, should stand guard, meanwhile, against any French countermove from the vicinity of Paris. But such an Allied countermove had already begun before the new German plan could be put into effect.
+
+Learn More!
+The First Battle of the Marne
+Already on September 3, General J.-S. Gallieni, the military governor of Paris, had guessed the significance of the German 1st Army’s swing inward to the Marne east of Paris. On September 4 Joffre, convinced by Gallieni’s arguments, decisively ordered his whole left wing to turn about from their retreat and to begin a general offensive against the Germans’ exposed right flank on September 6. The French 6th Army, under M.-J. Maunoury, forewarned by Gallieni, had actually begun attacking on September 5, and its pressure caused Kluck finally to engage the whole 1st Army in support of his right flank when he was still no farther up the Marne valley than Meaux, with nothing but a cavalry screen stretched across the 30 miles between him and Karl von Bülow’s 2nd Army (at Montmirail). While the French 5th Army was turning to attack Bülow, the BEF (between the 5th and the 6th armies) was still continuing its retreat for another day, but on September 9 Bülow learned that the British too had turned and were advancing into the gap between him and Kluck. He therefore ordered the 2nd Army to retreat, thus obliging Kluck to do likewise with the 1st. The counterattack of the French 5th and 6th armies and the BEF developed into a general counterattack by the entire left and centre of the French army. This counterattack is known as the First Battle of the Marne. By September 11 the German retreat extended to all the German armies.
+
+There were several reasons for this extraordinary turn of events. Chief among them was the utter exhaustion of the German soldiery of the right wing, some of whom had marched more than 150 miles (240 kilometres) under conditions of frequent battle. Their fatigue was ultimately a by-product of the Schlieffen Plan itself, for while the retreating French had been able to move troops by rail to various points within the circle formed by the front, the German troops had found their advance hampered by demolished bridges and destroyed rail lines. Their food and ammunition supply was consequently restricted, and the troops also had to make their advance by foot. Moreover, the Germans had underestimated the resilient spirit of the French troops, who had maintained their courage and morale and their confidence in their commanders. This fact was strikingly evidenced by the comparatively small number of prisoners taken by the Germans in the course of what was undeniably a precipitous French retreat.
+
+Meanwhile, the assault by the German 6th and 7th armies on the defenses of the French eastern frontier had already proved a predictably expensive failure, and the German attempt at a partial envelopment pivoted on Verdun was abandoned. The German right wing withdrew northward from the Marne and made a firm stand along the Lower Aisne River and the Chemin des Dames ridge. Along the Aisne the preponderant power of the defense over the offense was reemphasized as the Germans repelled successive Allied attacks from the shelter of trenches. The First Battle of the Aisne marked the real beginning of trench warfare on the Western Front. Both sides were in the process of discovering that, in lieu of frontal assaults for which neither had the manpower readily available, the only alternative was to try to overlap and envelop the other’s flank, in this case the one on the side pointing toward the North Sea and the English Channel. Thus began the “Race to the Sea,” in which the developing trench networks of both sides were quickly extended northwestward until they reached the Atlantic at a point just inside coastal Belgium, west of Ostend.
+
+The First Battle of the Marne succeeded in pushing the Germans back for a distance of 40 to 50 miles and thus saved the capital city of Paris from capture. In this respect it was a great strategic victory, since it enabled the French to renew their confidence and to continue the war. But the great German offensive, though unsuccessful in its object of knocking France out of the war, had enabled the Germans to capture a large portion of northeastern France. The loss of this heavily industrialized region, which contained much of the country’s coal, iron, and steel production, was a serious blow to the continuation of the French war effort.
+
+The Belgian army, meanwhile, had fallen back to the fortress city of Antwerp, which ended up behind the German lines. The Germans began a heavy bombardment of Antwerp on September 28, and Antwerp surrendered to the Germans on October 10.
+
+After the failure of his first two attempts to turn the Germans’ western flank (one on the Somme, the other near Arras), Joffre obstinately decided to try again yet farther north with the BEF—which in any case was being moved northward from the Aisne. The BEF, accordingly, was deployed between La Bassée and Ypres, while on the left the Belgians—who had wisely declined to participate in the projected attack—continued the front along the Yser down to the Channel. Erich von Falkenhayn, however, who on September 14 had succeeded Moltke as chief of the German general staff, had foreseen what was coming and had prepared a counterplan: one of his armies, transferred from Lorraine, was to check the expected offensive, while another was to sweep down the coast and crush the attackers’ left flank. The British attack was launched from Ypres on October 19, the German thrust the next day. Though the Belgians of the Yser had been under increasing pressure for two days already, both Sir John French and Ferdinand Foch, Joffre’s deputy in the north, were slow to appreciate what was happening to their “offensive,” but in the night of October 29–30 the Belgians had to open the sluices on the Yser River to save themselves by flooding the Germans’ path down the coast. The Battle of Ypres had its worst crises on October 31 and November 11 and did not die down into trench warfare until November 22.
+
+By the end of 1914 the casualties the French had so far sustained in the war totaled about 380,000 killed and 600,000 wounded; the Germans had lost a slightly smaller number. With the repulse of the German attempt to break through at the Battle of Ypres, the strained and exhausted armies of both sides settled down into trench warfare. The trench barrier was consolidated from the Swiss frontier to the Atlantic; the power of modern defense had triumphed over the attack, and stalemate ensued. The military history of the Western Front during the next three years was to be a story of the Allies’ attempts to break this deadlock.
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+The Eastern and other fronts, 1914
+Learn More!
+The war in the east, 1914
+On the Eastern Front, greater distances and quite considerable differences between the equipment and quality of the opposing armies ensured a fluidity of the front that was lacking in the west. Trench lines might form, but to break them was not difficult, particularly for the German army, and then mobile operations of the old style could be undertaken.
+
+Urged by the French to take offensive action against the Germans, the Russian commander in chief, Grand Duke Nicholas, took it loyally but prematurely, before the cumbrous Russian war machine was ready, by launching a pincer movement against East Prussia. Under the higher control of General Ya.G. Zhilinsky, two armies, the 1st, or Vilna, Army under P.K. Rennenkampf and the 2nd, or Warsaw, Army under A.V. Samsonov, were to converge, with a two-to-one superiority in numbers, on the German 8th Army in East Prussia from the east and the south, respectively. Rennenkampf’s left flank would be separated by 50 miles from Samsonov’s right flank.
+
+Max von Prittwitz und Gaffron, commander of the 8th Army, with his headquarters at Neidenburg (Nidzica), had seven divisions and one cavalry division on his eastern front but only the three divisions of Friedrich von Scholtz’s XX Corps on his southern. He was therefore dismayed to learn, on August 20, when the bulk of his forces had been repulsed at Gumbinnen (August 19–20) by Rennenkampf’s attack from the east, that Samsonov’s 13 divisions had crossed the southern frontier of East Prussia and were thus threatening his rear. He initially considered a general retreat, but when his staff objected to this, he approved their counterproposal of an attack on Samsonov’s left flank, for which purpose three divisions were to be switched in haste by rail from the Gumbinnen front to reinforce Scholtz (the rest of the Gumbinnen troops could make their retreat by road). The principal exponent of this counterproposal was Lieutenant Colonel Max Hoffmann. Prittwitz, having moved his headquarters northward to Mühlhausen (Młynary), was surprised on August 22 by a telegram announcing that General Paul von Hindenburg, with Ludendorff as his chief of staff, was coming to supersede him in command. Arriving the next day, Ludendorff readily confirmed Hoffmann’s dispositions for the blow at Samsonov’s left.
+
+Meanwhile, Zhilinsky was not only giving Rennenkampf time to reorganize after Gumbinnen but even instructing him to invest Königsberg instead of pressing on to the west. When the Germans on August 25 learned from an intercepted Russian wireless message (the Russians habitually transmitted combat directives “in clear,” not in code) that Rennenkampf was in no hurry to advance, Ludendorff saw a new opportunity. Developing the plan put forward by Hoffmann, Ludendorff concentrated about six divisions against Samsonov’s left wing. This force, inferior in strength, could not have been decisive, but Ludendorff then took the calculated risk of withdrawing the rest of the German troops, except for a cavalry screen, from their confrontation with Rennenkampf and rushing them southwestward against Samsonov’s right wing. Thus, August von Mackensen’s XVII Corps was taken from near Gumbinnen and moved southward to duplicate the planned German attack on Samsonov’s left with an attack on his right, thus completely enveloping the Russian 2nd Army. This daring move was made possible by the notable absence of communication between the two Russian field commanders, whom Hoffmann knew to personally dislike each other. Under the Germans’ converging blows Samsonov’s flanks were crushed and his centre surrounded during August 26–31. The outcome of this military masterpiece, called the Battle of Tannenberg, was the destruction or capture of almost the whole of Samsonov’s army. The history of imperial Russia’s unfortunate participation in World War I is epitomized in the ignominious outcome of the Battle of Tannenberg.
+
+The progress of the battle was as follows. Samsonov, his forces spread out along a front 60 miles long, was gradually pushing Scholtz back toward the Allenstein–Osterode (Olsztyn–Ostróda) line when, on August 26, Ludendorff ordered General Hermann von François, with the I Corps on Scholtz’s right, to attack Samsonov’s left wing near Usdau (Uzdowo). There, on August 27, German artillery bombardments threw the hungry and weary Russians into precipitate flight. François started to pursue them toward Neidenburg, in the rear of the Russian centre, and then made a momentary diversion southward, to check a Russian counterattack from Soldau (Działdowo). Two of the Russian 2nd Army’s six army corps managed to escape southeastward at this point, and François then resumed his pursuit to the east. By nightfall on August 29 his troops were in control of the road leading from Neidenburg eastward to Willenberg (Wielbark). The Russian centre, amounting to three army corps, was now caught in the maze of forest between Allenstein and the frontier of Russian Poland. It had no line of retreat, was surrounded by the Germans, and soon dissolved into mobs of hungry and exhausted men who beat feebly against the encircling German ring and then allowed themselves to be taken prisoner by the thousands. Samsonov shot himself in despair on August 29. By the end of August the Germans had taken 92,000 prisoners and annihilated half of the Russian 2nd Army. Ludendorff’s bold recall of the last German forces facing Rennenkampf’s army was wholly justified in the event, since Rennenkampf remained utterly passive while Samsonov’s army was surrounded.
+
+Having received two fresh army corps (seven divisions) from the Western Front, the Germans now turned on the slowly advancing 1st Army under Rennenkampf. The latter was attacked on a line extending from east of Königsberg to the southern end of the chain of the Masurian Lakes during September 1–15 and was driven from East Prussia. As a result of these East Prussian battles Russia had lost about 250,000 men and, what could be afforded still less, much war matériel. But the invasion of East Prussia had at least helped to make possible the French comeback on the Marne by causing the dispatch of two German army corps from the Western Front.
+
+Having ended the Russian threat to East Prussia, the Germans could afford to switch the bulk of their forces from that area to the Częstochowa–Kraków front in southwestern Poland, where the Austrian offensive, launched on August 20, had been rolled back by Russian counterattacks. A new plan for simultaneous thrusts by the Germans toward Warsaw and by the Austrians toward Przemyśl was brought to nothing by the end of October, as the Russians could now mount counterattacks in overwhelming strength, their mobilization being at last nearly completed. The Russians then mounted a powerful effort to invade Prussian Silesia with a huge phalanx of seven armies. Allied hopes rose high as the much-heralded “Russian steamroller” (as the huge Russian army was called) began its ponderous advance. The Russian armies were advancing toward Silesia when Hindenburg and Ludendorff, in November, exploited the superiority of the German railway network: when the retreating German forces had crossed the frontier back into Prussian Silesia, they were promptly moved northward into Prussian Poland and thence sent southeastward to drive a wedge between the two armies of the Russian right flank. The massive Russian operation against Silesia was disorganized, and within a week four new German army corps had arrived from the Western Front. Ludendorff was able to use them to press the Russians back by mid-December to the Bzura–Rawka (rivers) line in front of Warsaw, and the depletion of their munition supplies compelled the Russians to also fall back in Galicia to trench lines along the Nida and Dunajec rivers.
+
+Learn More!
+The Serbian campaign, 1914
+The first Austrian invasion of Serbia was launched with numerical inferiority (part of one of the armies originally destined for the Balkan front having been diverted to the Eastern Front on August 18), and the able Serbian commander, Radomir Putnik, brought the invasion to an early end by his victories on the Cer Mountain (August 15–20) and at Šabac (August 21–24). In early September, however, Putnik’s subsequent northward offensive on the Sava River, in the north, had to be broken off when the Austrians began a second offensive, against the Serbs’ western front on the Drina River. After some weeks of deadlock, the Austrians began a third offensive, which had some success in the Battle of the Kolubara, and forced the Serbs to evacuate Belgrade on November 30, but by December 15 a Serbian counterattack had retaken Belgrade and forced the Austrians to retreat. Mud and exhaustion kept the Serbs from turning the Austrian retreat into a rout, but the victory sufficed to allow Serbia a long spell of freedom from further Austrian advances.
+
+The Turkish entry
+The entry of Turkey (or the Ottoman Empire, as it was then called) into the war as a German ally was the one great success of German wartime diplomacy. Since 1909 Turkey had been under the control of the Young Turks, over whom Germany had skillfully gained a dominating influence. German military instructors permeated the Turkish army, and Enver Paşa, the leader of the Young Turks, saw alliance with Germany as the best way of serving Turkey’s interests, in particular for protection against the Russian threat to the straits. He therefore persuaded the grand vizier, Said Halim Paşa, to make a secret treaty (negotiated late in July, signed on August 2) pledging Turkey to the German side if Germany should have to take Austria-Hungary’s side against Russia. The unforeseen entry of Great Britain into the war against Germany alarmed the Turks, but the timely arrival of two German warships, the Goeben and the Breslau, in the Dardanelles on August 10 turned the scales in favour of Enver’s policy. The ships were ostensibly sold to Turkey, but they retained their German crews. The Turks began detaining British ships, and more anti-British provocations followed, both in the straits and on the Egyptian frontier. Finally the Goeben led the Turkish fleet across the Black Sea to bombard Odessa and other Russian ports (October 29–30). Russia declared war against Turkey on November 1; and the western Allies, after an ineffective bombardment of the outer forts of the Dardanelles on November 3, declared war likewise on November 5. A British force from India occupied Basra, on the Persian Gulf, on November 21. In the winter of 1914–15 Turkish offensives in the Caucasus and in the Sinai Desert, albeit abortive, served German strategy well by tying Russian and British forces down in those peripheral areas.
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+The war at sea, 1914–15
+In August 1914 Great Britain, with 29 capital ships ready and 13 under construction, and Germany, with 18 and nine, were the two great rival sea powers. Neither of them at first wanted a direct confrontation: the British were chiefly concerned with the protection of their trade routes; the Germans hoped that mines and submarine attacks would gradually destroy Great Britain’s numerical superiority, so that confrontation could eventually take place on equal terms.
+The first significant encounter between the two navies was that of the Helgoland Bight, on August 28, 1914, when a British force under Admiral Sir David Beatty, having entered German home waters, sank or damaged several German light cruisers and killed or captured 1,000 men at a cost of one British ship damaged and 35 deaths. For the following months the Germans in European or British waters confined themselves to submarine warfare—not without some notable successes: on September 22 a single German submarine, or U-boat, sank three British cruisers within an hour; on October 7 a U-boat made its way into the anchorage of Loch Ewe, on the west coast of Scotland; on October 15 the British cruiser Hawke was torpedoed; and on October 27 the British battleship Audacious was sunk by a mine.
+
+On December 15 battle cruisers of the German High Seas Fleet set off on a sortie across the North Sea, under the command of Admiral Franz von Hipper: they bombarded several British towns and then made their way home safely. Hipper’s next sortie, however, was intercepted on its way out: on January 24, 1915, in the Battle of the Dogger Bank, the German cruiser Blücher was sunk and two other cruisers damaged before the Germans could make their escape.
+
+Abroad on the high seas, the Germans’ most powerful surface force was the East Asiatic squadron of fast cruisers, including the Scharnhorst, the Gneisenau, and the Nürnberg, under Admiral Graf Maximilian von Spee. For four months this fleet ranged almost unhindered over the Pacific Ocean, while the Emden, having joined the squadron in August 1914, was detached for service in the Indian Ocean. The Germans could thus threaten not only merchant shipping on the British trade routes but also troopships on their way to Europe or the Middle East from India, New Zealand, or Australia. The Emden sank merchant ships in the Bay of Bengal, bombarded Madras (September 22; now Chennai, India), haunted the approaches to Ceylon (Sri Lanka), and had destroyed 15 Allied ships in all before it was caught and sunk off the Cocos Islands on November 9 by the Australian cruiser Sydney.
+
+Meanwhile, Admiral von Spee’s main squadron since August had been threading a devious course in the Pacific from the Caroline Islands toward the Chilean coast and had been joined by two more cruisers, the Leipzig and the Dresden. On November 1, in the Battle of Coronel, it inflicted a sensational defeat on a British force, under Sir Christopher Cradock, which had sailed from the Atlantic to hunt it down: without losing a single ship, it sank Cradock’s two major cruisers, Cradock himself being killed. But the fortunes of the war on the high seas were reversed when, on December 8, the German squadron attacked the Falkland (Malvinas) Islands in the South Atlantic, probably unaware of the naval strength that the British, since Coronel, had been concentrating there under Admiral Sir Doveton Sturdee: two battle cruisers (the Invincible and Inflexible, each equipped with eight 12-inch guns) and six other cruisers. The German ships were suffering from wear and tear after their long cruise in the Pacific and were no match for the newer, faster British ships, which soon overtook them. The Scharnhorst, with Admiral von Spee aboard, was the first ship to be sunk, then the Gneisenau, followed by the Nürnberg and the Leipzig. The British ships, which had fought at long range so as to render useless the smaller guns of the Germans, sustained only 25 casualties in this engagement. When the German light cruiser Dresden was caught and sunk off the Juan Fernández Islands on March 14, 1915, commerce raiding by German surface ships on the high seas was at an end. It was just beginning by German submarines, however.
+
+The belligerent navies were employed as much in interfering with commerce as in fighting each other. Immediately after the outbreak of war, the British had instituted an economic blockade of Germany, with the aim of preventing all supplies reaching that country from the outside world. The two routes by which supplies could reach German ports were: (1) through the English Channel and the Strait of Dover and (2) around the north of Scotland. A minefield laid in the Strait of Dover with a narrow free lane made it fairly easy to intercept and search ships using the Channel. To the north of Scotland, however, there was an area of more than 200,000 square miles (520,000 square kilometres) to be patrolled, and the task was assigned to a squadron of armed merchant cruisers. During the early months of the war, only absolute contraband such as guns and ammunition was restricted, but the list was gradually extended to include almost all material that might be of use to the enemy.
+
+The prevention of the free passage of trading ships led to considerable difficulties among the neutral nations, particularly with the United States, whose trading interests were hampered by British policy. Nevertheless, the British blockade was extremely effective, and during 1915 the British patrols stopped and inspected more than 3,000 vessels, of which 743 were sent into port for examination. Outward-bound trade from Germany was brought to a complete standstill.
+
+The Germans similarly sought to attack Great Britain’s economy with a campaign against its supply lines of merchant shipping. In 1915, however, with their surface commerce raiders eliminated from the conflict, they were forced to rely entirely on the submarine.
+
+The Germans began their submarine campaign against commerce by sinking a British merchant steamship (Glitra), after evacuating the crew, on October 20, 1914. A number of other sinkings followed, and the Germans soon became convinced that the submarine would be able to bring the British to an early peace where the commerce raiders on the high seas had failed. On January 30, 1915, Germany carried the campaign a stage further by torpedoing three British steamers (Tokomaru, Ikaria, and Oriole) without warning. They next announced, on February 4, that from February 18 they would treat the waters around the British Isles as a war zone in which all Allied merchant ships were to be destroyed, and in which no ship, whether enemy or not, would be immune.
+
+Yet, whereas the Allied blockade was preventing almost all trade for Germany from reaching that nation’s ports, the German submarine campaign yielded less satisfactory results. During the first week of the campaign seven Allied or Allied-bound ships were sunk out of 11 attacked, but 1,370 others sailed without being harassed by the German submarines. In the whole of March 1915, during which 6,000 sailings were recorded, only 21 ships were sunk, and in April only 23 ships from a similar number. Apart from its lack of positive success, the U-boat arm was continuously harried by Great Britain’s extensive antisubmarine measures, which included nets, specially armed merchant ships, hydrophones for locating the noise of a submarine’s engines, and depth bombs for destroying it underwater.
+
+For the Germans, a worse result than any of the British countermeasures imposed on them was the long-term growth of hostility on the part of the neutral countries. Certainly the neutrals were far from happy with the British blockade, but the German declaration of the war zone and subsequent events turned them progressively away from their attitude of sympathy for Germany. The hardening of their outlook began in February 1915, when the Norwegian steamship Belridge, carrying oil from New Orleans to Amsterdam, was torpedoed and sunk in the English Channel. The Germans continued to sink neutral ships occasionally, and undecided countries soon began to adopt a hostile outlook toward this activity when the safety of their own shipping was threatened.
+
+Much more serious was an action that confirmed the inability of the German command to perceive that a minor tactical success could constitute a strategic blunder of the most extreme magnitude. This was the sinking by a German submarine on May 7, 1915, of the British liner Lusitania, which was on its way from New York to Liverpool: though the ship was in fact carrying 173 tons of ammunition, it had nearly 2,000 civilian passengers, and the 1,198 people who were drowned included 128 U.S. citizens. The loss of the liner and so many of its passengers, including the Americans, aroused a wave of indignation in the United States, and it was fully expected that a declaration of war might follow. But the U.S. government clung to its policy of neutrality and contented itself with sending several notes of protest to Germany. Despite this, the Germans persisted in their intention and, on August 17, sank the Arabic, which also had U.S. and other neutral passengers. Following a new U.S. protest, the Germans undertook to ensure the safety of passengers before sinking liners henceforth; but only after the torpedoing of yet another liner, the Hesperia, did Germany, on September 18, decide to suspend its submarine campaign in the English Channel and west of the British Isles, for fear of provoking the United States further. The German civilian statesmen had temporarily prevailed over the naval high command, which advocated “unrestricted” submarine warfare.
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+The loss of the German colonies
+Germany’s overseas colonies, virtually without hope of reinforcement from Europe, defended themselves with varying degrees of success against Allied attack.
+
+Togoland was conquered by British forces from the Gold Coast (now Ghana) and by French forces from Dahomey (now Benin) in the first month of the war. In the Cameroons (German: Kamerun), invaded by Allied forces from the south, the east, and the northwest in August 1914 and attacked from the sea in the west, the Germans put up a more effective resistance, and the last German stronghold there, Mora, held out until February 18, 1916.
+
+Operations by South African forces in huge numerical superiority were launched against German South West Africa (Namibia) in September 1914 but were held up by the pro-German rebellion of certain South African officers who had fought against the British in the South African War of 1899–1902. The rebellion died out in February 1915, but the Germans in South West Africa nevertheless did not capitulate until July 9.
+
+In Jiaozhou (Kiaochow) Bay a small German enclave on the Chinese coast, the port of Qingdao (Tsingtao) was the object of Japanese attack from September 1914. With some help from British troops and from Allied warships, the Japanese captured it on November 7. In October, meanwhile, the Japanese had occupied the Marianas, the Caroline Islands, and the Marshalls in the North Pacific, these islands being defenseless since the departure of Admiral von Spee’s naval squadron.
+
+In the South Pacific, Western Samoa (now Samoa) fell without blood at the end of August 1914 to a New Zealand force supported by Australian, British, and French warships. In September an Australian invasion of Neu-Pommern (New Britain) won the surrender of the whole colony of German New Guinea within a few weeks.
+
+The story of German East Africa (comprising present-day Rwanda, Burundi, and continental Tanzania) was very different, thanks to the quality of the local askaris (European-trained African troops) and to the military genius of the German commander Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck. A landing of troops from India was repelled with ignominy by the Germans in November 1914. A massive invasion from the north, comprising British and colonial troops under the South African J.C. Smuts, was launched in February 1916, to be coordinated with a Belgian invasion from the west and with an independent British one from Nyasaland in the south, but, though Dar es Salaam fell to Smuts and Tabora to the Belgians in September, Lettow-Vorbeck maintained his small force in being. In November 1917 he began to move southward across Portuguese East Africa (Germany had declared war on Portugal in March 1916), and, after crossing back into German East Africa in September 1918, he turned southwestward to invade Northern Rhodesia in October. Having taken Kasama on November 9 (two days before the German armistice in Europe), he finally surrendered on November 25. With some 12,000 men at the outset, he eventually tied down 130,000 or more Allied
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+The Years Of Stalemate
+Learn More!
+Rival strategies and the Dardanelles campaign, 1915–16
+By late 1914 the state of deadlock on the Western Front had become clear to the governments of the warring countries and even to many members of their general staffs. Each side sought a solution to this deadlock, and the solutions varied in form and manner.
+
+Erich von Falkenhayn had succeeded the dispirited Moltke as chief of the German general staff in September 1914. By the end of 1914 Falkenhayn seems to have concluded that although the final decision would be reached in the West, Germany had no immediate prospect of success there, and that the only practicable theatre of operations in the near future was the Eastern Front, however inconclusive those operations might be. Falkenhayn was convinced of the strength of the Allied trench barrier in France, so he took the momentous decision to stand on the defensive in the West.
+
+Falkenhayn saw that a long war was now inevitable and set to work to develop Germany’s resources for such a warfare of attrition. Thus, the technique of field entrenchment was carried to a higher pitch by the Germans than by any other country; Germany’s military railways were expanded for the lateral movement of reserves; and the problem of the supply of munitions and of the raw materials for their manufacture was tackled so energetically and comprehensively that an ample flow was ensured from the spring of 1915 onward—a time when the British were only awakening to the problem. Here were laid the foundations of that economic organization and utilization of resources that was to be the secret of Germany’s power to resist the pressure of the British blockade.
+
+The western Allies were divided into two camps about strategy. Joffre and most of the French general staff, backed by the British field marshal Sir John French, argued for continuing assaults on the Germans’ entrenched line in France, despite the continued attrition of French forces that this strategy entailed. Apart from this, the French high command was singularly lacking in ideas to break the deadlock of trench warfare. While desire to hold on to territorial gains governed the German strategy, the desire to recover lost territory dominated the French.
+
+British-inspired solutions to the deadlock crystallized into two main groups, one tactical, the other strategical. The first was to unlock the trench barrier by inventing a machine that would be invulnerable to machine guns and capable of crossing trenches and would thus restore the tactical balance upset by the new preponderance of defensive over offensive power. Such a machine had long been contemplated, and the early years of the 20th century saw the first attempts at a practical armoured fighting vehicle. British efforts were nourished and tended in infancy by Winston Churchill, then first lord of the Admiralty, and ultimately, after months of experiment hampered by official opposition, came to maturity in 1916 in the weapon known as the tank. Some of the British strategists, on the other hand, argued that instead of seeking a breakthrough on the Germans’ impregnable Western Front, the Allies should turn the whole position of the Central Powers either by an offensive through the Balkans or even by a landing on Germany’s Baltic coast. Joffre and his supporters won the argument, and the Balkan projects were relinquished in favour of a concentration of effort on the Western Front. But misgivings were not silenced, and a situation arose that revived the Middle Eastern scheme in a new if attenuated form.
+Early in January 1915 the Russians, threatened by the Turks in the Caucasus, appealed to the British for some relieving action against Turkey. The British, after acrimonious argument among themselves, decided in favour of “a naval expedition in February to bombard and take the Gallipoli Peninsula (the western shore of the Dardanelles), with Constantinople as its objective.” Though subsequently it was agreed that army troops might be provided to hold the shores if the fleet forced the Straits, the naval attack began on February 19 without army support. When at last Sir Ian Hamilton’s troops from Egypt began to land on the Turkish shores, on April 25, the Turks and their German commander, Otto Liman von Sanders, had had ample time to prepare adequate fortifications, and the defending armies were now six times as large as when the campaign opened.
+Against resolute opposition from the local Turkish commander (Mustafa Kemal, the future Atatürk), Australian and New Zealand troops won a bridgehead at “Anzac Cove,” north of Kaba Tepe, on the Aegean side of the peninsula, with some 20,000 men landing in the first two days. The British, meanwhile, tried to land at five points around Cape Helles but established footholds only at three of them and then asked for reinforcements. Thereafter little progress was made, and the Turks took advantage of the British halt to bring into the peninsula as many troops as possible. The standstill of the enterprise led to a political crisis in London between Churchill, the Liberal government’s first lord of the Admiralty, who, after earlier doubts, had made himself the foremost spokesman of the Dardanelles operation, and John, Lord Fisher, the first sea lord, who had always expressed doubts about it. Fisher demanded on May 14 that the operation be discontinued and, when he was overruled, resigned the next day. The Liberal government was replaced by a coalition, but Churchill, though relieved of his former post, remained in the War Council of the Cabinet.
+In July the British began sending five more divisions to the peninsula, and a new plan was hatched. In the hope of cutting the Turks’ north–south communications down the peninsula by seizing the Sari Bair heights, which commanded the Straits from the west, the British reinforced the bridgehead at “Anzac Cove” and, in the night of August 6–7, landed more troops at Suvla Bay (Anafarta Limanı), farther to the north. Within a few days, both the offensive from “Anzac” and the new landing had proved ineffectual. More argument ensued in the War Council, and only late in the year was it acknowledged that the initially promising but ill-conducted enterprise should be given up. The evacuation of the troops was carried out from Suvla Bay and from “Anzac Cove” under cover of darkness in December 1915, and from the Cape Helles beaches in January 1916. The Dardanelles campaign thus came to a frustrating end. Had it succeeded it might well have ended Turkey’s participation in the war. In failing, it had cost about 214,000 casualties and achieved nothing.
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+The Western and Eastern fronts, 1915
+The Western Front, 1915
+Repeated French attacks in February–March 1915 on the Germans’ trench barrier in Champagne won only 500 yards (460 metres) of ground at a cost of 50,000 men. For the British, Sir Douglas Haig’s 1st Army, between Armentières and Lens, tried a new experiment at Neuve-Chapelle on March 10, when its artillery opened an intense bombardment on a 2,000-yard front and then, after 35 minutes, lengthened its range, so that the attacking British infantry, behind the second screen of shells, could overrun the trenches ravaged by the first. But the experiment’s immediate result was merely loss of life, both because shortage of munitions made the second barrage inadequate and because there was a five-hour delay in launching the infantry assault, against which the Germans, having overcome their initial surprise, had time to rally their resistance. It was clear to the Allies that this small-scale tactical experiment had missed success only by a narrow margin and that there was scope for its development. But the Allied commands missed the true lesson, which was that a surprise attack could be successfully made immediately following a short bombardment that compensated for its brevity by its intensity. Instead, they drew the superficial deduction that mere volume of shellfire was the key to reducing a trench line prior to an assault. Not until 1917 did they revert to the Neuve-Chapelle method. It was left to the Germans to profit from the experiment. In the meantime, a French offensive in April against the Germans’ Saint-Mihiel salient, southeast of Verdun, sacrificed 64,000 men to no effect.
+
+The Germans, in accordance with Falkenhayn’s strategy, remained generally on the defensive in the West. They did, however, launch an attack on the Allies’ Ypres salient (where the French had in November 1914 taken the place of the British). There, on April 22, 1915, they used chlorine gas for the first time on the Western Front, but they made the mistake of discharging it from cylinders (which were dependent on a favourable wind) rather than lobbing it onto the enemy trenches in artillery shells. The gas did throw the agonized defenders into chaotic flight; but the German high command, having been disappointed by the new weapon’s performance under adverse conditions in Poland earlier in the year, had failed to provide adequate reserves to exploit its unforeseen success. By the end of a month-long battle, the Allies’ front was only slightly retracted.
+
+On May 9, meanwhile, the Allies had launched yet another premature offensive, combining a major French onslaught between Lens and Arras with two thrusts by Haig’s 1st Army, from Festubert and from Fromelles, against the Aubers Ridge north of Lens. The French prolonged their effort until June 18, losing 102,000 men without securing any gain; the British, still short of shells against the Germans’ mass of machine guns, had suspended their attacks three weeks earlier.
+
+An even worse military failure was the joint offensive launched by the Allies on Sept. 25, 1915. While 27 French divisions with 850 heavy guns attacked on a front 18 miles long in Champagne, north and east of Reims, simultaneous blows were delivered in distant Artois by 14 French divisions with 420 heavy guns on a 12-mile front south of Lens and by six British divisions with only 117 guns at Loos north of Lens. All of these attacks were disappointing failures, partly because they were preceded by prolonged bombardments that gave away any chance of surprise and allowed time for German reserves to be sent forward to close up the gaps that had been opened in the trench defenders’ ranks by the artillery bombardment. At Loos the British use of chlorine gas was less effective than Haig had hoped, and his engagement of all his own available forces for his first assault came to nothing when his commander in chief, Sir John French, was too slow in sending up reserves; the French on both their fronts likewise lost, through lack of timely support, most of what they had won by their first attacks. In all, for a little ground, the Allies paid 242,000 men, against the defenders’ loss of 141,000.
+
+Having subsequently complained bitterly about Sir John French’s management of operations, Haig was appointed British commander in chief in his place in December.
+
+The Eastern Front, 1915
+The Russians’ plans for 1915 prescribed the strengthening of their flanks in the north and in Galicia before driving westward again toward Silesia. Their preparations for a blow at East Prussia’s southern frontier were forestalled, as Ludendorff, striking suddenly eastward from East Prussia, enveloped four Russian divisions in the Augustów forests, east of the Masurian Lakes, in the second week of February; but in Galicia the winter’s fighting culminated, on March 22, in the fall of Przemyśl to the Russians.
+For the Central Powers, the Austrian spokesman, Conrad, primarily required some action to relieve the pressure on his Galician front, and Falkenhayn was willing to help him for that purpose without departing from his own general strategy of attrition—which was already coming into conflict with Ludendorff’s desire for a sustained effort toward decisive victory over Russia. The plan finally adopted, with the aim of smashing the Russian centre in the Dunajec River sector of Galicia by an attack on the 18-mile front from Gorlice to Tuchów (south of Tarnów), was conceived with tactical originality: in order to maintain the momentum of advance, no daily objectives were to be set for individual corps or divisions; instead, each should make all possible progress before the Russians could bring their reserves up, on the assumption that the rapid advance of some attacking units would contagiously promote the subsequent advance of others that had at first met more resistance. Late in April, 14 divisions, with 1,500 guns, were quietly concentrated for the stroke against the six Russian divisions present. Mackensen was in command, with Hans von Seeckt, sponsor of the new tactic of infiltration, as his chief of staff.
+
+The Gorlice attack was launched on May 2 and achieved success beyond all expectation. Routed on the Dunajec, the Russians tried to stand on the Wisłoka, then fell back again. By May 14, Mackensen’s forces were on the San, 80 miles from their starting point, and at Jarosław they even forced a crossing of that river. Strengthened with more German troops from France, Mackensen then struck again, taking Przemyśl on June 3 and Lemberg (Lvov) on June 22. The Russian front was now bisected, but Falkenhayn and Conrad had foreseen no such result and had made no preparations to exploit it promptly. Their consequent delays enabled the Russian armies to retreat without breaking up entirely.
+
+Falkenhayn then decided to pursue a new offensive. Mackensen was instructed to veer northward, so as to catch the Russian armies in the Warsaw salient between his forces and Hindenburg’s, which were to drive southeastward from East Prussia. Ludendorff disliked the plan as being too much of a frontal assault: the Russians might be squeezed by the closing-in of the two wings, but their retreat to the east would not be cut off. He once more urged his spring scheme for a wide enveloping maneuver through Kovno (Kaunas) on Vilna (Vilnius) and Minsk, in the north. Falkenhayn opposed this plan, fearing that it would mean more troops and a deeper commitment, and on July 2 the German emperor decided in favour of Falkenhayn’s plan.
+
+The results justified Ludendorff’s reservations. The Russians held Mackensen at Brest-Litovsk and Hindenburg on the Narew River long enough to enable the main body of their troops to escape through the unclosed gap to the east. Though by the end of August all of Poland had been occupied and 750,000 Russians had been taken prisoner in four months of fighting, the Central Powers had missed their opportunity to break Russia’s ability to carry on the war.
+
+Too late, Falkenhayn in September allowed Ludendorff to try what he had been urging much earlier, a wider enveloping movement to the north on the Kovno–Dvinsk–Vilna triangle. The German cavalry, in fact, approached the Minsk railway, far beyond Vilna; but the Russians’ power of resistance was too great for Ludendorff’s slender forces, whose supplies moreover began to run out, and by the end of the month his operations were suspended. The crux of this situation was that the Russian armies had been allowed to draw back almost out of the net before the long-delayed Vilna maneuver was attempted. Meanwhile, an Austrian attack eastward from Lutsk (Luck), begun later in September and continued into October, incurred heavy losses for no advantage at all. By October 1915 the Russian retreat, after a nerve-wracking series of escapes from the salients the Germans had systematically created and then sought to cut off, had come to a definite halt along a line running from the Baltic Sea just west of Riga southward to Czernowitz (Chernovtsy) on the Romanian border.
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+Other fronts, 1915–16
+The Caucasus, 1914–16
+The Caucasian front between Russia and Turkey comprised two battlegrounds: Armenia in the west, Azerbaijan in the east. While the ultimate strategic objectives for the Turks were to capture the Baku oilfields in Azerbaijan and to penetrate Central Asia and Afghanistan in order to threaten British India, they needed first to capture the Armenian fortress of Kars, which, together with that of Ardahan, had been a Russian possession since 1878.
+
+A Russian advance from Sarıkamış (Sarykamysh, south of Kars) toward Erzurum in Turkish Armenia in November 1914 was countered in December when the Turkish 3rd Army, under Enver himself, launched a three-pronged offensive against the Kars–Ardahan position. This offensive was catastrophically defeated in battles at Sarıkamış and at Ardahan in January 1915; but the Turks, ill-clad and ill-supplied in the Caucasian winter, lost many more men through exposure and exhaustion than in fighting (their 3rd Army was reduced in one month from 190,000 to 12,400 men, the battle casualties being 30,000). Turkish forces, which had meanwhile invaded neutral Persia’s part of Azerbaijan and taken Tabriz on January 14, were expelled by a Russian counterinvasion in March.
+
+During this campaign the Armenians had created disturbances behind the Turkish lines in support of the Russians and had threatened the already arduous Turkish communications. The Turkish government on June 11, 1915, decided to deport the Armenians. In the process of deportation, the Turkish authorities committed atrocities on a vast scale: most estimates of Armenian deaths have ranged from 600,000 to 1,500,000 for this period.
+
+Grand Duke Nicholas, who had hitherto been commander in chief of all Russia’s armies, was superseded by Emperor Nicholas himself in September 1915; the Grand Duke was then sent to command in the Caucasus. He and General N.N. Yudenich, the victor of Sarıkamış, started a major assault on Turkish Armenia in January 1916; Erzurum was taken on February 16, Trabzon on April 18, Erzıncan on August 2; and a long-delayed Turkish counterattack was held at Oğnut. Stabilized to Russia’s great advantage in the autumn, the new front in Armenia was thereafter affected less by Russo-Turkish warfare than by the consequences of revolution in Russia.
+
+Mesopotamia, 1914–April 1916
+The British occupation of Basra, Turkey’s port at the head of the Persian Gulf, in November 1914 had been justifiable strategically because of the need to protect the oil wells of southern Persia and the Abadan refinery. The British advance of 46 miles northward from Basra to al-Qurnah in December and the further advance of 90 miles up the Tigris to al-ʿAmārah in May–June 1915 ought to have been reckoned enough for all practical purposes, but the advance was continued in the direction of the fatally magnetic Baghdad, ancient capital of the Arab caliphs of Islām. Al-Kūt was occupied in September 1915, and the advance was pushed on until the British, under Major General Charles Townshend, were 500 miles away from their base at Basra. They fought a profitless battle at Ctesiphon, only 18 miles from Baghdad, on November 22 but then had to retreat to al-Kūt. There, from December 7, Townshend’s 10,000 men were besieged by the Turks; and there, on April 29, 1916, they surrendered themselves into captivity.
+
+The Egyptian frontiers, 1915–July 1917
+Even after the evacuation from Gallipoli, the British maintained 250,000 troops in Egypt. A major source of worry to the British was the danger of a Turkish threat from Palestine across the Sinai Desert to the Suez Canal. That danger waned, however, when the initially unpromising rebellion of the Hāshimite amir Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī against the Turks in the Hejaz was developed by the personal enterprise of an unprofessional soldier of genius, T.E. Lawrence, into a revolt infecting the whole Arabian hinterland of Palestine and Syria and threatening to sever the Turks’ vital Hejaz Railway (Damascus–Amman–Maʿān–Medina). Sir Archibald Murray’s British troops at last started a massive advance in December 1916 and captured some Turkish outposts on the northeastern edge of the Sinai Desert but made a pusillanimous withdrawal from Gaza in March 1917 at the very moment when the Turks were about to surrender the place to them; the attempt the next month to retrieve the mistake was repulsed with heavy losses. In June the command was transferred from Murray to Sir Edmund Allenby. In striking contrast to Murray’s performance was Lawrence’s capture of Aqaba (al-ʿAqabah) on July 6, 1917: his handful of Arabs got the better of 1,200 Turks there.
+
+Learn More!
+Italy and the Italian front, 1915–16
+Great Britain, France, and Russia concluded on April 26, 1915, the secret Treaty of London with Italy, inducing the latter to discard the obligations of the Triple Alliance and to enter the war on the side of the Allies by the promise of territorial aggrandizement at Austria-Hungary’s expense. Italy was offered not only the Italian-populated Trentino and Trieste but also South Tirol (to consolidate the Alpine frontier), Gorizia, Istria, and northern Dalmatia. On May 23, 1915, Italy accordingly declared war on Austria-Hungary.
+
+The Italian commander, General Luigi Cadorna, decided to concentrate his effort on an offensive eastward from the province of Venetia across the comparatively low ground between the head of the Adriatic and the foothills of the Julian Alps; that is to say, across the lower valley of the Isonzo (Soc̆a) River. Against the risk of an Austrian descent on his rear from the Trentino (which bordered Venetia to the northwest) or on his left flank from the Carnic Alps (to the north), he thought that limited advances would be precaution enough.
+
+The Italians’ initial advance eastward, begun late in May 1915, was soon halted, largely because of the flooding of the Isonzo, and trench warfare set in. Cadorna, however, was determined to make progress and so embarked on a series of persistent renewals of the offensive, known as the Battles of the Isonzo. The first four of these (June 23–July 7; July 18–August 3; October 18–November 4; and November 10–December 2) achieved nothing worth the cost of 280,000 men; and the fifth (March 1916) was equally fruitless. The Austrians had shown on this front a fierce resolution that was often lacking when they faced the Russians. In mid-May 1916 Cadorna’s program was interrupted by an Austrian offensive from the Trentino into the Asiago region of western Venetia. Though the danger of an Austrian breakthrough from the mountainous borderland into the Venetian plain in the rear of the Italians’ Isonzo front was averted, the Italian counteroffensive in mid-June recovered only one-third of the territory overrun by the Austrians north and southwest of Asiago. The Sixth Battle of the Isonzo (August 6–17), however, did win Gorizia for the Italians. On August 28 Italy declared war on Germany. The next three months saw three more Italian offensives on the Isonzo, none of them really profitable. In the course of 1916 the Italians had sustained 500,000 casualties, twice as many as the Austrians, and were still on the Isonzo.
+
+Serbia and the Salonika expedition, 1915–17
+Austria’s three attempted invasions of Serbia in 1914 had been brusquely repulsed by Serbian counterattacks. By the summer of 1915 the Central Powers were doubly concerned to close the account with Serbia, both for reasons of prestige and for the sake of establishing secure rail communications with Turkey across the Balkans. In August, Germany sent reinforcements to Austria’s southern front; and, on Sept. 6, 1915, the Central Powers concluded a treaty with Bulgaria, whom they drew to their side by the offer of territory to be taken from Serbia. The Austro-German forces attacked southward from the Danube on October 6; and the Bulgars, undeterred by a Russian ultimatum, struck at eastern Serbia on October 11 and at Serbian Macedonia on October 14.
+
+The western Allies, surprised in September by the prospect of a Bulgarian attack on Serbia, hastily decided to send help through neutral Greece’s Macedonian port of Salonika, relying on the collusion of Greece’s pro-Entente prime minister, Eleuthérios Venizélos. Troops from Gallipoli, under the French general Maurice Sarrail, reached Salonika on October 5, but on that day Venizélos fell from power. The Allies advanced northward up the Vardar into Serbian Macedonia but found themselves prevented from junction with the Serbs by the westward thrust of the Bulgars. Driven back over the Greek frontier, the Allies were merely occupying the Salonika region by mid-December. The Serbian Army, meanwhile, to avoid double envelopment, had begun an arduous winter retreat westward over the Albanian mountains to refuge on the island of Corfu.
+
+
+In the spring of 1916 the Allies at Salonika were reinforced by the revived Serbs from Corfu as well as by French, British, and some Russian troops, and the bridgehead was expanded westward to Vodena (Edessa) and eastward to Kilkis; but the Bulgars, who in May obtained Fort Rupel (Klidhi, on the Struma) from the Greeks, in mid-August not only overran Greek Macedonia east of the Struma but also, from Monastir (Bitola), invaded the Florina region of Greek Macedonia, to the west of the Allies’ Vodena wing. The Allied counteroffensive took Monastir from the Bulgars in November 1916, but more ambitious operations, from March to May 1917, proved abortive. The Salonika front was tying down some 500,000 Allied troops without troubling the Central Powers in any significant way.
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+As soon as he learned about the existence of ancient wheat specimens at University College London’s Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology from a 2018 BBC documentary, Richard Mott of the UCL Genetics Institute wanted to study them. The samples likely contained bits of ancient wheat DNA, he reasoned, which could yield valuable insights into the history of cultivation of this all-important crop species.
+ABOVE: ROGERS FUND, 1930, CHARLES K WILKINSON
+As soon as he learned about the existence of ancient wheat specimens at University College London’s Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology from a 2018 BBC documentary, Richard Mott of the UCL Genetics Institute wanted to study them. The samples likely contained bits of ancient wheat DNA, he reasoned, which could yield valuable insights into the history of cultivation of this all-important crop species.
+
+Archaeobotanists at UCL helped Mott and a team of collaborators choose a handful of well-preserved husks from the museum’s collection of ancient emmer wheat, a variety native to the Near East and one of the first crops to be domesticated in the region, from which the researchers selected two husks for DNA extraction. After carefully removing the husks from the box, photographing them, and wrapping them in foil, the scientists transported the centuries-old plant material to a freshly bleached cleanroom used exclusively to process ancient and forensic samples. 
+There, team member Laura Botigué, a population geneticist and visiting researcher from the Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) in Barcelona, Spain, donned a hairnet, two Tyvek suits, two pairs of latex gloves, and a mask—part of a protocol designed to avoid contaminating the samples with her own cells. Uncertain how the delicate husks would hold up to the standard decontamination protocol of bleaching the samples, Botigué bleached one and left the second untouched. Then, to lyse the plant’s cells, she put the samples in a rotator that gently shook the husks inside an oven over the next several days. Finally, she used a centrifugation protocol to separate any DNA from the degraded cell walls and proteins.
+
+Once the samples had been prepped and delivered to the UCL Genomics facility for sequencing, it was a waiting game to see if the procedure had yielded any readable wheat DNA. “This is the more stressful part,” Botigué says. Because they lack the type of protective collagen matrix found in bones, plants don’t preserve ancient DNA as well as animals. “You finish, the DNA is theoretically extracted, but you don’t see it in the tube,” says Botigué. “You’re in the blind until you hear back from the sequencing services.” 
+
+Within just a few weeks, the team got good news. For the husk that Botigué had bleached, about two-thirds of the reads aligned with genomes of modern wild and domesticated emmer wheat varieties—a relatively good success rate for ancient DNA, according to evolutionary geneticist Michael Scott, a postdoc in Mott’s lab who conducted the bioinformatics analysis of the sequences. “The first surprise was how well it worked,” he says. “It appears that the dry conditions in Egypt were good for DNA preservation.” The unbleached husk had yielded a smaller quantity of sequences, but those fragments mostly matched the ones in the bleached sample, validating the identity of those sequences as coming from the ancient wheat samples rather than from contaminants.
+The museum wheat, which carbon dating showed was from between 1130 and 1000 BC, was genetically much more similar to modern domesticated varieties than to modern wild ones, suggesting that the plant lineage the samples came from had already been domesticated. Specifically, the sequences most resembled those of modern domesticated strains grown in Turkey, Oman, and India. There was also evidence for genetic exchange between the museum wheat strain and the wild emmer wheat that grew in the Levant, a large region in the Eastern Mediterranean that was a center of agricultural development in the Neolithic period, and where emmer was first cultivated. The genetic exchange could have occurred before the wheat’s introduction to Egypt from the Levant, says Scott. Alternatively, it’s possible that the ancient Egyptians’ wheat was able to interbreed with wild wheat in the Southern Levant thanks to interactions between the people in the two regions. 
+“With big data and with a really good analysis method they were able to detect this gene flow,” says M. Timothy Rabanus-Wallace, an agricultural geneticist at the Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research in Germany who coauthored a perspective published alongside the study in Nature Plants last October. “It’s fascinating to see this gene flow happening . . . in an area important for human history.” 
+
+See “Confessing to Plant Blindness”
+The bioinformatics analysis also uncovered some genetic variants in the ancient samples that weren’t found in any of the modern emmer wheat genomes the researchers studied. If these variants helped the wheat survive in arid locations around the Near East, perhaps introducing those sequences into modern varieties could help make them more sustainable or more drought resistant, Scott says, though he admits that this “is very much just an idea.” 
+The detection of ancient genetic variation is a notable achievement because wheat genomes are large—three to five times the length of a human genome—and repetitive, making the “analysis . . . incredibly complex,” says James Breen, head of the bioinformatics core at the South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute who reviewed the study and coauthored the perspective with Rabanus-Wallace, a PhD student in his lab at the Australian Centre for Ancient DNA at the time. “So being able to find unique pieces of DNA in that genome is very difficult.” He adds that after a couple of additional validation tests performed by the UCL team, he was convinced that “the data that came out was legitimately ancient.”
+
+Botigué and Scott emphasize that the study is primarily a proof of concept that museum-kept plant samples can yield readable genetic material. “We were able to look at DNA from specimens that had been stored in the museum for over 90 years without special preservation conditions—the museum was actually even bombed and flooded during wartime,” says Scott. “We think our study helps demonstrate the importance of museum collections as sources of genetic data, which”—in combination with new samples—“can be used to uncover the history of selection on crops and their movement around the globe.” 
+
+See “The Narluga: New Insights from Old Bones”
+“I think that’s one of the biggest values of ancient DNA in plants,” adds Nathan Wales, an archaeologist at the University of York who was not involved in Scott and Botigué’s study—“to draw connections between different cultures and the different agricultural products they were growing and trading, and seeing how that changed over time.” 
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+Major developments in 1916
+The Western Front, 1916
+In 1914 the centre of gravity of World War I had been on the Western Front, in 1915 it shifted to the Eastern, and in 1916 it once more moved back to France. Though the western Allies had dissipated some of their strength in the Dardanelles, Salonika, and Mesopotamia, the rising tide of Britain’s new armies and of its increased munition supplies promised the means for an offensive far larger in scale than any before to break the trench deadlock. Britain’s armies in France had grown to 36 divisions by the end of 1915. By that time voluntary enlistments, though massive, had nevertheless proved to be inadequate to meet Britain’s needs, so in January 1916, by the Military Service Act, voluntary service was replaced by conscription.
+
+In December 1915 a conference of the leaders of the French, British, Belgian, and Italian armies, with representatives present from the Russian and Japanese armies, was held at Joffre’s headquarters. They adopted the principle of a simultaneous general offensive in 1916 by France, Great Britain, Russia, and Italy. But military action by Germany was to dislocate this scheme, and only the British offensive came fully into operation.
+By the winter of 1915–16, Falkenhayn regarded Russia as paralyzed and Italy as inconsiderable. He considered the time at last ripe for positive action against France, after whose collapse Great Britain would have no effective military ally on the European continent and would be brought to terms rather by submarine warfare than by land operations. For his offensive in the West, however, Falkenhayn clung always to his method of attrition. He believed that a mass breakthrough was unnecessary and that instead the Germans should aim to bleed France of its manpower by choosing a point of attack “for the retention of which the French Command would be compelled to throw in every man they have.” The town of Verdun and its surrounding complex of forts was chosen, because it was a menace to the main German lines of communications, because it was within a French salient and thus cramped the defenders, and because of the certainty that the French would sacrifice any number of men to defend Verdun for reasons of patriotism associated with the town itself.
+
+The keynote of Falkenhayn’s tactical plan was to place a dense semicircle of German heavy and medium artillery to the north and east of Verdun and its outlying fortresses and then to stage a continuous series of limited infantry advances upon the forts. These advances would draw the French infantry into defending or trying to retake the forts, in the process of which they would be pulverized by German artillery fire. In addition, each German infantry advance would have its way smoothed by a brief but extremely intense artillery bombardment that would clear the targeted ground of defenders.
+
+Although French Intelligence had given early warnings of the Germans’ offensive preparations, the French high command was so preoccupied with its own projected offensive scheme that the warning fell on deaf ears. At 7:15 AM on Feb. 21, 1916, the heaviest German artillery bombardment yet seen in the war began on a front of eight miles around Verdun, and the French trenches and barbed wire fields there were flattened out or upheaved in a chaos of tumbled earth. At 4:45 PM the German infantry advanced—although for the first day only on a front of two and a half miles. From then until February 24 the French defenders’ lines east of the Meuse River crumbled away. Fort-Douaumont, one of the most important fortresses, was occupied by the Germans on February 25. By March 6, when the Germans began to attack on the west bank of the Meuse as well as on the east bank, the French had come to see that something more than a feint was intended. To relieve the pressure on France, the Russians made a sacrificial attack on the Eastern Front at Lake Naroch (see below The Eastern Front, 1916); the Italians began their fifth offensive on the Isonzo (see above Italy and the Italian front, 1915–16); and the British took over the Arras sector of the Western Front, thus becoming responsible for the whole line from the Yser southward to the Somme. Meanwhile, General Philippe Pétain was entrusted with commanding the defense of Verdun. He organized repeated counterattacks that slowed the German advance, and, more importantly, he worked to keep open the one road leading into Verdun that had not been closed by German shelling. This was the Bar-le-Duc road, which became known as La Voie Sacrée (the “Sacred Way”) because vital supplies and reinforcements continued to be sent to the Verdun front along it despite constant harassment from the German artillery.
+Slowly but steadily the Germans moved forward on Verdun: they took Fort-Vaux, southeast of Fort-Douaumont, on June 7 and almost reached the Belleville heights, the last stronghold before Verdun itself, on June 23. Pétain was preparing to evacuate the east bank of the Meuse when the Allies’ offensive on the Somme River was at last launched. Thereafter, the Germans assigned no more divisions to the Verdun attack.
+
+Preceded by a week’s bombardment, which gave ample warning of its advent, the Somme offensive was begun on July 1, 1916, by the 11 British divisions of Rawlinson’s new 4th Army on a 15-mile front between Serre, north of the Ancre, and Curlu, north of the Somme, while five French divisions attacked at the same time on an eight-mile front mainly south of the Somme, between Curlu and Péronne. With incredibly misplaced optimism, Haig had convinced himself that the British infantry would be able to walk forward irresistibly over ground cleared of defenders by the artillery. But the unconcealed preparations for the assault and the long preliminary bombardment had given away any chance of surprise, and the German defenders were well prepared for what was to come. In the event, the 60,000 attacking British infantrymen moving forward in symmetrical alignment at a snail’s pace enforced by each man’s 66 pounds (30 kilograms) of cumbrous equipment were mowed down in masses by the German machine guns, and the day’s casualties were the heaviest ever sustained by a British army. The French participants in the attack had twice as many guns as the British and did better against a weaker system of defenses, but almost nothing could be done to exploit this comparative success.
+
+Resigning himself now to limited advances, Haig concentrated his next effort on the southern sector of his Somme front. The Germans’ second position there (Longueval, Bazentin, and Ovillers) fell on July 14, but again the opportunity of exploitation was missed. Thenceforward, at great cost in lives, a methodical advance was continued, gaining little ground but straining the German resistance. The first tanks to be used in the war, though in numbers far too small to be effective, were thrown into the battle by the British on September 15. In mid-November early rains halted operations. The four-month Battle of the Somme was a miserable failure except that it diverted German resources from the attack on Verdun. It cost the British 420,000 casualties, the French 195,000, and the Germans 650,000.
+
+At Verdun, the summer slackening of German pressure enabled the French to organize counterattacks. Surprise attacks directed by General Robert-Georges Nivelle and launched by General Charles Mangin’s army corps recovered Fort-Douaumont on October 24, Fort-Vaux on November 2, and places north of Douaumont in mid-December. Pétain’s adroit defense of Verdun and these counterattacks had deprived Falkenhayn’s offensive of its strategic fulfillment; but France had been so much weakened in the first half of 1916 that it could scarcely satisfy the Allies’ expectations in the second. Verdun was one of the longest, bloodiest, and most ferocious battles of the war; French casualties amounted to about 400,000, German ones to about 350,000.
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+The Battle of Jutland
+The summer of 1916 saw the long-deferred confrontation of Germany’s High Seas Fleet and Great Britain’s Grand Fleet in the Battle of Jutland—history’s biggest naval battle, which both sides claimed as a victory.
+
+Admiral Reinhard Scheer, who became commander in chief of the High Seas Fleet in January 1916, planned to contrive an encounter on the open sea between his fleet and some part of the British fleet in separation from the whole, so that the Germans could exploit their momentary superiority in numbers to achieve victory. Scheer’s plan was to ensnare Admiral Beatty’s squadron of battle cruisers at Rosyth, midway up Britain’s eastern coast, by stratagem and destroy it before any reinforcements from the Grand Fleet’s main base at Scapa Flow could reach it.
+
+To set the trap, five battle cruisers of the German High Seas Fleet, together with four light cruisers, were to sail northward, under Hipper’s command, from Wilhelmshaven, Ger., to a point off the southwestern coast of Norway. Scheer himself, with the battle squadrons of the High Seas Fleet, was to follow, 50 miles behind, to catch Beatty’s forces in the gap once they had been lured eastward across the North Sea in pursuit of Hipper. But the signal for the German operation to begin, made in the afternoon of May 30, was intercepted and partially decoded by the British; and before midnight the whole British Grand Fleet was on its way to a rendezvous off Norway’s southwestern coast and roughly across the planned route of the German fleet.
+
+At 2:20 PM on May 31, when Admiral John Jellicoe’s Grand Fleet squadrons from Scapa Flow were still 65 miles away to the north, Beatty’s advance guard of light cruisers—five miles ahead of his heavier ships—and Hipper’s scouting group learned quite accidentally of one another’s proximity. An hour later the two lines were drawn up for battle, and in the next 50 minutes the British suffered severely, and the Indefatigable was sunk. When Beatty’s battle cruisers came up, however, the German cruisers, in their turn, sustained such damage that Hipper sent a protective screen of German destroyers in to launch a torpedo attack. The British had lost another battle cruiser, the Queen Mary, before the German High Seas Fleet was sighted by a British patrol to the south, at 4:35 PM. On this report Beatty ordered his ships northward, to lure the Germans toward the Grand Fleet under Jellicoe’s command.
+
+Not until 6:14 PM, after Jellicoe’s squadrons and Beatty’s had been within sight of one another for nearly a quarter of an hour, was the German fleet precisely located—only just in time for Jellicoe to deploy his ships to the best advantage. Jellicoe arrayed the Grand Fleet end-to-end in a line so that their combined broadsides could be brought to bear on the approaching German ships, who could in turn reply only with the forward guns of their leading ships. The British ships in effect formed the horizontal stroke and the German ships the vertical stroke of the letter “T,” with the British having deployed into line at a right angle to the German ships’ forward progress. This maneuver was in fact known as “crossing the enemy’s T” and was the ideal situation dreamed of by the tacticians of both navies, since by “crossing the T” one’s forces temporarily gained an overwhelming superiority of firepower.
+
+For the Germans this was a moment of unparalleled risk. Three factors helped prevent the destruction of the German ships in this trap: their own excellent construction, the steadiness and discipline of their crews, and the poor quality of the British shells. The Lützow, the Derfflinger, and the battleship König led the line and were under broadside fire from some 10 British battleships, yet their main guns remained undamaged and they fought back to such effect that one of their salvoes fell full on the Invincible and blew it up. This success, however, did little to relieve the intense bombardment from the other British ships, and the German fleet was still pressing forward into the steel trap of the Grand Fleet.
+
+Relying on the magnificent seamanship of the German crews, Scheer extricated his fleet from the appalling danger into which it had run by a simple but, in practice, extremely difficult maneuver. At 6:30 PM he ordered a turn of 180° for all his ships at once; it was executed without collision; and the German battleships reversed course in unison and steamed out of the jaws of the trap, while German destroyers spread a smoke screen across their rear. The smoke and worsening visibility left Jellicoe in doubt about what had happened, and the British had lost contact with the Germans by 6:45 PM.
+
+Yet the British Grand Fleet had maneuvered in such a way that it ended up between the German High Seas Fleet and the German ports, and this was the situation Scheer most dreaded, so at 6:55 PM Scheer ordered another reverse turn, perhaps hoping to pass around the rear of the British fleet. But the result for him was a worse position than that from which he had just escaped: his battle line had become compressed, and his leading ships found themselves again under intense bombardment from the broadside array of the British ships. Jellicoe had succeeded in crossing the Germans’ “T” again. The Lützow now received irreparable damage, and many other German ships were damaged at this point. At 7:15 PM, therefore, to cause a diversion and win time, Scheer ordered his battle cruisers and destroyers ahead to virtually immolate themselves in a massed charge against the British ships.
+
+This was the crisis of the Battle of Jutland. As the German battle cruisers and destroyers steamed forward, the German battleships astern became confused and disorganized in trying to execute their reverse turn. Had Jellicoe ordered the Grand Fleet forward through the screen of charging German battle cruisers at that moment, the fate of the German High Seas Fleet would likely have been sealed. As it was, fearing and overestimating the danger of torpedo attacks from the approaching destroyers, he ordered his fleet to turn away, and the two lines of battleships steamed apart at a speed of more than 20 knots. They did not meet again, and when darkness fell, Jellicoe could not be sure of the route of the German retreat. By 3:00 AM on June 1 the Germans had safely eluded their pursuers.
+
+The British had sustained greater losses than the Germans in both ships and men. In all, the British lost three battle cruisers, three cruisers, eight destroyers, and 6,274 officers and men in the Battle of Jutland. The Germans lost one battleship, one battle cruiser, four light cruisers, five destroyers, and 2,545 officers and men. The losses inflicted on the British, however, were not enough to affect the numerical superiority of their fleet over the German in the North Sea, where their domination remained practically unchallengeable during the course of the war. Henceforth, the German High Seas Fleet chose not to venture out from the safety of its home ports.
+
+Learn More!
+The Eastern Front, 1916
+In the hope of diverting German strength from the attack at Verdun on the Western Front, the Russians gallantly but prematurely opened an offensive north and south of Lake Naroch (Narocz, east of Vilna) on March 18, 1916, and continued it until March 27, though they won very little ground at great cost and only for a short time. They then reverted to preparations for a major offensive in July. The main blow, it was planned, should be delivered by A.E. Evert’s central group of armies, assisted by an inward movement of A.N. Kuropatkin’s army in the northern sector of the front. But at the same time, A.A. Brusilov’s southwestern army group was authorized to make a supposedly diversionary attack in its own sectors. In the event, Brusilov’s attack became by far the more important operation of the offensive.
+
+Surprised by the Austrians’ Asiago offensive in May, Italy promptly appealed to the Russians for action to draw the enemy’s reserves away from the Italian fronts, and the Russians responded by advancing their timetable again. Brusilov undertook to start his attack on June 4, on the understanding that Evert’s should be launched 10 days later.
+
+Thus began an offensive on the Eastern Front that was to be imperial Russia’s last really effective military effort. Popularly known as Brusilov’s offensive, it had such an astonishing initial success as to revive Allied dreams about the irresistible Russian “steamroller.” Instead, its ultimate achievement was to sound the death knell of the Russian monarchy. Brusilov’s four armies were distributed along a very wide front, with Lutsk at the northern end, Tarnopol and Buchach (Buczacz) in the central sector, and Czernowitz at the southern end. Having struck first in the Tarnopol and Czernowitz sectors on June 4, Brusilov on June 5 took the Austrians wholly by surprise when he launched A.M. Kaledin’s army toward Lutsk: the defenses crumbled at once, and the attackers pushed their way between two Austrian armies. As the offensive was developed, the Russians were equally successful in the Buchach sector and in their thrust into Bukovina, which culminated in the capture of Czernowitz. By June 20, Brusilov’s forces had captured 200,000 prisoners.
+
+Evert and Kuropatkin, however, instead of striking in accordance with the agreed plan, found excuses for procrastination. The Russian chief of general staff, M.V. Alekseyev, therefore tried to transfer this inert couple’s reserves to Brusilov, but the Russians’ lateral communications were so poor that the Germans had time to reinforce the Austrians before Brusilov was strong enough to make the most of his victory. Though his forces in Bukovina advanced as far as the Carpathian Mountains, a counterstroke by Alexander von Linsingen’s Germans in the Lutsk sector checked Russian progress at the decisive point. Further Russian drives from the centre of Brusilov’s front were launched in July; but by early September the opportunity of exploiting the summer’s victory was lost. Brusilov had driven the Austrians from Bukovina and from much of eastern Galicia and had inflicted huge losses of men and equipment on them, but he had depleted Russia’s armies by about 1,000,000 men in doing so. (A large portion of this number consisted of deserters or prisoners.) This loss seriously undermined both the morale and the material strength of Russia. Brusilov’s offensive also had indirect results of great consequence. First, it had compelled the Germans to withdraw at least seven divisions from the Western Front, where they could ill be spared from the Verdun and Somme battles. Second, it hastened Romania’s unfortunate entry into the war.
+
+Disregarding Romania’s military backwardness, the Romanian government of Ionel Brătianu declared war against Austria-Hungary on Aug. 27, 1916. In entering the war, Romania succumbed to the Allies’ offers of Austro-Hungarian territory and to the belief that the Central Powers would be too much preoccupied with other fronts to mount any serious riposte against a Romanian offensive. Some 12 of Romania’s 23 divisions, in three columns, thus began on August 28 a slow westward advance across Transylvania, where at first there were only five Austro-Hungarian divisions to oppose them.
+
+The riposte of the Central Powers was swifter than the progress of the invasion: Germany, Turkey, and Bulgaria declared war against Romania on August 28, August 30, and September 1, respectively; and Falkenhayn had plans already prepared. Though the miscarriage of his overall program for the year led to his being replaced by Hindenburg as chief of the German general staff on August 29, Falkenhayn’s recommendation that Mackensen should direct a Bulgarian attack on southern Romania was approved; and Falkenhayn himself went to command on the Transylvanian front, for which five German as well as two more Austrian divisions were found available as reinforcements.
+
+Mackensen’s forces from Bulgaria stormed the Turtucaia (Tutrakan) bridgehead on the Danube southeast of Bucharest on September 5. His subsequent advance eastward into the Dobruja caused the Romanians to switch their reserves to that quarter instead of reinforcing their Transylvanian enterprise, which thereupon came to a halt. Falkenhayn soon attacked: first at the southern end of the 200-mile front, where he threw one of the Romanian columns back into the Roter Turm (Turnu Roşu) Pass, then in the centre, where by October 9 he had defeated another at Kronstadt (Braşov). For a month, however, the Romanians withstood Falkenhayn’s attempts to drive them out of the Vulcan and Szurduk (Surduc) passes into Walachia. But just before winter snows blocked the way, the Germans took the two passes and advanced southward to Tîrgu Jiu, where they won another victory. Then Mackensen, having turned westward from the Dobruja, crossed the Danube near Bucharest, on which his and Falkenhayn’s armies converged. Bucharest fell on December 6, and the Romanian Army, a crippled force, could only fall back northeastward into Moldavia, where it had the belated support of Russian troops. The Central Powers had access to Romania’s wheat fields and oil wells, and the Russians had 300 more miles of front to defend.
+German strategy and the submarine war, 1916–January 1917
+Both Admiral Scheer and General Falkenhayn doubted whether the German submarines could do any decisive damage to Great Britain so long as their warfare was restricted in deference to the protests of the United States; and, after a tentative reopening of the submarine campaign on Feb. 4, 1916, the German naval authorities in March gave the U-boats permission to sink without warning all ships except passenger vessels. The German civilian statesmen, however, who paid due attention to their diplomats’ warnings about U.S. opinion, were soon able to prevail over the generals and the admirals: on May 4 the scope of the submarine campaign was again severely restricted.
+
+The controversy between the statesmen and the advocates of unrestricted warfare was not dead yet. Hindenburg, chief of the general staff from August 29, had Ludendorff as his quartermaster general, and Ludendorff was quickly won over to supporting the chief of the Admiralty staff, Henning von Holtzendorff, in his arguments against the German chancellor, Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg, and the foreign minister, Gottlieb von Jagow. Whereas Bethmann and some other statesmen were hoping for a negotiated peace (see below), Hindenburg and Ludendorff were committed to a military victory. The British naval blockade, however, threatened to starve Germany into collapse before a military victory could be achieved, and soon Hindenburg and Ludendorff got their way: it was decided that, from Feb. 1, 1917, submarine warfare should be unrestricted and overtly so.
+
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+The final offensive on the Western Front
+It was eventually agreed among the Allied commanders that Pershing’s American troops should advance across the difficult terrain of the Argonne Forest, so that the combined Allied offensive would consist of converging attacks against the whole German position west of a line drawn from Ypres to Verdun. Thus, the Americans from the front northwest of Verdun and the French from eastern Champagne, the former on the west bank of the Meuse, the latter west of the Argonne Forest, were to launch attacks on September 26, with Mézières as their objective, in order to threaten not only the Germans’ supply line along the Mézières–Sedan–Montmédy railway and the natural line of retreat across Lorraine but also the hinge of the Antwerp–Meuse defensive line that the Germans were now preparing. The British were to attack the Hindenburg Line between Cambrai and Saint-Quentin on September 27 and to try to reach the key rail junction of Maubeuge, so as to threaten the Germans’ line of retreat through the Liège gap. The Belgians, with Allied support, were to begin a drive from Ypres toward Ghent on September 28.
+
+The Americans took Vauquois and Montfaucon in the first two days of their offensive but were soon slowed down, and on October 14, when their attack was suspended, they had only reached Grandpré, less than halfway to Mézières. The French advance meanwhile was halted on the Aisne. The British, though they had broken through the German defenses by October 5 and thenceforward had open country in front of them, could not pursue the Germans fast enough to endanger their withdrawal. Nevertheless, the piercing of the Hindenburg Line unnerved the German supreme command. The Belgians were in possession of all the heights around Ypres by September 30.
+
+
+The end of the German war
+Georg von Hertling, who had taken the place of Michaelis as Germany’s chancellor in November 1917 but had proved no more capable than he of restraining Ludendorff and Hindenburg, tendered his resignation on Sept. 29, 1918, the day of the Bulgarian armistice and of the major development of the British attack on the Western Front. Pending the appointment of a new chancellor, Ludendorff and Hindenburg obtained the Emperor’s consent to an immediate peace move. On October 1 they even disclosed their despondency to a meeting of the leaders of all the national political parties, thus undermining the German home front by a sudden revelation of facts long hidden from the public and its civilian leaders. This new and bleak honesty about Germany’s deteriorating military situation gave an immense impetus to the native German forces of pacifism and internal discord. On October 3 the new chancellor was appointed: he was Prince Maximilian of Baden, internationally known for his moderation and honorability. Though Max demanded a few days’ interval lest Germany’s overture for peace should appear too obviously an admission of imminent collapse, the military leaders insisted on an immediate move. A German note to Wilson, requesting an armistice and negotiations on the basis of Wilson’s own pronouncements, was sent off in the night of October 3–4.
+
+The U.S. answer of October 8 required Germany’s preliminary assent (1) to negotiations on the sole question of the means of putting Wilson’s principles into practice and (2) to the withdrawal of German forces from Allied soil. The German government’s note of October 12 accepted these requirements and suggested a mixed commission to arrange the postulated evacuation. On October 14, however, the U.S. government sent a second note, which coupled allusions to Germany’s “illegal and inhuman” methods of warfare with demands that the conditions of the armistice and of the evacuation be determined unilaterally by its own and the Allies’ military advisers and that the “arbitrary power” of the German regime be removed in order that the forthcoming negotiations could be conducted with a government representative of the German people.
+
+By this time the German supreme command had become more cheerful, even optimistic, as it saw that the piercing of the Hindenburg Line had not been followed by an actual Allied breakthrough. More encouragement came from reports of a slackening in the force of the Allies’ attacks, largely because they had advanced too far ahead of their supply lines. Ludendorff still wanted an armistice, but only to give his troops a rest as a prelude to further resistance and to ensure a secure withdrawal to a shortened defensive line on the frontier. By October 17 he even felt that his troops could do without a rest. It was less that the situation had changed than that his impression of it had been revised; it had never been quite so bad as he had pictured it on September 29. But his dismal first impression had now spread throughout German political circles and the public. Though they had endured increasing privations and were half-starved due to the Allied blockade by mid-1918, the German people had retained their morale surprisingly well as long as they believed Germany had a prospect of achieving victory on the Western Front. When this hope collapsed in October 1918, many, and perhaps even most, Germans wished only that the war would end, though it might mean their nation would have to accept unfavourable peace terms. German public opinion, having been more suddenly disillusioned, was now far more radically defeatist than the supreme command.
+
+A third German note to the United States, sent on October 20, agreed to the unilateral settlement of conditions for the armistice and for the evacuation, in the express belief that Wilson would allow no affront to Germany’s honour. The answering U.S. note of October 23 conceded Wilson’s readiness to propose an armistice to the Allies but added that the terms must be such as to make Germany incapable of renewing hostilities. Ludendorff saw this, militarily, as a demand for unconditional surrender and would therefore have continued resistance. But the situation had passed beyond his control, and on October 26 he was made to resign by the Emperor, on Prince Max’s advice. On October 27 Germany acknowledged the U.S. note.
+
+Wilson now began to persuade the Allies to agree to an armistice and negotiations according to the U.S.–German correspondence. They agreed, with two reservations: they would not subscribe to the second of the Fourteen Points (on the freedom of the seas); and they wanted “compensation…for damage done to the civilian population…and their property by the aggression of Germany.” Wilson’s note of November 5 apprised the Germans of these reservations and stated that Foch would communicate armistice terms to Germany’s accredited representatives. On November 8 a German delegation, led by Matthias Erzberger, arrived at Rethondes, in the Forest of Compiègne, where the Germans met face to face with Foch and his party and were informed of the Allies’ peace terms.
+Meanwhile, revolution was shaking Germany. It began with a sailors’ mutiny at Kiel on October 29 in reaction to the naval command’s order for the High Seas Fleet to go out into the North Sea for a conclusive battle. Though the U-boat crews remained loyal, the mutiny of the surface-ship crews spread to other units of the fleet, developed into armed insurrection on November 3, and progressed to open revolution the next day. There were disturbances in Hamburg and in Bremen; “councils of soldiers and workers,” like the Russian soviets, were formed in inland industrial centres; and in the night of November 7–8 a “democratic and socialist Republic of Bavaria” was proclaimed. The Social Democrats of the Reichstag withdrew their support from Prince Max’s government in order to be free to contend against the Communists for the leadership of the revolution. While William II, at Spa, was still wondering whether he could abdicate his imperial German title but remain king of Prussia, Prince Max, in Berlin on November 9, on his own initiative, announced William’s abdication of both titles. The Hohenzollern monarchy thus came to an end, joining those of the Habsburgs and the Romanovs. Prince Max handed his powers as chancellor over to Friedrich Ebert, a Majority Social Democrat, who formed a provisional government. A member of this government, Philipp Scheidemann, hastily proclaimed a republic. On November 10 William II took refuge in the neutral Netherlands, where on November 28 he signed his own abdication of his sovereign rights.
+
+The Armistice
+The Allies’ armistice terms presented in the railway carriage at Rethondes were stiff. Germany was required to evacuate not only Belgium, France, and Alsace-Lorraine but also all the rest of the left (west) bank of the Rhine, and it had to neutralize that river’s right bank between the Netherlands and Switzerland. The German troops in East Africa were to surrender; the German armies in eastern Europe were to withdraw to the prewar German frontier; the treaties of Brest-Litovsk and Bucharest were to be annulled; and the Germans were to repatriate all prisoners of war and hand over to the Allies a large quantity of war materials, including 5,000 pieces of artillery, 25,000 machine guns, 1,700 aircraft, 5,000 locomotives, and 150,000 railroad cars. And meanwhile, the Allies’ blockade of Germany was to continue.
+Pleading the danger of Bolshevism in a nation on the verge of collapse, the German delegation obtained some mitigation of these terms: a suggestion that the blockade might be relaxed, a reduction in the quantity of armaments to be handed over, and permission for the German forces in eastern Europe to stay put for the time being. The Germans might have held out longer for further concessions if the fact of revolution on their home front had not been coupled with the imminence of a new blow from the west.
+
+Though the Allied advance was continuing and seemed in some sectors even to be accelerating, the main German forces had managed to retreat ahead of it. The Germans’ destruction of roads and railways along the routes of their evacuation made it impossible for supplies to keep pace with the advancing Allied troops; a pause in the advance would occur while Allied communications were being repaired, and that would give the Germans a breathing space in which to rally their resistance. By November 11 the Allied advance on the northern sectors of the front had come more or less to a standstill on a line running from Pont-à-Mousson through Sedan, Mézières, and Mons to Ghent. Foch, however, now had a Franco-U.S. force of 28 divisions and 600 tanks in the south ready to strike through Metz into northeastern Lorraine. Since Foch’s general offensive had absorbed the Germans’ reserves, this new offensive would fall on their bared left flank and held the promise of outflanking their whole new line of defense (from Antwerp to the line of the Meuse) and of intercepting any German retreat. By this time the number of U.S. divisions in France had risen to 42. In addition, the British were about to bomb Berlin on a scale hitherto unattempted in air warfare.
+Whether the Allies’ projected final offensive, intended for November 14, would have achieved a breakthrough can never be known. At 5:00 AM on Nov. 11, 1918, the Armistice document was signed in Foch’s railway carriage at Rethondes. At 11:00 AM on the same day, World War I came to an end.
+The fact that Matthias Erzberger, who was a civilian politician rather than a soldier, headed the German armistice delegation became an integral part of the legend of the “stab in the back” (Dolchstoss im Rücken). This legend’s theme was that the German Army was “undefeated in the field” (unbesiegt im Felde) and had been “stabbed in the back”—i.e., had been denied support at the crucial moment by a weary and defeatist civilian population and their leaders. This theme was adopted soon after the war’s end by Ludendorff himself and by other German generals who were unwilling to admit the hopelessness of Germany’s military situation in November 1918 and who wanted to vindicate the honour of German arms. The “stab in the back” legend soon found its way into German historiography and was picked up by German right-wing political agitators who claimed that Allied propaganda in Germany in the last stages of the war had undermined civilian morale and that traitors among the politicians had been at hand ready to do the Allies’ bidding by signing the Armistice. Adolf Hitler eventually became the foremost of these political agitators, branding Erzberger and the leaders of the Social Democrats as the “November criminals” and advocating militaristic and expansionist policies by which Germany could redeem its defeat in the war, gain vengeance upon its enemies, and become the preeminent power in Europe.
+
+Learn More!
+Killed, wounded, and missing
+The casualties suffered by the participants in World War I dwarfed those of previous wars: some 8,500,000 soldiers died as a result of wounds and/or disease. The greatest number of casualties and wounds were inflicted by artillery, followed by small arms, and then by poison gas. The bayonet, which was relied on by the prewar French Army as the decisive weapon, actually produced few casualties. War was increasingly mechanized from 1914 and produced casualties even when nothing important was happening. On even a quiet day on the Western Front, many hundreds of Allied and German soldiers died. The heaviest loss of life for a single day occurred on July 1, 1916, during the Battle of the Somme, when the British Army suffered 57,470 casualties.
+
+Sir Winston Churchill once described the battles of the Somme and Verdun, which were typical of trench warfare in their futile and indiscriminate slaughter, as being waged between double or triple walls of cannons fed by mountains of shells. In an open space surrounded by masses of these guns large numbers of infantry divisions collided. They fought in this dangerous position until battered into a state of uselessness. Then they were replaced by other divisions. So many men were lost in the process and shattered beyond recognition that there is a French monument at Verdun to the 150,000 unlocated dead who are assumed to be buried in the vicinity.
+
+This kind of war made it difficult to prepare accurate casualty lists. There were revolutions in four of the warring countries in 1918, and the attention of the new governments was shifted away from the grim problem of war losses. A completely accurate table of losses may never be compiled. The best available estimates of World War I military casualties are assembled in Table 4.
+Similar uncertainties exist about the number of civilian deaths attributable to the war. There were no agencies established to keep records of these fatalities, but it is clear that the displacement of peoples through the movement of the war in Europe and in Asia Minor, accompanied as it was in 1918 by the most destructive outbreak of influenza in history, led to the deaths of large numbers. It has been estimated that the number of civilian deaths attributable to the war was higher than the military casualties, or around 13,000,000. These civilian deaths were largely caused by starvation, exposure, disease, military encounters, and massacres.
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+The instability created in Europe by the First World War (1914-18) set the stage for another international conflict–World War II–which broke out two decades later and would prove even more devastating. Rising to power in an economically and politically unstable Germany, Adolf Hitler and his National Socialist (Nazi Party) rearmed the nation and signed strategic treaties with Italy and Japan to further his ambitions of world domination. Hitler’s invasion of Poland in September 1939 drove Great Britain and France to declare war on Germany, and World War II had begun. Over the next six years, the conflict would take more lives and destroy more land and property around the globe than any previous war. Among the estimated 45-60 million people killed were 6 million Jews murdered in Nazi concentration camps as part of Hitler’s diabolical “Final Solution,” now known as the Holocaust.
+
+Leading up to World War II
+
+The devastation of the Great War (as World War I was known at the time) had greatly destabilized Europe, and in many respects World War II grew out of issues left unresolved by that earlier conflict. In particular, political and economic instability in Germany, and lingering resentment over the harsh terms imposed by the Versailles Treaty, fueled the rise to power of Adolf Hitler and his National Socialist (Nazi) Party.
+
+Did you know? As early as 1923, in his memoir and propaganda tract "Mein Kampf" (My Struggle), Adolf Hitler had predicted a general European war that would result in "the extermination of the Jewish race in Germany."
+
+After becoming Reich Chancellor in 1933, Hitler swiftly consolidated power, anointing himself Führer (supreme leader) in 1934. Obsessed with the idea of the superiority of the “pure” German race, which he called “Aryan,” Hitler believed that war was the only way to gain the necessary “Lebensraum,” or living space, for that race to expand. In the mid-1930s, he began the rearmament of Germany, secretly and in violation of the Versailles Treaty. After signing alliances with Italy and Japan against the Soviet Union, Hitler sent troops to occupy Austria in 1938 and the following year annexed Czechoslovakia. Hitler’s open aggression went unchecked, as the United States and Soviet Union were concentrated on internal politics at the time, and neither France nor Britain (the two other nations most devastated by the Great War) were eager for confrontation.
+
+Outbreak of World War II (1939)
+
+In late August 1939, Hitler and Soviet leader Joseph Stalin signed the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact, which incited a frenzy of worry in London and Paris. Hitler had long planned an invasion of Poland, a nation to which Great Britain and France had guaranteed military support if it was attacked by Germany. The pact with Stalin meant that Hitler would not face a war on two fronts once he invaded Poland, and would have Soviet assistance in conquering and dividing the nation itself. On September 1, 1939, Hitler invaded Poland from the west; two days later, France and Britain declared war on Germany, beginning World War II.
+
+In late August 1939, Hitler and Soviet leader Joseph Stalin signed the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact, which incited a frenzy of worry in London and Paris. Hitler had long planned an invasion of Poland, a nation to which Great Britain and France had guaranteed military support if it was attacked by Germany. The pact with Stalin meant that Hitler would not face a war on two fronts once he invaded Poland, and would have Soviet assistance in conquering and dividing the nation itself. On September 1, 1939, Hitler invaded Poland from the west; two days later, France and Britain declared war on Germany, beginning World War II.
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+World War II in the West (1940-41)
+
+On April 9, 1940, Germany simultaneously invaded Norway and occupied Denmark, and the war began in earnest. On May 10, German forces swept through Belgium and the Netherlands in what became known as “blitzkrieg,” or lightning war. Three days later, Hitler’s troops crossed the Meuse River and struck French forces at Sedan, located at the northern end of the Maginot Line, an elaborate chain of fortifications constructed after World War I and considered an impenetrable defensive barrier. In fact, the Germans broke through the line with their tanks and planes and continued to the rear, rendering it useless. The British Expeditionary Force (BEF) was evacuated by sea from Dunkirk in late May, while in the south French forces mounted a doomed resistance. With France on the verge of collapse, Benito Mussolini of Italy put his Pact of Steel with Hitler into action, and Italy declared war against France and Britain on June 10.
+
+On June 14, German forces entered Paris; a new government formed by Marshal Philippe Petain (France’s hero of World War I) requested an armistice two nights later. France was subsequently divided into two zones, one under German military occupation and the other under Petain’s government, installed at Vichy France. Hitler now turned his attention to Britain, which had the defensive advantage of being separated from the Continent by the English Channel.
+
+To pave the way for an amphibious invasion (dubbed Operation Sea Lion), German planes bombed Britain extensively throughout the summer of 1940, including night raids on London and other industrial centers that caused heavy civilian casualties and damage. The Royal Air Force (RAF) eventually defeated the Luftwaffe (German Air Force) in the Battle of Britain, and Hitler postponed his plans to invade. With Britain’s defensive resources pushed to the limit, Prime Minister Winston Churchill began receiving crucial aid from the U.S. under the Lend-Lease Act, passed by Congress in early 1941.	
+
+Operation Barbarossa (1941-42)
+By early 1941, Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria had joined the Axis, and German troops overran Yugoslavia and Greece that April. Hitler’s conquest of the Balkans was a precursor for his real objective: an invasion of the Soviet Union, whose vast territory would give the German master race the “Lebensraum” it needed. The other half of Hitler’s strategy was the extermination of the Jews from throughout German-occupied Europe. Plans for the “Final Solution” were introduced around the time of the Soviet offensive, and over the next three years more than 4 million Jews would perish in the death camps established in occupied Poland.
+
+On June 22, 1941, Hitler ordered the invasion of the Soviet Union, codenamed Operation Barbarossa. Though Soviet tanks and aircraft greatly outnumbered the Germans’, their air technology was largely obsolete, and the impact of the surprise invasion helped Germans get within 200 miles of Moscow by mid-July. Arguments between Hitler and his commanders delayed the next German advance until October, when it was stalled by a Soviet counteroffensive and the onset of harsh winter weather.
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+World War II in the Pacific (1941-43)
+
+With Britain facing Germany in Europe, the United States was the only nation capable of combating Japanese aggression, which by late 1941 included an expansion of its ongoing war with China and the seizure of European colonial holdings in the Far East. On December 7, 1941, 360 Japanese aircraft attacked the major U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, taking the Americans completely by surprise and claiming the lives of more than 2,300 troops. The attack on Pearl Harbor served to unify American public opinion in favor of entering World War II, and on December 8 Congress declared war on Japan with only one dissenting vote. Germany and the other Axis Powers promptly declared war on the United States.
+
+After a long string of Japanese victories, the U.S. Pacific Fleet won the Battle of Midway in June 1942, which proved to be a turning point in the war. On Guadalcanal, one of the southern Solomon Islands, the Allies also had success against Japanese forces in a series of battles from August 1942 to February 1943, helping turn the tide further in the Pacific. In mid-1943, Allied naval forces began an aggressive counterattack against Japan, involving a series of amphibious assaults on key Japanese-held islands in the Pacific. This “island-hopping” strategy proved successful, and Allied forces moved closer to their ultimate goal of invading the Japanese homeland.
+
+Toward Allied Victory in World War II (1943-45)
+
+In North Africa, British and American forces had defeated the Italians and Germans by 1943. An Allied invasion of Sicily and Italy followed, and Mussolini’s government fell in July 1943, though Allied fighting against the Germans in Italy would continue until 1945.
+
+On World War II’s Eastern Front, a Soviet counteroffensive launched in November 1942 ended the bloody Battle of Stalingrad, which had seen some of the fiercest combat of the war. The approach of winter, along with dwindling food and medical supplies, spelled the end for German troops there, and the last of them surrendered on January 31, 1943.
+
+On June 6, 1944–celebrated as “D-Day”–the Allies began a massive invasion of Europe, landing 156,000 British, Canadian and American soldiers on the beaches of Normandy, France. In response, Hitler poured all the remaining strength of his army into Western Europe, ensuring Germany’s defeat in the east. Soviet troops soon advanced into Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Romania, while Hitler gathered his forces to drive the Americans and British back from Germany in the Battle of the Bulge (December 1944-January 1945), the last major German offensive of the war.
+
+An intensive aerial bombardment in February 1945 preceded the Allied land invasion of Germany, and by the time Germany formally surrendered on May 8, Soviet forces had occupied much of the country. Hitler was already dead, having died by suicide on April 30 in his Berlin bunker.
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+World War II Ends (1945)
+At the Potsdam Conference of July-August 1945, U.S. President Harry S. Truman (who had taken office after Roosevelt’s death in April), Churchill and Stalin discussed the ongoing war with Japan as well as the peace settlement with Germany. Post-war Germany would be divided into four occupation zones, to be controlled by the Soviet Union, Britain, the United States and France. On the divisive matter of Eastern Europe’s future, Churchill and Truman acquiesced to Stalin, as they needed Soviet cooperation in the war against Japan.
+
+Heavy casualties sustained in the campaigns at Iwo Jima (February 1945) and Okinawa (April-June 1945), and fears of the even costlier land invasion of Japan led Truman to authorize the use of a new and devastating weapon. Developed during a top secret operation code-named The Manhattan Project, the atomic bomb was unleashed on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in early August. On August 15, the Japanese government issued a statement declaring they would accept the terms of the Potsdam Declaration, and on September 2, U.S. General Douglas MacArthur accepted Japan’s formal surrender aboard the USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay.
+
+
+World War II Casualties and Legacy
+World War II proved to be the deadliest international conflict in history, taking the lives of 60 to 80 million people, including 6 million Jews who died at the hands of the Nazis during the Holocaust. Civilians made up an estimated 50-55 million deaths from the war, while military comprised 21 to 25 million of those lost during the war. Millions more were injured, and still more lost their homes and property. 
+
+The legacy of the war would include the spread of communism from the Soviet Union into eastern Europe as well as its eventual triumph in China, and the global shift in power from Europe to two rival superpowers–the United States and the Soviet Union–that would soon face off against each other in the Cold War.
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+World War II, also called Second World War, conflict that involved virtually every part of the world during the years 1939–45. The principal belligerents were the Axis powers—Germany, Italy, and Japan—and the Allies—France, Great Britain, the United States, the Soviet Union, and, to a lesser extent, China. The war was in many respects a continuation, after an uneasy 20-year hiatus, of the disputes left unsettled by World War I. The 40,000,000–50,000,000 deaths incurred in World War II make it the bloodiest conflict, as well as the largest war, in history.
+
+Along with World War I, World War II was one of the great watersheds of 20th-century geopolitical history. It resulted in the extension of the Soviet Union’s power to nations of eastern Europe, enabled a communist movement to eventually achieve power in China, and marked the decisive shift of power in the world away from the states of western Europe and toward the United States and the Soviet Union.
+
+Axis Initiative And Allied Reaction
+The outbreak of war
+By the early part of 1939 the German dictator Adolf Hitler had become determined to invade and occupy Poland. Poland, for its part, had guarantees of French and British military support should it be attacked by Germany. Hitler intended to invade Poland anyway, but first he had to neutralize the possibility that the Soviet Union would resist the invasion of its western neighbour. Secret negotiations led on August 23–24 to the signing of the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact in Moscow. In a secret protocol of this pact, the Germans and the Soviets agreed that Poland should be divided between them, with the western third of the country going to Germany and the eastern two-thirds being taken over by the U.S.S.R.
+
+Having achieved this cynical agreement, the other provisions of which stupefied Europe even without divulgence of the secret protocol, Hitler thought that Germany could attack Poland with no danger of Soviet or British intervention and gave orders for the invasion to start on August 26. News of the signing, on August 25, of a formal treaty of mutual assistance between Great Britain and Poland (to supersede a previous though temporary agreement) caused him to postpone the start of hostilities for a few days. He was still determined, however, to ignore the diplomatic efforts of the western powers to restrain him. Finally, at 12:40 PM on August 31, 1939, Hitler ordered hostilities against Poland to start at 4:45 the next morning. The invasion began as ordered. In response, Great Britain and France declared war on Germany on September 3, at 11:00 AM and at 5:00 PM, respectively. World War II had begun.
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+Forces and resources of the European combatants, 1939
+In September 1939 the Allies, namely Great Britain, France, and Poland, were together superior in industrial resources, population, and military manpower, but the German Army, or Wehrmacht, because of its armament, training, doctrine, discipline, and fighting spirit, was the most efficient and effective fighting force for its size in the world. The index of military strength in September 1939 was the number of divisions that each nation could mobilize. Against Germany’s 100 infantry divisions and six armoured divisions, France had 90 infantry divisions in metropolitan France, Great Britain had 10 infantry divisions, and Poland had 30 infantry divisions, 12 cavalry brigades, and one armoured brigade (Poland had also 30 reserve infantry divisions, but these could not be mobilized quickly). A division contained from 12,000 to 25,000 men.
+
+It was the qualitative superiority of the German infantry divisions and the number of their armoured divisions that made the difference in 1939. The firepower of a German infantry division far exceeded that of a French, British, or Polish division; the standard German division included 442 machine guns, 135 mortars, 72 antitank guns, and 24 howitzers. Allied divisions had a firepower only slightly greater than that of World War I. Germany had six armoured divisions in September 1939; the Allies, though they had a large number of tanks, had no armoured divisions at that time.
+
+The six armoured, or panzer, divisions of the Wehrmacht comprised some 2,400 tanks. And though Germany would subsequently expand its tank forces during the first years of the war, it was not the number of tanks that Germany had (the Allies had almost as many in September 1939) but the fact of their being organized into divisions and operated as such that was to prove decisive. In accordance with the doctrines of General Heinz Guderian, the German tanks were used in massed formations in conjunction with motorized artillery to punch holes in the enemy line and to isolate segments of the enemy, which were then surrounded and captured by motorized German infantry divisions while the tanks ranged forward to repeat the process: deep drives into enemy territory by panzer divisions were thus followed by mechanized infantry and foot soldiers. These tactics were supported by dive bombers that attacked and disrupted the enemy’s supply and communications lines and spread panic and confusion in its rear, thus further paralyzing its defensive capabilities. Mechanization was the key to the German blitzkrieg, or “lightning war,” so named because of the unprecedented speed and mobility that were its salient characteristics. Tested and well-trained in maneuvers, the German panzer divisions constituted a force with no equal in Europe.
+
+The German Air Force, or Luftwaffe, was also the best force of its kind in 1939. It was a ground-cooperation force designed to support the Army, but its planes were superior to nearly all Allied types. In the rearmament period from 1935 to 1939 the production of German combat aircraft steadily mounted. The table shows the production of German aircraft by years.
+
+The standardization of engines and airframes gave the Luftwaffe an advantage over its opponents. Germany had an operational force of 1,000 fighters and 1,050 bombers in September 1939. The Allies actually had more planes in 1939 than Germany did, but their strength was made up of many different types, some of them obsolescent. The corresponding table shows the number of first-line military aircraft available to the Allies at the outbreak of war.
+
+Great Britain, which was held back by delays in the rearmament program, was producing one modern fighter in 1939, the Hurricane. A higher-performance fighter, the Spitfire, was just coming into production and did not enter the air war in numbers until 1940.
+
+The value of the French Air Force in 1939 was reduced by the number of obsolescent planes in its order of battle: 131 of the 634 fighters and nearly all of the 463 bombers. France was desperately trying to buy high-performance aircraft in the United States in 1939.
+
+At sea the odds against Germany were much greater in September 1939 than in August 1914, since the Allies in 1939 had many more large surface warships than Germany had. At sea, however, there was to be no clash between the Allied and the German massed fleets but only the individual operation of German pocket battleships and commerce raiders.
+
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+The war in Europe, 1939–41
+The campaign in Poland, 1939
+The German conquest of Poland in September 1939 was the first demonstration in war of the new theory of high-speed armoured warfare that had been adopted by the Germans when their rearmament began. Poland was a country all too well suited for such a demonstration. Its frontiers were immensely long—about 3,500 miles in all; and the stretch of 1,250 miles adjoining German territory had recently been extended to 1,750 miles in all by the German occupation of Bohemia-Moravia and of Slovakia, so that Poland’s southern flank became exposed to invasion—as the northern flank, facing East Prussia, already was. Western Poland had become a huge salient that lay between Germany’s jaws.
+
+It would have been wiser for the Polish Army to assemble farther back, behind the natural defense line formed by the Vistula and San rivers, but that would have entailed the abandonment of some of the most valuable western parts of the country, including the Silesian coalfields and most of the main industrial zone, which lay west of the river barrier. The economic argument for delaying the German approach to the main industrial zone was heavily reinforced by Polish national pride and military overconfidence.
+
+When war broke out the Polish Army was able to mobilize about 1,000,000 men, a fairly large number. The Polish Army was woefully outmoded, however, and was almost completely lacking in tanks, armoured personnel carriers, and antitank and antiaircraft guns. Yet many of the Polish military leaders clung to the double belief that their preponderance of horsed cavalry was an important asset and that they could take the offensive against the German mechanized forces. They also tended to discount the effect of Germany’s vastly superior air force, which was nearly 10 times as powerful as their own.
+
+The unrealism of such an attitude was repeated in the Polish Army’s dispositions. Approximately one-third of Poland’s forces were concentrated in or near the Polish Corridor (in northeastern Poland), where they were perilously exposed to a double envelopment—from East Prussia and the west combined. In the south, facing the main avenues of a German advance, the Polish forces were thinly spread. At the same time, nearly another one-third of Poland’s forces were massed in reserve in the north-central part of the country, between Łódź and Warsaw, under the commander in chief, Marshal Edward Rydz-Śmigły. The Poles’ forward concentration in general forfeited their chance of fighting a series of delaying actions, since their foot-marching army was unable to retreat to their defensive positions in the rear or to man them before being overrun by the invader’s mechanized columns.
+
+The 40-odd infantry divisions employed by the Germans in the invasion counted for much less than their 14 mechanized or partially mechanized divisions: these consisted of six armoured divisions; four light divisions, consisting of motorized infantry (infantry wholly transported by trucks and personnel carriers) with two armoured units; and four motorized divisions. The Germans attacked with about 1,500,000 troops in all. It was the deep and rapid thrusts of these mechanized forces that decided the issue, in conjunction with the overhead pressure of the Luftwaffe, which wrecked the Polish railway system and destroyed most of the Polish Air Force before it could come into action. The Luftwaffe’s terror-bombing of Polish cities, bridges, roads, rail lines, and power stations completed the disorganization of the Polish defenses.
+
+On September 1, 1939, the German attack began. Against northern Poland, General Fedor von Bock commanded an army group comprising General Georg von Küchler’s 3rd Army, which struck southward from East Prussia, and General Günther von Kluge’s 4th Army, which struck eastward across the base of the Corridor. Much stronger in troops and in tanks, however, was the army group in the south under General Gerd von Rundstedt, attacking from Silesia and from the Moravian and Slovakian border: General Johannes Blaskowitz’s 8th Army, on the left, was to drive eastward against Łódź; General Wilhelm List’s 14th Army, on the right, was to push on toward Kraków and to turn the Poles’ Carpathian flank; and General Walther von Reichenau’s 10th Army, in the centre, with the bulk of the group’s armour, was to deliver the decisive blow with a northwestward thrust into the heart of Poland. By September 3, when Kluge in the north had reached the Vistula and Küchler was approaching the Narew River, Reichenau’s armour was already beyond the Warta; two days later his left wing was well to the rear of Łódź and his right wing at Kielce; and by September 8 one of his armoured corps was in the outskirts of Warsaw, having advanced 140 miles in the first week of war. Light divisions on Reichenau’s right were on the Vistula between Warsaw and Sandomierz by September 9, while List, in the south, was on the San above and below Przemyśl. At the same time, the 3rd Army tanks, led by Guderian, were across the Narew attacking the line of the Bug River, behind Warsaw. All the German armies had made progress in fulfilling their parts in the great enveloping maneuver planned by General Franz Halder, chief of the general staff, and directed by General Walther von Brauchitsch, the commander in chief. The Polish armies were splitting up into uncoordinated fragments, some of which were retreating while others were delivering disjointed attacks on the nearest German columns.
+
+On September 10 the Polish commander in chief, Marshal Edward Rydz-Śmigły, ordered a general retreat to the southeast. The Germans, however, were by that time not only tightening their net around the Polish forces west of the Vistula (in the Łódź area and, still farther west, around Poznań) but also penetrating deeply into eastern Poland. The Polish defense was already reduced to random efforts by isolated bodies of troops when another blow fell: on September 17, 1939, Soviet forces entered Poland from the east. The next day, the Polish government and high command crossed the Romanian frontier on their way into exile. The Warsaw garrison held out against the Germans until September 28, undergoing terror-bombings and artillery barrages that reduced parts of the city to rubble, with no regard for the civilian population. The last considerable fragment of the Polish Army resisted until October 5; and some guerrilla fighting went on into the winter. The Germans took a total of 700,000 prisoners, and about 80,000 Polish soldiers escaped over neutral frontiers. Approximately 70,000 Polish soldiers were killed and more than 130,000 wounded during the battle, whereas the Germans sustained about 45,000 total casualties. Poland was conquered for partition between Germany and the U.S.S.R., the forces of which met and greeted each other on Polish soil. On September 28 another secret German–Soviet protocol modified the arrangements of August: all Lithuania was to be a Soviet sphere of influence, not a German one; but the dividing line in Poland was changed in Germany’s favour, being moved eastward to the Bug River.
+
+Learn More!
+The Baltic states and the Russo-Finnish War, 1939–40
+Profiting quickly from its understanding with Germany, the U.S.S.R. on October 10, 1939, constrained Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania to admit Soviet garrisons onto their territories. Approached with similar demands, Finland refused to comply, even though the U.S.S.R. offered territorial compensation elsewhere for the cessions that it was requiring for its own strategic reasons. Finland’s armed forces amounted to about 200,000 troops in 10 divisions. The Soviets eventually brought about 70 divisions (about 1,000,000 men) to bear in their attack on Finland, along with about 1,000 tanks. Soviet troops attacked Finland on November 30, 1939.
+
+The invaders succeeded in isolating the little Arctic port of Petsamo in the far north but were ignominiously repulsed on all of the fronts chosen for their advance. On the Karelian Isthmus, the massive reinforced-concrete fortifications of Finland’s Mannerheim Line blocked the Soviet forces’ direct land route from Leningrad into Finland. The Soviet planners had grossly underestimated the Finns’ national will to resist and the natural obstacles constituted by the terrain’s numerous lakes and forests.
+
+The western powers exulted overtly over the humiliation of the Soviet Union. One important effect of Finland’s early successes was to reinforce the tendency of both Hitler and the western democracies to underestimate the Soviet military capabilities. But in the meantime, the Soviet strategists digested their hard-learned military lessons.
+
+On February 1, 1940, the Red Army launched 14 divisions into a major assault on the Mannerheim Line. The offensive’s weight was concentrated along a 10-mile sector of the line near Summa, which was pounded by a tremendous artillery bombardment. As the fortifications were pulverized, tanks and sledge-carried infantry advanced to occupy the ground while the Soviet Air Force broke up attempted Finnish counterattacks. After little more than a fortnight of this methodical process, a breach was made through the whole depth of the Mannerheim Line. Once the Soviets had forced a passage on the Karelian Isthmus, Finland’s eventual collapse was certain. On March 6 Finland sued for peace, and a week later the Soviet terms were accepted: the Finns had to cede the entire Karelian Isthmus, Viipuri, and their part of the Rybachy Peninsula to the Soviets. The Finns had suffered about 70,000 casualties in the campaign, the Soviets more than 200,000.
+
+The war in the west, September 1939–June 1940
+During their campaign in Poland, the Germans kept only 23 divisions in the west to guard their frontier against the French, who had nearly five times as many divisions mobilized. The French commander in chief, General Maurice-Gustave Gamelin, proposed an advance against Germany through neutral Belgium and the Netherlands in order to have room to exercise his ponderous military machine. He was overruled, however, and French assaults on the 100-mile stretch of available front along the Franco-German frontier had barely dented the German defenses when the collapse of Poland prompted the recall of Gamelin’s advanced divisions to defensive positions in the Maginot Line. From October 1939 to March 1940, successive plans were developed for counteraction in the event of a German offensive through Belgium—all of them based on the assumption that the Germans would come across the plain north of Namur, not across the hilly and wooded Ardennes. The Germans would indeed have taken the route foreseen by the French if Hitler’s desire for an offensive in November 1939 had not been frustrated, on the one hand, by bad weather and, on the other, by the hesitations of his generals; but in March 1940 the bold suggestion of General Erich von Manstein that an offensive through the Ardennes should, in fact, be practicable for tank forces was adopted by Hitler, despite orthodox military opinion.
+
+Meanwhile, Hitler’s immediate outlook had been changed by considerations about Scandinavia. Originally he had intended to respect Norway’s neutrality. Then rumours leaked out, prematurely, of British designs on Norway—as, in fact, Winston Churchill, first lord of the Admiralty, was arguing that mines should be laid in Norwegian waters to stop the export of Swedish iron ore from Gällivare to Germany through Norway’s rail terminus and port of Narvik. The British Cabinet, in response to Churchill, authorized at least the preparation of a plan for a landing at Narvik; and in mid-December 1939 a Norwegian politician, Vidkun Quisling, leader of a pro-Nazi party, was introduced to Hitler. On January 27, 1940, Hitler ordered plans for an invasion of Norway, for use if he could no longer respect Norway’s neutrality.
+
+After France’s failure to interrupt the German conquest of Poland, the western powers and the Germans were so inactive with regard to land operations that journalists began to speak derisively, over the next six months, of the “phony war.” At sea, however, the period was somewhat more eventful. German U-boats sank the British aircraft carrier Courageous (September 17) and the battleship Royal Oak (October 14). The U-boats’ main warfare, however, was against merchant shipping: they sank more than 110 vessels in the first four months of the war. Both the Germans and the British, meanwhile, were engaged in extensive mine laying.
+
+In surface warfare at sea, the British were on the whole more fortunate than the Germans. A German pocket battleship in the Atlantic, the Admiral Graf Spee sank nine ships before coming to a tragic end: having sustained and inflicted damage in an engagement with three British cruisers off the Río de la Plata on Dec. 13, 1939, she made off to Montevideo and obtained leave to spend four days there for repairs; the British mustered reinforcements for the two cruisers still capable of action after the engagement, namely the Ajax and the Achilles, and brought the Cumberland to the scene in time; but, on December 17, when the Graf Spee put to sea again, her crew scuttled her a little way out of the harbour before the fight could be resumed.
+
+Learn More!
+The invasion of Norway
+British plans for landings on the Norwegian coast in the third week of March 1940 were temporarily postponed. Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain, however, was by that time convinced that some aggressive action ought to be taken; and Paul Reynaud, who succeeded Édouard Daladier as France’s premier on March 21, was of the same opinion. (Reynaud had come into office on the surge of the French public’s demand for a more aggressive military policy and quicker offensive action against Germany.) It was agreed that mines should be laid in Norwegian waters and that the mining should be followed by the landing of troops at four Norwegian ports, Narvik, Trondheim, Bergen, and Stavanger.
+
+Because of Anglo-French arguments, the date of the mining was postponed from April 5 to April 8. The postponement was catastrophic. Hitler had on April 1 ordered the German invasion of Norway to begin on April 9; so, when on April 8 the Norwegian government was preoccupied with earnest protest about the British mine laying, the German expeditions were well on their way.
+
+On April 9, 1940, the major Norwegian ports from Oslo northward to Narvik (1,200 miles away from Germany’s naval bases) were occupied by advance detachments of German troops. At the same time, a single parachute battalion (the first ever employed in warfare) took the Oslo and Stavanger airfields, and 800 operational aircraft overawed the Norwegian population. Norwegian resistance at Narvik, at Trondheim (the strategic key to Norway), at Bergen, at Stavanger, and at Kristiansand had been overcome very quickly; and Oslo’s effective resistance to the seaborne forces was nullified when German troops from the airfield entered the city.
+
+Simultaneously, along with their Norwegian enterprise, the Germans on April 9 occupied Denmark, sending troopships, covered by aircraft, into Copenhagen harbour and marching over the land frontier into Jutland. This occupation was obviously necessary for the safety of their communications with Norway.
+
+Allied troops began to land at Narvik on April 14. Shortly afterward, British troops were landed also at Namsos and at Åndalsnes, to attack Trondheim from the north and from the south, respectively. The Germans, however, landed fresh troops in the rear of the British at Namsos and advanced up the Gudbrandsdal from Oslo against the force at Åndalsnes. By this time the Germans had about 25,000 troops in Norway. By May 2, both Namsos and Åndalsnes were evacuated by the British. The Germans at Narvik held out against five times as many British and French troops until May 27. By that time the German offensive in France had progressed to such an extent that the British could no longer afford any commitment in Norway, and the 25,000 Allied troops were evacuated from Narvik 10 days after their victory. The Norwegian king Haakon VII and his government left Norway for Britain at the same time. Hitler garrisoned Norway with about 300,000 troops for the rest of the war. By occupying Norway, Hitler had ensured the protection of Germany’s supply of iron ore from Sweden and had obtained naval and air bases with which to strike at Britain if necessary.
+
+What was to happen in Norway became a less important question for the western powers when, on May 10, 1940, they were surprised by Hitler’s long-debated stroke against them through the Low Countries.
+
diff --git a/historical/historical_5.txt b/historical/historical_5.txt
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+As the 1918 Flu Emerged, Cover-Up and Denial Helped It Spread
+Nations fighting in World War I were reluctant to report their flu outbreaks.
+“Spanish flu” has been used to describe the flu pandemic of 1918 and 1919 and the name suggests the outbreak started in Spain. But the term is actually a misnomer and points to a key fact: nations involved in World War I didn’t accurately report their flu outbreaks. 
+
+Spain remained neutral throughout World War I and its press freely reported its flu cases, including when the Spanish king Alfonso XIII contracted it in the spring of 1918. This led to the misperception that the flu had originated or was at its worst in Spain.
+
+“Basically, it gets called the ‘Spanish flu’ because the Spanish media did their job,” says Lora Vogt, curator of education at the National WWI Museum and Memorial in Kansas City, Missouri. In Great Britain and the United States—which has a long history of blaming other countries for disease—the outbreak was also known as the “Spanish grip” or “Spanish Lady.”
+Historians aren’t actually sure where the 1918 flu strain began, but the first recorded cases were at a U.S. Army camp in Kansas in March 1918. By the end of 1919, it had infected up to a third of the world’s population and killed some 50 million people. It was the worst flu pandemic in recorded history, and it was likely exacerbated by a combination of censorship, skepticism and denial among warring nations.
diff --git a/historical/historical_50.txt b/historical/historical_50.txt
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+Invasion of the Soviet Union, 1941
+
+For the campaign against the Soviet Union, the Germans allotted almost 150 divisions containing a total of about 3,000,000 men. Among these were 19 panzer divisions, and in total the “Barbarossa” force had about 3,000 tanks, 7,000 artillery pieces, and 2,500 aircraft. It was in effect the largest and most powerful invasion force in human history. The Germans’ strength was further increased by more than 30 divisions of Finnish and Romanian troops.
+
+The Soviet Union had twice or perhaps three times the number of both tanks and aircraft as the Germans had, but their aircraft were mostly obsolete. The Soviet tanks were about equal to those of the Germans, however. A greater hindrance to Hitler’s chances of victory was that the German intelligence service underestimated the troop reserves that Stalin could bring up from the depths of the U.S.S.R. The Germans correctly estimated that there were about 150 divisions in the western parts of the U.S.S.R. and reckoned that 50 more might be produced. But the Soviets actually brought up more than 200 fresh divisions by the middle of August, making a total of 360. The consequence was that, though the Germans succeeded in shattering the original Soviet armies by superior technique, they then found their path blocked by fresh ones. The effects of the miscalculations were increased because much of August was wasted while Hitler and his advisers were having long arguments as to what course they should follow after their initial victories. Another factor in the Germans’ calculations was purely political, though no less mistaken; they believed that within three to six months of their invasion, the Soviet regime would collapse from lack of domestic support.
+
+The German attack on the Soviet Union was to have an immediate and highly salutary effect on Great Britain’s situation. Until then Britain’s prospects had appeared hopeless in the eyes of most people except the British themselves; and the government’s decision to continue the struggle after the fall of France and to reject Hitler’s peace offers could spell only slow suicide unless relief came from either the United States or the U.S.S.R. Hitler brought Great Britain relief by turning eastward and invading the Soviet Union just as the strain on Britain was becoming severe.
+
+On June 22, 1941, the German offensive was launched by three army groups under the same commanders as in the invasion of France in 1940: on the left (north), an army group under Leeb struck from East Prussia into the Baltic states toward Leningrad; on the right (south), another army group, under Rundstedt, with an armoured group under Kleist, advanced from southern Poland into the Ukraine against Kiev, whence it was to wheel southeastward to the coasts of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov; and in the centre, north of the Pripet Marshes, the main blow was delivered by Bock’s army group, with one armoured group under Guderian and another under Hoth, thrusting northeastward at Smolensk and Moscow.
+
+The invasion along a 1,800-mile front took the Soviet leadership completely by surprise and caught the Red Army in an unprepared and partially demobilized state. Piercing the northern border, Guderian’s tanks raced 50 miles beyond the frontier on the first day of the invasion and were at Minsk, 200 miles beyond it, on June 27. At Minsk they converged with Hoth’s tanks, which had pierced the opposite flank, but Bock’s infantry could not follow up quickly enough to complete the encirclement of the Soviet troops in the area; though 300,000 prisoners were taken in the salient, a large part of the Soviet forces was able to escape to the east. The Soviet armies were clumsily handled and frittered their tank strength away in piecemeal action like that of the French in 1940. But the isolated Soviet troops fought with a stubbornness that the French had not shown, and their resistance imposed a brake by continuing to block road centres long after the German tide had swept past them. The result was similar when Guderian’s tanks, having crossed the Dnieper River on July 10, entered Smolensk six days later and converged with Hoth’s thrust through Vitebsk: 200,000 Soviet prisoners were taken; but some Soviet forces were withdrawn from the trap to the line of the Desna, and a large pocket of resistance lay behind the German armour. By mid-July, moreover, a series of rainstorms were turning the sandy Russian roads into clogging mud, over which the wheeled vehicles of the German transport behind the tanks could make only very slow progress. The Germans also began to be hampered by the scorched earth policy adopted by the retreating Soviets. The Soviet troops burned crops, destroyed bridges, and evacuated factories in the face of the German advance. Entire steel and munitions plants in the westernmost portions of the U.S.S.R. were dismantled and shipped by rail to the east, where they were put back into production. The Soviets also destroyed or evacuated most of their rolling stock (railroad cars), thus depriving the Germans of the use of the Soviet rail system, since Soviet railroad track was of a different gauge than German track and German rolling stock was consequently useless on it.
+
+Nevertheless, by mid-July the Germans had advanced more than 400 miles and were only 200 miles from Moscow. They still had ample time to make decisive gains before the onset of winter, but they lost the opportunity, primarily because of arguments throughout August between Hitler and the OKH about the destination of the next thrusts thence: whereas the OKH proposed Moscow as the main objective, Hitler wanted the major effort to be directed southeastward, through the Ukraine and the Donets Basin into the Caucasus, with a minor swing northwestward against Leningrad (to converge with Leeb’s army group).
+
+In the Ukraine, meanwhile, Rundstedt and Kleist had made short work of the foremost Soviet defenses, stronger though the latter had been. A new Soviet front south of Kiev was broken by the end of July; and in the next fortnight the Germans swept down to the Black Sea mouths of the Bug and Dnieper rivers—to converge with Romania’s simultaneous offensive. Kleist was then ordered to wheel northward from the Ukraine, Guderian southward from Smolensk, for a pincer movement around the Soviet forces behind Kiev; and by the end of September the claws of the encircling movement had caught 520,000 men. These gigantic encirclements were partly the fault of inept Soviet high commanders and partly the fault of Stalin, who as commander in chief stubbornly overrode the advice of his generals and ordered his armies to stand and fight instead of allowing them to retreat eastward and regroup in preparation for a counteroffensive.
+
+Winter was approaching, and Hitler stopped Leeb’s northward drive on the outskirts of Leningrad. He ordered Rundstedt and Kleist, however, to press on from the Dnieper toward the Don and the Caucasus; and Bock was to resume the advance on Moscow.
+
+Bock’s renewed advance on Moscow began on October 2, 1941. Its prospects looked bright when Bock’s armies brought off a great encirclement around Vyazma, where 600,000 more Soviet troops were captured. That left the Germans momentarily with an almost clear path to Moscow. But the Vyazma battle had not been completed until late October; the German troops were tired, the country became a morass as the weather got worse, and fresh Soviet forces appeared in the path as they plodded slowly forward. Some of the German generals wanted to break off the offensive and to take up a suitable winter line. But Bock wanted to press on, believing that the Soviets were on the verge of collapse, while Brauchitsch and Halder tended to agree with his view. As that also accorded with Hitler’s desire, he made no objection. The temptation of Moscow, now so close in front of their eyes, was too great for any of the topmost leaders to resist. On December 2 a further effort was launched, and some German detachments penetrated into the suburbs of Moscow; but the advance as a whole was held up in the forests covering the capital. The stemming of this last phase of the great German offensive was partly due to the effects of the Russian winter, whose subzero temperatures were the most severe in several decades. In October and November a wave of frostbite cases had decimated the ill-clad German troops, for whom provisions of winter clothing had not been made, while the icy cold paralyzed the Germans’ mechanized transport, tanks, artillery, and aircraft. The Soviets, by contrast, were well clad and tended to fight more effectively in winter than did the Germans. By this time German casualties had mounted to levels that were unheard of in the campaigns against France and the Balkans; by November the Germans had suffered about 730,000 casualties.
+
+In the south, Kleist had already reached Rostov-on-Don, gateway to the Caucasus, on November 22, but had exhausted his tanks’ fuel in doing so. Rundstedt, seeing the place to be untenable, wanted to evacuate it but was overruled by Hitler. A Soviet counteroffensive recaptured Rostov on November 28, and Rundstedt was relieved of his command four days later. The Germans, however, managed to establish a front on the Mius River—as Rundstedt had recommended.
+
+As the German drive against Moscow slackened, the Soviet commander on the Moscow front, General Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov, on December 6 inaugurated the first great counteroffensive with strokes against Bock’s right in the Elets (Yelets) and Tula sectors south of Moscow and against his centre in the Klin and Kalinin sectors to the northwest. Levies of Siberian troops, who were extremely effective fighters in cold weather, were used for these offensives. There followed a blow at the German left, in the Velikie Luki sector; and the counteroffensive, which was sustained throughout the winter of 1941–42, soon took the form of a triple convergence toward Smolensk.
+
+These Soviet counteroffensives tumbled back the exhausted Germans, lapped around their flanks, and produced a critical situation. From generals downward, the invaders were filled with ghastly thoughts of Napoleon’s retreat from Moscow. In that emergency Hitler forbade any retreat beyond the shortest possible local withdrawals. His decision exposed his troops to awful sufferings in their advanced positions facing Moscow, for they had neither the clothing nor the equipment for a Russian winter campaign; but if they had once started a general retreat it might easily have degenerated into a panic-stricken rout.
+
+The Red Army’s winter counteroffensive continued for more than three months after its December launching, though with diminishing progress. By March 1942 it had advanced more than 150 miles in some sectors. But the Germans maintained their hold on the main bastions of their winter front—such towns as Schlüsselburg, Novgorod, Rzhev, Vyazma, Bryansk, Orël (Oryol), Kursk, Kharkov, and Taganrog—despite the fact that the Soviets had often advanced many miles beyond these bastions, which were in effect cut off. In retrospect, it became clear that Hitler’s veto on any extensive withdrawal worked out in such a way as to restore the confidence of the German troops and probably saved them from a widespread collapse. Nevertheless, they paid a heavy price indirectly for that rigid defense. One immediate handicap was that the strength of the Luftwaffe was drained in the prolonged effort to maintain supplies by air, under winter conditions, to the garrisons of these more or less isolated bastion towns. The tremendous strain of that winter campaign, on armies which had not been prepared for it, had other serious effects. Before the winter ended, many German divisions were reduced to barely a third of their original strength, and they were never fully built up again.
+
+The German plan of campaign had begun to miscarry in August 1941, and its failure was patent when the Soviet counteroffensive started. Nevertheless, having dismissed Brauchitsch and appointed himself army commander in chief in December, Hitler persisted in overruling the tentative opposition of the general staff to his strategy.
+
+The first three months of the German–Soviet conflict produced cautious rapprochements between the U.S.S.R. and Great Britain and between the U.S.S.R. and the United States. The Anglo-Soviet agreement of July 12, 1941, pledged the signatory powers to assist one another and to abstain from making any separate peace with Germany. On August 25, 1941, British and Soviet forces jointly invaded Iran, to forestall the establishment of a German base there and to divide the country into spheres of occupation for the duration of the war; and late in September—at a conference in Moscow—Soviet, British, and U.S. representatives formulated the monthly quantities of supplies, including aircraft, tanks, and raw materials, that Great Britain and the United States should try to furnish to the Soviet Union.
+
+The critical situation on the Eastern Front did not deter Hitler from declaring Germany to be at war with the United States on December 11, 1941, after the Japanese attack on the U.S., British, and Dutch positions in the Pacific and in the Far East (see below Japanese policy, 1939–41), since this extension of hostilities did not immediately commit the German land forces to any new theatre but at the same time had the merit of entitling the German Navy to intensify the war at sea.
\ No newline at end of file
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+The war in the Pacific, 1938–41
+The war in China, 1937–41
+
+in 1931–32 the Japanese had invaded Manchuria (Northeast China) and, after overcoming ineffective Chinese resistance there, had created the Japanese-controlled puppet state of Manchukuo. In the following years the Nationalist government of China, headed by Chiang Kai-shek, temporized in the face of Japanese military and diplomatic pressures and instead waged an internal war against the Chinese Communists, led by Mao Zedong, who were based in Shensi Province in north-central China. Meanwhile, the Japanese began a military buildup in North China proper, which in turn stimulated the formation of a unified resistance by the Nationalists and the Communists.
+
+Overt hostilities between Japan and China began after the Marco Polo Bridge incident of July 7, 1937, when shots were exchanged between Chinese and Japanese troops on the outskirts of Peking. Open fighting broke out in that area, and in late July the Japanese captured the Peking-Tientsin area. Thereupon full-scale hostilities began between the two nations. The Japanese landed near Shanghai, at the mouth of the Yangtze River, and took Shanghai in November and the Chinese capital, Nanking, in December 1937. Chiang Kai-shek moved his government to Han-k’ou (one of the Wu-han cities), which lay 435 miles west of Shanghai along the Yangtze. The Japanese also pushed southward and westward from the Peking area into Hopeh and Shansi provinces. In 1938 the Japanese launched several ambitious military campaigns that brought them deep into the heart of central China. They advanced to the northeast and west from Nanking, taking Suchow and occupying the Wu-han cities. The Nationalists were forced to move their government to Chungking in Szechwan Province, about 500 miles west of the Wu-han cities. The Japanese also occupied Canton and several other coastal cities in South China in 1938.
+
+Nationalist Chinese resistance to these Japanese advances was ineffective, primarily because the Nationalist leadership was still more interested in holding their forces in reserve for a future struggle with the Communists than in repelling the Japanese. By contrast, the Communists, from their base in north-central China, began an increasingly effective guerrilla war against the Japanese troops in Manchuria and North China. The Japanese needed large numbers of troops to maintain their hold on the immense Chinese territories and populations they controlled. Of the 51 infantry divisions making up the Japanese Army in 1941, 38 of them, comprising about 750,000 men, were stationed in China (including Manchuria).
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/historical/historical_52.txt b/historical/historical_52.txt
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@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+Japanese policy, 1939–41
+
+When war broke out in Europe in September 1939, the Japanese, despite a series of victorious battles, had still not brought their war in China to an end: on the one hand, the Japanese strategists had made no plans to cope with the guerrilla warfare pursued by the Chinese; on the other, the Japanese commanders in the field often disregarded the orders of the supreme command at the Imperial headquarters and occupied more Chinese territory than they had been ordered to take. Half of the Japanese Army was thus still tied down in China when the commitment of Great Britain and France to war against Germany opened up the prospect of wider conquests for Japan in Southeast Asia and in the Pacific. Japan’s military ventures in China proper were consequently restricted rather more severely henceforth.
+
+The German victories over the Netherlands and France in the summer of 1940 further encouraged the Japanese premier, Prince Konoe, to look southward at those defeated powers’ colonies and also, of course, at the British and U.S. positions in the Far East. The island archipelago of the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) along with French Indochina and British-held Malaya contained raw materials (tin, rubber, petroleum) that were essential to Japan’s industrial economy, and if Japan could seize these regions and incorporate them into the empire, it could make itself virtually self-sufficient economically and thus become the dominant power in the Pacific Ocean. Since Great Britain, single-handedly, was confronting the might of the Axis in Europe, the Japanese strategists had to reckon, primarily, with the opposition of the United States to their plans for territorial aggrandizement. When Japanese troops entered northern Indochina in September 1940 (in pursuance of an agreement extorted in August from the Vichy government of France), the United States uttered a protest. Germany and Italy, by contrast, recognized Japan as the leading power in the Far East by concluding with it the Tripartite, or Axis, Pact of September 27, 1940: negotiated by Japanese foreign minister Matsuoka Yosuke, the pact pledged its signatories to come to one another’s help in the event of an attack “by a power not already engaged in war.” Japan also concluded a neutrality pact with the U.S.S.R. on April 13, 1941.
+
+On July 2, 1941, the Imperial Conference decided to press the Japanese advance southward even at the risk of war with Great Britain and the United States; and this policy was pursued even when Matsuoka was relieved of office a fortnight later. On July 26, in pursuance of a new agreement with Vichy France, Japanese forces began to occupy bases in southern Indochina.
+
+This time the United States reacted vigorously, not only freezing Japanese assets under U.S. control but also imposing an embargo on supplies of oil to Japan. Dismay at the embargo drove the Japanese naval command, which had hitherto been more moderate than the army, into collusion with the army’s extremism. When negotiations with the Dutch of Indonesia for an alternative supply of oil produced no satisfaction, the Imperial Conference on September 6, at the high command’s insistence, decided that war must be undertaken against the United States and Great Britain unless an understanding with the United States could be reached in a few weeks’ time.
+
+General Tōjō Hideki, who succeeded Konoe as premier in mid-October 1941, continued the already desperate talks. The United States, however, persisted in making demands that Japan could not concede: renunciation of the Tripartite Pact (which would have left Japan diplomatically isolated); the withdrawal of Japanese troops from China and from Southeast Asia (a humiliating retreat from an overt commitment of four years’ standing); and an open-door regime for trade in China. When Cordell Hull, the U.S. secretary of state, on November 26, 1941, sent an abrupt note to the Japanese bluntly requiring them to evacuate China and Indochina and to recognize no Chinese regime other than that of Chiang Kai-shek, the Japanese could see no point in continuing the talks. (See Sidebar: Pearl Harbor and the “Back Door to War” Theory.)
+
+Since peace with the United States seemed impossible, Japan set in motion its plans for war, which would now necessarily be waged not only against the United States but also against Great Britain (the existing war effort of which depended on U.S. support and the Far Eastern colonies of which lay within the orbit of the projected Japanese expansion) and against the Dutch East Indies (the oil of which was essential to Japanese enterprises, even apart from geopolitical considerations).
+
+The evolving Japanese military strategy was based on the peculiar geography of the Pacific Ocean and on the relative weakness and unpreparedness of the Allied military presence in that ocean. The western half of the Pacific is dotted with many islands, large and small, while the eastern half of the ocean is, with the exception of the Hawaiian Islands, almost devoid of landmasses (and hence of usable bases). The British, French, American, and Dutch military forces in the entire Pacific region west of Hawaii amounted to only about 350,000 troops, most of them lacking combat experience and being of disparate nationalities. Allied air power in the Pacific was weak and consisted mostly of obsolete planes. If the Japanese, with their large, well-equipped armies that had been battle-hardened in China, could quickly launch coordinated attacks from their existing bases on certain Japanese-mandated Pacific islands, on Formosa (Taiwan), and from Japan itself, they could overwhelm the Allied forces, overrun the entire western Pacific Ocean as well as Southeast Asia, and then develop those areas’ resources to their own military-industrial advantage. If successful in their campaigns, the Japanese planned to establish a strongly fortified defensive perimeter extending from Burma in the west to the southern rim of the Dutch East Indies and northern New Guinea in the south and sweeping around to the Gilbert and Marshall islands in the southeast and east. The Japanese believed that any American and British counteroffensives against this perimeter could be repelled, after which those nations would eventually seek a negotiated peace that would allow Japan to keep her newly won empire.
+
+Until the end of 1940 the Japanese strategists had assumed that any new war to be waged would be against a single enemy. When it became clear, in 1941, that the British and the Dutch as well as the Americans must be attacked, a new and daring war plan was successfully sponsored by the commander in chief of the Combined Fleet, Admiral Yamamoto Isoroku.
+
+Yamamoto’s plan prescribed two operations, together involving the whole strength of his navy, which was composed of the following ships: 10 battleships, six regular aircraft carriers, four auxiliary carriers, 18 heavy cruisers, 20 light cruisers, 112 destroyers, 65 submarines, and 2,274 combat planes. The first operation, to which all six regular aircraft carriers, two battleships, three cruisers, and 11 destroyers were allocated, was to be a surprise attack, scheduled for December 7 (December 8 by Japanese time), on the main U.S. Pacific Fleet in its base at Pearl Harbor in the Hawaiian Islands. The rest of the Japanese Navy was to support the army in the “Southern Operation”: 11 infantry divisions and seven tank regiments, assisted by 795 combat planes, were to undertake two drives, one from Formosa through the Philippines, the other from French Indochina and Hainan Island through Malaya, so as to converge on the Dutch East Indies, with a view to the capture of Java as the culmination of a campaign of 150 days—during which, moreover, Wake Island, Guam, the Gilbert Islands, and Burma should also have been secured as outer bastions, besides Hong Kong.
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index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8f92e2dcea6d36ad2af7b383c62b12682c928619
--- /dev/null
+++ b/historical/historical_53.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+The Allies’ First Decisive Successes
+The Solomons, Papua, Madagascar, the Aleutians, and Burma, July 1942–May 1943
+On July 2, 1942, the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff ordered limited offensives in three stages to recapture the New Britain–New Ireland–Solomons–eastern New Guinea area: first, the seizure of Tulagi and of the Santa Cruz Islands, with adjacent positions; second, the occupation of the central and northern Solomons and of the northeast coast of New Guinea; third, the seizure of Rabaul and of other points in the Bismarck Archipelago.
+
+On July 6 the Japanese landed troops on Guadalcanal, one of the southern Solomons, and began to construct an air base. The Allied high command, fearing further Japanese advances southeastward, sped into the area to dislodge the enemy and to obtain a base for later advances toward Japan’s main base in the theatre, Rabaul. The U.S. 1st Marine Division poured ashore on August 7 and secured Guadalcanal’s airfield, Tulagi’s harbour, and neighbouring islands by dusk on August 8—the Pacific war’s first major Allied offensive. During the night of August 8–9, Japanese cruisers and destroyers, attempting to hold Guadalcanal, sank four U.S. cruisers, themselves sustaining one cruiser sunk and one damaged and later sunk. On August 23–25, in the Battle of the Eastern Solomons, the Japanese lost a light carrier, a destroyer, and a submarine and sustained damage to a cruiser and to a seaplane carrier but sank an Allied destroyer and crippled a cruiser. On August 31 another U.S. carrier was disabled, and on September 15 Japanese submarines sank the carrier Wasp and damaged a battleship. Meanwhile, more than 6,000 Japanese reinforced their Guadalcanal garrison, attacking the Marines’ beachhead on August 20–21 and on September 12–14. On September 18 some U.S. reinforcements arrived, and mid-October saw about 22,000 Japanese ranged against 23,000 U.S. troops. The sea battles of Cape Esperance and of the Santa Cruz Islands—in which two Japanese cruisers and two destroyers were sunk and three carriers and two destroyers damaged in return for the loss of one U.S. carrier and two destroyers, besides damage to six other Allied ships—thwarted an attempt to reinforce further the Japanese ground troops, whose attack proved a failure (October 20–29).
+
+After October, Allied strength was built up. Another Japanese attempt at counter-reinforcement led to the naval Battle of Guadalcanal, fought on November 13–15: it cost Japan two battleships, three destroyers, one cruiser, two submarines, and 11 transports and the Allies (now under Admiral William F. Halsey) two cruisers and seven destroyers sunk and one battleship and one cruiser damaged. Only 4,000 Japanese troops out of 12,500 managed to reach land, without equipment; and on November 30 eight Japanese destroyers, attempting to land more troops, were beaten off in the Battle of Tassafaronga, losing one destroyer sunk and one crippled, at an Allied cost of one cruiser sunk and three damaged.
+
+By Jan. 5, 1943, Guadalcanal’s Allied garrison totaled 44,000, against 22,500 Japanese. The Japanese decided to evacuate the position, carrying away 12,000 men in early February in daring destroyer runs. In ground warfare Japanese losses were more than 24,000 for the Guadalcanal campaign, Allied losses about 1,600 killed and 4,250 wounded (figures that ignore the higher number of casualties from disease). On February 21, U.S. infantry began occupying the Russell Islands, to support advances on Rabaul.
+
+Earlier, before Allied plans to secure eastern New Guinea had been implemented, the Japanese had landed near Gona on the north coast of Papua (the southeastern extremity of the great island) on July 24, 1942, in an attempt to reach Port Moresby overland, via the Kokoda Trail. Advanced Japanese units from the north, despite Australian opposition, had reached a ridge 32 miles from Port Moresby by mid-September. Then, however, they had to withdraw exhausted to Gona and to nearby Buna, where there were some 7,500 Japanese assembled by November 18. The next day U.S. infantry attacked them there. Each side was subsequently reinforced; but the Australians took Gona on December 9 and the Americans Buna village on December 14. Buna government station fell to the Allies on Jan. 2, 1943, Sanananda on January 18, and all Japanese resistance in Papua ceased on January 22.
+
+The retaking of Guadalcanal and Papua ended the Japanese drive south, and communications with Australia and New Zealand were now secure. Altogether, Papua cost Japan nearly 12,000 killed and 350 captured. Allied losses were 3,300 killed and 5,500 wounded. Allied air forces had played a particularly important role, interdicting Japanese supply lines and transporting Allied supplies and reinforcements.
+
+Japan, having lost Guadalcanal, fought henceforth defensively, with worsening prospects. Its final effort to reinforce the Lae–Salamaua position in New Guinea from the stronghold of Rabaul was a disaster: in the Battle of the Bismarck Sea, on March 2–4, 1943, the Japanese lost four destroyers and eight transports, and only 1,000 of the 7,000 troops reached their destination. On March 25 the Japanese Army and Navy high commands agreed on a policy of strengthening the defense of strategic points and of counterattacking wherever possible, priority being given to the defense of the remaining Japanese positions in New Guinea, with secondary emphasis on the Solomon Islands. In the following three weeks, however, the Allies improved their own position in New Guinea, and Japanese intervention was confined to air attacks. Before the end of April, moreover, the Japanese Navy sustained a disaster: the guiding genius of the Japanese war effort, Yamamoto, was sent late in March to command the forces based on Rabaul but was killed in an American air ambush on a flight to Bougainville.
+
+Developments of the Allies’ war against Japan also took place outside the southwest Pacific area. British forces in the summer of 1942 invaded Vichy French-held Madagascar. A renewed British offensive in September 1942 overran the island; hostilities ceased on November 5, and a Free French administration of Madagascar took office on Jan. 8, 1943. In the North Pacific, meanwhile, the United States had decided to expel the Japanese from the Aleutians. Having landed forces on Adak in August 1942, they began air attacks against Kiska and Attu from Adak the next month and from Amchitka also in the following January, while a naval blockade prevented the Japanese from reinforcing their garrisons. Finally, U.S. troops, bypassing Kiska, invaded Attu on May 11, 1943—to kill most of the island’s 2,300 defenders in three weeks of fighting. The Japanese then evacuated Kiska. Bases in the Aleutians thenceforth facilitated the Allies’ bombing of the Kuril Islands.
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diff --git a/historical/historical_54.txt b/historical/historical_54.txt
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index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b09ca4771e221b78f5c9de0972af3599163ae352
--- /dev/null
+++ b/historical/historical_54.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+Algerian War
+
+Background: French Algeria
+Conquest of Algeria
+
+On the pretext of a slight to their consul, the French invaded Algeria in 1830: Directed by Marshall Bugeaud, who became the first Governor-General of Algeria, the conquest was violent, marked by a "scorched earth" policy designed to reduce the power of the native rulers, the Dey, including massacres, mass rapes, and other atrocities. Between 500,000 and 1,000,000, from approximately 3 million Algerians, were killed within the first three decades of the conquest. French losses from 1830–51 were 3,336 killed in action and 92,329 dead in the hospital.
+
+In 1834, Algeria became a French military colony and was subsequently declared by the constitution of 1848 to be an integral part of France and divided into three departments: Alger, Oran and Constantine. Many French and other Europeans (Spanish, Italians, Maltese, and others) later settled in Algeria.
+
+Under the Second Empire (1852–1871), the Code de l'indigénat (Indigenous Code) was implemented by the Sénatus-consulte of 14 July 1865. It allowed Muslims to apply for full French citizenship, a measure that few took, since it involved renouncing the right to be governed by sharia law in personal matters and was considered a kind of apostasy. Its first article stipulated:
+
+The indigenous Muslim is French; however, he will continue to be subjected to Muslim law. He may be admitted to serve in the army (armée de terre) and the navy (armée de mer). He may be called to functions and civil employment in Algeria. He may, on his demand, be admitted to enjoy the rights of a French citizen; in this case, he is subjected to the political and civil laws of France.
+
+Prior to 1870, fewer than 200 demands were registered by Muslims and 152 by Jewish Algerians. The 1865 decree was then modified by the 1870 Crémieux decrees, which granted French nationality to Jews living in one of the three Algerian departments. In 1881, the Code de l'Indigénat made the discrimination official by creating specific penalties for indigènes and organizing the seizure or appropriation of their lands.
+
+After World War II, equality of rights was proclaimed by the Ordonnance of 7 March 1944, and later confirmed by the Loi Lamine Guèye of 7 May 1946, which granted French citizenship to all the subjects of France's territories and overseas departments, and by the 1946 Constitution. The Law of 20 September 1947 granted French citizenship to all Algerian subjects, who were not required to renounce their Muslim personal status.
+
+Algeria was unique to France because, unlike all other overseas possessions acquired by France during the 19th century, only Algeria was considered and legally classified an integral part of France.
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diff --git a/historical/historical_55.txt b/historical/historical_55.txt
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/historical/historical_55.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+Algerian nationalism
+
+1954 film about French Algeria
+Both Muslim and European Algerians took part in World War II, fighting for France. Algerian Muslims served as tirailleurs (such regiments were created as early as 1842[46]) and spahis; and French settlers as Zouaves or Chasseurs d'Afrique. With Wilson's 1918 proclamation of the Fourteen Points, the fifth reading: "A free, open-minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims, based upon a strict observance of the principle that in determining all such questions of sovereignty the interests of the populations concerned must have equal weight with the equitable claims of the government whose title is to be determined", some Algerian intellectuals—dubbed oulémas—began to nurture the desire for independence or, at least, autonomy and self-rule.[47]
+
+Within this context, a grandson[who?] of Abd el-Kadir spearheaded the resistance against the French in the first half of the 20th century. He was a member of the directing committee of the French Communist Party (PCF). In 1926, he founded the Étoile Nord-Africaine (North African Star) party, to which Messali Hadj, also a member of the PCF and of its affiliated trade union, the Confédération générale du travail unitaire (CGTU), joined the following year.
+
+The North African Star broke from the PCF in 1928, before being dissolved in 1929 at Paris's demand. Amid growing discontent from the Algerian population, the Third Republic (1871–1940) acknowledged some demands, and the Popular Front initiated the Blum-Viollette proposal in 1936 which was supposed to enlighten the Indigenous Code by giving French citizenship to a small number of Muslims. The pieds-noirs (Algerians of European origin) violently demonstrated against it and the North African Party opposed it, leading to the project's abandonment. The pro-independence party was dissolved in 1937, and its leaders were charged with the illegal reconstitution of a dissolved league, leading to Messali Hadj's 1937 founding of the Parti du peuple algérien (Algerian People's Party, PPA), which, at this time, no longer espoused full independence but only extensive autonomy. This new party was dissolved in 1939. Under Vichy, the French state attempted to abrogate the Crémieux decree in order to suppress the Jews' French citizenship, but the measure was never implemented.[citation needed]
+
+On the other hand, nationalist leader Ferhat Abbas founded the Algerian Popular Union (Union populaire algérienne) in 1938. In 1943 Abbas wrote the Algerian People's Manifesto (Manifeste du peuple algérien). Arrested after the Sétif massacre of May 8, 1945, during which the French Army and pieds-noirs mobs killed about 6,000 Algerians,:27 Abbas founded the Democratic Union of the Algerian Manifesto (UDMA) in 1946 and was elected as a deputy. Founded in 1954, the National Liberation Front (FLN) succeeded Messali Hadj's Algerian People's Party (PPA), while its leaders created an armed wing, the Armée de Libération Nationale (National Liberation Army) to engage in an armed struggle against French authority. France, which had just lost Indochina, was determined not to lose the next anti-colonial war, particularly not in its oldest and nearest major colony, which was regarded as an integral part of the republic.
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diff --git a/historical/historical_56.txt b/historical/historical_56.txt
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index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b221d6baadc64d8f29a0132967006040f0380c64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/historical/historical_56.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+War chronology
+Beginning of hostilities
+
+Algerian rebel fighters in the mountains
+In the early morning hours of 1 November 1954, FLN maquisards (guerrillas) attacked military and civilian targets throughout Algeria in what became known as the Toussaint Rouge (Red All-Saints' Day). From Cairo, the FLN broadcast a proclamation calling on Muslims in Algeria to join in a national struggle for the "restoration of the Algerian state – sovereign, democratic and social – within the framework of the principles of Islam." It was the reaction of Premier Pierre Mendès France (Radical-Socialist Party), who only a few months before had completed the liquidation of France's tete empire in Indochina, which set the tone of French policy for five years. He declared in the National Assembly, "One does not compromise when it comes to defending the internal peace of the nation, the unity and integrity of the Republic. The Algerian departments are part of the French Republic. They have been French for a long time, and they are irrevocably French. ... Between them and metropolitan France there can be no conceivable secession." At first, and despite the Sétif massacre of 8 May 1945, and the pro-Independence struggle before World War II, most Algerians were in favor of a relative status-quo. While Messali Hadj had radicalized by forming the FLN, Ferhat Abbas maintained a more moderate, electoral strategy. Fewer than 500 fellaghas (pro-Independence fighters) could be counted at the beginning of the conflict.[50] The Algerian population radicalized itself in particular because of the terrorist acts of French-sponsored Main Rouge (Red Hand) group, which targeted anti-colonialists in all of the Maghreb region (Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria), killing, for example, Tunisian activist Farhat Hached in 1952.
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index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f1b3262b9eb9fa850db9869d06196ee483826a15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/historical/historical_57.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+FLN
+
+The FLN uprising presented nationalist groups with the question of whether to adopt armed revolt as the main course of action. During the first year of the war, Ferhat Abbas's Democratic Union of the Algerian Manifesto (UDMA), the ulema, and the Algerian Communist Party (PCA) maintained a friendly neutrality toward the FLN. The communists, who had made no move to cooperate in the uprising at the start, later tried to infiltrate the FLN, but FLN leaders publicly repudiated the support of the party. In April 1956, Abbas flew to Cairo, where he formally joined the FLN. This action brought in many évolués who had supported the UDMA in the past. The AUMA also threw the full weight of its prestige behind the FLN. Bendjelloul and the pro-integrationist moderates had already abandoned their efforts to mediate between the French and the rebels.
+
+After the collapse of the MTLD, the veteran nationalist Messali Hadj formed the leftist Mouvement National Algérien (MNA), which advocated a policy of violent revolution and total independence similar to that of the FLN, but aimed to compete with that organisation. The Armée de Libération Nationale (ALN), the military wing of the FLN, subsequently wiped out the MNA guerrilla operation in Algeria, and Messali Hadj's movement lost what little influence it had had there. However, the MNA retained the support of many Algerian workers in France through the Union Syndicale des Travailleurs Algériens (the Union of Algerian Workers). The FLN also established a strong organization in France to oppose the MNA. The "Café wars", resulting in nearly 5,000 deaths, were waged in France between the two rebel groups throughout the years of the War of Independence.
+
+On the political front, the FLN worked to persuade—and to coerce—the Algerian masses to support the aims of the independence movement through contributions. FLN-influenced labor unions, professional associations, and students' and women's organizations were created to lead opinion in diverse segments of the population, but here too, violent coercion was widely used. Frantz Fanon, a psychiatrist from Martinique who became the FLN's leading political theorist, provided a sophisticated intellectual justification for the use of violence in achieving national liberation.[51] From Cairo, Ahmed Ben Bella ordered the liquidation of potential interlocuteurs valables, those independent representatives of the Muslim community acceptable to the French through whom a compromise or reforms within the system might be achieved.
+
+As the FLN campaign of influence spread through the countryside, many European farmers in the interior (called Pieds-Noirs), many of whom lived on lands taken from Muslim communities during the nineteenth century,[52] sold their holdings and sought refuge in Algiers and other Algerian cities. After a series of bloody, random massacres and bombings by Muslim Algerians in several towns and cities, the French Pieds-Noirs and urban French population began to demand that the French government engage in sterner countermeasures, including the proclamation of a state of emergency, capital punishment for political crimes, denunciation of all separatists, and most ominously, a call for 'tit-for-tat' reprisal operations by police, military, and para-military forces. Colon vigilante units, whose unauthorized activities were conducted with the passive cooperation of police authorities, carried out ratonnades (literally, rat-hunts, raton being a racist term for denigrating Muslim Algerians) against suspected FLN members of the Muslim community.
+
+By 1955, effective political action groups within the Algerian colonial community succeeded in convincing many of the Governors General sent by Paris that the military was not the way to resolve the conflict. A major success was the conversion of Jacques Soustelle, who went to Algeria as governor general in January 1955 determined to restore peace. Soustelle, a one-time leftist and by 1955 an ardent Gaullist, began an ambitious reform program (the Soustelle Plan) aimed at improving economic conditions among the Muslim population.
+
+After the Philippeville massacre
+
+The FLN adopted tactics similar to those of nationalist groups in Asia, and the French did not realize the seriousness of the challenge they faced until 1955, when the FLN moved into urbanized areas. "An important watershed in the War of Independence was the massacre of Pieds-Noirs civilians by the FLN near the town of Philippeville (now known as Skikda) in August 1955. Before this operation, FLN policy was to attack only military and government-related targets. The commander of the Constantine wilaya/region, however, decided a drastic escalation was needed. The killing by the FLN and its supporters of 123 people, including 71 French including old women and babies, shocked Jacques Soustelle into calling for more repressive measures against the rebels. The French authorities stated that 1,273 guerrillas died in what Soustelle admitted were "severe" reprisals. The FLN subsequently claimed that 12,000 Muslims were killed.:122 Soustelle's repression was an early cause of the Algerian population's rallying to the FLN. After Philippeville, Soustelle declared sterner measures and an all-out war began. In 1956, demonstrations by French Algerians caused the French government to not make reforms.
+
+Soustelle's successor, Governor General Lacoste, a socialist, abolished the Algerian Assembly. Lacoste saw the assembly, which was dominated by pieds-noirs, as hindering the work of his administration, and he undertook the rule of Algeria by decree. He favored stepping up French military operations and granted the army exceptional police powers—a concession of dubious legality under French law—to deal with the mounting political violence. At the same time, Lacoste proposed a new administrative structure to give Algeria some autonomy and a decentralized government. Whilst remaining an integral part of France, Algeria was to be divided into five districts, each of which would have a territorial assembly elected from a single slate of candidates. Until 1958, deputies representing Algerian districts were able to delay the passage of the measure by the National Assembly of France.
+
+In August and September 1956, the leadership of the FLN guerrillas operating within Algeria (popularly known as "internals") met to organize a formal policy-making body to synchronize the movement's political and military activities. The highest authority of the FLN was vested in the thirty-four member National Council of the Algerian Revolution (Conseil National de la Révolution Algérienne, CNRA), within which the five-man Committee of Coordination and Enforcement (Comité de Coordination et d'Exécution, CCE) formed the executive. The leadership of the regular FLN forces based in Tunisia and Morocco ("externals"), including Ben Bella, knew the conference was taking place but by chance or design on the part of the "internals" were unable to attend.
+
+In October 1956, the French Air Force intercepted a Moroccan DC-3 bound for Tunis, carrying Ahmed Ben Bella, Mohammed Boudiaf, Mohamed Khider and Hocine Aït Ahmed, and forced it to land in Algiers. Lacoste had the FLN external political leaders arrested and imprisoned for the duration of the war. This action caused the remaining rebel leaders to harden their stance.
+
+France opposed Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser's material and political assistance to the FLN, which some French analysts believed was the revolution's main sustenance. This attitude was a factor in persuading France to participate in the November 1956 British attempt to seize the Suez Canal during the Suez Crisis.
+
+During 1957, support for the FLN weakened as the breach between the internals and externals widened. To halt the drift, the FLN expanded its executive committee to include Abbas, as well as imprisoned political leaders such as Ben Bella. It also convinced communist and Arab members of the United Nations (UN) to put diplomatic pressure on the French government to negotiate a cease-fire. In 1957, it became common knowledge in France that the French Army was routinely using torture to extract information from suspected FLN members.[54] Hubert Beuve-Méry, the editor of Le Monde, declared in an edition on 13 March 1957: "From now on, Frenchman must know that they don't have the right to condemn in the same terms as ten years ago the destruction of Oradour and the torture by the Gestapo." Another case that attracted much media attention was the murder of Maurice Audin, a Communist mathematics professor at the University of Algiers and a suspected FLN member whom the French Army arrested in June 1957.:224 Audin was tortured and killed and his body was never found.[54] As Audin was French rather than Algerian, his "disappearance" while in the custody of the French Army led to the case becoming a cause célèbre as his widow aided by the historian Pierre Vidal-Naquet determinedly sought to have the men responsible for her husband's death prosecuted.
+
+Existentialist writer, philosopher and playwright Albert Camus, native of Algiers, tried unsuccessfully to persuade both sides to at least leave civilians alone, writing editorials against the use of torture in Combat newspaper. The FLN considered him a fool, and some Pieds-Noirs considered him a traitor. Nevertheless, in his speech when he received the Nobel Prize in Literature, Camus said that when faced with a radical choice he would eventually support his community. This statement made him lose his status among left-wing intellectuals; when he died in 1960 in a car crash, the official thesis of an ordinary accident (a quick open-and-shut case) left more than a few observers doubtful. His widow claimed that Camus, though discreet, was in fact an ardent supporter of French Algeria in the last years of his life.
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diff --git a/historical/historical_58.txt b/historical/historical_58.txt
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index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f93213ab30ebec503057bb01bfdb49b43a515ea7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/historical/historical_58.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+Battle of Algiers
+To increase international and domestic French attention to their struggle, the FLN decided to bring the conflict to the cities and to call a nationwide general strike and also to plant bombs in public places. The most notable instance was the Battle of Algiers, which began on September 30, 1956, when three women, including Djamila Bouhired and Zohra Drif, simultaneously placed bombs at three sites including the downtown office of Air France. The FLN carried out shootings and bombings in the spring of 1957, resulting in civilian casualties and a crushing response from the authorities.
+
+General Jacques Massu was instructed to use whatever methods deemed necessary to restore order in the city and to find and eliminate terrorists. Using paratroopers, he broke the strike and, in the succeeding months, destroyed the FLN infrastructure in Algiers. But the FLN had succeeded in showing its ability to strike at the heart of French Algeria and to assemble a mass response to its demands among urban Muslims. The publicity given to the brutal methods used by the army to win the Battle of Algiers, including the use of torture, strong movement control and curfew called quadrillage and where all authority was under the military, created doubt in France about its role in Algeria. What was originally "pacification" or a "public order operation" had turned into a colonial war accompanied by torture.
+
+Guerrilla war
+During 1956 and 1957, the FLN successfully applied hit-and-run tactics in accordance with guerrilla warfare theory. Whilst some of this was aimed at military targets, a significant amount was invested in a terror campaign against those in any way deemed to support or encourage French authority. This resulted in acts of sadistic torture and brutal violence against all, including women and children. Specializing in ambushes and night raids and avoiding direct contact with superior French firepower, the internal forces targeted army patrols, military encampments, police posts, and colonial farms, mines, and factories, as well as transportation and communications facilities. Once an engagement was broken off, the guerrillas merged with the population in the countryside, in accordance with Mao's theories. Kidnapping was commonplace, as were the ritual murder and mutilation of civilians[55][dubious – discuss] (see Torture section).
+
+Although successfully provoking fear and uncertainty within both communities in Algeria, the revolutionaries' coercive tactics suggested that they had not yet inspired the bulk of the Muslim people to revolt against French colonial rule. Gradually, however, the FLN gained control in certain sectors of the Aurès, the Kabylie, and other mountainous areas around Constantine and south of Algiers and Oran. In these places, the FLN established a simple but effective—although frequently temporary—military administration that was able to collect taxes and food and to recruit manpower. But it was never able to hold large, fixed positions.
+
+The loss of competent field commanders both on the battlefield and through defections and political purges created difficulties for the FLN. Moreover, power struggles in the early years of the war split leadership in the wilayat, particularly in the Aurès. Some officers created their own fiefdoms, using units under their command to settle old scores and engage in private wars against military rivals within the FLN.
+French counter-insurgency operations
+Despite complaints from the military command in Algiers, the French government was reluctant for many months to admit that the Algerian situation was out of control and that what was viewed officially as a pacification operation had developed into a war. By 1956, there were more than 400,000 French troops in Algeria. Although the elite colonial infantry airborne units and the Foreign Legion bore the brunt of offensive counterinsurgency combat operations, approximately 170,000 Muslim Algerians also served in the regular French army, most of them volunteers. France also sent air force and naval units to the Algerian theater, including helicopters. In addition to service as a flying ambulance and cargo carrier, French forces utilized the helicopter for the first time in a ground attack role in order to pursue and destroy fleeing FLN guerrilla units. The American military later used the same helicopter combat methods in the Vietnam War. The French also used napalm,[56] which was depicted for the first time in the 2007 film L'Ennemi intime (Intimate Enemies) by Florent Emilio Siri.[56]
+
+The French army resumed an important role in local Algerian administration through the Special Administration Section (Section Administrative Spécialisée, SAS), created in 1955. The SAS's mission was to establish contact with the Muslim population and weaken nationalist influence in the rural areas by asserting the "French presence" there. SAS officers—called képis bleus (blue caps)—also recruited and trained bands of loyal Muslim irregulars, known as harkis. Armed with shotguns and using guerrilla tactics similar to those of the FLN, the harkis, who eventually numbered about 180,000 volunteers, more than the FLN activists,[57] were an ideal instrument of counterinsurgency warfare.
+
+Harkis were mostly used in conventional formations, either in all-Algerian units commanded by French officers or in mixed units. Other uses included platoon or smaller size units, attached to French battalions, in a similar way as the Kit Carson Scouts by the U.S. in Vietnam. A third use was an intelligence gathering role, with some reported minor pseudo-operations in support of their intelligence collection.[58] U.S. military expert Lawrence E. Cline stated, "The extent of these pseudo-operations appears to have been very limited both in time and scope. ... The most widespread use of pseudo type operations was during the 'Battle of Algiers' in 1957. The principal French employer of covert agents in Algiers was the Fifth Bureau, the psychological warfare branch. "The Fifth Bureau" made extensive use of 'turned' FLN members, one such network being run by Captain Paul-Alain Leger of the 10th Paras. "Persuaded" to work for the French forces included by the use of torture and threats against their family; these agents "mingled with FLN cadres. They planted incriminating forged documents, spread false rumors of treachery and fomented distrust. ... As a frenzy of throat-cutting and disemboweling broke out among confused and suspicious FLN cadres, nationalist slaughtered nationalist from April to September 1957 and did France's work for her."[59] But this type of operation involved individual operatives rather than organized covert units.
+
+One organized pseudo-guerrilla unit, however, was created in December 1956 by the French DST domestic intelligence agency. The Organization of the French Algerian Resistance (ORAF), a group of counter-terrorists had as its mission to carry out false flag terrorist attacks with the aim of quashing any hopes of political compromise.[60] But it seemed that, as in Indochina, "the French focused on developing native guerrilla groups that would fight against the FLN", one of whom fought in the Southern Atlas Mountains, equipped by the French Army.[61]
+
+The FLN also used pseudo-guerrilla strategies against the French Army on one occasion, with Force K, a group of 1,000 Algerians who volunteered to serve in Force K as guerrillas for the French. But most of these members were either already FLN members or were turned by the FLN once enlisted. Corpses of purported FLN members displayed by the unit were in fact those of dissidents and members of other Algerian groups killed by the FLN. The French Army finally discovered the war ruse and tried to hunt down Force K members. However, some 600 managed to escape and join the FLN with weapons and equipment.[61][16]:255–7
+
+Late in 1957, General Raoul Salan, commanding the French Army in Algeria, instituted a system of quadrillage (surveillance using a grid pattern), dividing the country into sectors, each permanently garrisoned by troops responsible for suppressing rebel operations in their assigned territory. Salan's methods sharply reduced the instances of FLN terrorism but tied down a large number of troops in static defense. Salan also constructed a heavily patrolled system of barriers to limit infiltration from Tunisia and Morocco. The best known of these was the Morice Line (named for the French defense minister, André Morice), which consisted of an electrified fence, barbed wire, and mines over a 320-kilometer stretch of the Tunisian border.
+The French military command ruthlessly applied the principle of collective responsibility to villages suspected of sheltering, supplying, or in any way cooperating with the guerrillas. Villages that could not be reached by mobile units were subject to aerial bombardment. FLN guerrillas that fled to caves or other remote hiding places were tracked and hunted down. In one episode, FLN guerrillas who refused to surrender and withdraw from a cave complex were dealt with by French Foreign Legion Pioneer troops, who, lacking flamethrowers or explosives, simply bricked up each cave, leaving the residents to die of suffocation.[62]
+
+Finding it impossible to control all of Algeria's remote farms and villages, the French government also initiated a program of concentrating large segments of the rural population, including whole villages, in camps under military supervision to prevent them from aiding the rebels. In the three years (1957–60) during which the regroupement program was followed, more than 2 million Algerians[24] were removed from their villages, mostly in the mountainous areas, and resettled in the plains, where it was difficult to reestablish their previous economic and social systems. Living conditions in the fortified villages were poor. In hundreds of villages, orchards and croplands not already burned by French troops went to seed for lack of care. These population transfers effectively denied the use of remote villages to FLN guerrillas, who had used them as a source of rations and manpower, but also caused significant resentment on the part of the displaced villagers. Relocation's social and economic disruption continued to be felt a generation later.
+
+The French Army shifted its tactics at the end of 1958 from dependence on quadrillage to the use of mobile forces deployed on massive search-and-destroy missions against FLN strongholds. In 1959, Salan's successor, General Maurice Challe, appeared to have suppressed major rebel resistance, but political developments had already overtaken the French Army's successes.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/historical/historical_59.txt b/historical/historical_59.txt
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/historical/historical_59.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Yet McClellan and Halleck both proved reluctant to take decisive action in the field. After the Battle of Shiloh, it took the latter almost a month to advance 20 miles south to attack the vital Confederate railroad junction at Corinth, Mississippi. Lincoln grew so frustrated with McClellan’s inaction that he responded to the general’s October 1862 request for more horses with an exasperated telegram: “I have just read your despatch about sore tongued and fatiegued [sic] horses. Will you pardon me for asking what the horses of your army have done since the battle of Antietam that fatigue anything?”
+
+By contrast, Grant had never been an enthusiastic student of military art and science. Even his fiercely loyal lieutenant William T. Sherman doubted Grant’s “knowledge of grand strategy, and of books of science and history.” He told his friend precisely that in a March 1864 letter, in which he also concluded that Grant’s triumph owed in large measure to his fundamental “common-sense” and to his “chief characteristic,” an unshakeable “faith” in victory. That faith was justified by a serendipitous combination of qualities that enabled Grant to become one of the most extraordinary military leaders in American history.
+Grant didn’t go in much for doctrine, but he brought a relentlessly aggressive approach to warfare. He always favored activity and forward movement to standing still. Even in victory, he would be frustrated by subordinates’ failure to pursue the retreating enemy.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/historical/historical_6.txt b/historical/historical_6.txt
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index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bee3fc1f32c8a5abecd8849e8ffb625d6ecaaf42
--- /dev/null
+++ b/historical/historical_6.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+They don’t move, they don’t complain, and they’re impervious to X-ray damage. In other words, mummies are “a perfect subject for medical radiography,” according to conservator JP Brown of Chicago’s Field Museum of Natural History.  
+
+Scientists figured this out early on: just months after Wilhelm Roentgen’s discovery of X-rays in the fall of 1895, a physicist, Walter Koenig, captured the first radiographic images of mummified remains at the Physical Society of Frankfurt-am-Main. Up until that point, studying mummies had mostly meant unwrapping them, a process that Brown notes is “necessarily destructive.” A few decades later, the Field Museum became a pioneer of mummy imaging. Edward Jerman of the Victor X-Ray  Corporation of Chicago volunteered his services and radiographed 32 ancient Egyptian and Peruvian mummies in the museum’s collection with what curator Berthold Lauer called “such gratifying and convincing results” that museum president Stanley Field opened a division of roentgenology in 1926.
+
+
+In 1931, the museum published a radiographic study by paleopathologist Roy Moodie that captured many of its mummies in vivid skeletal detail, including child mummies from Egypt and Peru, and a skull with an outgrowth that Moodie diagnosed as a cranial tumor. The study also turned up “imitation mummies” made of assorted feathers, bones, and scraps of skin—believed to have been either created to help guide disintegrated bodies on their journey to the afterlife, or assembled by embalmers as a sly attempt to earn extra money.
+
+Although X-rays allow a noninvasive glimpse into unopened mummies, they create distortion by magnifying objects closer to the X-ray source, and they obscure the appearance of soft tissues and textiles. When CT scanning, which produces high-resolution, cross-sectional images of the body, emerged in the 1970s, mummy preservation experts quickly realized its potential for revealing ancient mortuary practices.
+
+Case in point: a 2011 CT scan at the Field Museum revealed wax figurines of the sons of the ancient Egyptian god Horus bound to individual organ packets stuffed inside the mummy. Because each of the sons designated certain organs in Egyptian culture, Brown was able to identify the intestines, stomach, liver, and lungs. He then used these findings to help identify unknown organ packets in other mummies that didn’t have wax figurines. “That was pretty awesome,” he says, because “apart from flagrant guessing, we had no previous methodological basis” for determining organ identity.
+
+Mimi Leveque, a conservator at the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem, Massachusetts, and self-described “mummy doctor” who has collaborated with Brown, recalls CT scanning an Egyptian mummy known as Padihershef at Massachusetts General Hospital in 2013 and seeing it imaged “layer by layer by layer so you could see the face, you could see the bones . . . of the face, you could see inside the head . . . you could still see the brain tissue.” CT scanning has also helped Leveque design custom housings to support the deteriorated bones of North America’s oldest mummy, a roughly 4,000-year-old specimen from Egypt at the Michael C. Carlos Museum in Atlanta.
+
+Despite the long history of mummy scanning, Brown says that many questions remain about ancient mortuary practice that can’t be answered with individual scans. He points to archives being developed at the Penn Museum and the IMPACT mummy database, which compile scans of mummies and offer access to researchers who wish to study them, as steps toward improving our understanding of both the mummification process and its artifacts.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/historical/historical_60.txt b/historical/historical_60.txt
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/historical/historical_60.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+De Gaulle
+
+Many people, regardless of citizenship, greeted de Gaulle's return to power as the breakthrough needed to end the hostilities. On his trip to Algeria on 4 June, de Gaulle calculatedly made an ambiguous and broad emotional appeal to all the inhabitants, declaring, "Je vous ai compris" ("I have understood you"). De Gaulle raised the hopes of the pied-noir and the professional military, disaffected by the indecisiveness of previous governments, with his exclamation of "Vive l'Algérie française" ("Long live French Algeria") to cheering crowds in Mostaganem. At the same time, he proposed economic, social, and political reforms to improve the situation of the Muslims. Nonetheless, de Gaulle later admitted to having harbored deep pessimism about the outcome of the Algerian situation even then. Meanwhile, he looked for a "third force" among the population of Algeria, uncontaminated by the FLN or the "ultras" (colon extremists), through whom a solution might be found.
+
+De Gaulle immediately appointed a committee to draft a new constitution for France's Fifth Republic, which would be declared early the next year, with which Algeria would be associated but of which it would not form an integral part. All Muslims, including women, were registered for the first time on electoral rolls to participate in a referendum to be held on the new constitution in September 1958.
+
+De Gaulle's initiative threatened the FLN with decreased support among Muslims. In reaction, the FLN set up the Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic (Gouvernement Provisoire de la République Algérienne, GPRA), a government-in-exile headed by Abbas and based in Tunis. Before the referendum, Abbas lobbied for international support for the GPRA, which was quickly recognized by Morocco, Tunisia, China, and several other African, Arab, and Asian countries, but not by the Soviet Union.
+
+In February 1959, de Gaulle was elected president of the new Fifth Republic. He visited Constantine in October to announce a program to end the war and create an Algeria closely linked to France. De Gaulle's call on the rebel leaders to end hostilities and to participate in elections was met with adamant refusal. "The problem of a cease-fire in Algeria is not simply a military problem", said the GPRA's Abbas. "It is essentially political, and negotiation must cover the whole question of Algeria." Secret discussions that had been underway were broken off.
+
+From 1958 to 1959, the French army won military control in Algeria and was the closest it would be to victory. In late July 1959, during Operation Jumelles, Colonel Bigeard, whose elite paratrooper unit fought at Dien Bien Phu in 1954, told journalist Jean Lartéguy, (source)
+
+We are not making war for ourselves, not making a colonialist war, Bigeard wears no shirt (he shows his opened uniform) as do my officers. We are fighting right here right now for them, for the evolution, to see the evolution of these people and this war is for them. We are defending their freedom as we are, in my opinion, defending the West's freedom. We are here ambassadors, Crusaders, who are hanging on in order to still be able to talk and to be able to speak for.
+
+— Col. Bigeard (July 1959)
+During this period in France, however, opposition to the conflict was growing among the population, notably the French Communist Party, then one of the country's strongest political forces, which was supporting the Algerian Revolution. Thousands of relatives of conscripts and reserve soldiers suffered loss and pain; revelations of torture and the indiscriminate brutality the army visited on the Muslim population prompted widespread revulsion, and a significant constituency supported the principle of national liberation. By 1959, it was clear that the status quo was untenable and France could either grant Algeria independence or allow real equality with the Muslims. De Gaulle told an advisor: "If we integrate them, if all the Arabs and the Berbers of Algeria were considered French, how could they be prevented from settling in France, where the living standard is so much higher? My village would no longer be called Colombey-les-Deux-Églises but Colombey-les-Deux-Mosquées".[63] International pressure was also building on France to grant Algeria independence. Since 1955, the UN General Assembly annually considered the Algerian question, and the FLN position was gaining support. France's seeming intransigence in settling a colonial war that tied down half the manpower of its armed forces was also a source of concern to its North Atlantic Treaty Organization allies. In a 16 September 1959, statement, de Gaulle dramatically reversed his stand and uttered the words "self-determination" as the third and preferred solution [5], which he envisioned as leading to majority rule in an Algeria formally associated with France. In Tunis, Abbas acknowledged that de Gaulle's statement might be accepted as a basis for settlement, but the French government refused to recognize the GPRA as the representative of Algeria's Muslim community.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/historical/historical_61.txt b/historical/historical_61.txt
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index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9b1c5d008cf4922711f5f0da40483d8af9b301f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/historical/historical_61.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+Week of barricades
+
+Convinced that de Gaulle had betrayed them, some units of European volunteers (Unités Territoriales) in Algiers led by student leaders Pierre Lagaillarde and Jean-Jacques Susini, café owner Joseph Ortiz, and lawyer Jean-Baptiste Biaggi staged an insurrection in the Algerian capital starting on 24 January 1960, and known in France as La semaine des barricades ("the week of barricades"). The ultras incorrectly believed that they would be supported by General Massu. The insurrection order was given by Colonel Jean Garde of the Fifth Bureau. As the army, police, and supporters stood by, civilian pieds-noirs threw up barricades in the streets and seized government buildings. General Maurice Challe, responsible for the army in Algeria, declared Algiers under siege, but forbade the troops to fire on the insurgents. Nevertheless, 20 rioters were killed during shooting on Boulevard Laferrière. Eight arrest warrants were issued in Paris against the initiators of the insurrection. Jean-Marie Le Pen, a member of parliament and future Front national founder, who called for the barricades to be extended to Paris, and theoretician Georges Sauge were then placed under custody.[64]
+
+In Paris on 29 January 1960, de Gaulle called on his ineffective army to remain loyal and rallied popular support for his Algerian policy in a televised address:
+
+I took, in the name of France, the following decision—the Algerians will have the free choice of their destiny. When, in one way or another – by ceasefire or by complete crushing of the rebels – we will have put an end to the fighting, when, after a prolonged period of appeasement, the population will have become conscious of the stakes and, thanks to us, realised the necessary progress in political, economic, social, educational, and other domains. Then it will be the Algerians who will tell us what they want to be.... Your French of Algeria, how can you listen to the liars and the conspirators who tell you that, if you grant free choice to the Algerians, France and de Gaulle want to abandon you, retreat from Algeria, and deliver you to the rebellion?.... I say to all of our soldiers: your mission comprises neither equivocation nor interpretation. You have to liquidate the rebellious forces, which want to oust France from Algeria and impose on this country its dictatorship of misery and sterility.... Finally, I address myself to France. Well, well, my dear and old country, here we face together, once again, a serious ordeal. In virtue of the mandate that the people have given me and of the national legitimacy, which I have incarned for 20 years, I ask everyone to support me whatever happens.[65]
+
+Most of the Army heeded his call, and the siege of Algiers ended on 1 February with Lagaillarde surrendering to General Challe's command of the French Army in Algeria. The loss of many ultra leaders who were imprisoned or transferred to other areas did not deter the French Algeria militants. Sent to prison in Paris and then paroled, Lagaillarde fled to Spain. There, with another French army officer, Raoul Salan, who had entered clandestinely, and with Jean-Jacques Susini, he created the Organisation armée secrète (Secret Army Organization, OAS) on December 3, 1960, with the purpose of continuing the fight for French Algeria. Highly organized and well-armed, the OAS stepped up its terrorist activities, which were directed against both Algerians and pro-government French citizens, as the move toward negotiated settlement of the war and self-determination gained momentum. To the FLN rebellion against France were added civil wars between extremists in the two communities and between the ultras and the French government in Algeria.
+
+Beside Pierre Lagaillarde, Jean-Baptiste Biaggi was also imprisoned, while Alain de Sérigny was arrested, and Joseph Ortiz's FNF dissolved, as well as General Lionel Chassin's MP13. De Gaulle also modified the government, excluding Jacques Soustelle, believed to be too pro-French Algeria, and granting the Minister of Information to Louis Terrenoire, who quit RTF (French broadcasting TV). Pierre Messmer, who had been a member of the Foreign Legion, was named Minister of Defense, and dissolved the Fifth Bureau, the psychological warfare branch, which had ordered the rebellion. These units had theorized the principles of a counter-revolutionary war, including the use of torture. During the Indochina War (1947–54), officers such as Roger Trinquier and Lionel-Max Chassin were inspired by Mao Zedong's strategic doctrine and acquired knowledge of convince the population to support the fight. The Fifth Bureau were organized by Jean Ousset, French representative of the Opus Dei, under the order of Permanent Secretary General of the National Defense (SGPDN) Geoffroy Chodron de Courcel.[64] The officers were initially trained in the Centre d'instruction et de préparation à la contre-guérilla (Arzew). Jacques Chaban-Delmas added to that the Centre d'entraînement à la guerre subversive Jeanne-d'Arc (Center of Training to Subversive War Jeanne-d'Arc) in Philippeville, Algeria, directed by Colonel Marcel Bigeard. According to the Voltaire Network, the Catholic stay-behind Georges Sauge animated conferences there, and the maxim "This Army must be fanatic, despising luxury, animated by the spirit of the Crusades." appeared on the walls.[66] Pierre Messmer hence dissolved structures which had turned themselves against de Gaulle, leaving the "revolutionary war" to the exclusive responsibility of Gaullist General André Beaufre.[64]
+
+The French army officers' uprising was due to a perceived second betrayal by the government, the first having been Indochina (1947–1954). In some aspects the Dien Bien Phu garrison was sacrificed with no metropolitan support, order was given to commanding officer General de Castries to "let the affair die of its own, in serenity" ("laissez mourir l'affaire d'elle même en sérénité"[67]).
+
+The opposition of the UNEF student trade-union to the participation of conscripts in the war led to a secession in May 1960, with the creation of the Fédération des étudiants nationalistes (FEN, Federation of Nationalist Students) around Dominique Venner, a former member of Jeune Nation and of MP-13, François d'Orcival and Alain de Benoist, who would theorize in the 1980s the "New Right" movement. The FEN then published the Manifeste de la classe 60.
+
+A Front national pour l'Algérie française (FNAF, National Front for French Algeria) was created in June 1960 in Paris, gathering around de Gaulle's former Secretary Jacques Soustelle, Claude Dumont, Georges Sauge, Yvon Chautard, Jean-Louis Tixier-Vignancour (who later competed in the 1965 presidential election), Jacques Isorni, Victor Barthélemy, François Brigneau and Jean-Marie Le Pen. Another ultra rebellion occurred in December 1960, which led de Gaulle to dissolve the FNAF.
+
+After the publication of the Manifeste des 121 against the use of torture and the war,[68] the opponents to the war created the Rassemblement de la gauche démocratique (Assembly of the Democratic Left), which included the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO) socialist party, the Radical-Socialist Party, Force ouvrière (FO) trade union, Confédération Française des Travailleurs Chrétiens trade-union, UNEF trade-union, etc., which supported de Gaulle against the ultras.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/historical/historical_62.txt b/historical/historical_62.txt
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/historical/historical_62.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+End of the war
+
+De Gaulle convoked the first referendum on the self-determination of Algeria on 8 January 1961, which 75% of the voters (both in France and Algeria) approved and de Gaulle's government began secret peace negotiations with the FLN. In the Algerian départements 69.51% voted in favor of self-determination.[73] The talks that began in March 1961 broke down when de Gaulle insisted on including the much smaller Mouvement national algérien (MNA), which the FLN objected to.[74] Since the FLN was the by far stronger movement with the MNA almost wiped out by this time, the French were finally forced to exclude the MNA from the talks after the FLN walked out for a time.[74]:88
+
+The generals' putsch in April 1961, aimed at canceling the government's negotiations with the FLN, marked the turning point in the official attitude toward the Algerian war. Leading the coup attempt to depose de Gaulle were General Raoul Salan, General André Zeller, General Maurice Challe, and General Edmond Jouhaud.[74]:87–97 Only the paratroop divisions and the Foreign Legion joined the coup, while the Air Force, Navy and most of the Army stayed loyal to General de Gaulle, but at one moment de Gaulle went on French television to ask for public support with the normally lofty de Gaulle saying "Frenchmen, Frenchwomen, help me!".[74]:89 De Gaulle was now prepared to abandon the pieds-noirs, which no previous French government was willing to do. The army had been discredited by the putsch and kept a low profile politically throughout the rest of France's involvement with Algeria. The OAS was to be the main standard bearer for the pieds-noirs for the rest of the war.
+Talks with the FLN reopened at Évian in May 1961; after several false starts, the French government decreed that a ceasefire would take effect on March 18, 1962. A major difficulty at the talks was de Gaulle's decision to grant independence only to the coastal regions of Algeria, where the bulk of the population lived, while hanging onto the Sahara, which happened to be rich in oil and gas, while the FLN claimed all of Algeria.[74] During the talks, the pied-noir and Muslim communities engaged in a low level civil war with bombings, shootings, throat-cutting and assassinations being the preferred methods.[74]:90 The Canadian historian John Cairns wrote at times it seemed like both communities were "going berserk" as everyday "murder was indiscriminate".[74]:90 On 29 June 1961, de Gaulle announced on TV that fighting was "virtually finished" and afterwards there was no major fighting between the French Army and the FLN; during the summer of 1961 the OAS and the FLN engaged in a civil war, in which the greater number of the Muslims soon made a difference.[74]:90 To pressure de Gaulle to abandon his demand to keep the Sahara, the FLN organized demonstrations in France from Algerians living there in the fall of 1961, which the French police crushed.[74]:91 It was in the course of crushing one demonstration that a massacre of Algerians on 17 October 1961, which was ordered by Maurice Papon, took place. On 10 January 1962, the FLN started a "general offensive" against the OAS, staging a series on the pied-noir communities as a way of applying pressure.[74]:91 On 7 February 1962, the OAS attempted to assassinate the Culture Minister André Malraux by setting off a bomb in his apartment building that failed to kill its intended target, but did leave a four-year girl living in the adjoining apartment blinded by the shrapnel.[75] The blinding of the girl did much to turn French opinion against the OAS.
+
+On 20 February 1962 a peace accord was reached for granting independence to all of Algeria.[74]:87 In their final form, the Évian Accords allowed the pieds-noirs equal legal protection with Algerians over a three-year period. These rights included respect for property, participation in public affairs, and a full range of civil and cultural rights. At the end of that period, however, all Algerian residents would be obliged to become Algerian citizens or be classified as aliens with the attendant loss of rights. The agreement also allowed France to establish military bases in Algeria even after independence (including the nuclear test site of Regghane, the naval base of Mers-el-Kebir and the air base of Bou Sfer) and to have privileges vis-à-vis Algerian oil. The OAS started a campaign of spectacular terrorist attacks to sabotage the Évian Accords, hoping that if enough Muslims were killed, a general pogrom against the pieds-noirs would break out, leading the French Army to turn its guns against the government.[74]:87 Despite ample provocation with OAS lobbing mortar shells into the casbah of Algiers, the FLN gave orders for no retaliatory attacks.[74]:87 In the spring of 1962, the OAS turned to bank robbery to finance its war against both the FLN and the French state, and bombed special units sent by Paris to hunt them down.[74]:93 Only eighty deputies voted against the Évian Accords in the National Assembly and Cairns wrote the "fulminations" of Jean-Marie Le Pen against de Gaulle were only "...the traditional verbal excesses of third-rate firebrands without a substantial following and without a constructive idea".[74]
+
+Following the cease fire tensions developed between the pied-noir community and their former protectors in the French Army. An O.A.S. ambush of French conscripts on 20 March was followed by 20,000 gendarmes and troops being ordered to occupy the major pied-noir district of Bab-el-Oued in Algiers.[16]:524 A week later French-officered Muslim tirailleurs panicked and opened fire on a crowd of pied-noir demonstrators in the centre of the city.[76] Total casualties in these three incidents were 326 dead and wounded amongst the pied-noir and 110 French military personnel.[16]:524–5 A journalist who saw the shootings on 26 March 1962, Henry Tanner, described the scene: "When the shooting stopped, the street was littered with bodies, of women, as well as men, dead, wounded or dying. The black pavement looked grey, as if bleached by fire. Crumpled French flags were lying in pools of blood. Shattered glass and spent cartridges were everywhere".[74]:94 A number of shocked pieds-noirs screamed that they were not French anymore.[74]:95 One woman screamed "Stop firing! My God, we're French..." before she was shot down.[74]:95 The massacre served to greatly embitter the pied-noir community and led to a massive surge of support for the OAS.[74]:95
+
+In the second referendum on the independence of Algeria, held in April 1962, 91 percent of the French electorate approved the Evian Accords. On 1 July 1962, some 6 million of a total Algerian electorate of 6.5 million cast their ballots. The vote was nearly unanimous, with 5,992,115 votes for independence, 16,534 against, with most pieds-noirs and Harkis either having fled or abstaining.[77] De Gaulle pronounced Algeria an independent country on 3 July. The Provisional Executive, however, proclaimed 5 July, the 132nd anniversary of the French entry into Algeria, as the day of national independence.
+
+During the three months between the cease-fire and the French referendum on Algeria, the OAS unleashed a new campaign. The OAS sought to provoke a major breach in the ceasefire by the FLN, but the attacks now were aimed also against the French army and police enforcing the accords as well as against Muslims. It was the most wanton carnage that Algeria had witnessed in eight years of savage warfare. OAS operatives set off an average of 120 bombs per day in March, with targets including hospitals and schools.
+
+During the summer of 1962, a rush of pieds-noirs fled to France. Within a year, 1.4 million refugees, including almost the entire Jewish community, had joined the exodus. Despite the declaration of independence on 5 July 1962, the last French forces did not leave the naval base of Mers El Kébir until 1967. (The Evian Accords had permitted France to maintain its military presence for fifteen years, so the withdrawal in 1967 was significantly ahead of schedule.[16]:) Cairns writing from Paris in 1962 declared: "In some ways the last year has been the worse. Tension has never been higher. Disenchantment in France at least has never been greater. The mindless cruelty of it all has never been more absurd and savage. This last year, stretching from the hopeful spring of 1961 to the ceasefire of 18 March 1962 spanned a season of shadow boxing, false threats, capitulation and murderous hysteria. French Algeria died badly. Its agony was marked by panic and brutality as ugly as the record of European imperialism could show. In the spring of 1962 the unhappy corpse of empire still shuddered and lashed out and stained itself in fratricide. The whole episode of its death, measured at least seven and half years, constituted perhaps the most pathetic and sordid event in the entire history of colonialism. It is hard to see how anybody of importance in the tangled web of the conflict came out looking well. Nobody won the conflict, nobody dominated it."[74]:87
\ No newline at end of file
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/historical/historical_63.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+Algerian use of terror
+
+Specializing in ambushes and night raids to avoid direct contact with superior French firepower, the internal forces targeted army patrols, military encampments, police posts, and colonial farms, mines, and factories, as well as transportation and communications facilities. Kidnapping was commonplace, as was the murder and mutilation of civilians.[55] At first, the FLN targeted only Muslim officials of the colonial regime; later, they coerced, maimed, or killed village elders, government employees, and even simple peasants who refused to support them. Throat slitting and decapitation were commonly used by the FLN as mechanisms of terror.[16]:134–5 During the first two and a half years of the conflict, the guerrillas killed an estimated 6,352 Muslim and 1,035 non-Muslim civilians.[16]:135
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+++ b/historical/historical_64.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+Historiography
+
+Although the opening of the archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs after a 30-year lock-up enabled some new historical research on the war, including Jean-Charles Jauffret's book, La Guerre d'Algérie par les documents (The Algerian War According to the Documents), many remain inaccessible.[106] The recognition in 1999 by the National Assembly, permitted the Algerian War, at last, to enter the syllabi of French schools. In France, the war was known as "la guerre sans nom" ("the war without a name") while it was being fought as the government variously described the war as the "Algerian events", the "Algerian problem" and the "Algerian dispute"; the mission of the French Army was "ensuring security", "maintaining order" and "pacification", but was never described as fighting a war; while the FLN were referred to as "criminals", "bandits", "outlaws", "terrorists" and "fellagha" (a derogatory Arabic word meaning "road-cutters", but which was popularly mistranslated as "throat-cutters"-a reference to the FLN"s favorite method of execution, namely making people wear the "Kabylian smile" by cutting their throats, pulling their tongues out and leaving them to bleed to death).[107] After reports of the widespread use of torture by French forces started to reach France in 1956–57, the war become commonly known as "la sale guerre" ("the dirty war"), a term that is still used today, and which reflects the very negative memory of the war in France.[107]:145
+
+As the war was officially a "police action", for decades no monuments were built to honor the about 25,000 French soldiers killed in the war while the Defense Ministry refused to classify veterans as veterans until the 1970s.[54]:219 When a monument to the Unknown Soldier of the Algerian War was erected in 1977, the French President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing in his dedication speech refused to use the words war or Algeria, instead using the phrase "the unknown soldier of North Africa".[54]:219 A national monument to the French war dead was not built until 1996, and even then spoke only of those killed fighting in "Afrique du nord" and was located in a decrepit area of Paris rarely visited by tourists, as if to hide the monument.[54]:226 Further adding to the silence were the vested interests of French politicians. François Mitterrand, the Socialist president 1981–95 had been the Interior Minister 1954–55 and the Justice Minister 1955–57 during which time he had been deeply involved in the repression of the FLN, and it was only after Mitterrand's death in 1996 that Socialists started to become willing to talk about the war, and even then remaining very guarded about Mitterrand's role.[54]:232 Likewise, de Gaulle had promised in the Evian accords that the pieds-noirs could remain in Algeria, but after independence, the FLN had freely violated the accords, leading to the entire pied-noir population fleeing to France, usually with only the clothes they were wearing as they had lost everything they had in Algeria.[54]:232 For Gaullists, this was not exactly a shining moment to cherish.[54]:232
+
+In English, British and American historians tended to see the FLN as freedom fighters with the French being condemned as imperialists.[108] One of the first books about the war in English, A Scattering of Dust by American journalist Herb Greer depicted the Algerian struggle for independence in a very sympathetic way.[108]:220–1 Most work in English done in the 1960s and 1970s, usually the work of left-wing scholars, focused on explaining the FLN as a part of a generational change in Algerian nationalism and depicted the war as either a reaction to intolerable racist oppression and/or an attempt by peasantry impoverished by French policies to improve their lot.[108]:222–5 One of the few military histories of the war was The Algerian Insurrection by a retired British Army officer Edgar O'Ballance who wrote with frank admiration for French tactics in Algeria, seeing the FLN as a terrorist group that needed to be suppressed and concluded that the tactics that won the war militarily lost the war politically.[108]:225–6
+
+In 1977, the British historian Alistair Horne published A Savage War of Peace, which is generally regarded as the leading book written on the subject in English, though written from a French perspective rather the Algerian.[108]:226 After 15 years, Horne was not concerned about right or wrong, but with cause and effect.[108]:217–35 A Francophile who lived in Paris at the time of the war, Horne had condemned the Suez war and the French bombing of the Tunisian village of Sakiet Sidi Youssef in 1958, arguing that the inflexibility of the FLN had won Algeria independence and created a sense of Algerian national identity, leading to rule by authoritarian, but "progressive" FLN regime.[108]:217–35 The American journalist Adam Shatz wrote: "Not surprisingly, the best single survey of the war is by an English journalist, Alistair Horne, whose masterful A Savage War of Peace, published in 1977, still has no equal in French."[63]
+
+In a 1977 column published in The Times Literacy Supplement reviewing the book A Savage War of Peace by Alistair Horne, the Iraqi-born British historian Elie Kedourie vigorously attacked Horne as an apologist for terrorism, accusing him of engaging the "cosy pieties" of bien-pensants as Kedorie condemned those Western intellectuals who excused terrorism when committed by Third World revolutionaries.[108]:217–35 Kedourie claimed that far from a mass movement, the FLN were a small gang of murderous intellectuals who used brutally terroristic tactics against the French and any Muslim who was loyal to the French, whom the French had beaten back by 1959.[108]:217–235 Kedourie charged that de Gaulle had cynically sacrificed the colons and the harkis as Kedourie charged that de Gaulle had chosen to disregard his constitutional oath as president to protect all the French to ensure that "the French withdrew and handed over power to the only organized body of armed men who were on the scene-a civilized government thus acting for all the world like the votary of some Mao or Ho, in the barbarous belief that legitimacy comes from the power of the gun".[108]:227
+
+Before the war, Algeria was a favored setting for French films with the British French professor Leslie Hill having written: "In the late 1920s and 1930s, for instance, North Africa provided film-makers in France with a ready fund of familiar images of the exotics, mingling, for instance, the languid eroticism of Arabian nights with the infinite and hazy vistas of the Sahara to create a powerful confection of tragic heroism and passionate love".[107]:147 During the war itself, French censors banned the entire subject of the war.[107]:147–8 Since 1962 when film censorship relating to the war eased, French films dealing with the conflict have consistently portrayed the war as a set of conflicting memories and rival narratives (of which only some may be true, but which ones is left unclear) with most films dealing with the war taking a disjointed chronological structure where scenes before, during and after the war are juxtaposed out of sequence with one film critic referring to the cinematic Algeria as "an ambiguous world marked by the displacements and repetitions of dreams".[107]:142–58 The consistent message of French films dealing with the war is that something horrible happened, but just what happened, who was involved, and why being left unexplained.[107]:142–158 Though atrocities, especially torture by French forces are acknowledged, the French soldiers who fought in Algeria were and are always portrayed in French cinema as the "lost soldiers", tragic victims of the war who are more deserving of sympathy than the FLN people they tortured (almost invariably portrayed as vicious, psychopathic terrorists) – an approach to the war that has raised anger in Algeria.[107]:151–6
+
+From time to time, the memory of the Algerian War surfaced in France. In 1987, when SS-Hauptsturmführer Klaus Barbie, the "Butcher of Lyon" was brought to trial for crimes against humanity, graffiti appeared on the walls of the banlieues (the slum districts in which most Algerian immigrants in France live in) reading: "Barbie in France! When will Massu be in Algeria!".[54]:230 Barbie's lawyer Jacques Vergès adopted a tu quoque defense, asking the judges "is a crime against humanity is to be defined as only one of Nazis against the Jews or if it applies to more seriously crimes...the crimes of imperialists against people struggling for their independence?", going on to say there was nothing his client did against the French Resistance that was not done by "certain French officers in Algeria" whom Vergès noted could not be prosecuted because of de Gaulle's amnesty of 1962.[54]:230 In 1997, when Maurice Papon, a career French civil servant was brought to trial for crimes against humanity for sending 1, 600 Jews from Bordeaux to be killed at Auschwitz in 1942, it emerged over the course of the trial that on 17 October 1961 Papon had organized a massacre of between 100 and 200 Algerians in central Paris, which was the first time that most of the French had heard of the massacre.[54]:231 The revelation that hundreds of people had been killed by the Paris Sûreté was a great shock in France and led to uncomfortable questions being raised about what had happened during the Algerian War.[54]:231 The American historian William Cohen wrote that the Papon trial "sharpened the focus" on the Algerian War, it not provide "clarity" as Papon's role as a civil servant under Vichy led to misleading conclusions in France that it was former collaborators who were responsible for the terror in Algeria, when in fact most of the men responsible like Guy Mollet, General Marcel Bigeard, Robert Lacoste, General Jacques Massu and Jacques Soustelle had all been résistants in World War Two, which was a fact that many French historians found very unpalatable.[54]:231
+
+In 1992, the American John Ruedy published Modern Algeria: Origins and Development of a Nation.[108]:232–3 Ruedy wrote under French rule, the traditional social structure had been so completely destroyed that when the FLN launched its independence struggle in 1954, the only way of asserting one's interests was the law of the gun, which explains why the FLN was so violent not only in regards to its enemies, but also within the movement, forming the basis of an "alternative political culture" based on brute force that persists to this day.[108]:233
+
+On 15 June 2000, Le Monde published an interview with Louisette Ighilahriz, a former FLN member who described in graphic detail her torture at the hands of the French Army and made the sensational claim that the war heroes General Jacques Massu and General Marcel Bigeard had personally been present when she being tortured for information.[54]:233 What made the interview very touching for many French people was that Ighilahriz was not demanding vengeance, but rather wished to express thanks to Dr. François Richaud, the army doctor who extended her much kindness and whom she believed saved her life by treating her every time she was tortured, asking if it were possible for her to see Dr. Richaud one last time to thank him personally (Dr. Richaud it turned out had died in 1997).[54]:233 As Ighilahriz had been an attractive woman in her youth, university-educated, secular, fluent in French and fond of quoting Victor Hugo, and her duties in the FLN had been as an information courier, she made for a most sympathetic victim as she was a woman did not come across as Algerian.[54]:234 William Cohen commented had she been an uneducated man who had been involved in killings and was not coming forward to express thanks for a Frenchman, her story might not had resonated the same way.[54]:234 The Ighiahriz case led to a public letter signed by 12 people who been involved in the war to President Chirac asking that October 31 be made a public day of remembrance for victims of torture in Algeria.[54]:234 In response to the Ighilahriz case, General Paul Aussaresses gave an interview on 23 November 2000 in which he candidly admitted to ordering torture and extrajudicial executions, stating he had personally executed 24 fellagha, which he argued were justified as torture and extrajudicial executions were the only way to defeat the FLN.[54]:235 In May 2001, General Aussaresses published his memoirs Services spéciaux Algérie 1955–1957, in which presented a detailed account of torture and extrajudicial killings in the name of the republic which he wrote were all done under orders from Paris, confirming what had been long suspected.[54]:239 As a result of these interviews and Aussaresses's book, the Algerian War was finally extensively discussed by the French media who had ignored the subject as much as possible for decades, through no consensus emerged about how to best remember the war.[54]:235 Adding to the interest was the decision by one war veteran Georges Fogel to come forward to confirm that he had seen Ighiahriz and many others tortured in 1957 while the politician and war veteran Jean Marie Faure decided in February 2001 to release extracts from the diary he kept at the time showing "acts of sadism and horror" he had witnessed.[54]:235 The French historian Pierre Vidal-Naquet called this a moment of "catharsis" that was "explainable only in near-French terms: it is the return of the repressed".[54]:235–6
+
+In 2002, Une Vie Debout: Mémoires Politiques by Mohammed Harbi, a former advisor to Ben Bella was published in which Harbi wrote: "Because they [the FLN leaders] weren't supported at the moment of their arrival on the scene by a real and dynamic popular movement, they took power of the movement by force and they maintained it by force. Convinced that they had to act with resolution in order to protect themselves against their enemies, they deliberately chose an authoritarian path."[63]
+
+The Algerian War remains a contentious event today. According to historian Benjamin Stora, one of the leading historians on the Algerian war, memories concerning the war remain fragmented, with no common ground to speak of:
+
+There is no such thing as a history of the Algerian War; there is just a multitude of histories and personal paths through it. Everyone involved considers that they lived through it in their own way, and any attempt to understand the Algerian War globally is immediately rejected by protagonists.[109]
+
+Even though Stora has counted 3,000 publications in French on the Algerian war, there still is no work produced by French and Algerian authors cooperating with one another. Even though, according to Stora, there can "no longer be talk about a 'war without a name', a number of problems remain, especially the absence of sites in France to commemorate" the war. Furthermore, conflicts have arisen on an exact commemoration date to end the war. Although many sources as well as the French state place it on 19 March 1962, the Evian agreements, others point out that the massacres of harkis and the kidnapping of pieds-noirs took place afterwards. Stora further points out, "The phase of memorial reconciliation between the two sides of the sea is still a long way off."[109] This was evidenced by the National Assembly's creation of the law on colonialism on 23 February 2005, which asserted that colonialism had overall been "positive."
+
+Alongside a heated debate in France, the February 23, 2005, law had the effect of jeopardizing the treaty of friendship that President Jacques Chirac was supposed to sign with President Abdelaziz Bouteflika—a treaty no longer on the agenda. Following this controversial law, Bouteflika has talked about a cultural genocide, particularly referring to the 1945 Sétif massacre. Chirac finally had the law repealed through a complex institutional mechanism.
+
+Another matter concerns the teaching of the war, as well as of colonialism and decolonization, in particular in French secondary schools.[110] Hence, there is only one reference to racism in a French textbook, one published by Bréal publishers for terminales students (those passing their baccalauréat). Thus, many are not surprised that the first to speak about the October 17, 1961, massacre were music bands, including, but not only, hip-hop bands such as the famous Suprême NTM ("les Arabes dans la Seine") or politically engaged La Rumeur. Indeed, the Algerian War is not even the subject of a specific chapter in textbook for terminales[106] Henceforth, Benjamin Stora stated:
+
+As Algerians do not appear in an "indigenous" condition, and their sub-citizens status, as the history of nationalist movement, is never evoked as their being one of great figures of the resistance, such as Messali Hadj and Ferhat Abbas. They neither emerge nor are being given attention. No one is explaining to students what colonization has been. We have prevented students from understanding why the decolonization took place.[106]
+
+In metropolitan France in 1963, 43% of French Algerians lived in bidonvilles (shanty towns).[111] Thus, Azouz Begag, the delegate Minister for Equal Opportunities, wrote an autobiographic novel, Le Gone du Chaâba, about his experiences while living in a bidonville in the outskirts of Lyon. It is impossible to understand the third-generation of Algerian immigrants to France without recalling this bicultural experience. An official parliamentary report on the "prevention of criminality", commanded by then Interior Minister Villepin and made by member of parliament Jacques-Alain Bénisti, claimed that "Multilingualism (bilinguisme) was a factor of criminality." (sic[112]). Following outcries, the definitive version of the Bénisti report finally made multilingualism an asset rather than a fault.[113]
+
+After having denied its use for 40 years, the French state has finally recognized its history of torture; although, there was never an official proclamation about it. General Paul Aussaresses was sentenced following his justification of the use of torture for "apology of war crimes." But, as it did during wartime, the French state claimed torture were isolated acts, instead of admitting its responsibility for the frequent use of torture to break the insurgents' morale and not, as Aussaresses has claimed, to "save lives" by gaining short-term information which would stop "terrorists".[114] The state now claims that torture was a regrettable aberration due to the context of the exceptionally savage war. But academic research has proven both theses false. "Torture in Algeria was engraved in the colonial act; it is a 'normal' illustration of an abnormal system", wrote Nicolas Bancel, Pascal Blanchard and Sandrine Lemaire, who discuss the phenomena of "human zoos."[115] From the enfumades (smoking parlors) of the Darha caves in 1844 by Pélissier to the 1945 riots in Sétif, Guelma, and Kherrata, the repression in Algeria has used the same methods. Following the Sétif massacres, other riots against the European presence occurred in Guelma, Batna, Biskra, and Kherrata; they resulted in 103 deaths among the pieds-noirs. The suppression of these riots officially saw 1,500 other deaths, but N. Bancel, P. Blanchard and S. Lemaire estimate the number to be between 6,000 and 8,000.[116]
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+How the Algerian War shaped French cities
+
+The Algerian War of Independence, which coincided with a turning point in France’s urban history, had a significant influence on the future of French cities. Metropolitics explores the role of conflict in their development.
+
+The second half of the 1950s was a crucial period of change in the history of French urban policy: it was at this time that urban renewal, slum clearance and the construction of large social housing estates began. And yet these policies were implemented while the country was at war – even if the colonial conflict in Algeria was never officially designated as such. Recent research has shown that this context of war was a decisive factor in the orientation of these public policies, which would indelibly mark the appearance and population of French cities, as well as the administrative practices involved in managing these urban areas. To commemorate the 50th anniversary of the end of the conflict, Metropolitics explores in this series of articles the Algerian origins of modern French cities, which are so often forgotten as a result of limited crossover between the disciplines of urban studies and the history of the Algerian War.
+
+The war led to considerable levels of migration from Algeria to mainland France, which raised the question of how to accommodate these migrant populations. As the conflict came to an end, the French government had to find solutions to house its repatriated citizens, whose experience would be different from those of other population groups: while the arrival in 1962 of 600,000 pieds-noirs [1] – which led in no small part to the radical modification of certain French cities – incited intense home-building operations, a large proportion of the 90,000 harkis [2] evacuated to France were for a long time housed in isolated areas. The war also led to an increase in the numbers of “French Muslims from Algeria” (as the French administration called them following the statute of 1945 that gave them French citizenship), whose presence in mainland France concerned the public authorities. They were the targets of the forced enrolment policies of the two major – and rival – separatist parties, namely the FLN (Front de libération nationale, or National Liberation Front) and the MNA (Mouvement national algérien, or National Algerian Movement). Controlling these groups was therefore an important police objective during the war; this meant controlling the places where they lived, which were both concentrated and segregated. Areas of Algerian housing in mainland France thus became the subject of specific measures implemented by the various forces of order.
+
+For the French administration, these strategies sought to simultaneously dismantle what appeared to be rear bases for the FLN, control the populations concerned, and educate these populations or “integrate” them into mainland life. Numerous urban planning and housing policies were put into place to meet this triple objective: the clearance of bidonvilles (shanty towns), the renovation of former slum neighbourhoods, the creation of cités de transit (temporary settlements) for families, the construction of workers’ hostels for single migrants, and the drafting of de facto rules for the allocation of social housing in large purpose-built estates. In implementing these urban policies, priorities in terms of policing and urban and social projects were intimately linked. During this period, military history converged with the history of urban planning and that of social policy, and not only created the conditions necessary for the implementation of such policies, but also influenced the policies themselves.
+
+The Algerian conflict also explains the observable continuities between colonial and mainland practices in terms of settlement patterns and the way in which certain population groups were controlled. Moreover, one of the major developments in recent research lies in the uncovering of this link. For example, the bidonville clearance operations in colonial cities and mainland cities would appear to have a common (colonial) ancestry that goes back to experiences in the 1930s, if not further still. This recycling of practices was possible as a result of administrative structures that were inspired by one another, as well as the circulation of colonial civil servants, who were recruited as expert advisors for the implementation of policies intended to control and educate Algerians recently arrived on the mainland. Indeed, many of those responsible for social, urban and policing policies in mainland France during and after the war began their careers in the colonial administration. The two most emblematic cases are without doubt Maurice Papon, who was appointed prefect of police (head of the Paris police, with many responsibilities currently held by the city mayor) in 1958, after heading the prefecture of Constantine; and Paul Delouvrier, who, prior to supervising the planning and development of the Paris region (and the creation of the new towns programme in France) from 1961 onwards, implemented the Constantine Plan (in his capacity as delegate-general of the government in Algeria from 1958 to 1961), intended to organise the development of Algeria, including the creation of “new villages”.
+
+The long-term influence of the Algerian War of Independence on urban policy in mainland France is the second major development in recent research: it was primarily because the bidonvilles in mainland France were populated by Algerians that action was taken to eradicate them; furthermore, policing priorities had an influence on the way their inhabitants were rehoused. Moreover, the practices devised at this time to deal with bidonvilles continued to be applied after the war: the demolition of the Portuguese shanty towns at Champigny-sur-Marne (in the eastern suburbs of Paris) utilised the very same methods. Similarly, the notion of maximum quotas for certain population groups in social housing schemes, originally applied to Algerians, continued to be used by social landlords and applied to all immigrant populations. Measures put in place to house Algerians – the cités de transit and workers’ hostels – which promoted acculturation, a school of thought that also characterised colonial settlement policies, would also continue long after the end of the war. In light of this, it is therefore clear that French housing policies targeting immigrant populations today are strongly marked by the context of their creation – namely the Algerian War. At a time when this conflict is being commemorated in French cities, with the installation of plaques and the renaming of streets and squares, it seems apt to take stock of this heritage.
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+In April 1862, during the bloody two-day Battle of Shiloh, Grant did not share his colleagues’ bleak view. Sherman was demoralized by the first day’s fighting, while Don Carlos Buell, who arrived with reinforcements in the midst of the battle, advised retreat. Grant refused: “The distant rear of an army engaged in battle is not the best place from which to judge correctly what is going on in front,” he asserts in his memoirs. By the next day, he continues, “we had now become the attacking party. The enemy was driven back all day, as we had been the day before, until finally he beat a precipitate retreat.” In May 1864, after fighting to a costly stalemate in his first battle with Robert E. Lee, at the Wilderness, in Virginia, Grant surprised and delighted the Union Army of the Potomac by not retreating, as they had done so many times before under different commanders. “Most of us thought…that the next day we should recross the river,” a captain in a Massachusetts regiment remembered, “but when the order came, ‘By the left flank, march!’ we found that Grant was not made that way, and we must continue the fight.” Sherman likewise celebrated Grant’s decision: “When Grant cried ‘Forward!’ after the battle of the Wilderness, I said: ‘This is the grandest act of his life; now I feel that the rebellion will be crushed.’ I wrote him, saying it was a bold order to give, and...it showed the me
+He believed in success—but didn’t romanticize the means to achieving it.
+
+What Sherman called Grant’s “simple faith in success” proved infectious. His confidence and determination made others believe in themselves as well: “when you have completed your best preparations, you go into battle without hesitation...no doubts, no reserve,” Sherman wrote to Grant. “I tell you that it was this that made us act with confidence. I knew wherever I was that you thought of me, and if I got in a tight place you would come—if alive.”
+
+But Grant was no mystic, nor was he reckless. His confidence was rooted in an unswerving sense of purpose, an unflappable nature, an ability to delegate responsibility as opposed to micromanaging, and knowledge gained by cool and careful observation over the years. In the Mexican War, he studied two commanders in action: Winfield Scott and Zachary Taylor, whose nicknames—“Old Fuss and Feathers” and “Old Rough and Ready”—encapsulate their antithetical styles. From Taylor, who always “put his meaning so plainly there could be no mistaking it,” Grant learned the importance of clear and direct communication.
+
+It was in Mexico, while serving as regimental quartermaster and involving himself in as many battles as he could, that Grant had learned the decidedly unromantic aspects of war: the ingenuity required to feed and supply an army, the hazards of poor camp sanitation, the value of different kinds of expertise and the unequivocal brutality of combat. In the last year of the Civil War, as casualties mounted and the horrors of trench warfare accumulated in the Battles of Cold Harbor and Petersburg, Grant remained fixed in his purpose to destroy Lee’s army. ttle of which he was made.”
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+++ b/historical/historical_67.txt
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+Mostefa Ben Boulaïd
+
+World War II
+
+Ben-Boulaid was born in Arris, Batna Province, Algeria. In 1939, he underwent mandatory military service and was mobilized to fight for the allies during the Second World War. In 1944, during the Italian campaign, Ben-Boulaid exhibited courage, which earned him the Military Medal and the Croix de guerre. He was demobilised with the rank of adjutant, returned home, and joined the Algerian People's Party (PPA).
+
+Revolutionary figure
+
+Ben-Boulaid became an important political and military figure in the Special Organization (OS). He bought weapons with his own funds, supported militants being pursued by the French authorities and distributed arms. Ben-Boulaid contested the Assembly of Algeria election of 1948 and won decisively. However, the results were falsified by the French authorities.[citation needed] He was a founding member of the Revolutionary Committee of Unity and Action (CRUA). From 22–25 June 1954, he chaired a crucial meeting which aimed to unite the revolutionary forces. He became a member of the "Committee of the Six" ( the insurgent leaders). During the Algerian war, Ben-Boulaid was responsible for Area I (Aurès). He engaged heavily armed French forces and suffered heavy losses. In 1955, he traveled to Libya to purchase arms. He participated in the battle of Ifri el blah and the battle of Ahmar Khaddou near Batna.
+
+Arrest and escape
+
+On 11 February 1955, Ben-Boulaid was arrested in Tunisia. Ben-Boulaid was imprisoned at "Coudiat Aty" Central Prison in Constantine and was sentenced to death. In November 1955, with the complicity of a prison warden, Djaffer Chérif, who was from Ben-Boulaid's home town, Ben-Boulaid escaped, along with other prisoners. One of the other prisoners was Tahar Zbiri, who went on to initiate a failed coup against President Houari Boumediene in 1967. During the escape, one of Ben-Boulaid's comrades was injured, recaptured, and subsequently decapitated.
+
+Death
+
+On 22 March 1956, Ben-Boulaïd died in the blast of a parachuted French radio [[bomb].
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/historical/historical_68.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+Larbi Ben M'hidi
+
+Larbi Ben M'hidi (1923 – 4 March 1957), commonly known as Si Larbi or simply as Ben M'hidi, was a prominent revolutionary leader during the Algerian war of independence. He is one of the six founding members of the Front de Libération Nationale (FLN; National Liberation Front) that launched an armed revolt throughout Algeria and issued a proclamation calling for a sovereign Algerian state.
+
+Ben M'hidi initially commanded Wilaya V (the military district in the Oran region) and played an important role at the FLN's Soummam conference in August 1956. He headed FLN operations during the Battle of Algiers where he was the last member of the FLN's Comité de Coordination et d'Exécution (CCE; Committee of Coordination and Implementation). Ben M'hidi was a strong believer in that the revolution should be directed by "internal" rather than "external" revolutionaries.[4]
+
+He was captured by French paratroopers in February 1957. His death was announced in March 1957 by Pierre Gorlin, Robert Lacoste's press officer. The events surrounding his death were disputed, and contended by many that he was in fact tortured before being summarily executed. Many who knew him, have ruled out the possibility of him taking his own life, as was reported in the media, due to his devotion to Islam, which forbids suicide. In 2000, General Aussaresses admitted that Ben M'hidi was executed whilst in his custody, however, the exact truth regarding his death remains a mystery to this day. Ben M'hidi is considered to be a national hero in Algeria, and is considered to be a symbol of the revolution that brought an end to French colonialism.
+
+Early life
+Larbi Ben M'hidi was born sometime in 1923 in the village of El Kouahi, Ain M'lila, which was part of the Constantine department at the time. He attended a French school in Batna, so that he could continue his studies – this is where he received his primary school certificate (Certificat d'études primaires élémentaires). The Ben M'hidi family later moved to Biskra, where Larbi Ben M'hidi began secondary school. In 1939, he joined the Algerian Muslim scouts, where he became a group leader within a very short period of time.
+
+Ben M'hidi became a follower of Messali Hadj and was a member of Messali's Algerian People's Party (PPA) during World War II, rapidly obtaining significant responsibilities within the movement. Ben M'hidi was arrested the following day [6] after the Sétif uprising against the occupying French forces in May 1945.[7] The uprising was suppressed through what is now known as the Sétif massacre. He was arrested in Biskra and imprisoned in the Coudiat prison in Constantine for four months.[1][8] The massacres committed by the French army in Setif, Guelma and Kherrata had completely shocked him. On 15 March 1946, Ben M'Hidi was released from prison due to an amnesty being granted to the majority of nationalists imprisoned for the 1945 riots.[9] The PPA was disbanded following the 1945 Sétif riots, and was replaced in October 1946 by the Movement for the Triumph of Democratic Liberties (MTLD), also headed by Messali Hadj. In 1950, Ben M'hidi had been convicted in absentia and sentenced to 10 years in prison.[6] Ben M'hidi and eight other members of this movement soon grew impatient with Hadj, and decided to form the Revolutionary Committee of Unity and Action (CRUA), on 30 March 1954. During May and June 1954, they decided that Algeria would be split into five areas; Ben M'hidi was assigned Zone 5, Oran.[10] On 10 October, Larbi Ben M'hidi and five other members of the CRUA approved the transformation, thus giving birth to the National Liberation Front (FLN) and the National Liberation Army (ALN). At a meeting at the Climat de France, a house overlooking Bab El Oued, the FLN decided to launch an insurrection, which broke out in the early morning of 1 November 1954, and quickly escalated into the Algerian War. The outbreak soon became known as "Toussaint Rouge" (Red All Saints Day) as it coincided with the Catholic festival.[11] The rebellion was conducted internally by Ben M'hidi, Mourad Didouche, Rabah Bitat, Krim Belkacem, Mohammed Boudiaf, and Mostefa Ben Boulaïd, while three more members (Hocine Ait Ahmed, Ahmed Ben Bella, and Mohammed Khider) were operating externally in Cairo. They later became known as "The Men of November".
+
+Ben M'hidi was designated Wilaya V (Oran), however, he encountered exceptional difficulties as the area had been recently struck by and earthquake and arms that were promised had not arrived.[7]
+
+On 2 November 1955, Ben M'hidi took command of the Zone Autonome d'Alger (ZAA) and appointed Yacef Saadi as his aide. On 25 June 1956, a FLN tract authored by Ben M'Hidi and Abane Ramdane declared: "All executions of combatants will be followed by reprisals. For each FLN soldier guillotined, a hundred Frenchmen will be cut down."
+
+Soummam Conference
+On 20 August 1956 a congress assembled in the Soummam Valley in the Kabyle. Ben M'hidi attended alone from Wilaya V (Oran). He also deputized for the "externals" in absentia, as he was the delegate to have been most recently in contact with their views. The first session was presided over by Ben M'hidi, with Abane Ramdane as secretary.[12] Ben M'hidi had criticized the "uselessly bloody operations" which had given a bad impression on public opinion, specifically citing Zighout's massacre at El-Halia which had occurred exactly one year previously. He had also criticized Amirouche where perhaps over a thousand dissident Muslims had been "liquidated" in a village near Bougie. The conference lasted 20 days ending sometime in September 1956. The French authorities had no knowledge that many of their most important adversaries were assembled in one place.[13]
+
+During the conference Ben M'hidi was elected along with Abane Ramdane and Krim Belkacem to the Comité de Coordination et d'Exécution (CCE; Committee of Coordination and Implementation) where they were given the responsibility in running the Algerian War of Independence.
+
+Battle of Algiers
+In August 1956, Ben M'hidi handed over Oran to Abdelhafid Boussouf and assumed command in Algiers, as he was given the responsibility after the election for launching the Battle of Algiers.[7] In January 1957, he suggested the idea of an insurrectional strike. It took place on 28 January 1957. It caught the attention of the world and the United Nations (UN).[14] Ben M'hidi did not stay longer than two days in each hideout in the Casbah with his companions as two thousand paratroopers were searching for FLN members.
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/historical/historical_69.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+5 US Wars Rarely Found in History Books
+History is full of forgotten conflicts that are commonly overlooked in U.S. history.
+You’ve heard of the Vietnam War, but what about the “secret war” in Laos? Over 16 million members of the Greatest Generation fought in World War II, but what about the 5.8 million Americans who served in the “Forgotten War?” History is full of conflicts that have become footnotes in American history books—if they make it in at all. Here are five secret or forgotten wars that are commonly overlooked.
+1. Philippine-American War
+During the Spanish-American War, rebels in the Philippines proclaimed their independence after 300 years of Spanish rule… only to have their hopes for a free nation written off with a few pen strokes when the Treaty of Paris was signed in 1898, handing the Philippines to the United States. Rebel leader Emilio Aguinaldo—who had convened a revolutionary assembly that drew up the first democratic constitution in Asia—launched a revolt. 
+The United States responded by sending in troops and by war’s end, over 4,000 American soldiers had died, ten times the number of Americans killed in the Spanish-American War. Losses among locals were worse: 20,000 Filipino insurgents and an unknown number of civilians lost their lives in the fight for independence.
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+++ b/historical/historical_7.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+After an asteroid crashed into what is now Chicxulub, Mexico 66 million years ago, a chain of events occurred that caused dinosaurs to disappear and mammals to flourish. But figuring out exactly what happened after this event, known as the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) mass extinction event, has been tricky due to a sparse fossil record. Yesterday (October 24), a team of researchers published a paper in Science detailing their 2016 discovery of a trove of plant and mammal fossils that sheds light on how ecosystems recovered after the asteroid impact.
+
+The researchers, led by vertebrate paleontologist Tyler Lyson at the Denver Museum of Nature and Science, have found over 1,000 vertebrate fossils, including 16 mammal species at the Corral Bluffs fossil site, located near Colorado Springs. They also found over 6,000 leaf fossils and 37,000 pollen grains, reports The New York Times.
+
+“With this discovery, we’re starting to see the entire skull of many of these mammals that we previously only knew from teeth,” Stephen Chester, a mammalian paleontologist at Brooklyn College and paper coauthor, told the Times.
+
+The site shows a near-continuous record of plant and animal life over a period of one million years following the K-Pg mass extinction, according to Science. Lyson and his team were able to determine the age of the site through volcanic ash layers with radioactive minerals, along with the presence of many fern fossils, which thrive after an ecosystem has been disturbed.
+
+The researchers found that plants and animals rebounded faster than previously thought, and that when ferns were replaced by palm forests, the variety of plants also sparked diversification of mammals from small rat-sized animals to larger ones. By 700,000 years after the extinction event, some mammals were 100 times bigger than ones that had lived through the asteroid impact.
+
+“This is one of those discoveries all paleontologists dream of,” Steve Brusatte, a paleontologist at the University of Edinburgh who was not involved in the research, tells Science News.
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/historical/historical_70.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Ancient Roman architecture
+
+Ancient Roman architecture adopted the external language of classical Greek architecture for the purposes of the ancient Romans, but was different from Greek buildings, becoming a new architectural style. The two styles are often considered one body of classical architecture. Roman architecture flourished in the Roman Republic and even more so under the Empire, when the great majority of surviving buildings were constructed. It used new materials, particularly concrete, and newer technologies such as the arch and the dome to make buildings that were typically strong and well-engineered. Large numbers remain in some form across the empire, sometimes complete and still in use to this day.
+
+Roman architecture covers the period from the establishment of the Roman Republic in 509 BC to about the 4th century AD, after which it becomes reclassified as Late Antique or Byzantine architecture. Almost no substantial examples survive from before about 100 BC, and most of the major survivals are from the later empire, after about 100 AD. Roman architectural style continued to influence building in the former empire for many centuries, and the style used in Western Europe beginning about 1000 is called Romanesque architecture to reflect this dependence on basic Roman forms.
+
+The Romans only began to achieve significant originality in architecture around the beginning of the Imperial period, after they had combined aspects of their original Etruscan architecture with others taken from Greece, including most elements of the style we now call classical architecture. They moved from trabeated construction mostly based on columns and lintels to one based on massive walls, punctuated by arches, and later domes, both of which greatly developed under the Romans. The classical orders now became largely decorative rather than structural, except in colonnades. Stylistic developments included the Tuscan and Composite orders; the first being a shortened, simplified variant on the Doric order and the Composite being a tall order with the floral decoration of the Corinthian and the scrolls of the Ionic. The period from roughly 40 BC to about 230 AD saw most of the greatest achievements, before the Crisis of the Third Century and later troubles reduced the wealth and organizing power of the central government.
+
+The Romans produced massive public buildings and works of civil engineering, and were responsible for significant developments in housing and public hygiene, for example their public and private baths and latrines, under-floor heating in the form of the hypocaust, mica glazing (examples in Ostia Antica), and piped hot and cold water (examples in Pompeii and Ostia)
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/historical/historical_71.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+Roman Forum
+
+The Roman Forum, also known by its Latin name Forum Romanum (Italian: Foro Romano), is a rectangular forum (plaza) surrounded by the ruins of several important ancient government buildings at the center of the city of Rome. Citizens of the ancient city referred to this space, originally a marketplace, as the Forum Magnum, or simply the Forum.
+
+For centuries the Forum was the center of day-to-day life in Rome: the site of triumphal processions and elections; the venue for public speeches, criminal trials, and gladiatorial matches; and the nucleus of commercial affairs. Here statues and monuments commemorated the city's great men. The teeming heart of ancient Rome, it has been called the most celebrated meeting place in the world, and in all history.[1] Located in the small valley between the Palatine and Capitoline Hills, the Forum today is a sprawling ruin of architectural fragments and intermittent archaeological excavations attracting 4.5 million or more sightseers yearly.[2]
+
+Many of the oldest and most important structures of the ancient city were located on or near the Forum. The Roman Kingdom's earliest shrines and temples were located on the southeastern edge. These included the ancient former royal residence, the Regia (8th century BC), and the Temple of Vesta (7th century BC), as well as the surrounding complex of the Vestal Virgins, all of which were rebuilt after the rise of imperial Rome.
+
+Other archaic shrines to the northwest, such as the Umbilicus Urbis and the Vulcanal (Shrine of Vulcan), developed into the Republic's formal Comitium (assembly area). This is where the Senate—as well as Republican government itself—began. The Senate House, government offices, tribunals, temples, memorials and statues gradually cluttered the area.
+
+Over time the archaic Comitium was replaced by the larger adjacent Forum and the focus of judicial activity moved to the new Basilica Aemilia (179 BC). Some 130 years later, Julius Caesar built the Basilica Julia, along with the new Curia Julia, refocusing both the judicial offices and the Senate itself. This new Forum, in what proved to be its final form, then served as a revitalized city square where the people of Rome could gather for commercial, political, judicial and religious pursuits in ever greater numbers.
+
+Eventually much economic and judicial business would transfer away from the Forum Romanum to the larger and more extravagant structures (Trajan's Forum and the Basilica Ulpia) to the north. The reign of Constantine the Great saw the construction of the last major expansion of the Forum complex—the Basilica of Maxentius (312 AD). This returned the political center to the Forum until the fall of the Western Roman Empire almost two centuries later.
+
+Unlike the later imperial fora in Rome—which were self-consciously modelled on the ancient Greek plateia (πλατεῖα) public plaza or town square—the Roman Forum developed gradually, organically, and piecemeal over many centuries.[3] This is the case despite attempts, with some success, to impose some order there, by Sulla, Julius Caesar, Augustus and others. By the Imperial period, the large public buildings that crowded around the central square had reduced the open area to a rectangle of about 130 by 50 meters.[4]
+
+Its long dimension was oriented northwest to southeast and extended from the foot of the Capitoline Hill to that of the Velian Hill. The Forum's basilicas during the Imperial period—the Basilica Aemilia on the north and the Basilica Julia on the south—defined its long sides and its final form. The Forum proper included this square, the buildings facing it and, sometimes, an additional area (the Forum Adjectum) extending southeast as far as the Arch of Titus.[5]
+
+Originally, the site of the Forum had been a marshy lake where waters from the surrounding hills drained.[6] This was drained by the Tarquins with the Cloaca Maxima.[7] Because of its location, sediments from both the flooding of the Tiber and the erosion of the surrounding hills have been raising the level of the Forum floor for centuries. Excavated sequences of remains of paving show that sediment eroded from the surrounding hills was already raising the level in early Republican times.[8]
+
+As the ground around buildings rose, residents simply paved over the debris that was too much to remove. Its final travertine paving, still visible, dates from the reign of Augustus. Excavations in the 19th century revealed one layer on top of another. The deepest level excavated was 3.60 meters above sea level. Archaeological finds show human activity at that level with the discovery of carbonized wood.[citation needed]
+
+An important function of the Forum, during both Republican and Imperial times, was to serve as the culminating venue for the celebratory military processions known as Triumphs. Victorious generals entered the city by the western Triumphal Gate (Porta Triumphalis) and circumnavigated the Palatine Hill (counterclockwise) before proceeding from the Velian Hill down the Via Sacra and into the Forum.[9]
+
+From here they would mount the Capitoline Rise (Clivus Capitolinus) up to the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus on the summit of the Capitol. Lavish public banquets ensued back down on the Forum.[9] (In addition to the Via Sacra, the Forum was accessed by a number of storied roads and streets, including the Vicus Jugarius, Vicus Tuscus, Argiletum, and Via Nova.)
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--- /dev/null
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@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+Ancient Egypt
+
+Ancient Egypt was a civilization of ancient North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River, situated in the place that is now the country Egypt. Ancient Egyptian civilization followed prehistoric Egypt and coalesced around 3100 BC (according to conventional Egyptian chronology)[1] with the political unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under Menes (often identified with Narmer).[2] The history of ancient Egypt occurred as a series of stable kingdoms, separated by periods of relative instability known as Intermediate Periods: the Old Kingdom of the Early Bronze Age, the Middle Kingdom of the Middle Bronze Age and the New Kingdom of the Late Bronze Age.
+
+Egypt reached the pinnacle of its power in the New Kingdom, ruling much of Nubia and a sizable portion of the Near East, after which it entered a period of slow decline. During the course of its history Egypt was invaded or conquered by a number of foreign powers, including the Hyksos, the Libyans, the Nubians, the Assyrians, the Achaemenid Persians, and the Macedonians under the command of Alexander the Great. The Greek Ptolemaic Kingdom, formed in the aftermath of Alexander's death, ruled Egypt until 30 BC, when, under Cleopatra, it fell to the Roman Empire and became a Roman province.[3]
+
+The success of ancient Egyptian civilization came partly from its ability to adapt to the conditions of the Nile River valley for agriculture. The predictable flooding and controlled irrigation of the fertile valley produced surplus crops, which supported a more dense population, and social development and culture. With resources to spare, the administration sponsored mineral exploitation of the valley and surrounding desert regions, the early development of an independent writing system, the organization of collective construction and agricultural projects, trade with surrounding regions, and a military intended to assert Egyptian dominance. Motivating and organizing these activities was a bureaucracy of elite scribes, religious leaders, and administrators under the control of a pharaoh, who ensured the cooperation and unity of the Egyptian people in the context of an elaborate system of religious beliefs.[4]
+
+The many achievements of the ancient Egyptians include the quarrying, surveying and construction techniques that supported the building of monumental pyramids, temples, and obelisks; a system of mathematics, a practical and effective system of medicine, irrigation systems and agricultural production techniques, the first known planked boats,[5] Egyptian faience and glass technology, new forms of literature, and the earliest known peace treaty, made with the Hittites.[6] Ancient Egypt has left a lasting legacy. Its art and architecture were widely copied, and its antiquities carried off to far corners of the world. Its monumental ruins have inspired the imaginations of travelers and writers for centuries. A new-found respect for antiquities and excavations in the early modern period by Europeans and Egyptians led to the scientific investigation of Egyptian civilization and a greater appreciation of its cultural legacy.[7]
+History
+
+The Nile has been the lifeline of its region for much of human history.[8] The fertile floodplain of the Nile gave humans the opportunity to develop a settled agricultural economy and a more sophisticated, centralized society that became a cornerstone in the history of human civilization.[9] Nomadic modern human hunter-gatherers began living in the Nile valley through the end of the Middle Pleistocene some 120,000 years ago. By the late Paleolithic period, the arid climate of Northern Africa became increasingly hot and dry, forcing the populations of the area to concentrate along the river region.
+
+In Predynastic and Early Dynastic times, the Egyptian climate was much less arid than it is today. Large regions of Egypt were covered in treed savanna and traversed by herds of grazing ungulates. Foliage and fauna were far more prolific in all environs and the Nile region supported large populations of waterfowl. Hunting would have been common for Egyptians, and this is also the period when many animals were first domesticated.[10]
+
+By about 5500 BC, small tribes living in the Nile valley had developed into a series of cultures demonstrating firm control of agriculture and animal husbandry, and identifiable by their pottery and personal items, such as combs, bracelets, and beads. The largest of these early cultures in upper (Southern) Egypt was the Badarian culture, which probably originated in the Western Desert; it was known for its high quality ceramics, stone tools, and its use of copper.[11]
+
+
+Early tomb painting from Nekhen, c. 3500 BC, Naqada, possibly Gerzeh, culture
+The Badari was followed by the Naqada culture: the Amratian (Naqada I), the Gerzeh (Naqada II), and Semainean (Naqada III).[12][page needed] These brought a number of technological improvements. As early as the Naqada I Period, predynastic Egyptians imported obsidian from Ethiopia, used to shape blades and other objects from flakes.[13] In Naqada II times, early evidence exists of contact with the Near East, particularly Canaan and the Byblos coast.[14] Over a period of about 1,000 years, the Naqada culture developed from a few small farming communities into a powerful civilization whose leaders were in complete control of the people and resources of the Nile valley.[15] Establishing a power center at Nekhen (in Greek, Hierakonpolis), and later at Abydos, Naqada III leaders expanded their control of Egypt northwards along the Nile.[16] They also traded with Nubia to the south, the oases of the western desert to the west, and the cultures of the eastern Mediterranean and Near East to the east, initiating a period of Egypt-Mesopotamia relations.[17][when?]
+
+The Naqada culture manufactured a diverse selection of material goods, reflective of the increasing power and wealth of the elite, as well as societal personal-use items, which included combs, small statuary, painted pottery, high quality decorative stone vases, cosmetic palettes, and jewelry made of gold, lapis, and ivory. They also developed a ceramic glaze known as faience, which was used well into the Roman Period to decorate cups, amulets, and figurines.[18] During the last predynastic phase, the Naqada culture began using written symbols that eventually were developed into a full system of hieroglyphs for writing the ancient Egyptian language.[19]
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+Early Dynastic Period  3050–2686 BC
+
+The Early Dynastic Period was approximately contemporary to the early Sumerian-Akkadian civilisation of Mesopotamia and of ancient Elam. The third-century BC Egyptian priest Manetho grouped the long line of kings from Menes to his own time into 30 dynasties, a system still used today. He began his official history with the king named "Meni" (or Menes in Greek) who was believed to have united the two kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt.[20]
+
+The transition to a unified state happened more gradually than ancient Egyptian writers represented, and there is no contemporary record of Menes. Some scholars now believe, however, that the mythical Menes may have been the king Narmer, who is depicted wearing royal regalia on the ceremonial Narmer Palette, in a symbolic act of unification.[22] In the Early Dynastic Period, which began about 3000 BC, the first of the Dynastic kings solidified control over lower Egypt by establishing a capital at Memphis, from which he could control the labour force and agriculture of the fertile delta region, as well as the lucrative and critical trade routes to the Levant. The increasing power and wealth of the kings during the early dynastic period was reflected in their elaborate mastaba tombs and mortuary cult structures at Abydos, which were used to celebrate the deified king after his death.[23] The strong institution of kingship developed by the kings served to legitimize state control over the land, labour, and resources that were essential to the survival and growth of ancient Egyptian civilization.[24]
+
+Old Kingdom (2686–2181 BC)
+Main article: Old Kingdom of Egypt
+Major advances in architecture, art, and technology were made during the Old Kingdom, fueled by the increased agricultural productivity and resulting population, made possible by a well-developed central administration.[25] Some of ancient Egypt's crowning achievements, the Giza pyramids and Great Sphinx, were constructed during the Old Kingdom. Under the direction of the vizier, state officials collected taxes, coordinated irrigation projects to improve crop yield, drafted peasants to work on construction projects, and established a justice system to maintain peace and order.[26]
+
+With the rising importance of central administration in Egypt a new class of educated scribes and officials arose who were granted estates by the king in payment for their services. Kings also made land grants to their mortuary cults and local temples, to ensure that these institutions had the resources to worship the king after his death. Scholars believe that five centuries of these practices slowly eroded the economic vitality of Egypt, and that the economy could no longer afford to support a large centralized administration.[27] As the power of the kings diminished, regional governors called nomarchs began to challenge the supremacy of the office of king. This, coupled with severe droughts between 2200 and 2150 BC,[28] is believed to have caused the country to enter the 140-year period of famine and strife known as the First Intermediate Period.[29]
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+First Intermediate Period (2181–1991 BC)
+Main article: First Intermediate Period of Egypt
+After Egypt's central government collapsed at the end of the Old Kingdom, the administration could no longer support or stabilize the country's economy. Regional governors could not rely on the king for help in times of crisis, and the ensuing food shortages and political disputes escalated into famines and small-scale civil wars. Yet despite difficult problems, local leaders, owing no tribute to the king, used their new-found independence to establish a thriving culture in the provinces. Once in control of their own resources, the provinces became economically richer—which was demonstrated by larger and better burials among all social classes.[30] In bursts of creativity, provincial artisans adopted and adapted cultural motifs formerly restricted to the royalty of the Old Kingdom, and scribes developed literary styles that expressed the optimism and originality of the period.[31]
+
+Free from their loyalties to the king, local rulers began competing with each other for territorial control and political power. By 2160 BC, rulers in Herakleopolis controlled Lower Egypt in the north, while a rival clan based in Thebes, the Intef family, took control of Upper Egypt in the south. As the Intefs grew in power and expanded their control northward, a clash between the two rival dynasties became inevitable. Around 2055 BC the northern Theban forces under Nebhepetre Mentuhotep II finally defeated the Herakleopolitan rulers, reuniting the Two Lands. They inaugurated a period of economic and cultural renaissance known as the Middle Kingdom.[32]
+
+Middle Kingdom 2134–1690 BC
+
+The kings of the Middle Kingdom restored the country's stability and prosperity, thereby stimulating a resurgence of art, literature, and monumental building projects.[33] Mentuhotep II and his Eleventh Dynasty successors ruled from Thebes, but the vizier Amenemhat I, upon assuming the kingship at the beginning of the Twelfth Dynasty around 1985 BC, shifted the kingdom's capital to the city of Itjtawy, located in Faiyum.[34] From Itjtawy, the kings of the Twelfth Dynasty undertook a far-sighted land reclamation and irrigation scheme to increase agricultural output in the region. Moreover, the military reconquered territory in Nubia that was rich in quarries and gold mines, while laborers built a defensive structure in the Eastern Delta, called the "Walls-of-the-Ruler", to defend against foreign attack.[35]
+
+With the kings having secured the country militarily and politically and with vast agricultural and mineral wealth at their disposal, the nation's population, arts, and religion flourished. In contrast to elitist Old Kingdom attitudes towards the gods, the Middle Kingdom displayed an increase in expressions of personal piety.[36] Middle Kingdom literature featured sophisticated themes and characters written in a confident, eloquent style.[31] The relief and portrait sculpture of the period captured subtle, individual details that reached new heights of technical sophistication.[37]
+
+The last great ruler of the Middle Kingdom, Amenemhat III, allowed Semitic-speaking Canaanite settlers from the Near East into the Delta region to provide a sufficient labour force for his especially active mining and building campaigns. These ambitious building and mining activities, however, combined with severe Nile floods later in his reign, strained the economy and precipitated the slow decline into the Second Intermediate Period during the later Thirteenth and Fourteenth dynasties. During this decline, the Canaanite settlers began to assume greater control of the Delta region, eventually coming to power in Egypt as the Hyksos.[38]
+
+Second Intermediate Period (1674–1549 BC) and the Hyksos
+
+Around 1785 BC, as the power of the Middle Kingdom kings weakened, a Western Asian people called the Hyksos, who had already settled in the Delta, seized control of Egypt and established their capital at Avaris, forcing the former central government to retreat to Thebes. The king was treated as a vassal and expected to pay tribute.[39] The Hyksos ("foreign rulers") retained Egyptian models of government and identified as kings, thereby integrating Egyptian elements into their culture. They and other invaders introduced new tools of warfare into Egypt, most notably the composite bow and the horse-drawn chariot.[40]
+
+After retreating south, the native Theban kings found themselves trapped between the Canaanite Hyksos ruling the north and the Hyksos' Nubian allies, the Kushites, to the south. After years of vassalage, Thebes gathered enough strength to challenge the Hyksos in a conflict that lasted more than 30 years, until 1555 BC.[39] The kings Seqenenre Tao II and Kamose were ultimately able to defeat the Nubians to the south of Egypt, but failed to defeat the Hyksos. That task fell to Kamose's successor, Ahmose I, who successfully waged a series of campaigns that permanently eradicated the Hyksos' presence in Egypt. He established a new dynasty and, in the New Kingdom that followed, the military became a central priority for the kings, who sought to expand Egypt's borders and attempted to gain mastery of the Near East.[41]
+
+New Kingdom (1549–1069 BC)
+
+The New Kingdom pharaohs established a period of unprecedented prosperity by securing their borders and strengthening diplomatic ties with their neighbours, including the Mitanni Empire, Assyria, and Canaan. Military campaigns waged under Tuthmosis I and his grandson Tuthmosis III extended the influence of the pharaohs to the largest empire Egypt had ever seen. Beginning with Merneptah the rulers of Egypt adopted the title of pharaoh.
+
+Between their reigns, Hatshepsut, a queen who established herself as pharaoh, launched many building projects, including restoration of temples damaged by the Hyksos, and sent trading expeditions to Punt and the Sinai.[42] When Tuthmosis III died in 1425 BC, Egypt had an empire extending from Niya in north west Syria to the Fourth Cataract of the Nile in Nubia, cementing loyalties and opening access to critical imports such as bronze and wood.[43]
+
+The New Kingdom pharaohs began a large-scale building campaign to promote the god Amun, whose growing cult was based in Karnak. They also constructed monuments to glorify their own achievements, both real and imagined. The Karnak temple is the largest Egyptian temple ever built.[44]
+
+Around 1350 BC, the stability of the New Kingdom was threatened when Amenhotep IV ascended the throne and instituted a series of radical and chaotic reforms. Changing his name to Akhenaten, he touted the previously obscure sun deity Aten as the supreme deity, suppressed the worship of most other deities, and moved the capital to the new city of Akhetaten (modern-day Amarna).[45] He was devoted to his new religion and artistic style. After his death, the cult of the Aten was quickly abandoned and the traditional religious order restored. The subsequent pharaohs, Tutankhamun, Ay, and Horemheb, worked to erase all mention of Akhenaten's heresy, now known as the Amarna Period.[46]
+
+Around 1279 BC, Ramesses II, also known as Ramesses the Great, ascended the throne, and went on to build more temples, erect more statues and obelisks, and sire more children than any other pharaoh in history.[a] A bold military leader, Ramesses II led his army against the Hittites in the Battle of Kadesh (in modern Syria) and, after fighting to a stalemate, finally agreed to the first recorded peace treaty, around 1258 BC.[47]
+
+Egypt's wealth, however, made it a tempting target for invasion, particularly by the Libyan Berbers to the west, and the Sea Peoples, a conjectured confederation of seafarers from the Aegean Sea.[b] Initially, the military was able to repel these invasions, but Egypt eventually lost control of its remaining territories in southern Canaan, much of it falling to the Assyrians. The effects of external threats were exacerbated by internal problems such as corruption, tomb robbery, and civil unrest. After regaining their power, the high priests at the temple of Amun in Thebes accumulated vast tracts of land and wealth, and their expanded power splintered the country during the Third Intermediate Period.[48]
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+2. The Korean War: ‘The Forgotten War’
+The Korean War (1950-1953) was the first military action of the Cold War, though it’s often overshadowed by the victory of the Allies in World War II, earning it the nickname “the Forgotten War.” It began when soldiers from the communist North Korean People’s Army crossed the 38 parallel into the pro-Western Republic of Korea (today’s South Korea). American troops were sent to support the South and by the time a ceasefire was proclaimed in 1953, over five million soldiers and civilians had died. To this day, a formal peace treaty has not been signed.
+
+Sheila Miyoshi Jager, professor of East Asian Studies at Oberlin and author of Brothers at War: The Unending Conflict in Korea, writes, “Most histories of the Korean War stop with the armistice; the fact that no peace treaty was ever signed is presented in most history books as an unusual fact and that is all. However, the absence of a final conclusion to the Korean War has kept it alive as a major influence on Asian affairs.”
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+Old Kingdom Egypt: 2686-2181 BCE
+During the Old Kingdom period, Egypt was largely unified as a single state; it gained in complexity and expanded militarily. Old Kingdom rulers built the first pyramids, which were both tombs and monuments for the kings who had them built. Building monumental architecture—such as the Great Pyramid and the Sphinx in Giza, and temples for different gods—required a centralized government that could command vast resources.
+The builders of the pyramids were not enslaved people but peasants, working on the pyramids during the farming off-season. These peasants worked alongside specialists like stone cutters, mathematicians, and priests. As a form of taxation, each household was required to provide a worker for these projects, although the wealthy could pay for a substitute. This demonstrates both the power of the state to force people to provide labor and also the advantages enjoyed by elites, who could buy their way out of providing labor.
+Egyptians also began to build ships, constructed of wooden planks tied together with rope and stuffed with reeds, to trade goods such as ebony, incense, gold, copper, and Lebanese cedar—which was particularly important for construction projects—along maritime routes.
+Middle Kingdom: 2000-1700 BCE
+The Middle Kingdom saw Egypt unified again as kings found ways to take back power from regional governors. From the Middle Kingdom era forward, Egyptian kings often kept well-trained standing armies. The ability of the Egyptian state to create and maintain a standing military force and to build fortifications showed that it had regained control of substantial resources.
+Political fragmentation led to the Second Intermediate Period. The precise dates are unclear; even though writing allowed for more events to be recorded, most things still were not, and many more records have been lost or destroyed.
+Taking advantage of this political instability in Egypt, the Hyksos appeared around 1650 BCE. They were a Semitic people, meaning they spoke a language that originated in the Middle East, which indicated that they were not native to Egypt. The Hyksos imposed their own political rulers but also brought many cultural and technological innovations, such as bronze working and pottery techniques, new breeds of animals and new crops, the horse and chariot, the composite bow, battle-axes, and fortification techniques for warfare.
+New Kingdom: 1550-1077 BCE
+Around 1550 BCE, the New Kingdom period of Egyptian history began with the expulsion of the Hyksos from Egypt and the restoration of centralized political control. This period was Egypt's most prosperous time and marked the peak of its power.
+Also in this period, Hatshepsut, Egypt’s most famous female ruler, established trade networks that helped build the wealth of Egypt and commissioned hundreds of construction projects and pieces of statuary, as well as an impressive mortuary temple at Deir el-Bahri. She also ordered repairs to temples that had been neglected or damaged during the period of Hyksos rule.
+The term pharaoh, which originally referred to the king's palace, became a form of address for the king himself during this period, further emphasizing the idea of divine kingship. Religiously, the pharaohs associated themselves with the god Amun-Ra, while still recognizing other deities.
+In the mid-1300s BCE, one pharaoh attempted to alter this tradition when he chose to worship Aten exclusively and even changed his name to Akhenaten in honor of that god. Some scholars interpret this as the first instance of monotheism, or the belief in a single god. This change did not survive beyond Akhenaten’s rule, however.
+New Kingdom Egypt reached the height of its power under the pharaohs Seti I and Ramesses II, who fought to expand Egyptian power against the Libyans to the west and the Hittites to the north. The city of Kadesh on the border between the two empires was a source of conflict between the Egyptians and the Hittites, and they fought several battles over it, ultimately agreeing to the world’s first known peace treaty.
+
+Third Intermediate Period: 1069-664 BCE
+The costs of war, increased droughts, famine, civil unrest, and official corruption ultimately fragmented Egypt into a collection of locally-governed city-states. Taking advantage of this political division, a military force from the Nubian kingdom of Kush in the south conquered and united Lower Egypt, Upper Egypt, and Kush. The Kushites were then driven out of Egypt in 670 BCE by the Assyrians, who established a client state (a political entity that is self-governing but pays tribute to a more powerful state) in Egypt.
+In 656 BCE, Egypt was again reunited and broke away from Assyrian control. The country experienced a period of peace and prosperity until 525 BCE, when the Persian king Cambyses defeated the Egyptian rulers and took the title of Pharaoh for himself, along with his title as king of Persia.
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+For almost 30 centuries—from its unification around 3100 B.C. to its conquest by Alexander the Great in 332 B.C.—ancient Egypt was the preeminent civilization in the Mediterranean world. From the great pyramids of the Old Kingdom through the military conquests of the New Kingdom, Egypt’s majesty has long entranced archaeologists and historians and created a vibrant field of study all its own: Egyptology. The main sources of information about ancient Egypt are the many monuments, objects and artifacts that have been recovered from archaeological sites, covered with hieroglyphs that have only recently been deciphered. The picture that emerges is of a culture with few equals in the beauty of its art, the accomplishment of its architecture or the richness of its religious traditions.
+
+Predynastic Period (c. 5000-3100 B.C.)
+Few written records or artifacts have been found from the Predynastic Period, which encompassed at least 2,000 years of gradual development of the Egyptian civilization.
+
+Did you know? During the rule of Akhenaton, his wife Nefertiti played an important political and religious role in the monotheistic cult of the sun god Aton. Images and sculptures of Nefertiti depict her famous beauty and role as a living goddess of fertility.*
+
+Neolithic (late Stone Age) communities in northeastern Africa exchanged hunting for agriculture and made early advances that paved the way for the later development of Egyptian arts and crafts, technology, politics and religion (including a great reverence for the dead and possibly a belief in life after death).
+
+Around 3400 B.C., two separate kingdoms were established near the Fertile Crescent, an area home to some of the world’s oldest civilizations: the Red Land to the north, based in the Nile River Delta and extending along the Nile perhaps to Atfih; and the White Land in the south, stretching from Atfih to Gebel es-Silsila. A southern king, Scorpion, made the first attempts to conquer the northern kingdom around 3200 B.C. A century later, King Menes would subdue the north and unify the country, becoming the first king of the first dynasty.
+
+Archaic (Early Dynastic) Period (c. 3100-2686 B.C.)
+King Menes founded the capital of ancient Egypt at White Walls (later known as Memphis), in the north, near the apex of the Nile River delta. The capital would grow into a great metropolis that dominated Egyptian society during the Old Kingdom period. The Archaic Period saw the development of the foundations of Egyptian society, including the all-important ideology of kingship. To the ancient Egyptians, the king was a godlike being, closely identified with the all-powerful god Horus. The earliest known hieroglyphic writing also dates to this period.
+
+In the Archaic Period, as in all other periods, most ancient Egyptians were farmers living in small villages, and agriculture (largely wheat and barley) formed the economic base of the Egyptian state. The annual flooding of the great Nile River provided the necessary irrigation and fertilization each year; farmers sowed the wheat after the flooding receded and harvested it before the season of high temperatures and drought returned.
+Old Kingdom: Age of the Pyramid Builders (c. 2686-2181 B.C.)
+The Old Kingdom began with the third dynasty of pharaohs. Around 2630 B.C., the third dynasty’s King Djoser asked Imhotep, an architect, priest and healer, to design a funerary monument for him; the result was the world’s first major stone building, the Step-Pyramid at Saqqara, near Memphis. Egyptian pyramid-building reached its zenith with the construction of the Great Pyramid at Giza, on the outskirts of Cairo. Built for Khufu (or Cheops, in Greek), who ruled from 2589 to 2566 B.C., the pyramid was later named by classical historians as one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. The ancient Greek historian Herodotus estimated that it took 100,00 men 20 years to build it. Two other pyramids were built at Giza for Khufu’s successors Khafra (2558-2532 B.C) and Menkaura (2532-2503 B.C.).
+
+During the third and fourth dynasties, Egypt enjoyed a golden age of peace and prosperity. The pharaohs held absolute power and provided a stable central government; the kingdom faced no serious threats from abroad; and successful military campaigns in foreign countries like Nubia and Libya added to its considerable economic prosperity. Over the course of the fifth and sixth dynasties, the king’s wealth was steadily depleted, partially due to the huge expense of pyramid-building, and his absolute power faltered in the face of the growing influence of the nobility and the priesthood that grew up around the sun god Ra (Re). After the death of the sixth dynasty’s King Pepy II, who ruled for some 94 years, the Old Kingdom period ended in chaos.
+
+First Intermediate Period (c. 2181-2055 B.C.)
+On the heels of the Old Kingdom’s collapse, the seventh and eighth dynasties consisted of a rapid succession of Memphis-based rulers until about 2160 B.C., when the central authority completely dissolved, leading to civil war between provincial governors. This chaotic situation was intensified by Bedouin invasions and accompanied by famine and disease.
+
+From this era of conflict emerged two different kingdoms: A line of 17 rulers (dynasties nine and 10) based in Heracleopolis ruled Middle Egypt between Memphis and Thebes, while another family of rulers arose in Thebes to challenge Heracleopolitan power. Around 2055 B.C., the Theban prince Mentuhotep managed to topple Heracleopolis and reunited Egypt, beginning the 11th dynasty and ending the First Intermediate Period.
+
+Middle Kingdom: 12th Dynasty (c. 2055-1786 B.C.)
+After the last ruler of the 11th dynasty, Mentuhotep IV, was assassinated, the throne passed to his vizier, or chief minister, who became King Amenemhet I, founder of dynasty 12. A new capital was established at It-towy, south of Memphis, while Thebes remained a great religious center. During the Middle Kingdom, Egypt once again flourished, as it had during the Old Kingdom. The 12th dynasty kings ensured the smooth succession of their line by making each successor co-regent, a custom that began with Amenemhet I.
+
+Middle-Kingdom Egypt pursued an aggressive foreign policy, colonizing Nubia (with its rich supply of gold, ebony, ivory and other resources) and repelling the Bedouins who had infiltrated Egypt during the First Intermediate Period. The kingdom also built diplomatic and trade relations with Syria, Palestine and other countries; undertook building projects including military fortresses and mining quarries; and returned to pyramid-building in the tradition of the Old Kingdom. The Middle Kingdom reached its peak under Amenemhet III (1842-1797 B.C.); its decline began under Amenenhet IV (1798-1790 B.C.) and continued under his sister and regent, Queen Sobekneferu (1789-1786 B.C.), who was the first confirmed female ruler of Egypt and the last ruler of the 12th dynasty.
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+Ancient Egypt: A Brief History
+Egyptian civilization has flourished continuously since prehistoric times. While the civilization's rulers, writing, natural climate, religion and borders have changed many times over the millennia, Egypt still exists as a modern-day country. 
+
+The civilization has always been strongly connected with other parts of the world, bringing in and exporting goods, religions, food, people and ideas. At times ancient Egypt ruled territory outside the modern-day country's border, controlling territory in what is now Sudan, Cyprus, Lebanon, Syria, Israel and Palestine. 
+
+The country was also occupied by other powers — the Persians, Nubians, Greeks and Romans all conquered the country at different points in time. 
+
+A number of names were used for Egypt in ancient times. A popular ancient name for Egypt was "Kemet," which means the "black land." Scholars generally believe that this name derives from the fertile soil that is left over when the Nile flood recedes in August. 
+
+The flooding of the Nile occurred between June and August and the fertile soil it created was vital to ancient Egypt's survival, with fertility playing an important role in Egyptian religion. The burial of Tutankhamun — in which his penis was mummified erect — is but one example of how important fertility was in the rituals and beliefs of the ancient Egyptians.  
+
+The country's ancient rulers are referred to today as "pharaohs," although in ancient times they each used a series of names as part of a royal titular, wrote Ronald Leprohon, an Egyptology professor at the University of Toronto, in his book "The Great Name: Ancient Egyptian Royal Titulary" (Society of Biblical Literature, 2013). The word pharaoh actually originates from the term "per-aa" which means "the Great House," Leprohon wrote. The term was first incorporated into a royal titulary during the rule of Thutmose III (reign ca. 1479–1425 B.C.) wrote Leprohon. 
+
+Prehistory
+When exactly early hominids first arrived in Egypt is unclear. The earliest migration of hominids out of Africa took place almost 2 million years ago, with modern humans dispersing out of Africa about 100,000 years ago. Egypt may have been used to reach Asia in some of these migrations. 
+
+Villages dependent on agriculture began to appear in Egypt about 7,000 years ago, and the civilization’s earliest written inscriptions date back about 5,200 years; they discuss the early rulers of Egypt. These early rulers include Iry-Hor, who, according to recently discovered inscriptions, founded Memphis, a city that served as Egypt’s capital for much of its history. When and how Egypt was united is unclear and is a matter of debate among archaeologists and historians.  
+
+Egypt’s climate was much wetter in prehistoric times than it is today. This means that some areas that are now barren desert were fertile. One famous archaeological site where this can be seen is at the "cave of swimmers" (as it is called today) on the Gilf Kebir plateau in southwest Egypt. The cave is now surrounded by miles of barren desert; however, it has rock art showing what some scholars interpret as people swimming. The exact date of the rock art is unclear, although scholars think that it was created in prehistoric times.  
+
+Egypt's 30 dynasties
+Egypt’s history has traditionally been divided into 30 (sometimes 31) dynasties. This tradition started with the Egyptian priest Manetho, who lived during the third century B.C. His accounts of ancient Egyptian history were preserved by ancient Greek writers and, until the deciphering of hieroglyphic writing in the 19th century, were one of the few historical accounts that scholars could read. 
+
+Modern-day scholars often group these dynasties into several periods. Dynasties one and two date back around 5,000 years and are often called the "early dynastic" or "archaic" period. The first pharaoh of the first dynasty was a ruler named Menes (or Narmer, as he is called in Greek). He lived over 5,000 years ago, and while ancient writers sometimes credited him as being the first pharaoh of a united Egypt we know today that this is not true — there was a group of Egyptian rulers that predated Menes. Scholars sometimes refer to these pre-Menes rulers as being part of a "dynasty zero." 
+
+Dynasties 3-6 date from roughly 2650–2150 B.C. and are often lumped into a time period called the "Old Kingdom" by modern-day scholars. During this time pyramid building techniques were developed and the pyramids of Giza were built. 
+
+From 2150–2030 B.C. (a time period that encompassed dynasties 7-10 and part of the 11) the central government in Egypt was weak and the country was often controlled by different regional leaders. Why the Old Kingdom collapsed is a matter of debate among scholars, with recent research indicating that drought and climate change played a significant role. During this time other cities and civilizations in the Middle East also collapsed, with evidence at archaeological sites indicating that a period of drought and arid climate hit sites across the Middle East. 
+
+Dynasties 12, 13, as well as part of the 11th are often called the "Middle Kingdom" by scholars and lasted from ca. 2030–1640 B.C. At the start of this dynasty, a ruler named Mentuhotep II (who reigned until about 2000 B.C.) reunited Egypt into a single country. Pyramid building resumed in Egypt, and a sizable number of texts documenting the civilization’s literature and science were recorded. Among the surviving texts is the Edwin Smith surgical papyrus, which includes a variety of medical treatments that modern-day medical doctors have hailed as being advanced for their time. 
+
+Dynasties 14-17 are often lumped into the "second intermediate period" by modern-day scholars. During this time central government again collapsed in Egypt, with part of the country being occupied by the "Hyksos" a group from the Levant (an area that encompasses modern-day Israel, Palestine, Lebanon, Jordan and Syria). One gruesome find from this time period is a series of severed hands, cut off from their human victims, which were found at a palace at the city of Avaris, the capital of Hyksos-controlled Egypt. The cut-off hands may have been presented by soldiers to a ruler in exchange for gold. 
+
+Scholars often refer to dynasties 18-20 as encompassing the "New Kingdom," a period that lasted ca. 1550–1070 B.C. This time period takes place after the Hyksos had been driven out of Egypt by a series of Egyptian rulers and the country was reunited. Perhaps the most famous archaeological site from this time period is the Valley of the Kings, which holds the burial sites of many Egyptian rulers from this time period, including that of Tutankhamun (reign ca. 1336–1327 B.C.), whose rich tomb was found intact. [Photos: More Than 40 Tombs Discovered in Upper Egypt] 
+
+Dynasties 21-24 (a period from ca. 1070–713 B.C.) are often called the "third intermediate period" by modern-day scholars. The central government was sometimes weak during this time period and the country was not always united. During this time cities and civilizations across the Middle East had been destroyed by a wave of people from the Aegean, whom modern-day scholars sometimes call the "Sea Peoples." While Egyptian rulers claimed to have defeated the Sea Peoples in battle, it didn’t prevent Egyptian civilization from also collapsing. The loss of trade routes and revenue may have played a role in the weakening of Egypt’s central government. 
+
+Dynasties 25-31 (date ca. 712–332 B.C.) are often referred to as the "late period" by scholars. Egypt was sometimes under the control of foreign powers during this period. The rulers of the 25th dynasty were from Nubia, an area now located in southern Egypt and northern Sudan. The Persians and Assyrians also controlled Egypt at different times during the late period. 
+
+In 332 B.C. Alexander the Great drove the Persians out of Egypt and incorporated the country into the Macedonian Empire. After Alexander the Great’s death, a line of rulers descended from Ptolemy Soter, one of Alexander’s generals. The last of these "Ptolemaic" rulers (as scholars often call them) was Cleopatra VII, who committed suicide in 30 B.C after the defeat of her forces by the Roman emperor Augustus at the Battle of Actium. After her death, Egypt was incorporated into the Roman Empire. 
+
+Although the Roman emperors were based in Rome, the Egyptians treated them as pharaohs. One recently excavated carving shows the emperor Claudius (reign A.D. 41-54) dressed as a pharaoh. The carving has hieroglyphic inscriptions that say that Claudius is the "Son of Ra, Lord of the Crowns," and is "King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Lord of the Two Lands."
+
+Neither the Ptolemaic or Roman rulers are considered to be part of a numbered dynasty. 
+Religion
+Throughout much of Egypt’s ancient history its people followed a polytheistic religion in which a vast number of gods and goddesses were venerated. One of the most important was Osiris, god of the underworld. Abydos was an important cult center for him and numerous temples and shrines were constructed at the site in his honor. 
+
+Navigating the underworld was vital to the ancient Egyptians, who believed that the dead could reach a paradise of sorts, where they could live forever. Egyptian dead were sometimes mummified, preserving the body, and were sometimes buried with spells that aided them in navigating the underworld. 
+
+In ancient Egyptian mythology, one of the first steps in navigating the underworld was to weigh a person's deeds against the feather of Maat. If the person had committed a great deal of wrongdoing, the person's heart would be heavier than the feather and the person's soul would be obliterated. On the other hand, if their deeds were generally good, they passed forward and had the opportunity to successfully navigate the underworld.  
+
+Figurines called shabti were often buried with the deceased — their purpose being to do the work of the deceased in the afterlife for them. 
+
+Egyptian religion did not remain static, but changed over time. One major change occurred during the reign of the pharaoh Akhenaten (ca. 1353-1335 B.C.), a ruler who unleashed a religious revolution that saw Egyptian religion become focused around the worship of the "Aten" the sun disk. He built an entirely new capital in the desert at Amarna and ordered the names of some of Egypt's deities to be defaced. After Akhenaten’s death his son, Tutankhamun, denounced him and returned Egypt to its previous polytheistic religion. 
+
+When Egypt came under Greek and Roman rule, their gods and goddesses were incorporated into Egyptian religion. Another major change occurred after the first century A.D. when Christianity spread throughout Egypt. At this time Gnosticism, a religion that incorporated some Christian beliefs, also spread throughout Egypt and a large corpus of Gnostic texts were discovered in 1945 in southern Egypt near the city of Nag Hammadi. 
+
+Islam spread throughout the country after A.D. 641 after the country was captured by a Muslim army. Today, Islam is practiced by the majority of Egypt's inhabitants, while a minority are Christian, many being part of the Coptic Church. 
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+Amun
+
+Amun was one of the eight ancient Egyptian gods who formed the Ogdoad of Hermopolis. He was the god of the air and his consort was Ament (Amaunet). However, during the Twelfth dynasty (Middle Kingdom) Amun was adopted in Thebes as the King of the gods with Mut as his consort. Amun and Mut had one child, the moon god Khonsu. He was promoted to national god by Ahmose I, the first pharaoh of the New Kingdom because the king believed that Amun had helped him drive the Hyksos from Egypt. He was also adopted into the Ennead of Heliopolis when he merged with the ancient sun god (Ra) to become Amun-Ra.
+
+It is possible that there were once two separate gods with the same name, but equally likely that Amun of Heliopolis merely took on the attributes of the Theban god Montu (Montju) when he replaced him as the principle god of the nome in the later period.
+
+His name is generally translated as “the hidden one” or “the secret one” and it was thought that he created himself and then created everything else while remaining distanced and separate from the world. In that sense he was the original inscrutable and indivisible creator. When he merged with Ra he became both a visible and invisible deity. This duality (the hidden god and the visible sun) appealed to the Egyptian concept of balance and duality leading to an association between Amun-Ra and Maat.
+
+Amun was also identified with Montu (who he pretty much absorbed) and the hybrid gods Amun–Ra–Atum, Amun-Ra-Montu, Amun-Re-Horakhty and Amun-Min.
+
+Amun was associated with a number of animals, whose form he sometimes took in inscriptions. Originally he was depicted as a goose and given the epithet the “Great Cackler” (like Geb). It was also thought that he could regenerate himself by becoming a snake and shedding his skin.
+
+However, he was most frequently depicted as a Ram, a symbol of fertility. He is also depicted as a man with the head of a ram, a frog, an Uraeus (royal cobra), a crocodile, or as an ape. Finally, he is depicted as a king sitting on his throne wearing the double plumed crown (also associated with Min). During the Ptolemaic period images of Amun were cast in bronze in which he was depicted as bearded man with four arms the body of a beetle, the wings of a hawk, the legs of a man and the paws and claws of a lion.
+
+Amun is described as the primeval creator in the Pyramid Texts which depict him as a primeval deity and a symbol of creative force. However, he rose to prominence during the Eleventh dynasty when he replaced the Theban war god, Montu, as the principle deity of the city. From that point, the fortunes of the God were closely linked to the prominence of Thebes itself. When the Theban Ahmose I successfully expelled the Hyksos from Egypt, he was quick to show his gratitude to Amun and throughout the Middle Kingdom the Royal family established temples to Amun, most notably the Luxor Temple and the Great Temple at Karnak. During the New Kingdom he gained such power that one could almost view Egypt as a monotheistic state.
+
+Amun-Ra was considered to be the father and protector of the pharaoh, and the priests of Amun controlled an impressive proportion of Egyptian land and resources. The Theban royal women also wielded great power and influence and were closely involved with the cult of Amun. Queen Ahmose Nefertari (the Great Wife of the Pharaoh Ahmose I) was granted the title “God’s Wife of Amun” with reference to the myth that Amun created the world by masturbation. This title was then granted to the Great Wife of every Pharaoh in recognition of her role in the state religion of Amun. The female Pharaoh Hatshepsut went one stage further and specifically stated that Amun had impregnated her mother (in the guise of the Pharaoh Thuthmoses II, her father). Thus she established her right to rule on the basis that she was his daughter.
+
+However, the god could also reveal his will through the oracles, who were in the control of the priests and they had been granted so much land that they even rivalled the power of the Pharaoh. Amenhotep III instituted some reforms when he became concerned that the Theban clergy had become too powerful, but his son (Akhenaten) went one further and actually replaced Amun with the Aten and constructed a new capital city named Akhetaten. However, the experiment was short-lived and both Amen and Thebes were reinstated under the rule of Tutankhamun.
+
+The worship of Amun even spread into neighbouring countries, particularly Nubia. By the Twenty-fifth dynasty.Amen-Ra was the principle god of the Kingdom of Napata (Nubia) who believed he came from Gebel Barkal (in northern Sudan) and the Greeks considered him to be the equivalent of Zeus.
+
+His main celebration was the Opet festival, in which the statue of Amun traveled down the Nile from the temple of Karnak to the temple of Luxor to celebrate Amun’s marriage to Mut (or Taweret). In this festival he had a procreative function epitomised in his title “Ka-mut-ef” (“bull of his mother”).
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+Why Hitler Secretly Met With a Japanese General During WWII
+Tomoyuki Yamashita and the Führer had their own separate agendas. Later, they would share a mutual interest in gold.
+In December 1940, three months after Japan, Germany and Italy signed their “Tripartite Pact” World War II alliance, a convoy of Japanese military leaders headed for Berlin to learn from their new allies.
+
+At the head of the group was General Tomoyuki Yamashita, a veteran militarist who had spent his entire adult life in the business of war-making. Now rising through the ranks of the Imperial Japanese Army, Yamashita’s ascent had barely begun. Within the space of a few years, he would grow famous worldwide as the “Tiger of Malaya”: a ferocious military leader and the brains behind the brutal Japanese conquest of Singapore.
+
+Watch full episodes of Lost Gold of World War II online now and tune in for all-new episodes Tuesdays at 9/8c.
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+From Abu Simbel to the Valley of the Kings
+
+If you’ve ever dreamed of traveling to Egypt, there’s never been a better time. The country has suffered a long-lasting tourism drought due in large part to the Arab Spring. But nowadays, though the political situation is stable and the country is once again open for business, western tourists remain few and far between.
+
+Those who do choose to tour Egypt will be rewarded far beyond their expectations. There are incredible archaeological ruins dating back thousands of years, museums filled with priceless exhibits, stunning desert landscapes, and the magical River Nile, the true beating heart of this wonderful country.
+
+You could spend months visiting all the ancient Egyptian historical sites found all over the country, from the Mediterranean and Red Sea coast to the Sudanese border in the south. There’s even an underwater museum located just off the coast of Alexandria.
+
+Zegrahm offers a history-focused In the Footsteps of the Pharaoh's expedition in October, which is one of the best months to travel Egypt. By then, the stifling heat of summer is usually over. But it’s still warm enough to spend long, lazy evenings sitting on deck as your boat (the luxurious Sonesta St. George) cruises down the Nile.
+
+Here are just a few of the ancient Egyptian historical sites included in the itinerary. Collectively, they provide an overview of Egyptian history, from the time of the first pharaohs to the Roman conquest some 3,000 years later.
+
diff --git a/historical/historical_81.txt b/historical/historical_81.txt
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+Giza Pyramids
+
+The Giza Pyramids are that kind of historical site that just blows your mind. The tallest of the three, the Great Pyramid of Khufu, towers above the desert at 481 feet. It was the tallest building on the planet for over 3800 years, until the construction of England’s Lincoln Cathedral in 1300.
+
+The three Giza Pyramids are located on the outskirts of Cairo. They were built between 2550 and 2490 BC to serve as a mortuary temple for Pharaohs Khufu, Khefre, and Menkaure. Exactly how the Pyramids were built, and by whom, remains a mystery today.
+
+For years it was believed to be the work of slaves. But it is now thought that the builders were probably skilled workers from all over the country. The enigmatic Sphinx was built by Khefre, and its meaning is still debated among historians.
+
+You can tour the inside of two of the pyramids during your visit. One of the three is always closed, in order to limit the impact of tourism on these ancient structures.
+
+Saqqara & Dhashur
+Giza is what immediately comes to mind when most people think about pyramids, and the fact that such amazing structures were built 4500 years ago is truly mind-blowing. Yet, just a few miles away, there are some pyramids that are even older.
+
+The pyramids in Saqqara and Dhashur were built around 200 years before those at Giza. Saqqara and Dhashur were the necropolises of Memphis, the capital of Egypt during the Old Kingdom. They’re now a true treasure trove for archaeologists and anyone interested in Egyptian history.
+
+Some of the most notable structures here include the Pyramid of Djoser (or Step Pyramid), the 80-ton alabaster sphinx, and the Bent and Red Pyramid. What’s even better, they all see far fewer tourists than Giza!
+
+
+Karnak Temple
+Moving south from Cairo, the expedition continues on to Luxor. Here you’ll travel forward in time, leaving the mysteries of the Ancient Kingdom for the grandeur of the Middle and New Kingdom.
+
+Luxor was constructed on the same site of Ancient Thebes, which was the capital of Egypt from approximately 2000 BC onwards.
+
+One of the most notable sites in Luxor is Karnak Temple, a vast complex of temples and palaces. It was built in dedication to three Egyptian gods– Amun, Mut, and Khonsu– and gradually enlarged over a period of two thousand years.
+
+Karnak Temple is the largest religious building ever constructed, covering a surface of 200 acres. The largest section is the Hypostyle Hall, which encompasses 54,000 square feet and features 134 columns, making it the biggest room of any religious building in the world. 
+
+Luxor Temple
+Located about 1.5 miles from Karnak, you’ll find the world-renowned Luxor Temple. This is another spectacular complex of temples and shrines built by several pharaohs, and dedicated to the “Theban triad” of gods mentioned above.
+
+Karnak and Luxor Temples were once joined by an avenue lined with sphinxes, which has been partially unearthed. Walking down this avenue in the early morning mist (or after sunset, when it’s all lit up) will make you feel as if you’re stepping in the footsteps of ancient history.
+
+Another notable feature of Luxor Temple is that it’s been used almost continuously for worship. A Coptic church was built on the site after Christianity spread to Egypt, and in subsequent centuries a mosque was erected, which is still in use today.
+
+Valley of the Kings
+The Karnak and Luxor temples lie on the East Bank of the Nile– the City of the Living, where the city of Thebes once stood. The West Bank was always the City of the Dead, where cemeteries, mortuary temples, and mausoleums were (and still are) located.
+
+Another spectacular ancient site in Luxor is the Valley of the Kings, where pharaohs were buried for over 500 years. The tombs consist of a series of underground chambers, which are beautifully decorated with wall paintings and hieroglyphs, ending with the room where the pharaohs’ mummies were placed in a sarcophagus.
+
+Most of the sarcophagi and mummies now lie in Cairo’s Egyptian Museum, with the exception of King Tutankhamun.
+
+Temple of Hatshepsut
+This temple is located just a short drive away from the Valley of the Kings. It was built to honor of Hatshepsut, one of the few female pharaohs in Egyptian history.
+
+The temple is noteworthy because of its architecture: It has three levels with colonnaded terraces, and it’s built in a style reminiscent of the Greek and Roman classical architecture that emerged a thousand years later!
+
+The various levels feature decorated columns, carvings, and hieroglyphs.
+
+Temple of Hathor
+From Luxor, we’ll embark on a four-day Nile cruise to Aswan, taking in some of the best ancient Egyptian historical sites located along the great river.
+
+The first stop will be the Temple of Hathor at Denderah, one of the best-preserved temple complexes in all of Egypt. It features a maze of underground passages, plus walls decorated with carvings and reliefs that still retain surprisingly vivid colors.
+
+One of the best-known bas-reliefs is the Denderah Zodiac, which is located on the roof of a chapel and depicts images of Taurus and Libra. The relief in the temple is actually a replica: The original now resides in the Louvre in Paris.
+
+Temple of Horus
+Another stunning temple located in the vicinity of the Nile is the Temple of Horus in Edfu.
+
+This is very well-preserved site because it’s far more recent than the Luxor and Karnak Temples. It was completed in the Ptolemaic period, between 237 and 57 BC. Another reason why this temple is in such good condition is that it was buried in sand for hundreds of years, which contributed to preserving the carvings and wall paintings inside.
+
+The temple is dedicated to Horus, the falcon god, who is frequently portrayed in statues and wall decorations around the site. It is also one of the few temples to survive with an intact ceiling.
+
+Temple of Kom Ombo
+Not far from the Temple of Horus, there’s also the Kom Ombo Temple, one of the most unusual Egyptian historical sites.
+
+Kom Ombo is known as a “double temple,” as it was dedicated to two different sets of gods. The southern part of the temple is dedicated to the crocodile god Sobek, the god of fertility and creator of the world, and the northern side is in honor of Horus.
+
+The two parts of the temple are exactly symmetrical, which is a true rarity in ancient Egyptian architecture.
+
+Abu Simbel
+After reaching Aswan, we’ll fly to Abu Simbel, a temple complex in the far south of Egypt. There, twin temples were carved out of the mountainside in the 13th century BC, and dedicated to the great pharaoh Ramesses II and his wife.
+
+The most recognizable feature of both temples are the colossal statues you’ll find at the entrance. The Ramesses II ones reach up to 65 feet.
+
+Abu Simbel is unique because the two temples were about to disappear under the water of the Aswan High Dam forever before an international task force arranged to have them relocated.
+
+The process ultimately took five years. The two temples were carefully cut and reassembled in a safe location far away from the dam waters, in what proved one of the most challenging projects of modern engineering. –Margherita Ragg
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+Maya civilization
+
+The Maya civilization (/ˈmaɪə/) was a Mesoamerican civilization developed by the Maya peoples, and noted for its logosyllabic script—the most sophisticated and highly developed writing system in pre-Columbian Americas—as well as for its art, architecture, mathematics, calendar, and astronomical system. The Maya civilization developed in an area that encompasses southeastern Mexico, all of Guatemala and Belize, and the western portions of Honduras and El Salvador. This region consists of the northern lowlands encompassing the Yucatán Peninsula, and the highlands of the Sierra Madre, running from the Mexican state of Chiapas, across southern Guatemala and onwards into El Salvador, and the southern lowlands of the Pacific littoral plain. The overarching term "Maya" is a modern collective term that refers to the peoples of the region, however, the term was not used by the indigenous populations themselves since there never was a common sense of identity or political unity among the distinct populations.[1]
+
+The Archaic period, prior to 2000 BC, saw the first developments in agriculture and the earliest villages. The Preclassic period (c. 2000 BC to 250 AD) saw the establishment of the first complex societies in the Maya region, and the cultivation of the staple crops of the Maya diet, including maize, beans, squashes, and chili peppers. The first Maya cities developed around 750 BC, and by 500 BC these cities possessed monumental architecture, including large temples with elaborate stucco façades. Hieroglyphic writing was being used in the Maya region by the 3rd century BC. In the Late Preclassic a number of large cities developed in the Petén Basin, and the city of Kaminaljuyu rose to prominence in the Guatemalan Highlands. Beginning around 250 AD, the Classic period is largely defined as when the Maya were raising sculpted monuments with Long Count dates. This period saw the Maya civilization develop many city-states linked by a complex trade network. In the Maya Lowlands two great rivals, the cities of Tikal and Calakmul, became powerful. The Classic period also saw the intrusive intervention of the central Mexican city of Teotihuacan in Maya dynastic politics. In the 9th century, there was a widespread political collapse in the central Maya region, resulting in internecine warfare, the abandonment of cities, and a northward shift of population. The Postclassic period saw the rise of Chichen Itza in the north, and the expansion of the aggressive Kʼicheʼ kingdom in the Guatemalan Highlands. In the 16th century, the Spanish Empire colonised the Mesoamerican region, and a lengthy series of campaigns saw the fall of Nojpetén, the last Maya city, in 1697.
+
+Classic period rule was centred on the concept of the "divine king", who acted as a mediator between mortals and the supernatural realm. Kingship was patrilineal, and power would normally pass to the eldest son. A prospective king was also expected to be a successful war leader. Maya politics was dominated by a closed system of patronage, although the exact political make-up of a kingdom varied from city-state to city-state. By the Late Classic, the aristocracy had greatly increased, resulting in the corresponding reduction in the exclusive power of the divine king. The Maya civilization developed highly sophisticated artforms, and the Maya created art using both perishable and non-perishable materials, including wood, jade, obsidian, ceramics, sculpted stone monuments, stucco, and finely painted murals.
+
+Maya cities tended to expand haphazardly, and the city centre would be occupied by ceremonial and administrative complexes, surrounded by an irregular sprawl of residential districts. Different parts of a city would often be linked by causeways. The principal architecture of the city consisted of palaces, pyramid-temples, ceremonial ballcourts, and structures aligned for astronomical observation. The Maya elite were literate, and developed a complex system of hieroglyphic writing that was the most advanced in the pre-Columbian Americas. The Maya recorded their history and ritual knowledge in screenfold books, of which only three uncontested examples remain, the rest having been destroyed by the Spanish. There are also a great many examples of Maya text found on stelae and ceramics. The Maya developed a highly complex series of interlocking ritual calendars, and employed mathematics that included one of the earliest instances of the explicit zero in the world. As a part of their religion, the Maya practised human sacrifice.
+
+Mesoamerica
+
+The Maya civilization developed within the Mesoamerican cultural area, which covers a region that spreads from northern Mexico southwards into Central America.[2] Mesoamerica was one of six cradles of civilization worldwide.[3] The Mesoamerican area gave rise to a series of cultural developments that included complex societies, agriculture, cities, monumental architecture, writing, and calendrical systems.[4] The set of traits shared by Mesoamerican cultures also included astronomical knowledge, blood and human sacrifice, and a cosmovision that viewed the world as divided into four divisions aligned with the cardinal directions, each with different attributes, and a three-way division of the world into the celestial realm, the earth, and the underworld.[5]
+
+By 6000 BC, the early inhabitants of Mesoamerica were experimenting with the domestication of plants, a process that eventually led to the establishment of sedentary agricultural societies.[6] The diverse climate allowed for wide variation in available crops, but all regions of Mesoamerica cultivated the base crops of maize, beans, and squashes.[7] All Mesoamerican cultures used Stone Age technology; after c. 1000 AD copper, silver and gold were worked. Mesoamerica lacked draft animals, did not use the wheel, and possessed few domesticated animals; the principal means of transport was on foot or by canoe.[8] Mesoamericans viewed the world as hostile and governed by unpredictable deities. The ritual Mesoamerican ballgame was widely played.[9] Mesoamerica is linguistically diverse, with most languages falling within a small number of language families—the major families are Mayan, Mixe–Zoquean, Otomanguean, and Uto-Aztecan; there are also a number of smaller families and isolates. The Mesoamerican language area shares a number of important features, including widespread loanwords, and use of a vigesimal number system.[10]
+
+The territory of the Maya covered a third of Mesoamerica,[11] and the Maya were engaged in a dynamic relationship with neighbouring cultures that included the Olmecs, Mixtecs, Teotihuacan, the Aztecs, and others.[12] During the Early Classic period, the Maya cities of Tikal and Kaminaljuyu were key Maya foci in a network that extended beyond the Maya area into the highlands of central Mexico.[13] At around the same time, there was a strong Maya presence at the Tetitla compound of Teotihuacan.[14] Centuries later, during the 9th century AD, murals at Cacaxtla, another site in the central Mexican highlands, were painted in a Maya style.[15] This may have been either an effort to align itself with the still-powerful Maya area after the collapse of Teotihuacan and ensuing political fragmentation in the Mexican Highlands,[16] or an attempt to express a distant Maya origin of the inhabitants.[17] The Maya city of Chichen Itza and the distant Toltec capital of Tula had an especially close relationship.[18]
+
+History
+
+The history of Maya civilization is divided into three principal periods: the Preclassic, Classic, and Postclassic periods.[28] These were preceded by the Archaic Period, during which the first settled villages and early developments in agriculture emerged.[29] Modern scholars regard these periods as arbitrary divisions of Maya chronology, rather than indicative of cultural evolution or decline.[30] Definitions of the start and end dates of period spans can vary by as much as a century, depending on the author.[31]
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+Prehistory
+Human prehistory is the period between the use of the first stone tools c. 3.3 million years ago by hominins and the invention of writing systems. The earliest writing systems appeared c. 5,300 years ago, but it took thousands of years for writing to be widely adopted, and it was not used in some human cultures until the 19th century or even until the present. The end of prehistory therefore came at very different dates in different places, and the term is less often used in discussing societies where prehistory ended relatively recently.
+
+Sumer in Mesopotamia, the Indus valley civilization, and ancient Egypt were the first civilizations to develop their own scripts and to keep historical records; this took place already during the early Bronze Age. Neighboring civilizations were the first to follow. Most other civilizations reached the end of prehistory during the Iron Age. The three-age system of division of prehistory into the Stone Age, followed by the Bronze Age and Iron Age, remains in use for much of Eurasia and North Africa, but is not generally used in those parts of the world where the working of hard metals arrived abruptly with contact with Eurasian cultures, such as the Americas, Oceania, Australasia and much of Sub-Saharan Africa. These areas also, with some exceptions in Pre-Columbian civilizations in the Americas, did not develop complex writing systems before the arrival of Eurasians, and their prehistory reaches into relatively recent periods; for example 1788 is usually taken as the end of the prehistory of Australia.
+
+The period when a culture is written about by others, but has not developed its own writing is often known as the protohistory of the culture. By definition,[1] there are no written records from human prehistory, so dating of prehistoric materials is crucial. Clear techniques for dating were not well-developed until the 19th century.[2]
+
+This article is concerned with human prehistory, the time since behaviorally and anatomically modern humans first appeared until the beginning of recorded history. Earlier periods are also called "prehistoric"; there are separate articles for the overall history of the Earth and the history of life before humans.
+Definition
+Beginning
+The term "prehistory" can refer to the vast span of time since the beginning of the Universe or the Earth, but more often it refers to the period since life appeared on Earth, or even more specifically to the time since human-like beings appeared.[3][4]
+End
+The date marking the end of prehistory is typically defined as the advent of the contemporary written historical record.[5][6] The date consequently varies widely from region to region depending on the date when relevant records become a useful academic resource.[7] For example, in Egypt it is generally accepted that prehistory ended around 3200 BCE, whereas in New Guinea the end of the prehistoric era is set much more recently, at around 1900 common era. In Europe the relatively well-documented classical cultures of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome had neighbouring cultures, including the Celts and to a lesser extent the Etruscans, with little or no writing, and historians must decide how much weight to give to the often highly prejudiced accounts of these "prehistoric" cultures in Greek and Roman literature.
+Time periods
+In dividing up human prehistory in Eurasia, historians typically use the three-age system, whereas scholars of pre-human time periods typically use the well-defined geologic record and its internationally defined stratum base within the geologic time scale. The three-age system is the periodization of human prehistory into three consecutive time periods, named for their respective predominant tool-making technologies:
+Stone Age
+Bronze Age
+Iron Age[8]
+History of the term
+The notion of "prehistory" began to surface during the Enlightenment in the work of antiquarians who used the word 'primitive' to describe societies that existed before written records.[9] The first use of the word prehistory in English, however, occurred in the Foreign Quarterly Review in 1836.[10]
+
+The use of the geologic time scale for pre-human time periods, and of the three-age system for human prehistory, is a system that emerged during the late nineteenth century in the work of British, German and Scandinavian archeologists, antiquarians and anthropologists.[8]
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+3. The ‘Secret War’ in Laos
+Laos is the most heavily-bombed country per capita in the world. The U.S. bombing of Laos (1964-1973) was part of a clandestine attempt by the CIA to wrest power from the Pathet Lao, a communist group allied with North Vietnam and the Soviet Union during the Vietnam War. Laos was critical to Dwight D. Eisenhower’s Domino Theory of keeping communism at bay, and presidents John F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson and Richard Nixon all escalated the bombings, which largely targeted North Vietnamese supply routes along the Ho Chi Minh Trail that stretched from Vietnam into Cambodia and Laos.
+While the U.S. invasion and bombing of Cambodia drew international protests, The Secret War in Laos remains largely shrouded in secrecy even as it marked the beginning of a more militarized CIA that would go on to fight proxy wars in Latin America and the Middle East.
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+Aerial warfare during World War One
+From Zeppelin airships to propaganda leaflet drops, Bernard Wilkin explores the significant role of aerial warfare in World War One – where it was used on a large scale for the first time.
+Aerial warfare was by no means a First World War invention. Balloons had already been used for observation and propaganda distribution during the Napoleonic wars and the Franco-Prussian conflict of 1870-1871. Planes had been used for bombardment missions during the Italo-Turkish war of 1911-1912. Yet, aerial warfare during the First World War marked a rupture with these past examples. It was the first conflict during which aircraft were involved on a large scale and played a significant role.
+
+Observation, fighters and bombardment
+At the beginning of the war, the usefulness of air machines was met with a certain amount of scepticism by senior officers on all sides. In fact, aeroplanes were mostly involved in observation missions during the first year of the conflict. However, rapid progress enhanced aeroplanes’ performance. In 1915, the Dutch aircraft manufacturer Anthony Fokker, who was working for the Germans, perfected a French invention allowing machine-gun fire through the propeller. This discovery had a revolutionary consequence: the creation of fighter aircraft. This type of plane gave an edge to the Germans during 1915. Their air superiority was to last until April 1916, two months after the beginning of the battle of Verdun. Thereafter, Allied dominance was gained through the creation of French fighting squadrons and the expansion of the British Royal Flying Corps. The control of the sky was to change hands again in the first half of 1917 when the Germans reformed their squadrons and introduced modern fighters. During April 1917, nicknamed ‘bloody April’, the British suffered four times more casualties than the Germans. But things were on the move on the Allied side. Successful reorganisations in France and Britain brought back air control for good until the Armistice.
+During 1915, another important step was taken when the Germans organised strategic bombing over Britain and France by Zeppelin airships. In 1917-18 ‘Gotha’ and ‘Giant’ bombers were also used. This new type of mission, targeting logistic and manufacturing centres, prefigured a strategy commonly adopted later in the century. Inevitably, bombardments of ports and factories were quickly adopted by all sides and led to civilian deaths. Although the number of civilians killed by aerial machines remained small during the war, these air raids nonetheless caused widespread terror. Yet, planes were on occasions a welcome sight. Indeed, aircraft and balloons were used by the Allies from 1915 to 1918 to drop propaganda leaflets over occupied France, Belgium and Italy in order to combat German psychological warfare. Propaganda was also dropped on German soldiers in an attempt to demoralise them.
+Aviators in the spotlight
+In 1915, aviation caught the attention of the press both in Germany and in the Allied countries. Fighting pilots credited with at least five victories became known as ‘aces’ and were admired as celebrities on Home Fronts until the end of the conflict. This phenomenon illustrates the ability of war culture to penetrate all aspects of society, but also underlines a paradox: heroes of the air became glamorous because they were clean and deemed noble while their infantry counterparts remained an anonymous mass, stuck in the mud of the trenches. This romanticized admiration by the public of flying aces was a cause of tension and jealousy between army and air force.
+
+Aviation and the war effort
+Was aviation in the First World War invaluable to the war effort? The question has been controversial since the Armistice. Collective memory has retained an admiration for the contribution made in the air on the Western Front, but it should be remembered that aviation also played a role in other theatres of operation. Indeed, planes were used on a smaller scale on the Eastern Front, in the Balkans and even briefly in the German colony of Tsingtao in China. Most of the nations involved in the war, including countries such as Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Bulgaria, Italy, Russia and the United States, developed their own air forces. It is certain that aerial photography was hugely helpful for artillery, the most devastating weapon of the war. Tactical air support had a big impact on troop morale and proved helpful both to the Allies and the Germans during 1918 when coordinated with ground force actions. But such operations were too dependent on the weather to have a considerable effect. Meanwhile, fighting planes had a significant impact in facilitating other aerial activities. Aviation made huge technological leaps forward during the conflict. The war in the air also proved to be a field of experimentation where tactics and doctrines were imagined and tested. Air force units were reorganised on numerous occasions to meet the growing need of this new weapon. Crucially, aerial strategies developed during the First World War laid the foundations for a modern form of warfare in the sky.
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+America in the First World War
+Jennifer Keene explores the events that led up to the United States of America joining the First World War and describes the effect that participation in the war had on American social and political life.
+‘The world must be made safe for democracy,’ proclaimed President Woodrow Wilson as he stood before Congress asking for a declaration of war against Germany. After remaining neutral for nearly three years, why did the United States finally decide to enter the war in April 1917? What did the war mean to Americans on the Home Front and those who fought overseas? Wilson’s idealistic pronouncements propelled the United States into a position of world leadership, but the war’s impact on American democracy was murkier.
+The American path to war
+When the First World War began in 1914, the United States resolved to sit on the sidelines. Neutrality, however, proved easier to proclaim than maintain. The expectation of a short war, the American people’s diverse ancestral ties to both Allied and Central Powers, and the lack of any clear danger to US territory made Wilson’s decision to remain neutral both practical and popular. In 1915, however, the political calculus changed when Britain and Germany both began targeting enemy supply lines on the high seas. The naval war directly affected the United States. The British blockade of the North Sea annoyed Americans, but rapidly increasing trade with Britain made up for losing access to German markets. The German policy of unrestricted submarine warfare, however, quickly became intolerable, especially when American lives were lost. On 7 May 1915, a German U-Boat torpedoed the Lusitania, a British passenger ship, off the coast of Ireland, killing 1,198 civilians, 128 Americans among them. Germany defended the sinking, pointing out that Americans had been warned to stay off ships heading into the war zone. Wilson nonetheless demanded that Germany amend its policy of unrestricted submarine warfare by curtailing attacks on passenger and merchant ships. After two more controversial sinkings, Germany temporarily agreed.
+In 1916, domestic debates over the war became more heated. The ‘Preparedness Movement’ argued that the nation was vulnerable to attack and thus needed to strengthen its military, but pacifist groups such as the American Union Against Militarism saw any increase in defence spending as a step towards war. Midwesterners and southerners criticised Wall Street for loaning money to Britain, and pressed for an arms embargo. Meanwhile, people throughout the nation contributed food, clothes, and money to help ease civilian suffering in Belgium, France, Italy, and Russia. Few people, however, donated to help German civilians suffering from the effects of the blockade.
+Finally, on 2 April 1917 Wilson went before Congress to ask for a declaration of war. Wilson cited Germany’s decision to resume unrestricted submarine warfare, its spying and sabotage operations within the United States, and the Zimmermann Telegram (an attempt to lure Mexico into fighting the United States alongside Germany) as evidence of Germany’s hostile intent against the United States. The president also declared that America was fighting for ‘the ultimate peace of the world and for the liberation of its peoples, the German peoples included’. After a testy congressional debate, the United States declared war against Germany on 7 April 1917. It did not declare war against Austria-Hungary until 7 December. The United States entered the Allied coalition as an associated power with no obligation to accept pre-existing Allied agreements on post-war territorial settlements. Wilson was determined to press for a peace settlement based on the principles listed in his war address and, later, on the Fourteen Points.
+Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points
+Wilson issued his Fourteen Points at a perilous moment when revolution-torn Russia was negotiating a separate peace agreement with Germany. In his address to Congress on 8 January 1918, Wilson tried (unsuccessfully) to convince Russia to reject the punitive peace offered by Germany. Repeating the call for a peace without victory, Wilson assured Germany ‘a place of equality among the peoples of the world’ after it evacuated all occupied territories in Europe.
+
+The majority of the Fourteen Points focused on settling the problems that Wilson believed caused the war (nationalism, imperialism, the arms race, and territorial disagreements). The final point proposed the creation of a league of nations to guarantee ‘political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike’. This ambitious plan was also designed to please Americans. Wilson’s emphasis on maintaining freedom of the seas addressed the issue that had driven the United States to take up arms against Germany. His desire to reduce arms ‘to the lowest point consistent with domestic safety’ reflected America’s traditional preference for a small peacetime army. Finally, Wilson suggested redrawing boundaries in southern and eastern Europe to place populations with similar ethnic identities in the same nation-states, an idea that appealed to recent immigrants from these regions.
+
+The Fourteen Points raised hopes that a better world might emerge from the terrible slaughter. Germany even requested an armistice based on the Fourteen Points in October, 1918, eager to avoid a harsh peace settlement. Wilson headed to the peace conference as the man of the hour, but French premier Georges Clemenceau was more sceptical. ‘God gave us the Ten Commandments and we broke them. Wilson gives us the Fourteen Points. We shall see,’ he quipped, foreshadowing the opposition that Wilson would encounter as the victors negotiated the terms of peace.
+
+Public perception of the war
+Official propaganda and expansive wartime sedition legislation shaped how Americans talked and thought about the war. Speaking out against the war meant risking arrest and possible jail time, with the result that only the most committed pacifists continued to criticise the war. Even remaining silent was not enough. The government urged everyone to actively contribute to the war effort. Propaganda posters whipped up patriotic fervour, encouraging Americans to enlist in the armed forces, conserve food, buy liberty bonds, sing patriotic songs, knit socks, and keep on the lookout for German spies. The Committee on Public Information orchestrated the government’s wartime propaganda campaign which permeated the workplace, cinema, music halls, and even classrooms.
+Wilson led the nation into war with high ideals, but once American soldiers began dying, sentiment hardened against anything German. States outlawed teaching German, symphonies stopped playing works by German composers, and among the large population of German Americans, citizens changed their last names in droves to demonstrate their loyalty. Vigilantes attacked people identified as ‘pro-German’, often forcing the accused to kiss an American flag, sing the national anthem, or endure physical torture.
+
+The fight for democracy ‘at home’
+Female suffragists and African American civil rights activists drew inspiration from Wilson’s promise to spread democracy. Radical female suffragists pioneered a new protest tactic when they decided to picket the White House to draw attention to their demand for the vote. Moderate suffragists chose a strategy of loyalty, volunteering extensively for wartime committees to demonstrate that the nation depended on its female citizenry to defend the nation. The mounting pressure eventually convinced Wilson to become the first president to publicly support a constitutional amendment guaranteeing female suffrage, a major step towards the eventual ratification of the 19th Amendment in 1920 which officially granted the vote to women. However, citizenship and state laws meant that black women, Native American women, Asian women, women unable to pay poll taxes and more besides were prohibited from exercising their right to vote.
+
+Much to their dismay, African Americans discovered that it made little difference whether they served the nation loyally or protested loudly, and that the nation’s commitment to white supremacy hardened over the course of the war. However, the war was a transformative moment for the African American community. Community-based mobilization during the war, whether to rally the black community to buy war bonds or to protest discriminatory treatment of African American soldiers, benefitted the civil rights movement. New leaders emerged, membership in fledgling groups like the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) grew, and the war’s democratic rhetoric infused the movement with a new ideological focus. Returning black soldiers, angry about the racial discrimination they encountered within the segregated wartime army, helped form an ethos of ‘fighting back’, both literally and figuratively, which laid the foundation for a more militant post-war civil rights movement.
+The experiences of troops
+Through conscription, the US army grew from a constabulary force of 300,000 peacetime troops to a 4.2 million-strong American Expeditionary Force (AEF) over the course of 18 months. The army reflected the ethnic and racial diversity of the American population, and included non-English speaking immigrants, Native Americans, African Americans, Hispanic Americans, and second-generation German Americans. The propaganda slogan ‘Americans All!’ promoted wartime service as a unifying, Americanising experience that rendered differences in language, culture, and religion irrelevant. Race still mattered, however. The entrenched racism of white Americans shaped the experiences of all troops and racial discrimination remained widespread. The US wartime army was rigidly segregated and black troops, who were largely under the command of white officers, were subjected to poor living and working conditions.
+
+Germany had taken a gamble by resuming unrestricted submarine warfare, hoping to defeat the Allies before the United States could make a difference in the war. Germany launched a series of spring offensives along the Western Front trying to secure a definitive break-through, but ultimately lost this race against time. In the late spring, the Americans fought their first battles at Cantigny, Belleau Wood, and Château-Thierry on the outskirts of Paris, then helped the Allies drive the German army back throughout the summer.
+
+In the fall, General John J Pershing took command of an American-controlled sector along the Western Front, an important development that made the American military contribution highly visible. Pershing had successfully fended off British and French efforts to permanently amalgamate the American forces into pre-existing Allied armies. Wilson wanted American troops to play a crucial, independent part in the ultimate victory, thereby earning him a prominent role in shaping the peace. The AEF fought its last and largest battle in the Meuse-Argonne from 26 September to 1 November 1918, its contribution to the final Allied offensive that ended the war. This 47-day operation involved 1.2 million American troops and is the second most lethal battle in American history.
+
+Overall, the American army engaged in six months of active fighting at the cost of 53,000 lives. In addition, nearly 63,000 men died of disease, primarily from influenza, and 200,000 veterans returned home wounded. Although we have recently seen a small revival of public interest in these men, they, and the battles they fought, have been largely forgotten by most Americans
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+Animals and war
+Millions of animals were relied upon by all sides in World War One. Curator Dr Matthew Shaw discusses the role of animals in transport, logistics, cavalry and communications, and considers their psychological function for troops and as propaganda.
+Introduction
+While the First World War witnessed the development of modern, technological warfare, it also made unprecedented demands on what we might see as archaic methods of campaigning. Despite the tanks, planes and machine guns, fighting still depended on the physical and emotional suffering and sacrifice of men, who also had to contend with mud, sand, water, disease and often brutal weather. Moreover, like fighting men since time immemorial, the armies of the Allies and the Central Powers depended on the efforts and skills of animals for transport, logistics, communications and, at times, solace.
+Beasts of burden
+The extent of the logistical apparatus that made the war feasible is almost impossible to imagine. Today, hundreds of tons of armaments remain to be discovered under the former battlefields of Belgium and France. The numbers and weights involved are vast: during the Battle of Verdun, for example, some 32 million shells were fired, while the British barrage preceding the Battle of the Somme fired some 1.5 million shells (in total, nearly 250 million shells were used by the British army and navy during the war). Railways, trucks and ships transported these munitions for much of their journey, but they also relied on hundreds of thousands of horses, donkeys, oxen and even camels or dogs for their transport. Field guns were pulled into position by teams of six to 12 horses, and the dead and wounded carted away in horse-drawn ambulances. The millions of men at the Front and behind the lines also had to be fed and supplied with equipment, much of which was again hauled by four-legged beasts of burden. Because of the deep mud and craters at the front, much of this could only be carried by mules or horses. Even the British army, which could boast that it was the most mechanised of the belligerent forces, relied largely on horse power for its transport, much of it organised by the Army Service Corps: by November 1918, the British army had almost 500,000 horses, which helped to distribute 34,000 tons of meat and 45,000 tons of bread each month. The animals themselves needed feeding and watering, and British horses had to carry some 16,000 tons of forage each month. In total, perhaps six million horses were engaged by all sides. Looking after these animals were specially trained soldiers, who knew how to care for such beasts from their jobs before the war, and who were also trained in modern methods of animal husbandry (although the level of training varied from army to army).
+Supply of horses and other animals
+Without the millions of horses, mules and donkeys serving on the various fronts, the war of attrition would have been impossible. Losses through exhaustion, disease (such as infection from the tsetse fly in East Africa), starvation and enemy action were high. 120,000 horses were treated in British veterinary hospitals in one year, many of which were field hospitals. The resupply of horses and other animals was a major concern for the leadership of all sides. At the outbreak of the war, Britain’s horse population stood at under 25,000, and so it turned to the United States (which supplied around a million horses during the war), Canada and Argentina. Germany had prepared for war with an extensive breeding and registration programme, and at the start of the war had a ratio of one horse to every three men. However, while the Allies could import horses from America, the Central Powers could only replace their losses by conquest, and requisitioned many thousands from Belgium, from invaded French territory and from the Ukraine. The difficulty of replacing horses arguably contributed to the eventual defeat of the Central Powers.
+Cavalry and fighting animals
+Despite the machine gun, barbed wire and trenches (or thick bushes in the Levant), cavalry proved to be remarkably effective during the conflict where mobile fighting could take place. Cavalry saw considerable action at Mons, and Russian cavalry penetrated deep into Germany during the early phases of the war. Cavalry were still occasionally used in their traditional role as shock troops even later in the war. Cavalry were effective in Palestine, although were obstructed by thick bushes as much as by barbed wire. Cavalrymen from Britain and her colonies were trained to fight both on foot and mounted, which perhaps accounts for horses’ more frequent use by these armies than by other European forces during the conflict. But most military tacticians had already recognised that the importance of mounted soldiers had waned in the age of mechanised war, a shift that had already become apparent in the American Civil War. Where cavalry regiments were maintained on the Western Front, many considered them a drain on men and resources, and futile in the face of machine guns. This was despite the esteem in which such regiments were still held in the traditional military mind, and the public popularity of the image of the dashing cavalryman.
+Communications
+As well as acting as beasts of burden or participants in the fighting, animals also played a vital role in communication. Trained dogs were used to carry messages from the front lines, especially by the German forces, and both sides made particularly heavy use of pigeons. Trained birds, which could fly at 40kph or faster, relayed messages back from the front lines to headquarters, often more reliably or securely than telecommunications or radio. Naval ships, submarines and military aeroplanes routinely carried several pigeons to deploy in case of sinking or a crash landing. Mobile homing pigeon units acted as communication hubs, and in Britain pigeon fanciers assisted in breeding and training for the war effort. The French deployed some 72 pigeon lofts. Pigeons also captured the popular imagination, with one American bird, ‘Cher Ami’, awarded a French medal for her service within the American sector near the town of Verdun. On her last mission she successfully carried her message, despite being shot through the chest, and purportedly saved the lives of 194 American soldiers with her news.
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+China's Great War
+Professor Xu Guoqi provides an overview of China’s involvement in the First World War, including the role of the Chinese Labour Corps (CLC) on the Western Front and the impact of the peace conference on China’s future.
+Even today, many people know little, if anything, about China’s deep involvement in the First World War. Perhaps it is surprising to learn that there was even a battlefield in China, where the British fought against German troops. The Chinese port city of Qingdao (Tsingtao) had been under German control since 1898. When the war broke out in Europe in 1914, Britain and its ally Japan were determined to kick Germany out of East Asia. After intensive fighting, German troops in Qingdao were forced to surrender in November 1914 and the Allies took possession of the colony.
+Why did China become involved in the First World War?
+The Qingdao battle might have been beyond China’s control. Yet China’s citizens and government were not only interested in the First World War, but also took major initiatives to participate in it. To understand China’s Great War, we first have to pay attention to events that unfolded from 1895 onwards. After China was defeated by Japan in the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–95), the Chinese were deeply worried about their nation’s future, fearing that it could disintegrate. In response, they pursued and adopted desperate measures. In the early 20th century, China abolished Confucian ideology which had served as the official religious-political doctrine for over 2000 years, and destroyed the dynastical system which had ruled the country since 221 BCE. Both systems were held responsible as sources of China’s weakness. In their determination to strengthen China, the country was declared a republic in 1912. We have to keep in mind that republicanism was still a radical political system and few nations were truly republics at that time.
+
+By adopting these dramatic measures, the Chinese hoped to turn China into an equal member in the ‘family of nations’. Since the Opium Wars of the 1840s, China had existed as a semi-colonial nation under the control of western powers and, later, Japan. The outbreak of the First World War presented China with a great opportunity to confront the existing world order which had been hostile to China for many decades and recover its long lost sovereignty, including control of Qingdao and Shandong province. China announced its neutrality but, motivated by these possibilities, made a secret attempt to declare war on Germany as soon as the war started. However, countries including Britain and Japan, who both had economic and diplomatic interests in China, blocked China’s official entry into the war. The Chinese felt even more threatened when Japan presented to their government the ‘Twenty-one Demands’, which extended direct Japanese control and in effect revealed Japan’s intention to colonise Chinese provinces.
+
+1915 onwards: the role of Chinese labourers and the Chinese Labour Corps
+Determined to create a place for China within the postwar world order, in 1915 the government adopted a creative strategy which they called ‘yigong daibing’, or to use workers as soldiers. At the same time as the Chinese reeled under Japan’s Twenty-one Demands, the war in Europe dragged on, casualties increased and the French and then British faced a ‘manpower’ crisis. China’s offer of an unlimited supply of labour was an astonishing opportunity for both countries. To support their war efforts, the French and British started to bring Chinese workers to France as early as 1916 to dig trenches, repair tanks and transport supplies, among other tasks. In total, roughly 140,000 Chinese workers arrived on the Western Front, many travelling via Canada. Those recruited by the British were collectively known as the Chinese Labour Corps (CLC). Among all the countries involved, China sent the largest number of men and its workers remained in France the longest. Many under British supervision would stay until 1920, while most men under the French stayed until 1922, working to clear live ammunition, exhume bodies from battlefields and carve gravestones for war cemeteries. Although their contribution has since been largely forgotten, these Chinese labourers were critical to the British and French war efforts and about 3000 men lost their lives. The Chinese were regarded as especially skillful at trench digging and thus played a crucial role by maintaining battlefield infrastructures in a war dominated by trench warfare.
+The journey of 140,000 Chinese citizens to Europe is an extremely important chapter in both Chinese and world history. While western civilization was facing a major crisis as a result of the war, China was at its own critical moment, striving to abolish its traditional Confucian civilization and embrace a new one that was international in its outlook. These Chinese workers, to a great extent, were messengers between the East and West and at the same time served as harbingers of China’s search for a new national identity.
+1917–19: from declaring war to the postwar peace conference
+In August 1917, China was finally successful in declaring war on Germany and the Austria-Hungary Empire. Although the Allies now allowed China to join the war, they did not support the Beijing government’s sincere offer to send military troops to Europe. The only exception was France, which seemed very interested in having Chinese soldiers on the Western Front. Nevertheless, despite all the misfortunes that China experienced in connection with its attempts to engage in the First World War, the Chinese people were excited and genuinely jubilant when the fighting ended with the Allies’ victory. When the news reached China, the government immediately declared a three-day national holiday to commence upon the armistice. Furthermore, China had achieved its original goal of being granted a seat at the postwar peace conference.
+
+China held high expectations for the Paris Peace Conference. The result, however, was deep disappointment. Many had hoped that President Woodrow Wilson, whose Fourteen Points speech became an immediate best seller when published in China, was the best qualified statesman to assume the role of champion of human rights generally and the rights of China in particular. But the Great Powers – Britain, France and the USA – treated China unfairly and refused to return Shandong, instead allowing Japan to take over German interests in China. Shandong was an integral part of Chinese territory and was considered to be the cradle of Chinese civilization, the birthplace of Confucius and Mencius, and a Holy Land for the Chinese; its inhabitants were entirely Chinese in race, language and religion. Most of the men who volunteered as labourers were from Shandong.
+
+On 4 May 1919 thousands of students in Beijing took to the streets to protest the decision. Their protest also placed pressure on the Chinese government, whom they believed had displayed weakness at the conference. On 28 June 1919, the two chairs reserved for the Chinese diplomatic delegation for the signing ceremony of the Versailles Treaty were empty. China was the only nation which refused to sign the treaty. By doing this, it told the world that China refused to accept the new world order imposed by the western Allies. At Peking University some cynically joked that Wilson had discovered a jolting new formula with his idealistic world order: ‘14 = 0’. By refusing to compromise on the Shandong issue and by its refusal to sign the Versailles Treaty, China forced the world to take notice of its situation and set the stage for the favorable resolution of the Shandong problem at the Washington Conference in 1921–22.
+
+1919 and after: The May Fourth Movement and China’s turn towards communism
+The student protest on 4 May eventually became known as the May Fourth Movement, and marked the end of China’s all-out efforts to join the liberal western system. The movement explicitly linked Chinese domestic politics to international affairs and launched China’s search for an alternative world order and its place within it. The movement conceived itself as the product of a double betrayal and a huge identity vacuum: having first rejected their own traditions and civilization, the Chinese found their aspirations thwarted by the west. This compelled the Chinese to confront challenging questions: What did it now mean to be Chinese? Where was the country heading? What values should the Chinese government adopt? In short, what shape should China’s national identity take? The key theme of the May Fourth Movement was to find a ‘third civilization’ for China to follow and copy.
+
+The so-called third civilization came in the form of Russia. In light of their dismal experience with western-style democracy after 1911, their rejection of Confucian tradition, and their disappointment after the war, the Chinese saw the alternative presented by communism and socialism from Russia’s Soviet regime as a clear solution to China’s problems. The importance and impact of that fatal choice is still felt today, since in theory China remains a communist country.
+
+In short, China’s involvement in the First World War truly made it a world war and transformed the meaning and implications of the conflict both for China and for the world. Its involvement injected new perspectives into the postwar peace conference and the emerging world order. At the same time, the broadly defined period of the Great War signals the dawn of a new age for China and symbolizes the beginning of China’s long journey towards internationalisation, propelling the country into a larger world history of the 20th century. No matter how we evaluate China’s war contribution and effort, by studying China’s involvement we can add a fuller – indeed, even a new – dimension to our collective memory of the war and our intertwined histories.
+
+Further reading
+Xu Guoqi, China and the Great War: China’s Pursuit of a New National Identity and Internationalization (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2005)
+
+Xu Guoqi, Strangers on the Western Front: Chinese Workers in the Great War (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011)
+
+Xu Guoqi, Asia and the Great War: A Shared History (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2016)
+
+Banner: © IWM (Q 2695), (Q 9862), (Q 9848), (Q 3481), (Q 8857), (Q 8919)
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+Europe before 1914
+Considering factors such as globalization and military advancement, Professor David Stevenson examines the political and diplomatic landscape of Europe before the outbreak of World War One.
+Europe in the early 20th century had known no great war, involving all the Continent’s major Powers, since the fall of Napoleon. Although European society had been transformed in the interim, the changes had made war more difficult rather than impossible, and the underpinnings of the long 19th-century peace had grown fragile.
+Globalization
+Characteristic of the pre-1914 decades was what we would now call globalization. Trade may have risen from one thirtieth to one third of world production between 1800 and 1913; between 1855 and 1914 investment flows grew 20 times. Europe accounted for nearly two thirds of global trade and even more of global investment, and from the 1890s Europe’s major currencies were fixed in value in relation to each other under the international gold standard. Hundreds of thousands of foreign-born labourers worked in the heavy industries of French Lorraine and Germany’s Ruhr. The British writer Norman Angell in his 1909 best-seller, Europe’s Optical Illusion, maintained that war between advanced modern economies was now irrational.[1] Yet British naval planners saw economic interdependence as making Germany more vulnerable, and the German General Staff considered war remained a viable option, at least if victory came quickly.
+
+Democratization
+A second 19th-century characteristic was democratization. By 1914 all the European Powers had elected lower houses of parliament, and a majority of the adult male population was enfranchised. The press was relatively free, and citizens could form parties and pressure groups. Nonetheless, in Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Russia ministers answered to monarchs rather than to a parliamentary majority, and the military chiefs were not subordinate to civilian statesmen. Moreover, as international tension mounted, public opinion polarized, more moderate and progressive tendencies being offset by nationalism and militarism. Europe’s socialist parties opposed wars of conquest and aggression but were willing to endorse a war fought for just cause and in self-defence, which in 1914 all the governments would claim to be fighting.
+
+Military revolutions
+The 19th century had also witnessed a succession of military revolutions. At sea, steel had superseded wooden hulls and steam had superseded sail. HMS Dreadnought, launched by Britain in 1906 with turbine engines and 10 12-inch guns, made all existing battleships obsolete. On land, Prussia’s combination of universal liability to conscription, forward strategic planning by a General Staff, and railway-borne mobilization helped win the wars of German unification, and was widely emulated. Breech-loading cannon with rifled steel barrels replaced smooth-bore muzzle-loaders, and infantry rifles replaced muskets. Smokeless high explosive replaced powder in bullets and shells, and the modern field gun fired up to 20 rounds per minute. Yet although on balance these developments favoured defenders over attackers, military planners concluded from the 1904-05 Russo-Japanese War that offensive tactics could still prevail, albeit at much higher cost than before.
+
+International organization
+War therefore remained possible, and the leading international political institution, the Concert of Europe, was too weak to prevent it. The Concert was not a permanent fixture but rather an understanding that at times of crisis the Powers would try to resolve their differences peacefully through a conference of ambassadors. It was a valuable face-saving device if governments wished to use it, but in 1914 when Britain proposed a conference, Germany encouraged Austria-Hungary to refuse.
+
+A balance of power?
+Peace therefore depended on more traditional devices such as the balance of power and deterrence. In the 1870s and 1880s the newly unified German Second Empire under the Chancellorship of Otto von Bismarck was not only the strongest Continental military power but also spun a web of alliances that left France – resentful of its defeat in 1870 – isolated. The Austro-German alliance of 1879 developed into the Triple Alliance (including Italy) in 1882, and Russia too concluded agreements with the German-led bloc. But after Wilhelm II became Emperor he allowed the connection with Russia to lapse, facilitating the formation in 1891-94 of a Franco-Russian alliance. Even so, for a time the two groupings balanced each other, and Russia and France were in rivalry not only with Germany but also (in Central Asia and in Africa) with Britain. So secure did Germany still feel that from 1898 it too challenged Britain through a major programme of North Sea battleship building.
+
+The beginning of the 20th century
+After 1904-07, the line-up became more ominous. Russia was weakened for several years after its defeat by Japan. Germany tried but failed to form a German-Franco-Russian bloc excluding Britain. Instead the British compromised over their extra-European disputes with the French in the ‘Entente cordiale’ of 1904 and over those with the Russians in 1907, and began co-operating diplomatically with their former adversaries. In 1902 Italy had reached a separate understanding with France. Germany’s leaders protested that the Triple Entente ‘encircled’ them, while their one remaining reliable ally, Austria-Hungary, was a multi-national empire that was hobbled by inter-ethnic disputes and menaced by a growing confrontation with its neighbour, Serbia, which with Russian encouragement fomented separatism among Austria-Hungary’s South Slavs. After 1905 Europe experienced a succession of diplomatic crises that heightened antagonism between the two blocs. From 1912 the Anglo-German naval race lost impetus, as a land arms race between the Austro-German and Franco-Russian alliances superseded it. In retrospect it is easy to discern the warning signs. But at the time they were less evident, and as late as spring 1914 tensions seemed to be easing. The French Socialist leader, Jean Jaurès, believed the peaceful resolution of so many crises had bred a dangerous complacency. Nonetheless, a general war was not inevitable until deliberate decisions created it.
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+Weeks after arriving in Germany, Yamashita was presented to Adolf Hitler, the Nazi leader. Each had his own objective for the meeting. Hitler intended to pressure the Japanese military into declaring war on Britain and the United States. Facing the wrath of Russia and the ongoing costs of Japan’s war on China, however, Yamashita had no interest. Instead, he hoped to inspect Germany’s military techniques and improve Japan’s own prospects at war. Despite Hitler’s hearty promises of an open exchange of information, the Japanese delegation’s questions about radar and other equipment were tossed aside by top Nazi officials. The Japanese were instead treated to a kind of “greatest hits” tour of German military sites around occupied territories.
+Privately, Yamashita was underwhelmed by the Führer. “He may be a great orator on a platform,” he told staff, “but standing behind his desk listening, he seems much more like a clerk.” Nonetheless, he played up the relationship publicly, telling the Berlin correspondent of the Asahi newspaper that Hitler had been profoundly influenced by Japan’s military power since boyhood. “Hitler emphasized that in the coming age the interests of Japan and Germany would be identical as the two have common spiritual foundations,” he said. “Hitler and Mussolini are united [with Japan] not from any consideration of interest but from a thorough spiritual understanding.”
+
+Germany and Japan had a mutual interest in gold.
+The understanding may have been spiritual in part—but it was financial, too. In 1938, the Third Reich looted Europe’s gold reserves, giving Germany as much as 100 metric tons of hard currency. In the years that followed, the Nazis seized gold from central banks in Poland, Belgium, Holland and the Netherlands, prompting the United Kingdom to ship its gold to Ottawa for safekeeping. Japan, meanwhile, seems to have plundered the rich gold resources of Northeast China, as well as other Asian territories, giving rise to later stories about vast hordes of treasure being hidden by Yamashita in the Philippines.
+
+As the conflict continued and Germany’s resources began to run dry, Japan extended a hand: In 1944, the Japanese submarine I-52 was sunk by Allied forces. It was believed to be on a mission to deliver more than two tons of gold, in addition to opium, metal and other raw materials, to the Nazi war machine
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+Experiences of colonial troops
+
+Dr Santanu Das gives an overview of the numbers and roles of colonial troops in World War One. Where did colonial troops serve and how was 'race' used as a factor in military policy?
+Even by conservative estimates well over four million non-white men were mobilised into the European and American armies during the First World War, in combatant and non-combatant roles. What do we know about the daily lived war experiences of these men from former colonies and from different racial and ethnic groups? In spite of important work being done and the recent ‘global turn’ in First World War studies, the social and cultural history of the war still continues to maintain a neat symmetry to the war itself: the non-European aspects, like the non-European sites of battle, remain ‘sideshows’. The contours of the ‘Great War and modern memory’ start to look different if, instead of the writings of an ordinary European solider, let alone a poet like Wilfred Owen or a novelist like Erich Maria Remarque, we consider the memories of an Indian sepoy, a Chinese worker or an African askari.
+
+A 'world' war
+In 1906, in a fictional narrative, the German writer F H Grautoff warned that ‘a war in Europe… must necessarily set the whole world ablaze’. This was no Eurocentric boast. In 1914, the whole of Africa, except Ethiopia and Liberia, was under European rule and Great Britain and France controlled the two largest colonial empires. They would draw on them extensively during the war for both human and material resources.
+
+Among the various colonies of the British empire, India contributed the largest number of men, with approximately 1.5 million recruited during the war up to December 1919. The dominions (self-governing nations within the British Commonwealth) – including Canada, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand and Newfoundland – contributed a further 1.3 million men. New Zealand’s mobilisation of more than 100,000 men may seem relatively small compared to India’s, but in proportionate terms New Zealand made one of the largest contributions to the British empire, with five percent of its men aged 15-49 killed. Indian and New Zealand troops fought together in Gallipoli, where out of a total of 3000 Indian combatants, some 1624 were killed, a loss rate of more than 50 per cent.
+
+In addition to the 90,000 troupes indigènes already under arms when the war started, France recruited between 1914 and 1918 nearly 500,000 colonial troops, including 166,000 West Africans, 46,000 Madagascans, 50,000 Indochinese, 140,000 Algerians, 47,000 Tunisians and 24,300 Moroccans. Most of these French colonial troops served in Europe. However, the majority of the Africans served as labourers or carriers in Africa. In total, as Hew Strachan has noted, over 2 million Africans were involved in the conflict as soldiers or labourers; 10 percent of them died, and among the labourers serving in Africa, the death rates may have been as high as 20 percent. Additionally, nearly 140,000 Chinese contract labourers were hired by the British and French governments, forming a substantial part of the immigrant labour force working in France during the war.
+
+With the entry of the United States into the war, nearly 400,000 African-American troops were inducted into the US forces, of whom 200,000 served in Europe.
+
+Race and military policy
+According to one native South African labourer, the most remarkable part of his war experience was ‘to see the different kinds of human races from all parts of the world’. This racial diversity on European soil was largely the result of French and British decisions to employ colonial non-white troops against Germany on the Western Front. Yet this decision was not straight forward in societies embedded with colour prejudices and doctrines of racial hierarchy - colour largely determined the life of the combatant and non-combatant in Europe. While France, with its assimilationist model, deployed these troops in Europe, a similar decision for Great Britain caused more soul-searching. The Times History of the World revealed contemporary thinking on the issue when in 1914 it wrote, ‘The instinct which made us such sticklers for propriety in all our dealings made us more reluctant than other nations would feel to employ coloured troops against a white enemy.’
+
+The British had regularly used colonial troops for imperial defence, but not in Europe or against other white races. Indian troops were not allowed to fight in the Boer War in South Africa (1899 – 1902). If a ‘coloured’ man were trained to raise arms against another European, what guarantee was there, so the racial thinking went, that he would not one day attack his own white master? However, after heavy casualties were suffered by the British Expeditionary Force in August 1914, two Indian divisions were diverted to France. Among the colonial non-white troops of the British empire, only Indians were allowed to fight in Europe. This was predominantly due to racial categorisation in British military policy.
+
+Racial categorisation, in the context of war, assumed one of its most sinister forms in the theory of ‘martial races’. Both England and France divided their subject people into ‘warlike’ and ‘non-warlike’ races, into races guerrières and races non-guerrières. For British military recruitment, this meant that some ‘races’ from Nepal and the North Indian provinces – particularly Punjab – were more likely to be recruited to fight as they were considered inherently more ‘manly’ and warlike than men from other parts of India. Racial theory was similarly important to the French General - Charles Mangin, and his theory of ‘La force noire’: the creation of a large reserve of African troops to counter France’s demographic imbalance in the face of Germany. To him, West Africans were ‘natural warriors’, ‘primitives… whose young blood flows so ardently, as if avid to be shed’. But it was not only Africans in combatant roles that suffered. There has been important work on the use of carrier corps in sub-Saharan Africa, where men were reduced to ‘beasts of burden’ and suffered very high casualty rates (as high as twenty percent), often from disease and malnutrition. Many other ethnic groups were also used as labourers in the various theatres of war. In recent years, there has been some interest, including an exhibition, on the approximately 140,000 Chinese workers who were hired by the British and French governments to clear WWI battlefields.
+
+For the different dominions, colonies and racial groups around the globe, the war experience was profoundly transformative at different levels. What are often considered sideshows in the grand European narrative of the war were momentous events with enduring consequences for the local communities. Nor, for many of these groups, did the war – at the basic, physical level – end with the Armistice. For two weeks after the guns fell silent on the Western Front, the wily German commander General Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck carried on his campaign in East Africa. In Europe, Chinese labourers started clearing up the battlefields of the Western Front, and French African troops stationed in the Ruhr region until early 1921 became the target of vicious racist propaganda.
+
+While in popular memory, the perception of the First World War remains narrowly confined to the Western Front, First World War fighting took place in Europe, Africa and the Middle East, with brief excursions into Central Asia and the Far East. The litany of the names of different theatres of battle often becomes the marker for the ‘world’ nature of the First World War. The colonial homefront – the lives of hundreds of thousands of women and children in villages across Asia and Africa who lost their husbands, brothers or fathers, and faced different kinds of hardships – remains one of the most silent and under-researched areas in First World War history. Part of the problem is one of sources: many of these people were non-literate and have not left us with the diaries and memoirs that we have in Europe. However, the global reverberations of this ‘world war’ become apparent when we consider the experiences of people, both men and women, combatants and non-combatants, from around the world who fought or laboured or whose lives were changed forever because of the war.
+
+Adapted from the ‘Introduction’ to Race, Empire and First World War Writing edited by Santanu Das (Cambridge, 2011).
+
diff --git a/historical/historical_91.txt b/historical/historical_91.txt
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+How the First World War ended 
+Professor David Stevenson explains how the war came to an end, and why Germany accepted the harsh terms of the armistice.
+To understand how and why the First World War terminated, we should remember why it failed to end sooner. In its middle years the conflict became a triple stalemate, at once military (neither side could achieve a breakthrough), diplomatic (the two sides’ objectives diverged too widely to allow peace through compromise), and domestic political (until the Bolshevik Revolution of November 1917, governments in all the Great Power belligerents remained committed to victory). In contrast, on the Eastern Front the crucial development, which enabled Soviet Russia’s withdrawal from the war (formalised by the signing of the Brest-Litovsk peace treaty of March 1918), was that a majority of the Bolshevik leaders was willing to concede all the Central Powers’ demands rather than risk being overthrown. In any case, much of the Russian army deserted after the Bolshevik takeover, rendering organised resistance impossible. Even so, the Brest-Litovsk treaty did not halt operations. In the summer of 1918, the Central Powers overran the Baltic coast, Ukraine and the Crimea, and sent troops to Finland and Georgia. Right up until November, hundreds of thousands of their forces stayed in the east.
+The end of the war in Western Europe
+By contrast, in Western Europe the key variable that changed was military: once the strategic balance shifted decisively, Germany applied for a ceasefire and for a peace settlement based on the American President Woodrow Wilson ’s ‘Fourteen Points’ of January 1918, which Germany had initially rejected. Only after the German Government had publicly admitted that the war could not be won did revolution follow, and rule out further resistance to the victors’ terms.
+
+Germany in 1918 was not a dictatorship, but the army high command (Paul von Hindenburg as Chief of the General Staff and Erich Ludendorff as First Quartermaster-General) held a veto over key decisions in foreign policy. Wilhelm II feared confronting them, and by threatening to resign they could remove officials whom they thought too moderate. The key development on the road to the armistice therefore came on 28 September, when Ludendorff suffered a breakdown. That evening he told Hindenburg that an early ceasefire was imperative, and Hindenburg agreed. Ludendorff had been under strain for months, but developments in the Balkans, France and in the German army precipitated his collapse.
+
+The trigger was a ceasefire appeal by Germany’s smallest partner. Starting on 15 September, Allied forces in Macedonia had attacked and routed the Bulgarian army. If Bulgaria dropped out, the Central Powers would geographically split in two, separating Ottoman Turkey from Austria-Hungary and Germany. In addition, Allied forces could threaten the Ploesti oilfield in Romania. Bulgaria therefore mattered in its own right. But it surrendered partly because of wider developments in the war. German and Austro-Hungarian forces had withdrawn from Macedonia to fight elsewhere, and the Balkan crisis coincided with a larger crisis on the Western Front. Between March and July 1918 five German all-out assaults – the ‘Ludendorff offensives’ – had advanced up to 50 miles (80 kilometres) towards the Channel ports and Paris, but compelled neither Britain nor France to make peace before the American army arrived in strength. Between July and November the Allies drove Germany back, expelling it from most of France and much of Belgium. On 26 September Allied forces opened a sequence of attacks along a huge sector between the Argonne forest and Flanders, and on 29 September British Empire troops broke through the strongest German defence position, the Hindenburg Line. The German army could neither overwhelm its enemies in an all-out offensive, nor halt their advance through defensive attrition. The situation on the Western Front had altered fundamentally since the stalemate of 1915–17.
+
+Allied advantages
+Technology was one factor. The Allies possessed hundreds of tanks against Germany’s dozens. The German high command cited tanks as one reason why a ceasefire was needed: they were used in massed attacks on the Marne on 18 July and near Amiens on 8 August. Yet the tanks advanced only at walking pace and were vulnerable to breakdown and to German fire. They were a supplementary advantage rather than a war-winning weapon. More important was Allied artillery. This meant particularly heavy guns, which could destroy trenches and dugouts, and if guided by aerial reconnaissance and photographs could silence Germany’s guns by surprise bombardments. At the same time, lighter field-gun batteries laid down a ‘creeping barrage’ that stifled the German machine guns until the Allied infantry were upon them. The British and French possessed a flexible logistical system that used roads as well as railways, enabling them to shuttle forces rapidly from sector to sector, whereas by late September Germany’s lateral trunk line was paralysed. Behind the barbed wire lay the home fronts, where British and French factories delivered machine guns, artillery, gas, tanks and aircraft in extraordinary quantities, backed by American, oil, steel, machinery and finance. Equally crucial was command of the Atlantic, across which North American troops and commodities were transported. In 1917 the U-boats threatened to starve Britain into surrender; by 1918 they were contained.
+
+A further Allied advantage was in ‘manpower’, as it was called at the time. Britain and France had greater success than Germany in recruiting women to make munitions; the German army had to release hundreds of thousands of troops into arms production. During 1918 the German army suffered a million casualties in the offensives from March to July; and nearly as many again between July and November. Although Britain and France were also running short of soldiers, American military personnel in France rose between March and November from some 250,000 to nearly two million. The German army was not only outnumbered but also demoralised; tens of thousands of its troops surrendered every month from August onwards, while comparable numbers deserted.
+
+Agreeing the terms of peace
+Ludendorff feared that if revolution followed defeat, the soldiers would refuse to keep order. His response was to seek damage limitation. He hoped to win a breathing space and regroup. Advised by the Foreign Minister, Paul von Hintze, he envisaged appealing not to Germany’s enemies collectively but to the American President, whom the Germans thought the weak link in the opposing chain. They asked Wilson for a ceasefire prior to a peace based on the Fourteen Points (his moderate and idealistic peace programme announced in January 1918) and on his other speeches. They stage-managed a ‘revolution from above’, forming a government under Prince Max of Baden (who had a reputation as a liberal), and including the Socialist, Catholic and Progressive parties who commanded a Reichstag majority. Wilson responded by engaging with the Germans in a public exchange of notes, while consulting the European Allies privately. Eventually, not only did the Germans sign up to the Fourteen Points, but so apparently did Britain, France and Italy, at the Paris conference of 29 October–4 November. Just as it had taken two sides to start the war, so too all the parties had to be persuaded that stopping the conflict was in their interests. Even so, it is less surprising that the Germans requested a ceasefire than that the Americans and the European Allies conceded one, when at last the military operations were moving their way.
+
+Part of the explanation for this paradox is that America, Britain and France were wary of each other as well as of their enemies, and all saw arguments against continuing into 1919. In Washington the issue was partly financial: Treasury Secretary William G McAdoo warned that the war was becoming prohibitively expensive even for America. Moreover, Wilson faced midterm elections in which his Democratic party was likely to lose ground to his Republican critics. He feared the xenophobia of the American Home Front would hamper him in brokering a moderate peace. This would apply still more if Germany were so completely beaten that Britain and France no longer needed American assistance. In Europe, in contrast, Italy would follow a Franco-British lead, and both Paris and London feared that a victory won in 1919 would be dominated by America, which would gain a corresponding dominance at the peace conference. And although Wilson insisted on the Fourteen Points becoming the political framework of the armistice, he left the technical terms to the European Allies. The naval terms were shaped by the British Admiralty, which insisted on Germany surrendering all its submarines and its most modern battleships. The land terms were decided mainly by the Allied General-in-Chief, Ferdinand Foch, who required the Germans to withdraw so quickly that they abandoned much of their heavy equipment, enabling the Allies to occupy Belgium (a central British concern), Alsace-Lorraine (a central French one), and the west bank of the Rhine, as well as bridgeheads on the east bank. Furthermore, Germany had to abandon all its gains in Russia, while the Italians under their ceasefire with Austria could occupy Trieste and the Trentino. Germany had also to evacuate German East Africa, the one overseas colony where its forces continued to resist. The European Allies used the peace agreement to install their forces in the territories to which they had pretensions, and to weaken Germany to such an extent that it could not renew hostilities.
+
+Why did Germany accept an armistice with such severe terms?
+The question remains why Germany accepted terms that were much less favourable than Hindenburg and Ludendorff had envisaged. Part of the answer is that Wilhelm II dismissed Ludendorff on 17 October, while ordering Hindenburg to stay in post and thereby splitting the two generals. As Ludendorff was replaced by the more conciliatory and realistic Wilhelm Groener, the military veto over foreign policy was lifted. Ludendorff lost credibility with the German politicians by urging them to reject an armistice once he realised its conditions would be severe, and Wilson’s pressure for democratisation within Germany may also have contributed to the change in the high command. Two further developments completed the destruction of Berlin’s bargaining position. The first was a series of nationalist revolutions in Austria-Hungary at the end of October. Poland, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia emerged at the former Dual Monarchy’s expense, while the remainders of its Austrian and Hungarian halves separated. On 31 October Ottoman Turkey also signed a ceasefire, partly because Bulgaria’s surrender had opened the road for Allied armies to reach Istanbul. If Germany fought on now, it would do so alone. But the final blow was revolution in Germany itself. It began when the navy prepared a suicidal final sortie against the Thames estuary and London. Once the battleships began to get up steam, their crews mutinied. The warships put in to shore at Kiel, and the sailors joined hands with munitions workers to raise the red flag. Revolution spread across north Germany and on 9 November a republic was proclaimed in Berlin, under a socialist provisional government, while Wilhelm fled into exile. Groener advised the new authorities to conclude a ceasefire on any terms available, which they did.
+
+The armistice offered Germany apparently lenient political terms, based on the Fourteen Points, but stringent naval and military conditions. Almost immediately some Allied leaders felt the war had been halted too soon – as the American commander, John J Pershing, had warned before the ceasefire was signed. Germany’s forces still stood everywhere on foreign territory, and only four months previously its territorial conquests had reached their maximum. German nationalists soon propagated the myth that the defeat was bogus, and that German Jews and communists, as well as the socialist provisional government, had stabbed the warrior heroes in the back. If the Allies had demanded unconditional surrender or had paraded through Berlin, they might have hammered home that Germany really had been beaten, undercutting the far right. Yet at the time none of the Allied political chiefs wished to occupy the German interior. In the pre-ceasefire discussions Pershing had been countered by Foch, who warned that fighting on would cost tens of thousands of lives for advantages that were nebulous. Indeed, the armistice conditions weakened Germany sufficiently for the Allies to be able seven months later to impose the Versailles Treaty over vehement German opposition, and if the victors had held together to uphold the Treaty’s disarmament clauses, no second world war need have followed. But this was for the future. In November 1918 leaders in Washington, Paris and London judged that now that fighting no longer served a political purpose, no further loss of life was justified and the bloodshed they had endured for so long could finally come to an end.
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+Military discipline and punishment
+
+Professor Gary Sheffield discusses conformity and rebellion of World War One troops within the frame of military discipline and punishment.
+One of the factors that enabled the soldiers of the First World War to endure terrible conditions and high casualties was discipline. Military discipline makes the difference between a mob and an army. It is a form of behaviour that is the consequence of training and indoctrination, designed to ensure compliance to orders among individuals and groups, to create and maintain cohesion in military units. The fact that the undermining of officers’ authority in Russia after the March revolution (1917) was an issue in the mass desertions that followed offers evidence that discipline is the glue that holds groups together and makes them act as one in response to orders.
+Brutal training to mould an army
+Armies in the First World War drew upon a pool of recruits, some of which were already accustomed to industrial discipline in factories and other workplaces. Germany and Britain, for example, were highly industrialised and urbanised societies in 1914. All working-class soldiers would have been used to being at the bottom of society, with all that entailed. Even so, all armies subjected new recruits to basic training which ranged from the unpleasant to the brutal, the aim being to break down the individuality of the new soldiers and to mould them into a group that would carry out orders unquestioningly.
+
+Conformity versus rebellion
+Discipline was operated with a carrot-and-stick approach. Conforming brought benefits: regular food, leave and other privileges. Rebelling incurred punishments, which differed from army to army. Most were fairly minor: stoppage of privileges, giving offenders unpleasant or dangerous duties. British Empire forces used Field Punishment: the most severe version including tying a malefactor to a fixed object for a period of time. Although much resented, this was more humane than the traditional punishment of flogging (which was still used on Indian troops). As an emergency measure, the Russian army reintroduced flogging in 1915. Imprisonment was a possibility although as it this offered a way out of the trenches, it tended to be used sparingly.
+Mutiny, desertion and the ultimate punishment
+Mutiny was the gravest military crime, for it struck at the very heart of military discipline, and desertion was not far behind for similar reasons. Nearly all armies executed malefactors. Sometimes the purpose was to act as a warning or deterrent to others, with the justice of sentences passed on individuals of less importance than the disciplinary needs of the army. There were certainly cases, perhaps numerous ones, of psychiatric casualties (soldiers who have sustained mental wounds) being shot. Civilian justice and military discipline served two different purposes.
+
+Germany used the ultimate penalty sparingly: only 48 of 150 death sentences were carried out. The numbers shot by the French army are unknown, as they included some summary executions, but the shooting of 600 (out of 2,000 condemned) are documented. However, in the aftermath of the mutinies of 1917, while 554 men were sentenced to death, only 49 were executed. The British executed 321 for military offences, plus an unknown number of Indian soldiers. The Australian government refused to allow death sentences to be carried out on their men, otherwise subject to British military law. Punishments were particularly savage in the Italian army. They included ‘decimation’, choosing soldiers by lot from a unit that had failed in some way, and executing them. A favoured policy of General Luigi Cardona, it was discontinued by his successor as de facto Commander-in-Chief, General Armando Diaz, seeking to restore the morale of the army after the disaster at Caporetto in 1917. Some 750 Italian soldiers were shot.
+
+Conclusion
+Discipline was an important factor in holding armies together, but it was not the only one. Depending on the army and the individual, belief in the cause, loyalty to unit and/or comrades, leadership and other issues were also significant: in 1918, Austrian soldiers were deterred from deserting because they decided that the army’s meagre rations were preferable to facing famine at home. Nevertheless, without the bonds of discipline, armies could not have stayed in the field for as long as they did.
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+Prisoners of War
+
+What was the reality for prisoners of war in World War One? Dr Heather Jones looks beyond the propaganda to consider the facts around prisoner mistreatment, labour and death rates across Europe.
+The image of prisoners behind barbed wire gazing at the camera taking their photograph is a striking one. Prisoners of war were central to the propaganda machine in the First World War, with belligerent states keen to circulate photographs that showed that they were treating their captives well. How a state treated its prisoners was taken as an indication of its level of cultural development and modernity – and all states accused their enemy of mistreating its prisoners.
+
+Prisoner mistreatment
+These accusations were not all propaganda stories. Although the majority of the estimated eight to nine million men taken prisoner during the First World War survived the conflict, during the war there were a number of serious episodes of prisoner mistreatment. In 1914, Germany captured far more prisoners of war than Britain or France. By 1915, Germany held over a million prisoners of war. Germany expected a short war and it was not prepared for these numerous soldiers captured on both Germany’s Eastern and Western Fronts. In 1914, prisoners of war transported to Germany from the Front often had to sleep in fields, where they suffered from exposure, while they waited for their camps to be built. The prisoners were also used as labour to build the camps.
+
+In Germany, Austria-Hungary and Russia in 1915, prisoner of war camps were often unsanitary and that year a severe typhus epidemic broke out which cost the lives of thousands of prisoners. In Mauthausen camp in Austria-Hungary in January 1915, up to 186 prisoners a day died of typhus. Typhus also broke out in many camps in camps in the Russian empire: in winter 1915-16, typhus ravaged Totskoe camp where at least 10,000 men died out of 25,000. The typhus epidemic led to the development of better hygiene conditions in prisoner of war camps in Germany, with modern latrines, disinfection vats to remove lice from clothing and shower or bath houses built for the prisoners.
+
+Reprisals also resulted in prisoner mistreatment. In 1916, Germany sent newly captured British and French prisoners to carry out forced labour on the Eastern Front in a reprisal action for the French sending German prisoners of war to camps in North Africa and the British using German prisoners as workers for the British army in France. These Eastern Front reprisals were horrific and many prisoners died of cold and starvation. In 1917, Germany kept British and French prisoners of war on the Western Front in dangerous locations, carrying out forced labour. This was a reprisal for the British and French using forced German prisoner labour on the Western Front: the French had forced German prisoners to work under shellfire for months on the Verdun battlefield. These reprisals marked a significant escalation in prisoner of war
+
+Labour
+The image of prisoners of war behind barbed wire in the prisoner of war camp was one of the most widespread images of the war. However, it was also rather misleading as by 1915 states and armies had started to think differently about how best to house and treat prisoners. The large prisoner of war camp on a country’s Home Front was only one place that prisoners were held. From 1915 on, Germany began to send prisoners to live and work in small working units in agriculture, forestry or mining – industries badly short of manpower due to the war effort. Russia and France also began to use prisoner labour on a massive scale: in Russia, working conditions varied very widely, with the worst occurring during the construction of the Murman railway during which an estimated 25,000 out of the 70,000 mainly Austro-Hungarian and German prisoner of war work force died. Britain, however, delayed using widespread prisoner labour on the home front until 1917 because of trade union opposition.
+
+Prisoner labour was key to the war effort of many states. Overall by 1916, across Europe most non-officer prisoners of war, whom it was legal for the captor to put to work under international law, were working, some returning to the prisoner of war camp at night, others lodged under guard near to their place of work. For those housed outside the camp conditions could vary considerably. While prisoner of war camps were inspected during the war by the International Red Cross , working units outside the camp were rarely inspected. The worst camps, however, were those run by armies near the front line. By 1916, the British, French, German, Austro-Hungarian and Russian armies were all keeping permanent units of prisoners as forced labourers for the army at or near the front. These men had to work under shellfire and live in desolate, unhygienic conditions. In some armies, such as the German army in 1918, they were
+
+Death rates
+Death rates varied for different prisoner nationalities during the war: 100,000 of the 600,000 Italian prisoners captured by the Central Powers died. Romanian prisoners in German camps had a death rate of 29%. Serbs held by Austria-Hungary or British prisoners captured by the Ottoman Empire also had very high death rates. In contrast, German prisoners captured by Britain had death rates of 3%. While most prisoners survived the war, and camps in Western European countries were generally quite good, for certain nationalities captivity was more dangerous than serving at the front. The image of the well-run prisoner of war camp is thus not representative of the experience of all prisoners during the war.
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+Propaganda for patriotism and nationalism
+
+Professor David Welch explores nations’ reliance on propaganda in World War One, with a focus on symbols and slogans of nationhood and patriotism.
+
+The First World War was the first war in which the mass media played a significant part in disseminating news from the Fighting Front to the Home Front. It was also the first war to target systematically produced government propaganda at the general public. All the belligerents were therefore compelled to recognise that they had to justify the righteousness of the war and, to this end, themes such as patriotism and nationalism played an important role.
+‘Your Country Needs YOU’
+The armies of continental Europe were made up of conscripts, who really had little choice about going to war. In 1914 the British Army, by contrast, was made up of professionals and then volunteers. The British placed immense reliance, therefore, on propaganda to justify the war to the people, to help promote recruitment into the armed forces and to convince the population that their sacrifices would be rewarded.  One of the most enduring images of the war -  much copied and parodied since - remains the distinctive recruitment poster of Lord Kitchener’s heavily mustachioed face and intimidating finger imploring the British population that ‘Your Country Needs YOU’. Stereotypes deeply embedded in national sentiment were invoked to justify Britain’s entry into the war, and British propaganda posters often employed the religious symbolism of St George slaying the (German) dragon.British recruitment posters changed in tone, from appealing to an individual’s honour to ‘mobilisation by shame’. Savile Lumley’s famous poster of 1915 depicted two young children asking their father about his military prowess after the war: ‘Daddy, what did YOU do in the Great War?’ The emotional blackmail of using children to shame their elders into fighting was, in fact, employed by most of the belligerents. Women were also assigned the responsibility for ordering men into war. Perhaps the most well known in this genre is ‘Women of Britain Say—“GO!”’
+
+Symbols of nationhood
+Once the initial euphoria (‘war fever’) had subsided, it was imperative to remind people, both at home and in the trenches, of what they were fighting for. The major themes included a call to arms and a request for war loans; as well as efforts to encourage industrial activity, to explain national policies, to channel emotions such as courage or hatred, to urge the population to conserve resources, and to inform the public of food and fuel substitutes.
+One tactic at a state’s disposal was the use of iconic figures to strengthen a particular point about national identity in order to promote patriotism. These might be real people presented in a mythologised form as national heroes, or they might come from old myths or popular folklore: Britannia, John Bull and the British bulldog; the German eagle; the French cockerel or the national emblem of France, Marianne -  an allegorical encapsulation of liberty and reason.
+
+An alternative strategy was the use of material symbols of nationhood. Indeed, a state might have numerous opportunities at its disposal to create narratives and circulate images favourable to its preferred national story - in everyday items such as coins, banknotes and postage stamps, or symbolic structures such as statues, monuments and buildings. Two of the most overt and powerful symbols, which allow citizens to express their affinity with the state, are the nation’s flag and its anthem.
+
+The money motif
+The need to raise money to pay for the war by means of war bonds (or ‘Liberty Bonds’ as they were known in the United States) provided one of the most important patriotic themes for posters and for the new medium of film.  A recurring, related theme was the portrayal of money (coins and banknotes) as an active force in military engagement, for example: ‘Turn Your Silver into Bullets - at the Post Office’. In France, a similar poster, designed by Jules Abel Faivre in 1915, depicted a large gold coin with a Gallic cockerel on it, crushing a German soldier, with the slogan: ‘Deposit Your Gold for France - Gold Fights for Victory’.
+
+All sides, therefore, supplemented their military engagement with propaganda aimed at stimulating national sentiment by means of nationalistic slogans and patriotic calls to arms.
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+The War at sea
+
+In the lead-up to World War One Britain and Germany were engaged in a naval arms race. Archivist Louise Bruton examines how the war heralded a new form of naval warfare that featured dreadnoughts, submarines and trade blockades.
+In the years leading up to the First World War Britain and Germany engaged in a naval arms race. Britain had peaceably enjoyed its status as the world’s dominant naval force since the Napoleonic Wars but Germany now sought to contest that dominance. A new generation of ships became central to the naval race: the dreadnoughts. Named after the Royal Navy’s HMS Dreadnought, these ‘castles of steel’ came to symbolise naval power in the early 20th century.
+
+The dreadnoughts represented a revolution in warship design and yet their construction was based on the centuries-old definition of the purpose of naval campaigning as being the head-on confrontation of two opposing battle fleets. During the First World War, not only did senior naval officers trained in the days of sail learn to command brand new ships and weaponry untested in wartime; they also witnessed a transformation in warfare that turned the war at sea from a traditional surface encounter into a complex balancing act of defensive strategies and covert tactics involving two new and unforeseen dimensions: under water and in the air.[1]
+
+
+Trade blockade of Germany
+Britain was quick to capitalise on its enduring naval supremacy and geographical position by establishing a trade blockade of Germany and its allies as soon as war began. The Royal Navy’s Grand Fleet patrolled the North Sea, laid mines and cut off access to the Channel, curtailing the movements of the German High Seas Fleet and preventing merchant ships from supplying Germany with raw materials and food. The North Sea became ‘a marine no man’s land, with the British Fleet bottling up the exits’, as Richard Hough describes it in The Great War at Sea 1914-1918.[2]
+
+The effect of the blockade on Germany’s civilians after four years of war was noted by British Army MajorGeneral Sir Aylmer Gould Hunter-Weston in December 1918 during a visit to Germany: ‘the food situation is very serious indeed…The Germans are living entirely on their food capital now – they have eaten all their laying hens and are eating all their milch [sic] cows… [there is a] real scarcity.’
+Submarine warfare and defensive strategy 
+The simultaneous torpedoing of HMS Aboukir, Hogue and Cressy by a single German submarine in September 1914 shocked the Royal Navy and forced the Admiralty to recognise the threat that the U-Boats, as they became known, posed to the surface fleet.[3]
+
+Although the Allies had their own submarines, which were active in the Adriatic, the Baltic and the Dardanelles over the course of the war, defences against submarines were slow to be developed. The British Navy appealed both to its own personnel and to the wider public for ideas. Minefields, net barrages, depth charges and patrols were introduced but more often than not these defences could be evaded. U-Boats could roam virtually undetected, since the sighting of a periscope was the most reliable method of location at a time when sonar technology was still in its infancy.
+
+In January 1916, in reply to an enquiry from former Prime Minister and then First Lord of the Admiralty Arthur Balfour, Commander-in-Chief of The Grand Fleet John Rushworth Jellicoe stressed the importance of playing to the Navy’s main strength – its size – to retain control of the North Sea: ‘…as to a possible naval offensive… I have long arrived at the conclusion that it would be suicidal to divide our main fleet...’ For the first two years of the war the Allies accordingly concentrated their naval efforts on a defensive strategy of protecting trade routes, developing anti-submarine devices and maintaining the blockade rather than actively seeking direct confrontation.
+
+Atmosphere of frustration
+Defence was a vital strategy but it was also gruelling, repetitive and unglamorous. Many in the navy longed for decisive action and a great naval victory to recall the Battle of Trafalgar and gratify the general public. The minor battles of the Heligoland Bight and Dogger Bank and the disastrous Dardanelles campaign did little to ease the tension. First Sea Lord Admiral H B Jackson commented to Jellicoe ‘I fancy you must look out for staleness [sic] with your important commanders, just as much as general health. I do wish you could get a change in your monotonous work.’
+
+The Battle of Jutland
+Jackson’s wish was granted on 31 May-1 June 1916 when The Grand Fleet finally met the High Seas Fleet in direct combat off the coast of Denmark. The Battle of Jutland was to be the only major naval battle of the First World War, and the most significant encounter between warships of the dreadnought era. 
+
+With fewer ships, Germany’s plan was to divide and conquer. A German advance force led by Vice-Admiral Franz Hipper engaged Vice-Admiral David Beatty’s battlecruisers, hoping to cut them off from the main fleet. A fire fight ensued as Beatty chased Hipper, Hipper leading Beatty towards the rest of the High Seas Fleet. The Allies suffered early casualties in the loss of HMS Indefatigable and Queen Mary before Beatty turned to re-join the Grand Fleet. The High Seas Fleet and the Grand Fleet clashed throughout the afternoon until darkness descended. During the night the High Seas Fleet made its escape and by the early hours of 1 June the battle was over.
+
+Both sides claimed the battle as a victory. Germany had inflicted greater losses on the Allies than it had suffered itself and yet the High Seas Fleet was incapacitated while the Grand Fleet remained the dominant naval factor. However, controversy over Jellicoe’s and Beatty’s actions quickly followed the battle and deprived both the Royal Navy and the British public of the outright triumph that years of frustration had called for. It is telling that Jellicoe’s parting words to his navy colleagues on leaving the Grand Fleet a few months later read ‘may your arduous work be crowned with a glorious victory’.
+
+Unrestricted submarine warfare and the convoy system
+After the Battle of Jutland the High Seas Fleet never again attempted to engage the entire Grand Fleet, and German naval strategy refocused on covert underwater operations.
+
+Submarine historian Richard Compton-Hall suggests that the starvation of the German population due to the Allied blockade had a decisive influence on U-Boat crews’ increasingly ruthless attacks, culminating in the declaration of unrestricted submarine warfare on 1 February 1917. [4] U-Boats attacked merchant vessels, hoping to disrupt Allied trade and similarly weaken Britain, an island nation dependent on its imports.
+
+The result was huge loss of life in the Merchant Navy and a shortage of British shipping with which shipbuilders could not keep pace. Neutral ships were not immune and neither were passenger liners. RMS Lusitania had been sunk by a U-Boat in 1915, killing American passengers and prompting some to call for US entry into the war. The renewed threat to civilians caused the USA to declare war in April 1917, a month in which 869,000 tons of Allied shipping was sunk.[5]
+
+A letter from the Board of Trade to the Cabinet in April 1916 had predicted that ‘…the shortage of shipping will place this country in more serious peril than can any calamity short of the defeat of the Navy…’ With The Grand Fleet undefeated it became clear that the war would be won or lost not in a traditional sea battle but by the Allies’ response to the so-called ‘submarine menace’.
+
+The Allied response was a system of convoys. Warships escorted merchant and passenger vessels, protecting them from U-Boat attack by virtue of strength in numbers. The concentration of shipping into small clusters in vast seas made ships harder rather than easier to find; evasive zigzag courses made it difficult for U-Boats to predict convoy routes and target torpedoes; and the accompanying warships were able to counter-attack using depth charges. The Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS) and later the US Naval Air Service provided cover, spotting submerged U-Boats and thereby deterring them from surfacing and accurately targeting the convoy. Shipping losses dropped and by the time of the Armistice in 1918, the loss rate in the convoys was less than 0.5 per cent.[6]
+
+Conclusion
+The war at sea was not characterised by monumental battles, glorious victories and haunting landscapes as was the war on land. The Battle of Jutland was the only full-scale direct action to occur between opposing navies and even this was indecisive. Yet the blockade of supplies to Germany weakened the country, directly contributing to the end of the war, as indeed the U-Boat campaign would have done in reverse had the convoy system not eventually succeeded in saving Britain from starvation. Control of the North Sea meant no less than the difference between independence and invasion. 
+
+The war at sea was a test of nerves and ingenuity. Both sides had to master technologies and ways of fighting unimaginable just a few years earlier. It was a marathon of endurance and persistence, often thankless but always critically important.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/historical/historical_96.txt b/historical/historical_96.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..88e93558fb0206219bffb7947a867f6ca052f31c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/historical/historical_96.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+The Sahara buried this ancient Roman city—preserving it for centuries
+
+It isn’t often that entire cities vanish, but the Roman outpost of Thamugadi did. Founded by the emperor Trajan around A.D, 100, the city, also known as Timgad or Tamugas, was located in the North African province of Mumidia.
+
+Home to veterans of the Third Augustan Legion, Thamugadi flourished for hundreds of years, becoming prosperous and thus an attractive target for raiders. After a Vandal invasion in 430, repeated attacks weakened the city, which never fully recovered and was abandoned during the 700s.
+
+The desert sands swept in and buried Thamugadi. One thousand years would pass before the city received a visit from a team of explorers led by a maverick Scotsman in the 1700s. (See also: This warrior was the best of ancient Rome's 'five good emperors')
+
+Statesman and scholar
+Best known now for his contested discovery of the source of the Blue Nile in Ethiopia, Scottish nobleman James Bruce was serving as the British consul in the coastal city of Algiers (today the capital of Algeria) in 1763.
+
+Imposingly tall and broad, Bruce was a voracious scholar with a curious mind. Before his arrival in Algiers to take up his post, he spent a few months in Italy poring over the history of the African region and its role in antiquity.
+
+Bruce’s short temper and strong opinions soon led to clashes with his superiors in London. In 1765, he lost his appointment. Rather than return to Britain, he and a Florentine artist named Luigi Balugani embarked on an adventure across Africa. On their journey, they kept notes and made illustrations depicting the many extraordinary people and places they encountered.
+
+
+Time in the desert
+In the early stages of this odyssey, they had traveled south to the Algerian desert looking for traces of ancient civilizations. Bruce and Balugani had already seen several Roman ruins as they explored more remote parts of the region.
+
+On December 12, 1765, they reached what they identified as Thamugadi. Many believe that they were the first Europeans in centuries to visit the site, near the northern slopes of the Aurès mountains. “It has been a small town, but full of elegant buildings,” Bruce wrote in his diaries. He was confident that these ruins were what remained of the city founded by Trajan more than a millenium earlier.
+
+On the first day, Bruce recorded and Balugani drew “the triumphal arch” of Trajan. They returned the next day to continue exploration and identified an amphitheater. Bruce cleared away the sand and uncovered sculptures of the Roman emperor who succeeded Hadrian in A.D. 138, Antoninus Pius, and his wife, Faustina the Elder, works he described as having “exquisite beauty.” (See also: Trajan's Column Soars Over Rome)
+
+Bruce reburied the sculptures in the sand and continued traveling. He documented more sites throughout North Africa and Ethiopia, even claiming to find the source of the Blue Nile. Balugani died in 1770, and Bruce returned to London in 1774. When he reported his findings, they were greeted with skepticism and disbelief. Incredulous at this reaction, Bruce retired to Scotland. In 1780, he began writing a memoir of his time in Africa, a five-volume work known as Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile. The book was published in 1790. When Bruce died four years later, much of Britain still refused to recognize his achievements.
+
+Roman splendor
+Thamugadi lay largely forgotten in the desert sands until 1875, when it was visited by Robert Lambert Playfair, Britain’s consul in Algiers. In his 1877 book, Travels in the Footsteps of Bruce in Algeria and Tunis, Playfair paid homage to his consular predecessor, visiting some of the sites Bruce had recorded.
+
+Playfair’s description of Thamugadi offers more details than Bruce’s. His observations revealed the city’s regional importance, noting it was built at the intersection of six Roman roads. In Playfair’s opinion, the architecture outshone that of the neighboring Roman city Lambaesis, Nubia’s military capital. Playfair concluded that Thamugadi was a “center of commercial and agricultural activity.” (See also: On this ancient map, all roads really do lead to Rome)
+
+He also admired the magnificence of the city’s Arch of Trajan. On the ground underneath its 20-foot-high portal can still be seen deep ruts from the traffic that passed into the city along the busy imperial highways.
+
+The French took control of the site in 1881, a few years after Playfair’s visit, and maintained a presence there until 1960. During this period, the site was systematically excavated. Having been buried for centuries under sand with nothing built on top of it, Thamugadi is one of only a few Roman cities excavated in its entirety.
+
+Going with the grain
+The research undertaken by Playfair and by French scholars has enabled historians to piece together the history of the city. Originally named Colonia Marciana Trajana Thamurga, in honor of Emperor Trajan’s sister, Thamugadi was laid out in a grid.
+
+In the mid-third century A.D., the city’s population peaked at 15,000. They enjoyed fine public buildings, including a magnificent library and a total of 14 baths. The comfort of Thamugadi’s facilities, and the presence of mosaics, has often prompted comparisons with Pompeii. (See also: Vesuvius: Asleep for Now)
+
+The city’s location was key to protecting the Roman Empire’s southern borders. North Africa was a center of grain production, and Rome’s Third Augustan Legion was stationed in Thamugadi to protect the grain and its transport to Rome. Several hundred men would be discharged from the legion every two years, and they settled in Thamugadi as a kind of pension for their service. Their presence also served as a deterrent to invaders.
+
+The city was a manifestation of Roman might on the empire’s southern border. Its diverse population saw those who worshipped the old gods living alongside Christians. For a while, it was a stronghold of the heretical Christian sect the Donatists.
+
+The general crisis mounting on the borders of the Roman Empire eventually took its toll on Thamugadi. After being looted by the Vandals during the fifth century, the city began to sink into ruin. After the fall of the western Roman Empire, Thamugadi enjoyed a brief resurgence as a Christian center, and a fort was built outside the city in 539. But the city was abandoned either before or during the Arab invasions of the 700s. (See also: Rome's border walls were the beginning of its end)
+
+From that point, the Sahara gradually covered Thamugadi, and it stayed hidden for a thousand years until James Bruce and others would rediscover its buried glory. Thamugadi was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1982.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/historical/historical_97.txt b/historical/historical_97.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9aced373b04ddc72027a459e7bbad559d3d68e36
--- /dev/null
+++ b/historical/historical_97.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+The Inheritance of Empire and the Ruins of Rome in French Colonial Algeria
+
+In 1912 Albert Ballu, chief architect of the Service des Monuments Historiques de L’Algérie, described the ‘triple task’ of the Service, which had been established in 1880—fifty years after the beginning of France’s conquest of Algeria—as that of not only excavating the ‘secrets’ that the ground contained, but also of ‘making them presentable to the public’ and of ‘preserving them from destruction.’ 1 France was not alone in embarking on this archaeological project that sought to explore an antique and more particularly a Roman past in the nineteenth and early twentieth century, but Algeria came to occupy a special place in the French historical imagination. 2
+
+Archaeologists and architects had early on accompanied the French military on its campaigns in Algeria, and the work undertaken by them was at first the result of initiatives launched by specific individuals, who included Amable Ravoisié, Charles Texier,...
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/historical/historical_98.txt b/historical/historical_98.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7a294b7161c46c734df7e9486b80efa27dd75370
--- /dev/null
+++ b/historical/historical_98.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+Djémila
+
+Djémila, formerly Cuicul, is a small mountain village in Algeria, near the northern coast east of Algiers, where some of the best preserved Roman ruins in North Africa are found. It is situated in the region bordering the Constantinois and Petite Kabylie (Basse Kabylie).
+
+In 1982, Djémila became a UNESCO World Heritage Site for its unique adaptation of Roman architecture to a mountain environment. Significant buildings in ancient Cuicul include a theatre, two fora, temples, basilicas, arches, streets, and houses. The exceptionally well preserved ruins surround the forum of the Harsh, a large paved square with an entry marked by a majestic arch.
+
+Roman Cuicul
+
+Under the name of Cuicul, the city was built 900 metres (3,000 ft) above sea level during the 1st century AD as a Roman military garrison situated on a narrow triangular plateau in the province of Numidia. The terrain is somewhat rugged, being located at the confluence of two rivers.
+
+Cuicul's builders followed a standard plan with a forum at the center and two main streets, the Cardo Maximus and the Decumanus Maximus, composing the major axes.[1] The city was initially populated by a colony of Roman soldiers from Italy, and eventually grew to become a large trading market. The resources that contributed to the prosperity of the city were essentially agricultural (cereals, olive trees and farm).
+
+During the reign of Caracalla in the 3rd century, Cuicul's administrators took down some of the old ramparts and constructed a new forum. They surrounded it with larger and more impressive edifices than those that bordered the old forum. The terrain hindered building, so that they built the theatre outside the town walls, which was exceptional.
+
+Christianity became very popular in the 4th century (after some persecutions in the early third century[2]) and brought the addition of a basilica and baptistry. They are to the south of Cuicul in a quarter called "Christian", and are popular attractions.[1]
+
+Of the bishops of Cuicul, Pudentianus took part in the Council of Carthage (255) concerning the validity of heretical baptism, and Elpidophorus in the Council of Carthage (348). Cresconius was the Catholic bishop who represented Cuicul at the Council of Carthage (411) between Catholic and Donatist bishops; the Donatist bishop of the town died before the conference began. Crescens was one of the Catholic bishops whom the Arian Vandal king Huneric summoned to Carthage in 484. Victor was at the Second Council of Constantinople in 553.[3][4][5][6] No longer a residential bishopric, Cuicul is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see.[7]
+
+The city was slowly abandoned after the fall of the Roman Empire around the 5th century and 6th century. There were some improvements under emperor Justinian I, with wall reinforcements.
+
+Muslims later dominated the region, but did not reoccupy the site of Cuicul, which they renamed Djémila ("beautiful" in Arabic).
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/historical/historical_99.txt b/historical/historical_99.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..da794dc2e2f6aa3865648708a755096034b7ee5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/historical/historical_99.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+Tipaza
+
+Tipaza (formerly Tefessedt, Chenoua-Berber: Bazar, ⴱⴰⵣⴰⵔ, Arabic: تيپازة‎) is the Berber-speaking city and capital of the Tipaza Province, Algeria. When it was part of the Roman Empire, it was called Tipasa. The modern town was founded in 1857, and is chiefly remarkable for its ancient ruins and sandy littoral.
+History
+Ancient history
+Main article: Tipasa
+Tipasa, as the city was then called, was an old Punic trading-post conquered by Ancient Rome. It was subsequently turned into a military colony by the emperor Claudius for the conquest of the kingdoms of Mauretania.[4]
+
+Afterwards it became a municipium called Colonia Aelia Tipasensis, that reached the population of 20,000 inhabitants in the fourth century according to Stéphane Gsell.
+
+The city served as an important Christian hub during the last centuries of Roman governorship, with three basilicas.
+
+Tipasa was destroyed by the Vandals in 430 CE, but was reconstructed by the Byzantines one century later. At the end of the seventh century the city was demolished by Umayyad forces and reduced to ruins.[5]
+
+In the nineteenth century the place was settled again. Now it is a town of nearly 30,000 inhabitants. The city is an important tourist place in modern Algeria, mainly because of the Tipasa ruins.
+
+Modern era
+Near Tipaza, the Tipaza longwave transmitter broadcasts French language Channel 3 radio programs from the Algerian Broadcasting Company. The longwave frequency 252 kHz can be well received in many parts of Europe.
+
+The town and its surroundings is home to the largest Berber-speaking group of western Algeria, the Chenoua people.
+
+The Tipaza station in 252 kHz had previously been out of service since March 17, 2014, but is broadcasting again at 252 kHz.[6]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/medical/medical_1.txt b/medical/medical_1.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..93a532eb1f153b0df88ac87e78ebfe1a4d54cfb7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_1.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+I have a 42 yr old male friend, misdiagnosed as having
+ osteopporosis for two years, who recently found out that his
+ illness is the rare Gaucher's disease. 
+Gaucher's disease symptoms include: brittle bones (he lost 9 
+ inches off his hieght); enlarged liver and spleen; internal
+ bleeding; and fatigue (all the time). The problem (in Type 1) is
+ attributed to a genetic mutation where there is a lack of the
+ enzyme glucocerebroside in macrophages so the cells swell up.
+ This will eventually cause death.
+Enyzme replacement therapy has been successfully developed and
+ approved by the FDA in the last few years so that those patients
+ administered with this drug (called Ceredase) report a remarkable
+ improvement in their condition. Ceredase, which is manufactured
+ by biotech biggy company--Genzyme--costs the patient $380,000
+ per year. Gaucher's disease has justifyably been called "the most
+ expensive disease in the world".
+I have researched Gaucher's disease at the library but am relying
+ on netlanders to provide me with any additional information:
+**news, stories, reports
+**people you know with this disease
+**ideas, articles about Genzyme Corp, how to get a hold of
+   enough money to buy some, programs available to help with
+   costs.
+**Basically ANY HELP YOU CAN OFFER
+Thanks so very much!
+Deborah 
diff --git a/medical/medical_102.txt b/medical/medical_102.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c949e34050a601e766a52f64fe84d13d779afa63
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_102.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+In article <1p7ciqINN3th@tamsun.tamu.edu> covingc@ee.tamu.edu (Just George) writes:
+>I will be traveling to Bangaldesh this summer, and am wondering
+>if there are any immunizations I should get before going.
+You can probably get this information by calling your public health
+department in your county (in Pittsburgh, they give the shots free,
+as well).  There are bulletins in medical libraries that give
+recommendations, or you could call the infectious diseases section
+of the medicine department of your local medical school.  You also
+will probably want to talk about Malaria prophylaxis.  You will
+need your doctor to get the prescription.  
+Gordon Banks  N3JXP      | "Skepticism is the chastity of the intellect, and
+geb@cadre.dsl.pitt.edu   |  it is shameful to surrender it too soon." 
diff --git a/medical/medical_103.txt b/medical/medical_103.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..917f3b63b19df9ad75b23d27095ba071e8e3cb31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_103.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+In article <639@cfdd50.boeing.com> lry1219@cfdd50.boeing.com (Larry Yeagley) writes:
+>I have an acquaintance who has been diagnosed as having blood clots and
+>"compartment syndrome". I searched the latest edition of the Columbia medical
+>encyclopedia and found nothing. Mosby's medical dictionary gives a very brief
+>description which suggests it's an arterial condition. Can someone point me (an
+Compartment syndrome occurs when swelling happens in a "compartment"
+bounded by fascia.  The pressure rises in the compartment and blood
+supply and nerves are compromised.  The treatment is to open the
+compartment surgically.  THe most common places for compartment
+syndromes are the forearm and calf.  It is an emergency, since
+if the pressure is not relieved, stuff will die.
+Gordon Banks  N3JXP      | "Skepticism is the chastity of the intellect, and
+geb@cadre.dsl.pitt.edu   |  it is shameful to surrender it too soon." 
diff --git a/medical/medical_121.txt b/medical/medical_121.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f760ae2bdad731feec736e9c735bb2189e06ec03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_121.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+In article <19604@pitt.UUCP> geb@cs.pitt.edu (Gordon Banks) writes:
+|In article <1993Apr6.165840.5703@cnsvax.uwec.edu> mcelwre@cnsvax.uwec.edu writes:
+|>     The biggest reason why the cost of medical care is so EXTREMELY high and
+|>increasing is that NATURAL methods of treatment and even diagnosis are still
+|>being SYSTEMATICALLY IGNORED and SUPPRESSED by the MONEY-GRUBBING and POWER-
+|>MONGERING "medical" establishment.
+|That's not the half of it.  Did you realize that all medical doctors have
+|now been replaced by aliens?
+Yup.  By the way, what planet are you from, and once you got here, did
+you encounter those prejudices against foreign medical graduates?
+  -- David Wright, Hitachi Computer Products (America), Inc.  Waltham, MA
+     wright@hicomb.hi.com  ::  These are my opinions, not necessarily 
+     Hitachi's, though they are the opinions of all right-thinking people
diff --git a/medical/medical_13.txt b/medical/medical_13.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3555e14568001889fbc9a3c1966832efc4da9f0e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_13.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+[reply to dabbott@augean.eleceng.adelaide.edu.AU (Derek Abbott)]
+>Are there any case histories of severe mental illness cases remarkably
+>recovering after a tragic accident or trauma (eg. through nobody's fault,
+>being trapped in a fire and losing your legs, say)?
+I know of a patient who was severely and chronically depressed and tried
+to kill himself with a bullet to the temple.  He essentially gave
+himself a prefrontal lobotomy, curing the depression.
+David Nye (nyeda@cnsvax.uwec.edu).  Midelfort Clinic, Eau Claire WI
+This is patently absurd; but whoever wishes to become a philosopher
+must learn not to be frightened by absurdities. -- Bertrand Russell
diff --git a/medical/medical_134.txt b/medical/medical_134.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7a079406585f86b422eab2c26683811a7a0333d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_134.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+| article <1qjc0fINN841@gap.caltech.edu> carl@SOL1.GPS.CALTECH.EDU writes:
+|| Now, if instead of using the MSG as a food additive, you put the MSG 
+|| in gelatin capsules or whatever, there may not
+|| be a reaction, becasue the _sensory_response_ might be
+|| a necessary element in the creation of the MSG reaction.  (I'll bet 
+|| the bogus medical researchers never even thought about 
+|| that obvious fact.)
+| Gee.  He means "placebo effect."  Sorry, but the researchers DO know about
+| this.
+Carl, it is not "placebo effect" if as hypothesised the 
+sensory response to MSG's effect on flavor is responsible
+for the MSG reaction.
+Steve
diff --git a/medical/medical_137.txt b/medical/medical_137.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..495bb84fe62b6e2a64963b6bba109570f58105d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_137.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+In article <19609@pitt.UUCP> geb@cs.pitt.edu (Gordon Banks) writes:
+>Accepted by whom?  Not by scientists.  There are people
+>in every country who waste time and money on quackery.
+>In Britain and Scandanavia, where I have worked, it was not paid for.
+>What are "most of these countries?"  I don't believe you.
+I am told (by the person who I care a lot about and who I am worried
+is going to start putting his health and money into homeopathy without
+really knowing what he is getting into and who is the reason I posted
+in the first place about homeopathy) that in Britain homeopathy is
+available on the National Health Service and that there are about 6000
+GPs who use homeopathic practices. True? False? What?
+Have there been any important and documented investigations into
+homeopathic principles?
+I was reading a book on homeopathy over the weekend. I turned to the
+section on the principles behind homeopathic medicine, and two
+paragraphs informed me that homeopaths don't feel obliged to provide
+any sort of explanation. The author stated this with pride, as though
+it were some sort of virtue! Why am I sceptical about homeopathy? Is
+it because I am a narrow-minded bigot, or is it because homeopathy
+really looks more like witch-doctory than anything else?
+Daniele.
diff --git a/medical/medical_145.txt b/medical/medical_145.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4a61c9eb157d3c9b5688bbdda031f69d40092675
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_145.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+I hope this is the correct newsgroup for this.
+What is the scoop on Methanol and its future as an alternative fuel for
+vehicles ?  How does it compare to ethanol ?
+There was some news about health risks involved.  Anybody know about
+that.  How does the US Clean Air act impact the use of Methanol by the
+year 1995 ?
+I think its Methyl Tertiary butyl ether which the future industries will
+use as a substitute for conventional fuels.
+There is company Methanex which produces 12% of the world's supply of
+Methanol. Does anybody know about it ?
+Please reply by e-mail as I do not read these newsgroups.
+Thanks in advance.
+Vilok Kusumakar                    OSI Protocols for tomorrow......
+vilok@bnr.ca                       Bell-Northern Research, Ltd.
+Phone: (613) 763-2273              P.O. Box 3511, Station C 
+Fax:   (613) 765-4777              Ottawa, Ontario, K1Y 4H7
diff --git a/medical/medical_15.txt b/medical/medical_15.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f5e32f32c0b630db3013b3ca1a067542506155c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_15.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+In article <ng4.733990422@husc.harvard.edu>, ng4@husc11.harvard.edu (Ho Leung Ng) writes:
+>    When I was a kid in primary school, I used to drink tons of milk without
+> any problems.  However, nowadays, I can hardly drink any at all without
+> experiencing some discomfort.  What could be responsible for the change?
+> Ho Leung Ng
+> ng4@husc.harvard.edu
diff --git a/medical/medical_152.txt b/medical/medical_152.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..11c9b65f78f2780d46f8b51ecf477ea5a16b4816
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_152.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+In article <1993Apr14.174824.12295@westminster.ac.uk>, kxaec@sun.pcl.ac.uk
+(David Watters) wrote:
+> Dear all,
+> I am a Crohn's Disease sufferer and I'm interested if anyone knows of any current research that is going on into the subject. I've done some investigation myself so you don't need to spare me any details. I've had the fistulas, the ileostomy, etc..
+> Is a "cure" on the horizon ?
+> I am not in the medical profession so if you do reply I would appreciate plain speak.
+> I'd prefer to be mailed direct as I don't always get a chance to read the news.
+> Thank you in advance.
+> Dave.
+The best group to keep you informed is the Crohn's and Colitis Foundation
+of America.  I do not know if the UK has a similar organization.  The
+address of
+the CCFA is 
+444 Park Avenue South
+11th Floor
+New York, NY  10016-7374
+They have a lot of information available and have a number of newsletters.
+Good Luck.
+Steve
diff --git a/medical/medical_157.txt b/medical/medical_157.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dee091d8595b98f52d3347537b8176f36d1a451c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_157.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+In article <47974@sdcc12.ucsd.edu> wsun@jeeves.ucsd.edu (Fiberman) writes:
+:Is erythromycin effective in treating pneumonia?
+Not only is it effective, it is in fact the drug of choice for
+uncomplicated cases of community-acquired penumonia.
+=  Kenneth Gilbert              __|__        University of Pittsburgh   =
+=  General Internal Medicine      |      "...dammit, not a programmer!" =
diff --git a/medical/medical_158.txt b/medical/medical_158.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c788c4efe7061a5c5660fc620acfb276e55287d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_158.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+In article <1993Apr15.180621.29465@radford.vak12ed.edu> mmatusev@radford.vak12ed.edu (Melissa N. Matusevich) writes:
+:Thanks for all your assistance. I'll see if he can try a
+:different brand of patches, although he's tried two brands
+:already. Are there more than two?
+The brands I can come up with off the top of my head are Nicotrol,
+Nicoderm and Habitrol.  There may be a fourth as well.
+=  Kenneth Gilbert              __|__        University of Pittsburgh   =
+=  General Internal Medicine      |      "...dammit, not a programmer!" =
diff --git a/medical/medical_168.txt b/medical/medical_168.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..815e439147216d86a68d82c5143cbbcc08baa22d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_168.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+My mom has just been diagnosed with cystic breast disease -- a big
+relief, as it was a lump that could have been cancer.  Her doctor says
+she should go off caffeine and chocolate for 6 months, as well as
+stopping the estrogen she's been taking for menopause-related reasons.
+She's not thrilled with this, I think especially because she just gave
+up cigarettes -- soon she won't have any pleasures left!  Now, I thought
+I'd heard that cystic breasts were common and not really a health risk.
+Is this accurate?  If so, why is she being told to make various
+sacrifices to treat something that's not that big of a deal?
+Thanks for any information.
+-- Chris
+black@sybase.com
+Note:  My mailer tends to garble subject lines.  
diff --git a/medical/medical_176.txt b/medical/medical_176.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..60e1643ece29635030c03c93a12c614adb61fb31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_176.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+I love the FAQ.       
+The comment about contact lenses not being an option for any remaining
+correction after RK and possibly after PRK is interresting.  Why is
+this?  Does anyone know for sure whether this applies to PRK as well?
+Also, why is it possible to get a correction in PRK with involvement of
+only about 5% of the corneal depth, while RK is done to a depth of up to
+95%?  Why such a difference?  I thought the proceedures were simmilar
+with the exception of a laser being the cutting tool in PRK.  I must not
+be understanding all of the differences.
+In the FAQ, the vision was considered less clear after the surgery than
+with glasses alone.  If this is completly attributable to the
+intentional slight undercorrection, then it can be compensated for when
+necessary with glasses (or contacts, if they CAN be worn afterall!).  It
+is important to know if that is not the case, however, and some other
+consequence of the surgery would often interfere with clear vision.  The
+first thing that came to my mind was a fogging of the lense, which
+glasses couldn't help. 
+would not help.
+| Daniel R. Field, AKA InfoSpunj | I'm just a lowly phlebe.              |
+| dfield@oboe.calpoly.edu        |                                       |
+| Biochemistry, Biotechnology    | I'm at the phlebottom                 |
+| California Polytechnic State U | of the medical totem pole.            | 
diff --git a/medical/medical_186.txt b/medical/medical_186.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3ca9f934e44fb3bdb4a62c40c8f5ad72b948df0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_186.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+In article <1993Apr14.184444.24065@galileo.cc.rochester.edu> jkis_ltd@uhura.cc.rochester.edu (Da' Beave) writes:
+>Well folks, I currently have a yeast infection. I am male.
+>[...] your best bet (or at least your husband's)
+>is to treat and cure your infection before any intercourse. If you must, use
+>a condom. Also, consider other forms of sexual release (ie. handjobs) until
+>you are cured. 
+Though I can't imagine WANTING to have intercourse during a full-blown
+yeast infection :-) chances of it being transmitted to the male are quite
+low, especially if he's circumcised.  But it can happen. 
+At one point I was getting recurrent yeast infections and the Dr suspected
+my boyfriend might have gotten it from me and be reinfecting me.  The
+prescription was interesting.  For each day of the medication (a week) I 
+was to insert the medication, then to have intercourse.  The resulting 
+action would help the medicine be spread around in me better, and would 
+simultaneously treat him.  
diff --git a/medical/medical_188.txt b/medical/medical_188.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1f27a658d0cef60bf09d6c266fa7703148ad2361
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_188.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+Can anyone tell me if a bloodcount of 40 when diagnosed as hypoglycemic is
+dangerous, i.e. indicates a possible pancreatic problem?  One Dr. says no, the
+other (not his specialty) says the first is negligent and that another blood
+test should be done.  Also, what is a good diet (what has worked) for a hypo-
+glycemic?  TIA.
+Anthony Anello
+Fermilab
+Batavia, Illinois
diff --git a/medical/medical_244.txt b/medical/medical_244.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..03ecd2824efccae42009aba909dc55f027c0fa4d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_244.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+ From: romdas@uclink.berkeley.edu (Ella I Baff) writes:
+JB>    RR> "I don't doubt that the placebo effect is alive and well with
+JB>    RR>  EVERY medical modality - estimated by some to be around 20+%,
+JB>    RR>  but why would it be higher with alternative versus conventional
+JB>    RR>  medicine?"
+JB>  Because most the the time, closer to 90% in my experience, there is no
+JB>  substance to the 'alternative' intervention beyond the good intentions of the
+JB>  practitioner, which in itself is quite therapeutic. [.......]
+JB>  John Badanes, DC, CA
+JB>  romdas@uclink.berkeley.edu
+   Well, if that's the case in YOUR practice, I have a hard time 
+   figuring out how you even managed to make it into the bottom half
+   of your class, or did you create your diplomas with crayons?
+   If someone runs a medical practice with only a 10% success rate,
+   they either tackle problems for which they are not qualified to
+   treat, or they have no conscience and are only in business for
+   fraudulent purposes.
+   OTOH, who are we kidding, the New England Medical Journal in 1984
+   ran the heading: "Ninety Percent of Diseases are not Treatable by
+   Drugs or Surgery," which has been echoed by several other reports.
+   No wonder MDs are not amused with alternative medicine, since
+   the 20% magic of the "placebo effect" would award alternative 
+   practitioners twice the success rate of conventional medicine...
+   --Ron--
+   RoseReader 2.00  P003228: Purranoia: the fear your cat is up to something
+   RoseMail 2.10 : Usenet: Rose Media - Hamilton (416) 575-5363
diff --git a/medical/medical_246.txt b/medical/medical_246.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..541877e2602a9ab6a86df92e6d6844fa1b16ee90
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_246.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+T(> Russell Turpin responds to article by Ron Roth:
+T(> R> ... I don't doubt that the placebo effect is alive and well with
+T(> R> EVERY medical modality - estimated by some to be around 20+%,
+T(> R> but why would it be higher with alternative versus conventional 
+T(> R> medicine?"
+T(>  How do you know that it is?  If you could show this by careful 
+T(>  measurement, I suspect you would have a paper worthy of publication
+T(>  in a variety of medical journals.  
+T(>  Russell 
+ If you notice the question mark at the end of the sentence, I was
+ addressing that very question to that person (who has a dog named
+ sugar) and a few other people who seem to be of the same opinion.
+ I would love to have anyone come up with a study to support their
+ claims that the placebo effect is more prevalent with alternative
+ compared to conventional medicine.
+ Perhaps the study could also include how patients respond if they
+ are dissatisfied with a conventional versus an alternative doctor,
+ i.e. which practitioner is more likely to get punched in the face
+ when the success of the treatment doesn't meet the expectations of 
+ the patient!
+  --Ron-- 
+   RoseReader 2.00  P003228: When in doubt, make it sound convincing!
+   RoseMail 2.10 : Usenet: Rose Media - Hamilton (416) 575-5363
diff --git a/medical/medical_248.txt b/medical/medical_248.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c69fef13c44cba8b5d3fe728bca92bad50fa662a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_248.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+In article <1993Apr17.115716.19963@debbie.cc.nctu.edu.tw> mjliu@csie.nctu.edu.tw (Ming-zhou Liu) writes:
+> I have bad luck and got a VD called <Granuloma ingunale>, which involves
+> the growth of granules in the groin.  I found out about it by checking 
+> medicine books and I found the prescriptions. ...
+Ming-zhou Liu's main problem is that he has an incompetent
+physician -- himself.  This physician has diagnosed a problem,
+even though he probably has never seen the diagnosed disease
+before and has no idea of what kinds of problems can present
+similar symptoms.  This physician now wants to treat his first
+case of this disease without any help from the medical community.
+The best thing Ming-zhou Liu could do is fire his current
+physician and seek out a better one.
+Russell
diff --git a/medical/medical_250.txt b/medical/medical_250.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..362b402797aaa683e8c33427178f3ef9cdf5c0fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_250.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+[reply to keith@actrix.gen.nz (Keith Stewart)]
+>My wife has become interested through an acquaintance in Post-Polio
+>Syndrome This apparently is not recognised in New Zealand and different
+>symptons ( eg chest complaints) are treated separately. Does anone have
+>any information on it
+It would help if you (and anyone else asking for medical information on
+some subject) could ask specific questions, as no one is likely to type
+in a textbook chapter covering all aspects of the subject.  If you are
+looking for a comprehensive review, ask your local hospital librarian.
+Most are happy to help with a request of this sort.
+Briefly, this is a condition in which patients who have significant
+residual weakness from childhood polio notice progression of the
+weakness as they get older.  One theory is that the remaining motor
+neurons have to work harder and so die sooner.
+David Nye (nyeda@cnsvax.uwec.edu).  Midelfort Clinic, Eau Claire WI
+This is patently absurd; but whoever wishes to become a philosopher
+must learn not to be frightened by absurdities. -- Bertrand Russell
diff --git a/medical/medical_278.txt b/medical/medical_278.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..56a23f8348b9239193171b3aa14469b0f134e28e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_278.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+>From: anello@adcs00.fnal.gov (Anthony Anello)
+>Can anyone tell me if a bloodcount of 40 when diagnosed as hypoglycemic is
+>dangerous, i.e. indicates a possible pancreatic problem?  One Dr. says no, the
+>other (not his specialty) says the first is negligent and that another blood
+Blood glucose levels of 40 or so are common several hours after a
+big meal.  This level will usually not cause symptoms.
+>test should be done.  Also, what is a good diet (what has worked) for a hypo-
+>glycemic?
+If you mean "reactive" hypoglycemia, there are usually no symptoms,
+hence there is no disease, hence the dietary recommendations are the
+same as for anyone else.  If a patient complains of dizziness,
+faintness, sweating, palpitations, etc. reliably several hours after
+a big meal, the recommendations are obvious - eat smaller meals.
+ . SLMR 2.1 . E-mail: jim.zisfein@factory.com (Jim Zisfein)
diff --git a/medical/medical_285.txt b/medical/medical_285.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2f28a056c606dc3c51d1d099fce07d7ca0bbccf9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_285.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+In article <1993Apr9.172945.4578@island.COM> green@island.COM (Robert Greenstein) writes:
+>In article <19493@pitt.UUCP> geb@cs.pitt.edu (Gordon Banks) writes:
+>>One problem is very few scientists are interested in alternative medicine.
+>So Gordon, why do you think this is so?
+Probably because most of them come packaged with some absurd theory
+behind them.  E.G. homoeopathy: like cures like.  The more you dilute
+things, the more powerful they get, even if you dilute them so much
+there is no ingredient but water left.  Chiropractic: all illness
+stems from compressions of nerves by misaligned vertebrae.  Such
+systems are so patently absurd, that any good they do is accidental
+and not related to the theory.  The only exception is probably herbalism,
+because scientists recognize the potent drugs that derive from plants
+and are always interested in seeing if they can find new plants
+that have active and useful substances.  But that isn't what 
+is meant by alternative medicine, usually.  If you get into the Qi,
+accupuntunce charts, etc, you are now back to silly theories that
+probably have nothing to do with why accupuncture works in some cases.
+Perhaps another reason they are reluctant is the Rhine experience.
+Rhine was a scientist who wanted to investigate the paranormal
+and his lab was filled with so much chacanery and fakery that 
+people don't want to be associated with that sort of thing.  
+Gordon Banks  N3JXP      | "Skepticism is the chastity of the intellect, and
+geb@cadre.dsl.pitt.edu   |  it is shameful to surrender it too soon." 
diff --git a/medical/medical_286.txt b/medical/medical_286.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..83ea5c0e24b901b4a4a8ed09cc16ff4d81cc38fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_286.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+In article <1993Apr9.181944.5353@e2big.mko.dec.com> steve@caboom.cbm.dec.com (Steve Katz) writes:
+>Recently I managed to dislocate my shoulder while
+>sking.  The injury also seems to have damaged the nerves
+>in my arm.  I was wondering if someone could point me towards
+>some literature that would give me some background into
+>these types of injuries.  Please respond by EMAIL if possible.
+Your medical school library should have books on peripheral nerve
+injuries.  Probably it was your brachial plexus, so look that up.
+Gordon Banks  N3JXP      | "Skepticism is the chastity of the intellect, and
+geb@cadre.dsl.pitt.edu   |  it is shameful to surrender it too soon." 
diff --git a/medical/medical_289.txt b/medical/medical_289.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..68c7845b8cc8dca6f1362e0b1059f8c086241880
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_289.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+In <C5nF2r.KpJ@world.std.com> steveo@world.std.com (Steven W Orr) writes:
+>I looked for diab in my .newsrc and came up with nuthin. Anyone have
+>any good sources for where I can read?
+Check out the DIABETIC mailing list -- a knowledgable, helpful, friendly,
+voluminous bunch.  Send email to LISTSERV@PCCVM.BITNET, with this line
+in the body:
+SUBSCRIBE DIABETIC <your name here>
+Also, the vote for misc.health.diabetes, a newsgroup for general discussion
+of diabetes, is currently underway, and will close on 29 April.  From the
+2nd CFV, posted to news.announce.newgroups, news.groups, and sci.med,
+message <1q1jshINN4v1@rodan.UU.NET>:
+>To place a vote FOR the creation of misc.health.diabetes, send an
+>email message to yes@sun6850.nrl.navy.mil
+>To place a vote AGAINST creation of misc.health.diabetes, send an
+>email message to no@sun6850.nrl.navy.mil
+>The contents of the message should contain the line "I vote
+>for/against misc.health.diabetes as proposed".  Email messages sent to
+>the above addresses must constitute unambiguous and unconditional
+>votes for/against newsgroup creation as proposed.  Conditional votes
+>will not be accepted.  Only votes emailed to the above addresses will
+>be counted; mailed replies to this posting will be returned.  In the
+>event that more than one vote is placed by an individual, only the
+>most recent vote will be counted.  One additional CFV will be posted
+>during the course of the vote, along with an acknowledgment of those
+>votes received to date.  No information will be supplied as to how
+>people are voting until the final acknowledgment is made at the end,
+>at which time the full vote will be made public.
+>Voting will continue until 23:59 GMT, 29 Apr 93.
+>Votes will not be accepted after this date.
+>Any administrative inquiries pertaining to this CFV may be made by
+>email to swkirch@sun6850.nrl.navy.mil
+>The proposed charter appears below.
+>Charter:  
+>misc.health.diabetes                            unmoderated
+>1.   The purpose of misc.health.diabetes is to provide a forum for the
+>discussion of issues pertaining to diabetes management, i.e.: diet,
+>activities, medicine schedules, blood glucose control, exercise,
+>medical breakthroughs, etc.  This group addresses the issues of
+>management of both Type I (insulin dependent) and Type II (non-insulin
+>dependent) diabetes.  Both technical discussions and general support
+>discussions relevant to diabetes are welcome.
+>2.   Postings to misc.heath.diabetes are intended to be for discussion
+>purposes only, and are in no way to be construed as medical advice.
+>Diabetes is a serious medical condition requiring direct supervision
+>by a primary health care physician.  
+>-----(end of charter)-----
diff --git a/medical/medical_292.txt b/medical/medical_292.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6cc30f667fdca33af5b4399695f9417959d260ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_292.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Does anybody know of any information regarding the implementaion of total
+ quality management, quality control, quality assurance in the delivery of
+ health care service.  I would appreciate any information.  If there is enough
+interest, I will post the responses.
+        Thank You
+        Abhin Singla MS BioE, MBA, MD
+        President AC Medcomp Inc
diff --git a/medical/medical_294.txt b/medical/medical_294.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f2bce61a137afce4d2893fc2f5bf83c23f4b3546
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_294.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+In article <93108.003258U19250@uicvm.uic.edu> U19250@uicvm.uic.edu writes:
+:Does anybody know of any information regarding the implementaion of total
+: quality management, quality control, quality assurance in the delivery of
+: health care service.  I would appreciate any information.  If there is enough
+:interest, I will post the responses.
+This is in fact a hot topic in medicine these days, and much of the
+medical literature is devoted to this.  The most heavily funded studies
+these days are for outcome research, and physicians (and others!) are
+constantly questionning whether what we do it truly effective in any given
+situation.  QA activities are a routine part of every hospital's
+administrative function and are required by accreditation agencies.  There
+are even entire publications devoted to QA issues.
+=  Kenneth Gilbert              __|__        University of Pittsburgh   =
+=  General Internal Medicine      |      "...dammit, not a programmer!" =
diff --git a/medical/medical_295.txt b/medical/medical_295.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..81cdccb371eb8469262734941feef82c3e45e4ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_295.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+Gordon Banks (geb@cs.pitt.edu) wrote:
+: In article <3794@nlsun1.oracle.nl> rgasch@nl.oracle.com (Robert Gasch) writes:
+: >: From a business point of view, it might make sense.  It depends on
+: >: the personality of the practitioner.  If he can charm the patients
+: >: into coming, homeopathy can be very profitable.  It won't be covered
+: >: by insurance, however.  Just keep that in mind.  Myself, I'd have 
+: >In many European countries Homepathy is accepted as a method of curing
+: >(or at least alleiating) many conditions to which modern medicine has 
+: >no answer. In most of these countries insurance pays for the 
+: >treatments.
+: Accepted by whom?  Not by scientists.  There are people
+: in every country who waste time and money on quackery.
+: In Britain and Scandanavia, where I have worked, it was not paid for.
+: What are "most of these countries?"  I don't believe you.
+In Holland insurences pay for Homeopathic treatment. In Germany they do
+so as well. I Austria they do if you have a condition which can not be 
+helped by "normal" medicine (happened to me). Switzerland seems to be 
+the same as Austria (I have direct experience in the Swiss case).
+At the Univeristy of Vienna (I believe Innsbruck as well) homeopathy
+can be taken in Med. school.
+I found that in combination with Acupuncture it changed my life from
+living hell to a condition which enables me to lead a relatively 
+normal life. I found that modern medicine was powerless to cure me
+of a *severe* case of Neurodermitis (Note: I mean cure, not 
+surpress the symptoms, which is what modern medicine attempts to 
+do in the case of Neurodermitis). 
+I'm not saying that Homeopathy is scientific, but that it can offer 
+help in areas in which modern medicine is absolutely helpless.
+From reading your aritcle it seems that your have some deeply rooted
+beliefs about this issue (this is not intended to be offensive or 
+sarcastic - it just sounded like that to me) which makes me doubt 
+if you can read this with an open mind. If you do/can, please excuse
+my last comment.
+---> Robert
+rgasch@nl.oracle.com
diff --git a/medical/medical_300.txt b/medical/medical_300.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a48afea07912ae6835de6e335d659a77f43aec60
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_300.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+In article <1993Apr17.125545.22457@rose.com> ron.roth@rose.com (ron roth) writes:
+>   OTOH, who are we kidding, the New England Medical Journal in 1984
+>   ran the heading: "Ninety Percent of Diseases are not Treatable by
+>   Drugs or Surgery," which has been echoed by several other reports.
+>   No wonder MDs are not amused with alternative medicine, since
+>   the 20% magic of the "placebo effect" would award alternative 
+>   practitioners twice the success rate of conventional medicine...
+1: "90% of diseases" is not the same thing as "90% of patients".
+   In a world with one curable disease that strikes 100 people, and nine
+   incurable diseases which strikes one person each, medical science will cure
+   91% of the patients and report that 90% of diseases have no therapy.
+2: A disease would be counted among the 90% untreatable if nothing better than
+   a placebo were known.  Of course MDs are ethically bound to not knowingly
+   dispense placebos...
diff --git a/medical/medical_308.txt b/medical/medical_308.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2775d27cf87a9890e6155f1bb05389d891c36406
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_308.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+Sharon Paulson (paulson@tab00.larc.nasa.gov) wrote:
+: Once again we are waiting. I have been thinking that it would be good
+: to get to as large a group as possible to see if anyone has any
+: experience with this kind of thing.  I know that members of the medical
+: community are sometimes loathe to admit the importance that diet and
+: foods play in our general health and well-being.  Anyway, as you can
+: guess, I am worried sick about this, and would appreciate any ideas
+: anyone out there has.  Sorry to be so wordy but I wanted to really get
+: across what is going on here.
+I don't know anything specifically, but I have one further anecdote. A
+colleague of mine had a child with a serious congenital disease, tuberous
+sclerosis. Along with mental retardation comes a serious seizure disorder.
+The parents noticed that one thing that would precipitate a seizure was
+a meal with corn in it. I have always wondered about the connection, and
+further about other dietary ingredients that might precipitate seizures.
+Other experiences would be interesting to hear about from netters.
+David Ozonoff, MD, MPH		 |Boston University School of Public Health
+dozonoff@med-itvax1.bu.edu	 |80 East Concord St., T3C
+(617) 638-4620			 |Boston, MA 02118 
diff --git a/medical/medical_314.txt b/medical/medical_314.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9b651098bacdf2b12c2e868dd23d08814b76c520
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_314.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+  Ron Roth recommends: "Once you have your hypoglycemia CONFIRMED through the 
+                        proper channels, you might consider ther following:..."
+                        [diet omitted]
+1) Ron...what do YOU consider to be "proper channels"...this sounds suspiciously
+like a blood chemistry...glucose tolerance and the like...suddenly chemistry 
+exists? You know perfectly well that this person can be saved needless trouble 
+and expense with simple muscle testing and hair analysis to diagnose...no
+"CONFIRM" any aberrant physiology...but then again...maybe that's what you meantby "proper channels."
+2) Were you able to understand Dick King's post that "90% of diseases is not thesame thing as 90% of patients" which was a reply to your inability to critically
+evaluate the statistic you cited from the New England Journal of Medicine. Couldyou figure out what is implied by the remark "Of course MDs are ethically bound to not knowingly dispense placebos..."?
+3) Ron...have you ever thought about why you never post in misc.health.alterna-
+tive...and insist instead upon insinuating your untrained, non-medical, often 
+delusional notions of health and disease into this forum? I suspect from your
+apparent anger toward MDs and heteropathic medicine that there may be an
+underlying 'father problem'...of course I can CONFIRM this by surrogate muscle
+testing one of my patients while they ponder my theory to see if one of their  
+previously weak 'indicator' muscles strengthens...or do you have reservations
+about my unique methods of diagnosis? Oh..I forgot what you said in an earlier
+post.."neither am I concerned of whether or not my study designs meet your or
+anyone else's criteria of acceptance." 
+John Badanes, DC, CA
+romdas@uclink.berkeley.edu
+ideas 
diff --git a/medical/medical_318.txt b/medical/medical_318.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..63714202cc835331c28dc0c6d1cf8c1dbd6271d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_318.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+I know that the placebo effect is where a patient feels better or 
+even gets better because of his/her belief in the medicine and 
+the doctor administering it.  Is there also an anti-placebo 
+effect where the patient dislikes/distrusts doctors and medicine 
+and therefore doesn't get better or feel better in spite of the 
+medicine?
+Is there an effect where the doctor believes so strongly in a 
+medicine that he/she sees improvement where the is none or sees 
+more improvement than there is?  If so, what is this effect 
+called?  Is there a reverse of the above effect where the doctor 
+doesn't believe in a medicine and then sees less improvement than 
+there is?  What would this effect be called?  Have these effects 
+ever been studied?  How common are these effects?  Thank you in 
+advance for all replies. 
+... Information is very valuable but dis-information is MUCH more common.
diff --git a/medical/medical_319.txt b/medical/medical_319.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9bcd52ece9e66a9e482a9665d7d7b5249bdec5ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_319.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+Hi,
+I am not sure where to post this message, please contact me if I'm way off
+the mark.
+On 19.3.93 my wife went to her General Practitioner (Doctor). He mentioned
+an article from a medical journal that is of great interest to us. He had
+read it in the previous three months but has been unable to find it again.
+The article was about Whiplash Injury/Cervical Pain. It mentions the use of
+a MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imagery) machine as a diagnostic tool and the work
+of a neurosurgeon who relived cervical pain.
+This article is most likely in an Australian medical journal. I very much
+want to obtain the name of the article, journal and author because the case
+matches my wife. We would very much appreciate anyone's help in this matter
+via email preferably.
+Gavin Anderson                              email: GAnderson@cmutual.com.au
+Analyst/Programmer.                         phone: +61-3-607-6299
+Colonial Mutual Life Aust. (ACN 004021809)  fax  : +61-3-283-1095
+-----------Some people never consciously discover their antipodes----------
+Gavin Anderson                              email: GAnderson@cmutual.com.au
+Analyst/Programmer.                         phone: +61-3-607-6299
+Colonial Mutual Life Aust. (ACN 004021809)  fax  : +61-3-283-1095
diff --git a/medical/medical_322.txt b/medical/medical_322.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..631152b29d42df72547a53faec003a05a2662fb6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_322.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Also, don't forget that it's better for your health to enjoy your steak
+than to resent your sprouts ...
+Mark McWiggins        Hermes & Associates		+1 206 632 1905 (voice)
+markmc@halcyon.com    Box 31356, Seattle WA 98103-1356  +1 206 632 1738 (fax)
diff --git a/medical/medical_327.txt b/medical/medical_327.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..695766b5ea0276c8cb0183d825c4a90bb17cc725
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_327.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+My wife and I are in the process of selecting a pediatrician for our
+first child (due June 15th).  We interviewed a young doctor last week
+and were very impressed with her.  However, I discovered that she is
+actually not an Medical Doctor (M.D.) but rather a "Doctor of 
+Osteopathy" (D.O.).  What's the difference?  I believe the pediatrician
+*I* went to for many years was a D.O. and he didn't seem different from
+any other doctor I've seen over the years.
+My dictionary says that osteopathy is "a medical therapy that emphasizes
+manipulative techniques for correcting somatic abnormalities thought
+to cause disease and inhibit recovery."
+Jeez, this sounds like chiropractic.  I remember getting shots and
+medicine from *my* pediatrician D.O., and don't remember any 
+"manipulative techniques".  Perhaps someone could enlighten me as to
+the real, practical difference between an M.D. and a D.O.  Also, I'm
+interesting in hearing any opinions on choosing a pediatrician who
+follows one or the other medical philosophy.
+Readers of sci.med:  Please respond directly to sbrenner@attmail.com;
+I do not read this group regularly and probably won't see your response
+if you just post it here.  Sorry for the cross-posting, but I'm hoping
+there's some expertise here.
+a T d H v A a N n K c S e
+Scott D. Brenner                  AT&T Consumer Communications Services
+sbrenner@attmail.com                          Basking Ridge, New Jersey
diff --git a/medical/medical_329.txt b/medical/medical_329.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ff377e7958945e5cf5da77223aa015740a354e1a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_329.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+In article <735157066.AA00449@calcom.socal.com> Daniel.Prince@f129.n102.z1.calcom.socal.com (Daniel Prince) writes:
+> Is there an effect where the doctor believes so strongly in a 
+> medicine that he/she sees improvement where the is none or sees 
+> more improvement than there is?  If so, what is this effect 
+> called?  Is there a reverse of the above effect where the doctor 
+> doesn't believe in a medicine and then sees less improvement than 
+> there is?  What would this effect be called?  Have these effects 
+> ever been studied?  How common are these effects?  Thank you in 
+> advance for all replies. 
+These effects are a very real concern in conducting studies of new
+treatments.  Researchers try to limit this kind of effect by 
+performing studies that are "blind" in various ways.  Some of these
+are:
+  o  The subjects of the study do not know whether they receive a 
+     placebo or the test treatment, i.e., whether they are in the
+     control group or the test group.
+  o  Those administering the treatment do not know which subjects 
+     receive a placebo or the test treatment.
+  o  Those evaluating individual results do not know which subjects
+     receive a placebo or the test treatment.
+Obviously, at the point at which the data is analyzed, one has to 
+differentiate the test group from the control group.  But the analysis
+is quasi-public: the researcher describes it and presents the data on
+which it is based so that others can verify it.  
+It is worth noting that in biological studies where the subjects are
+animals, such as mice, there were many cases of skewed results because
+those who performed the study did not "blind" themselves.  It is not
+considered so important to make mice more ignorant than they already
+are, though it is important that in all respects except the one tested,
+the control and test groups are treated alike.
+Russell
diff --git a/medical/medical_334.txt b/medical/medical_334.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..57d15829745ba871eefa165e5582e429381c112b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_334.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+In article <1993Apr12.204033.126645@zeus.calpoly.edu> dfield@flute.calpoly.edu (InfoSpunj (Dan Field)) writes:
+>I've been invited to spend a couple weeks this summer rafting down the
+>Mississippi.  My journey partners want to live off of river water and
+>catfish along the route.  Should I have any concerns about pollution or
+>health risks in doing this?
+You'd have to purify the river water first.  I'm not sure how practical
+that is with the Mississippi.  You'd better check with health agencies
+along the way to see if there are toxic chemicals in the river.  If
+it is just microorganisms, those can be filtered or killed, but you
+may need activated charcoal or other means to purify from chemicals.
+Better be same than sorry.  Obviously, drinking the river without
+processing it is likely to make you sick from bacteria and parasites.
+Gordon Banks  N3JXP      | "Skepticism is the chastity of the intellect, and
+geb@cadre.dsl.pitt.edu   |  it is shameful to surrender it too soon." 
diff --git a/medical/medical_335.txt b/medical/medical_335.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3db8364a81975360fd025b77fabd3df9d3cfdd0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_335.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+In article <1993Apr12.231544.5990@cnsvax.uwec.edu> nyeda@cnsvax.uwec.edu (David Nye) writes:
+>I believe it is illegal for a residency to discriminate against FMGs.  I
+Is that true?  I know some that won't even interview FMGs.  
+Most programs discriminate, in that given an FMG equally
+qualified as an American they will take the American.  What
+rights do they actually have?  Does it matter if they are
+US citizens (most are not)?  We have had good luck with FMGs
+and bad luck.  SOme of our very best residents have been FMGs.
+Also, our very worst.  As it turns out, the worst FMGs are often
+US citizens that studied in off-shore medical schools.  Of the
+5 residents fired for incompetence in the 12 years I've been here 
+in my department, all have been FMGs.  3 were US citizens who studied 
+in Guadalajara, 1 was a US citizen but was trained in the Soviet Union, 
+and one was Philipina.  Unfortunately, all are now practicing medicine
+somewhere, 3 of them in Neurology after having been picked up by 
+other programs, 1 in psychiatry, and the other in emergency medicine.
+Gordon Banks  N3JXP      | "Skepticism is the chastity of the intellect, and
+geb@cadre.dsl.pitt.edu   |  it is shameful to surrender it too soon." 
diff --git a/medical/medical_346.txt b/medical/medical_346.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d31f7019f82dc9715f0901181fd2ede6eb0b9903
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_346.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+I am very interested in investigations of starvation for improving health.
+I am the young Russian reseacher  and have highest medical education
+ and expierence in reseach work in biological field and would like
+ to work on this problem.
+Can anybody send me the adresses of the hospitals or Medical Centers where  
+scientific problems of human starvation for the health are investigated?  
+Also I would like to set scientific contacts with colleagues who
+deals with investigations in this field.
+I would be very appreciated anyone reply me. 
+Pls, contact by post: 142292, Russia, 
+                        Moscow Region,
+                        Puschino,
+                        P.O. box 46, 
+                        for Kravchenko N.      ;
+       or by e-mail: kutuzova@venus.iteb.serpukhov.su
+                                            Thank you advance,   
+                                             Natalja Kravchenko.
diff --git a/medical/medical_349.txt b/medical/medical_349.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1d8ea70b690e4d1a4ea76e6f8f3bcd70a47774ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_349.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+K(>  king@reasoning.com (Dick King) writes:
+K(> RR>  ron.roth@rose.com (ron roth) wrote:
+K(> RR>  OTOH, who are we kidding, the New England Medical Journal in 1984
+K(> RR>  ran the heading: "Ninety Percent of Diseases are not Treatable by
+K(> RR>  Drugs or Surgery," which has been echoed by several other reports.
+K(> RR>  No wonder MDs are not amused with alternative medicine, since
+K(> RR>  the 20% magic of the "placebo effect" would award alternative 
+K(> RR>  practitioners twice the success rate of conventional medicine...
+K(>  1: "90% of diseases" is not the same thing as "90% of patients".
+K(>     In a world with one curable disease that strikes 100 people, and nine
+K(>     incurable diseases which strikes one person each, medical science will cure
+K(>     91% of the patients and report that 90% of diseases have no therapy.
+K(>  2: A disease would be counted among the 90% untreatable if nothing better than
+K(>     a placebo were known.  Of course MDs are ethically bound to not knowingly
+K(>     dispense placebos...
+ Hmmm... even  *without*  the  ;-)  at the end, I didn't think anyone
+ was going to take the mathematics or statistics of my post seriously.
+ I only hope that you had the same thing in mind with your post, 
+ otherwise you would need at least TWO  ;-)'s  at the end to help 
+ anyone understand your calculations above...
+  --Ron--
+   RoseReader 2.00  P003228:  This mind intentionally left blank.
+   RoseMail 2.10 : Usenet: Rose Media - Hamilton (416) 575-5363
diff --git a/medical/medical_360.txt b/medical/medical_360.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..974f52eee1efc2101595a5e21e179b56b7ba325b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_360.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+Betty Harvey writes,
+> I am not a researcher or a medical person but it amazes me that 
+> when they can't find a scientific or a known fact they automatically 
+> assume that the reaction is psychological.  It is mind boggling.
+This, simply stated, is a result of the bankrupt ethics in
+the healthcare and scientific medicine industries.
+America is fed up with the massive waste and fraud that is costing
+us 15% of our GNP to support these industries, while delivering 
+marginal health care to the community.
+Unfortunately, the "Clinton Plan", in whatever form it
+takes, will probably cost us an even greater sum.  Bleah.
+Steve
diff --git a/medical/medical_364.txt b/medical/medical_364.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a812109da9052bbadf103fa5d54bf9cb71ee9162
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_364.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+In article <1993Apr19.144358.28376@spectrum.xerox.com> leisner@eso.mc.xerox.com writes:
+:I recently had a case of shingles and my doctors wanted to give me
+:intravenous Acyclovir.
+:It was a pain finding IV sites in my arms...can I have some facts about
+:how advantageous it is to give intravenous antibiotics rather than oral?
+I think some essential information must be missing here, i.e., you must be
+suffering from a condition which has caused immunosuppression.  There is
+no indication for IV acyclovir for shingles in an otherwise healthy
+person.  The oral form can help to reduce the length of symptoms, and may
+even help prevent the development of post-herpetic neuralgia, but I
+certainly would not subject someone to IV therapy without a good reason.
+To address your more general question, IV therapy does provide higher and
+more consistently high plasma and tissue levels of a drug.  For treating a
+serious infection this is the only way to be sure that a patient is
+getting adequate drug levels.
+=  Kenneth Gilbert              __|__        University of Pittsburgh   =
+=  General Internal Medicine      |      "...dammit, not a programmer!" =
diff --git a/medical/medical_376.txt b/medical/medical_376.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e71e67078ebe8dc3a2aabed51df862049d8e4a92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_376.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+It would be nice to think that individuals can somehow 'beat the system'
+and like a space explorer, boldly go where no man has gone before and
+return with a prize cure. Unfortunately, too often the prize is limited
+and the efficacy of the 'cure' questionable when applied to all
+sufferers.
+This applies to both medical researchers and non-medical individuals.
+Just because it appears in an obscure journal and may be of some use
+does not make the next cure-all. What about the dozens of individuals
+who have courageously participated in clinical trials? Did they have any
+guarentee of cures? Are they any less because they didn't trumpet their
+story all over the world?
+As a parting note, wasn't there some studies done on Gingko seeds for
+Meniere's? (To the original poster : what about trying for a trial of
+that? It's probably not a final answer but it certainly may alleviate
+some of the discomfort. And you'd be helping answer the question for
+future sufferers.)
+gervais
diff --git a/medical/medical_382.txt b/medical/medical_382.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0bf632f8f2d3d9c5c524ae39051eb98b2dd552b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_382.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+This is the third and final call for votes for the creation of the
+newsgroup misc.health.diabetes.  A mass acknowledgement of valid votes
+received as of April 19th 14:00 GMT appears at the end of this
+posting.  Please check the list to be sure that your vote has been
+registered.  Read the instructions for voting carefully and follow
+them precisely to be certain that you place a proper vote.
+Instructions for voting:
+To place a vote FOR the creation of misc.health.diabetes, send an
+email message to yes@sun6850.nrl.navy.mil
+To place a vote AGAINST creation of misc.health.diabetes, send an
+email message to no@sun6850.nrl.navy.mil
+The contents of the message should contain the line "I vote
+for/against misc.health.diabetes as proposed".  Email messages sent to
+the above addresses must constitute unambiguous and unconditional
+votes for/against newsgroup creation as proposed.  Conditional votes
+will not be accepted.  Only votes emailed to the above addresses will
+be counted; mailed replies to this posting will be returned.  In the
+event that more than one vote is placed by an individual, only the
+most recent vote will be counted.
+Voting will continue until 23:59 GMT, 29 Apr 93.
+Votes will not be accepted after this date.
+Any administrative inquiries pertaining to this CFV may be made by
+email to swkirch@sun6850.nrl.navy.mil
+The proposed charter appears below.
+Charter:  
+misc.health.diabetes                            unmoderated
+1.   The purpose of misc.health.diabetes is to provide a forum for the
+discussion of issues pertaining to diabetes management, i.e.: diet,
+activities, medicine schedules, blood glucose control, exercise,
+medical breakthroughs, etc.  This group addresses the issues of
+management of both Type I (insulin dependent) and Type II (non-insulin
+dependent) diabetes.  Both technical discussions and general support
+discussions relevant to diabetes are welcome.
+2.   Postings to misc.heath.diabetes are intended to be for discussion
+purposes only, and are in no way to be construed as medical advice.
+Diabetes is a serious medical condition requiring direct supervision
+by a primary health care physician.  
+-----(end of charter)-----
+The following individuals have sent in valid votes:
+9781BMU@VMS.CSD.MU.EDU                  Bill Satterlee
+a2wj@loki.cc.pdx.edu                    Jim Williams
+ac534@freenet.carleton.ca               Colin Henein
+ad@cat.de                               Axel Dunkel
+al198723@academ07.mty.itesm.mx          Jesus Eugenio S nchez Pe~a
+anugula@badlands.NoDak.edu              RamaKrishna Reddy Anugula
+apps@sneaks.Kodak.com                   Robert W. Apps
+arperd00@mik.uky.edu                    alicia r perdue
+baind@gov.on.ca                         Dave Bain
+balamut@morris.hac.com                  Morris Balamut
+bch@Juliet.Caltech.Edu
+BGAINES@ollamh.ucd.ie                   Brian Gaines
+Bjorn.B.Larsen@delab.sintef.no
+bobw@hpsadwc.sad.hp.com                 Bob Waltenspiel
+bruce@uxb.liverpool.ac.uk               bruce
+bspencer@binkley.cs.mcgill.ca           Brian SPENCER
+cline@usceast.cs.scarolina.edu          Ernest A. Cline
+coleman@twin.twinsun.com                Mike Coleman
+compass-da.com!tomd@compass-da.com      Thomas Donnelly
+csc@coast.ucsd.edu                      Charles Coughran
+curtech!sbs@unh.edu                     Stephanie Bradley-Swift
+debrum#m#_brenda@msgate.corp.apple.com  DeBrum, Brenda
+dlb@fanny.wash.inmet.com                David Barton
+dlg1@midway.uchicago.edu                deborah lynn gillaspie
+dougb@comm.mot.com                      Douglas Bank
+ed@titipu.resun.com                     Edward Reid
+edmoore@hpvclc.vcd.hp.com               Ed Moore
+ejo@kaja.gi.alaska.edu                  Eric J. Olson
+emcguire@intellection.com               Ed McGuire
+ewc@hplb.hpl.hp.com                     Enrico Coiera
+feathr::bluejay@ampakz.enet.dec.com
+franklig@GAS.uug.Arizona.EDU            Gregory C Franklin 
+FSSPR@acad3.alaska.edu                  Hardcore Alaskan
+gabe@angus.mi.org                       Gabe Helou
+gasp@medg.lcs.mit.edu                   Isaac Kohane
+gasp@medg.lcs.mit.edu                   Isaac Kohane
+Geir.Millstein@TF.tele.no
+ggurman@cory.Berkeley.EDU               Gail Gurman
+ggw@wolves.Durham.NC.US                 Gregory G. Woodbury
+greenlaw@oasys.dt.navy.mil              Leila Thomas
+grm+@andrew.cmu.edu                     Gretchen Miller
+halderc@cs.rpi.edu
+HANDELAP%DUVM.BITNET@pucc.Princeton.EDU Phil Handel
+hansenr@ohsu.EDU
+hc@Nyongwa.cam.org                      hc
+heddings@chrisco.nrl.navy.mil           Hubert Heddings
+herbison@lassie.ucx.lkg.dec.com         B.J.
+hmpetro@mosaic.uncc.edu                 Herbert M Petro
+HOSCH2263@iscsvax.uni.edu
+hrubin@pop.stat.purdue.edu              Herman Rubin
+HUDSOIB@AUDUCADM.DUC.AUBURN.EDU         Ingrid B. Hudson
+huff@MCCLB0.MED.NYU.EDU                 Edward J. Huff
+huffman@ingres.com                      Gary Huffman
+HUYNH_1@ESTD.NRL.NAVY.MIL               Minh Huynh
+ishbeld@cix.compulink.co.uk             Ishbel Donkin
+James.Langdell@Eng.Sun.COM              James Langdell
+jamyers@netcom.com                      John A. Myers
+jc@crosfield.co.uk                      jerry cullingford
+jesup@cbmvax.cbm.commodore.com          Randell Jesup
+jjmorris@gandalf.rutgers.edu            Joyce Morris
+joep@dap.csiro.au                       Joe Petranovic
+John.Burton@acenet.auburn.edu           John E. Burton Jr.
+johncha@comm.mot.com
+jpsum00@mik.uky.edu                     joey p sum
+JTM@ucsfvm.ucsf.edu                     John Maynard
+julien@skcla.monsanto.com
+kaminski@netcom.com                     Peter Kaminski
+kerry@citr.uq.oz.au                     Kerry Raymond
+kieran@world.std.com                    Aaron L Dickey
+knauer@cs.uiuc.edu                      Rob Knauerhase
+kolar@spot.Colorado.EDU                 Jennifer Lynn Kolar
+kriguer@tcs.com                         Marc Kriguer
+lau@ai.sri.com                          Stephen Lau
+lee@hal.com                             Lee Boylan
+lmt6@po.cwru.edu
+lunie@Lehigh.EDU
+lusgr@chili.CC.Lehigh.EDU               Stephen G. Roseman
+M.Beamish@ins.gu.edu.au                 Marilyn Beamish
+M.Rich@ens.gu.edu.au                    Maurice H. Rich.
+maas@cdfsga.fnal.gov                    Peter Maas
+macridis_g@kosmos.wcc.govt.nz           Gerry Macridis
+markv@hpvcivm.vcd.hp.com                Mark Vanderford
+MASCHLER@vms.huji.ac.il
+mcb@net.bio.net                         Michael C. Berch
+mcday@ux1.cso.uiuc.edu
+mcookson@flute.calpoly.edu
+mfc@isr.harvard.edu                     Mauricio F Contreras
+mg@wpi.edu                              Martha Gunnarson
+mhollowa@libserv1.ic.sunysb.edu         Michael Holloway
+misha@abacus.concordia.ca               MISHA GLOUBERMAN 
+mjb@cs.brown.edu                        Manish Butte
+MOFLNGAN@vax1.tcd.ie
+muir@idiom.berkeley.ca.us               David Muir Sharnoff
+Nancy.Block@Eng.Sun.COM                 Nancy Block
+ndallen@r-node.hub.org                  Nigel Allen
+nlr@B31.nei.nih.gov                     Rohrer, Nathan
+owens@cookiemonster.cc.buffalo.edu      Bill Owens
+pams@hpfcmp.fc.hp.com                   Pam Sullivan
+papresco@undergrad.math.uwaterloo.ca    Paul Prescod
+paslowp@cs.rpi.edu
+pillinc@gov.on.ca                       Christopher Pilling
+pkane@cisco.com                         Peter Kane
+popelka@odysseus.uchicago.edu           Glenn Popelka
+pulkka@cs.washington.edu                Aaron Pulkka
+pwatkins@med.unc.edu                    Pat Watkins
+rbnsn@mosaic.shearson.com               Ken Robinson
+rick@crick.ssctr.bcm.tmc.edu            Richard H. Miller
+robyn@media.mit.edu                     Robyn Kozierok
+rolf@green.mathematik.uni-stuttgart.de  Rolf Schreiber
+sageman@cup.portal.com
+sasjcs@unx.sas.com                      Joan Stout
+SCOTTJOR@delphi.com
+scrl@hplb.hpl.hp.com
+scs@vectis.demon.co.uk                  Stuart C. Squibb
+shan@techops.cray.com                   Sharan Kalwani
+sharen@iscnvx.lmsc.lockheed.com         Sharen A. Rund
+shazam@unh.edu                          Matthew T Thompson
+shipman@csab.larc.nasa.gov              Floyd S. Shipman
+shoppa@ERIN.CALTECH.EDU                 Tim Shoppa
+slillie@cs1.bradley.edu                 Susan Lillie
+steveo@world.std.com                    Steven W Orr
+surendar@ivy.WPI.EDU                    Surendar Chandra
+swkirch@sun6850.nrl.navy.mil            Steven Kirchoefer
+S_FAGAN@twu.edu
+TARYN@ARIZVM1.ccit.arizona.edu          Taryn L. Westergaard
+Thomas.E.Taylor@gagme.chi.il.us         Thomas E Taylor
+tima@CFSMO.Honeywell.COM                Timothy D Aanerud
+tsamuel%gollum@relay.nswc.navy.mil      Tony Samuel
+U45301@UICVM.UIC.EDU                    M. Jacobs  
+vstern@gte.com                          Vanessa Stern
+wahlgren@haida.van.wti.com              James Wahlgren
+waterfal@pyrsea.sea.pyramid.com         Douglas Waterfall
+weineja1@teomail.jhuapl.edu
+wgrant@informix.com                     William Grant
+YEAGER@mscf.med.upenn.edu
+yozzo@watson.ibm.com                    Ralph E. Yozzo
+Z919016@beach.utmb.edu                  Molly Hamilton
+Steve Kirchoefer                                             (202) 767-2862
+Code 6851                                      kirchoefer@estd.nrl.navy.mil
+Naval Research Laboratory                       Microwave Technology Branch
+Washington, DC  20375-5000              Electronics Sci. and Tech. Division
diff --git a/medical/medical_384.txt b/medical/medical_384.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e632a8a922de4e9c4e71ea7d24a7706729284bdc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_384.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+In article <1993Apr20.125920.15005@ircam.fr>, francis@ircam.fr (Joseph Francis) writes...
+>In article <1993Apr19.205615.1013@unlv.edu> todamhyp@charles.unlv.edu (Brian M. Huey) writes:
+>>I think that's the correct spelling..
+>Crullerian.
+ How about Kirlian imaging ? I believe the FAQ for sci.skeptics (sp?)
+ has a nice write-up on this. They would certainly be most supportive
+ on helping you to build such a device and connect to a 120Kvolt
+ supply so that you can take a serious look at your "aura"... :-)
+ Filipe Santos
+ CERN - European Laboratory for Particle Physics
+ Switzerland
diff --git a/medical/medical_385.txt b/medical/medical_385.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..43486cf2809ca28b0a1e69af241f4a2e0a0ab498
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_385.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+In article <1993Apr19.084258.1040@ida.liu.se> davpa@ida.liu.se
+ (David Partain) writes:
+>Someone I know has recently been diagnosed as having Candida Albicans, 
+>a disease about which I can find no information.  Apparently it has something
+>to do with the body's production of yeast while at the same time being highly
+>allergic to yeast.  Can anyone out there tell me any more about it?
+Candida albicans can cause severe life-threatening infections, usually
+in people who are otherwise quite ill.  This is not, however, the sort
+of illness that you are probably discussing.
+"Systemic yeast syndrome" where the body is allergic to
+yeast is considered a quack diagnosis by mainstream medicine.  There
+is a book "The Yeast Connection" which talks about this "illness".
+There is no convincing evidence that such a disease exists.
+David Rind
+rind@enterprise.bih.harvard.edu
diff --git a/medical/medical_40.txt b/medical/medical_40.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fc9f63ad51e187d771a2443c525c354d2610ef9d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_40.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+Thanks to all those who responded to my original post on this question.  The
+final diagnosis was Stress.  I did not take her for a chiropractic adjustment.
+(Rachel receives all her medical care at Keller Army Hospital since she is a
+military dependant, and the Army does not yet provide chiropractic adjustments
+as part of its regular health care.)  I am hoping that the arrival of (1)
+Spring Break, and (2) College Acceptance Letters, will help.  *UNFORTUNATELY*
+she was wait-listed at the college she most dearly wanted to attend, so it
+seems as though that stressor may just continue for a while.  :-(
+Meanwhile she is going on a camping trip with her religious youth group for
+spring break, which seems like a good stress-reliever to me.
+Thanks again for everybody's help/advice/suggestions/ideas.
+Ruth Ginzberg <rginzberg@eagle.wesleyan.edu>
+Philosophy Department;Wesleyan University;USA
diff --git a/medical/medical_401.txt b/medical/medical_401.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..10e7ba34b382f0acf6c14b1ca860da82e1633039
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_401.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+In article <20773.3049.uupcb@factory.com> jim.zisfein@factory.com (Jim Zisfein) writes:
+>Headaches that seriously interfere with activities of daily living
+>affect about 15% of the population.  Doesn't that sound like
+>something a "primary care" physician should know something about?  I
+>tend to agree with HMO administrators - family physicians should
+>learn the basics of headache management.
+Absolutely.  Unfortunately, most of them have had 3 weeks of neurology
+in medical school and 1 month (maybe) in their residency.  Most
+of that is done in the hospital where migraines rarely are seen.
+Where are they supposed to learn?  Those who are diligent and
+read do learn, but most don't, unfortunately.
+>Sometimes I wonder what tension-type headaches have to do with
+>neurology anyway.
+We are the only ones, sometimes, who have enough interest in headaches
+to spend the time to get enough history to diagnose them.  Too often,
+the primary care physician hears "headache" and loses interest in
+anything but giving the patient analgesics and getting them out of
+the office so they can get on to something more interesting.
+>(I am excepting migraine, which is arguably neurologic).  Headaches
+I hope you meant "inarguably".
+Gordon Banks  N3JXP      | "Skepticism is the chastity of the intellect, and
+geb@cadre.dsl.pitt.edu   |  it is shameful to surrender it too soon." 
diff --git a/medical/medical_406.txt b/medical/medical_406.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3f88a25184fcccae3fec8fbe2234838379762478
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_406.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+In article <noringC5snsx.KMo@netcom.com>, noring@netcom.com (Jon Noring) writes:
+>In article rind@enterprise.bih.harvard.edu (David Rind) writes:
+>>In article davpa@ida.liu.se  (David Partain) writes:
+>>>Someone I know has recently been diagnosed as having Candida Albicans, 
+>>>a disease about which I can find no information.  Apparently it has something
+>>>to do with the body's production of yeast while at the same time being highly
+>>>allergic to yeast.  Can anyone out there tell me any more about it?
+I have a lot of info about this disease.  I am posting a small amount of
+it that I extracted.  If more is required, e-mail me @
+ls8139@gemini.albany.edu.  Please, it takes me some time to upload it, so
+be advised, only request it if you *really* want it.
+here is some info from InfoTrac - Health Reference Center
+Also, check you local of univeristy library.  They most likely have the
+InfoTrac cd-rom this info was taken from......
+InfoTrac - Health Reference Center ~ Oct '89 - Oct '92
+ Heading:   CANDIDA ALBICANS
+             !Dictionary Definition
+    1.    Mosby's Medical and Nursing Dictionary, 2nd edition
+               COPYRIGHT 1986 The C.V. Mosby Company         
+      Candida albicans                                       
+      A common, budding,  yeastlike, microscopic fungal      
+      organism normally present in the mucous membranes of   
+      the mouth, intestinal tract, and vagina and on the skin
+      of healthy people. Under certain circumstances, it may 
+      cause superficial infections of the mouth or vagina    
+      and, less commonly, serious invasive systemic infection
+      and toxic reaction. See also candidiasis.
+InfoTrac - Health Reference Center ~ Oct '89 - Oct '92
+  THE MATERIAL CONTAINED IN Health Reference Center ~ Oct '89 - Oct '92 IS PROVIDED
+ Heading:   CANDIDA ALBICANS
+    1.     Yogurt cure for Candida. (acidophilus) il v22 East
+       West Natural Health July-August '92 p17(1)            
+COPYRIGHT East West Partners 1992                                       
+  Another folk remedy receives the blessing of medical study.           
+Researchers have found that eating a cup of yogurt a day drastically    
+reduces a woman's chances of getting vaginal candida, a yeast infection.
+  For the year-long study, researchers at Long Island Jewish Medical    
+Center in New Hyde Park, New York, recruited 13 women who suffered from 
+chronic yeast infections. For the first 6 months, the women each day ate
+8 ounces of yogurt containing Lactobacillus acidophilus. For the second 
+6 months, the women did not eat yogurt. The researchers examined the    
+women each month and found that incidents of colonization and infection 
+were significantly lower during the period when the women ate yogurt.   
+  The fungus Candida albicans can live in the body without doing harm.  
+It is an overproliferation of the fungus that leads to infection. The   
+researchers concluded that the L. acidophilus bacteria found in some    
+brands of yogurt retard overgrowth of the fungus. Streptococcus         
+thermophilus and L. bulgaricus are the two bacteria most commonly used  
+in commercial yogurt production. Neither one appears to exert a         
+protective effect against Candida albicans, however. Women who want to  
+try yogurt as a preventive measure should choose a brand that lists     
+acidophilus in its contents.                                            
+--- end ---
+InfoTrac - Health Reference Center ~ Oct '89 - Oct '92
+  THE MATERIAL CONTAINED IN Health Reference Center ~ Oct '89 - Oct '92 IS PROVIDED
+ Heading:   CANDIDA ALBICANS
+    1.     Candida (Monilia). (Infections Caused by Fungi)   
+       (Infectious Diseases) by Harold C. Neu The Columbia   
+       Univ. Coll. of Physicians & Surgeons Complete Home    
+       Medical Guide Edition 2 '89 p472(1)                   
+COPYRIGHT Crown Publishers Inc. 1989                                    
+  Candida (Monilia)                                                     
+  This disease is usually caused by Candida albicans, a fungus that we  
+all carry at one time or another. In some circumstances, though, the    
+organisms proliferate, producing symptomatic infection of the mouth,    
+intestines, vagina, or skin. When the mouth or vagina are infected, the 
+disease is commonly called thrush.                                      
+  Vaginitis caused by Candida often afflicts women on birth control     
+pills or antibiotics. There is itching and a white, cheesy discharge.   
+Among narcotic addicts, Candida infections can lead to heart valve      
+inflammation.                                                           
+  Diagnosis of Candida infections is confirmed by cultures and blood    
+tests. Treatment can be with amphotericin B or orally with ketoconazole.
+There is no evidence that Candida in the intestine of normal individuals
+leads to disease. All people at one time or another have Candida in     
+their intestines. Claims for any benefit from special diets or chronic  
+antifungal agents is not based on any solid evidence.                   
+--- end ---
+I hope this is informative.
+Larry
+Live From New York, It's SATURDAY NIGHT...
+Tonight's special guest:
+Lawrence Silverberg from The State University of New York @ Albany
+aka:ls8139@gemini.Albany.edu
diff --git a/medical/medical_41.txt b/medical/medical_41.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fd56ec152402ca21f8d41dcbd1b6fab30137106d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_41.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+In <julkunen.734086202@messi.uku.fi> julkunen@messi.uku.fi (Antero
+Julkunen) writes:
+>There is this newsgroup sci.med.physics and there has been quite a lot
+>discussion in this group about many chemical items e.g. prolactin
+>cholesterol, TSH etc. Should there also be a newsgroup sci.med.chemistry?
+It's got potential.  Instead of *.chemistry, how about splitting the
+classification into *.biochemistry (which are probably the topics
+you're thinking of) and *.pharmaceutical (which otherwise might end up
+in *.(bio)chemistry)?
+(This is separate from the issue of whether there is sufficient potential
+news volume to support either or both groups.)
+I'll add 'em to my medical/health newsgroup wish list (which I'm looking
+forward to posting and discussing -- but not for another 10 days or so).
+Pete
diff --git a/medical/medical_413.txt b/medical/medical_413.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..78a723c493067f2e98531c247ab3ac6318fa938a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_413.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+[reply to dufault@lftfld.enet.dec.com (MD)]
+>After many metabolic tests, body structure tests, and infection/virus
+>tests the doctors still do not know quite what type of siezures he is
+>having (although they do have alot of evidence that it is now pointing
+>to infantile spasms ).  This is where we stand right now....As I know
+>now, these particular types of disorders are still not really well
+>understood by the medical community.
+Infantile spasms have been well understood for quite some time now.  You
+are seeing a pediatric neurologist, aren't you?  If not, I strongly
+recommend it.  There is a new anticonvulsant about to be released called
+felbamate which may be particularly helpful for infantile spasms.  As
+for learning more about seizures, ask your doctor or his nurse about a
+local support group.
+David Nye (nyeda@cnsvax.uwec.edu).  Midelfort Clinic, Eau Claire WI
+This is patently absurd; but whoever wishes to become a philosopher
+must learn not to be frightened by absurdities. -- Bertrand Russell
diff --git a/medical/medical_424.txt b/medical/medical_424.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..af54c43b538fdf1f3e43f09239da45481819dd4b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_424.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+I've recently listened to a tape by Dr. Stanislaw Burzynski, in which he 
+claims to have discovered a series naturally occuring peptides with anti-
+cancer properties that he names antineoplastons.  Burzynski says that his 
+work has met with hostility in the United States, despite the favorable 
+responses of his subjects during clinical trials.
+What is the generally accepted opinion of Dr. Burzynski's research?  He 
+paints himself as a lone researcher with a new breakthrough battling an 
+intolerant medical establishment, but I have no basis from which to judge 
+his claims.  Two weeks ago, however, I read that the NIH's Department of 
+Alternative Medicine has decided to focus their attention on Burzynski's 
+work.  Their budget is so small that I imagine they wouldn't investigate a 
+treatment that didn't seem promising.
+Any opinions on Burzynski's antineoplastons or information about the current 
+status of his research would be appreciated.
+Joshua Schwimmer
+jschwimmer@eagle.wesleyan.edu
diff --git a/medical/medical_425.txt b/medical/medical_425.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..82afa192d30f4685c58b88b1ff2f0ab2acbea2ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_425.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+In article <1993Apr20.180835.24033@lmpsbbs.comm.mot.com> dougb@ecs.comm.mot.com writes:
+:My wife's ob-gyn has an ultrasound machine in her office.  When
+:the doctor couldn't hear a fetal heartbeat (13 weeks) she used
+:the ultrasound to see if everything was ok.  (it was)
+:On her next visit, my wife asked another doctor in the office if
+:they read the ultrasounds themselves or if they had a radiologist
+:read the pictures.  The doctor very vehemently insisted that they
+:were qualified to read the ultrasound and radiologists were NOT!
+:[stuff deleted]
+This is one of those sticky areas of medicine where battles frequently
+rage.  With respect to your OB, I suspect that she has been certified in
+ultrasound diagnostics, and is thus allowed to use it and bill for its
+use.  Many cardiologists also use ultrasound (echocardiography), and are
+in fact considered by many to be the 'experts'.  I am not sure where OBs
+stand in this regard, but I suspect that they are at least as good as the
+radioligists (flame-retardant suit ready).
+=  Kenneth Gilbert              __|__        University of Pittsburgh   =
+=  General Internal Medicine      |      "...dammit, not a programmer!" =
diff --git a/medical/medical_437.txt b/medical/medical_437.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c122ac1657f449e2044bf7909c62e6f8cd7f32f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_437.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+I am looking for current sources for lists of all the home
+medical tests currently legally available.
+I believe this trend of allowing tests at home where
+feasible, decreased medical costs by a factor of 10 or
+more and allows the patient some time and privacy to
+consider the best action from the results of such tests.
+In fact I believe home medical tests and certain basic
+tests for serious diseases such as cancer, heart disease,
+should be offered free to the American public.
+This could actually help to reduce national medical costs
+since many would have an earlier opportunity to know
+about and work toward recuperation or cure.
+Mike Romano
+Sir, I admit your gen'ral rule
+That every poet is a fool;
+But you yourself may serve to show it,
+That every fool is not a poet.    A. Pope
diff --git a/medical/medical_438.txt b/medical/medical_438.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a456ecb9477305219975681a5a26b8bdb550255c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_438.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+JB>  romdas@uclink.berkeley.edu (Ella I Baff) writes:
+JB>    Ron Roth recommends: "Once you have your hypoglycemia CONFIRMED through the
+JB>                          proper channels, you might consider the following:..."
+JB>                          [diet omitted]
+JB>  1) Ron...what do YOU consider to be "proper channels"...this sounds suspiciously
+  I'm glad it caught your eye. That's the purpose of this forum to
+ educate those, eager to learn, about the facts of life. That phrase
+ is used to bridle the frenzy of all the would-be respondents, who
+ otherwise would feel being left out as the proper authorities to be
+ consulted on that topic. In short, it means absolutely nothing.
+JB>  like a blood chemistry...glucose tolerance and the like...suddenly chemistry
+JB>  exists? You know perfectly well that this person can be saved needless trouble
+JB>  and expense with simple muscle testing and hair analysis to diagnose...no
+JB>  "CONFIRM" any aberrant physiology...but then again...maybe that's what you mean"
+ Muscle testing and hair analysis, eh?  So what other fascinating 
+ space-age medical techniques do you use?  Do you sit under a pyramid
+ over night as well to shrink your brain back to normal after a mind-
+ expanding day at your 'Save the Earth' clinic?
+JB>  2) Were you able to understand Dick King's post that "90% of diseases is not thy
+JB>  evaluate the statistic you cited from the New England Journal of Medicine. Coul?
+ Once I figure out what *you* are trying to say, I'll still have 
+ to wrestle with the possibility of you conceivably not being able
+ to understand my answer to your question?!
+JB>  3) Ron...have you ever thought about why you never post in misc.health.alterna-
+JB>  tive...and insist instead upon insinuating your untrained, non-medical, often
+JB>  delusional notions of health and disease into this forum? I suspect from your
+JB>  apparent anger toward MDs and heteropathic medicine that there may be an
+ You little psychoanalytical rascal you!  Got me all figured out, ja? 
+JB>  underlying 'father problem'...of course I can CONFIRM this by surrogate muscle
+JB>  testing one of my patients while they ponder my theory to see if one of their
+JB>  previously weak 'indicator' muscles strengthens...or do you have reservations
+JB>  about my unique methods of diagnosis? [......]
+JB>  John Badanes, DC, CA
+JB>  romdas@uclink.berkeley.edu
+ Oh man, when are you going to start teaching all this stuff?  I'll
+ bet everyone on this net must be absolutely dying to learn more about 
+ going beyond spinal adjustments and head straight for the mind for
+ some Freudian subluxation.
+  --Ron--
+   RoseReader 2.00  P003228: In the next world, you're on your own.
+   RoseMail 2.10 : Usenet: Rose Media - Hamilton (416) 575-5363
diff --git a/medical/medical_448.txt b/medical/medical_448.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..55e946a95180d4288e06d87ebeeb16f53e8e9d9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_448.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+What does a lack of taste of foods, or a sense of taste that seems "off"
+when eating foods in someone who has cancer mean? What are the possible
+causes of this? Why does it happen?
+Pt has Stage II breast cancer, and is taking tamoxifin. Also has Stage IV
+lung cancer with known CNA metastasis, and is taking klonopin (also had
+cranial radiation treatments).
+Thanks!
+[not a doctor, but trying to understand family member's illness]
diff --git a/medical/medical_449.txt b/medical/medical_449.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f1104fde2433e8627d69311b108a082c5c1ebb9a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_449.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+Am I justified in being pissed off at this doctor?
+Last Saturday evening my 6 year old son cut his finger badly with a knife.
+I took him to a local "Urgent and General Care" clinic at 5:50 pm.  The 
+clinic was open till 6:00 pm.  The receptionist went to the back and told the 
+doctor that we were there, and came back and told us the doctor would not 
+see us because she had someplace to go at 6:00 and did not want to be delayed 
+here.  During the next few minutes, in response to my questions, with several 
+trips to the back room, the receptionist told me:
+	- the doctor was doing paperwork in the back,
+	- the doctor would not even look at his finger to advise us on going
+	  to the emergency room;
+	- the doctor would not even speak to me;
+	- she would not tell me the doctor's name, or her own name;
+	- when asked who is in charge of the clinic, she said "I don't know."
+I realize that a private clinic is not the same as an emergency room, but
+I was quite angry at being turned away because the doctor did not want to
+be bothered.  My son did get three stitches at the emergency room.  I'm still 
+trying to find out who is in charge of that clinic so I can write them a 
+letter.   We will certainly never set foot in that clinic again.
+Mary Ryan				mryan@stsci.edu
+Space Telescope Science Institute
+Baltimore, Maryland
diff --git a/medical/medical_458.txt b/medical/medical_458.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1040cf59551973c8127d2c4adb3d7596dd300176
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_458.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+In article <1993Apr21.143910.5826@wvnvms.wvnet.edu> pk115050@wvnvms.wvnet.edu writes:
+>My girlfriend is in pain from kidney stones. She says that because she has no
+>medical insurance, she cannot get them removed.
+>My question: Is there any way she can treat them herself, or at least mitigate
+>their effects? Any help is deeply appreciated. (Advice, referral to literature,
+Morphine or demerol is about the only effective way of stopping pain
+that severe.  Obviously, she'll need a prescription to get such drugs.
+Can't she go to the county hospital or something?
+Gordon Banks  N3JXP      | "Skepticism is the chastity of the intellect, and
+geb@cadre.dsl.pitt.edu   |  it is shameful to surrender it too soon." 
diff --git a/medical/medical_466.txt b/medical/medical_466.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3a5dff87417bb74d0ec9733f139a9a30f3ace12c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_466.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+In article <aldridgeC5tH63.7yA@netcom.com>, aldridge@netcom.com (Jacquelin Aldri writes...
+>dyer@spdcc.com (Steve Dyer) writes:
+etc. ...
+>Dyer, you're rude. Medicine is not a totallly scientific endevour. It's
+>often practiced in a disorganized manner. Most early treatment of
+>non-life threatening illness is done on a guess, hazarded after anecdotal
+>evidence given by the patient. It's an educated guess, by a trained person,
+>but it's still no more than a guess.
+>It's cheaper and simpler to medicate first and only deal further with those
+>people who don't respond.
+Dyer is beyond rude. 
+There have been and always will be people who are blinded by their own 
+knowledge and unopen to anything that isn't already established. Given what 
+the medical community doesn't know, I'm surprised that he has this outlook.
+For the record, I have had several outbreaks of thrush during the several 
+past few years, with no indication of immunosuppression or nutritional 
+deficiencies. I had not taken any antobiotics. 
+My dentist (who sees a fair amount of thrush) recommended acidophilous:
+After I began taking acidophilous on a daily basis, the outbreaks ceased.
+When I quit taking the acidophilous, the outbreaks periodically resumed. 
+I resumed taking the acidophilous with no further outbreaks since then.
+* Mike McCurdy                       
+* University Computing Services     Disclaimer:
+* San Diego State University
+* mccurdy@ucsvax.sdsu.edu            "Everything I say may be wrong"
diff --git a/medical/medical_468.txt b/medical/medical_468.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2f372c46ffd250e4bc6b4827721953d34029f60b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_468.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+In article <1993Apr20.184034.13779@dbased.nuo.dec.com> dufault@lftfld.enet.dec.com (MD) writes:
+>If anyone knows of any database or newsgroup or as I mentioned up above,
+>any information relating to this disorder I would sure appreciate hearing
+>from you. I am not trying to play doctor here, but only trying to gather
+>information about it. As I know now, these particular types of disorders
+>are still not really well understood by the medical community, and so I'm
+>going to see now....if somehow the internet can at least give me alittle
+>insight. Thanks. 
+There is no database for infantile spasms, nor a newsgroup, that I
+know of.  The medical library will be the best source of information
+for you.
+Gordon Banks  N3JXP      | "Skepticism is the chastity of the intellect, and
+geb@cadre.dsl.pitt.edu   |  it is shameful to surrender it too soon." 
diff --git a/medical/medical_485.txt b/medical/medical_485.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b10f54d8debdbdc5b84bd75d6591e210536a255e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_485.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,403 @@
+------------- cut here -----------------
+limits of AZT's efficacy and now suggest using the drug  either sequentially 
+with other drugs or in a kind of AIDS  treatment "cocktail" combining a number 
+of drugs to fight the  virus all at once.  "Treating people with AZT alone 
+doesn't  happen in the real world anymore," said Dr. Mark Jacobson of the  
+University of California--San Francisco.  Also, with recent  findings 
+indicating that HIV replicates rapidly in the lymph  nodes after infection, 
+physicians may begin pushing even harder  for early treatment of HIV-infected 
+patients.
+"New Infectious Disease Push" American Medical News (04/05/93) Vol. 36, No. 
+     The Center for Disease Control will launch a worldwide network to track 
+the spread of infectious diseases and detect drug-resistant or new strains in 
+time to help prevent their spread.  The network is expected to cost between 
+$75 million and $125 million but is  an essential part of the Clinton 
+administration's health reform  plan, according to the CDC and outside 
+experts.  The plan will  require the CDC to enhance surveillance of disease in 
+the United  States and establish about 15 facilities across the world to  
+track disease. 
+                                April 13, 1993 
+"NIH Plans to Begin AIDS Drug Trials at Earlier Stage" Nature (04/01/93) Vol. 
+362, No. 6419, P. 382  (Macilwain, Colin) 
+HICNet Medical Newsletter                                              Page 42
+Volume  6, Number 10                                           April 20, 1993
+     The National Institutes of Health has announced it will start  treating 
+HIV-positive patients as soon as possible after  seroconversion, resulting 
+from recent findings that show HIV is  active in the body in large numbers 
+much earlier than was  previously believed.  Anthony Fauci, director of the 
+U.S.  National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID),  said, 
+"We must address the question of how to treat people as  early as we possibly 
+can with drugs that are safe enough to give  people for years and that will 
+get around microbial resistance."  He said any delay would signify questions 
+over safety and  resistance rather than a lack of funds.  Fauci, who co-
+authored  one of the two papers published last week in Nature, rejects the  
+argument by one of his co-authors, Cecil Fox, that the new  discovery 
+indicates that "$1 billion spent on vaccine trials" has been "a waste of time 
+and money" because the trials were started  too long after the patients were 
+infected and were ended too  quickly.  John Tew of the Medical College of 
+Virginia in Richmond claims that the new evidence strongly backs the argument 
+for  early treatment of HIV-infected patients.  AIDS activists  welcomed the 
+new information but said the scientific community  has been slow to understand 
+the significance of infection of the  lymph tissue.  "We've known about this 
+for five years, but we're  glad it is now in the public domain," said Jesse 
+Dobson of the  California-based Project Inform.  But Peter Duesberg, who  
+believes that AIDS is independent of HIV and is a result of drug  abuse in the 
+West, said, "We are several paradoxes away from an  explanation of AIDS--even 
+if these papers are right." 
+                                April 14, 1993 
+"Risk of AIDS Virus From Doctors Found to Be Minimal" Washington Post 
+     The risk of HIV being transmitted from infected health-care  
+professionals to patients is minimal, according to new research  published in 
+today's Journal of the American Medical Association  (JAMA).  This finding 
+supports previous conclusions by health  experts that the chance of 
+contracting HIV from a health care  worker is remote.  Three studies in the 
+JAMA demonstrate that  thousands of patients were treated by two HIV-positive 
+surgeons  and dentists without becoming infected with the virus.  The  studies 
+were conducted by separate research teams in New  Hampshire, Maryland, and 
+Florida.  Each study started with an  HIV-positive doctor or dentist and 
+tested all patients willing to participate.  The New Hampshire study found 
+that none of the  1,174 patients who had undergone invasive procedures by an  
+HIV-positive orthopedic surgeon contracted HIV.  In Maryland, 413 of 1,131 
+patients operated on by a breast surgery specialist at  Johns Hopkins Hospital 
+were found to be HIV-negative.  Similarly  in Florida, 900 of 1,192 dental 
+HICNet Medical Newsletter                                              Page 43
+Volume  6, Number 10                                           April 20, 1993
+patients, who all had been  treated by an HIV-positive general dentist, were 
+tested and found to be negative for HIV.  The Florida researchers, led by 
+Gordon  M. Dickinson of the University of Miami School of Medicine, said, 
+"This study indicates that the risk for transmission of HIV from  a general 
+dentist to his patients is minimal in a setting in  which universal 
+precautions are strictly observed."   Related Story: Philadelphia Inquirer 
+"Alternative Medicine Advocates Divided Over New NIH Research  Program" AIDS 
+Treatment News (04/02/93) No. 172, P. 6  (Gilden, Dave) 
+     The new Office of Alternative Medicine at the National Institutes of 
+Health has raised questions about the NIH's commitment to an  effort that uses 
+unorthodox or holistic therapeutic methods.  The OAM is a small division of 
+the NIH, with its budget only at $2  million dollars compared to more than $10 
+billion for the NIH as  a whole.  In addition, the money for available 
+research grants is even smaller.  About $500,000 to $600,000 total will be 
+available this year for 10 or 20 grants.  Kaiya Montaocean, of the Center  for 
+Natural and Traditional Medicine in Washington, D.C., says  the OAM is afraid 
+to become involved in AIDS.  "They have to look successful and there is no 
+easy answer in AIDS," she said.    There is also a common perception that the 
+OAM will focus on  fields the NIH establishment will find non-threatening, 
+such as  relaxation techniques and acupuncture.  When the OAM called for  an 
+advisory committee conference of about 120 people last year,  the AIDS 
+community was largely missing from the meeting.  In  addition, activists' 
+general lack of contact with the Office has  added suspicion that the epidemic 
+will be ignored.  Jon  Greenberg, of ACT-UP/New York, said, "The OAM advisory 
+panel is  composed of practitioners without real research experience.  It  
+will take them several years to accept the nature of research."   
+Nevertheless,  Dr. Leanna Standish, research director and AIDS  investigator 
+at the Bastyr College of Naturopathic Medicine in  Seattle, said, "Here is a 
+wonderful opportunity to fund AIDS  research.  It's only fair to give the 
+Office time to gel, but  it's up to the public to insist that it's much, much 
+more [than  public relations]." 
+"Herpesvirus Decimates Immune-cell Soldiers" Science News (04/03/93) Vol. 143, 
+No. 14, P. 215   (Fackelmann, Kathy A.) 
+     Scientists conducting test tube experiments have found that  herpesvirus-
+6 can attack the human immune system's natural killer cells.  This attack 
+causes the killer cells to malfunction,  diminishing an important component in 
+the immune system's fight  against diseases.  Also, the herpesvirus-6 may be a 
+factor in  immune diseases, such as AIDS.  In 1989, Paolo Lusso's research  
+found that herpesvirus-6 attacks another white cell, the CD4  T-lymphocyte, 
+which is the primary target of HIV.  Lusso also  found that herpesvirus-6 can 
+HICNet Medical Newsletter                                              Page 44
+Volume  6, Number 10                                           April 20, 1993
+kill natural killer cells.   Scientists previously knew that the natural 
+killer cells of  patients infected with HIV do not work correctly.  Lusso's  
+research represents the first time scientists have indicated that natural 
+killer cells are vulnerable to any kind of viral attack,  according to Anthony 
+L. Komaroff, a researcher with Harvard  Medical School.  Despite the test-tube 
+findings, scientists are  uncertain whether the same result occurs in the 
+body.  Lusso's  team also found that herpesvirus-6 produces the CD4 receptor  
+molecule that provides access for HIV.  CD4 T-lymphocytes express this surface 
+receptor, making them vulnerable to HIV's attack.   Researchers concluded that 
+herpesvirus-6 cells can exacerbate the affects of HIV. 
+                                April 15, 1993 
+"AIDS and Priorities in the Global Village: To the Editor" Journal of the 
+American Medical Association (04/07/93) Vol. 269,  No. 13, P. 1636  (Gellert, 
+George and Nordenberg, Dale F.) 
+     All health-care workers are obligated and responsible for not  only 
+ensuring that politicians understand the dimensions of  certain health 
+problems, but also to be committed to related  policies, write George Gellert 
+and Dale F. Nordenberg of the  Orange County Health Care Agency, Santa Ana, 
+Calif., and the  Emory University School of Public Health in Atlanta, Ga.,  
+respectively.  Dr. Berkley's editorial on why American doctors  should care 
+about the AIDS epidemic beyond the United States  details several reasons for 
+the concerted interest that all  countries share in combating AIDS.  It should 
+be noted that while AIDS leads in hastening global health interdependence, it 
+is not  the only illness doing so.  Diseases such as malaria and many  
+respiratory and intestinal pathogens have similarly inhibited the economic 
+development of most of humanity and acted to marginalize large populations.  
+Berkley mentions the enormous social and  economic impact that AIDS will have 
+on many developing countries, and the increased need for international 
+assistance that will  result.  Berkley also cites the lack of political 
+aggressiveness  toward the AIDS epidemic in its first decade.  But now there 
+is a new administration with a promise of substantial differences in  approach 
+to international health and development in general, and  HIV/AIDS in 
+particular.  Vice President Al Gore proposes in his  book "Earth in the 
+Balance" a major environmental initiative that includes sustainable 
+international development, with programs to  promote literacy, improve child 
+survival, and disseminate  contraceptive technology and access throughout the 
+developing  world.  If enacted, this change in policy could drastically  
+change the future of worldwide health. 
+"AIDS and Priorities in the Global Village: In Reply" Journal of the American 
+HICNet Medical Newsletter                                              Page 45
+Volume  6, Number 10                                           April 20, 1993
+Medical Association (04/07/93) Vol. 269,  No. 13, P. 1636  (Berkley, Seth) 
+     Every nation should tackle HIV as early and aggressively as    possible 
+before the disease reaches an endemic state, even at a  cost of diverting less 
+attention to some other illnesses, writes  Seth Berkley of the Rockefeller 
+Foundation in New York, N.Y., in  reply to a letter by Drs. Gellert and 
+Nordenberg.  Although it is true that diseases other than AIDS, such as 
+malaria and  respiratory and intestinal illnesses, have similarly inhibited  
+economic development in developing countries and deserve much  more attention 
+than they are getting, Berkley disagrees with the  contention that AIDS is 
+receiving too much attention.  HIV  differs from other diseases, in most 
+developing countries because it is continuing to spread.  For most endemic 
+diseases, the  outcome of neglecting interventions for one year is another 
+year  of about the same level of needless disease and death.  But with  AIDS 
+and its increasing spread, the cost of neglect, not only in  disease burden 
+but financially, is much greater.  Interventions  in the early part of a 
+rampantly spreading epidemic like HIV are  highly cost-effective because each 
+individual infection prevented significantly interrupts transmission.  Berkley 
+says he agrees  with Gellert and Nordenberg about the gigantic social and  
+economic effects of AIDS and about the need for political  leadership.  But he 
+concludes that not only is assertive  political leadership needed in the 
+United States for the AIDS  epidemic, but even more so in developing countries 
+with high  rates of HIV infection and where complacency about the epidemic  
+has been the rule.
+HICNet Medical Newsletter                                              Page 46
+Volume  6, Number 10                                           April 20, 1993
+                               AIDS/HIV Articles
+            First HIV Vaccine Trial Begins in HIV-Infected Children
+                                March 29, 1993
+        First HIV Vaccine Therapy Trial Begins In HIV-Infected Children
+The National Institutes of Health has opened the first trial of experimental 
+HIV vaccines in children who are infected with the human immunodeficiency 
+virus (HIV), the virus that causes AIDS. 
+The trial will compare the safety of three HIV experimental vaccines in 90 
+children recruited from at least 12 sites nationwide. Volunteers must be HIV-
+infected but have no symptoms of HIV disease. 
+HHS Secretary Donna E. Shalala said this initial study can be seen as "a 
+hopeful milestone in our efforts to ameliorate the tragedy of HIV-infected 
+children who now face the certainty they will develop AIDS." 
+Anthony S. Fauci, M.D., director of the National Institute of Allergy and 
+Infectious Diseases and of the NIH Office of AIDS Research, said the trial "is 
+the first step in finding out whether vaccines can help prevent or delay 
+disease progression in children with HIV who are not yet sick."  If these 
+vaccines prove to be safe, more sophisticated questions about their 
+therapeutic potential will be assessed in Phase II trials. 
+The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates 10,000 children in 
+the United States have HIV.  By the end of the decade, the World Health 
+Organization projects 10 million children will be infected worldwide. 
+The study will enroll children ages 1 month to 12 years old.  NIAID, which 
+funds the AIDS Clinical Trials Group network, anticipates conducting the trial 
+at nine ACTG sites around  the country and three sites participating in the 
+ACTG but funded by the National Institute of Child Health and Human 
+Development. 
+Preliminary evidence from similar studies under way in infected adults shows 
+that certain vaccines can boost existing HIV-specific immune responses and 
+HICNet Medical Newsletter                                              Page 47
+Volume  6, Number 10                                           April 20, 1993
+stimulate new ones.  It will be several years, however, before researchers 
+know how these responses affect the clinical course of the disease. 
+The results from the pediatric trial, known as ACTG 218, will be examined 
+closely for other reasons as well.  "This trial will provide the first insight 
+into how the immature immune system responds to candidate HIV vaccines," said 
+Daniel Hoth, M.D., director of NIAID's division of AIDS.  "We need this 
+information to design trials to test whether experimental vaccines can prevent 
+HIV infection in children." 
+In the United States, most HIV-infected children live in poor inner-city 
+areas, and more than 80 percent are minorities, mainly black or Hispanic. 
+Nearly all HIV-infected children acquire the virus from their mothers during 
+pregnancy  or at birth.  An infected mother in the United States has more than 
+a one in four chance of transmitting the virus to her baby.  As growing 
+numbers of women of childbearing age become exposed to HIV through injection 
+drug use or infected sexual partners, researchers expect a corresponding 
+increase in the numbers of infected children. 
+HIV disease progresses more rapidly in infants and children than in adults.  
+The most recent information suggests that 50 percent of infants born with HIV 
+develop a serious AIDS-related infection by 3 to 6 years of age.  These 
+infections include severe or frequent bouts of common bacterial illnesses of 
+childhood that can result in seizures, pneumonia, diarrhea and other symptoms 
+leading to nutritional problems and long hospital stays. 
+At least half of the children in the trial will be 2 years of age or younger 
+to enable comparison of the immune responses of the younger and older 
+participants.  All volunteers must have well-documented HIV infection but no 
+symptoms of HIV disease other than swollen lymph glands or a mildly swollen 
+liver or spleen.  They cannot have received any anti-retroviral or immune-
+regulating drugs within one month prior to their entry into the study. 
+Study chair John S. Lambert, M.D., of the University of Rochester Medical 
+School, and co- chair Samuel Katz, M.D., of Duke University School of 
+Medicine, will coordinate the trial assisted by James McNamara, M.D., medical 
+officer in the pediatric medicine branch of NIAID's division of AIDS. 
+"We will compare the safety of the vaccines by closely monitoring the children 
+for any side effects, to see if one vaccine produces more swollen arms or 
+fevers, for example, than another," said Dr. McNamara.  "We'll also look at 
+whether low or high doses of the vaccines stimulate immune responses or other 
+significant laboratory or clinical effects."   He emphasized that the small 
+study size precludes comparing these responses or effects among the three 
+HICNet Medical Newsletter                                              Page 48
+Volume  6, Number 10                                           April 20, 1993
+products. 
+The trial will test two doses each of three experimental vaccines made from 
+recombinant HIV proteins.  These so-called subunit vaccines, each genetically 
+engineered to contain only a piece of the virus, have so far proved well-
+tolerated in ongoing trials in HIV-infected adults. 
+One vaccine made by MicroGeneSys Inc. of Meriden, Conn., contains gp160--a 
+protein  that gives rise to HIV's surface proteins--plus alum adjuvant.  
+Adjuvants boost specific immune responses to a vaccine.  Presently, alum is 
+the only adjuvant used in human vaccines licensed by the Food and Drug 
+Administration. 
+Both of the other vaccines--one made by Genentech Inc. of South San Francisco 
+and the other by Biocine, a joint venture of Chiron and CIBA-Geigy, in 
+Emeryville, Calif.--contain the major HIV surface protein, gp120, plus 
+adjuvant.  The Genentech vaccine contains alum, while the Biocine vaccine 
+contains MF59, an experimental adjuvant that has proved safe and effective in 
+other Phase I vaccine trials in adults. 
+A low dose of each product will be tested first against a placebo in 15 
+children.  Twelve children will be assigned at random to be immunized with the 
+experimental vaccine, and three children will be given adjuvant alone, 
+considered the placebo.  Neither the health care workers nor the children will 
+be told what they receive. 
+If the low dose is well-tolerated, controlled testing of a higher dose of the 
+experimental vaccine and adjuvant placebo in another group of 15 children will 
+begin. 
+Each child will receive six immunizations--one every four weeks for six 
+months--and be followed-up for 24 weeks after the last immunization.  
+For more information about the trial sites or eligibility for enrollment, call 
+the AIDS Clinical Trials Information Service, 1-800-TRIALS-A, from 9 a.m. to 7 
+p.m., EST weekdays.  The service has Spanish-speaking information specialists 
+available.  Information on NIAID's pediatric HIV/AIDS research is available 
+from the Office of Communications at (301) 496- 5717.  
+NIH, CDC and FDA are agencies of the U.S. Public Health Service in HHS. For 
+press inquiries only, please call Laurie K. Doepel at (301) 402-1663.
+HICNet Medical Newsletter                                              Page 49
+Volume  6, Number 10                                           April 20, 1993
+              News from the National Institute of Dental Research
+There is new evidence that the human immunodeficiency virus can cause disease 
+independently of its ability to suppress the immune system, say scientists at 
+the National Institues of Health. 
+They report that HIV itself, not an opportunistic infection, caused scaling 
+skin conditions to develop in mice carrying the genes for HIV.  Although the 
+HIV genes were active in the mice, they did not compromise the animals' 
+immunity, the researchers found.  This led them to conclude that the HIV 
+itself caused the skin disease. 
+Our findings support a growing body of evidence that HIV can cause disease 
+without affecting the immune system, said lead author Dr. Jeffrey Kopp of the 
+National Institute of Dental Research (NIDR).  Dr. Kopp and his colleagues 
+described their study in the March issue of AIDS Research and Human 
+Retroviruses. 
+Developing animal models of HIV infection has been difficult, since most 
+animals, including mice, cannot be infected by the virus.  To bypass this 
+problem, scientists have developed HIV-transgenic mice, which carry genes for 
+HIV as well as their own genetic material. 
+NIDR scientists created the transgenic mice by injecting HIV genes into mouse 
+eggs and then implanting the eggs into female mice.  The resulting litters 
+contained both normal and transgenic animals. 
+Institute scientists had created mice that carried a complete copy of HIV 
+genetic material in l988.  Those mice, however, became sick and died too soon 
+after birth to study in depth.  In the present study, the scientists used an 
+incomplete copy of HIV, which allowed the animals to live longer. 
+Some of the transgenic animals developed scaling, wart-like tumors on their 
+necks and backs.  Other transgenic mice developed thickened, crusting skin 
+lesions that covered most of their bodies, resembling psoriasis in humans.  No 
+skin lesions developed in their normal, non-transgenic littermates. 
+Studies of tissue taken from the wart-like skin tumors showed that they were a 
+type of noncancerous tumor called papilloma. Although the papillomavirus can 
+cause these skin lesions, laboratory tests showed no sign of that virus in the 
+animals. 
+Tissue samples taken from the sick mice throughout the study revealed the 
+presence of a protein-producing molecule made by the HIV genetic material.  
+HICNet Medical Newsletter                                              Page 50
+Volume  6, Number 10                                           April 20, 1993
+Evidence of HIV protein production proved that the viral genes were "turned 
+on," or active, said Dr. Kopp. 
+The scientists found no evidence, however, of compromised immunity in the 
+mice:  no increase in their white blood cell count and no signs of common 
+infections.  The fact that HIV genes were active but the animals' immune 
+systems were not suppressed confirms that the virus itself was causing the 
+skin lesions, Dr. Kopp said. 
+Further proof of HIV gene involvement came from a test in which the scientists 
+exposed the transgenic animals to ultraviolet light.  The light increased HIV 
+genetic activity causing papillomas to develop on formerly healthy skin.  
+Papilloma formation in response to increased HIV genetic activity proved the 
+genes were responsible for the skin condition, the scientists said.  No 
+lesions appeared on normal mice exposed to the UV light. 
+The transgenic mice used in this study were developed at NIDR by Dr. Peter 
+Dickie, who is now with the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious 
+Diseases. 
+Collaborating on the study with Dr. Kopp were Mr. Charles Wohlenberg, Drs. 
+Nickolas Dorfman, Joseph Bryant, Abner Notkins, and Paul Klotman, all of NIDR; 
+Dr. Stephen Katz of the National Cancer Institute; and Dr. James Rooney, 
+formerly with NIDR and now with Burroughs Wellcome.
+HICNet Medical Newsletter                                              Page 51
+Volume  6, Number 10                                           April 20, 1993
+               Clinical Consultation Telephone Service for AIDS
+                                 March 4, 1993
+     HHS Secretary Donna E. Shalala today announced the first nationwide 
+clinical consultation telephone service for doctors and other health care 
+professionals who have questions about providing care to people with HIV 
+infection or AIDS. 
+     The toll-free National HIV Telephone Consulting Service is staffed by a 
+physician, a nurse practitioner and a pharmacist. It provides information on 
+drugs, clinical trials and the latest treatment methods.  The service is 
+funded by the Health Resources and Services Administration and operates out of 
+San Francisco General Hospital. 
+     Secretary Shalala said, "One goal of this project is to share expertise 
+so patients get the best care.  A second goal is to get more primary health 
+care providers involved in care for people with HIV or AIDS, which reduces 
+treatment cost by allowing patients to remain with their medical providers and 
+community social support networks.  Currently, many providers refer patients 
+with HIV or AIDS to specialists or other providers who have more experience." 
+     Secretary Shalala said, "This clinical expertise should be especially 
+helpful for physicians and providers who treat people with HIV or AIDS in 
+communities and clinical sites where HIV expertise is not readily available." 
+     The telephone number for health care professionals is 1-800-933-3413, and 
+it is accessible from 10:30 a.m. to 8 p.m. EST (7:30 a.m. to 5 p.m. PST) 
+Monday through Friday.  During these times, consultants will try to answer 
+questions immediately, or within an hour.  At other times, physicians and 
+health care providers can leave an electronic message, and questions will be 
+answered as quickly as possible. 
+     Health care professionals may call the service to ask any question 
+related to providing HIV care, including the latest HIV/AIDS drug treatment 
+information, clinical trials information, subspecialty case referral, 
+literature searches and other information.  The service is designed for health 
+care professionals rather than patients, families or others who have alternate 
+sources of information or materials. 
+     When a health care professional calls the new service, the call is taken 
+by either a clinical pharmacist, primary care physician or family nurse 
+practitioner.  All staff members have extensive experience in outpatient and 
+inpatient primary care for people with HIV-related diseases.  The consultant 
+asks for patient-specific information, including CD4 cell count, current 
+medications, sex, age and the patient's HIV history. 
+     This national service has grown out of a 16-month local effort that 
+HICNet Medical Newsletter                                              Page 52
+Volume  6, Number 10                                           April 20, 1993
+responded to nearly 1,000 calls from health care providers in northern 
+California.  The initial project was funded by HRSA's Bureau of Health 
+Professions, through its Community Provider AIDS Training (CPAT) project, and 
+by the American Academy of Family Physicians. 
+     "When providers expand their knowledge, they also improve the quality of 
+care they are able to provide to their patients," said HRSA Administrator 
+Robert G. Harmon. M.D., M.P.H.  "This project will be a great resource for 
+health care professionals and the HIV/AIDS patients they serve." 
+     "This service has opened a new means of communication between health care 
+professionals and experts on HIV care management," said HRSA's associate 
+administrator for AIDS and director of the Bureau of Health Resources 
+Development, G. Stephen Bowen, M.D., M.P.H.  "Providers who treat people with 
+HIV or AIDS have access to the latest information on new drugs, treatment 
+methods and therapies for people with HIV or AIDS." 
+     HRSA is one of eight U.S. Public Health Service agencies within HHS.  
+                      AIDS Hotline Numbers for Consumers
+                  CDC National AIDS Hotline -- 1-800-342-AIDS
+                  for information in Spanish - 1-800-344-SIDA
+          AIDS Clinical Trials (English & Spanish) -- 1-800-TRIALS-A
+HICNet Medical Newsletter                                              Page 53
+------------- cut here -----------------
+-- This is the last part ---------------
+      Internet: david@stat.com                  FAX: +1 (602) 451-1165
+      Bitnet: ATW1H@ASUACAD                     FidoNet=> 1:114/15
+                Amateur Packet ax25: wb7tpy@wb7tpy.az.usa.na
diff --git a/medical/medical_487.txt b/medical/medical_487.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f5ea383988309414510ede43cf9423e23fb4ebab
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+------------- cut here -----------------
+Volume  6, Number 10                                           April 20, 1993
+              !              Health Info-Com Network           !
+              !                Medical Newsletter              !
+                         Editor: David Dodell, D.M.D.
+    10250 North 92nd Street, Suite 210, Scottsdale, Arizona 85258-4599 USA
+                          Telephone +1 (602) 860-1121
+Compilation Copyright 1993 by David Dodell,  D.M.D.  All  rights  Reserved.  
+License  is  hereby  granted  to republish on electronic media for which no 
+fees are charged,  so long as the text of this copyright notice and license 
+are attached intact to any and all republished portion or portions.  
+The Health Info-Com Network Newsletter is  distributed  biweekly.  Articles 
+on  a medical nature are welcomed.  If you have an article,  please contact 
+the editor for information on how to submit it.  If you are  interested  in 
+joining the automated distribution system, please contact the editor.  
+E-Mail Address:
+                                    Editor:  
+                          Internet: david@stat.com
+                              FidoNet = 1:114/15
+                           Bitnet = ATW1H@ASUACAD 
+LISTSERV = MEDNEWS@ASUACAD.BITNET (or internet: mednews@asuvm.inre.asu.edu) 
+                         anonymous ftp = vm1.nodak.edu
+               Notification List = hicn-notify-request@stat.com
+                 FAX Delivery = Contact Editor for information
+1.  Comments & News from the Editor
+     OCR / Scanner News ...................................................  1
+2.  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - MMWR
+     [16 April 1993] Emerging Infectious Diseases .........................  3
+     Outbreak of E. coli Infections from Hamburgers .......................  5
+     Use of Smokeless Tobacoo Among Adults ................................ 10
+     Gonorrhea ............................................................ 14
+     Impact of Adult Safety-Belt Use on Children less than 11 years Age ... 17
+     Publication of CDC Surveillance Summaries ............................ 21
+3.  Clinical Research News
+     High Tech Assisted Reproductive Technologies ......................... 24
+4.  Articles
+     Low Levels Airborne Particles Linked to Serious Asthma Attacks ....... 29
+     NIH Consensus Development Conference on Melanoma ..................... 31
+     National Cancer Insitute Designated Cancer Centers ................... 32
+5.  General Announcments
+     UCI Medical Education Software Repository ............................ 40
+6.  AIDS News Summaries
+     AIDS Daily Summary April 12 to April 15, 1993 ........................ 41
+7.  AIDS/HIV Articles
+     First HIV Vaccine Trial Begins in HIV-Infected Children .............. 47
+     New Evidence that the HIV Can Cause Disease Independently ............ 50
+     Clinical Consultation Telephone Service for AIDS ..................... 52
+HICNet Medical Newsletter                                            Page    i
+Volume  6, Number 10                                           April 20, 1993
+                        Comments & News from the Editor
+I would like to continue to thank everyone who has sent in a donation for the 
+Mednews OCR/Scanner Fund.  We have reached our goal!  A Hewlett Packard
+Scanjet IIp was purchased this week.
+Thank you to the following individuals whose contributions I just received:
+John Sorenson
+Carol Sigelman
+Carla Moore
+Barbara Moose
+Judith Schrier
+Again, thank you to all who gave!
+I have been using Wordscan Plus for the past couple of weeks and would like to 
+review the product.  Wordscan Plus is a product of Calera Recognition Systems.  
+It runs under Windows 3.1 and supports that Accufont Technology of the Hewlett 
+Packard Scanners.  
+When initially bringing up the software, it lets you select several options; 
+(1) text / graphics (2) input source ie scanner, fax file, disk file (3) 
+automatic versus manual decomposition of the scanned image. 
+I like manual decomposition since the software then lets me select which 
+parts of the document I would like scanned, and in what order.
+Once an image is scanned, you can bring up the Pop-Up image verification.  The 
+software gives you two "errors" at this point.  Blue which are words that were 
+converted reliability, but do not match anything in the built-in dictionary.  
+Yellow shade, which are words that Wordscan Plus doesn't think it converted 
+correctly at all.  I have found that the software should give itself more 
+credit.  It is usually correct, instead of wrong.  If a word is shaded blue, 
+you can add it to your personal dictionary.  The only problem is the personal 
+dictionary will only handle about 200 words.  I find this to be very limited, 
+considering how many medical terms are not in a normal dictionary. 
+After a document is converted, you can save it in a multitude of word 
+processor formats.  Also any images that were captured can be stored in a 
+seperate TIFF or PCX file format.
+I was extremely impressed on the percent accuracy for fax files.  I use 
+HICNet Medical Newsletter                                              Page  1
+Volume  6, Number 10                                           April 20, 1993
+an Intel Satisfaxtion card, which stores incoming faxs in a PCX/DCX format.  
+While most of my faxes were received in "standard" mode (200x100 dpi), the 
+accuracy of Wordscan Plus was excellent. 
+Overall, a very impressive product.  The only fault I could find is the 
+limitations of the size of the user dictionary.  200 specialized words is just 
+too small. 
+If anyone has any specific questions, please do not hesitate to send me email.
+HICNet Medical Newsletter                                              Page  2
+Volume  6, Number 10                                           April 20, 1993
+               Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - MMWR
+                         Emerging Infectious Diseases
+                                 Introduction
+     Despite predictions earlier this century that infectious diseases would 
+soon be eliminated as a public health problem (1), infectious diseases remain 
+the major cause of death worldwide and a leading cause of illness and death in 
+the United States. Since the early 1970s, the U.S. public health system has 
+been challenged by a myriad of newly identified pathogens and syndromes (e.g., 
+Escherichia coli O157:H7, hepatitis C virus, human immunodeficiency virus, 
+Legionnaires disease, Lyme disease, and toxic shock syndrome). The incidences 
+of many diseases widely presumed to be under control, such as cholera, 
+malaria, and tuberculosis (TB), have increased in many areas. Furthermore, 
+control and prevention of infectious diseases are undermined by drug 
+resistance in conditions such as gonorrhea, malaria, pneumococcal disease, 
+salmonellosis, shigellosis, TB, and staphylococcal infections (2). Emerging 
+infections place a disproportionate burden on immunocompromised persons, those 
+in institutional settings (e.g., hospitals and child day care centers), and 
+minority and underserved populations. The substantial economic burden of 
+emerging infections on the U.S. health-care system could be reduced by more 
+effective surveillance systems and targeted control and prevention programs 
+     This issue of MMWR introduces a new series, "Emerging Infectious 
+Diseases." Future articles will address these diseases, as well as 
+surveillance, control, and prevention efforts by health-care providers and 
+public health officials. This first article updates the ongoing investigation 
+of an outbreak of E. coli O157:H7 in the western United States (4). 
+References
+1. Burnet M. Natural history of infectious disease. Cambridge, England: 
+Cambridge University Press, 1963. 
+2. Kunin CM. Resistance to antimicrobial drugs -- a worldwide calamity. Ann 
+Intern Med 1993;118:557-61. 
+3. Lederberg J, Shope RE, Oaks SC Jr, eds. Emerging infections: microbial 
+threats to health in the United States. Washington, DC: National Academy 
+Press, 1992. 
+HICNet Medical Newsletter                                              Page  3
+Volume  6, Number 10                                           April 20, 1993
+4. CDC. Preliminary report: foodborne outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 
+infections from hamburgers --western United States, 1993. MMWR 1993;42:85-6.
+HICNet Medical Newsletter                                              Page  4
+Volume  6, Number 10                                           April 20, 1993
+            Update: Multistate Outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7
+             Infections from Hamburgers -- Western United States,
+     From November 15, 1992, through February 28, 1993, more than 500 
+laboratory-confirmed infections with E. coli O157:H7 and four associated 
+deaths occurred in four states -- Washington, Idaho, California, and Nevada. 
+This report summarizes the findings from an ongoing investigation (1) that 
+identified a multistate outbreak resulting from consumption of hamburgers from 
+one restaurant chain. Washington 
+     On January 13, 1993, a physician reported to the Washington Department of 
+Health a cluster of children with hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) and an 
+increase in emergency room visits for bloody diarrhea. During January 16-17, a 
+case-control study comparing 16 of the first cases of bloody diarrhea or 
+postdiarrheal HUS identified with age- and neighborhood-matched controls 
+implicated eating at chain A restaurants during the week before symptom onset 
+(matched odds ratio OR=undefined; lower confidence limit=3.5). On January 
+18, a multistate recall of unused hamburger patties from chain A restaurants 
+was initiated. 
+     As a result of publicity and case-finding efforts, during January-
+February 1993, 602 patients with bloody diarrhea or HUS were reported to the 
+state health department. A total of 477 persons had illnesses meeting the case 
+definition of culture-confirmed E. coli O157:H7 infection or postdiarrheal HUS 
+(Figure 1). Of the 477 persons, 52 (11%) had close contact with a person with 
+confirmed E. coli O157:H7 infection during the week preceding onset of 
+symptoms. Of the remaining 425 persons, 372 (88%) reported eating in a chain A 
+restaurant during the 9 days preceding onset of symptoms. Of the 338 patients 
+who recalled what they ate in a chain A restaurant, 312 (92%) reported eating 
+a regular-sized hamburger patty. Onsets of illness peaked from January 17 
+through January 20. Of the 477 casepatients, 144 (30%) were hospitalized; 30 
+developed HUS, and three died. The median age of patients was 7.5 years 
+(range: 0-74 years). Idaho 
+     Following the outbreak report from Washington, the Division of Health, 
+Idaho Department of Health and Welfare, identified 14 persons with culture-
+confirmed E. coli O157:H7 infection, with illness onset dates from December 
+11, 1992, through February 16, 1993 (Figure 2A). Four persons were 
+hospitalized; one developed HUS. During the week preceding illness onset, 13 
+(93%) had eaten at a chain A restaurant. California 
+     In late December, the San Diego County Department of Health Services was 
+notified of a child with E. coli O157:H7 infection who subsequently died. 
+Active surveillance and record review then identified eight other persons with 
+E. coli O157:H7 infections or HUS from mid-November through mid-January 1993. 
+Four of the nine reportedly had recently eaten at a chain A restaurant and 
+HICNet Medical Newsletter                                              Page  5
+Volume  6, Number 10                                           April 20, 1993
+four at a chain B restaurant in San Diego. After the Washington outbreak was 
+reported, reviews of medical records at five hospitals revealed an overall 27% 
+increase in visits or admissions for diarrhea during December 1992 and January 
+1993 compared with the same period 1 year earlier. A case was defined as 
+postdiarrheal HUS, bloody diarrhea that was culture negative or not cultured, 
+or any diarrheal illness in which stool culture yielded E. coli O157:H7, with 
+onset from November 15, 1992, through January 31, 1993. 
+     Illnesses of 34 patients met the case definition (Figure 2B). The 
+outbreak strain was identified in stool specimens of six patients. Fourteen 
+persons were hospitalized, seven developed HUS, and one child died. The median 
+age of case-patients was 10 years (range: 1-58 years). A case-control study of 
+the first 25 case-patients identified and age- and sex-matched community 
+controls implicated eating at a chain A restaurant in San Diego (matched 
+OR=13; 95% confidence interval CI=1.7-99). A study comparing case-patients 
+who ate at chain A restaurants with well meal companions implicated regular-
+sized hamburger patties (matched OR=undefined; lower confidence limit=1.3). 
+Chain B was not statistically associated with illness. Nevada 
+     On January 22, after receiving a report of a child with HUS who had eaten 
+at a local chain A restaurant, the Clark County (Las Vegas) Health District 
+issued a press release requesting that persons with recent bloody diarrhea 
+contact the health department. A case was defined as postdiarrheal HUS, bloody 
+diarrhea that was culture negative or not cultured, or any diarrheal illness 
+with a stool culture yielding the Washington strain of E. coli O157:H7, with 
+onset from December 1, 1992, through February 7, 1993. Because local 
+laboratories were not using sorbitol MacConkey (SMAC) medium to screen stools 
+for E. coli O157:H7, this organism was not identified in any patient. After 
+SMAC medium was distributed, the outbreak strain was detected in the stool of 
+one patient 38 days after illness onset. 
+     Of 58 persons whose illnesses met the case definition (Figure 2C), nine 
+were hospitalized; three developed HUS. The median age was 30.5 years (range: 
+0-83 years). Analysis of the first 21 patients identified and age- and sex-
+matched community controls implicated eating at a chain A restaurant during 
+the week preceding illness onset (matched OR=undefined; lower confidence 
+limit=4.9). A case-control study using well meal companions of case-patients 
+also implicated eating hamburgers at chain A (matched OR=6.0; 95% CI=0.7-
+49.8). Other Investigation Findings 
+     During the outbreak, chain A restaurants in Washington linked with cases 
+primarily were serving regular-sized hamburger patties produced on November 
+19, 1992; some of the same meat was used in "jumbo" patties produced on 
+November 20, 1992. The outbreak strain of E. coli O157:H7 was isolated from 11 
+lots of patties produced on those two dates; these lots had been distributed 
+to restaurants in all states where illness occurred. Approximately 272,672 
+(20%) of the implicated patties were recovered by the recall. 
+     A meat traceback by a CDC team identified five slaughter plants in the 
+United States and one in Canada as the likely sources of carcasses used in the 
+HICNet Medical Newsletter                                              Page  6
+Volume  6, Number 10                                           April 20, 1993
+contaminated lots of meat and identified potential control points for reducing 
+the likelihood of contamination. The animals slaughtered in domestic slaughter 
+plants were traced to farms and auctions in six western states. No one 
+slaughter plant or farm was identified as the source. 
+     Further investigation of cases related to secondary transmission in 
+families and child day care settings is ongoing. 
+Reported by: M Davis, DVM, C Osaki, MSPH, Seattle-King County Dept of Public 
+Health; D Gordon, MS, MW Hinds, MD, Snohomish Health District, Everett; K 
+Mottram, C Winegar, MPH, Tacoma-Pierce County Health Dept; ED Avner, MD, PI 
+Tarr, MD, Dept of Pediatrics, D Jardine, MD, Depts of Anesthesiology and 
+Pediatrics, Univ of Washington School of Medicine and Children's Hospital and 
+Medical Center, Seattle; M Goldoft, MD, B Bartleson, MPH; J Lewis, JM 
+Kobayashi, MD, State Epidemiologist, Washington Dept of Health. G Billman, MD, 
+J Bradley, MD, Children's Hospital, San Diego; S Hunt, P Tanner, RES, M 
+Ginsberg, MD, San Diego County Dept of Health Svcs; L Barrett, DVM, SB Werner, 
+MD, GW Rutherford, III, MD, State Epidemiologist, California Dept of Health 
+Svcs. RW Jue, Central District Health Dept, Boise; H Root, Southwest District 
+Health Dept, Caldwell; D Brothers, MA, RL Chehey, MS, RH Hudson, PhD, Div of 
+Health, Idaho State Public Health Laboratory, FR Dixon, MD, State 
+Epidemiologist, Div of Health, Idaho Dept of Health and Welfare. DJ Maxson, 
+Environmental Epidemiology Program, L Empey, PA, O Ravenholt, MD, VH Ueckart, 
+DVM, Clark County Health District, Las Vegas; A DiSalvo, MD, Nevada State 
+Public Health Laboratory; DS Kwalick, MD, R Salcido, MPH, D Brus, DVM, State 
+Epidemiologist, Div of Health, Nevada State Dept of Human Resources. Center 
+for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration. Food 
+Safety Inspection Svc, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Svc, US Dept of 
+Agriculture. Div of Field Epidemiology, Epidemiology Program Office; Enteric 
+Diseases Br, Div of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for 
+Infectious Diseases, CDC. 
+Editorial Note: E. coli O157:H7 is a pathogenic gram-negative bacterium first 
+identified as a cause of illness in 1982 during an outbreak of severe bloody 
+diarrhea traced to contaminated hamburgers (2). This pathogen has since 
+emerged as an important cause of both bloody diarrhea and HUS, the most common 
+cause of acute renal failure in children. Outbreak investigations have linked 
+most cases with the consumption of undercooked ground beef, although other 
+food vehicles, including roast beef, raw milk, and apple cider, also have been 
+implicated (3). Preliminary data from a CDC 2-year, nationwide, multicenter 
+study revealed that when stools were routinely cultured for E. coli O157:H7 
+that organism was isolated more frequently than Shigella in four of 10 
+participating hospitals and was isolated from 7.8% of all bloody stools, a 
+higher rate than for any other pathogen. 
+     Infection with E. coli O157:H7 often is not recognized because most 
+clinical laboratories do not routinely culture stools for this organism on 
+HICNet Medical Newsletter                                              Page  7
+Volume  6, Number 10                                           April 20, 1993
+SMAC medium, and many clinicians are unaware of the spectrum of illnesses 
+associated with infection (4). The usual clinical manifestations are diarrhea 
+(often bloody) and abdominal cramps; fever is infrequent. Younger age groups 
+and the elderly are at highest risk for clinical manifestations and 
+complications. Illness usually resolves after 6-8 days, but 2%-7% of patients 
+develop HUS, which is characterized by hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, 
+renal failure, and a death rate of 3%-5%. 
+     This report illustrates the difficulties in recognizing community 
+outbreaks of E. coli O157:H7 in the absence of routine surveillance. Despite 
+the magnitude of this outbreak, the problem may not have been recognized in 
+three states if the epidemiologic link had not been established in Washington 
+(1). Clinical laboratories should routinely culture stool specimens from 
+persons with bloody diarrhea or HUS for E. coli O157:H7 using SMAC agar (5). 
+When infections with E. coli O157:H7 are identified, they should be reported 
+to local health departments for further evaluation and, if necessary, public 
+health action to prevent further cases. 
+     E. coli O157:H7 lives in the intestines of healthy cattle, and can 
+contaminate meat during slaughter. CDC is collaborating with the U.S. 
+Department of Agriculture's Food Safety Inspection Service to identify 
+critical control points in processing as a component of a program to reduce 
+the likelihood of pathogens such as E. coli O157:H7 entering the meat supply. 
+Because slaughtering practices can result in contamination of raw meat with 
+pathogens, and because the process of grinding beef may transfer pathogens 
+from the surface of the meat to the interior, ground beef is likely to be 
+internally contaminated. The optimal food protection practice is to cook 
+ground beef thoroughly until the interior is no longer pink, and the juices 
+are clear. In this outbreak, undercooking of hamburger patties likely played 
+an important role. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued interim 
+recommendations to increase the internal temperature for cooked hamburgers to 
+155 F (86.1 C) (FDA, personal communication, 1993). 
+     Regulatory actions stimulated by the outbreak described in this report 
+and the recovery of thousands of contaminated patties before they could be 
+consumed emphasize the value of rapid public health investigations of 
+outbreaks. The public health impact and increasing frequency of isolation of 
+this pathogen underscore the need for improved surveillance for infections 
+caused by E. coli O157:H7 and for HUS to better define the epidemiology of E. 
+coli O157:H7. 
+References
+1. CDC. Preliminary report: foodborne outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 
+infections from hamburgers --western United States, 1993. MMWR 1993;42:85-6. 
+2. Riley LW, Remis RS, Helgerson SD, et al. Hemorrhagic colitis associated 
+with a rare Escherichia coli serotype. N Engl J Med 1983;308:681-5. 
+HICNet Medical Newsletter                                              Page  8
+Volume  6, Number 10                                           April 20, 1993
+3. Griffin PM, Tauxe RV. The epidemiology of infections caused by Escherichia 
+coli O157:H7, other enterohemorrhagic E. coli, and the associated hemolytic 
+uremic syndrome. Epidemiol Rev 1991;13:60-98. 
+4. Griffin PM, Ostroff SM, Tauxe RV, et al. Illnesses associated with 
+Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections: a broad clinical spectrum. Ann Intern Med 
+5. March SB, Ratnam S. Latex agglutination test
+HICNet Medical Newsletter                                              Page  9
+Volume  6, Number 10                                           April 20, 1993
+            Use of Smokeless Tobacco Among Adults -- United States,
+     Consumption of moist snuff and other smokeless tobacco products in the 
+United States almost tripled from 1972 through 1991 (1). Long-term use of 
+smokeless tobacco is associated with nicotine addiction and increased risk of 
+oral cancer (2) -- the incidence of which could increase if young persons who 
+currently use smokeless tobacco continue to use these products frequently (1). 
+To monitor trends in the prevalence of use of smokeless tobacco products, 
+CDC's 1991 National Health Interview Survey-Health Promotion and Disease 
+Prevention supplement (NHIS-HPDP) collected information on snuff and chewing 
+tobacco use and smoking from a representative sample of the U.S. civilian, 
+noninstitutionalized population aged greater than or equal to 18 years. This 
+report summarizes findings from this survey. 
+     The 1991 NHIS-HPDP supplement asked "Have you used snuff at least 20 
+times in your entire life?" and "Do you use snuff now?" Similar questions were 
+asked about chewing tobacco use and cigarette smoking. Current users of 
+smokeless tobacco were defined as those who reported snuff or chewing tobacco 
+use at least 20 times and who reported using snuff or chewing tobacco at the 
+time of the interview; former users were defined as those who reported having 
+used snuff or chewing tobacco at least 20 times and not using either at the 
+time of the interview. Ever users of smokeless tobacco included current and 
+former users. Current smokers were defined as those who reported smoking at 
+least 100 cigarettes and who were currently smoking and former smokers as 
+those who reported having smoked at least 100 cigarettes and who were not 
+smoking now. Ever smokers included current and former smokers. Data on 
+smokeless tobacco use were available for 43,732 persons aged greater than or 
+equal to 18 years and were adjusted for nonresponse and weighted to provide 
+national estimates. Confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated by using 
+standard errors generated by the Software for Survey Data Analysis (SUDAAN) 
+     In 1991, an estimated 5.3 million (2.9%) U.S. adults were current users 
+of smokeless tobacco, including 4.8 million (5.6%) men and 533,000 (0.6%) 
+women. For all categories of comparison, the prevalence of smokeless tobacco 
+use was substantially higher among men. For men, the prevalence of use was 
+highest among those aged 18-24 years (Table 1); for women, the prevalence was 
+highest among those aged greater than or equal to 75 years. The prevalence of 
+smokeless tobacco use among men was highest among American Indians/Alaskan 
+Natives and whites; the prevalence among women was highest among American 
+Indians/Alaskan Natives and blacks. Among both men and women, prevalence of 
+smokeless tobacco use declined with increasing education. Prevalence was 
+substantially higher among residents of the southern United States and in 
+rural areas. Although the prevalence of smokeless tobacco use was higher among 
+HICNet Medical Newsletter                                              Page 10
+Volume  6, Number 10                                           April 20, 1993
+men and women below the poverty level, * this difference was significant only 
+for women (p less than 0.05) (Table 1). 
+     Among men, the prevalence of current use of snuff was highest among those 
+aged 18-44 years but varied considerably by age; the prevalence of use of 
+chewing tobacco was more evenly distributed by age group (Table 2). Although 
+women rarely used smokeless tobacco, the prevalence of snuff use was highest 
+among those aged greater than or equal to 75 years. 
+     An estimated 7.9 million (4.4% 95% CI=4.1-4.6) adults reported being 
+former smokeless tobacco users. Among ever users, the proportion who were 
+former smokeless tobacco users was 59.9% (95% CI=57.7-62.1). Among persons 
+aged 18-24 years, the proportion of former users was lower among snuff users 
+(56.2% 95% CI=49.4-63.0) than among chewing tobacco users (70.4% 95% 
+CI=64.2-76.6). Among persons aged 45-64 years, the proportion of former users 
+was similar for snuff (68.9% 95% CI=63.1-74.7) and chewing tobacco (73.5% 
+     Among current users of smokeless tobacco, 22.9% (95% CI=19.9-26.0) 
+currently smoked, 33.3% (95% CI=30.0-36.5) formerly smoked, and 43.8% (95% 
+CI=39.9-47.7) never smoked. In comparison, among current smokers, 2.6% (95% 
+CI=2.3-3.0) were current users of smokeless tobacco. 
+     Daily use of smokeless tobacco was more common among snuff users (67.3% 
+95% CI=63.2-71.4) than among chewing tobacco users (45.1% 95% CI=40.6-
+Reported by: Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease 
+Prevention and Health Promotion; Div of Health Interview Statistics, National 
+Center for Health Statistics, CDC. 
+Editorial Note: The findings in this report indicate that the use of smokeless 
+tobacco was highest among young males. Adolescent and young adult males, in 
+particular, are the target of marketing strategies by tobacco companies that 
+link smokeless tobacco with athletic performance and virility. Use of oral 
+snuff has risen markedly among professional baseball players, encouraging this 
+behavior among adolescent and young adult males and increasing their risk for 
+nicotine addiction, oral cancer, and other mouth disorders (4). 
+     Differences in the prevalence of smokeless tobacco use among 
+racial/ethnic groups may be influenced by differences in educational levels 
+and socioeconomic status as well as social and cultural phenomena that require 
+further explanation. For example, targeted marketing practices may play a role 
+in maintaining or increasing prevalence among some groups, and affecting the 
+differential initiation of smokeless tobacco use by young persons (5,6). 
+     In this report, one concern is that nearly one fourth of current 
+smokeless tobacco users also smoke cigarettes. In the 1991 NHIS-HPDP, the 
+prevalence of cigarette smoking was higher among former smokeless tobacco 
+users than among current and never smokeless tobacco users. In a previous 
+study among college students, 18% of current smokeless tobacco users smoked 
+HICNet Medical Newsletter                                              Page 11
+Volume  6, Number 10                                           April 20, 1993
+occasionally (7). In addition, approximately 7% of adults who formerly smoked 
+reported substituting other tobacco products for cigarettes in an effort to 
+stop smoking (8). Health-care providers should recognize the potential health 
+implications of concurrent smokeless tobacco and cigarette use. 
+     The national health objectives for the year 2000 have established special 
+population target groups for the reduction of the prevalence of smokeless 
+tobacco use, including males aged 12-24 years (to no more than 4% by the year 
+2000 objective 3.9) and American Indian/Alaskan Native youth (to no more 
+than 10% by the year 2000 objective 3.9a) (9). Strategies to lower the 
+prevalence of smokeless tobacco use include continued monitoring of smokeless 
+tobacco use, integrating smoking and smokeless tobacco-control efforts, 
+enforcing laws that restrict minors' access to tobacco, making excise taxes 
+commensurate with those on cigarettes, encouraging health-care providers to 
+routinely provide cessation advice and follow-up, providing school-based 
+prevention and cessation interventions, and adopting policies that prohibit 
+tobacco use on school property and at school-sponsored events (5). 
+References
+1. Office of Evaluations and Inspections. Spit tobacco and youth. Washington, 
+DC: US Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Inspector 
+General, 1992; DHHS publication no. (OEI-06)92-00500. 
+2. National Institutes of Health. The health consequences of using smokeless 
+tobacco: a report of the Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General. Bethesda, 
+Maryland: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, 
+1986; DHHS publication no. (NIH)86-2874. 
+3. Shah BV. Software for Survey Data Analysis (SUDAAN) version 5.30 Software 
+documentation. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina: Research Triangle 
+Institute, 1989. 
+4. Connolly GN, Orleans CT, Blum A. Snuffing tobacco out of sport. Am J Public 
+Health 1992;82:351-3. 
+5. National Cancer Institute. Smokeless tobacco or health: an international 
+perspective. Bethesda, Maryland: US Department of Health and Human Services, 
+Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, 1992; DHHS publication 
+no. (NIH)92-3461. 
+6. Foreyt JP, Jackson AS, Squires WG, Hartung GH, Murray TD, Gotto AM. 
+Psychological profile of college students who use smokeless tobacco. Addict 
+Behav 1993;18:107-16. 
+7. Glover ED, Laflin M, Edwards SW. Age of initiation and switching patterns 
+HICNet Medical Newsletter                                              Page 12
+Volume  6, Number 10                                           April 20, 1993
+between smokeless tobacco and cigarettes among college students in the United 
+States. Am J Public Health 1989;79:207-8. 
+8. CDC. Tobacco use in 1986: methods and tabulations from Adult Use of Tobacco 
+Survey. Rockville, Maryland: US Department of Health and Human Services, 
+Public Health Service, CDC, 1990; DHHS publication no. (OM)90-2004. 
+9. Public Health Service. Healthy people 2000: national health promotion and 
+disease prevention objectives. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and 
+Human Services, Public Health Service, 1991; DHHS publication no. (PHS)91-
+--------- end of part 1 ------------
+      Internet: david@stat.com                  FAX: +1 (602) 451-1165
+      Bitnet: ATW1H@ASUACAD                     FidoNet=> 1:114/15
+                Amateur Packet ax25: wb7tpy@wb7tpy.az.usa.na
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_488.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,421 @@
+------------- cut here -----------------
+University of Arizona
+Tucson, Arizona
+                               Suggested Reading
+Tan SL, Royston P, Campbell S, Jacobs HS, Betts J, Mason B, Edwards RG (1992).  
+Cumulative conception and Livebirth rates after in-vitro fertilization. Lancet 
+For further information, call:
+                        Physicians' Resource Line
+                               in Tucson:
+HICNet Medical Newsletter                                              Page 28
+Volume  6, Number 10                                           April 20, 1993
+                                   Articles
+                           American Lung Association 
+     A new study published by the American Lung Association has shown that 
+surprisingly low concentrations of airborne particles can send people with 
+asthma rushing to emergency rooms for treatment.  
+     The Seattle-based study showed that roughly one in eight emergency visits 
+for asthma in that city was linked to exposure to particulate air pollution.  
+The actual exposure levels recorded in the study were far below those deemed 
+unsafe under federal air quality laws.  
+     "People with asthma have inflamed airways, and airborne particles tend to 
+exacerbate that inflammation," said Joel Schwartz, Ph.D., of the Environmental 
+Protection Agency, who was the lead author of the study.  "When people are on 
+the threshold of having, a serious asthma attack, particles can push them over 
+the edge." 
+     The Seattle Study correlated 13 months of asthma emergency room visits 
+with daily levels of PM,,,. or particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter 
+of 10 microns or less.  These finer particles are considered hazardous because 
+they are small enough penetrate into the lung.  Cities are considered out of 
+compliance with clean air laws if the 24-hour average concentration of PM10 
+exceeds 150 micrograms per cubic millimeter of air.  
+     In Seattle however, a link between fine particles and asthma was found at 
+levels as low as 30 micrograms.  The authors concluded that for every 30 
+microgram increase in the four-day average of PM10, the odds of someone with 
+asthma needing emergency treatment increased by 12 percent.  
+     The findings were published in the April American Review of Respiratory 
+Disease, an official journal of the American Thoracic Society, the Lung 
+Association's medical section.  
+     The study is the latest in a series of recent reports to suggest that 
+particulate matter is a greatly under appreciated health threat.  A 1992 study 
+by Dr. Schwartz and Douglas Dockery, Ph.D., of Harvard found that particles 
+may be causing roughly 60,000 premature deaths each year in the United States.  
+Other studies have linked particulate matter to increased respiratory symptoms 
+and bronchitis in children.  
+     "Government officials and the media are still very focused on ozone," 
+says Dr. Schwartz.  "But more and more research is showing that particles are 
+bad actors as well."      One problem in setting, standards for particulate 
+air pollution is that PMIO is difficult to study.  Unlike other regulated 
+pollutants such as ozone and carbon monoxide, particulate matter is a complex 
+and varying mixture of substances, including carbon, hydrocarbons, dust, and 
+HICNet Medical Newsletter                                              Page 29
+Volume  6, Number 10                                           April 20, 1993
+acid aerosols.  
+     "Researchers can't Put people in exposure chambers to study the effects 
+of particulate air pollution," says Dr. Schwartz.  "We have no way of 
+duplicating the typical urban mix of particles.  " Consequently, most of what 
+is known about particulates has been learned through population-based research 
+like the Seattle study.  
+     Given that the EPA's current priority is to review the ozone and sulfur 
+dioxide standards, the agency is unlikely to reexamine the PM10 standard any 
+time soon.  Until changes are made, there appears to be little people with 
+asthma can do to protect themselves from airborne particles.
+     "In some areas, you can get reports on air quality, but the reports only 
+cover the pollutant that is closest to violating its standard, and that's 
+rarely particulate matter," says Dr.  Schwartz.  "However, PM10 doesn't have 
+to be near its violation range to be unhealthy."
+HICNet Medical Newsletter                                              Page 30
+Volume  6, Number 10                                           April 20, 1993
+               NIH Consensus Development Conference on Melanoma
+The National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference on 
+Diagnosis and Treatment of Early Melanoma brought together experts in 
+dermatology, pathology, epidemiology, public education, surveillance 
+techniques, and potential new technologies as well as other health care 
+professionals and the public to address (1) the clinical and histological 
+characteristics of early melanoma; (2) the appropriate diagnosis, management, 
+and followup of patients with early melanoma; (3) the role of dysplastic nevi 
+and their significance; and (4) the role of education and screening in 
+preventing melanoma morbidity and mortality.  Following 2 days of 
+presentations by experts and discussion by the audience, a consensus panel 
+weighed the scientific evidence and prepared their consensus statement. 
+Among their findings, the panel recommended that (1) melanoma in situ is a 
+distinct entity effectively treated surgically with 0.5 centimeter margins; 
+(2) thin invasive melanoma, less than 1 millimeter thick, has the potential 
+for long-term survival in more than 90 percent of patients after surgical 
+excision with a 1 centimeter margin; (3) elective lymph node dissections and 
+extensive staging evaluations are not recommended in early melanoma; (4) 
+patients with early melanoma are at low risk for relapse but may be at high 
+risk for development of subsequent melanomas and should be followed closely; 
+(5) some family members of patients with melanoma are at increased risk for 
+melanoma and should be enrolled in surveillance programs; and (6) education 
+and screening programs have the potential to decrease morbidity and mortality 
+from melanoma. 
+A copy of the full text of the consensus panel's statement is available by 
+calling the NIH Office of Medical Applications of Research at (301) 496-1143 
+or by writing to:  Office of Medical Applications of Research, National 
+Institutes of Health, Federal Building, Room 618, Bethesda, MD 20892.
+HICNet Medical Newsletter                                              Page 31
+Volume  6, Number 10                                           April 20, 1993
+                         NCI-Designated Cancer Centers
+The Cancer Centers Program is comprised of 55 NCI-designated Cancer Centers 
+actively engaged in multidisciplinary research efforts to reduce cancer 
+incidence, morbidity, and mortality.  Within the program, there are four types 
+of cancer centers:  basic science cancer centers (14), which engage primarily 
+in basic cancer research; clinical cancer centers (12), which focus on 
+clinical research; "comprehensive" cancer centers (28), which emphasize a 
+multidisciplinary approach to cancer research, patient care, and community 
+outreach; and consortium cancer centers (1), which specialize in cancer 
+prevention and control research. 
+Although some cancer centers existed in the late 1960s and the 1970s, it was 
+the National Cancer Act of 1971 that authorized the establishment of 15 new 
+cancer centers, as well as continuing support for existing ones.  The passage 
+of the act also dramatically transformed the centers' structure and broadened 
+the scope of their mission to include all aspects of basic, clinical, and 
+cancer control research.  Over the next two decades, the centers' program grew 
+progressively. 
+In 1990, there were 19 comprehensive cancer centers in the nation. Today, 
+there are 28 of these institutions, all of which meet specific NCI criteria 
+for comprehensive status. 
+To attain recognition from the NCI as a comprehensive cancer center, an 
+institution must pass rigorous peer review.  Under guidelines newly 
+established in 1990, the eight criteria for "comprehensiveness" include the 
+requirement that a center have a strong core of basic laboratory research in 
+several scientific fields, such as biology and molecular genetics, a strong 
+program of clinical research, and an ability to transfer research findings 
+into clinical practice. 
+Moreover, five of the criteria for comprehensive status go significantly 
+beyond that required for attaining a Cancer Center Support Grant (also 
+referred to as a P30 or core grant), the mechanism of choice for supporting 
+the infrastructure of a cancer center's operations.  These criteria encompass 
+strong participation in NCI-designated high-priority clinical trials, 
+significant levels of cancer prevention and control research, and important 
+outreach and educational activities--all of which are funded by a variety of 
+sources. 
+The other types of cancer centers also have special characteristics and 
+capabilities for organizing new programs of research that can exploit 
+important new findings or address timely research questions. 
+HICNet Medical Newsletter                                              Page 32
+Volume  6, Number 10                                           April 20, 1993
+Of the 55 NCI-designated Cancer Centers, 14 are of the basic science type.  
+These centers engage almost entirely in basic research, although some centers 
+engage in collaborative research with outside clinical research investigators 
+and in cooperative projects with industry to generate medical applications 
+from new discoveries in the laboratory. 
+Clinical cancer centers, in contrast, focus on both basic research and 
+clinical research within the same institutional framework, and frequently 
+incorporate nearby affiliated clinical research institutions into their 
+overall research programs.  There are 12 such centers today. 
+Finally, consortium cancer centers, of which there is one, are uniquely 
+structured and concentrate on clinical research and cancer prevention and 
+control research.  These centers interface with state and local public health 
+departments for the purpose of achieving the transfer of effective prevention 
+and control techniques from their research findings to those institutions 
+responsible for implementing population-wide public health programs.  
+Consortium centers also are heavily engaged in collaborations with 
+institutions that conduct clinical trial research and coordinate community 
+hospitals within a network of cooperating institutions in clinical trials. 
+Together, the 55 NCI-Designated Cancer Centers continue to work toward 
+creating new and innovative approaches to cancer research, and through 
+interdisciplinary efforts, to effectively move this research from the 
+laboratory into clinical trials and into clinical practice. 
+Comprehensive Cancer Centers (Internet addresses are given where available) 
+University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center
+Basic Health Sciences Building, Room 108
+1918 University Boulevard
+Birmingham, Alabama 35294
+University of Arizona Cancer Center
+1501 North Campbell Avenue
+Tucson, Arizona 85724
+Internet:  syd@azcc.arizona.edu
+Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center
+University of California at Los Angeles
+200 Medical Plaza
+Los Angeles, California 90027
+HICNet Medical Newsletter                                              Page 33
+Volume  6, Number 10                                           April 20, 1993
+Internet:  rick@jccc.medsch.ucla.edu
+Kenneth T. Norris Jr. Comprehensive Cancer Center
+University of Southern California
+1441 Eastlake Avenue
+Los Angeles, California  90033-0804
+Yale University Comprehensive Cancer Center
+333 Cedar Street
+New Haven, Connecticut 06510
+Lombardi Cancer Research Center
+Georgetown University Medical Center
+3800 Reservoir Road, N.W.
+Washington, D.C. 20007
+Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center
+University of Miami Medical School
+1475 Northwest 12th Avenue
+Miami, Florida 33136
+Internet:  hlam@mednet.med.miami.edu
+Johns Hopkins Oncology Center
+600 North Wolfe Street
+Baltimore, Maryland 21205
+Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
+44 Binney Street
+Boston, Massachusetts 02115
+Internet:  Kristie_Stevenson@macmailgw.dfci.harvard.edu
+Meyer L. Prentis Comprehensive Cancer Center of Metropolitan
+Detroit
+110 East Warren Avenue
+Detroit, Michigan 48201
+Internet:  cummings%oncvx1.dnet@rocdec.roc.wayne.edu
+University of Michigan Cancer Center
+HICNet Medical Newsletter                                              Page 34
+Volume  6, Number 10                                           April 20, 1993
+101 Simpson Drive
+Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0752
+BITNET:  kallie.bila.michels@um.cc.umich.edu
+Mayo Comprehensive Cancer Center
+200 First Street Southwest
+Rochester, Minnesota 55905
+Norris Cotton Cancer Center
+Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center
+One Medical Center Drive
+Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756
+BITNET:  edward.bresnick@dartmouth.edu
+Roswell Park Cancer Institute
+Elm and Carlton Streets
+Buffalo, New York 14263
+Columbia University Comprehensive Cancer Center
+College of Physicians and Surgeons
+630 West 168th Street
+New York, New York 10032
+Internet:  janie@cuccfa.ccc.columbia.edu
+Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center
+1275 York Avenue
+New York, New York 10021
+Kaplan Cancer Center
+New York University Medical Center
+462 First Avenue
+New York, New York 10016-9103
+UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center
+University of North Carolina School of Medicine
+Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
+HICNet Medical Newsletter                                              Page 35
+Volume  6, Number 10                                           April 20, 1993
+Duke Comprehensive Cancer Center
+P.O. Box 3814
+Durham, North Carolina 27710
+Cancer Center of Wake Forest University at the Bowman Gray School
+of Medicine
+300 South Hawthorne Road
+Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27103
+Internet:  ccwfumail@phs.bgsm.wfu.edu
+Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center
+300 West 10th Avenue
+Columbus, Ohio 43210
+Internet:  dyoung@magnus.acs.ohio-state.edu
+Fox Chase Cancer Center
+7701 Burholme Avenue
+Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111
+Internet:  s_davis@fccc.edu
+University of Pennsylvania Cancer Center
+3400 Spruce Street
+Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
+Pittsburgh Cancer Institute
+200 Meyran Avenue
+Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213-2592
+The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center
+1515 Holcombe Boulevard
+Houston, Texas 77030
+Vermont Cancer Center
+University of Vermont
+1 South Prospect Street
+Burlington, Vermont 05401
+HICNet Medical Newsletter                                              Page 36
+Volume  6, Number 10                                           April 20, 1993
+Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
+1124 Columbia Street
+Seattle, Washington 98104
+Internet:  sedmonds@cclink.fhcrc.org
+University of Wisconsin Comprehensive Cancer Center
+600 Highland Avenue
+Madison, Wisconsin 53792
+BITNET:  carbone@uwccc.biostat.wisc.edu
+Clinical Cancer Centers
+University of California at San Diego Cancer Center
+225 Dickinson Street
+San Diego, California 92103
+Internet:  dedavis@ucsd.edu
+City of Hope National Medical Center
+Beckman Research Institute
+1500 East Duarte Road
+Duarte, California 91010
+(818) 359-8111 ext. 2292
+University of Colorado Cancer Center
+4200 East 9th Avenue, Box B188
+Denver, Colorado 80262
+University of Chicago Cancer Research Center
+5841 South Maryland Avenue, Box 444
+Chicago, Illinois 60637
+Internet:  judith@delphi.bsd.uchicago.edu
+Albert Einstein College of Medicine
+1300 Morris Park Avenue
+Bronx, New York 10461
+HICNet Medical Newsletter                                              Page 37
+Volume  6, Number 10                                           April 20, 1993
+University of Rochester Cancer Center
+601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 704
+Rochester, New York 14642
+Internet:  rickb@wotan.medicine.rochester.edu
+Ireland Cancer Center Case Western Reserve University
+University Hospitals of Cleveland
+2074 Abington Road
+Cleveland, Ohio 44106
+Roger Williams Cancer Center
+Brown University
+825 Chalkstone Avenue
+Providence, Rhode Island 02908
+St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
+332 North Lauderdale Street
+Memphis, Tennessee 38101-0318
+Internet:  meyer@mbcf.stjude.org
+Institute for Cancer Research and Care
+4450 Medical Drive
+San Antonio, Texas 78229
+Utah Regional Cancer Center
+University of Utah Health Sciences Center
+50 North Medical Drive, Room 2C110
+Salt Lake City, Utah 84132
+BITNET:  hogan@cc.utah.edu
+Massey Cancer Center
+Medical College of Virginia
+Virginia Commonwealth University
+1200 East Broad Street
+Richmond, Virginia 23298
+Consortia
+HICNet Medical Newsletter                                              Page 38
+Volume  6, Number 10                                           April 20, 1993
+Drew-Meharry-Morehouse Consortium Cancer Center
+1005 D.B. Todd Boulevard
+Nashville, Tennessee 37208
+HICNet Medical Newsletter                                              Page 39
+Volume  6, Number 10                                           April 20, 1993
+                             General Announcments
+This is to announce the establishment of an FTP site at the University of 
+California, for the collection of shareware, public-domain software and other 
+information relating to Medical Education.  
+Specifically, we are interested in establishing this site as a clearinghouse 
+for personally developed software that has been developed for local medical 
+education programs.  We welcome all contributions that may be shared with 
+other users.  
+To connect to the UCI Medical Education Software Repository, ftp to: 
+The Repository currently offers both MSDOS and Macintosh software, and we hope 
+to support other operating systems (UNIX, MUMPS, AMIGA?).  
+Uploads are welcome.  We actively solicit information and software which you 
+have personaly developed or have found useful in your local medical education 
+efforts, either as an instructor or student.  
+Once you have connected to the site via FTP, cd (change directory) to either 
+the med-ed/mac/incoming or the med-ed/msdos/incoming directories, change the 
+mode to binary and "send" or "put" your files.  Note that you won't be able to 
+see the files with the "ls" or "dir" commands.  Please compress your files as 
+appropriate to the operating system (ZIP for MSDOS; Compactor or something 
+similar for Macintosh) to save disk space.  
+After uploading, please send email to Steve Clancy (slclancy@uci.edu) (for 
+MSDOS) or Albert Saisho (saisho@uci.edu) (for MAC) describing the file(s) you 
+have uploaded and any other information we might need to describe it.
+Note that we can only accept software or information that has been designated 
+as shareware, public-domain or that may otherwise be distributed freely.  
+Please do not upload commercial software!  Doing so may jeopardize the 
+existence of this FTP site.  
+If you wish to upload software for other operating systems, please contact 
+either Steve Clancy, M.L.S. or Albert Saisho, M.D. at the addresses above.
+HICNet Medical Newsletter                                              Page 40
+Volume  6, Number 10                                           April 20, 1993
+                              AIDS News Summaries
+                              AIDS Daily Summary
+The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) National AIDS  
+Clearinghouse makes available the following information as a public  service 
+only. Providing this information does not constitute endorsement  by the CDC, 
+the CDC Clearinghouse, or any other organization. Reproduction  of this text 
+is encouraged; however, copies may not be sold.  Copyright 1993, Information, 
+Inc., Bethesda, MD 
+                                April 12, 1993 
+"NIH Set to Test Multiple AIDS Vaccines" Reuters (04/08/93)  (Frank, 
+Jacqueline) 
+     Washington--The Clinton administration will permit the National  
+Institutes of Health to test multiple AIDS vaccines instead of  only allowing 
+the Army to test a single vaccine, administration  sources said Thursday.  The 
+decision ends the controversy between Army AIDS researchers who had hoped to 
+test a vaccine made by  MicroGeneSys Inc. and the National Institutes of 
+Health, which  contended that multiple vaccines should be tested.  Health and  
+Human Services Secretary Donna Shalala said a final announcement  on the 
+therapeutic vaccine trials was expected to be made last  Friday.  Companies 
+including Genentech Inc., Chiron Corp., and  Immuno AG have already told NIH 
+that they are prepared to  participate in the vaccine tests.  The testing is 
+intended to  demonstrate whether AIDS vaccines are effective in thwarting the  
+replication of HIV in patients already infected.  Shalala refuted last week's 
+reports that the Clinton administration had decided  the Army's test of the 
+MicroGeneSys VaxSyn should proceed without tests of others at the same time.  
+"The report was inaccurate,  and I expect there to be some announcement in the 
+next 24 hours  about that particular AIDS research project," said Shalala.   
+Administration sources subsequently confirmed that NIH director  Dr. Bernadine 
+Healy and Food and Drug Administration Commissioner David Kessler had 
+convinced the White House that multiple  vaccines should be tested 
+simultaneously.  But MicroGeneSys  president Frank Volvovitz said a test of 
+multiple vaccines could  triple the cost of the trial and delay it by two 
+years.
+HICNet Medical Newsletter                                              Page 41
+Volume  6, Number 10                                           April 20, 1993
+"The Limits of AZT's Impact on HIV" U.S. News & World Report (04/12/93) Vol. 
+114, No. 14, P. 18 
+     AZT has become the most widely used drug to fight AIDS since it  was 
+approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 1987.   Burroughs Wellcome, 
+the manufacturer of AZT, made $338 million  last year alone from sales of the 
+drug.  However, a team of  European researchers recently reported that 
+although HIV-positive patients taking AZT demonstrated a slightly lower risk 
+of  developing AIDS within the first year of treatment, that benefit  
+disappeared two years later.  The Lancet published preliminary  findings of 
+the three-year study, which could give more reason  for critics to argue the 
+drug's cost, side effects, and general  efficacy.  Even though U.S. 
+researchers concede the study was  more comprehensive than American trials, 
+many argue the European  researchers' suggestion that HIV-positive patients 
+experience  little improvement in their illness before the development of  
+AIDS symptoms.  In addition, researchers have long been familiar  with the 
+--------- end of part 3 ------------
+      Internet: david@stat.com                  FAX: +1 (602) 451-1165
+      Bitnet: ATW1H@ASUACAD                     FidoNet=> 1:114/15
+                Amateur Packet ax25: wb7tpy@wb7tpy.az.usa.na
diff --git a/medical/medical_499.txt b/medical/medical_499.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..276ea85d499658712088997c20a588e350230720
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_499.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+[reply to aldridge@netcom.com (Jacquelin Aldridge)]
+>Medicine is not a totally scientific endevour.
+The acquisition of scientific knowledge is completely scientific.  The
+application of that knowledge in individual cases may be more art than
+science.
+>There are diseases that haven't been described yet and the root cause
+>of many diseases now described aren't known. (Read a book on
+>gastroenterology sometime if you want to see a lot of them.) After
+>scientific methods have run out then it's the patient's freedom of
+>choice to try any experimental method they choose. And it's well
+>recognized by many doctors that medicine doesn't have all the answers.
+Certainly we don't have all the answers.  The question is, what is the
+most reliable means of acquiring further medical knowledge?  The
+scientific method has proven itself to be reliable.  The *only* reason
+alternative therapies are shunned by physicians is that their
+practitioners refuse to submit their theories to rigorous scientific
+scrutiny, insisting that "tradition" or anecdotal evidence are
+sufficient.  These have been shown many times in the past to be very
+unreliable ways of acquiring reliable knowledge.  Crook's ideas have
+never been backed up by scientific evidence.  His unwillingness to do
+good science makes the rest of us doubt the veracity of his contentions.
+David Nye (nyeda@cnsvax.uwec.edu).  Midelfort Clinic, Eau Claire WI
+This is patently absurd; but whoever wishes to become a philosopher
+must learn not to be frightened by absurdities. -- Bertrand Russell
diff --git a/medical/medical_500.txt b/medical/medical_500.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..287687ec4925cf1e38f10696a8b891fa835ea3c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_500.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+In article <jschwimmer.123.735362184@wccnet.wcc.wesleyan.edu> jschwimmer@wccnet.wcc.wesleyan.edu (Josh Schwimmer) writes:
+>I've recently listened to a tape by Dr. Stanislaw Burzynski, in which he 
+>claims to have discovered a series naturally occuring peptides with anti-
+>cancer properties that he names antineoplastons.  Burzynski says that his 
+>work has met with hostility in the United States, despite the favorable 
+>responses of his subjects during clinical trials.
+>What is the generally accepted opinion of Dr. Burzynski's research?  He 
+>paints himself as a lone researcher with a new breakthrough battling an 
+>intolerant medical establishment, but I have no basis from which to judge 
+>his claims.  Two weeks ago, however, I read that the NIH's Department of 
+>Alternative Medicine has decided to focus their attention on Burzynski's 
+>work.  Their budget is so small that I imagine they wouldn't investigate a 
+>treatment that didn't seem promising.
+>Any opinions on Burzynski's antineoplastons or information about the current 
+>status of his research would be appreciated.
+>Joshua Schwimmer
+>jschwimmer@eagle.wesleyan.edu
+There's been extensive discussion on the CompuServe Cancer Forum about Dr. 
+Burzynski's treatment as a result of the decision of a forum member's father 
+to undertake his treatment for brain glioblastoma.  This disease is 
+universally and usually rapidly fatal.  After diagnosis in June 1992, the 
+tumor was growing rapidly despite radiation and chemotherapy.  The forum 
+member checked extensively on Dr. Burzynki's track record for this disease.  
+He spoke to a few patients in complete remission for a few years from 
+glioblastoma following this treatment and to an NCI oncologist who had 
+audited other such case histories and found them valid and impressive.  
+After the forum member's father began Dr. Burzynski's treatment in 
+September, all subsequent scans performed under the auspices of his 
+oncologist in Chicago have shown no tumor growth with possible signs of 
+shrinkage or necrosis.
+The patient's oncologist, although telling him he would probably not live 
+past December 1992, was vehemently opposed to his trying Dr. Burzynski's 
+treatment.  Since the tumor stopped its rapid growth under Dr. Burzynski's 
+treatment, she's since changed her attitude toward continuing these 
+treatments, saying "if it ain't broke, don't fix it."
+Dr. Burzynski is an M.D., Ph.D. with a research background who found a 
+protein that is at very low serum levels in cancer patients, synthesized it, 
+and administers it to patients with certain cancer types.  There is little 
+understanding of the actual mechanism of activity.
+/*                      --- David E. Scheim ---                      */
+/* BITNET: none                                                      */
+/* INTERNET: desl@helix.nih.gov          PHONE: 301 496-2194         */
+/* CompuServe: 73750,3305                  FAX: 301 402-1065         */
+/* DISCLAIMER: These comments are offered to share knowledge based   */
+/*   upon my personal views.  They do not represent the positions    */
+/*   of my employer.                                                 */
diff --git a/medical/medical_529.txt b/medical/medical_529.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0214efd849a9020d42e7625f8981cb0c48348cd7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_529.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+In article <1993Apr21.143910.5826@wvnvms.wvnet.edu> 
+pk115050@wvnvms.wvnet.edu writes:
+> My girlfriend is in pain from kidney stones. She says that because she 
+has no
+> medical insurance, she cannot get them removed.
+> My question: Is there any way she can treat them herself, or at least 
+mitigate
+> their effects? Any help is deeply appreciated. (Advice, referral to 
+literature,
+> etc...)
+> Thank you,
+> Dave Carvell
+> pk115050@wvnvms.wvnet.edu
+First, let me offer you my condolences.  I've had kidney stones 4 times 
+and I know the pain she is going through.  First, it is best that she see 
+a doctor.  However, every time I had kidney stones, I saw my doctor and the
+only thing they did was to prescribe some pain killers and medication for a
+urinary tract infection.  The pain killers did nothing for me...kidney stones
+are extremely painful.  My stones were judged passable, so we just waited it
+out.  However the last one took 10 days to pass...not fun.  Anyway, if she
+absolutely won't see a doctor, I suggest drinking lots of fluids and perhaps
+an over the counter sleeping pill.  But, I do highly suggest seeing a doctor.
+Kidney stones are not something to fool around with.  She should be x-rayed 
+to make sure there is not a serious problem.
+Steve
diff --git a/medical/medical_531.txt b/medical/medical_531.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c4d615718035b22b75c0931baae175e3e074a041
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_531.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+In article <1993Apr20.184034.13779@dbased.nuo.dec.com>,
+dufault@lftfld.enet.dec.com (MD) writes:
+>        The reason I'm posting this article to this newsgroup is to:
+>1. gather any information about this disorder from anyone who might
+>   have recently been *e*ffected by it ( from being associated with
+>   it or actually having this disorder ) and
+>2. help me find out where I can access any medical literature associated
+>   with seizures over the internet.
+I tried to e-mail you but it bounced back.  Please e-mail me and
+I will give you someone's name who might be very helpful.  You might
+also post your message to misc.kids.
+sastls@mvs.sas.com
diff --git a/medical/medical_534.txt b/medical/medical_534.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8100b64061b75fd87be1be46c718f416c512ea29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_534.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+In article <93108.003258U19250@uicvm.uic.edu> <U19250@uicvm.uic.edu> writes:
+>Does anybody know of any information regarding the implementaion of total
+> quality management, quality control, quality assurance in the delivery of
+> health care service.  I would appreciate any information.  If there is enough
+>interest, I will post the responses.
+>        Thank You
+>        Abhin Singla MS BioE, MBA, MD
+>        President AC Medcomp Inc
+Dr Singla, you might contact Kaiser Health Plan either in the area
+closest to you or at the central office in Oakland CA.  We have been
+doing QA, QoS, concurrent UR, and TQM for some time now in the Hawaii
+Region, and I suspect it is nationwide in the system.
+Len Howard MD
diff --git a/medical/medical_542.txt b/medical/medical_542.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0da7cb41095ffe6ce2712ec5e9b87bbc70587d1e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_542.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+In article <1r6g8fINNe88@ceti.cs.unc.edu>, jge@cs.unc.edu (John Eyles) writes:
+> A friend has what is apparently a fairly minor case of Crohn's
+> disease.
+> But she can't seem to eat certain foods, such as fresh vegetables,
+> without discomfort, and of course she wants to avoid a recurrence.
+> Her question is: are there any nutritionists who specialize in the
+> problems of people with Crohn's disease ?
+> (I saw the suggestion of lipoxygnase inhibitors like tea and turmeric).
+> Thanks in advance,
+> John Eyles
+All your friend really has to do is find a Registered Dietician(RD).  While 
+most work in hospitals and clinics, many major cities will have RD's who 
+are in "private practice" so to speak.  Many physicans will refer their 
+patients with Crohn's disease to RD's for dietary help.  If you can get 
+your friend's physician to make a referral, medical insurance should pay for 
+the RD's services just like the services of a physical therapist.  The 
+better medical insurance plans will cover this but even if your friend's 
+plan doesn't, it would be well worth the cost to get on a good diet to 
+control the intestinal discomfort and help the intestinal lining heal.
+Crohn's disease is an inflammatory disease of the intestinal lining and 
+lipoxygenase inhibitors may help by decreasing leukotriene formation but 
+I'm not aware of tea or turmeric containing lipoxygenase inhibitors.  For 
+bad inflammation, steroids are used but for a mild case, the side effects 
+are not worth the small benefit gained by steroid use.  Upjohn is developing 
+a new lipoxygenase inhibitor that should greatly help deal with 
+inflammatory diseases but it's not available yet.
+Marty B. 
diff --git a/medical/medical_557.txt b/medical/medical_557.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..465b1792405386fffbe8ce208a5d9ab6da079d22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_557.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+Dear Netters,
+I am not sure whether this is the right place to post my query, but I
+thought there may be some bilingual physicians in this newsgroup that
+could help. Please, excuse me for overloading the bandwidth.
+I am trying to build a resource allocation program for managing a
+surgical operating unit in a hospital. The user interface is in
+English, however the terms of medical specialties I was given are in
+French :-( I have no medical dictionary handy, mine is a technical
+university :-((
+I need to get the translation into English (when there is one) of the
+following words. They refer to medical categories of operating rooms
+(theaters). I admit they may not be universally "used".
+1- sceptique
+2- orl
+3- brulure/brule'
+4- ne'onatal
+5- pre'natal
+6- pre'mature'
+7- neurochirurgie (neuro-surgery??)
+8- chirurgie ge'ne'rale
+9- chirurgie plastique
+10- urologie (urology??)
+Thank you for you help.
+Cheers,
+Berthe Y. Choueiry
+choueiry@lia.di.epfl.ch
+LIA-DI, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Ecublens
+CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
+Voice: +41-21-693.52.77 and +41-21-693.66.78 	Fax: +41-21-693.52.25
+ps: please reply by e-mail if possible since I scan too quickly
+through the messages of this newsgroup.
diff --git a/medical/medical_559.txt b/medical/medical_559.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7c209f0910bddd1c96d7bdaadd461f71d6ac9e35
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_559.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+According to a previous poster, one should seek a doctor's
+assistance for injections. But what about Sumatriptin [sp?]?
+Doesn't one have to inject oneself immediately upon the onset
+of a migraine?
diff --git a/medical/medical_560.txt b/medical/medical_560.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0036d7bc44f61bdff8e14e654c91ec7fe7911b2c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_560.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+In article <1993Apr22.202051.1@vms.ocom.okstate.edu>, banschbach@vms.ocom.okstate.edu writes:
+> In article <1r6g8fINNe88@ceti.cs.unc.edu>, jge@cs.unc.edu (John Eyles) writes:
+>> A friend has what is apparently a fairly minor case of Crohn's
+>> disease.
+>> But she can't seem to eat certain foods, such as fresh vegetables,
+>> without discomfort, and of course she wants to avoid a recurrence.
+>> Her question is: are there any nutritionists who specialize in the
+>> problems of people with Crohn's disease ?
+>> (I saw the suggestion of lipoxygnase inhibitors like tea and turmeric).
+>> Thanks in advance,
+>> John Eyles
+> All your friend really has to do is find a Registered Dietician(RD).  While
+> most work in hospitals and clinics, many major cities will have RD's who
+> are in "private practice" so to speak.  Many physicans will refer their
+> patients with Crohn's disease to RD's for dietary help.  If you can get
+> your friend's physician to make a referral, medical insurance should pay for
+> the RD's services just like the services of a physical therapist.  The
+> better medical insurance plans will cover this but even if your friend's
+> plan doesn't, it would be well worth the cost to get on a good diet to
+> control the intestinal discomfort and help the intestinal lining heal.
+> Crohn's disease is an inflammatory disease of the intestinal lining and
+> lipoxygenase inhibitors may help by decreasing leukotriene formation but
+> I'm not aware of tea or turmeric containing lipoxygenase inhibitors.  For
+If you do a MEDLINE search on "turmeric" you'll see that it is a potent
+lipoxygenase inhibitor which is being investigated in a number of areas.
+I'm in cardiology and about 4 years ago the cardiothoracic surgery lab at my
+hospital compared the effect of a teaspoon of dissolved turmeric vs. a $2000
+bolus of tPA in preventing myocardial reperfusion injury in a perfused
+Langendorff sheep heart. The turmeric was more effective :-)
+A colleague of mine in the School of Pharmacy (Dr. Ron Kohen) has a paper "in
+press" on the free radical scavenging activity and antioxidant activity of tea.
+Josh
+backon@VMS.HUJI.AC.IL
+> bad inflammation, steroids are used but for a mild case, the side effects
+> are not worth the small benefit gained by steroid use.  Upjohn is developing
+> a new lipoxygenase inhibitor that should greatly help deal with
+> inflammatory diseases but it's not available yet.
+> Marty B.
diff --git a/medical/medical_564.txt b/medical/medical_564.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ab181229b28d361761838d3701a0f74761eeb40e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_564.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+In article <1993Apr22.202051.1@vms.ocom.okstate.edu>,
+banschbach@vms.ocom.okstate.edu wrote:
+> In article <1r6g8fINNe88@ceti.cs.unc.edu>, jge@cs.unc.edu (John Eyles) writes:
+> > A friend has what is apparently a fairly minor case of Crohn's
+> > disease.
+> > But she can't seem to eat certain foods, such as fresh vegetables,
+> > without discomfort, and of course she wants to avoid a recurrence.
+> > Her question is: are there any nutritionists who specialize in the
+> > problems of people with Crohn's disease ?
+> > (I saw the suggestion of lipoxygnase inhibitors like tea and turmeric).
+> > Thanks in advance,
+> > John Eyles
+> All your friend really has to do is find a Registered Dietician(RD).  While 
+> most work in hospitals and clinics, many major cities will have RD's who 
+> are in "private practice" so to speak.  Many physicans will refer their 
+> patients with Crohn's disease to RD's for dietary help.  If you can get 
+> your friend's physician to make a referral, medical insurance should pay for 
+> the RD's services just like the services of a physical therapist.  The 
+> better medical insurance plans will cover this but even if your friend's 
+> plan doesn't, it would be well worth the cost to get on a good diet to 
+> control the intestinal discomfort and help the intestinal lining heal.
+> Crohn's disease is an inflammatory disease of the intestinal lining and 
+> lipoxygenase inhibitors may help by decreasing leukotriene formation but 
+> I'm not aware of tea or turmeric containing lipoxygenase inhibitors.  For 
+> bad inflammation, steroids are used but for a mild case, the side effects 
+> are not worth the small benefit gained by steroid use.  Upjohn is developing 
+> a new lipoxygenase inhibitor that should greatly help deal with 
+> inflammatory diseases but it's not available yet.
+> Marty B. 
+Be sure a dietician is up to date on Crohn's and Ulcerative Colitis.  
+Previously, low residue diets were recommended, but this advice has
+now changed.  Also, there will be differences in advice in patients with
+and without obstructuon remaining, so input by the physician will be 
+important.  I find the dietician very important in my practice, and 
+I send most of my patients to a dietician in the course of seeing
+them, since dieticians know so much better how to get diet histories
+and evaluate the contents of a diet than I do.
+Steve Holland
diff --git a/medical/medical_565.txt b/medical/medical_565.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1b09e3e0519f32a854a8ae5ecb4038d10a5e6005
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_565.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+In article <19609@pitt.UUCP> geb@cs.pitt.edu (Gordon Banks) writes:
+>In article <3794@nlsun1.oracle.nl> rgasch@nl.oracle.com (Robert Gasch) writes:
+>>In many European countries Homepathy is accepted as a method of curing
+>>(or at least alleiating) many conditions to which modern medicine has 
+>>no answer. In most of these countries insurance pays for the 
+>>treatments.
+>Accepted by whom?  Not by scientists.  There are people
+>in every country who waste time and money on quackery.
+>In Britain and Scandanavia, where I have worked, it was not paid for.
+>What are "most of these countries?"  I don't believe you.
+When were you in Britain?, my information is different.
+From Miranda Castro, _The Complete Homeopathy Handbook_,
+ISBN 0-312-06320-2, oringinally published in Britain in 1990.
+From Page 10,
+.. and in 1946, when the National Health Service was established,
+homeopathy was included as an officially approved method
+of treatment.
diff --git a/medical/medical_572.txt b/medical/medical_572.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ac36630ad2968349f087d4f290e98f2fc741f8bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_572.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+Okay, this is a long shot.
+My friend Robin has recurring bouts of mononucleosis-type symptoms, very  
+regularly.  This has been going on for a number of years.  She's seen a  
+number of doctors; six was the last count, I think.  Most of them have  
+said either "You have mono" or "You're full of it; there's nothing wrong  
+with you."  One has admitted to having no idea what was wrong with her,  
+and one has claimed that it is Epstein-Barr syndrome.
+Now, what she told me about EBS is that very few doctors even believe that  
+it exists.  (Obviously, this has been her experience.)  So, what's the  
+story?  Is it real?  Does the medical profession believe it to be real?
+Has anyone had success is treating EBS?  Or is it just something to live  
+with?  Thanks for your assistance.
+Joel "The Ogre" Cherney
+jcherney@reed.edu
+Of the Horde
diff --git a/medical/medical_579.txt b/medical/medical_579.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ba691152f011fb3709ab5f216c6580c2ed524753
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_579.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+In article <1993Apr21.134848.19017@peavax.mlo.dec.com>, lunger@helix.enet.dec.com (Dave Lunger) writes:
+> What does a lack of taste of foods, or a sense of taste that seems "off"
+> when eating foods in someone who has cancer mean? What are the possible
+> causes of this? Why does it happen?
+I can't answer most of your questions, but I've seen it happen in 
+family members who are being treated with radiation and/or chemotherapy.
+Jory Graham published a cookbook many years ago (in cooperation with 
+the American Cancer Society, I think) called "Something has to taste
+good" (as I recall).
+The cookbook was just what we needed several times when favorite foods
+suddenly became "yech".
+Kay Klier  Biology Dept  UNI
diff --git a/medical/medical_58.txt b/medical/medical_58.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dbc0f6fc75c1e3ecd34061b2933ffb56d7ace4a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_58.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+In article <C4Hyou.1Iz@mentor.cc.purdue.edu> hrubin@pop.stat.purdue.edu (Herman Rubin) writes:
+>In article <188@ky3b.UUCP> km@ky3b.pgh.pa.us (Ken Mitchum) writes:
+>>Ditto. Disease is a great leveling experience, however. Some people
+>>are very much afronted to find out that all the money in the world
+>>does not buy one health. Everyone looks the same when they die.
+>If money does not buy one health, why are we talking about paying
+>for medical expenses for those not currently "adequately covered"?
+Herman, I would think you of all people would/could distinguish
+between "health" and "treatment of disease." All the prevention
+medicine people preach this all the time. You cannot buy health.
+You can buy treatment of disease, assuming you are lucky enough
+to have a disease which can be treated. A rich person with a
+terminal disease is a bit out of luck. There is no such thing
+as "adequately covered" and there never will be. 
+And for what it's worth, I'll be the first to admit that all my
+patients die.
diff --git a/medical/medical_584.txt b/medical/medical_584.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4194f37e7cdab52bf763f25387017e7eadf7e0ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_584.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+Ihave had a frozen shoulder for over a year or about a year.  It is still
+partially frozen, and I am still in physical therapy every week.  But the
+pain has subsided almost completely.  UNTIL last week when I mowed the
+lawn for twenty minutes each, two days in a row.  I have a push type power
+mower.  The pain started back up a little bit for the first time in quite
+a while, and I used ice and medicine again.  Can anybody explain why this
+particular activity, which does not seem to stress me very much generally,
+should cause this shoulder problem?
+Thanks.
+Alice
diff --git a/medical/medical_586.txt b/medical/medical_586.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5e0b8b5b323090910c3ed2358ae00073104afbf3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_586.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+In article <1r9j33$4g8@hsdndev.harvard.edu>, rind@enterprise.bih.harvard.edu (David Rind) writes:
+> In article <1993Apr22.153000.1@vms.ocom.okstate.edu>
+>  banschbach@vms.ocom.okstate.edu writes:
+>>poster for being treated by a liscenced physician for a disease that did 
+>>not exist.  Calling this physician a quack was reprehensible Steve and I 
+>>see that you and some of the others are doing it here as well.  
+> Do you believe that any quacks exist?  How about quack diagnoses?  Is
+> being a "licensed physician" enough to guarantee that someone is not
+> a quack, or is it just that even if a licensed physician is a quack,
+> other people shouldn't say so?  Can you give an example of a
+> commonly diagnosed ailment that you think is a quack diagnosis,
+> or have we gotten to the point in civilization where we no longer
+> need to worry about unscrupulous "healers" taking advantage of
+> people.
+> David Rind
+I don't like the term "quack" being applied to a licensed physician David.
+Questionable conduct is more appropriately called unethical(in my opinion).
+I'll give you some examples.
+	1. Prescribing controlled substances to patients with no 
+	   demonstrated need(other than a drug addition) for the medication.
+	2. Prescribing thyroid preps for patients with normal thyroid 
+	   function for the purpose of quick weight loss.
+	3. Using laetril to treat cancer patients when such treatment has 
+	   been shown to be ineffective and dangerous(cyanide release) by 
+	   the NCI.
+These are errors of commission that competently trained physicians should 
+not committ but sometimes do.  There are also errors of omission(some of 
+which result in malpractice suits).  I don't think that using anti-fungal 
+agents to try to relieve discomfort in a patient who you suspect may be 
+having a problem with candida(or another fungal growth) is an error of 
+commission or omission.  Healers have had a long history of trying to 
+relieve human suffering.  Some have stuck to standard, approved procedures,
+others have been willing to try any reasonable treatment if there is a 
+chance that it will help the patient.  The key has to be tied to the 
+healer's oath, "I will do no harm".  But you know David that very few 
+treatments involve no risk to the patient.  The job of the physician is a 
+very difficult one when risk versus benefit has to be weighed.  Each 
+physician deals with this risk/benefit paradox a little differently.  Some 
+are very conservative while others are more agressive.  An agressive 
+approach may be more costly to the patient and carry more risk but as long 
+as the motive is improving the patient's health and not an attempt to rake 
+in lots of money(through some of the schemes that have been uncovered in 
+the medicare fraud cases), I don't see the need to label these healers as 
+quacks or even unethical.
+What do I reserve the term quack for?  Pseudo-medical professionals.  
+These people lurk on the fringes of the health care system waiting for the 
+frustrated patient to fall into their lair.  Some of these individuals are 
+really doing a pretty good job of providing "alternative" medicine.  But 
+many lack any formal training and are in the "business" simply to make a 
+few fast bucks.   While a patient can be reasonably assured of getting 
+competent care when a liscenced physician is consulted, this alternative 
+care area is really a buyer's beware arena.  If you are lucky, you may find 
+someone who can help you.  If you are unlucky, you can loose a lot of 
+money and develop severe disease because of the inability of these pseudo-
+medical professional to diagnose disease(which is the fortay of the 
+liscened physicians).
+I hope that this clears things up David.
+Marty B.
diff --git a/medical/medical_590.txt b/medical/medical_590.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8cadd95f3710646e06069ad844e11b7c9d027d15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_590.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+I am writing this to find out the following:
+1.)	Any information on surgery to prevent reflux esophagitis.
+2.)	The name(s) of a doctor(s) who specialize in such surgery.
+3.)	Information on reflux esophagitis which leads to cancer.
+My boyfriend, age 34 and otherwise in good health, was diagnosed with 
+reflux esophagitis and a hiatal hernia about 2 years ago.  At that time he 
+saw a gastroenterologist and has tried acid controllers (Mylanta, 
+Tagamet), as well as a restricted diet and raising the head of his bed.  
+These treatments were not effective and because the damage was 
+worsening, he opted for a surgical repair 3 months ago.  He was told 
+there were two repair techniques that could fix the problem; a Nissen 
+wrap and a "Hill Repair".  He opted for the "Hill Repair". He recovered 
+very well from the surgery itself but the pain he had originally is worse 
+and in addition he now has trouble swallowing (including saliva).
+The doctor now wants to do an endoscopy and has also informed him 
+that a biopsy might be necessary if he has a pre-cancerous condition 
+which he called "Barrett's Syndrome". If he can't avoid having reflux will 
+he necessarily get cancer?
+Basically, if anyone has any information on what he should do now, I'd 
+appreciate it.
+Thanks,
+Pat Lydon/ NetManage, Inc./ Pat@netmanage.com
diff --git a/medical/medical_597.txt b/medical/medical_597.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0c6ab0ce9e1cc3863f64d58e0fcde73d09bd3236
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_597.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+rind@enterprise.bih.harvard.edu (David Rind) writes:
+>In article <1993Apr22.153000.1@vms.ocom.okstate.edu>
+> banschbach@vms.ocom.okstate.edu writes:
+>>poster for being treated by a liscenced physician for a disease that did 
+>>not exist.  Calling this physician a quack was reprehensible Steve and I 
+>>see that you and some of the others are doing it here as well.  
+>Do you believe that any quacks exist?  How about quack diagnoses?  Is
+>being a "licensed physician" enough to guarantee that someone is not
+>a quack, or is it just that even if a licensed physician is a quack,
+>other people shouldn't say so?  Can you give an example of a
+>commonly diagnosed ailment that you think is a quack diagnosis,
+>or have we gotten to the point in civilization where we no longer
+>need to worry about unscrupulous "healers" taking advantage of
+>people.
+>David Rind
+Sure there are quacks. There are quacks who don't treat and quacks who
+treat. One's that refuse to diagnose and ones that diagnose improperly. 
+There are lucky quacks and unlucky quacks. Smart quacks and dumb ones. 
+There are people ahead of their time, with unprobable or unproven theories
+and rationals. There are ill-reasoned, absurd, theorists. 
+Sometimes it's hard to tell who's who.  
+Reading a book of ancient jokes it seems that doctors called other doctors
+quacks in Babylon. 
+Arguments abound when there aren't any firm answers. Plenty of illnesses
+aren't, or can't, be diagnosed or treated. But I think it's better to argue
+against the theory, as was originally done with postings on candida a month
+or so ago. Stating the facts usually works better than simply asserting an
+opinion about someone's competency. And you can't convince everybody. 
+Sometimes a correct diagnosis
+takes years for people: they don't run into a doctor who recognizes the
+disease, they haven't developed something recognizable yet, or they have
+something that no one is going to recognize, because it hasn't been
+described yet. Sometimes they get a cure, sometimes the illness wears out,
+sometimes they stumble on an improper diagnosis with the right treatment,
+sometimes they find it's incurable.  
+There is no profit in a patient accepting a hopeless attitude about an 
+illness. Unless it's a rock solid diagnosis of terminal disease it's is
+more like ly that a person will find a cure if they keep looking. 
+-Jackie-
diff --git a/medical/medical_60.txt b/medical/medical_60.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..961398c4c36918ad1377c31d6cae65a97afd7de5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_60.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+In article <SLAGLE.93Mar26205915@sgi417.msd.lmsc.lockheed.com> slagle@lmsc.lockheed.com writes:
+>Can anyone out there enlighten me on the relationship between
+>lung disorders and "clubbing", or swelling and widening, of the
+>fingertips?  What is the mechanism and why would a physician
+>call for chest xrays to diagnose the cause of the clubbing?
+Purists often distinguish between "true" clubbing and "pseudo"
+clubbing, the difference being that with "true" clubbing the
+angle of the nail when viewed from the side is constantly
+negative when proceeding distally (towards the fingertip).
+With "pseudo" clubbing, the angle is initially positive, then
+negative, which is the normal situation. "Real" internists
+can talk for hours about clubbing. I'm limited to a couple
+of minutes.
+Whether this distinction has anything to do with reality is
+entirely unclear, but it is one of those things that internists
+love to paw over during rounds. Supposedly, only "true" clubbing
+is associated with disease. The problem is that the list of
+diseases associated with clubbing is quite long, and includes
+both congenital conditions and acquired disease. Since many of
+these diseases are associated with cardiopulmonary problems
+leading to right to left shunts and chronic hypoxemia, it is
+very reasonable to get a chest xray. However, many of the 
+congenital abnormalities would only be diagnosed with a cardiac
+catheterization. 
+The cause of clubbing is unclear, but presumably relates to
+some factor causing blood vessels in the distal fingertip to
+dilate abnormally. 
+Clubbing is one of those things from an examination which is
+a tipoff to do more extensive examination. Often, however,
+the cause of the clubbing is quite apparent.
diff --git a/medical/medical_608.txt b/medical/medical_608.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..110375b6465344f48457eaaa112ba3a5d3cd29d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_608.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+In an article Jon Noring writes:
+>In article rind@enterprise.bih.harvard.edu (David Rind) writes:
+>>Do you believe that any quacks exist?  How about quack diagnoses?  Is
+>true focus of the medical profession.  The AMA and the Boards should focus
+>on these "quacks" instead of devoting unbelievable energy on 'search-and-
+>destroy-missions' to pull the licenses of those doctors who are trying non-
+>traditional or not fully accepted treatments for their desperate patients
+>that traditional/accepted medicine cannot help.
+If I prescribe itraconazole for a patient's sinusitis neither the AMA,
+FDA, State Licensing Board, nor ABFP will be knocking on my door to ask
+why.  This is a specious argument.
+>on their backs and pee-pee on themselves in obedience.  What do they teach
+>you in medical school - how to throw your authority around?
+Among other things, how to evaluate new theories and treatments.
+>Let me put it another way to make my point clear:  "quack" is a nebulous word
+>lacking in any precision.  Its sole use is to obfuscate the issues at hand.
+Funny, I thought it meant "one who fraudulently misrepresents his
+ability and experience in the diagnosis and treatment of disease or
+the effects to be achieved by the treatment he offers" (Dorland's
+27th).  Certainly more precision than conveyed by "chronic yeast".
+>The indiscriminate use of this word is a sure sign of incompetency;  and coming
+>from any medical doctor (or wanna-be), where competency is expected, is real
+>scary.
+The inability to discriminate between fraudulent or erroneous
+representations is far more frightening.  It is fraud to promote a
+treatment where the evidence for it is either lacking or against it
+and the quacksalver knows so, or error if the honest practitioner
+doesn't know so.  Failure to speak out against either bespeaks
+incompetency.
+>(p.s., may I suggest - seriously - that if the doctors and wanna-be-doctors on 
+>the net who refuse to have an open mind on alternative treatments and 
+>theories, such as the "yeast theory", should create your own moderated group.
+May I reply - seriously - that if the practitioners and proponents of
+non-scientific medicine have left their minds so open that the parts
+of their brains that do critical evaluation have fallen out, they should
+learn to edit their newsgroup headers to conform to the existing
+hierarchy and divisions.
+     John Angelo Gnassi                 Lab of Computer Science
+   jgnassi@hstbme.mit.edu               Massachusetts General Hospital
+     "Eternal Student"                  Boston, Massachusetts, USA
+     "The Earth be spanned, connected by a Network" - Walt Whitman
diff --git a/medical/medical_610.txt b/medical/medical_610.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..06bde6938a19ec72563147e1855ca4c120466c12
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_610.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+I am looking for the email address of the World Health Organization,
+in particular the address for the Department of Nursing or the Chief
+Scientist for Nursing: Dr. Miriam Hirschfeld. The snail-mail address I
+have is the following:
+    World Health Organization
+    20 Avenue Appia
+    1211 Geneva 27
+    Switzerland
+Please respond directly to me. Thank you for your assistance.
+   ---   elg   ---
+Elizabeth Glaser, RN
+elg@silver.lcs.mit.edu
diff --git a/medical/medical_619.txt b/medical/medical_619.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..82604cdae92e42d1ada9d5ab7018f7a7f851ab9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_619.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+A friend, a 62 year old man, has calcium deposits on one of his
+heart valves .   What causes this to happen and what can be done about
+it?
+John.Greze@execnet.com
diff --git a/medical/medical_624.txt b/medical/medical_624.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6083c246687dc9cf19a39e14194b6087374ff4d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_624.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+In article <20APR199315574161@vxcrna.cern.ch> filipe@vxcrna.cern.ch (VINCI) writes:
+> How about Kirlian imaging ? I believe the FAQ for sci.skeptics (sp?)
+> has a nice write-up on this. They would certainly be most supportive
+> on helping you to build such a device and connect to a 120Kvolt
+> supply so that you can take a serious look at your "aura"... :-)
+> Filipe Santos
+> CERN - European Laboratory for Particle Physics
+> Switzerland
+Please sign the relevant documents and forward the remaining parts
+to our study 'Effect of 120 Kv on Human Tissue wrapped in Film'.
+Thanks for your support...
+*Dr. Thomas Trusk                    *                              *
+*Dept. of Cellular Biology & Anatomy * Email to ttrusk@its.mcw.edu  *
+*Medical College of Wisconsin        *                              *
+*Milwaukee, WI  53226              DISCLAIMER (ala Foghorn Leghorn):*
+*(414) 257-8504                     It's a joke, son. A joke I say! *
diff --git a/medical/medical_625.txt b/medical/medical_625.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..76d86f4cc36d12771e44ac63e98a3585a5685d88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_625.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+In article <1993Apr24.162351.4408@mintaka.lcs.mit.edu>, elg@silver.lcs.mit.edu (Elizabeth Glaser) writes:
+> I am looking for the email address of the World Health Organization,
+> in particular the address for the Department of Nursing or the Chief
+> Scientist for Nursing: Dr. Miriam Hirschfeld. The snail-mail address I
+> have is the following:
+>     World Health Organization
+>     20 Avenue Appia
+>     1211 Geneva 27
+>     Switzerland
+The domain address of the WHO is:  who.arcom.ch
+So try sending email to  postmaster@who.arcom.ch
+Josh
+backon@VMS.HUJI.AC.IL
+> Please respond directly to me. Thank you for your assistance.
+>    ---   elg   ---
+> Elizabeth Glaser, RN
+> elg@silver.lcs.mit.edu
diff --git a/medical/medical_631.txt b/medical/medical_631.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2ef7839f5a054a5d713ed8690578bed59dba875c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_631.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+In article <C60vIJ.Co6@eis.calstate.edu> Becky Olsen,
+bolsen@eis.calstate.edu writes:
+>Hi, I am doing a term paper on the syringe and I have found some
+>information.  It is said that Charles Pravaz has invented the
+hypodermic
+>needle, but then I have also found that Alexander Wood has invented
+it. 
+>Does anyone know which one it is, of if it was anyone else?  If
+there is
+>anymore information that is out there could you please send it to
+me.
+>Thank you very much.
+>Becky Olsen
+Looking in The Evolution of Anaesthesia by M.H. Armstrong Davison
+(pub Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore 1965) I found the following
+chronology:
+"1853.  Charles-Gabriel Pravaz (1791-1853), inventor of the
+galvanocautery, describes a glass syringe with tapered nozzle. This
+syringe was intended to be used with a special trocar for injecting
+ferric chloride into aneurysms, and thus to heal them by coagulation.
+1853.  Alexander Wood (1817-84)  of Edinburgh invents the hypodermic
+needle and adapts Pravaz's syringe for use with it."
+You might also be interested to read about the experiments of Sir
+Christopher Wren in 1656, described by Oldenberg & Clarck in the
+Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society in 1665. Using a
+sharpened quill and a pig's bladder he injected opium, wine and beer
+into the veins of dogs.
+Don Mackie 
+UM Anesthesiology will disavow
diff --git a/medical/medical_642.txt b/medical/medical_642.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..caf445fc3b69e05166930e0fd0b96f919bf58990
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_642.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+I know that there is a relationship between Fibromyalgia and deep 
+sleep.  I believe that there are five levels of sleep.  I think 
+that R.E.M. sleep is the third deepest level of sleep and that 
+there are two deeper levels of sleep.  If I am in error in any of 
+this, please let me know.
+Which level of sleep is thought to be deficient in people with 
+Fibromyalgia?  Are there any known sleep disturbances associated 
+with CFS?  What sleep disturbances (if any) are associated with 
+clinical depression?  Do antidepressants correct the sleep 
+disturbances in these diseases?  Are there any good books or 
+medical journal articles about sleep disturbances and these 
+diseases?  Thank you in advance for all replies.
+... The more inconvenient it is to answer the phone, the more it rings.
+ * Origin: ONE WORLD Los Angeles 310/372-0987 32b (1:102/129.0)
diff --git a/medical/medical_644.txt b/medical/medical_644.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..de602095840756d9cf32891f9779ca0a0bc98f61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_644.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,487 @@
+------------- cut here -----------------
+Volume  6, Number 11                                           April 25, 1993
+              !              Health Info-Com Network           !
+              !                Medical Newsletter              !
+                         Editor: David Dodell, D.M.D.
+    10250 North 92nd Street, Suite 210, Scottsdale, Arizona 85258-4599 USA
+                          Telephone +1 (602) 860-1121
+Compilation Copyright 1993 by David Dodell,  D.M.D.  All  rights  Reserved.  
+License  is  hereby  granted  to republish on electronic media for which no 
+fees are charged,  so long as the text of this copyright notice and license 
+are attached intact to any and all republished portion or portions.  
+The Health Info-Com Network Newsletter is  distributed  biweekly.  Articles 
+on  a medical nature are welcomed.  If you have an article,  please contact 
+the editor for information on how to submit it.  If you are  interested  in 
+joining the automated distribution system, please contact the editor.  
+E-Mail Address:
+                                    Editor:  
+                          Internet: david@stat.com
+                              FidoNet = 1:114/15
+                           Bitnet = ATW1H@ASUACAD 
+LISTSERV = MEDNEWS@ASUACAD.BITNET (or internet: mednews@asuvm.inre.asu.edu) 
+                         anonymous ftp = vm1.nodak.edu
+               Notification List = hicn-notify-request@stat.com
+                 FAX Delivery = Contact Editor for information
+1.  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - MMWR
+     [23 April 1993] Rates of Cesarean Delivery ...........................  1
+     Malaria Among U.S. Embassy Personnel .................................  5
+     FDA Approval of Hib Vaccine for Children/Infants .....................  8
+2.  Dental News
+     Workshop Explores Oral Manifestations of HIV Infection ............... 11
+3.  Food & Drug Administration News
+     FDA Approves Depo Provera, injectable contraceptive .................. 14
+     New Rules Speed Approval of Drugs for Life-Threatening Illnesses ..... 16
+4.  Articles
+     Research Promises Preventing/Slowing Blindness from Retinal Disease .. 18
+     Affluent Diet Increases Risk Of Heart Disease ........................ 20
+5.  General Announcments
+     Publications for Health Professionals from National Cancer Institute . 23
+     Publications for Patients Available from National Cancer Institute ... 30
+6.  AIDS News Summaries
+     AIDS Daily Summary for April 19 to April 23, 1993 .................... 38
+7.  AIDS Statistics
+     Worldwide AIDS Statistics ............................................ 48
+HICNet Medical Newsletter                                            Page    i
+Volume  6, Number 11                                           April 25, 1993
+               Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - MMWR
+               Rates of Cesarean Delivery -- United States, 1991
+     Cesarean deliveries have accounted for nearly 1 million of the 
+approximately 4 million annual deliveries in the United States since 1986 
+(Table 1). The cesarean rate in the United States is the third highest among 
+21 reporting countries, exceeded only by Brazil and Puerto Rico (1). This 
+report presents data on cesarean deliveries from CDC's National Hospital 
+Discharge Survey (NHDS) for 1991 and compares these data with previous years. 
+     Data on discharges from short-stay, nonfederal hospitals have been 
+collected annually since 1965 in the NHDS, conducted by CDC's National Center 
+for Health Statistics. For 1991, medical and demographic information were 
+abstracted from a sample of 274,000 inpatients discharged from 484 
+participating hospitals. The 1991 cesareans and vaginal births after a prior 
+cesarean (VBAC) presented in this report are based on weighted national 
+estimates from the NHDS sample of approximately 31,000 (11%) women discharged 
+after delivery. The estimated numbers of live births by type of delivery were 
+calculated by applying cesarean rates from the NHDS to live births from 
+national vital registration data. Therefore, estimates of the number of 
+cesareans in this report will not agree with previously published data based 
+solely on the NHDS (2). Stated differences in this analysis are significant at 
+the 95% confidence level, based on the two-tailed t-test with a critical value 
+of 1.96. 
+     In 1991, there were 23.5 cesareans per 100 deliveries, the same rate as 
+in 1990 and similar to rates during 1986-1989 (Table 1). The primary cesarean 
+rate (i.e., number of first cesareans per 100 deliveries to women who had no 
+previous cesareans) for 1986-1991 also was stable, ranging from 16.8 to 17.5. 
+In 1991, the cesarean rate in the South was 27.6, significantly (p<0.05) 
+higher than the rates for the West (19.8), Midwest (21.8), and Northeast 
+(22.6). Rates were higher for mothers aged greater than or equal to 30 years 
+than for younger women; in proprietary hospitals than in nonprofit or 
+government hospitals; in hospitals with fewer than 300 beds than in larger 
+hospitals; and for deliveries for which Blue Cross/Blue Shield * and other 
+private insurance is the expected source of payment than for other sources of 
+payment (Table 2). The same pattern characterized primary cesarean deliveries. 
+     Since the early 1970s, the number and percentage of births to older women 
+increased; however, if the age distribution of mothers in 1991 had remained 
+the same as in 1986, the overall cesarean rate in 1991 would have been 23.3, 
+essentially the same as the 23.5 observed. 
+     Based on the NHDS, of the approximately 4,111,000 live births in 1991, an 
+HICNet Medical Newsletter                                              Page  1
+Volume  6, Number 11                                           April 25, 1993
+estimated 966,000 (23.5%) were by cesarean delivery. Of these, an estimated 
+338,000 (35.0%) births were repeat cesareans, and 628,000 (65.0%) were primary 
+cesareans. Since 1986, approximately 600,000 primary cesareans have been 
+performed annually. In 1986, 8.5% of women who had a previous cesarean 
+delivered vaginally, compared with 24.2% in 1991. Of all cesareans in 1991, 
+35.0% were associated with a previous cesarean, 30.4% with dystocia (i.e., 
+failure of labor to progress), 11.7% with breech presentation, 9.2% with fetal 
+distress, and 13.7% with all other specified complications. 
+     The average hospital stay for all deliveries in 1991 was 2.8 days. In 
+comparison, the hospital stay for a primary cesarean delivery was 4.5 days, 
+and for a repeat cesarean, 4.2 days -- nearly twice the duration for VBAC 
+deliveries (2.2 days) or for vaginal deliveries that were not VBACs (2.3 
+days). In 1986, the average hospital stay for all deliveries was 3.2 days, for 
+primary cesareans 5.2 days, for repeat cesareans 4.7 days, and for VBAC and 
+non-VBAC vaginal deliveries 2.7 and 2.6 days, respectively. 
+Reported by: Office of Vital and Health Statistics Systems, National Center 
+for Health Statistics, CDC. 
+Editorial Note: The cesarean rate in the United States steadily increased from 
+1965 through 1986; however, the findings in this report indicate that rates 
+have been stable since 1986 (3). Because there is little evidence that 
+maternal and child health status has improved during this time and because 
+cesareans are associated with an increased risk for complications of 
+childbirth, a national health objective for the year 2000 (4) is to reduce the 
+overall cesarean rate to 15 or fewer per 100 deliveries and the primary 
+cesarean rate to 12 or fewer per 100 deliveries (objective 14.8). 
+     Postpartum complications -- including urinary tract and wound infections 
+-- may account in part for the longer hospital stays for cesarean deliveries 
+than for vaginal births (5). Moreover, the prolonged hospital stays for 
+cesarean deliveries substantially increase health-care costs. For example, in 
+1991, the average costs for cesarean and vaginal deliveries were $7826 and 
+$4720, respectively. The additional cost for each cesarean delivery includes 
+$611 for physician fees and $2495 for hospital charges (6). If the cesarean 
+rate in 1991 had been 15 (the year 2000 objective) instead of 23.5, the number 
+of cesarean births would have decreased by 349,000 (617,000 versus 966,000), 
+resulting in a savings of more than $1 billion in physician fees and hospital 
+charges. 
+     Despite the steady increase in VBAC rates since 1986, several factors may 
+impede progress toward the year 2000 national health objectives for cesarean 
+delivery. For example, VBAC rates substantially reflect the number of women 
+offered trial of labor, which has been increasingly encouraged since 1982 (7). 
+Of women who are offered a trial of labor, 50%-70% could deliver vaginally (7) 
+--a level already achieved by many hospitals (8). Trial of labor was routinely 
+offered in 46% of hospitals surveyed in 1984 (the most recent year for which 
+HICNet Medical Newsletter                                              Page  2
+Volume  6, Number 11                                           April 25, 1993
+national data are available) (9) when the VBAC rate (according to NHDS data) 
+was 5.7%. The year 2000 objective specifies a VBAC rate of 35%, based on all 
+women who had a prior cesarean, regardless of whether a trial of labor was 
+attempted. To reach the overall cesarean rate goal, however, increases in the 
+VBAC rate will need to be combined with a substantial reduction in the primary 
+rate. 
+     One hospital succeeded in reducing the rate of cesarean delivery by 
+applying objective criteria for the four most common indications for cesarean 
+delivery, by requiring a second opinion, and by instituting a peer-review 
+process (10). Other recommendations for decreasing cesarean delivery rates 
+include eliminating incentives for physicians and hospitals by equalizing 
+reimbursement for vaginal and cesarean deliveries; public dissemination of 
+physician- and hospital-specific cesarean delivery rates to increase public 
+awareness of differences in practices; and addressing malpractice concerns, 
+which may be an important factor in maintaining the high rates of cesarean 
+delivery (4). 
+References
+1. Notzon FC. International differences in the use of obstetric interventions. 
+2. Graves EJ, NCHS. 1991 Summary: National Hospital Discharge Survey. 
+Hyattsville, Maryland: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public 
+Health Service, CDC, 1993. (Advance data no. 227). 
+3. Taffel SM, Placek PJ, Kosary CL. U.S. cesarean section rates, 1990: an 
+update. Birth 1992;19:21-2. 
+4. Public Health Service. Healthy people 2000: national health promotion and 
+disease prevention objectives -- full report, with commentary. Washington, DC: 
+US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, 1991; DHHS 
+publication no. (PHS)91-50212. 
+5. Danforth DN. Cesarean section. JAMA 1985;253:811-8. 
+6. Hospital Insurance Association of America. Table 4.15: cost of maternity 
+care, physicians' fees, and hospital charges, by census region, based on 
+Consumer Price Index (1991). In: 1992 Source book of health insurance data. 
+Washington, DC: Hospital Insurance Association of America, 1992. 
+7. Committee on Obstetrics. ACOG committee opinion no. 64: guidelines for 
+vaginal delivery after a previous cesarean birth. Washington, DC: American 
+College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 1988. 
+HICNet Medical Newsletter                                              Page  3
+Volume  6, Number 11                                           April 25, 1993
+8. Rosen MG, Dickinson JC. Vaginal birth after cesarean: a meta-analysis of 
+indicators for success. Obstet Gynecol 1990;76:865-9. 
+9. Shiono PH, Fielden JG, McNellis D, Rhoads GG, Pearse WH. Recent trends in 
+cesarean birth and trial of labor rates in the United States. JAMA 
+10. Myers SA, Gleicher N. A successful program to lower cesarean-section 
+rates. N Engl J Med 1988;319:1511-6. 
+* Use of trade names and commercial sources is for identification only and 
+does not imply endorsement by the Public Health Service or the U.S. Department 
+of Health and Human Services.
+HICNet Medical Newsletter                                              Page  4
+Volume  6, Number 11                                           April 25, 1993
+         Malaria Among U.S. Embassy Personnel -- Kampala, Uganda, 1992
+     The treatment and prevention of malaria in Africa has become a 
+challenging and complex problem because of increasing drug resistance. 
+Although the risk of acquiring malaria for U.S. citizens and their dependents 
+stationed overseas generally has been low, this risk varies substantially and 
+unpredictably. During May 1992, the Office of Medical Services, Department of 
+State (OMS/DOS), and CDC were notified of an increased number of malaria cases 
+among official U.S. personnel stationed in Kampala, Uganda. A review of the 
+health records from the Embassy Health Unit (EHU) in Kampala indicated that 27 
+cases of malaria were diagnosed in official personnel from March through June 
+1992 compared with two cases during the same period in 1991. EHU, OMS/DOS, and 
+CDC conducted an investigation to confirm all reported malaria cases and 
+identify potential risk factors for malaria among U.S. Embassy personnel. This 
+report summarizes the results of the investigation. 
+     Malaria blood smears from 25 of the 27 reported case-patients were 
+available for review by OMS/DOS and CDC. A case of malaria was confirmed if 
+the slide was positive for Plasmodium sp. Of the 25 persons, 17 were slide-
+confirmed as having malaria. 
+     A questionnaire was distributed to all persons served by the EHU to 
+obtain information about residence, activities, use of malaria 
+chemoprophylaxis, and use of personal protection measures (i.e., using bednets 
+and insect repellents, having window and door screens, and wearing long 
+sleeves and pants in the evening). Of the 157 persons eligible for the survey, 
+128 (82%) responded. 
+     Risk for malaria was not associated with sex or location of residence in 
+Kampala. Although the risk for malaria was higher among children aged less 
+than or equal to 15 years (6/32 19%) than among persons greater than 15 
+years (11/94 12%), this difference was not significant (relative risk 
+RR=1.6; 95% confidence interval CI=0.6-4.0). Eighty-two percent of the 
+cases occurred among persons who had been living in Kampala for 1-5 years, 
+compared with those living there less than 1 year. Travel outside of the 
+Kampala area to more rural settings was not associated with increased risk for 
+malaria. 
+     Four malaria chemoprophylaxis regimens were used by persons who 
+participated in the survey: mefloquine, chloroquine and proguanil, chloroquine 
+alone, and proguanil alone. In addition, 23 (18%) persons who responded were 
+not using any malaria chemoprophylaxis. The risk for malaria was significantly 
+lower among persons using either mefloquine or chloroquine and proguanil (8/88 
+9%) than among persons using the other regimens or no prophylaxis (9/37 
+24%) (RR=0.4; 95% CI=0.2-0.9). Twelve persons not using prophylaxis reported 
+side effects or fear of possible side effects as a reason. 
+     The risk for malaria was lower among persons who reported using bednets 
+HICNet Medical Newsletter                                              Page  5
+Volume  6, Number 11                                           April 25, 1993
+all or most of the time (2/27 7%) than among persons who sometimes or rarely 
+used bednets (15/99 15%) (RR=0.5; 95% CI=0.1-2.0). The risk for malaria was 
+also lower among persons who consistently used insect repellent in the evening 
+(0/16), compared with those who rarely used repellent (17/110 15%) (RR=0; 
+upper 95% confidence limit=1.2). Risk for malaria was not associated with 
+failure to have window or door screens or wear long sleeves or pants in the 
+evening. 
+     As a result of this investigation, EHU staff reviewed with all personnel 
+the need to use and comply with the recommended malaria chemoprophylaxis 
+regimens. EHU staff also emphasized the need to use personal protection 
+measures and made plans to obtain insecticide-impregnated bednets and to 
+provide window and door screens for all personnel. 
+Reported by: U.S. Embassy Health Unit, Kampala, Uganda; Office of Medical 
+Svcs, Dept of State, Washington, D.C. Malaria Br, Div of Parasitic Diseases, 
+National Center for Infectious Diseases, CDC. 
+Editorial Note: In Uganda, the increase in malaria among U.S. personnel was 
+attributed to poor adherence to both recommended malaria chemoprophylaxis 
+regimens and use of personal protection measures during a period of increased 
+malaria transmission and intensified chloroquine resistance in sub-Saharan 
+Africa. The findings in this report underscore the need to provide initial and 
+continued counseling regarding malaria prevention for persons living abroad in 
+malaria-endemic areas -- preventive measures that are also important for 
+short-term travelers to such areas. 
+     Mefloquine is an effective prophylaxis regimen in Africa and in most 
+other areas with chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum; however, in some areas 
+(e.g., Thailand), resistance to mefloquine may limit its effectiveness. In 
+Africa, the efficacy of mefloquine, compared with chloroquine alone, in 
+preventing infection with P. falciparum is 92% (1 ). Mefloquine is safe and 
+well tolerated when given at 250 mg per week over a 2-year period. The risk 
+for serious adverse reactions possibly associated with mefloquine prophylaxis 
+(e.g., psychosis and convulsions) is low (i.e., 1.3-1.9 episodes per 100,000 
+users 2), while the risk for less severe adverse reactions (e.g., dizziness, 
+gastrointestinal complaints, and sleep disturbances) is similar to that for 
+other antimalarial chemoprophylactics (1). 
+     Doxycycline has similar prophylactic efficacy to mefloquine, but the need 
+for daily dosing may reduce compliance with and effectiveness of this regimen 
+(3,4). Chloroquine alone is not effective as prophylaxis in areas of intense 
+chloroquine resistance (e.g., Southeast Asia and Africa). In Africa, for 
+persons who cannot take mefloquine or doxycycline, chloroquine and proguanil 
+is an alternative, although less effective, regimen. Chloroquine should be 
+used for malaria prevention in areas only where chloroquine-resistant P. 
+falciparum has not been reported. 
+     Country-specific recommendations for preventing malaria and information 
+HICNet Medical Newsletter                                              Page  6
+Volume  6, Number 11                                           April 25, 1993
+on the dosage and precautions for malaria chemoprophylaxis regimens are 
+available from Health Information for International Travel, 1992 (i.e., 
+"yellow book") (5) or 24 hours a day by telephone or fax, (404) 332-4555. 
+References
+1. Lobel HO, Miani M, Eng T, et al. Long-term malaria prophylaxis with weekly 
+mefloquine in Peace Corps volunteers: an effective and well tolerated regimen. 
+Lancet 1993;341:848-51. 
+2. World Health Organization. Review of central nervous system adverse events 
+related to the antimalarial drug, mefloquine (1985-1990). Geneva: World Health 
+Organization, 1991; publication no. WHO/MAL/91.1063. 
+3. Pang L, Limsomwong N, Singharaj P. Prophylactic treatment of vivax and 
+falciparum malaria with low-dose doxycycline. J Infect Dis 1988;158:1124-7. 
+4. Pang L, Limsomwong N, Boudreau EF, Singharaj P. Doxycycline prophylaxis for 
+falciparum malaria. Lancet 1987;1:1161-4. 
+5. CDC. Health information for international travel, 1992. Atlanta: US 
+Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, 1992:98; DHHS 
+publication no. (CDC)92-8280.
+HICNet Medical Newsletter                                              Page  7
+Volume  6, Number 11                                           April 25, 1993
+      FDA Approval of Use of a New Haemophilus b Conjugate Vaccine and a
+       Combined Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis and Haemophilus b Conjugate
+                       Vaccine for Infants and Children
+     Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) conjugate vaccines have been 
+recommended for use in infants since 1990, and their routine use in infant 
+vaccination has contributed to the substantial decline in the incidence of Hib 
+disease in the United States (1-3). Vaccines against diphtheria, tetanus, and 
+pertussis during infancy and childhood have been administered routinely in the 
+United States since the late 1940s and has been associated with a greater than 
+90% reduction in morbidity and mortality associated with infection by these 
+organisms. Because of the increasing number of vaccines now routinely 
+recommended for infants, a high priority is the development of combined 
+vaccines that allow simultaneous administration with fewer separate 
+injections. 
+     The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recently licensed two new products 
+for vaccinating children against these diseases: 1) the Haemophilus b 
+conjugate vaccine (tetanus toxoid conjugate, ActHIB Trademark), * for 
+vaccination against Hib disease only and 2) a combined diphtheria and tetanus 
+toxoids and whole-cell pertussis vaccine (DTP) and Hib conjugate vaccine 
+(TETRAMUNE Trademark), a combination of vaccines formulated for use in 
+vaccinating children against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, and Hib disease. 
+                               ActHIB Trademark 
+     On March 30, 1993, the FDA approved a new Haemophilus b conjugate 
+vaccine, polyribosylribitol phosphate-tetanus toxoid conjugate (PRP-T), 
+manufactured by Pasteur Merieux Serum et Vaccins and distributed as ActHIB 
+Trademark by Connaught Laboratories, Inc. (Swiftwater, Pennsylvania). This 
+vaccine has been licensed for use in infants in a three-dose primary 
+vaccination series administered at ages 2, 4, and 6 months. Previously 
+unvaccinated infants 7-11 months of age should receive two doses 2 months 
+apart. Previously unvaccinated children 12-14 months of age should receive one 
+dose. A booster dose administered at 15 months of age is recommended for all 
+children. Previously unvaccinated children 15-59 months of age should receive 
+a single dose and do not require a booster. More than 90% of infants receiving 
+a primary vaccination series of ActHIB Trademark (consecutive doses at 2, 4, 
+and 6 months of age) develop a geometric mean titer of anti-Haemophilus b 
+polysaccharide antibody greater than 1 ug/mL (4). This response is similar to 
+that of infants who receive recommended series of previously licensed 
+Haemophilus b conjugate vaccines for which efficacy has been demonstrated in 
+prospective trials. Two U.S. efficacy trials of PRP-T were terminated early 
+because of the concomitant licensure of other Haemophilus b conjugate vaccines 
+HICNet Medical Newsletter                                              Page  8
+Volume  6, Number 11                                           April 25, 1993
+for use in infants (4). In these studies, no cases of invasive Hib disease 
+were detected in approximately 6000 infants vaccinated with PRP-T. These and 
+other studies suggest that the efficacy of PRP-T vaccine will be similar to 
+that of the other licensed Hib vaccines. TETRAMUNE Trademark 
+     On March 30, 1993, the FDA approved a combined diphtheria and tetanus 
+toxoids and whole-cell pertussis vaccine (DTP) and Haemophilus b conjugate 
+vaccine. TETRAMUNE Trademark, available from Lederle-Praxis Biologicals (Pearl 
+River, New York), combines two previously licensed products, DTP (TRIIMMUNOL 
+Registered, manufactured by Lederle Laboratories Pearl River, New York) and 
+Haemophilus b conjugate vaccine (HibTITER Registered, manufactured by Praxis 
+Biologics, Inc. Rochester, New York). 
+     This vaccine has been licensed for use in children aged 2 months-5 years 
+for protection against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, and Hib disease when 
+indications for vaccination with DTP vaccine and Haemophilus b conjugate 
+vaccine coincide. Based on demonstration of co mparable or higher antibody 
+responses to each of the components of the two vaccines, TETRAMUNE Trademark 
+is expected to provide protection against Hib, as well as diphtheria, tetanus, 
+and pertussis, equivalent to that of already licensed formulations of other 
+DTP and Haemophilus b vaccines. 
+     The Advisory Committee for Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommends that 
+all infants receive a primary series of one of the licensed Haemophilus b 
+conjugate vaccines beginning at 2 months of age and a booster dose at age 12-
+15 months (5). The ACIP also recommends that all infants receive a four-dose 
+primary series of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine at 2, 
+4, 6, and 15-18 months of age, and a booster dose at 4-6 years (6-8). A 
+complete statement regarding recommendations for use of ActHIB Trademark and 
+TETRAMUNE Trademark is being developed. 
+Reported by: Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics 
+Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration. Div of Immunization, 
+National Center for Prevention Svcs; Meningitis and Special Pathogens Br, Div 
+of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, 
+References
+1. Adams WG, Deaver KA, Cochi SL, et al. Decline of childhood Haemophilus 
+influenzae type b (Hib) disease in the Hib vaccine era. JAMA 1993;269:221-6. 
+2. Broadhurst LE, Erickson RL, Kelley PW. Decrease in invasive Haemophilus 
+influenzae disease in U.S. Army children, 1984 through 1991. JAMA 
+3. Murphy TV, White KE, Pastor P, et al. Declining incidence of Haemophilus 
+influenzae type b disease since introduction of vaccination. JAMA 
+HICNet Medical Newsletter                                              Page  9
+Volume  6, Number 11                                           April 25, 1993
+4. Fritzell B, Plotkin S. Efficacy and safety of a Haemophilus influenzae type 
+b capsular polysaccharide-tetanus protein conjugate vaccine. J Pediatr 
+5. ACIP. Haemophilus b conjugate vaccines for prevention of Haemophilus 
+influenzae type b disease among infants and children two months of age and 
+older: recommendations of the Immunization Practices Advisory Committee 
+(ACIP). MMWR 1991;40(no. RR-1). 
+6. ACIP. Diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis -- recommendations for vaccine use 
+and other preventive measures: recommendations of the Immunization Practices 
+Advisory Committee (ACIP). MMWR 1991;40(no. RR-10). 
+7. ACIP. Pertussis vaccination: acellular pertussis vaccine for reinforcing 
+and booster use -- supplementary ACIP statement: recommendations of the 
+Immunization Practices Advisory Committee (ACIP). MMWR 1992;41(no. RR-1). 
+8. ACIP. Pertussis vaccination: acellular pertussis vaccine for the fourth and 
+fifth doses of the DTP series -- update to supplementary ACIP statement: 
+recommendations of the Immunization Practices Advisory Committee (ACIP). MMWR 
+1992;41(no. RR-15). 
+* Use of trade names and commercial sources is for identification only and 
+does not imply endorsement by the Public Health Service or the U.S. Department 
+of Health and Human Services.
+HICNet Medical Newsletter                                              Page 10
+Volume  6, Number 11                                           April 25, 1993
+                                  Dental News
+            International Workshop Explores Oral Manifestations of
+                                 HIV Infection
+                             NIDR Research Digest
+                             written by Jody Dove
+                                  March 1993
+                     National Institute of Dental Research
+     At the Second International Workshop on the Oral Manifestations of HIV 
+Infection, held January 31-February 3 in San Francisco, participants explored 
+issues related to the epidemiology, basic molecular virology, mucosal 
+immunology, and oral clinical presentations of HIV infection. 
+     The workshop was organized by Dr. John Greenspan and Dr. Deborah 
+Greenspan of the Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of 
+California, San Francisco.  An international steering committee and scientific 
+program committee provided guidance. 
+     The conference drew more than 260 scientists from 39 countries, including 
+Asia, Africa, Europe, Central America, South America, as well as the United 
+States and Canada.  Support tor the workshop was provided by the National 
+Institute of Dental Research, the National Cancer Institute, the National 
+Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the NIH Office of AIDS Research, 
+and the Procter and Gamble Company. 
+     Among the topics discussed were: the epidemiology of HIV lesions; ethics, 
+professional responsibility, and public policy; occupational issues; provision 
+of oral care to the HIV-positive population; salivary HIV transmission and 
+mucosal immunity; opportunistic infections; pediatric HIV infection; and 
+women's issues. 
+                                Recommendations
+     Recommendations emerged from the workshop to define the association 
+between the appearance of oral lesions and rate of progression of HIV, to 
+establish a universal terminology for HIV-associated oral lesions, to look for 
+more effective treatments for oral manifestations, to expand molecular biology 
+studies to understand the relationship between HIV infection and common oral 
+lesions, and to study the effects of HIV therapy on oral lesions. 
+                                 Epidemiology
+     Since the First International Workshop on Oral Manifestations of HIV 
+Infection was convened five years ago, the epidemiology of HIV infection has 
+HICNet Medical Newsletter                                              Page 11
+Volume  6, Number 11                                           April 25, 1993
+radically changed.  In 1988, HIV infection was detected and reported largely 
+in homosexual and bisexual males, intravenous drug users, and hemophiliacs.  
+Today, more HIV infection is seen in heterosexual males and females and in 
+children and adolescents. 
+     While the predominant impact of HIV infection has been felt in Africa, a 
+major increase in infection rate is being seen in Southeast Asia as well.  
+Five hundred thousand cases have been reported to date in this region and more 
+are appearing all the time. 
+     Researchers are continuing to document the epidemiology of oral lesions 
+such as hairy leukoplakia and candidiasis.  They also are beginning to explore 
+the relationships between specific oral lesions and HIV disease progression 
+and prognosis. 
+                            Social/political Issues
+     Discussion on the social and political implications of HIV infection 
+focused on changing the public's attitude that AIDS is retribution for 
+indiscriminate sexual behavior and drug use.  Speakers also addressed health 
+care delivery for HIV-infected patients, and the need to educate the public 
+about what AIDS is, and how it is acquired. 
+                          Saliva and Salivary Glands
+     Conference speakers described transmission issues and the HIV-inhibitory 
+activity of saliva, the strength of which varies among the different salivary 
+secretions.  Whole saliva has a greater inhibitory effect than submandibular 
+secretions, which in turn have a greater inhibitory effect than parotid 
+secretions.  Research has shown that at least two mechanisms are responsible 
+for salivary inhibitory activity.  They attributed the HIV-inhibitory effect 
+of saliva to the 1) aggregation/agglutination of HIV by saliva, which may both 
+promote clearance of virus and prevent it reaching a target cell, and 2) 
+direct effects on the virus or target cells. 
+     Other topics discussed were the manifestation of salivary gland disease 
+in HIV-infected persons and current research on oral mucosal immunity. 
+                               Pediatric Issues
+     Pediatric AIDS recently has emerged as an area of intense interest.  With 
+early and accurate diagnosis and proper treatment, the life expectancy of HIV-
+infected children has tripled.  The prevention of transmission of HIV from 
+mother to child may be possible in many cases, particularly if the mother's 
+sero-status is known prior to giving birth. 
+                    Periodontal and Gingival Tissue Disease
+HICNet Medical Newsletter                                              Page 12
+Volume  6, Number 11                                           April 25, 1993
+     Oral health researchers continue to explore periodontal diseases and 
+gingivitis found in individuals with HIV infection.  Recommendations made at 
+the workshop include the standardization of terminology, refinement of 
+diagnostic markers, standardization of study design, and proper consideration 
+of confounding variables resulting from periodontal therapy. 
+                       Occupational and Treatment Issues
+     Occupational issues surrounding the treatment of HIV-infected individuals 
+and treatment rendered by HIV-infected health care professionals still command 
+considerable attention.  Factors under consideration include the cost/benefit 
+of HIV testing, patient-to-health care provider transmission of HIV infection 
+and the reverse, and the use of mainstream versus dedicated facilities for the 
+treatment of HIV-infected patients. 
+     Conference participants anticipate that a third International Workshop on 
+the Oral Manifestations of HIV Infection will be held in five years or less.  
+Proceedings from the second workshop will be published by the Quintessence 
+Company in late 1993.
+--------- end of part 1 ------------
+      Internet: david@stat.com                  FAX: +1 (602) 451-1165
+      Bitnet: ATW1H@ASUACAD                     FidoNet=> 1:114/15
+                Amateur Packet ax25: wb7tpy@wb7tpy.az.usa.na
diff --git a/medical/medical_645.txt b/medical/medical_645.txt
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+------------- cut here -----------------
+HICNet Medical Newsletter                                              Page 13
+Volume  6, Number 11                                           April 25, 1993
+                        Food & Drug Administration News
+              FDA Approves Depo Provera, injectable contraceptive
+                      P92-31 Food and Drug Administration
+              FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE Susan Cruzan - (301) 443-3285
+The Food and Drug Administration today announced the approval of Depo Provera, 
+an injectable contraceptive drug. 
+The drug, which contains a synthetic hormone similar to the natural hormone 
+progesterone, protects women from pregnancy for three months per injection. 
+The hormone is injected into the muscle of the arm or buttock where it is 
+released into the bloodstream to prevent pregnancy. It is more than 99 percent 
+effective.
+"This drug presents another long-term, effective option for women to prevent 
+pregnancy," said FDA Commissioner David A. Kessler, M.D. "As an injectable, 
+given once every three months, Depo Provera eliminates problems related to 
+missing a daily dose."
+Depo Provera is available in 150 mg. single dose vials from doctors and 
+clinics and must be given on a regular basis to maintain contraceptive 
+protection. If a patient decides to become pregnant, she discontinues the 
+injections.
+As with any such products, FDA advises patients to discuss the benefits and 
+risks of Depo Provera with their doctor or other health care professional 
+before making a decision to use it.
+Depo Provera's effectiveness as a contraceptive was established in extensive 
+studies by the manufacturer, the World Health Organization and health agencies 
+in other countries. U.S. clinical trials, begun in 1963, also found Depo 
+Provera effective as an injectable contraceptive.
+The most common side effects are menstrual irregularities and weight gain. In 
+addition, some patients may experience headache, nervousness, abdominal pain, 
+dizziness, weakness or fatigue. The drug should not be used in women who have 
+acute liver disease, unexplained vaginal bleeding, breast cancer or blood 
+clots in the legs, lungs or eyes.
+The labeling advises doctors to rule out pregnancy before prescribing the 
+drug, due to concerns about low birth weight in babies exposed to the drug. 
+HICNet Medical Newsletter                                              Page 14
+Volume  6, Number 11                                           April 25, 1993
+Recent data have also demonstrated that long-term use may contribute to 
+osteoporosis. The manufacturer will conduct additional research to study this 
+potential effect.
+Depo Provera was Developed in the 1960s and has been approved for 
+contraception in many other countries. The UpJohn Company of Kalamazoo, Mich., 
+which will market the drug under the name, Depo Provera Contraceptive 
+Injection, first submitted it for approval in the United States in the 1970s. 
+At that time, animal studies raised questions about its potential to cause 
+breast cancer. Worldwide studies have since found the overall risk of cancer, 
+including breast cancer in humans, to be minimal if any.
+HICNet Medical Newsletter                                              Page 15
+Volume  6, Number 11                                           April 25, 1993
+       New Rules Speed Approval of Drugs for Life-Threatening Illnesses
+                      P92-37 Food and Drug Administration
+                        Monica Revelle - (301) 443-4177
+The Food and Drug Administration today announced that it will soon publish new 
+rules to shed the approval of drugs for patients with serious or life-
+threatening illnesses, such as AIDS, cancer and Alzheimer's disease. 
+"These final rules will help patients who are suffering the most serious 
+illnesses to get access to new drugs months or even years earlier than would 
+otherwise be possible," said HHS Secretary Louis W. Sullivan, M.D. "The effort 
+to accelerate FDA review for these drugs has been a long-term commitment and 
+indeed a hallmark of this administration." 
+These rules establish procedures for the Food and Drug Administration to 
+approve a drug based on "surrogate endpoints" or markers. They apply when the 
+drug provides a meaningful benefit over currently available therapies. Such 
+endpoints would include laboratory tests or physical signs that do not in 
+themselves constitute a clinical effect but that are judged by qualified 
+scientists to be likely to correspond to real benefits to the patient. 
+Use of surrogate endpoints for measurement of drug efficacy permits approval 
+earlier than if traditional endpoints -- such as relief of disease symptoms or 
+prevention of disability and death from the disease -- are used. 
+The new rules provide for therapies to be approved as soon as safety and 
+effectiveness, based on surrogate endpoints, can be reasonably established. 
+The drug's sponsor will be required to agree to continue or conduct 
+postmarketing human studies to confirm that the drug's effect on the surrogate 
+endpoint is an indicator of its clinical effectiveness. 
+One new drug -- zalcitabine (also called ddC) -- was approved June 19, using a 
+model of this process, for treating the human immunodeficiency virus, HIV, the 
+cause of AIDS. 
+Accelerated approval can also be used, if necessary, when FDA determines that 
+a drug, judged to be effective for the treatment of a disease, can be used 
+safely only under a restricted distribution plan. 
+"The new rules will help streamline the drug development and review process 
+without sacrificing goad science and rigorous FDA oversight," said FDA 
+commissioner David A. Kessler, M.D. "While drug approval will be accomplished 
+faster, these drugs and biological products must still meet safety and 
+effectiveness standards required by law." 
+HICNet Medical Newsletter                                              Page 16
+Volume  6, Number 11                                           April 25, 1993
+The new procedures also allow for a streamlined withdrawal process if the 
+postmarketing studies do not verify the drug's clinical benefit, if there is 
+new evidence that the drug product is not shown to be safe and effective, or 
+if other specified circumstances arise that necessitate expeditious withdrawal 
+of the drug or biologic.
+HICNet Medical Newsletter                                              Page 17
+Volume  6, Number 11                                           April 25, 1993
+                                   Articles
+               Research Shows Promise for Preventing or Slowing
+                       Blindness due to Retinal Disease
+                   National Retinitis Pigmentosa Foundation
+        Neutrophilic Factors Rescue Photoreceptor Cells in Animal Tests
+     Baltimore, MD - Researchers at the University of California San Francisco 
+and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. [NASDAQ: REGN] have discovered that 
+certain naturally occurring substances known as neurotrophic factors can 
+prevent the degeneration of light-sensing cells in the retina of the eye. The 
+degeneration of these cells, known as photoreceptors, is a major cause of 
+visual impairment 
+     This research, published to in the December issue of the Proceedings of 
+the National Academy of Science (PNAS), holds promise for people who may lose 
+their sight due to progressive retinal degeneration -- currently, no drug 
+treatment for retinal degeneration exists. It is estimated that 2.5 million 
+Americans have severe vision loss due to age-related macular degeneration and 
+100,000 Americans are affected by retinitis pigmentosus, a hereditary disease 
+that causes blindness. In addition, each year more than 15,000 people undergo 
+surgical procedures to repair retinal detachments and other retinal traumas. 
+     The research was funded in part by the RP (Retinitis Pigmentosa) 
+Foundation Fighting Blindness, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals and the National Eye 
+Institute. It was conducted by Drs. Matthew M. LaVail, Kazuhiko Unoki, Douglas 
+Yasurnura, Michael T. Matthes and Roy H. Steinberg at UCSF, arld Dr. C;eorge 
+Yancoooulos, Regeneron's Vice President for Discovery. Regeneron holds an 
+exclusive license for this research from UCSF.
+     In the research described in the PNAS , a light-damage model was used to 
+assess the survival-promoting activity of a number of naturally occurring 
+substances. Experimental rats were exposed to constant light for one week. 
+Eyes that had not been treated with an effective factor lost most of their 
+photoreceptor cells -- the rods and cones of the retina -- after light 
+exposure. Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and Ciliary Neurotrophic 
+Factor (CNTF) were particularly effective in this model without causing 
+unwanted side effects; other factors such as Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) and 
+Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF-1) were not effective in these experiments. 
+     Discussing the research, Dr. Jesse M. Cedarbaum, Regeneron's Director of 
+Clinical Research, said, "BDNF's ability to rescue neurons in the retina that 
+have been damaged by light exposure may hold promise for the treatment of age-
+related macular degeneration, one of the leading causes of vision impairment, 
+and for retinal detachment. Following detachment, permanent vision loss may 
+HICNet Medical Newsletter                                              Page 18
+Volume  6, Number 11                                           April 25, 1993
+result frorn the death of detached retinal cells. It is possible that BDNF 
+could play a role in rescuing those cells once the retina has been reattached 
+surgically." 
+     "Retinitis pigmentosa is a slowly progressing disease that causes the 
+retina to degenerate over a period of years or even decades. Vision decreases 
+to a small tunnel of sight and can result in total blindness. It is our hope 
+that research on growth factors will provide a means to slow the progression 
+and preserve useful vision throughout life," stated Jeanette S. Felix, Ph.D., 
+Director of Science for the RP Foundation Fighting Blindness. 
+     In addition to the work described , Regeneron is developing BDNF in 
+conjunction with Aingen Inc. [NASDAQ:AMGN] as a possible treatment for 
+peripheral neuropathies associated with diabetes and cancer chemotherapy, 
+motor neuron diseases, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease. By 
+itself, Regeneron is testing CNTF in patients with arnyotrophic lateral 
+sclerosis (commonly known as Lou Gehrig's disease). 
+     Regeneron Pharlnaceuticals, Inc., based in Tarrytown, New York, is a 
+leader in the discovery and development of biotechnology-based compounds for 
+the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, peripheral neuropathies and nerve 
+injuries, which affect more than seven million Americans. Drs. LaVail and 
+Steinberg of UCSF are consultants to Regeneron.
+HICNet Medical Newsletter                                              Page 19
+Volume  6, Number 11                                           April 25, 1993
+                 Affluent Diet Increases Risk Of Heart Disease
+                          Research Resources Reporter
+                           written by Mary Weideman
+                                 Nov/Dec 1992
+                         National Institutes of Health
+     High-fat, high-calorie diets rapidly increase risk factors for coronary 
+heart disease in native populations of developing countries that have 
+traditionally consumed diets low in fat.  These findings, according to 
+investigators at the Oregon Health Sciences University in Portland, have 
+serious implications for public health in both industrialized and developing 
+countries. 
+     "This study demonstrates why we can develop coronary heart disease and 
+have higher blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels.  It shows also the 
+importance of diet and particularly the potential of the diet to increase body 
+weight, thereby leading to a whole host of other health problems in developing 
+countries and affluent nations as well," explains principal investigator Dr. 
+William E. Connor, head of the section of clinical nutrition and lipid 
+metabolism at Oregon Health Sciences University. 
+     Over the past 25 years Dr. Connor and his team have characterized the 
+food and nutrient intakes of the Tara humara Indians in Mexico, while 
+simultaneously documenting various aspects of Tarahumara lipid metabolism.  
+These native Mexicans number approximately 50,000 and reside in the Sierra 
+Madre Occidental Mountains in the state of Chihuahua.  The Tarahumaras have 
+coupled an agrarian diet to endurance racing.  Probably as a result, coronary 
+heart disease, which is so prevalent in Western industrialized nations, is 
+virtually non existent in their culture.  Loosely translated, the name 
+Tarahumara means "fleet of foot," reflecting a tribal passion for betting on 
+"kickball" races, in which participants run distances of 100 miles or more 
+while kicking a machete-carved wooden ball.
+     The typical Tarahumara diet consists primarily of pinto beans, tortillas, 
+and pinole, a drink made of ground roasted corn mixed with cold water, 
+together with squash and gath ered fruits and vegetables.  The Tara humaras 
+also eat small amounts of game, fish, and eggs.  Their food contains 
+approximately 12 percent of total calories as fat of which the majority (69 
+percent) is of vegetable origin.  Dietician Martha McMurry, a coinvestigator 
+in the study, describes their diet as simple and very rich in nutrients while 
+low in cholesterol and fat.
+     The Tarahumaras have average plasma cholesterol levels of 121 mg/ dL, 
+low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol levels of 72 mg/dl, and high-density 
+lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol levels of 32 to 42 mg/dl.  All of those values 
+are in the good, low-risk range, according to the researchers.  Elevated 
+cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels are considered risk factors for heart 
+HICNet Medical Newsletter                                              Page 20
+Volume  6, Number 11                                           April 25, 1993
+disease.  HDL-cholesterol is considered beneficial.  In previous studies the 
+Tarahumaras had been found to be at low risk for cardiac disease, although 
+able to respond to high-cholesterol diets with elevations in total and LDL-
+cholesterol. 
+     Clinical Research Center dietitian McMurry and coinvestigator Maria 
+Teresa Cerqueira established a metabolic unit in a Jesuit mission school 
+building near a community hospital in the small village of Sisoguichi.  Food 
+was weighed, cooked, and fed to the study participants under the 
+investigators' direct supervision, ensuring that subjects ate only food 
+stipulated by the research protocol.  Fasting blood was drawn twice weekly, 
+and plasma samples were frozen and shipped to Dr. Connors laboratory for 
+cholesterol, triglyceride, and lipoprotein analyses.  Regular measurements 
+included participant body weight, height, and triceps skin fold thickness.  
+Thirteen Tarahumaras, five women and eight men, including one adolescent, were 
+fed their native diet for 1 week, followed by 5 weeks of an "affluent" diet. 
+     "In this study we went up to a concentration of dietary fat that was 40 
+percent of total calories.  This is the prototype of the holiday diet that 
+many Americans consume a diet high in fat, sugar, and cholesterol, low in 
+fiber," elaborates Dr. Conners. Such dietary characteristics are reflected in 
+the cholesterol-saturation index, or CSI, recently devised research dietitian 
+Sonja Conner working with Dr. Connor.  "The CSI is a single number that 
+incorporates both the amount of cholesterol and the amount of saturated fat in 
+the diet.  CSI indicates the diet's potential to elevate the cholesterol 
+level, particularly the LDL," Dr. Connor explains.  The Tarahumaran diet 
+averages a very low CSI of 20; Dr. Connor's "affluent" diet used in the study 
+ranks a CSI of 149. 
+     The experimental design of this study reflects the importance of 
+establishing baseline plasma lipid levels, typical of the native diet, before 
+exposing subjects to the experimental diet.  The standard curve relating 
+dietary food intake to plasma cholesterol demonstrates a leveling off, or 
+plateau, for consumption of large amounts of fat.  Changes in dietary fat 
+and/or cholesterol in this range have little effect on plasma levels.  "You 
+must have the baseline diet almost free of the variables you are going to put 
+into the experimental diet.  The Framingham study, for example, did not 
+discriminate on the basis of diet between individuals who got heart disease 
+because the diet was already high in fat.  All subjects were already eating on 
+a plateau," Dr. Connor says. 
+     After 5 weeks of consuming the "affluent" diet, the subjects' mean plasma 
+cholesterol levels had in creased by 31 percent, primarily in the LDL 
+fraction, which rose 39 percent.  HDL-cholesterol increased by 31 per cent, 
+and LDL to HDL ratios changed therefore very little.  Plasma triglyceride 
+levels increased by 18 percent, and subjects averaged an 8-pound gain in 
+weight.  According to Dr. Connor, lipid changes occurred surprisingly soon, 
+yielding nearly the same results after 7 days of affluent diet as after 35 
+days. 
+HICNet Medical Newsletter                                              Page 21
+Volume  6, Number 11                                           April 25, 1993
+     The increase in HDL carries broad dietary implications for industrialized 
+nations.  "We think HDL-cholesterol increased because we increased the amount 
+of dietary fat over the fat content used in the previous Tarahumara metabolic 
+study.  In that study we saw no change in HDL levels after raising the dietary 
+cholesterol but keeping the fat relatively consistent with native consumption.  
+In the present study we increased fat intake to 40 percent of the total 
+calories.  We reached the conclusion in the Tarahumara study that HDL reflects 
+the amount of dietary fat in general and not the amount of dietary 
+cholesterol.  HDL must increase to help metabolize the fat, and it increased 
+quite a bit in this study," Dr. Connor explains.
+     Low HDL in the Tarahumarans is not typically an important predictor of 
+coronary heart disease because they do not normally consume large amounts of 
+fat or cholesterol.  HDL remains an important predictor to Americans because 
+of their usual high fat intake. 
+     Dr. Connor recommends a diet for Americans that contains less than 20 
+percent of total calories as fat, less than 100 mg of cholesterol, and a CSI 
+around 20, varying in accordance with caloric needs.  Such a diet is low in 
+meat and dairy fat, high in fiber.  Dr. Connor also comments on recent 
+suggestions that Americans adopt a "Mediterranean-style" diet.  "The original 
+Mediterranean diet, in its pristine state, consisted of a very low intake of 
+fat and very few animal and dairy products.  We are already eating a lot of 
+meat and dairy products.  Simply to continue that pattern while switching to 
+olive oil is not going to help the situation." 
+     The World Health Organization (WHO) is focusing much attention on the 
+emergence of diseases such as coronary heart disease in nations and societies 
+undergoing technological development.  Dr. Connor says that coronary heart 
+disease starts with a given society's elite, who typically eat a different 
+diet than the average citizen.  "If the pattern of afluence increases, the 
+entire population will have have a higher incidence of coronary heart disease, 
+which places a termendous health care burden on a society.  WHO would like the 
+developing countries to prevent coronary heart disease, so they can 
+concentrate on other aspects of their economic development and on public 
+health measures to improve general well-being, rather than paying for 
+unnecessary, expensive medical technology," Dr. Connors says.
+     "The overall implication of this study is that humans can readily move 
+their plasma lipids and lipoprotein values into a high-risk range within a 
+very short time by an affluent, excessive diet.  The present rate of coronary 
+heart disease in the United States is 30 percent less than it was 20 years 
+ago, so a lot has been accomplished.  We are changing rapidly," he concludes.
+HICNet Medical Newsletter                                              Page 22
+Volume  6, Number 11                                           April 25, 1993
+                             General Announcments
+        Publications for Health Professionals Available from NCI (1/93)
+Unless otherwise noted, the following materials are provided free of charge by 
+calling the NCI's Publication Ordering Service, 1-800-4-CANCER.  Because 
+Federal Government publications are not subject to copyright restriction, you 
+are free to photocopy NCI material. 
+     ANTICANCER DRUG INFORMATION SHEETS IN SPANISH/ENGLISH.  Two-
+     sided fact sheets (in English and Spanish) provide
+     information about side effects of common drugs used to treat
+     cancer, their proper usage, and precautions for patients.
+     The fact sheets were prepared by the United States
+     Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc., for distribution by the
+     National Cancer Institute.  Single sets only may be ordered.
+     CANCER RATES AND RISKS, 3RD EDITION (85-691).  This book is
+     a compact guide to statistics, risk factors, and risks for
+     major cancer sites.  It includes charts and graphs showing
+     incidence, mortality, and survival worldwide and in the
+     United States.  It also contains a section on the costs of
+     cancer. 136 pages.
+     (87-2778).  This booklet describes what is now known about
+     diet, nutrition, and cancer prevention.  It provides
+     information about foods that contain components like fiber,
+     fat, and vitamins that may affect a person's risk of getting
+     certain cancers.  It suggests ways to use that information
+     to select from a broad variety of foods--choosing more of
+     some foods and less of others. Includes recipes and sample
+     menus.  39 pages.
+     NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE FACT BOOK.  This book presents
+     general information about the National Cancer Institute
+     including budget data, grants and contracts, and historical
+     information.
+HICNet Medical Newsletter                                              Page 23
+Volume  6, Number 11                                           April 25, 1993
+     NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE GRANTS PROCESS (91-1222) (Revised
+     3/90).  This booklet describes general NCI grant award
+     procedures; includes chapters on eligibility, preparation of
+     grant application, peer review, eligible costs, and post-
+     award activities.  62 pages.
+     PHYSICIAN TO PHYSICIAN: PERSPECTIVE ON CLINICAL TRIALS. This
+     15-minute videocassette discusses why and how to enter
+     patients on clinical trials.  It was produced in
+     collaboration with the American College of Surgeons
+     Commission on Cancer.
+     (Revised 4/87) This booklet is designed for teachers who
+     have students with cancer in their classrooms or schools. It
+     includes an explanation of cancer, its treatment and
+     effects, and guidelines for the young person's re-entry to
+     school and for dealing with terminally ill students.
+     Bibliographies are included for both educators and young
+     people.  22 pages.
+     UNDERSTANDING THE IMMUNE SYSTEM (92-529). This booklet
+     describes the complex network of specialized cells and
+     organs that make up the human immune system. It explains how
+     the system works to fight off disease caused by invading
+     agents such as bacteria and viruses, and how it sometimes
+     malfunctions, resulting in a variety of diseases from
+     allergies, to arthritis, to cancer. It was developed by the
+     National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and
+     printed by the National Cancer Institute.  This booklet
+     presents college level instruction in immunology.  It is
+     appropriate for nursing or pharmacology students and for
+     persons receiving college training in other areas within the
+     health professions.  36 pages.
+     CHEW OR SNUFF EDUCATOR PACKAGE (91-2976).  Each package
+     contains:
+          Ten copies of CHEW OR SNUFF IS REAL BAD STUFF, a
+          brochure designed for seventh and eighth graders that
+          describes the health and social effects of using
+HICNet Medical Newsletter                                              Page 24
+Volume  6, Number 11                                           April 25, 1993
+          smokeless tobacco products.  When fully opened, the
+          brochure can be used as a poster.
+          One copy of CHEW OR SNUFF IS REAL BAD STUFF:  A GUIDE
+          SMOKELESS TOBACCO.  This booklet is a lesson plan for
+          teachers.  It contains facts about smokeless tobacco,
+          suggested classroom activities, and selected
+          educational resources.
+     INSTITUTE MANUAL FOR PHYSICIANS (92-3064).  This is a step-
+     by-step handbook for instituting smoking cessation
+     techniques in medical practices.  The manual, with resource
+     lists and tear-out materials, is based on the results of NCI
+     clinical trials.  75 pages.
+     This is a handbook for dentists, dental hygienists, and
+     dental assistants.  It complements the physicians' manual
+     and includes additional information on smoking prevention
+     and on smokeless tobacco use.  58 pages.
+     PHARMACISTS HELPING SMOKERS QUIT KIT.  A packet of materials
+     to help pharmacists encourage their smoking patients to
+     quit.  Contains a pharmacist's guide and self-help materials
+     for 25 patients.
+     INSTITUTE GUIDE TO STRATEGIES THAT SUCCEED (90-500).  This
+     guide outlines eight essential elements of a successful
+     school-based smoking prevention program based on NCI
+     research.  It includes a list of available curriculum
+     resources and selected references.  24 pages.
+     PLANNER'S GUIDE (91-3104). This booklet outlines key
+     characteristics of successful self-help materials and
+     programs based on NCI collaborative research.  It lists
+     additional resources and references. 36 pages.
+     SMOKING POLICY: QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS. These ten fact sheets
+HICNet Medical Newsletter                                              Page 25
+Volume  6, Number 11                                           April 25, 1993
+     provide basic information about the establishment of
+     worksite smoking policies. Topics range from the health
+     effects of environmental tobacco smoke to legal issues
+     concerning policy implementation.
+     Smoking and Control Monograph No. 1).  This volume provides
+     a summary of what has been learned from 40 years of a public
+     health effort against smoking, from the early trial-and-
+     error health information campaigns of the 1960s to the NCI's
+     science-based project, American Stop Smoking Intervention
+     Study for Cancer Prevention, which began in 1991.  It offers
+     reasons why comprehensive smoking control strategies are now
+     needed to address the smoker's total environment and to
+     reduce smoking prevalence significantly over the next
+     decade.
+        Three kits are available for community program planners
+        and health professionals to set up local cancer
+        prevention and early detection education projects:
+           CANCER COMMUNITY OUTREACH PROGRAM.  This community
+           outreach kit targets Black American audiences.  It
+           contains materials to help health professionals
+           conduct community education programs for black
+           audiences.  The kit emphasizes the early detection of
+           breast cancer by mammography and of cervical cancer by
+           the Pap test.  It also discusses smoking and
+           nutrition.  The kit includes helpful program guidance,
+           facts, news articles, visuals, and brochures.
+           HAGALO HOY COMMUNITY OUTREACH PROGRAM.  This community
+           outreach kit targets Hispanic audiences.  It contains
+           bilingual and Spanish language materials to help
+           health professionals conduct community education
+           programs.  The materials educate Hispanic audiences
+           about early detection of breast cancer by mammography
+HICNet Medical Newsletter                                              Page 26
+Volume  6, Number 11                                           April 25, 1993
+           and of cervical cancer by Pap tests.  The kit also
+           discusses smoking and related issues.  The kit
+           includes helpful guidance, facts, news articles,
+           visuals and brochures.
+           MAMMOGRAPHY PROGRAM.  This community outreach kit
+           targets all women age 40 or over.  It supplies
+           community program planners and health professionals
+           with planning guidance, facts about mammography, news
+           articles, visuals and brochures.
+     (92-1493).  This handbook presents key principles and steps
+     in developing and evaluating health communications programs
+     for the public, patients, and health professionals.  It
+     expands upon and replaces "Pretesting in Health
+     Communications" and "Making PSAs Work." 131 pages.
+     The video and slide presentations listed below support the
+     mammography outreach programs.
+        ONCE A YEAR...FOR A LIFETIME VIDEOTAPE.  This 5-minute
+        VHS videotape uses a dramatic format to highlight the
+        important facts about the early detection of breast
+        cancer by mammography.
+        UNA VEZ AL ANO...PARA TODA UNA VIDA VIDEOTAPE.  This 27-
+        minute Spanish videotape informs Spanish-speaking women
+        of the need for medical screening, particularly
+        mammography.  It explains commonly misunderstood facts
+        about breast cancer and early detection.  The program, in
+        a dramatic format, features Edward James Olmos and
+        Cristina Saralegui.
+        This kit includes 66 full-color slides and a number-
+        coded, ready-to-read script suitable for a mammography
+        presentation to a large group.  It addresses the
+        misconceptions prevalent about mammography and urges
+        women age 40 and older to get regular mammograms so that
+        breast cancer can be detected as early as possible.  Kit
+HICNet Medical Newsletter                                              Page 27
+Volume  6, Number 11                                           April 25, 1993
+        includes a guide, poster, media announcement, news
+        feature, flyer, and pamphlets on mammography.  This kit
+        is available directly by writing to:  Modern, 5000 Park
+        Street North, St. Petersburg, FL 33709-9989.
+--------- end of part 2 ------------
+      Internet: david@stat.com                  FAX: +1 (602) 451-1165
+      Bitnet: ATW1H@ASUACAD                     FidoNet=> 1:114/15
+                Amateur Packet ax25: wb7tpy@wb7tpy.az.usa.na
diff --git a/medical/medical_646.txt b/medical/medical_646.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a884517ff7e91aad2564f36ce0e070adecf6558c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_646.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,505 @@
+------------- cut here -----------------
+call for employers to keep  information about the HIV status of health-care 
+workers  confidential.  But doctors who know of an HIV-positive colleague  who 
+has not sought advice must inform the employing authority and the appropriate 
+professional regulatory body.  The guidelines  also emphasize the significance 
+of notifying all patients on whom an invasive procedure has been done by an 
+infected health-care  worker.  A model letter to patients who have come into 
+contact  with such an individual is provided, along with suggestions for  
+health officials on how to deal with the media.  In addition, a  U.K. advisory 
+panel on HIV infection in health-care workers has  been formed to provide 
+specific occupational recommendations to  those treating such patients. 
+"Properties of an HIV 'Vaccine'" Nature (04/08/93) Vol. 362, No. 6420, P. 504   
+(Volvovitz, Franklin and Smith, Gale) 
+     The questions raised by Moore et al. about recombinant gp160  envelope 
+glycoprotein precursor from HIV-1 produced by  MicroGeneSys are advantages 
+rather than disadvantages, write  Franklin Volvovitz and Gale Smith of 
+MicroGeneSys in Meriden,  Conn.  Moore et al. says that gp160 in a baculovirus 
+expression  system does not bind strongly to the CD4 receptor, and that this  
+recombinant gp160 does not stimulate the same antibodies as the  HIV-1 virus 
+does in natural infection.  But vaccination with  recombinant gp160 in 
+patients infected with HIV-1 broadens HIV-1  specific envelope-directed immune 
+responses, including  crossreactive antibodies to gp160 epitopes and CD4 and 
+CD8  cytotoxic T-cell responses.  Volvovitz and Smith claim that they  never 
+intended their gp160 molecule to be identical to the native protein.  Antibody 
+responses against native HIV-1 proteins,  including the types described by 
+Moore et al., exist in nearly  all AIDS patients but do not prevent 
+HICNet Medical Newsletter                                              Page 42
+Volume  6, Number 11                                           April 25, 1993
+progression of HIV disease.  In addition, the binding of gp120 or gp120-
+antibody complexes to  CD4 has been shown to interfere with antigen specific 
+activation  of CD4 cells and trigger programmed cell death in vitro, which  
+may contribute to the pathogenesis of HIV infection.  The absence of CD4 
+binding by the MicroGeneSys gp160 vaccine may therefore be viewed as an added 
+safety feature.  Phase I studies have  demonstrated stable CD4 counts, 
+stimulation of cytotoxic T cells, and the suggestion of restoration of immune 
+function.  Based on  these and other clinical results, MicroGeneSys gp160 was 
+chosen  by researchers at the Karolinska Institute in Sweden for the  first 
+phase III vaccine therapy studies, conclude Volvovitz and  Smith. 
+"HIV-1 Infection: Breast Milk and HIV-1 Transmission" Lancet (04/10/93) Vol. 
+341, No. 8850, P. 930  (Mok, Jacqueline) 
+     There are still more questions than answers regarding  HIV-1-positive 
+women breastfeeding their babies, writes  Jacqueline Mok of the Lancet.  The 
+anti-infective properties of  milk are well documented.  While the numbers of 
+leukocytes,  concentrations of lactoferrin and IgA, and lymphocyte mitogenic  
+activity decline sharply during the first two to three months of  lactation to 
+barely detectable levels, lactoferrin and IgA then  increase from three to 
+twelve months, with 90 percent of total  IgA in milk being secretory IgA.  
+Breastfeeding protects infants  against gastrointestinal and respiratory 
+illnesses, in both  normal and uninfected children born to HIV-positive 
+mothers.  The Italian National Registry of AIDS discovered that breastfed HIV-
+1 infected children had a longer median incubation time (19 months) than 
+bottlefed infants (9.7 months).  Breastfed children also had a slower 
+progression to AIDS.  There is no agreement on which  antibodies offer 
+protection against HIV-1 infection.  Studies of  the biological properties of 
+milk from 15 HIV-1 infected women  showed the presence of IgG and IgA 
+antibodies against envelope  glycoproteins, as well as IgA antibodies against 
+core antigens.   Binding of HIV-1 to the CD4 receptor can be inhibited by a 
+human  milk factor.  In the developing world, where infectious disease  and 
+malnutrition contribute significantly to infant mortality,  breast milk is 
+still the best food for infants, regardless of the mother's HIV status.  
+Transmission might be restricted by  breastfeeding after colostrum and early 
+milk have been expressed  and discarded.  The possibility remains that breast 
+milk could  protect the infant who is already infected with HIV at birth and  
+may even delay progression to AIDS, concludes Mok. 
+"Absence of HIV Transmission From an Infected Dentist to His Patients" Journal 
+of the American Medical Association (04/14/93) Vol. 269,  No. 14, P. 1802  
+(Dickinson, Gordon M. et al.) 
+     If universal precautions are practiced, the risk of HIV  transmission 
+from dentist to patient appears to be infinitesimal, write Gordon M. Dickinson 
+HICNet Medical Newsletter                                              Page 43
+Volume  6, Number 11                                           April 25, 1993
+et al. of the University of Miami  School of Medicine in Miami, Fla.  The 
+researchers contacted all  patients treated by a dentist with AIDS and 
+attempts were made to contact all patients for HIV testing.  Living patients 
+with newly detected HIV infection were interviewed, and DNA sequence  analysis 
+was performed to compare genetic relatedness of their  HIV to that of the 
+dentist.  Death certificates were obtained for deceased patients, and the 
+medical records of those with  diagnoses suggestive of HIV disease or drug 
+abuse and those dying under the age of 50 years were examined in detail.  
+There were  1,192 patients who had undergone 9,267 procedures, of whom 124  
+were deceased.  An examination of the death certificates of  patients 
+identified five who had died with HIV infection, all of  whom were either 
+homosexuals or IV-drug users.  The researchers  were able to detect 962 of the 
+remaining 1,048 patients, and 900  agreed to be tested.  HIV infection was 
+reported in five of the  900 patients, including four who had clear evidence 
+of risk  factors for the disease.  One patient who had only a single  
+evaluation by the dentist denied high-risk behavior.  Comparative DNA sequence 
+analysis showed that the viruses from the dentists  and these five patients 
+were not closely related.  The study  suggests the potential for HIV 
+transmission from a general  dentist to his patients is minimal in a setting 
+in which  universal precautions are strictly observed, conclude Dickinson  et 
+al. 
+                                April 22, 1993 
+"AIDS Patients are Susceptible to Recurrences of TB, Study Says" Washington 
+Post (04/22/93), P. A13 
+     Tuberculosis can strike AIDS patients more than once, which makes the 
+resurging health hazard harder to control, according to a  study published in 
+today's New England Journal of Medicine.   People who contract TB usually 
+develop an immunity that protects  them if they are exposed to the bacteria 
+again.  But a person  whose immune system is depleted may not be able to fight 
+off a  new TB infection, doctors found.  Peter M. Small of the Howard  Hughes 
+Medical Institute at Stanford University, director of the  study, said that in 
+order to protect against reinfection, it may  be necessary for some people to 
+use TB medicines permanently.   The study examined the genetic makeup of TB 
+bacteria and how the  germs changed over time in 17 patients at Kings County 
+Hospital  in New York. 
+"HIV-1 Infection: Breast Milk and HIV-1 Transmission" Lancet (04/10/93) Vol. 
+341, No. 8850, P. 930  (Mok, Jacqueline) 
+     There are still more questions than answers regarding  HIV-1-positive 
+women breastfeeding their babies, writes  Jacqueline Mok of the Lancet.  The 
+anti-infective properties of  milk are well documented.  While the numbers of 
+HICNet Medical Newsletter                                              Page 44
+Volume  6, Number 11                                           April 25, 1993
+leukocytes,  concentrations of lactoferrin and IgA, and lymphocyte mitogenic  
+activity decline sharply during the first two to three months of  lactation to 
+barely detectable levels, lactoferrin and IgA then  increase from three to 
+twelve months, with 90 percent of total  IgA in milk being secretory IgA.  
+Breastfeeding protects infants  against gastrointestinal and respiratory 
+illnesses, in both  normal and uninfected children born to HIV-positive 
+mothers.  The Italian National Registry of AIDS discovered that breastfed HIV-
+1 infected children had a longer median incubation time (19 months) than 
+bottlefed infants (9.7 months).  Breastfed children also had a slower 
+progression to AIDS.  There is no agreement on which  antibodies offer 
+protection against HIV-1 infection.  Studies of  the biological properties of 
+milk from 15 HIV-1 infected women  showed the presence of IgG and IgA 
+antibodies against envelope  glycoproteins, as well as IgA antibodies against 
+core antigens.   Binding of HIV-1 to the CD4 receptor can be inhibited by a 
+human  milk factor.  In the developing world, where infectious disease  and 
+malnutrition contribute significantly to infant mortality,  breast milk is 
+still the best food for infants, regardless of the mother's HIV status.  
+Transmission might be restricted by  breastfeeding after colostrum and early 
+milk have been expressed  and discarded.  The possibility remains that breast 
+milk could  protect the infant who is already infected with HIV at birth and  
+may even delay progression to AIDS, concludes Mok. 
+"HIV and the Aetiology of AIDS" Lancet (04/10/93) Vol. 341, No. 8850, P. 957  
+(Duesberg, Peter) 
+     Because there is no proof that HIV is the cause of AIDS, the  hypothesis 
+that drug use leads to AIDS will hopefully become a  hindrance to the 
+physiologically (AZT) and psychologically  (positive AIDS test) toxic public 
+health initiatives, writes  Peter Duesberg of the University of California--
+Berkeley.  In the Lancet's March 13 issue, Schechter et al. call Duesberg's  
+hypothesis that injected and orally used recreational drugs and  AZT lead to 
+AIDS, "a hindrance to public health initiatives."   However, their hypothesis 
+that HIV is the cause of AIDS has not  attained any public health benefits.  
+The U.S. government spends  $4 billion annually, but no vaccine, no therapy, 
+no prevention,  and no AIDS control have resulted from work on this 
+hypothesis.   Schechter et al. conclude that HIV has a key role in CD4  
+depletion and AIDS based on epidemiological correlations with  antibodies 
+against HIV and with self reported recreational drug  use among homosexuals 
+from Vancouver.  However, their survey  neglects to disprove Duesberg's drug-
+AIDS hypothesis, because it  does not provide controls--i.e., confirmed drug-
+free AIDS  cases--and because it does not quantify drug use and ignores AZT  
+use altogether.  To refute Duesberg's hypothesis Schechter would  have to 
+produce a controlled study demonstrating that over a  period of up to 10 years 
+HIV-positive patients who use  recreational drugs or AZT or both have the same 
+AIDS risks as  positives who do not do so.  The 10 year period is claimed by  
+HICNet Medical Newsletter                                              Page 45
+Volume  6, Number 11                                           April 25, 1993
+proponents of the HIV hypothesis to be the time needed for HIV to cause AIDS.  
+Alternatively, they could show that HIV-free  individuals who have used drugs 
+for 10 years never get  AIDS-defining illnesses, concludes Duesberg. 
+"Rapid Decline of CD4+ Cells After IFNa Treatment in HIV-1  Infection" 
+Lancet (04/10/93) Vol. 341, No. 8850, P. 959   (Vento, Sandro et al.) 
+     Interferon (IFN), which induces autoantibodies and autoimmune  diseases 
+in some settings, may hasten CD4 T-cell loss in some  HIV-1 infected 
+individuals through the amplification of harmful  "autoimmune" reactions, 
+write Sandro Vento et al. of the A.  Pugliese Hospital in Catanzaro, Italy.  
+The researchers report  three asymptomatic HIV-1 infected individuals with 
+hepatitis C  Virus related chronic active hepatitis (CAH) who had a rapid,  
+profound decline of CD4 cells after IFN.  All three patients  throughout the 
+observation were consistently negative for serum  HIV p24 antigen and had 
+circulating antibodies to p24.  Sera from all three patients, obtained at the 
+end of IFN treatment and  testing in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, 
+contained high  titres of antibodies reacting to a sequence located in the  
+aminoterminal of the beta chain of all human HLA class II  antigens, 
+homologous to a sequence located in the carboxy  terminus of HIV-1 gp41.  
+These autoantibodies, which also  recognize "native" class II molecules and 
+may contribute to the  elimination of CD4 T cells "in vivo", were at low tires 
+(50-100)  in all three patients six months after stopping IFN.  Such  
+autoantibodies were not detected in 28 other patients with HIV  infection and 
+HCV related CAH treated with IFN and who did not  experience CD4 T-cell loss 
+in some HIV-1 infected individuals  through the amplification of harmful 
+"autoimmune" reactions.  The subjects had A1; B8; DR3; and B35, DR1 HLA 
+antigen combinations  which are linked with a more rapid fall in CD4 cell 
+counts and  clinical progression of HIV-1 disease.  IFN can induce a very  
+rapid decline of CD4 cells and should be used cautiously in  patients with 
+these HLA haplotypes, the researchers conclude. 
+                                April 23, 1993 
+"TB Makes a Comeback" State Government News (04/93) Vol. 36, No. 4, P. 6   
+(Voit, William and Knapp, Elaine S.) 
+     Although tuberculosis was once believed to be eliminated in the  United 
+States, it is emerging again among the homeless, AIDS  patients, immigrants, 
+minorities, and prisoners.  Dr. Lee B.  Reichman, professor of medicine at the 
+University of New Jersey  Medical School and president of the American Lung 
+Association,  said, "Right now, it's a big city problem, but potentially it's  
+everyone's problem."  The ALA predicts that 10 million Americans  are infected 
+with TB, and about 10 percent of them will develop  the disease because their 
+immune systems are depressed,  especially those with AIDS or HIV.  Gene 
+HICNet Medical Newsletter                                              Page 46
+Volume  6, Number 11                                           April 25, 1993
+Tammes, a Centers for  Disease Control expert, said that is why the CDC has 
+issued  guidelines warning hospitals and institutions not to mix AIDS  with TB 
+patients.  State health officials believe the TB is also  spreading because 
+those who are most susceptible are the least  likely to follow through with 
+treatment.  In addition, the  increase is attributed to a shortage of public 
+health services.   In New York City, TB is an epidemic "because the number of 
+cases  is increasing faster than we can treat people," said Dr. George  
+Diferdinando, director of the New York State TB Control.   According to 
+Diferdinando, curbing the spread of TB entails  keeping 85 percent or more of 
+diagnosed TB cases in treatment.   About 40 percent of infected New York City 
+residents don't  complete therapy.  When TB patients don't finish taking their  
+medication, multi-drug resistant TB can develop, which requires  taking more 
+expensive drugs and can take two years instead of the normal six months to 
+treat.
+ "Increasing Frequency of Heterosexually Transmitted AIDS in  Southern 
+Florida: Artifact or Reality?" American Journal of Public Health (04/93) Vol. 
+83, No. 4, P. 571  (Nwanyanwu, Okey C. et al.) 
+     The alarmingly high rate of heterosexually acquired AIDS cases in 
+southern Florida was partially related to misclassification of  risk, write 
+Okey C. Nwanyanwu et al. of the Centers for Disease  Control in Atlanta, Ga.  
+The researchers investigated 168 such  AIDS cases from Broward and coastal 
+Palm Beach counties.  All of  these cases attributed to heterosexual 
+transmission reported  sexual contact with bisexual men, injecting drug users, 
+or  persons born in countries where heterosexual contact is the  primary route 
+of HIV transmission.  Medical records of patients,  in addition to records 
+from social services, HIV counseling and  testing centers, and sexually 
+transmitted disease (STD) clinics  were reviewed.  If no other HIV risk factor 
+was found from  medical record review, patients were interviewed using a  
+standardized questionnaire.  Once STD clinic and other medical  records were 
+reviewed, 29 men and 7 women were reclassified into  other HIV transmission 
+categories.  After adjustments were made  for the reclassification, the 
+percentage of AIDS cases reported  from Palm Beach and Broward counties 
+between January 1, 1989, and March 31, 1990, that was attributed to 
+heterosexual transmission  decreased from 10 percent to 6 percent among men 
+and from 33  percent to 28 percent among women.  While the percentage of  
+heterosexually transmitted AIDS cases in southern Florida  decreased after 
+adjustment was made for reclassified cases, it  still remained above the 
+national average, the researchers  conclude.
+HICNet Medical Newsletter                                              Page 47
+Volume  6, Number 11                                           April 25, 1993
+                                AIDS Statistics
+                            World Health Organization, Geneva
+                        Organisation mondiale de la Sante, Geneve
+15 January 1993 - 68th Year
+                               DATA AS AT 31 December 1992
+                               DONNEES AU 31 Decembre 1992
+Algeria - Algerie                              92                 31.08.91
+Angola                                        514                 24.09.92
+Benin - Benin                                 247                 31.03.92
+Botswana                                      353                 30.06.92
+Burkina Faso                                1,263                 20.03.92
+Burundi                                     6,052                 20.03.92
+Cameroon - Cameroun                         1,407                 05.10.92
+Cape Verde - Cap-Vert                          52                 08.02.92
+Central African Republic -
+        Republique centrafricaine           1,864                 20.03.92
+Chad - Tchad                                  382                 17.09.92
+Comoros - Comores                               3                 11.03.92
+Congo                                       3,482                 30.01.92
+Cote d'Ivoire                              10,792                 09.03.92
+Djibouti                                      265                 17.12.92
+Egypt - Egypte                                 57                 17.12.92
+Equatorial Guinea - 
+        Guinee equatoriale                     13                 16.05.92
+Ethiopia - Ethiopie                         3,978                 11.11.92
+HICNet Medical Newsletter                                              Page 48
+Volume  6, Number 11                                           April 25, 1993
+Gabon                                         215                 31.05.92
+Gambia - Gambie                               180                 25.02.92
+Ghana                                       3,612                 01.07.92
+Guinea - Guinee                               338                 20.03.92
+Guinea-Bissau - Guinee-Bissau                 189                 13.07.92
+Kenya                                      31,185                 01.10.92
+Lesotho                                        64                 31.03.92
+Liberia - Liberia                              28                 31.03.92
+Libyan Arab Jamahiriya -
+        Jamahiriya arabe libyenne               7                 17.12.92
+Madagascar                                      2                 06.11.92
+Malawi                                     22,300                 02.12.92
+Mali                                        1,111                 17.07.92
+Mauritania - Mauritanie                        36                 19.07.92
+Mauritius - Maurice                            11                 29.02.92
+Morocco - Maroc                               121                 17.12.92
+Mozambique                                    538                 10.10.92
+Namibia - Namibie                             311                 20.03.92
+Niger                                         497                 07.02.92
+Nigeria - Nigeria                             184                 12.03.92
+Reunion - Reunion                              65                 20.03.92
+Rwanda                                      8,483                 12.11.92
+Sao Tome and Principe -
+        Sao Tome-et-Principe                   11                 03.07.92
+Senegal - Senegal                             648                 09.03.92
+Seychelles                                    ---                 18.02.92
+Sierra Leone                                   40                 20.03.92
+Somalia - Somalie                              13                 17.12.92
+South Africa - 
+        Afrique du Sud                      1,316                 30.06.92
+Sudan - Soudan                                650                 17.12.92
+Swaziland                                     197                 08.07.92
+Togo                                        1,278                 03.04.92
+Tunisia - Tunisie                             114                 17.12.92
+Uganda - Ouganda                           34,611                 01.11.92
+United Republic of Tanzania -
+        Republique-Unie de
+        Tanzanie                           34,605                 31.05.92
+Zaire - Zaire                              18,186                 14.05.92
+Zambia - Zambie                             6,556                 15.10.92
+Zimbabwe                                   12,514                 31.03.92
+HICNet Medical Newsletter                                              Page 49
+Volume  6, Number 11                                           April 25, 1993
+Anguilla                                        6                 10.12.92
+Antigua and Barbuda - 
+        Antigua-et-Barbuda                      6                 10.12.92
+Argentina - Argentine                       1,820                 10.12.92
+Bahamas                                       934                 10.12.92
+Barbados - Barbade                            315                 10.12.92
+Belize                                         53                 10.12.92
+Bermuda - Bermudes                            199                 10.12.92
+Bolivia - Bolivie                              49                 10.12.92
+Brazil - Bresil                            31,364                 10.12.92
+British Virgin Islands -
+        Iles Vierges 
+        britanniques                            4                 10.12.92
+Canada                                      6,889                 10.12.92
+Cayman Islands - Iles Caimanes                 13                 10.12.92
+Chile - Chili                                 573                 10.12.92
+Colombia - Colombie                         2,957                 10.12.92
+Costa Rica                                    419                 10.12.92
+Cuba                                          137                 10.12.92
+Dominica - Dominique                           12                 10.12.92
+Dominican Republic -
+        Republique dominicaine              1,809                 10.12.92
+Ecuador - Equateur                            224                 10.12.92
+El Salvador                                   382                 10.12.92
+French Guiana -
+        Guyane francaise                      232                 10.12.92
+Grenada - Grenade                              32                 10.12.92
+Guadeloupe                                    182                 10.12.92
+Guatemala                                     273                 10.12.92
+Guyana                                        333                 10.12.92
+Haiti - Haiti                               3,086                 10.12.92
+Honduras                                    1,976                 10.12.92
+Jamaica - Jamaique                            361                 10.12.92
+Martinique                                    227                 10.12.92
+Mexico - Mexique                           11,034                 10.12.92
+Montserrat                                      1                 10.12.92
+Netherlands Antilles and Aruba -
+        Antilles neerlandaises et
+        Aruba                                 110                 10.12.92
+Nicaragua                                      31                 10.12.92
+Panama                                        388                 10.12.92
+Paraguay                                       51                 10.12.92
+Peru - Perou                                  614                 10.12.92
+HICNet Medical Newsletter                                              Page 50
+Volume  6, Number 11                                           April 25, 1993
+Saint Kitts and Nevis -
+        Saint-Kitts-et-Nevis                   37                 10.12.92
+Saint Lucia - Sainte-Lucie                     48                 10.12.92
+Saint Vincent and the
+        Grenadines - Saint-
+        Vincent-et-Grenadines                  41                 10.12.92
+Suriname                                      122                 10.12.92
+Trinidad and Tobago -
+        Trinite-et-Tobago                   1,085                 10.12.92
+Turks and Caicos Islands -
+        Iles Turques et
+        Caiques                                25                 10.12.92
+United States of America -
+        Etats-Unis d'Amerique             242,146                 10.12.92
+Uruguay                                       310                 10.12.92
+Venezuela                                   2,173                 10.12.92
+Afghanistan                                   ---                 17.12.92
+Bahrain - Bahrein                               3                 31.03.92
+Bangladesh                                      1                 30.11.92
+Bhutan - Bhoutan                              ---                 30.11.92
+Brunei Darussalam - 
+        Brunei Darussalam                       2                 19.12.91
+Burma see Myanmar -
+        Birmanie voir Myanmar
+Cambodia - Cambodge                           ---                 31.10.92
+China(a) - Chine(a)                            11                 28.04.92
+Cyprus - Chypre                                24                 17.12.92
+Democratic People's Republic
+        of Korea -  Republique
+        populaire democratique
+        de Coree                              ---                 30.11.92
+Hong Kong                                      61                 26.09.92
+India - Inde                                  242                 30.11.92
+Indonesia - Indonesie                          24                 30.11.92
+Iran (Islamic Republic of) -
+        Iran (Republique
+        islamique d')                          56                 17.12.92
+Iraq                                            7                 17.12.92
+Israel - Israel                               192                 17.12.92
+HICNet Medical Newsletter                                              Page 51
+Volume  6, Number 11                                           April 25, 1993
+Japan - Japon                                 508                 04.12.92
+Jordan - Jordanie                              24                 17.12.92
+Kuwait - Koweit                                 7                 17.12.92
+Lao People's Democratic Republic -
+        Republique democratique
+        populaire lao                           1                 23.04.92
+Lebanon - Liban                                35                 17.12.92
+Macao                                           2                 03.11.92
+Malaysia - Malaisie                            46                 25.05.92
+Maldives                                      ---                 30.11.92
+Mongolia - Mongolie                             1                 30.11.92
+Myanmar                                        16                 30.11.92
+Nepal - Nepal                                  12                 30.11.92
+Oman                                           27                 17.12.92
+Pakistan                                       25                 17.12.92
+Philippines                                    80                 07.10.92
+Qatar                                          31                 17.12.92
+Republic of Korea -
+        Republique de Coree                    10                 19.11.92
+Saudi Arabia - Arabie saoudite                 46                 17.12.92
+Singapore - Singapour                          43                 05.08.92
+Sri Lanka                                      20                 30.11.92
+Syrian Arab Republic - 
+        Republique arabe syrienne              19                 17.12.92
+Thailand - Thailande                          909                 30.11.92
+Turkey - Turquie                               89                 17.12.92
+United Arab Emirates - Emirats
+        arabes unis                             8                 17.12.92
+Viet Nam                                      ---                 28.04.92
+Yemen - Yemen                                 ---                 17.12.92
+Albania - Albanie                             ---                 30.09.92
+Austria - Autriche                            828                 30.09.92
+Belarus - Belarus                               6                 30.09.92
+Belgium - Belgique                          1,224                 17.12.92
+Bulgaria - Bulgarie                            16                 17.12.92
+Czechoslovakia - Tchecoslovaquie               32                 17.12.92
+Denmark - Danemark                          1,072                 17.12.92
+Finland - Finlande                            112                 17.12.92
+HICNet Medical Newsletter                                              Page 52
+Volume  6, Number 11                                           April 25, 1993
+France                                     21,487                 17.12.92
+Germany - Allemagne                         8,893                 17.12.92
+Greece - Grece                                689                 17.12.92
+Hungary - Hongrie                             105                 17.12.92
+Iceland - Islande                              22                 17.12.92
+Ireland - Irlande                             294                 17.12.92
+Italy - Italie                             14,783                 17.12.92
+Latvia - Lettonie                               2                 30.09.92
+Lithuania - Lituanie                            2                 30.09.92
+Luxembourg                                     55                 17.12.92
+Malta - Malte                                  25                 17.12.92
+Monaco                                          9                 17.12.92
+Netherlands - Pays-Bas                      2,330                 17.12.92
+Norway - Norvege                              283                 17.12.92
+Poland - Pologne                              118                 17.12.92
+Portugal                                    1,007                 17.12.92
+Romania - Roumanie                          2,073                 17.12.92
+Russian Federation - Federation
+        de Russie                              94                 30.09.92
+San Marino - Saint-Marin                        1                 17.12.92
+Spain - Espagne                            14,991                 17.12.92
+Sweden - Suede                                743                 17.12.92
+Switzerland - Suisse                        2,691                 17.12.92
+United Kingdom - Royaume-Uni                6,510                 17.12.92
+Yugoslavia(b) - Yougoslavie(b)                313                 30.09.92
+American Samoa - Samoa americaines            ---                 18.11.92
+Australia - Australie                       3,615                 02.12.92
+Cook Islands - Iles Cook                      ---                 18.02.92
+Federated States of Micronesia -
+        Etats federes de Micronesie             2                 01.09.92
+Fiji - Fidji                                    4                 28.11.91
+French Polynesia - Polynesie francaise         27                 28.11.91
+Guam                                           10                 13.09.91
+Kiribati                                      ---                 08.11.91
+Mariana Islands - Iles Mariannes                4                 14.10.92
+Marshall Islands - Iles Marshall                2                 18.03.91
+Nauru                                         ---                 17.12.92
+New Caledonia and Dependencies -
+HICNet Medical Newsletter                                              Page 53
+Volume  6, Number 11                                           April 25, 1993
+        Nouvelle-Caledonie et
+        dependances                            22                 26.08.92
+New Zealand - Nouvelle-Zelande                348                 03.11.92
+Niue                                          ---                 18.02.92
+Palau                                         ---                 15.10.92
+Papua New Guinea - Papouasie-
+        Nouvelle-Guinee                        45                 10.08.92
+Samoa                                           1                 18.02.92
+Solomon Islands - Iles Salomon                ---                 19.12.91
+Tokelau                                       ---                 18.02.92
+Tonga                                           2                 24.07.92
+Tuvalu                                        ---                 22.11.92
+Vanuatu                                       ---                 08.06.92
+Wallis and Futuna Islands - Iles
+        Wallis et Futuna                      ---                 27.05.91
+(a) The above statistics relating to China do not include 48 cases of AIDS in
+the Province of Taiwan. -- Les statistiques ci-dessus se rapportant a la Chine
+ne comprennent pas 48 cas de SIDA dans la province de Taiwan.
+(b) Refers to Republics and areas of the former Socialist Federal Republic of
+Yugoslavia:  Bosnia and Herzegovina; Croatia; Macedonia; Montenegro;
+Serbia; Slovenia. -- Se refere aux republiques et territoires de l'ancienne
+Republique federative socialiste de Yougoslavie: Bosnie-Herzegovine; Croatie;
+Macedoine; Montenegro; Serbie; Slovenie.                                        
+HICNet Medical Newsletter                                              Page 54
+------------- cut here -----------------
+-- This is the last part ---------------
+      Internet: david@stat.com                  FAX: +1 (602) 451-1165
+      Bitnet: ATW1H@ASUACAD                     FidoNet=> 1:114/15
+                Amateur Packet ax25: wb7tpy@wb7tpy.az.usa.na
diff --git a/medical/medical_660.txt b/medical/medical_660.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5ae913ec647abe93a449f15ce898e42c8124c8b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_660.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+This is to followup my previous reply on this topic, which it has been
+pointed out to me might have been dangerously misleading in two spots.
+1.  I stated that psychotherapy (meaning talking therapy and so on) was used 
+    to treat Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, which though sometimes true is 
+    misleading.  It is not often found effective, particularly by itself.
+    Primary treatment today usually consists at least in part of drug
+    therapy.  The most current theories of this condition attribute 
+    it to more to biological causes than psychological, in places where this
+    distinction becomes important.
+2.  I mentioned that the DSM-IIIR mentions 'impulses' as a possible 
+	diagnostic marker.  However, this might look like something
+	people associate with psychotic conditions, uncontrollable or
+	unpredictable behaviors, which is NOT the case with OCD.  
+	One of the diagnostic criteria of OCD is that the individual
+	can and does suppress some of their 'impulses,' although they
+	are an unending source of anxiety.  
+	The obsessive thoughts and ritualistic actions usually associated with 
+	OCD are most frequently very mundane and predictable, closer to
+	a superstitious nature than a dangerous nature for the most part.
+	Some references (one non-technical and several technical)
+	that someone was kind enough to supply for me
+	but was unable to post themself :
+|"The boy who couldn't stop washing" by judith rapaport.   ***
+	(technical refs) :
+|	pharmacotherapy of o-c disorder
+|	donna m jermain and lynn crismon
+|	pharmacotherapy 1990; 10(3):175-198
+|	epidemiology of ocd
+|	seteven a rasmussen and jane eisen
+|	j clin psychiatry 1990;51(2, suppl.):10-13
+|	the waking nightmare: an overview of ocd
+|	judith l rapoport
+|	j clin psychiatry 1990; 51(11, suppl.):25-28
+|	absence of placebo response in ocd
+|	matig r mavissakalian, bruce jones, stephen olson
+|	j nerv ment disease 1990 vol 178 no. 4
+	And thanks very much to those who supplied constructive  
+	criticism to my first post on OCD.  I hope this helps clarify
+	the parts that were misleading.
+						kind regards,
+						todd
+| Todd I. Stark				  stark@dwovax.enet.dec.com           |
+| Digital Equipment Corporation		             (215) 354-1273           |
+| Philadelphia, Pa. USA                                                       |
+|    "(A word is) the skin of a living thought"  Olliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.  |
diff --git a/medical/medical_67.txt b/medical/medical_67.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..549f0c4b8d948b9fc530e790b54baabc26739d0b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_67.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+In article <1993Mar29.204003.26952@tijc02.uucp> pjs269@tijc02.uucp (Paul Schmidt) writes:
+>I think it is important to verify all procedures with proper studies to
+>show their worthiness and risk.  I just read an interesting tidbit that 
+>80% of the medical treatments are unproven and not based on scientific 
+>fact.  For example, many treatments of prostate cancer are unproven and
+>the treatment may be more dangerous than the disease (according to the
+>article I read.)
+Where did you read this?  I don't think this is true.  I think most
+medical treatments are based on science, although it is difficult
+to prove anything with certitude.  It is true that there are some
+things that have just been found "to work", but we have no good
+explanation for why.  But almost everything does have a scientific
+rationale.  The most common treatment for prostate cancer is
+probably hormone therapy.  It has been "proven" to work.  So have
+radiation and chemotherapy.  What treatments did the article say
+are not proven?  
+Gordon Banks  N3JXP      | "Skepticism is the chastity of the intellect, and
+geb@cadre.dsl.pitt.edu   |  it is shameful to surrender it too soon." 
diff --git a/medical/medical_672.txt b/medical/medical_672.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3e6b765ac42ed1dd0a4164cc0cda8686697658c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_672.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Does anyone here know anything about chelation therapy using EDTA?  My
+uncle has emphesema, and a doctor wants to try it on him.  We are
+wondering if:
+1.  Is there any evidence EDTA chelation therapy is beneficial for his
+condition, or any condition?
+2.  What possible side effects are there.  How can they be mimimized?
+Please respond via e-mail to    rme1@cornell.edu
+Thanks,
+Renee
diff --git a/medical/medical_677.txt b/medical/medical_677.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ef92176fd2383804ff8eca1fba4cd9fc965816c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_677.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+In article <93115.120409ICBAL@ASUACAD.BITNET>, <ICBAL@ASUACAD.BITNET> writes...
+>You might look for an allergy doctor in your area who uses sublingual
+>drops instead of shots for treatment. (You are given a small bottle of
+>antigens; 3 drops are placed under the tongue for 5 minutes.) My
+This homeopathic remedies.  I tried the dander one for a month. 15 drops 
+three times a day.  I didn't notice any change whats so ever.  How long 
+were you using the drops before you noticed a difference?
+For me this treatment is more expensive because my insurance will cover 
+tradiitional medicine.
diff --git a/medical/medical_679.txt b/medical/medical_679.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8d6f38705ac8ebd3b9ea840bd51e2098aed553e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_679.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+In article <1993Apr26.103242.1@vms.ocom.okstate.edu>
+ banschbach@vms.ocom.okstate.edu writes:
+>are in a different class.  The big question seems to be is it reasonable to 
+>use them in patients with GI distress or sinus problems that *could* be due 
+>to candida blooms following the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics?
+I guess I'm still not clear on what the term "candida bloom" means,
+but certainly it is well known that thrush (superficial candidal
+infections on mucous membranes) can occur after antibiotic use.
+This has nothing to do with systemic yeast syndrome, the "quack"
+diagnosis that has been being discussed.
+>found in the sinus mucus membranes than is candida.  Women have been known 
+>for a very long time to suffer from candida blooms in the vagina and a 
+>women is lucky to find a physician who is willing to treat the cause and 
+>not give give her advise to use the OTC anti-fungal creams.
+Lucky how?  Since a recent article (randomized controlled trial) of
+oral yogurt on reducing vaginal candidiasis, I've mentioned to a 
+number of patients with frequent vaginal yeast infections that they
+could try eating 6 ounces of yogurt daily.  It turns out most would
+rather just use anti-fungal creams when they get yeast infections.
+>yogurt dangerous).  If this were a standard part of medical practice, as 
+>Gordon R. says it is, then the incidence of GI distress and vaginal yeast 
+>infections should decline.
+Again, this just isn't what the systemic yeast syndrome is about, and
+has nothing to do with the quack therapies that were being discussed.
+There is some evidence that attempts to reinoculate the GI tract with
+bacteria after antibiotic therapy don't seem to be very helpful in
+reducing diarrhea, but I don't think anyone would view this as a
+quack therapy.
+David Rind
+rind@enterprise.bih.harvard.edu
diff --git a/medical/medical_691.txt b/medical/medical_691.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..94598c6b4ff42ba923bd3d18190bb7568ecd7dcb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_691.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+In article <1rh3seINNfkc@newsstand.cit.cornell.edu>, Renee <rme1@cornell.edu> writes:
+> Does anyone here know anything about chelation therapy using EDTA?  My
+> uncle has emphesema, and a doctor wants to try it on him.  We are
+> wondering if:
+> 1.  Is there any evidence EDTA chelation therapy is beneficial for his
+> condition, or any condition?
+> 2.  What possible side effects are there.  How can they be mimimized?
+> Please respond via e-mail to    rme1@cornell.edu
+> Thanks,
+> Renee
+EDTA(chelation therapy) has been used by some physicians to try to remove 
+calcium from calcified plaques in the arterial system(not approved for such 
+use).  There is also the possibility that lung tissue in patients with lung 
+disease has become calcified(chest x-rays would show this).  There are side
+-effects to the use of EDTA because it is not specific for calcium(it also 
+binds other minerals).  I think that there have been some deaths when 
+EDTA chelation therapy has been used because of mineral imbalances that 
+were not detected and corrected.  In animal studies, the best way to remove 
+calcium from plaques in rabbits was to supplement the rabbits with vitamin C 
+and magnesium(rabbits already synthesize their own vitamin C, the extra 
+vitamin C was given in their diets to help the magnesium displace the calcium 
+from the plaques).
+The calcification process that occurs in both plaques and the lung probably 
+can be prevented if magnesium is used in supplemental form.  Most patietns 
+with calcium deposits are found to be deficient in calcium.
+	1. "Magnesium interrationships in ischemic heart disease: A review"
+	   Am J Clin Nutr 27(1):59-79(1974).  Supplementation with 
+	   magnesium will prevent clacification of blood vessels. 
+	2. "The importance of magnesium deficiency in cardiovascular 
+	    disease" Am. Heart J 94:649-57(1977).  The need to measure the 
+	    serum concentration in all patients with heat disease cannot be 
+	    overemphasized.  This is a review article.
+	3. "Effect of dietary magnesium on development of atherosclerosis 
+	   in cholesterol-fed rabbits" Atherosclerosis 10:732-7(1990).  
+	   Magnesium supplementation greatly decreased the formation of 
+	   plaques in rabbits feed a diet that had 1% by weight cholesterrol 
+	   added to their normal food.
+Since EDTA will also bind magnesium, I've never really liked it's use for 
+the reversal of athersclerosis or now apparently in emphesema patients.
+Marty B.
diff --git a/medical/medical_692.txt b/medical/medical_692.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3fa9afb9b310e82554eb036447cb5b3fc46a551c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_692.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+I need information on the medical (including emotional :-) pros and
+cons of circumcision (at birth).  I am especially interested in
+references to studies that indicate disadvantages or refute studies
+that indicate advantages.  A friend who is a medical student is
+writing a survey paper, and apparently the studies she has run into
+are all for circumcision, the main argument being a lower risk of
+penile cancer.
+Please email responses as I am not a frequent reader of either group.
+I will summarize to the net.
+* Gunnar Blix      * Good advice is one of those insults that    *
+* blix@cs.uiuc.edu * ought to be forgiven.              -Unknown *
+* Gunnar Blix      * Good advice is one of those insults that    *
+* blix@cs.uiuc.edu * ought to be forgiven.              -Unknown *
diff --git a/medical/medical_694.txt b/medical/medical_694.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..706c533de593b5c940a7deb0ff652e70daf335f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_694.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+In article <1rhfrkINN816@shelley.u.washington.edu>, nodrog@hardy.u.washington.edu (Gordon Rubenfeld) writes:
+> banschbach@vms.ocom.okstate.edu writes:
+>>to candida blooms following the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics?  Gorden 
+>>Rubenfeld, through e-mail, has assured me that most physicians recognize 
+>>the chance of candida blooms occuring after broad-spectrum antibiotic use 
+>>and they therefore reinnoculate their patients with *good* bacteria to 
+>>restore competetion for candida in the body.  I do not believe that this is 
+>>yet a standard part of medical practice.  
+>   Nor is it mine.  What I tried to explain to Marty was that it is clearly
+> understood that antibiotic exposure is a risk factor for fungal infections
+> - which is not the same as saying bacteria prevent fungal infections. 
+> Marty made this sound like a secret  known only to veternarians and
+> biochemists.  Anyone who has treated a urinary tract infection knowns
+> this. At some centers pre-op liver transplant patients receive bowel
+> decontamination directed at retaining "good" anaerobic flora in an attempt
+> to prevent fungal colonization in this soon-to-be high risk group.  I also
+> use lactobacillus to treat enteral nutrition associated diarrhea (that may
+> be in part due to alterations in gut flora).  However, it is NOT part of
+> my routine practice to "reinnoculate" patients with "good" bacteria after
+> antibiotics.  I have seen no data on this practice preventing or treating
+> fungal infections in at risk patients.  Whether or not it is a "logical
+> extension" from the available observations I'll leave to those of you who
+> base strong opinions and argue over such speculations in the absence of
+> clinical trials. 
+>   One place such therapy has been described is in treating particularly
+> recalcitrant cases of C. difficile colitis (NOT a fungal infection). There
+> are case reports of using stool (ie someone elses) enemas to repopulate
+> the patients flora.  Don't try this at home. 
+>>not give give her advise to use the OTC anti-fungal creams.  Since candida 
+>>colonizes primarily in the ano-rectal area, GI symptoms should be more common 
+>>than vaginal problems after broad-spectrum antibiotic use.
+>   Except that it isn't. At least symptomatically apparent disease.
+>>Medicine has not, and probalby never will be, practiced this way.  There 
+>>has always been the use of conventional wisdom.  A very good example is 
+>>kidney stones.  Conventional wisdom(because clinical trails have not been 
+>>done to come up with an effective prevention), was that restricitng the 
+>>intake of calcium and oxalates was the best way to prevent kidney stones 
+>>from forming.  Clinical trials focused on drugs or ultrasonic blasts to 
+>>breakdown the stone once it formed.  Through the recent New England J of 
+>>Medicine article, we now know that conventional wisdom was wrong, 
+>>increasing calcium intake is better at preventing stone formation than is 
+>>restricting calcium intake.
+>   Seems like this is an excellent argument for ignoring anecdotal
+> conventional wisdom (a euphemism for no data) and doing a good clinical
+> trial, like: 
+> AU   Dismukes-W-E.  Wade-J-S.  Lee-J-Y.  Dockery-B-K.  Hain-J-D.
+> TI   A randomized, double-blind trial of nystatin therapy for the
+>      candidiasis hypersensitivity syndrome [see comments]
+> SO   N-Engl-J-Med.  1990 Dec 20.  323(25).  P 1717-23.
+>      psychological tests. RESULTS. The three active-treatment regimens
+>      and the all-placebo regimen
+>      significantly reduced both vaginal and systemic symptoms (P less than
+>      0.001), but nystatin did not reduce the systemic symptoms
+>      significantly more than placebo. [ . . . ]
+>      CONCLUSIONS. In women with presumed candidiasis
+>      hypersensitivity syndrome, nystatin does not reduce systemic or
+>      psychological symptoms significantly more than placebo. Consequently,
+>      the empirical recommendation of long-term nystatin therapy for such
+>      women appears to be unwarranted.
+>   Does this trial address every issue raised here, no.  Jon Noring was not
+> surprised at this negative trial since they didn't use *Sporanox* (despite
+> Crook's recommendation for Nystatin).  Maybe they didn't avoid those
+> carbohydrates . . . 
+>>The conventional wisdom in animal husbandry has been that animals need to 
+>>be reinnoculated with *good* bacteria after coming off antibiotic therapy.
+>>If it makes sense for livestock, why doesn't it make sense for humans 
+>>David?  We are not talking about a dangerous treatment(unless you consider 
+>>yogurt dangerous).  If this were a standard part of medical practice, as 
+>>Gordon R. says it is, then the incidence of GI distress and vaginal yeast 
+>>infections should decline.
+>   Marty, you've also changed the terrain of the discussion from empiric
+> itraconazole for undocumented chronic fungal sinusitis with systemic
+> hypersensitivity symptoms (Noring syndrome) to the yoghurt and vitamin
+> therapy of undocumented candida enteritis (Elaine Palmer syndrome) with
+> systemic symptoms.  There is significant difference between the cost and
+> risk of these two empiric therapeutic trials.  Are we talking about "real"
+> candida infections, the whole "yeast connection" hypothesis, the efficacy
+> of routine bacterial repopulation in humans, or the ability of anecdotally
+> effective therapies (challenged by a negative randomized trial) to confirm
+> an etiologic hypothesis (post hoc ergo propter hoc).  We can't seem to
+> focus in on a disease, a therapy, or a hypothesis under discussion. 
+>                            I'm lost!
+Candida can do that to you. :-)  Gordon, I think that the best clinical 
+trial for candida blooms would involve giving women with chronic vaginal 
+candida blooms L. Acidophilus orally and see it it can decrease the 
+frequency and extent of candida blooms in the vagina since most of the 
+candida seems to be migrating in from the anal region and L. acidophilus 
+should be able keep the candida in check if it can make it through the 
+intestinal tract and colonize in the anus where it will have access to 
+oxygen(just like it does in the vagina).  As much stuff as there is in the 
+lay press about L. acidophilus and vaginal yeast infections, I'm really 
+amazed that someone has not done a clinical trial yet to check it out.
+The calcium and kidney stone story is not a good reason to throw all 
+conventional wisdom out the window.  Where would medicine be if 
+conventional wisdom had not been used to develop many of the standard 
+medical practices that could not be confirmed through clinical trials?
+The clinical trial is a very new arrival on the medical scene(and a very 
+important one).  The lack of proof that reinnoculation with good bacteria 
+after antibiotic use is important to the health of a patient is no reason 
+to dismiss it out-of-hand, especially if reinnoculation can be done cleaply 
+and safely(like it is in animal husbandry).
+Marty B.
diff --git a/medical/medical_695.txt b/medical/medical_695.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..88708d636952edea05abb7927e1f364f545b30b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/medical/medical_695.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+To Whomever who can help me,
+	I am a doctor from Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia. I have recently hooked up my 
+private home computer to EMail via the local telephone company. I am really interested
+in corresponding with other Doctors or medical researchers through Email. I also hope
+to be able to subscribe to a news network on medicine.
+Can someone please tell me what I should do? I am completely new to this and have no 
+idea about the vast capabilities of Email.
+Thank you for your attention.
diff --git a/politics/politics_1.txt b/politics/politics_1.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..285893acf08e2e092348f4059e64433309fab965
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_1.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+Labour plans maternity pay rise
+
+Maternity pay for new mothers is to rise by £1,400 as part of new proposals announced by the Trade and Industry Secretary Patricia Hewitt.
+
+It would mean paid leave would be increased to nine months by 2007, Ms Hewitt told GMTV's Sunday programme. Other plans include letting maternity pay be given to fathers and extending rights to parents of older children. The Tories dismissed the maternity pay plan as "desperate", while the Liberal Democrats said it was misdirected.
+
+Ms Hewitt said: "We have already doubled the length of maternity pay, it was 13 weeks when we were elected, we have already taken it up to 26 weeks. "We are going to extend the pay to nine months by 2007 and the aim is to get it right up to the full 12 months by the end of the next Parliament." She said new mothers were already entitled to 12 months leave, but that many women could not take it as only six of those months were paid. "We have made a firm commitment. We will definitely extend the maternity pay, from the six months where it now is to nine months, that's the extra £1,400." She said ministers would consult on other proposals that could see fathers being allowed to take some of their partner's maternity pay or leave period, or extending the rights of flexible working to carers or parents of older children. The Shadow Secretary of State for the Family, Theresa May, said: "These plans were announced by Gordon Brown in his pre-budget review in December and Tony Blair is now recycling it in his desperate bid to win back women voters."
+
+She said the Conservatives would announce their proposals closer to the General Election. Liberal Democrat spokeswoman for women Sandra Gidley said: "While mothers would welcome any extra maternity pay the Liberal Democrats feel this money is being misdirected." She said her party would boost maternity pay in the first six months to allow more women to stay at home in that time.
+
+Ms Hewitt also stressed the plans would be paid for by taxpayers, not employers. But David Frost, director general of the British Chambers of Commerce, warned that many small firms could be "crippled" by the move. "While the majority of any salary costs may be covered by the government's statutory pay, recruitment costs, advertising costs, retraining costs and the strain on the company will not be," he said. Further details of the government's plans will be outlined on Monday. New mothers are currently entitled to 90% of average earnings for the first six weeks after giving birth, followed by £102.80 a week until the baby is six months old.
diff --git a/politics/politics_10.txt b/politics/politics_10.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8bcedaaa2c7a9d990895cf39e1ce97df43cc82d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_10.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Crucial decision on super-casinos
+
+A decision on whether to allow Westminster to legislate on super-casinos is set to be made by the Scottish Parliament.
+
+The government has plans for up to eight Las Vegas style resorts in the UK, one of which is likely to be in Glasgow. Scottish ministers insist they will still have the final say on whether a super-casino will be built in Scotland. But opposition parties say that will not happen in practice. The vote is due to be taken on Wednesday and is expected to be close.
+
+The Scottish Executive believes that the legislation should be handled by Westminster. The new law will control internet gambling for the first time and is aimed at preventing children from becoming involved. A super-casino in Glasgow could be located at Ibrox or the Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre. The new gambling bill going through Westminster will allow casino complexes to open to the public, have live entertainment and large numbers of fruit machines with unlimited prizes. But the Scottish National Party and the Tories say the issue of super-casinos should be decided in Scotland and believe the executive is shirking its responsibility.
diff --git a/politics/politics_101.txt b/politics/politics_101.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5eccc3668b46c58dbd5b042b91904eceea2d5bcc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_101.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Council tax rise 'reasonable'
+
+Welsh councils should set their taxes at "reasonable levels" after being given an average funding increase of 6%, says the assembly government.
+
+Finance Minister Sue Essex said it was a "good deal" for local government. The £3.2bn settlement includes the "full" £7.4m from the UK Treasury announced by Chancellor Gordon Brown. But opposition parties said rebanding of council taxes would mean steep rises. In addition, £13.4m will come from the business support grant - a scheme which enables local authorities to keep part of business rates. She said where spending rises were kept to around 5% she was "confident that councils will be able to set council taxes at reasonable levels." The Welsh Local Government Association (WLGA) had said on the eve of the announcement said that "significant" cuts to services may still be unavoidable. After the announcement WLGA finance spokesman Bob Wellington, of Torfaen, said it was vital that rises were minimsed. "A limited amount of money has come available but this is not the answer to our problems," said Mr Wellington. "It is vital that we start now to plan for future years and accept that resources will continue to reduce while pressures on services increase." On Monday, a delegation of north Wales councils visited Ms Essex to lobby for increased funds. Ms Essex said: "I have listened to the views of local government and council tax payers and recognise the funding pressures and the concerns they have about council tax rises. "I have met a large number of local authorities in recent weeks and I am aware of the pressures on them to provide local services and keep down the level of council tax, particularly for those people to are moving up a band due to the revaluation of domestic properties." She said council taxes could be kept at reasonable levels, "even for those people who have moved up a band".
+
+The settlement includes a rise in the grant to help councils with the most deprived communities and a 16.4% rise in capital expenditure support. Ms Essex said: "This is a good deal for local government, which will allow the well-managed councils of Wales to develop their services and charge reasonable levels of council tax. It is now a matter for council leaders to manage their budgets at a local level." Plaid Cymru's local government spokesman Dai Lloyd called the announcement "hugely disappointing". He said: "Wales and its local authorities have been short changed yet again. This is not whinging as the Labour Assembly Government so often claims - it is anger." "This will mean either a massive hike in council tax, massive cuts in services provided by councils, or both." Mike German, leader of the Liberal Democrats in the assembly, claimed that one in three homes were still likely to face council tax rises due to rebanding. Mr German said: "I know from my discussions with Welsh Liberal Democrat council leaders that they are doing their utmost to keep council tax to a minimum. But the random redistribution effect of rebanding...will create a great deal of difficulty." Conservative local government spokesman Glyn Davies said that for the minister to claim that the majority of council tax payers in Wales should see very little change "is taking spin to the very verge of deception". He added: "Around a third of Welsh households have been re-valued upwards by at least one band and inevitably face increases into double figures."
diff --git a/politics/politics_111.txt b/politics/politics_111.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f81e8fb1beeae042fbfbf4b46be89689494a441d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_111.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+Kilroy launches 'Veritas' party
+
+Ex-BBC chat show host and East Midlands MEP Robert Kilroy-Silk has said he wants to "change the face of British politics" as he launched his new party.
+
+Mr Kilroy-Silk, who recently quit the UK Independence Party,said "our country" was being "stolen from us" by mass immigration. He told a London news conference that Veritas - Latin for "truth" - would avoid the old parties' "lies and spin". UKIP leader Roger Knapman says he was glad to see the back of Mr Kilroy-Silk.
+
+Mr Kilroy-Silk promised a "firm but fair" policy on immigration and said they hoped to contest most seats at the forthcoming general election. He said Veritas would also announce detailed policies on crime, tax, pensions, health and defence over the next few weeks. And he announced the party would be holding a leadership election. On Thursday he is due to announce which constituency he will run in at the next general election - that will come amid speculation he has his sights set on Defence Secretary Geoff Hoon's Ashfield seat. He was joined in the new venture by one of UKIP's two London Assembly members, Damien Hockney who is now Veritas' deputy leader. UKIP's chairman Petrina Holdsworth has said the group will just be a parody of the party the men have left.
+
+Mr Kilroy-Silk announced his decision to quit UKIP at a public meeting in Hinckley, Leicestershire last week. It came after months of tension as he vied unsuccessfully for the leadership of that party. He said he was ashamed to be a member of a UKIP whose leadership had "gone AWOL" after the great opportunity offered by its third place at last June's European elections. "While UKIP has turned its back on the British people, I shall not," he said. "I will be standing at the next general election. I shall be leading a vigorous campaign for the causes I believe in. "And, unlike the old parties, we shall be honest, open and straight."
+
+Mr Hockney also left UKIP saying Mr Kilroy-Silk would "deliver better" as the leader of a Eurosceptic party. A spokesman for UKIP called on Mr Hockney to quit the London Assembly. The party asserts that Mr Hockney "has a moral obligation, if not a legal one" to stand down. Its leader, Roger Knapman, has said he is glad to see the back of Mr Kilroy-Silk. "He has remarkable ability to influence people but, sadly, after the [European] election it became clear that he was more interested in the Robert Kilroy-Silk Party than the UK Independence Party so it was nice knowing him, now 'goodbye'," he said. UKIP officials also argue Mr Kilroy-Silk has not been "straightforward" in attacking the party he once wanted to lead.
+
+This is just what the Europhiles pray for. As the main Eurosceptic party, UKIP should try to resolve its differences with Kilroy to show a united front and give the UK public a serious political voice against Europe. Having multiple parties with the same view point just splits the vote further.
+
+Thank goodness that Kilroy-Silk has gone - now UKIP at least has a chance in the election!
+
+It is very sad to see the cause of Britain regaining its proper relationship with Europe damaged by this split within UKIP. Robert Kilroy-Silk could have a lot to offer. Instead we have a split party and a damaged cause. Under the present electoral system, people must work together, and small parties have no hope of representation. Last summer, UKIP achieved a major advance, partly and only partly due to Kilroy-Silk. It is a great shame this has been dissipated in in-fighting.
+
+UKIP has a wide platform of policies, not just withdrawal from the EU. This Kilroy-Silk conveniently ignores in the comments surrounding the launch of his own party. Neither the English Democrats nor the New Party were interested in letting him join them and take over their leadership speaks volumes. Veritas is the beginning of the end for Kilroy-Silk.
+
+If he believes in truth and democracy then he and the two assembly members should resign and force a by-elections to stand on their own platform rather than this backdoor approach to politics of being elected for one party then defecting to another.
+
+So UKIP was good enough for him to lead, not good enough for him to follow!
+
+Interesting that a party committed to plain speaking should have a Latin name!
+
+Every opinion poll points to an overwhelming anti-Europe feeling in this country. Kilroy-Silk could be on the verge of something huge if he can broaden his appeal beyond this one issue. He is an extremely able communicator with years of political experience. We wants quality schools, top hospitals, clean and efficient public transport, punishments that fit the crime, limited asylum, a purge on bureaucracy and less taxes. It needs courage and honesty, two qualities sadly lacking in our politicians. Kilroy-Silk may just have those very qualities. Recruit the right colleagues, Robert, and your time may have come!
+
+Well if you cannot get enough limelight being an ordinary MP then go out and start up your own Party. It's all flash and no real policy here
+
+Let's hope this is the start of both UKIP and Kilroy-Silk slipping into obscurity.
+
+Veritas? The name will doom it. But perhaps I am wrong for surely all modern schoolchildren will understand it since they do still learn Latin in the classroom do they not? The whole essence of what RKS represents is Euroscepticism, so explain to me how the too-twee label of Veritas symbolises that?
diff --git a/politics/politics_112.txt b/politics/politics_112.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bdc6d0ba195bc1c0a079764cb711d1bf358d4a79
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_112.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Blair 'damaged' by Blunkett row
+
+A majority of voters (68%) believe the prime minister has been damaged by the row over David Blunkett's involvement in a visa application, a poll suggests.
+
+But nearly half those surveyed said Mr Blunkett should return to Cabinet if Labour won the next election. Some 63% of respondents in the Sunday Times poll thought his former lover - Kimberly Quinn - acted vindictively and 61% that he had been right to resign. YouGov polled a weighted sample of 1,981 voters online on 16-18 December. Mr Blunkett resigned as Home Secretary on Wednesday after an inquiry uncovered an e-mail showing a visa application by Mrs Quinn's former nanny had been speeded up. Sir Alan Budd's inquiry also found Mr Blunkett's account of events had been wrong. Almost a quarter (21%) of those polled for the Sunday Times said he should return to the Cabinet straight after the election. One in four said he should be back in the Government's top ranks within a year or two while 39% opposed a comeback.
+
+Three-quarters said Mr Blunkett was right to go to court for the right to see Mrs Quinn's son - whom he says he fathered - and just 14% voiced sympathy for Mrs Quinn. A total of 53% of those polled said they had sympathy for Mr Blunkett, with 40% saying they did not. Forty-three per cent thought Mr Blunkett had done a good job as home secretary and 17% disagreed. Meantime, 32% said Mr Blair was a good prime minister and 38% disagreed. A majority, 52%, said Chancellor Gordon Brown had done a good job and just 16% disagreed.
+
+A second poll for the Independent on Sunday found that support for all political parties remained largely unchanged after the Blunkett controversy. Labour lead the Conservatives by 39% to 34% with the Liberal Democrats on 19%. CommunicateResearch interviewed 401 people before David Blunkett's resignation and 601 afterwards. Some 82% said Mr Blunkett had set a good example by wanting to take responsibility for the child he says is his, but 42% backed his legal action compared to 45% who thought it was unbecoming. Thirty per cent said the affair showed Mr Blunkett could not be trusted as a minister while 63%, disagreed.
diff --git a/politics/politics_114.txt b/politics/politics_114.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3d64aec963ff68fec12cc4045a08d9d62874d69b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_114.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Green fear for transport ballot
+
+The Green Party is concerned thousands of residents may not be able to vote in Edinburgh's transport referendum.
+
+Edinburgh City Council is to ballot constituents on proposals to introduce congestion charging in the capital. But Green MSP Mark Ballard fears people not on the council's edited electoral register may miss out. Local authorities can only send ballot papers to those on the edited list over non-statutory matters, such as the transport referendum. Therefore, residents who have exercised their right to have their details left off the list could miss the chance to vote.
+
+However, there is still time for those who are not on the list to contact the council and make sure they are sent ballot forms ahead of February's voting deadline. Mr Ballard said: "This vote will set the future of transport in Edinburgh for decades to come. "It is therefore vital that as many residents as possible in Edinburgh City and the surrounding areas, are registered to vote in the ballot. "Many people are not aware that they may miss out on their chance to have a say. "Everyone involved in this debate - both for and against - wants the ballot to be as fair and representative as possible, and that means encouraging people to take part." The ballot will ask residents to vote for or against the council's proposed congestion charge scheme and a host of transport improvements to be funded by it. The outcome of the referendum will be known next month after the ballot forms are sent out and returned to the council. Towards the end of February, the council will meet to decide whether to proceed with an application to Scottish ministers for approval for its planned congestion charging scheme and the other parts of its transport package.
diff --git a/politics/politics_117.txt b/politics/politics_117.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9a3a38a2076e6d12392d3b9f57d9cea9301e9abd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_117.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Boothroyd calls for Lords speaker
+
+Betty Boothroyd has said the House of Lords needs its own Speaker and that peers should lead the way on reforming the upper chamber.
+
+Baroness Boothroyd, who was the first woman to be Commons Speaker, said she believed Tony Blair initiated reforms without a clear outcome in mind. "Now we have to take care of it ourselves and make the best of it," she told the BBC's Breakfast with Frost. In 1999 Labour removed all but 92 of the Lords' 750 hereditary peers. That was billed as the first stage of reform of the institution. The lord chancellor hinted further reforms could be unveiled in the next Labour manifesto.
+
+"I think we need to look very carefully at the relationship between the Lords and the Commons," Lord Falconer told BBC1's Breakfast With Frost. "How it interacts with the Commons is a very, very important issue. "We need to address the issue in the manifesto, but you will have to wait for when the manifesto comes." The lord chancellor currently has the role of House of Lords speaker. He is also head of the judiciary and a member of the Cabinet as constitutional affairs secretary.
+
+Lady Boothroyd said she believed it was unacceptable for the lord chancellor to have the role of Speaker. "I would really like to see a Speaker of the House of Lords," she said. "I don't go for the idea of somebody - a lord chancellor - who is head of the judiciary, a senior Cabinet minister and Speaker of the Lords. "I want somebody there who is going to look after that House and do a job there.
diff --git a/politics/politics_119.txt b/politics/politics_119.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..85d01a525025d9f9380fbadc5df0b598e45e340d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_119.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+Lord Scarman, 93, dies peacefully
+
+Distinguished lawyer Lord Scarman, who conducted the inquiry into the 1981 Brixton riots, has died aged 93.
+
+The peer enjoyed a celebrated judicial career, serving as Law Commission chairman in its first seven years. He also chaired the 1969 tribunal set up to investigate civil disturbances in Northern Ireland. Paying tribute, the Lord Chancellor Lord Falconer said Lord Scarman was one of the "great advocates of our generation".
+
+"His legacy from his decisions in the Lords and the Court of Appeal is substantial. "His work in the wake of the Brixton riots and his commitment to the vulnerable and dispossessed was second to none.
+
+"A great judge, a great lawyer and a great man." Lord Scarman's nephew George Ritchie said the peer, who passed away peacefully on Wednesday, would be "sadly missed".
+
+The Lord Chief Justice, Lord Woolf, who is the most senior judge in England and Wales, said it was Lord Scarman's "pioneering work" which paved the way for the Human Rights Act 1998. "He was a lawyer and a judge who had a remarkable insight into human nature, and an exceptional sensitivity to the needs of a healthy society," he said. "He was, personally, totally charming and he will be remembered with great affection and admiration by all who came into contact with him."
+
+Dame Elizabeth Butler-Sloss, the president of the Family Justice Division, said Lord Scarman was a "good and humane judge" and one of the greatest figures of the late 20th century. Lord Scarman will be remembered for the public inquiry he led into a string of race riots which began in Brixton when racial tensions rose after a police crackdown on street robbery. During the following three days of disturbances that spread to the Midlands, Merseyside, Bristol and Leeds, nearly 400 people were injured and buildings and vehicles were set alight.
+
+The inquiry famously settled on the so-called "rotten apples" theory, which argued that only a few police officers were racist, saying most were not. It spawned new law enforcement practices and led to the creation of the Police Complaints Authority. Trevor Phillips, chair of the Commission for Racial Equality, praised Lord Scarman's "ability to listen". He said: "When Lord Scarman toured the streets of Brixton his presence was electrifying. "A community which had been systematically ignored by everyone else was suddenly embraced by the epitome of the English establishment. "His great quality was the ability to listen to young people of all backgrounds, many of whose language he could barely understand, genuinely to hear what they had to say and to talk to them as human beings. "He never lost the special combination of wisdom, humanity and the spark of radicalism that marked his watershed report into the Brixton riots."
diff --git a/politics/politics_127.txt b/politics/politics_127.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..098c47db6bfc70546b352a0fa609cf9de5412582
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_127.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+Brown to outline presidency goals
+
+Next year will be "make or break" for development in poorer countries Gordon Brown will say as he sets out UK goals for its EU and G8 presidencies.
+
+The chancellor is due to outline a series of key targets the government will be judged on in 2005. They will include doubling aid from donor countries and eliminating debt owed by the poorest nations. Mr Brown also wants other G8 nations to match his target for overseas aid - spending 0.7% of national income.
+
+He also wants the richer countries to do more to help the development of vaccines for Aids and malaria. The chancellor is travelling to America next week as part of his persuasion drive over the issue. He told BBC Radio 4's Today programme: "We need more resources allied to progress on trade and progress on debt relief if we are going to make an impact on the problems of ill health, of illiteracy, of poverty, particularly in Africa but right through the developing countries."
+
+His proposals were effectively a new "Marshall Plan" for the world, including an international finance facility, which would issue bonds in an attempt to double global aid cash to $100bn a year. Agreement in the Doha development talks could also give developing nations the trading ability they needed, he argued. The European Union's Common Agricultural Policy had caused aggravated trade problems, he said, but there was now an agreement to end export subsidies.
+
+Mr Brown said much had been achieved on issues such as debt relief in the last seven years. But with 30,000 children were dying unnecessarily every day more was needed, including 100% debt relief multilaterally. "That is why next year is a test," he said. "If after five years of making promises the world is not prepared to honour them, then people will be justified in saying they promised but they did not produce results." The Catholic aid agency Cafod will host Mr Brown's speech on Wednesday.
+
+Cafod wants Britain to use its influence to pressure countries like the US to make firm commitments to tackle global poverty. Mr Brown said America too needed to take more action but defended President George Bush for guaranteeing resources to countries which introduced reforms to tackle corruption. Oxfam's Paying the Price report this week said 45 million children will die needlessly before 2015 and aid budgets are half their 1960 levels. The charity's director, Barbara Stocking, said: "2005 offers the chance for an historic breakthrough, but unless world leaders act now the year will end in shameful failure." The report said the G8 of top industrialised nations had agreed in 1970 to spend 0.7% of their incomes on aid.
+
+But 34 years later none of the organisations members had reached this target and many had not yet set a timetable. Mr Blair, who has described Africa as a "scar" on the world's conscience, has already said tackling world poverty would be one his G8 priorities along with climate change and the Aids epidemic. But Band Aid founder Bob Geldof in July said he was sick of hearing "guff" about scars on the world. It was pathetic that Britain was the 4th richest country in the world but only the 11th most generous aid donor, he added. Conservative shadow international development secretary Alan Duncan accused Mr Brown of missing his target on providing anti-retroviral drug treatment to three million Africans by 2005. Instead, only 500,000 people would benefit, he said. "There's no point in him demanding praise and adulation for setting a whole new raft of targets when he has so woefully failed to meet the ones he already has," added Mr Duncan.
diff --git a/politics/politics_128.txt b/politics/politics_128.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..97e193e4071b22ecae60e2a68dff76b5d0d4191e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_128.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+Brown shrugs off economy fears
+
+Gordon Brown is to freeze petrol duty increases, fund a £1bn package to avoid big council tax rises and boost childcare and maternity leave.
+
+In an upbeat pre-Budget report, he slightly increased borrowing but insisted economic targets would be met. The chancellor also hailed the longest period of growth in UK "industrial history" but denied he was "gloating". But Oliver Letwin, for the Tories, attacked government red tape and debt, dubbing Mr Brown "Sir Wastealot".
+
+The shadow chancellor said Mr Brown's "golden rule" had "turned to dross in his hands" and said he was borrowing to spend, not invest, with predicted debt over the coming years totalling £170bn. Mr Letwin told MPs: "The tide is going out on the chancellor's credibility. He is spending, borrowing and taxing so much because he is not getting value for taxpayer's money."
+
+Vincent Cable, for the Liberal Democrats, accused Mr Brown of ducking tough choices.
+
+He said: "Last week the prime minister gave us the politics of fear; this week the chancellor has offered the economics of complacency. "There are serious challenges ahead from the falling dollar and from the rapid downturn in the UK housing market and rising personal debt. But they have not been confronted." Mr Brown rejected the Lib Dem's call to open up the government's books to the National Audit Office, saying decisions on tax and spending should be made by ministers. Some economists say his forecasts on public finances are wishful thinking. BBC economic editor Evan Davis said the figures were plausible but also a gamble.
+
+Mr Brown's insistence he was not "gloating" was a pointed rebuttal of a warning from new European Commissioner Peter Mandelson. In his speech, he set out a 10-year childcare strategy for if Labour wins the next election.
+
+It includes a £285m cash injection to extend paid maternity leave from six months to nine, with parents able to transfer leave from the mother to the father. He also promised to increase free nursery education for three and four-year-olds to 15 hours from April 2007. And funds would be provided to keep schools open from 0800 to 1800GMT to look after children while their parents were at work. Taken together, the measures would create a "welfare state that is truly family-friendly for the first time in its history", said Mr Brown. He also announced a cash hand-out for older pensioners, with payments of £50 for the over-70s as part of the winter fuel allowance. In a move ministers say should keep council tax rises below 5% next year, the chancellor said he was providing an extra £1bn for local councils. The money is expected to come from government departments such as health and education.
+
+Mr Brown said he was set to meet his two fiscal rules - to borrow only to invest and keep debt "low and sustainable" - both in this economic cycle and the next. Borrowing figures for 2003/4 are £35bn - £2.5bn less than the £37.5bn predicted in March's budget, as already announced by the Office for National Statistics. Borrowing is tipped to fall to £31bn by 2005/06 - but that is still £2bn more than Mr Brown predicted in his March budget. Inflation would be 1.75% next year and 2% in the years to follow, Mr Brown forecast. He also pledged an extra £105m for security and counter-terrorism. Business groups have welcomed efforts to improve competitiveness and invest more in skills and innovation. But there worries about the costs of more family-friendly working. Simon Sweetman, from the Federation of Small Businesses, said: "The proposals on maternity leave have clearly been made with a general election in mind and with little thought to the impact on small employers."
diff --git a/politics/politics_129.txt b/politics/politics_129.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5120978d43d0afa0b313ae1462b6d08e78541bbc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_129.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+UK troops on Ivory Coast standby
+
+Downing Street has confirmed British troops are on standby in case they need to help evacuate several hundred UK citizens from Ivory Coast.
+
+The news came as it emerged France had begun evacuating its hostages after days of anti-French demonstrations. Trouble flared after nine French peacekeepers were killed and President Jacques Chirac ordered the destruction of the Ivory Coast's air force. A company of 100-120 UK troops is understood to have been put on standby. They are ready to fly out and secure the route from the embassy to the airport if called upon. Prime Minister Tony Blair's official spokesman said: "There are British nationals in Ivory Coast and as you can imagine we are making the usual contingency plans in case the situation deteriorates further, but that's all I can say at this stage."
+
+He added the situation would be monitored carefully in case evacuation became necessary. France has played a lead role in international peacekeeping in Ivory Coast - a former colony - after President Laurent Gbagbo broke an 18-month ceasefire with rebels bombing their positions and killing the nine French soldiers. The decision to destroy the African nation's small air force prompted riots against French and other foreign nationals. The Spanish have already put their forces on standby to evacuate their nationals if necessary.
diff --git a/politics/politics_130.txt b/politics/politics_130.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0e6cdc51df6ecaa55ff2540ac2eaf938563e1331
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_130.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+Blair told to double overseas aid
+
+Tony Blair is being urged to use all his negotiating powers to end poor countries' debt and double aid.
+
+Some 45 million children will die needlessly before 2015 and aid budgets are half their 1960 levels, Oxfam says in a report, Paying the Price. The call comes as the prime minister prepares to assume the presidency of the G8 of top industrialised nations. "As rich countries get richer, they're giving less and less. This scandal must stop," Oxfam's Barbara Stocking said.
+
+"The world's poorest children are paying for rich countries' policies in aid and debt with their lives. "2005 offers the chance for an historic breakthrough, but unless world leaders act now the year will end in shameful failure," the charity's director added. The report said: "For rich countries, providing aid to help to end global poverty is an obligation and a matter of justice, not an act of charity." It also points out that in 1970 the G8 of top industrialised nations agreed to spend 0.7% of their incomes on aid. But 34 years later none of the organisations members have reached this target and many have not yet set a timetable, the report says.
+
+It argues that the price of not investing in poor countries' sustainable development will be felt across the world. The report said: "Global poverty threatens our shared prosperity and security. "Environmental crises and natural disasters, disease and drug trafficking know no national borders. Poverty heightens the likelihood of conflict and unrest. "New threats to the peace and security of rich nations arise from poverty and gross inequalities. "Criminal and terrorist networks are more likely to operate where state institutions are weak."
+
+Both the prime minister and Chancellor Gordon Brown have called for urgent action to fight world poverty. Mr Blair, who has described Africa as a "scar" on the world's conscience, has already said tackling world poverty would be one his G8 priorities along with climate change and the Aids epidemic. Mr Brown has also pledged to write off the debt owed to Britain by the world's poor nations. A spokeswoman for the Department for International Development said: "The government had made a clear commitment to reaching 0.7% of gross national income for overseas development aid by 2013. "If Britain's proposal for an International Finance Facility were adopted, the objective of 0.7% could be achieved earlier, by 2008-09. "These additional resources will be used to increase UK bilateral aid to Africa to at least £1.25bn a year by 2008 and spend at least £1.5bn on HIV/Aids related work over the next three years."
diff --git a/politics/politics_131.txt b/politics/politics_131.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..15efccab1f5d77e6d6eaf954b30e0dceda9ba478
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_131.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Peace demo appeal rejected
+
+Peace protestors have lost a landmark appeal over police actions in stopping an anti-war demonstration days after the start of the Iraq war.
+
+They had appealed against a High Court decision that it was not unlawful for police to forcibly turn protestors away near RAF Fairford, Glos, in 2003. The police had also sought to overturn a breach of human rights ruling arising from the same case. Sitting on Wednesday, three Appeal Court judges dismissed both appeals. They were challenging decisions by two judges in the High Court in February this year. It followed action by police, when three coachloads of people were searched and detained on the way to RAF Fairford and forced to return to London under police escort. The demonstrators appealed against a finding by Lord Justice May and Mr Justice Harrison that it was not unlawful for the police to turn the passengers away.
+
+The police were urging Lord Chief Justice and Lord Justices Clarke and Rix to overturn the ruling that they had breached the protestors' human rights by detaining them in the coaches. Craig Mackey, assistant chief constable of Gloucestershire Police, said: "We have always considered that our responses were proportionate and all our decisions on the day were based on intelligence." He said no one on the coaches accepted responsibility for items found on the coaches including body armour, a smoke bomb and five shields. "Given these circumstances, and the fact that RAF Fairford, and other military installations in the UK, had been the scene of increasingly destructive disorder in the weeks preceding this incident, the police commander on the ground made the decision to turn back the coaches. "From day one we have vigorously defended this decision, which was made out of a genuine concern that if the coaches were allowed to proceed it would have resulted in disorder and criminal damage at RAF Fairford." Fairford Coach Action, representing more than 80 people who appealed against the police actions, say they are prepared to take their case to the European Court of Human Rights. Their action is supported by Amnesty International and Liberty.
diff --git a/politics/politics_134.txt b/politics/politics_134.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5ef9bcea30d54b6781a9653c4eaa3a56cf41c78c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_134.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+Ban on hunting comes into force
+
+Fox hunting with dogs is now illegal in England and Wales after a ban on the activity came into force overnight.
+
+The law faces a stiff test this weekend, with the Countryside Alliance saying many hunts will be out in force. Chief police officers spokesman Nigel Yeo said he expected most people would obey the law - by drag hunting or chasing foxes then shooting them. He said police would challenge the "one of two isolated hunts" which are threatening to break the law.
+
+But Simon Hart of the Countryside Alliance has questioned how police will ensure there are no violations. "The definitions of legal and illegal hunting are so blurred that the police are being asked to make impossible judgements. "You can hunt a rat, but not a mouse, a rabbit but not a hare, an artificial scent, but not a real one," he said.
+
+The Attorney General, Lord Goldsmith, has so far issued no instructions to police on how they should deal with hunters who violate the law. He said he will consult the Director of Public Prosecutions and the police "in the near future" to decide what measures to take with regards to hunting prosecutions. He has rejected a "blanket policy" of not enforcing the ban until the House of Lords has considered its legality. John Cooper, a barrister and chairman of the League Against Cruel Sports, said the anti-hunting lobby expects the authorities to prosecute wherever there is clear evidence of illegal hunting practices. He said police had "acknowledged their duty to investigate allegations of hunting offences".
+
+The Beaufort Hunt had one pack out on Thursday and has promised a hunt this weekend. Under the new law hunters have a number of legal options available to them.
+
+As well as being able to mount a hunt for an artificial scent, it will still be legal for the hunts to "flush out" foxes, as long as they shoot their quarry rather than set the hounds on them. "We are not going away. We will keep these hounds going, we will keep this community going and in the end we will come back and hunt when hunting is legal again," hunt master, Captain Ian Farquhar, said. But Tony Banks, Labour MP for West Ham, said the issue would soon disappear, and that "people in a few years time will be wondering what it was all about". He said had the government not prevaricated since 1997 in introducing the ban, hunting with dogs would have passed into history like other former country pursuits such as otter hunting and badger baiting. "Let the election decide this because the Conservatives have made clear that if they get elected into government they will restore hunting," he said.
diff --git a/politics/politics_136.txt b/politics/politics_136.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a1de7cdb0bfa0f58c6c5fca938e4152a857b2c6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_136.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+Straw attacked on China arms
+
+Moves to lift the European Union's ban on arms exports to China have been condemned by human rights groups and the Conservatives.
+
+The 15 year embargo was imposed in the aftermath of China's crackdown on protesters in Tiananmen Square in 1989. UK Foreign Secretary Jack Straw, who will hold talks in Beijing on Thursday, said an EU arms code was more effective than the current ban. But Human Rights Watch says the EU is putting commerce above abuse concerns.
+
+In December, the EU pledged to work towards lifting the ban but said it was not ready to do so yet. Germany and France have repeatedly called for the embargo to be lifted. Britain has been more cautious but Mr Straw last week said he also wanted it to end, despite US objections.
+
+He expects it to be lifted over the next six months, a prediction which has alarmed critics. Brad Adams, from Human Rights Watch, said: "This is a huge political signal from Europe that they are willing to forget about Tiananmen Square. "There are still thousands of people who are unaccounted for."
+
+Mr Straw said it was wrong to put China under the same embargo as countries such as Zimbabwe and Burma. The scope of the embargo was very narrow and did not have any force of law behind it, he told BBC Radio 4's World At One. In the UK, more export licences were refused under the existing European Union arms code than under the embargo, he said. And only two of the licences denied under the embargo would have been granted under the code. "The code of conduct is much more effective, it's a more powerful tool of and we intend to strengthen it as a pre-condition of lifting the embargo with China," he said.
+
+Mr Straw denied the decision would suggest to China that Tiananmen Square had been forgotten. The level of human rights was a key criteria under the EU arms exports code, he said. Human rights groups say the code of conduct is not legally binding - but Mr Straw said it would be given legal force by the laws of many EU countries. Conservative shadow foreign secretary Michael Ancram said the move would be "profoundly wrong". The decision could undermine Nato as it severely damaged relations with the US, which is opposed to ending the ban.
+
+Mr Ancram argued: "What the British Government is doing is giving in to French and German pressure, especially the French, who see vast contracts available to them if the embargo is lifted... "It gives the wrong signals to China, who are simply not prepared to accept that what happened at Tiananmen Square was wrong." Mr Straw's China trip is part of regular high-level meetings with Beijing ministers. He will meet Chinese counterpart Minister Li Zhaoxing to discuss developing relations between their two countries, Hong Kong and China's part in the talks on North Korea.
diff --git a/politics/politics_137.txt b/politics/politics_137.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6e119123e125532c11cfbb6e7dee8727f9b51222
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_137.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+Defiant hunts put ban to the test
+
+Thousands of hunt supporters have been out on the first day of hunting in England and Wales after the ban on hunting with dogs came into force.
+
+The Countryside Alliance called on hunt supporters to meet as normal, but vowed to stay within the law. Although hunting with dogs is now a criminal offence, exercising hounds, chasing a scent trail and flushing out foxes to be shot are still legal. One anti-hunt protester was taken to hospital after a violent clash in Kent.
+
+The man suffered facial injuries after an incident involving a group of men at the end of the East Kent Hunt, near Ashford. In Wiltshire, police arrested four men under the new law suspected of hunting with dogs. The group, from South Wales and Ireland, have been released on bail but police say they may face prosecution under new poaching laws.
+
+It is believed more than 270 hunts went out on Saturday, just one day after the ban came in.
+
+They were greeted by big crowds in many areas of the country, with actor Jeremy Irons and former minister Kate Hoey among the supporters. Anti-hunt groups - such as the League Against Cruel Sports - deployed 100 monitors at hunts to check for illegal activity.
+
+Mike Hobday, from the league, said video evidence of the law being broken was to be passed onto police. "Our evidence suggests that most hunts did operate within the law, many meeting and promptly going home and others peacefully exercising their hounds or drag hunting. "However, we have received reports of what we believe is clearly illegal activity by a number of hunts across Britain." BBC correspondent Simon Hall at Postbridge on Dartmoor in the West Country said 2,000 people had turned out to welcome the hunt.
+
+And the BBC's Sarah Mukherjee, with the Beaufort Hunt in Badminton, Gloucestershire said several hundred people had gathered on foot to see the hunt, with 150 on horseback. Tom Heap, BBC rural affairs correspondent, said it appeared that hunstman had, for now, been sticking to the new rules. And while there was big turnout in support of the hunts on Saturday, he said it remains to be seen if the level of backing can be maintained.
+
+Before riding out with the hunt, former minister Kate Hoey told crowds: "We will prevail and this law will have to be overturned." Judith Moritz, in Melton Mowbray, said anti-hunt activists were out to monitor the four hunts operating in that part of Leicestershire, but were outnumbered by large crowds of followers. The Countryside Alliance said the meets would show the new law was "impossibly difficult to determine" and open to different interpretations.
+
+Chief executive Simon Hart said: "There has been hunting in England for 700 years. This [ban] may take two or three years, perhaps two or three months, to unpick. "It will be nothing more than a temporary break in normal service, as broadcasters say." Conservative family spokeswoman Theresa May said if the party was in government again it would make sure the law was repealed. Suffolk Chief Constable Alastair McWhirter, the Association of Chief Police Officers' spokesman on rural policing, told the BBC the law would be enforced, although the police would not break up hunts. The Attorney General Lord Goldsmith has so far not issued any instructions to police on how they should deal with any hunters who do violate the law. He said he would consult the director of public prosecutions and the police "in the near future" to decide what measures to take on hunting prosecutions.
diff --git a/politics/politics_138.txt b/politics/politics_138.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9b2c21ad594d8d44340d68f44d07cfc0a527503d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_138.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+EU fraud clampdown urged
+
+EU member states are failing to report fraud and irregularities in EU funds on a consistent basis, the UK's public spending watchdog has said.
+
+The National Audit Office said although the latest figures showed reported fraud was falling, the EU still had no common definition of fraud. It also expressed concern that, for the 10th year, the European Court of Auditors had qualified the EU accounts. The NAO urged the government to push for improvements in reporting fraud. It said member states needed to be more accountable on how money was spent. The report said: "Member states still do not report fraud and other irregularities to the European Anti-Fraud Office on a consistent basis.
+
+"As the court has now qualified its opinion on the Community accounts for a decade, it is essential for all the authorities involved to contribute to the strengthening of the audit of EU revenue and expenditure and improving accountability for the financial management and use of EU resources." It said there were 922 cases of reported fraud or irregularities in EU funds in the UK in 2003, worth £38.5m (52m euros), up from 831 cases worth £35.7m in 2002. At the same time, reported fraud throughout the EU dropped from 10,276 cases worth £808m to 8,177 cases worth £644m. Edward Leigh, chairman of the Commons public accounts committee, said Britain had to set an example when it assumed the EU presidency.
+
+"Any fraud in other member states is potentially fraud against the UK taxpayer, given that we are the second largest net contributor to the Community," he said. "Departments responsible for administering EU funds need to make sure that they're doing everything possible to weed out improper spending. "The government must take the opportunity afforded by the UK presidency of the EU to press the Commission and other member states to take an equally robust stance against fraud and irregularity, and raise overall standards of financial management." A spokesman for the European Anti-Fraud Office said the organisation agreed with the NAO's assessment of fraud reporting. "The quality of reporting does differ from member state to member state, and there is room for improvement," spokesman Jorg Wojahn said. He added that there is generally good co-operation with member states and the anti-fraud office on specific cases of fraud, with the statistics studied by NAO providing a "good overview for planning strategic ways of detecting fraud".
diff --git a/politics/politics_139.txt b/politics/politics_139.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9dda32b92eae3132da7a77c8e33cf954f88ada3e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_139.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Straw praises Kashmir moves
+
+The UK has welcomed the decision by India and Pakistan to open a bus link across the ceasefire line dividing the disputed region of Kashmir.
+
+Foreign Secretary Jack Straw, touring South East Asian countries, praised the "spirit of cooperation" in achieving the breakthrough. Media reports in both countries describe the deal as a major step in the ongoing peace process. Mr Straw said he hoped the agreement would make a difference to Kashmiris. The bus service was one of several announcements made after a meeting of foreign ministers of both countries in Islamabad on Wednesday. Kashmiri politicians on both sides of the Line of Control which divides the region welcomed the move.
+
+In a statement, Mr Straw said the bus service between Srinagar and Muzaffarabad "will be able to reunite families that have been divided for decades". "This will make a real difference to the lives of Kashmiris on both sides of the Line of Control," he said. "I warmly applaud the efforts of both India and Pakistan to make this happen. "This spirit of cooperation will, I hope, lead to many more measures that will benefit all in the region."
+
+On Thursday Mr Straw was in India visiting Sikhism's holiest shrine, the Golden Temple in Amritsar where he tried his hand at making Indian bread or roti. He is due to take part in talks with the Indian government on Friday. A second bus service linking the Pakistani city of Lahore with Amritsar in India was also announced as well as a rail link between Rajasthan state and Pakistan's Sindh province. Both sides agreed to begin talks on reducing the risk of nuclear accidents and also said they planned to reopen their respective consulates in Karachi and Mumbai (Bombay). The mountainous region of Kashmir has been a flashpoint between the two nuclear powers for more than 50 years.
diff --git a/politics/politics_142.txt b/politics/politics_142.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3e4a3fc55940c2d509d7ec45392aeaf9a66684d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_142.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+EU referendum question unveiled
+
+The question to be asked in the referendum on the EU Constitution has been unveiled by the government.
+
+It will be: "Should the United Kingdom approve the treaty establishing a constitution for the European Union?" The constitution will be incorporated into UK law if there is a yes vote in the referendum, expected in 2006. Critics say the constitution is a further step towards a federal Europe, but advocates say it ensures effective operation of the enlarged 25-state EU. "If we reject this treaty, Britain will be isolated and weak in Europe," said Foreign Secretary Jack Straw, who along with the rest of the Cabinet, will back a "yes" vote.
+
+Patriots by definition wanted the UK to be prosperous at home and strong and influential abroad, Mr Straw said. "Our role as a leading member of the EU is a crucial part of securing that."
+
+Conservative shadow foreign secretary Michael Ancram said the referendum question "seems straightforward". But he accused the government of trying to confuse the issue by putting the EU referendum question in the same bill as the ratification of the constitution, when they should be treated as "two separate issues". Despite this "underhand trick," the referendum bill stood "no chance of becoming law before the election," he added. "This is Tony Blair's cheap gesture to the pro-constitution lobby while he runs scared of a debate on Europe he knows he cannot win." Neil O'Brien, director of anti-constitution group Vote No, said: "The reality is that the government doesn't want to discuss the EU constitution ahead of the election because they know it is extremely unpopular with voters and with business."
+
+The UK Independence Party said: "If the government believes that a No vote would mean that we should leave the European Union, they should just ask us if we want to leave the EU. Then we can be out of it and better off much sooner."
+
+Liberal Democrat leader Charles Kennedy, who backs the constitution, said he expected the referendum would come in the first half of next year. He told BBC Radio 4's Today programme: "The sooner we get on with this, the better." He said the question sounded "very neutral" and "balanced," adding it would enable the argument "to be enjoined fairly and squarely on both sides". Green MEP Caroline Lucas welcomed Tony Blair's "courage in keeping his word" on holding a referendum. But she added: "This treaty is a flawed document that will make the EU less accountable, less sustainable, and less just."
+
+Mr Blair signed the constitution at a ceremony in Rome in November, but had already made it clear the issue would be put to voters in a referendum. That promise came after sustained pressure from opposition parties. Jack Straw, who argues the constitution reflected a "British vision for Europe" and gives "national governments a stronger grip", has said the referendum could be held in spring 2006. But in an interview with the Financial Times, Mr Blair refused to be pinned down to that date, saying Britain would hold a poll "some time in 2006 but when, I don't know". The paper said the prime minister "claimed ignorance" of when other countries were planning to hold their referendums.
diff --git a/politics/politics_144.txt b/politics/politics_144.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ac95966573832f8f430bc0cacdd4b4c87b9448f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_144.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+MP attacked by muggers in Kenya
+
+An MP has had more than £600 and his passport stolen after being mugged by six men in a park in Kenya.
+
+Quentin Davies, the MP for Grantham and Stamford, was attacked in a notoriously dangerous park in the capital, Nairobi. He was not hurt in the mugging on Saturday evening. Several people are being questioned over the attack. He was in Kenya before travelling to Sudan with the Parliamentary committee. Local police were said to be "surprised" he was in the area. Mr Davies, 60, said the mugging occurred 100 yards from the Nairobi Serena Hotel and equally close to the Anglican Cathedral in the centre of the city at dusk.
+
+He said in a statement: "It was a frightening experience. "Six men managed to steal up on me and grab me from behind. "I knew I had to stay very calm and passive - you cannot fight six men". He had to spend an extra 24 hours in Nairobi before rejoining the rest of the House of Commons International Development Committee in Dafur after the mugging. "Naturally, I was afraid they would use a knife or gun, though they never produced any weapon," he said. "Two of them held me from behind and two others held my legs and another one expertly rifled all my pockets."
diff --git a/politics/politics_149.txt b/politics/politics_149.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a71fcbfd57162eab9c47fefac14bd6058e5c8691
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_149.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Blair returns from peace mission
+
+Prime Minister Tony Blair has arrived back from his diplomatic mission to the Middle East to try to resurrect the peace process.
+
+Mr Blair held talks with his Israeli counterpart, Ariel Sharon, and the Palestinian leader, Mahmoud Abbas. He confirmed that a renewed drive to reform the Palestinian Authority and address security issues would come at a London conference in March. Mr Blair also made a surprise trip to Iraq this week. The Israelis described the meeting as important but said they would not need to attend. Mr Blair briefly visited the tomb of Yasser Arafat in Ramallah - the first world leader to do so. He nodded briefly towards the tomb, rather than lay a wreath, in what Palestinian officials said was a compromise gesture agreed at the last minute.
+
+The BBC's Paul Reynolds says the London conference will be a limited measure to shore up the leadership of Mahmoud Abbas, also known as Abu Mazen, who is expected to win the Palestinian presidential election on 9 January. At a news conference following talks with Mr Blair, Mr Abbas said the British prime minister was "in a unique position to help us progress in our peaceful pursuit". He added: "Your endeavour to hold a conference in London is another example of your deep commitment to this purpose." In an interview with the BBC's political editor Andrew Marr, Mr Blair said getting progress between Israelis and Palestinians would be "tough, but at least we have got the first step". Mr Blair acknowledged some people believed he was too close to the Israelis, but said the Israelis were entitled to expect Palestinians to give up terrorism. He argued that Mr Sharon was committed to the internationally-agreed roadmap peace plan and said his bid to disengage from Gaza had to be part of the peace process, not the end of it. Earlier, Mr Sharon again said he had not seen "the slightest step" the Palestinians were working to end terror attacks - though he acknowledged Palestinian leaders were in the middle of an election campaign that could be hampering their efforts. Before visiting Israel, Mr Blair made a surprise visit to Iraq, where he met leaders in Baghdad during his first trip to the city. He was briefed on preparations for the national poll, which is scheduled for next month but is threatened by a deadly campaign of insurgent violence. He also flew to Basra in southern Iraq where British forces are stationed.
diff --git a/politics/politics_15.txt b/politics/politics_15.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..22750ae1a1400ebe38b3bc02fb7577e6f8e2eb29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_15.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Talks held on Gibraltar's future
+
+Two days of talks on the future of Gibraltar begin at Jack Straw's country residence later on Wednesday.
+
+Officials at the two-day summit at the foreign secretary's official Kent house, Chevening, will plan a new forum on the Rock's future. In October, Mr Straw and his Spanish counterpart Miguel Moratinos agreed to establish a body that would give Gibraltarians a voice in their future. Most Gibraltarians said in a referendum they wanted to remain British.
+
+Gibraltar's Chief Minister Peter Caruana will represent the British citizens living on the Rock, while Britain's Europe Director Dominick Chilcott will represent the UK. Madrid is being represented by Spain's director general for Europe, Jose Maria Pons. The initiative follows Spain's socialist government's decision to put its long-standing sovereignty ambitions on hold. Gibraltarians rejected plans for the Rock's sovereignty to be shared between Britain and Spain in a referendum organised by Gibraltar government.
diff --git a/politics/politics_151.txt b/politics/politics_151.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3debbd081188b827797de98636980c83e4417320
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_151.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Guantanamo four questioned
+
+The four Britons freed from US custody in Guantanamo Bay are expected to be allowed a visit by one relative.
+
+Moazzam Begg, Martin Mubanga, Feroz Abbasi and Richard Belmar were held for three years, accused of al-Qaeda links. Mr Begg's father, Azmat, said he had been told he could see his son for 20 minutes and would say he was "a hero". The men are being held at London's Paddington Green police station, where they are expected to be questioned by UK anti-terror officers. But Louise Christian, the lawyer representing Mr Abbasi and Mr Mubanga, said the families would be reunited with the men away from the station. Before being driven by police from Birmingham to London, Azmat Begg said he was concerned for his son Moazzam's mental state and was looking forward to giving him a hug. As Azmat Begg arrived at the London police station, there appeared to be some confusion as to the visiting arrangements. Police have said they have a duty to investigate the men, who were arrested on their return to the UK. But Metropolitan Police Commissioner Sir John Stevens said evidence obtained by MI5 while the four were in Cuba was "absolutely" inadmissible in UK courts. In an interview with the Independent, Sir John said his officers would have to find other evidence before the suspects could be tried in the UK.
+
+He told the newspaper: "If an admission is made, it is a totally different ball game... it could be used as evidence. "The options are: if there is enough evidence they will be charged. If not they will be released as soon as possible." The men have been allowed to meet their lawyers. Louise Christian said that after being "tortured and abused" at Guantanamo Bay, the men's arrest was unfair and inappropriate. She told BBC News she remained very concerned about their psychological state. Gareth Peirce, lawyer for Mr Begg, said she was shocked at the condition of the men and appalled that the authorities felt the need to detain them. Washington has claimed all four were "enemy combatants" who trained at camps run by al-Qaeda. The Pentagon says they were freed after the UK government promised they would not be a threat to the national security of the US or any of its allies.
+
+The detainees were immediately arrested under Section 41 of the Terrorism Act 2000 when they landed at RAF Northolt, west London, on Tuesday. Massoud Shadjareh, from the Muslim Safety Forum, said: "What sort of homecoming is this? They are innocent people." The Muslim Council of Britain urged that the men should receive counselling and medical help. "We want these men to be returned into the arms of their waiting family," said Iqbal Sacranie, secretary general of the council.
diff --git a/politics/politics_153.txt b/politics/politics_153.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..658fdb810031648fd97c43cccc96969a76d52455
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_153.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+Clarke to unveil immigration plan
+
+New controls on economic migrants and tighter border patrols will be part of government plans unveiled on Monday.
+
+Home Secretary Charles Clarke wants to introduce a points system for economic migrants and increase deportations of failed asylum seekers. Tony Blair has said people are right to be concerned about abuses of the system but there is no "magic bullet". The Tories say Labour is acting too late while the Lib Dems say the plans may not produce an efficient system.
+
+The government's new five-year plan is designed to show how Labour would reform immigration and asylum controls if it wins the election, expected to be held in May. Ministers deny they have been spurred into action by Tory campaigning or because the prime minister is worried too little has been done.
+
+Instead, they say the plans are part of an "evolving" process aimed at winning public confidence. Mr Clarke is expected to announce an end to the automatic right to settle for immigrants' families, and the introduction of fingerprinting for all visa applicants. The prime minister on Sunday said immigration would be "toughened up" to ensure only those immigrants with skills the UK really needs will be granted work permits. But he rejected the Tories' call for a quota on economic migrants, saying no "arbitrary figure" could reflect the UK's needs.
+
+Mr Blair told BBC Radio 4's Westminster Hour: "We should cut the number or increase it depending on the country's needs... "The public are worried about this, they are worried rightly, because there are abuses of the immigration and asylum system." But he defended the UK's current regime, saying all systems around the world were subject to abuse. Tory proposals to cap the number of asylum seekers and process all claims abroad would not work, argued Mr Blair.
+
+He said: "We will not be... pretending there is some simple easy way of processing Britain's asylum seekers in some other country, because no such other country exists." Conservative shadow home secretary David Davis said the government had failed to remove 250,000 failed asylum seekers from the UK and limits on economic migrants had been a "shambles". "What we are seeing today is a rather panicky response from the government after eight years of failure," he said. Liberal Democrat home affairs spokesman Mark Oaten said Labour was right to reject the Tories' idea of quotas on asylum. But he said it was yet to be seen if Mr Clarke could deliver "a fair and efficient asylum system".
diff --git a/politics/politics_154.txt b/politics/politics_154.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..811f48e2c214e3f80448bc6597da90d6b5ff7df9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_154.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+Mayor will not retract Nazi jibe
+
+London mayor Ken Livingstone has again refused to retract a Nazi insult made to a Jewish reporter.
+
+Labour's Mr Livingstone, who says he is "standing by" his remarks, had accused an Evening Standard journalist of being like a "concentration camp guard". At his weekly press conference on Tuesday he said his comments were not racist and refused to apologise. He said to media representatives: "If you think they are racist, I think you are wrong." The mayor said his comments would not affect the 2012 Olympic bid and added that his determination to stand up for what he believed in may impress bid chiefs, who arrived in London on Tuesday. "I think it is important that the IOC (International Olympic Committee) members realise that when we get the games...they have a mayor who is not going to panic, change course or get in a great flap but will deliver the games on time and to budget," he said.
+
+On Tuesday, the mayor said he would be making a full written response to the chairman of the assembly. Two motions were passed by the London Assembly, which is made up of 25 members elected to examine the mayor's activities, on Monday asking him to apologise and withdraw his comments. The mayor said he had recounted to the assembly a number of "examples of intrusion by journalists" into his, and his family's private life. "I don't suggest for one minute that has anything to do with the Holocaust which was uniquely the most evil chapter in history. "But when reporters say to me I'm only doing this because it's my job... that's the same abdication of moral responsibility at the thin end of the wedge that in its most extreme and horrific version ends up with others being prepared to stand as a concentration camp guard.
+
+"We are responsible for our own choices in this life, I always have been and so have reporters." An official complaint has been made to local government watchdogs by the Board of Deputies of British Jews, demanding an investigation by the Standards Board of England. It has the power to suspended or bar him from office but Mr Livingstone said: "There must have been 20 instances like this over the last 24 years.
+
+"I have never in response to any of that modified a policy I believed to be right or modified a position I believed to be right and I don't intend to now. "Because if I do that effectively you hand power over your policies and position to the editors of papers." On tape Mr Livingstone, who once worked as a freelance restaurant critic on the paper, is heard asking reporter Oliver Finegold if he is a "German war criminal". Mr Finegold replies: "No, I'm Jewish, I wasn't a German war criminal. I'm quite offended by that." The mayor then says: "Ah right, well you might be, but actually you are just like a concentration camp guard, you are just doing it because you are paid to, aren't you?"
diff --git a/politics/politics_155.txt b/politics/politics_155.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..65ab23dfbcf0b3e181c7e65a549aea93838d44ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_155.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+Pakistani women 'must not hide'
+
+Hiding women away in the home hidden behind veils is a backward view of Islam, President Musharraf of Pakistan has said during a visit to Britain.
+
+He was speaking to the BBC's Newsnight programme a few hours before visiting the Pakistani community in Manchester. "My wife is travelling around. She is very religious but she is very moderate," said General Musharraf. It comes after Pakistan's High Commissioner to Britain said some Pakistanis should integrate more. Dr Maleeha Lodhi said people could not expect others to listen to their grievances if they isolated themselves.
+
+Gen Musharraf told the BBC: "Some people think that the women should be confined to their houses and put veils on and all that and they should not move out - absolutely wrong." The Pakistani president was also asked whether he thought the war on terror had made the world less safe. "Yes, absolutely. And I would add that unfortunately we are not addressing the core problems, so therefore we can never address it in its totality," he said. "We are fighting it in its immediate context but we are not fighting it in its strategic long-term context.
+
+"It is the political disputes and we need to resolve them, and also the issue of illiteracy and poverty. This combined are breeding grounds of extremism and terrorism." On Monday the Pakistani president met Prime Minister Tony Blair at 10 Downing Street, on his first official visit to London. He is due to visit the Pakistani community in Manchester on Tuesday afternoon.
+
+The Mirror newspaper said on Tuesday it had been handed a sensitive dossier outling the details of Gen Musharraf's visit to Britain. The paper said the document had been found in a London street by a member of the public. It said the dossier contained details about his movements and also confidential police radio channels, call signs and codes. Speaking in London on Monday, Gen Musharraf said al-Qaeda was "on the run" in Pakistan.
+
+But standing next to Mr Blair he added that it was crucial to tackle the "core of what creates terrorists, what creates an extremist, militant environment which then leads on to terrorism". "That is the resolution of political disputes."
+
+Mr Blair said the two leaders had talked about Afghanistan, the wider war on terror, the situation in the Middle East and the ongoing dispute over Kashmir. "We agreed that in Afghanistan there is some cause for optimism about the progress that has been made there," said Mr Blair. "In respect of Iraq, we agreed that whatever the issues of the past, the important thing now is to see the strategy through and ensure that Iraq is capable of becoming a stable and democratic state."
diff --git a/politics/politics_160.txt b/politics/politics_160.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dba2ce88f4bdb01de4062eb7b0f8f0fa2d793d39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_160.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+Lawyer attacks anti-terror laws
+
+A senior barrister who has resigned in protest over the government's anti-terror laws says the current system is giving Britain a bad name.
+
+Ian MacDonald QC quit when the government failed to recognise a House of Lords ruling that detaining terror suspects indefinitely is unlawful. He was part of a 19-strong panel who have special security clearance to act for suspected terrorists. Five more barristers are now reported to be threatening to resign.
+
+Mr MacDonald told BBC News: "The reason why I am resigning is because I fundamentally disagree with locking people up without any trial for an indefinite period on reasonable suspicion. "The current legal system is certainly having a very adverse effect on the Muslim community in Britain and the whole Asian community. "I think it is giving Britain a bad name internationally".
+
+Under the Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act introduced by the government in 2001 in response to the 11 September attacks, foreign nationals suspected of involvement in terrorism who cannot be deported can be held indefinitely without trial. But Mr MacDonald believes that detainees currently being held should be entitled to a trial by jury. "My own view is we need to have a full return to trial by jury, a proper criminal trial with proper accusations. "As far as I'm concerned, the government have to start all over again and rethink their whole strategy for dealing with this." he added.
+
+The Attorney General Lord Goldsmith will receive a letter of resignation from Mr MacDonald on Monday. According to the Independent, his resignation is expected to be followed by those of five other barristers - Nicholas Blake QC, Andrew Nicol QC, Manjit Singh Gill QC, Rick Scannell and Tom de la Mare. They are all believed to be carefully considering their positions on the panel of Special Advocates who represent detainees before the Special Immigration Appeals Commission (SIAC) - a secure court without a jury, which tries terror suspects. Mr MacDonald said he had "no idea" whether further resignations would follow. But Barry Hugill, a spokesman for the campaign group Liberty, told Radio 4's Today programme that more lawyers may go. "I can assure that there is a distinct possibilty that more lawyers may be resigning," he said. "They are now in a situation where everything they have been trained to believe in, the right to trial by jury, has been abandoned and that is what gives some of them sleepless nights."
+
+Helena Kennedy, a Labour peer and a human rights lawyer, said the Special Advocates' main concern was that once they had seen any special intelligence they were not allowed to speak to the detainees. "When this whole procedure was being considered immediately after 11 September there was a great deal of argument particularly in the House of Lords about whether there really was a process that could be considered a judicial review," she said. "Without that you are having detention with no habeus corpus and really a blot, as Ian McDonald has said, on our legal landscape, something really quite shocking with regard to the rule of the law."
diff --git a/politics/politics_168.txt b/politics/politics_168.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7ec5d4ec4b0f65c32d8a8745f4883e8b33702f0b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_168.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+MPs' murder sentence concern
+
+Murder sentences should not be reduced automatically simply because of a guilty plea, says a new MPs' report.
+
+The influential Commons home affairs committee was responding to sentencing guidelines issued this summer. The MPs also call for tougher sentences for crimes committed under the influence of drink or drugs. They say the influence of drugs and alcohol should be introduced as an aggravating factor when judges and magistrates sentence offenders. Committee chairman John Denham said drugs of alcohol were sometimes used as an excuse.
+
+"The committee believes that these arguments should be rejected by sentencers and that being under their influence should instead be an aggravating factor." At present judges, when sentencing murderers to the mandatory life sentence, can reduce the tariff - the minimum term they must serve - if the defendant pleads guilty. But although they are spared the ordeal of a trial many murder victims' relatives are unhappy. In July this year Amanda Champion's killer, James Ford, pleaded guilty to her murder and was jailed for at least 15 years - it would have been longer had he denied the charge.
+
+Amanda's uncle, Lewis Champion, told the BBC News website Ford did not deserve any credit for his plea, saying: "Nothing at all is worth taking five years off a murder sentence." MPs criticised Home Secretary David Blunkett last year for introducing last-minute rules allowing reduced sentences for murderers who pleaded guilty.
+
+The measures passed into law virtually unnoticed after Mr Blunkett introduced them at a late stage of the Criminal Justice Bill.
+
+As a result, says the committee, the government may need to re-legislate to "remove ambiguity" over how murderers should be sentenced. It is also calling on the senior judge in England and Wales, Lord Woolf, to abandon draft guidelines he proposed in September to reduce sentences of murderers who plead guilty. The committee said the plans had not reflected the "public disquiet" expressed over the possibility of significantly reduced prison terms for murderers. Lord Woolf's Sentencing Guidelines Council (SGC) caused further controversy by suggesting a one third discount off sentences for early guilty pleas in all types of crime. As a result murderers who face a 15-year tariff could get five years knocked off if they give themselves up to the police.
+
+Mr Denham believes the SGC should reconsider its proposals to reflect Parliament's wish that murder should be treated as a separate and especially grave category of offence. He said: "We want to see sentencers advised that in the case of murder, reduction in sentence for a guilty plea should not normally be granted in addition to reductions for other mitigating circumstances." But a spokesman for the Home Office defended the proposals. He said: "By making express provision for murder tariffs in the Criminal Justice Act, Parliament sent a clear signal that it expects murder to be treated differently to other offences. "We stand by the provisions in the Act that cover guilty plea discounts, which have potential benefits for victims and witnesses of avoiding the trauma of a trial."
+
+Shadow home secretary David Davis echoed criticisms of the way Mr Blunkett introduced the murder tariff rules. "There is genuine concern about potential reductions in murder sentences - such action sends out the wrong signals to violent criminals and completely undermines the government's claim to be tough on crime," he said. But Liberal Democrat spokesman Mark Oaten warned the MPs' committee that binding judges too much might look like political interference. "The danger of having a prescriptive approach is that whilst every murder is awful, it is also different," he told BBC News.
diff --git a/politics/politics_17.txt b/politics/politics_17.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c98dd1472ae7d4dde49a991c9c26b179df72835a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_17.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Tsunami debt deal to be announced
+
+Chancellor Gordon Brown has said he hopes to announce a deal to suspend debt interest repayments by tsunami-hit nations later on Friday.
+
+The agreement by the G8 group of wealthy nations would save affected countries £3bn pounds a year, he said. The deal is thought to have been hammered out on Thursday night after Japan, one of the biggest creditor nations, finally signed up to it. Mr Brown first proposed the idea earlier this week.
+
+G8 ministers are also believed to have agreed to instruct the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund to complete a country by country analysis of the reconstruction problems faced by all states hit by the disaster. Mr Brown has been locked in talks with finance ministers of the G8, which Britain now chairs. Germany also proposed a freeze and Canada has begun its own moratorium. The expected deal comes as Foreign Secretary Jack Straw said the number of Britons dead or missing in the disaster have reached 440.
diff --git a/politics/politics_172.txt b/politics/politics_172.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c65be3f53135f3f4505b97d04c4a29a12809d0d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_172.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Faith schools citizenship warning
+
+Schools must improve the quality of citizenship lessons - or social cohesion and democracy will suffer, says the education watchdog.
+
+Independent faith schools were singled out by Ofsted chief, David Bell, for not doing enough to promote the "wider tenets of British society". Mr Bell said Muslim, Jewish and Evangelical Christian schools must be "intolerant of intolerance". Diversity "certainly must not mean segregated or separate", he said. Mr Bell's speech called for a much greater effort in all types of schools to teach citizenship - with an accompanying survey showing that young people knew little about politics and had no enthusiasm to find out more.
+
+Badly-taught citizenship lessons have previously been criticised by Mr Bell, and in a speech to the Hansard Society, he warned that it was failing to pass on an understanding of democracy, public service and shared values. He highlighted his particular concern for citizenship in the growing number of independent faith schools - which he said included about 100 Muslim, 100 Evangelical Christian and 50 Jewish schools.
+
+Mr Bell expressed concern about schools which did not teach children enough about a "common heritage" and needed to do more to promote principles of mutual tolerance and social inclusion. "I worry that many young people are being educated in faith-based schools, with little appreciation of their wider responsibilities and obligations to British society," said Mr Bell. The Ofsted chief said his forthcoming annual report would make particular reference to Muslim schools. "Many must adapt their curriculum to ensure that it provides pupils with a broad general knowledge of public institutions and services in England and helps them to acquire an appreciation of and respect for other cultures in a way that promotes tolerance and harmony." Mr Bell said such questions of religion and cultural identity were "tricky issues". But he argued that "we must not allow our recognition of diversity to become apathy in the face of any challenge to our coherence as a nation". "I would go further and say that an awareness of our common heritage as British citizens, equal under the law, should enable us to assert with confidence that we are intolerant of intolerance, illiberalism and attitudes and values that demean the place of certain sections of our community, be they women or people living in non-traditional relationships," said Mr Bell.
diff --git a/politics/politics_173.txt b/politics/politics_173.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ab2ecabffabf1978538dc75cb5d43ee3f48dd9d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_173.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Ministers lose slopping out case
+
+The Scottish Executive has lost an appeal against an inmate's compensation for being forced to slop out in prison.
+
+Armed robber Robert Napier, 25, won £2,450 after he claimed he suffered an outbreak of the skin complaint, eczema, when slopping out at Barlinnie Prison. Napier said that the practice, where prisoners use buckets in their cells as toilets, breached his human rights. On Thursday, the Court of Session threw out a move by the executive to apply a more rigorous standard of proof.
+
+The executive faces more than 1,000 similar claims for damages from prisoners and former inmates. More than 310 actions have already been raised in the Court of Session and sheriff courts in Scotland. An executive spokesman said: "We will study this judgement in detail. Much has changed to address the issues raised in the Napier case, for example, slopping out has ended at Barlinnie and work in other prisons is being accelerated. "Today's judgement does not affect the outcome of other cases." Napier, a remand prisoner at the time, raised a legal challenge in 2001 under the European Convention on Human Rights, in which he sought £5,000. He was awarded compensation last April after winning his case.
+
+Executive ministers raised an appeal arguing that the standard of proof to be applied in cases alleging a breach of the European Convention on Human Rights through degrading and inhumane treatment should "be beyond reasonable doubt". This is the standard normally applied in criminal trials in Scotland. However, civil litigation is settled on the test of "a balance of probabilities". Judge Lord Cullen, sitting with Lord Osborne and Lord Hamilton, ruled that alleged human rights breaches involving degrading treatment should be dealt with on the normal civil standard. Napier's lawyer Tony Kelly believes the action will soon be followed by others. Mr Kelly said: "There are hundreds of people still undergoing slopping out, overcrowding and poor regime and those people will certainly be heartened by today's judgement." Scottish National Party Justice Minister Kenny MacAskill said that the slopping out case had been "a fiasco from start to finish". He said: "Ministers were fully aware of the state of Scotland's jails. Funds were available but they chose to ignore the problem and after this ruling I suspect we will be faced with even more claims and no doubt more payouts. "A short term executive saving has resulted in a long term public cost."
diff --git a/politics/politics_175.txt b/politics/politics_175.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..06ef3f2fece051bada4c10a10c9be360af252040
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_175.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+Chancellor rallies Labour voters
+
+Gordon Brown has issued a rallying cry, telling supporters the "stakes are too high" to stay at home or protest vote in the forthcoming general election.
+
+The chancellor said the vote - expected to fall on 5 May - will give a "clear and fundamental" choice between Labour investment and Conservative cuts. Speaking at Labour's spring conference in Gateshead, Mr Brown claimed the NHS was not safe in Conservative hands. He said Tory plans to cut £35bn tax would "cut deep into public service".
+
+To a packed audience at Gateshead's Sage Centre, the chancellor said the cuts proposed by shadow chancellor Oliver Letwin were the equivalent of sacking every teacher, GP and nurse in the country, he told activists. Laying into the Conservative's record in government he said: "I give you this promise - with Labour, Britain will never return to the mistakes of ERM and 10% inflation, 15% interest rates, £3bn in lost reserves, 250,000 repossessed, one million in negative equity and three million unemployed. "Never again Tory boom and bust.
+
+"This will be the central dividing line at the election, between a Conservative Party taking Britain back and planning deep cuts of £35bn in our services, and a Labour government taking Britain forward, which on a platform of stability will reform and renew our hospitals, schools and public services and, I am proud to say, spend by 2008 £60bn more." Turning to the economy, the chancellor pledged to continue economic stability and growth in a third term in power.
+
+He said after seven years Labour had transformed from a party not trusted with the economy to "the only party trusted with the economy". It was now a "party not just of employees, but of employers and managers", he said. In the speech - which prompted a standing ovation from an audience clearly "warm" to Mr Brown - he also promised to end teenage unemployment within the next five years. He also highlighted plans for 100% debt relief for the world's poorest countries, a national minimum wage for 16 and 17-year-olds and the creation of a network of children's centres and flexibility in maternity leave. The prime minister is to take part later on Saturday in an interactive question and answer session, fielding queries sent in by e-mail, text message and telephone as part of Labour's attempt to engage the public in their campaign.
diff --git a/politics/politics_180.txt b/politics/politics_180.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bb5bd3c22d9e9ef35d1dd14e9097973ac0ebb4b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_180.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+Falconer rebuts 'charade' claims
+
+Concessions on a bill which critics claim would allow euthanasia "through the back door" were not a political ploy, the lord chancellor has said.
+
+Ministers have been accused of panic in offering last minute changes to the Mental Capacity Bill amid chaotic scenes in the Commons on Tuesday. Lord Falconer said it was fair to criticise the late timing of the offer. He said the changes provided a solution to a very difficult issue but some MPs argue the situation is still unclear.
+
+The bill allows people to give somebody the power of attorney to make decisions on their behalf if they become too ill to decide for themselves. Ministers insist the plans would not change laws on euthanasia and would improve safeguards. Critics fear it could allow "killing by omission" through withdrawing treatment, including food and fluids.
+
+Tony Blair said he would do everything he could to meet concerns about the bill. But changes to the bill must not overturn the law set when a court ruled that doctors could withdraw artificial feeding and hydration from Hillsborough coma victim Tony Bland. "It is important we don't end up in the situation where doctors and consultants are confused about the law and may lay themselves open to prosecution in circumstances where no sensible person would want that to happen," he said.
+
+On Tuesday, the government saw off a backbench attempt to force changes to the bill by 297 votes to 203, despite rebellion by 34 Labour MPs. The revolt was also reduced by news that Lord Falconer had promised the Catholic archbishop of Cardiff to strengthen safeguards in the bill. But that only came after MPs bombarded Constitutional Affairs Minister David Lammy with a barrage of requests for him to read the letter as they complained they had been left in the dark. Eventually, he was hurriedly handed the letter to read out five minutes before the crunch votes, prompting claims of a shambles. The deputy speaker later said the debate had not been handled as it should have been.
+
+Lord Falconer says there will be amendments when the bill goes to the House of Lords. He told BBC News: "We have given a commitment to put into the bill a clause that says that nothing in the bill authorises any act where the motive of the person authorising the decision is to end life. "The motive has got to be to end suffering." He denied the concessions were a "political manoeuvre" forced by panic about the rebellion. It was inevitable that minds became more focused as the bill went through Parliament but the result was a "sensible solution", he said. "I don't think it is something to be embarrassed about. These issues are not easy to deal with," he went on. BBC political editor Andrew Marr said Mr Lammy was "waste deep in quicksand and sinking fast" after his performance. But Lord Falconer praised his minister for an "excellent job". Former Conservative leader Iain Duncan Smith, one of the chief critics of the plans, condemned the debate as a "charade" and complained the promises of changes to the bill were vague.
diff --git a/politics/politics_182.txt b/politics/politics_182.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..68f11a2bfcc29cb22bf980849d94fc65e5987ab0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_182.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+Anti-terror plan faces first test
+
+Plans to allow Home Secretary Charles Clarke to place terror suspects under house arrest without trial are set for their first real test in Parliament.
+
+Tories, Lib Dems and some Labour MPs are poised to vote against the plans. Mr Clarke says the powers are needed to counter terror threats. Opponents say only judges, not politicians, should be able to order detention of UK citizens. The government is expected to win Wednesday's vote in the Commons, but faces a battle in the House of Lords.
+
+The Prevention of Terrorism Bill was published on Tuesday. It proposes "control orders", which would mean house arrest in the most serious cases, and curfews, electronic tagging and limits on telephone and internet access for other suspects.
+
+The two opposition parties are particularly worried that the control orders would initially be imposed on the say-so of the home secretary, rather than a judge. Tory shadow home secretary David Davis warned of the potential for miscarriages of justice, like the Guildford Four - for which Tony Blair recently apologised - as a result of the pressure on politicians to lock up terror suspects. "Those pressures would be much more for a politician than they would on a judge and that's why we have serious concerns abut that approach," he told BBC Radio 4's Today programme.
+
+Mr Clarke says he does not intend to use the house arrest powers now - even for the 11 current terror detainees. He also said that any decision he made would be reviewed by a judge within seven days. The foreign terror suspects currently detained are mostly held at London's Belmarsh prison. They are held under laws which the Law Lords have ruled break human rights rules - and which are due to expire on 14 March.
+
+The new powers, designed to replace the existing laws and meet the Law Lords' concerns, would apply to British as well as foreign terror suspects. Critics say that giving politicians the power to deprive UK citizens of their freedom is the biggest attack on civil liberties for 300 years. Opposition MPs are also angry they will have only two days - Wednesday and next Monday - to debate the new plans before they pass to the House of Lords. But the government says the existing powers run out soon so must be replaced urgently.
+
+In a rare move, the Tories and Lib Dems have jointly tabled a motion opposing the new bill, saying the house arrest plans are "excessive". It argues decisions should be taken on a higher standard of proof and the plan "wrongly infringes the right to liberty" by failing to bring terrorists to trial where there is evidence. Mr Davis told Today: "It gives a minister, for the first time in modern history, the right to detain without trial, without showing the evidence and indeed, in some respects, almost the allegation against the individual concerned."
+
+He questioned why there was "such a rush" to introduce the legislation when Mr Clarke had indicated he was not planning to use the house arrest powers straight away. Liberal Democrat home affairs spokesman Mark Oaten said: "We believe it should be the judge that takes decisions, not politicians." Mr Clarke said the security services and police backed his measures and it would be "rash and negligent" to ignore their advice. Nobody should doubt that terrorists at home and abroad wanted to attack the UK and its interests, he argued.
diff --git a/politics/politics_188.txt b/politics/politics_188.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..16b1cd71ff465f2f0b308655bdf7437106f0a6f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_188.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Security papers 'found in street'
+
+An inquiry is under way after files containing security details about the Pakistani president's visit to London were found by a member of the public.
+
+The files are believed to contain detailed security arrangements for Gen Pervez Musharraf's visit this week, including police codes. Scotland Yard said the policing operation had been reviewed. A spokesman said President Musharraf's safety had not been compromised, as the papers had been handed in promptly. "We cannot discuss who was responsible for the documents, only that they contained the policing arrangements for the official visit," said the spokesman.
+
+The papers are believed to have been found by a member of the public in a street in Mayfair and given to the Mirror newspaper. The police spokesman said the newspaper handed the report over on Monday. The force's Directorate of Professional Standards is investigating the circumstances surrounding the loss of the documents, he said. Gen Musharraf held talks with Tony Blair on Monday. He arrived in Britain on Sunday night after flying from the United States, where he met President George W Bush. He is due to visit the Pakistani community in Manchester on Tuesday afternoon.
diff --git a/politics/politics_189.txt b/politics/politics_189.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3f9db4f8c2d75eb9b6eca18b79f9c84edd9b0ee8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_189.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+Blair congratulates Bush on win
+
+Tony Blair has said he looks forward to continuing his strong relationship with George Bush and working with him during his second term as president.
+
+Mr Bush's re-election came at a crucial time for a world that was "fractured, divided and uncertain", Mr Blair said. It had to be brought together, he added, saying action was needed on poverty, the Middle East and the conditions on which terrorists prey. Mr Blair said states had to work with the US to fight global terrorism.
+
+But there was a need to recognise it would not be defeated by "military might alone but also by demonstrating the strength of our common values" he added. Solving the conflict in the Middle East was the world's single most "pressing political challenge" of the present day, Mr Blair warned. The prime minister also urged Europe and the US to "build anew their alliance".
+
+"All of us in positions of leadership, not just President Bush, have a responsibility to rise to this challenge. It is urgent that we do so." Mr Blair also paid tribute to Democrat John Kerry's campaign, saying he had helped make the presidential election "a true celebration of American democracy". The election of the US president was significant for the world but particularly so for Britain because of its special relationship, he added. Earlier Tory leader Michael Howard sent Mr Bush his "warmest congratulations", saying: "We look to the president to be a unifying force for those all over the world who share our determination to defend freedom." Liberal Democrat leader Charles Kennedy welcomed the fact there had been a quick conclusion to the election, unlike in 2000.
+
+Mr Bush's first task was to "rebuild a sense of domestic purpose" within the US, he said. Mr Kennedy said: "Internationally, it is to be hoped that a second term will see a more sensitive approach to relations with long-standing allies, not least for the global efforts to combat terrorism." Lib Dem foreign affairs spokesman Menzies Campbell said a win by Mr Kerry would have given Mr Blair the chance of a fresh start, adding it was almost as if there was an "umbilical cord" between Mr Bush and the UK premier.
+
+"Europeans must hope that his administration will be much more multilateral in character, and that he will act swiftly to rebuild the Atlantic partnership which is so vital to security. "Iraq will remain an issue of potential division for some time to come." Even before the result became clear, Mr Blair was being urged to push for action on climate change at his first meeting with whichever candidate won.
+
+Liberal Democrat environment spokesman Norman Baker underlined the issue of global warming during a Commons debate on Anglo-American relations on Wednesday. Environment Secretary Margaret Beckett has said the US will act on global warming despite George Bush's refusal to sign up to the Kyoto protocol on carbon emissions. Public opinion would force change, she told BBC news. But Myron Ebell, an adviser on climate change to President Bush, has said there would be no change in the US stance and rejected the threat of climate change. He claimed the US was the only country with independent scientists.
diff --git a/politics/politics_19.txt b/politics/politics_19.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..41f72ee75cb6b080c4650093b5b0daea53c7a75f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_19.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+Drink remark 'acts as diversion'
+
+The first minister's statement that it was okay to get drunk "once in a while" has diverted attention from the real issues, it has been claimed.
+
+Jack Law, chief executive of Alcohol Focus Scotland, said Jack McConnell's comment was "ill-advised". The media attention had helped to move the focus from Scotland's binge drinking problems, Mr Law said. Scotsman journalist Hamish MacDonell said he believed the bigger picture had been "obscured" by the remark. Mr McConnell was speaking on Monday to more than 100 secondary pupils from schools in the Highlands about the problems of binge drinking and drink promotions.
+
+The one-sentence comment was immediately criticised by the Scottish National Party which accused him of encouraging young people to get drunk. But the Scottish Executive has insisted Mr McConnell was speaking about adults and his comments were "a recognition that people will get drunk". Mr MacDonell, political editor of The Scotsman, said: "I think we have to say right at the outset that this was a very stupid and ill-advised remark by the first minister. "If you come out with something like this, saying that by all means get drunk, then you will be pilloried for it." However, he added that "perhaps Mr McConnell could feel rightly aggrieved about the coverage".
+
+Mr MacDonell said: "I think the problem here is that he did say a lot more things about binge drinking and under age drinking. "But that whole side of things has been lost in the furore over one sentence. I understand why, but I think there is a much bigger message here that has been obscured." Mr Law, from voluntary body Alcohol Focus Scotland, believed damage had been done to Scotland's fight against binge drinking. He said he accepted that young people drank and they did have problems with drink. Mr Law added: "I think the remark was ill-advised - but these remarks are blown out of all proportion and they so easily misrepresent what we are trying to do in Scotland.
+
+"We don't want to preach to young people, but we need to acknowledge that they do drink problematically. "This diverts us from the real issues which are about promoting responsibility and reducing harm and indeed tackling our drinking culture which is a culture about binge drinking and drunkenness." He said it was vital that young people were properly informed about the risks incurred to themselves and others when they got drunk. Mr MacDonell said that the first minister should know by now that if he said things which were "off the mark", they were bound to "come back and bite him". He added: "Here, Mr McConnell was talking in the Highlands to 100 teenagers and every word he said was put out on a webcast by the Scottish Executive and then looked at by other politicians and reporters. "I think in this instance he has done a lot of really good things and he will be regretting this remark."
+
+The Scottish National Party's Holyrood leader Nicola Sturgeon wrote to Mr McConnell on Tuesday accusing him of an error of judgement and calling for him to apologise for his "ill-judged comment" and withdraw it immediately. In a furious response, the first minister said his comments had been distorted and taken out of context. He told Ms Sturgeon: "It is disappointing that you have contributed to this distortion by saying it is staggering that I 'should encourage young people to get drunk'. "That is completely untrue. Perhaps it would have been wiser for you to find out what was actually said before you rushed to represent my position, undermine the convener of education at Highland Council and insult the intelligence of the young people I spoke with - all for the sake of a simple soundbite."
diff --git a/politics/politics_192.txt b/politics/politics_192.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d9c0469c473149f9a9753fe581c85a56c40fda90
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_192.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+Guantanamo four free in weeks
+
+All four Britons held by the US in Guantanamo Bay will be returned to the UK within weeks, Foreign Secretary Jack Straw told the Commons on Tuesday.
+
+Moazzam Begg, from Birmingham, and Martin Mubanga, Richard Belmar and Feroz Abbasi, from London, have been held by the US for almost three years. They were detained in the Cuban camp as part of the US-led "war on terror". Mr Straw said the US had agreed to release the four after "intensive and complex discussions" over security. He said the government had been negotiating the return of the detainees since 2003. All four families have been informed of their return and have been involved in regular discussions with the government, Mr Straw said.
+
+But he added: "Once they are back in the UK, the police will consider whether to arrest them under the Terrorism Act 2000 for questioning in connection with possible terrorist activity." The shadow foreign secretary, Michael Ancram, welcomed the return of the four detainees. But he said there were still "serious questions" both over the possible threat the four pose to the UK, and the treatment they received while detained. Liberal Democrat foreign affairs spokesman Sir Menzies Campbell said the four had been rescued from a "legal no-man's land". "Their civil rights were systematically and deliberately abused and they were denied due process."
+
+Azmat Begg, father of Moazzam, thanked his lawyers and the British people for the support he had received while campaigning for his son's release. He added: "If they have done something wrong, of course they should be punished, but if they haven't, they shouldn't have been there." Lawyer Louise Christian, who represents Mr Abbasi and Mr Mubanga, said the government should have acted sooner. She said: "They should at the outset have said quite clearly to the American government that they were behaving in breach of international law and that the British government wanted no part of it and wanted Guantanamo Bay shut down. "They didn't do that. They colluded with it." Moazzam Begg's Labour MP Roger Godsiff welcomed his release, but said questions remained unanswered, particularly about charges. Asked about possible damages Mr Begg and the other detainees could bring against the US, Mr Godsiff said: "People get released from prison when it's found that their prosecution was unsustainable and they are quite rightly awarded sizeable sums of money. "I don't see any difference in this case." Human rights campaigners have been outraged at the treatment of the detainees in Cuba. Amnesty International has called Camp Delta a "major human-rights scandal" and an "icon of lawlessness". Both Amnesty and the lobby group Guantanamo Human Rights Commission described the release as "long overdue". Civil rights group Liberty said it was "delighted" but called on the government to release men indefinitely detained in the UK without charge or trial.
+
+Director Shami Chakrabarti called on the government to "practise what it preaches" and either free or charge 12 detainees at Belmarsh and Woodhill prisons. Law Lords ruled last month that the 12 were being held in contravention of human rights laws but they are still behind bars. The US has also announced that 48-year-old Australian Mamdouh Habib, previously accused of terrorist offences, will be released without charge from Camp Delta. Five British detainees released from Guantanamo in March last year were questioned by UK police before being released without charge.
diff --git a/politics/politics_193.txt b/politics/politics_193.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2de37405eece8dedc7426d69f32917ddc88456e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_193.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+Tories attack EU asylum moves
+
+David Blunkett has been accused of using the "politics of confusion" to disguise new EU immigration measures.
+
+Tory spokesman David Davis told MPs the UK was losing its power of veto over who was allowed to come to Britain. The EU has opted to adopt qualified majority voting in this area - previously measures needed unanimous agreement from all member states. Mr Blunkett told MPs the UK would still be able to reject proposals on immigration it did not agree with.
+
+He argued closer co-operation with Europe over asylum and immigration was crucial to controlling the flow of people into the UK. "If we don't like what other EU countries do on immigration and nationality we have the right to opt-in or out to suit the British people," he said. The home secretary was responding to an emergency question from his Tory opposite number Mr Davis. "The government is employing the politics of confusion - I think, deliberately," argued Mr Davis. "By confusing the country it hopes no one will notice the disappearance of the asylum and immigration veto." On Monday Tony Blair insisted closer co-operation did not mean losing control of British borders. He said an enlarged 25-member EU needs a streamlined decision making process. Mr Davis said once Britain had opted into policies then it could not opt out - leaving the UK open to unfavourable interpretations of what those policies actually meant.
+
+He accused the government of being "pathetic" when it came to its efforts over immigration and asylum and of "surrendering" on the issue. And he asked why the government was agreeing to the measure on asylum and immigration now when the whole issue was part of the EU constitution, which voters in the UK had been promised a referendum over. Mr Blair told his monthly news conference Britain had the "best of both worlds" and would keep the veto. "There is no question of Britain giving up our veto on our border controls," he said. "With the Treaty of Amsterdam seven years ago, we secured the absolute right to opt in to any of the asylum and immigration provisions that we wanted to in Europe." Mr Blunkett met his EU counterparts in Luxembourg on Monday to consider proposals aimed at streamlining decision making on the issue.
+
+The 25 member-states are expected to scrap the requirement for unanimous agreement on immigration policy, in favour of the qualified majority voting (QMV) system. Under this scheme larger states such as Britain are expected to have more power than the smaller EU states. Britain is expected to retain an "opt-in" right which will allow it to ignore any measures it disagrees with. Liberal Democrat spokesman Mark Oaten called the change pragmatic and argued it gave a better chance of producing a European asylum solution. "If we don't work together it means some countries can ignore their responsibilities at the expense of their neighbours," said Mr Oaten. "The Liberal Democrats have long argued that Britain should be a safe haven for asylum seekers but it's right that we don't do this in isolation."
diff --git a/politics/politics_2.txt b/politics/politics_2.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5468695e4b665caa184ca5d40c7b78002db452c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_2.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+Watchdog probes e-mail deletions
+
+The information commissioner says he is urgently asking for details of Cabinet Office orders telling staff to delete e-mails more than three months old.
+
+Richard Thomas "totally condemned" the deletion of e-mails to prevent their disclosure under freedom of information laws coming into force on 1 January. Government guidance said e-mails should only be deleted if they served "no current purpose", Mr Thomas said. The Tories and the Lib Dems have questioned the timing of the new rules.
+
+Tory leader Michael Howard has written to Tony Blair demanding an explanation of the new rules on e-mail retention. On Monday Lib Dem constitutional affairs committee chairman Alan Beith warned that the deletion of millions of government e-mails could harm the ability of key probes like the Hutton Inquiry. The timing of the new rules just before the Freedom of Information Act comes into forces was "too unlikely to have been a coincidence", Mr Beith said. But a Cabinet Office spokeswoman said the move was not about the new laws or "the destruction of important records". Mr Beith urged the information commissioner to look at how the "e-mail regime" could "support the freedom of information regime".
+
+Mr Thomas said: "The new Act of Parliament makes it very clear that to destroy records in order to prevent their disclosure becomes a criminal offence." He said there was already clear guidance on the retention of e-mails contained in a code of practice from the lord chancellor. All e-mails are subject to the freedom of information laws, but the important thing was the content of the e-mail, said Mr Thomas.
+
+"If in doubt retain, that has been the long-standing principle of the civil service and public authorities. It's only when you've got no further use for the particular record that it may be legitimate to destroy it. "But any deliberate destruction to avoid the possibility of later disclosure is to be totally condemned." The Freedom of Information Act will cover England, Wales and Northern Ireland from next year. Similar measures are being brought in at the same time in Scotland. It provides the public with a right of access to information held by about 100,000 public bodies, subject to various exemptions. Its implementation will be monitored by the information commissioner.
diff --git a/politics/politics_20.txt b/politics/politics_20.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dc7fac2c291c2e1abc08d21d3c16e94bf33b6341
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_20.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Concerns at school diploma plan
+
+Final appeals are being made for the government not to ditch the reform plan for England's secondary schools put forward by the Tomlinson report.
+
+The government's response to the plan for a four-tier diploma to replace all existing 14-19 qualifications is expected next week. Some are worried it could be scuppered if, as Tony Blair and Ruth Kelly have suggested, GCSEs and A-levels stay. Sir Mike Tomlinson himself was briefed only this week. He is said to be feeling more comfortable about what the government is likely to say than if he had read only what was in newspapers in the earlier part of the week. But the government was said to be still rewriting its response on Friday. "It will be a tragedy if the government comes through with a half-hearted response," said the chairman of the Commons education select committee, Labour MP Barry Sheerman.
+
+His main concern was the reports that there would be a diploma - but only to replace existing vocational qualifications. "We must tackle head-on the structural mess that is our secondary education system," he wrote in the Times Educational Supplement. "It is not the case that the academic stream in secondary is fine while the vocational route is desperately weak." The Qualifications and Curriculum Authority (QCA) has also told the government not to "compromise". The QCA said the potential "step-change in participation and attainment" lay in the integrity of the whole diploma. "Any partial implementation of the proposals would, in our view, compromise that integrity," said its chairman, Sir Anthony Greener. It is a sign of the QCA's concern that its advice went to ministers last December but was publicised only recently. But people understand that a White Paper response is government policy and has to command wider ministerial support than if it were coming only from the Department for Education and Skills. They may be content if it does not "close too many doors" in writing - whatever spin is put on it.
+
+The chief inspector of schools, David Bell, also said recently that GCSEs and A-levels should go. "One of the reasons why I'm so strongly in favour of these terms disappearing over time is that it's good for the symbols of change to be seen right across the system," he said. "If we don't say this is a sea-change in education, we will miss a great opportunity." Universities and head teachers in both the independent and state sectors have also backed the Tomlinson proposals, which include having higher grades at advanced level to differentiate between the brightest students. A note of concern has been expressed repeatedly by the employers' organisation, the CBI, which complains of a lack of skills. In an attempt to address this, the Tomlinson plan is for tests in "functional" maths and literacy - decidedly not GCSEs. It has been suggested the government will take steps of some sort to meet firms' concerns on this score. Another dissenter is Sir Mike Tomlinson's predecessor as chief schools inspector, Professor Chris Woodhead, who has said there is no need for such a "massive upheaval". The Conservative Party has put forward plans to revert to a system of having only the brightest percentage of students each year getting the top A-level grade, no matter how well the others have done.
diff --git a/politics/politics_201.txt b/politics/politics_201.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..33b71d43540cc5e76299f74bcfe427b32cbb43da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_201.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Howard rejects BNP's claim
+
+Tory leader Michael Howard has dismissed claims that his immigration policy was "moving onto the turf" of the British National Party (BNP).
+
+BNP leader Nick Griffin told the Independent he expected some BNP voters to switch to the Tories over the issue. But Mr Howard said he rejected the idea that the Tories and BNP appealed to the same voting instincts. Asked if he would welcome BNP voters he told the BBC: "I don't want anybody to vote for these extremist parties". He added, on BBC Radio 4's Today programme: "If you want good community relations in this country...then you have to have firm, fair immigration controls."
+
+The Tories have promised an upper limit on the number of people allowed into Britain with the slogan: "It's not racist to impose limits on immigration". All parties are stepping up campaiging in the run-up to the general election, widely expected to be called for 5 May. Labour has unveiled its own "points system" for ensuring migrants who want to work in the UK have skills that are required, but have rejected immigration quotas. The Liberal Democrats have warned both parties against "pandering to prejudice".
+
+Mr Griffin told the Independent the Tories' plans were "a definite move onto our turf". He said: "I quite freely accept that on a nationwide basis, the Tories will con enough people to make a significant hole in our vote." Asked whether he was comfortable with the perception that the Conservatives and the BNP appeal to the same voting instincts, Mr Howard told the BBC: "I reject that entirely". He said he found BNP's policies "abhorrent" but he said the UK had to take a different approach to immigration, which he said was out of control. "The government doesn't want to limit it in any way, we do, there's a legitimate difference between us there which we can discuss in a calm, rational and reasonable way," he said. He again rejected newspaper speculation that his own father entered Britain illegally.
diff --git a/politics/politics_204.txt b/politics/politics_204.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ec163e614d0a377916f0ac84c90bf1c6e83e3d61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_204.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Correction agency plans dropped
+
+Plans to create a single correctional agency for Scotland have been scrapped.
+
+The Scottish Executive will not now merge the Scottish Prison Service with local authority social work criminal justice departments. The National Correctional Agency would have provided a 'one-stop' justice system but has been abandoned in the wake of stiff opposition. Instead, Scottish councils and the prison service will be compelled to work more closely to cut reoffending. The plan was to ensure offenders were monitored by the same body during and after prison, preventing many from being lost in the system and helping more of them to stop reoffending.
+
+Scotland's reoffending rate is high, with more than 60% of prisoners reconvicted within two years of release from jail. This is leading to an ever-expanding prison population and the executive wants to tackle the problem. Ministers thought merging the prison service with the council-controlled criminal justice social work departments, which provide community sentences, might have provided an answer. However, following a consultation on the idea, Justice Minister Cathy Jamieson has decided to drop the plans. Instead, Ms Jamieson will change the law to help produce a closer working relationship between both elements of the justice system.
+
+She will announce the move in her Criminal Justice Plan on Monday, aiming to "break down the barriers between what happens in prison and what happens in the community". The new measures will place a new statutory duty on the SPS to work with local authorities and others in area partnerships. A national advisory board on offender management will also be created to advise Ms Jamieson on the SPS's role and performance in reducing reoffending. The minister said: "Better joint working will help prisons play a much stronger role in ending reoffending behaviour and in particular help address the revolving door of reoffending that sees offenders entering prison for short periods during which little is done to address the behaviour that brought them there. "Communities who are paying the price for this reoffending - both in terms of crime and in terms of prison costs - expect better. "It costs the taxpayer £35,000 a year to provide each prison place and that cost is increasing. "Taxpayers who suffer the consequences of crime also end up paying for keeping those people in prison. "Therefore, as we continue to invest in the service, it is only right that we seek to ensure that that service becomes more accountable to the public it serves, to ministers and to parliament."
diff --git a/politics/politics_205.txt b/politics/politics_205.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..955f225eb7672459ad65b22a3d4f3e091e18a9ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_205.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+Tutu's Guantanamo release call
+
+Archbishop Desmond Tutu has called for the release of the remaining inmates at Guantanamo Bay and terror suspects detained without trial in the UK.
+
+His comments follow news that all four Britons held by the US in the Cuban camp will be freed within weeks. The South African archbishop said detentions without trial were "unacceptable" and "distressing". Twelve foreign nationals are being held indefinitely without trial in the UK under anti-terror laws. Referring to the detentions in Cuba, Archbishop Tutu told BBC News: "It is utterly unacceptable. "The rule of law is in order to ensure that those who have power don't use their power arbitrarily and every person retains their human rights until you have proven conclusively that so-and-so is in fact guilty."
+
+Moazzam Begg, from Birmingham, and Martin Mubanga, Richard Belmar and Feroz Abbasi, from London, have been held by the US at Guantanamo Bay for almost three years. On Tuesday Foreign Secretary Jack Straw told the Commons that the US had agreed to release the four after "intensive and complex discussions" over security. The Britons were detained as part of the US-led "war on terror". The archbishop added: "Whilst we are saying thank you that these have been released, what is happening to those left behind? "We in South Africa used to have a dispensation that detained people without trial and the world quite rightly condemned that as unacceptable.
+
+"Now if it was unacceptable then how come it can be acceptable to Britain and the United States. It is so, so deeply distressing." Following Mr Straw's announcement, lawyer Louise Christian, who represents Mr Abbasi and Mr Mubanga, said the government should have acted sooner. Foreign nationals detained in the UK are being held at Belmarsh and Woodhill prisons. In December the House of Lords, the UK's highest court, ruled that the anti-terror measures broke human rights laws. But the men are still behind bars.
+
+Archbishop Tutu criticised the measures, saying: "I am opposed to any arbitrary detention that is happening, even in Britain." Shami Chakrabarti, director of civil rights group Liberty, has called on the government to "practise what it preaches" and either free or charge the detained men. But the Home Office defended the measures. A spokesman said: "These individuals cannot currently be prosecuted because some evidence, such as that provided by third parties, cannot safely be disclosed in criminal proceedings without putting others at risk. "It is also currently the case that intelligence gained from covert intercepts cannot be used in a court of law."
diff --git a/politics/politics_208.txt b/politics/politics_208.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f5b24c829b7d6622e33cc5f02e04fbb5e17c3ffc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_208.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Gurkhas to help tsunami victims
+
+Britain has offered to send a company of 120 Gurkhas to assist with the tsunami relief effort in Indonesia, Downing Street said.
+
+The deployment would involve troops from the 2nd Battalion Royal Gurkha Rifles, based in Brunei. Discussions have begun with Indonesia on the exact timing and location of the deployment, but the government said the offer was aimed at the Aceh province. Downing St said a similar offer might be made to the Sri Lankan government.
+
+However a spokesman pointed out that there were particular logistical difficulties in Indonesia which the Gurkhas might be able to help with. The spokesman said: "Following this morning's daily coordination meeting on the post-tsunami relief effort, the government has formally offered the Indonesian government the assistance of a company of British Army Gurkhas from 2nd Battalion Royal Gurkha Rifles around 120 personnel and two helicopters. "This is in addition to the ships and aircraft we have already committed to the relief operation in the Indian Ocean."
+
+Indonesia was by far the country worst affected by the tsunami, with 94,000 of the 140,000 confirmed deaths so far. International Development Minister Gareth Thomas said the assistance offer would most likely focus on the northern province of Aceh. "We have offered the Gurkhas to help in the process of scaling up the relief effort, particularly in Aceh which is undoubtedly the hardest hit area in the Indian Ocean at the moment," he said. "We've also had RAF aircraft flying in equipment which the UN desperately need in order to set up a truly effective relief operation on the ground in Aceh province as well." The offer comes as the Foreign Secretary Jack Straw arrives in Indonesia for a special summit meeting on the disaster.
diff --git a/politics/politics_209.txt b/politics/politics_209.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0dbba7828e011484b9d9bf4b72e0c4b1c8f0b320
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_209.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Abbas 'will not tolerate' attacks
+
+Palestinian leader Mahmoud Abbas has said he will not tolerate attacks such as last Friday's suicide bombing in the Israeli city of Tel Aviv.
+
+In an interview ahead of a meeting in London to discuss Palestinian reforms, Mr Abbas said such attacks were against Palestinian interests. The Palestinian Authority (PA) was exerting "a 100% effort" to end the violence, Mr Abbas added. The attack, which killed five, was the first of its kind since he took office. Mr Abbas confirmed Israel shared information with the PA in the hunt for the organisers of the attack. The Israeli government refuses to accept Syria's denials that it was implicated in the nightclub bombing. Israeli officials gave an intelligence briefing to foreign ambassadors on Monday, explaining Syria's alleged involvement. British foreign minister Jack Straw said there had been a "continuing stream" of information suggesting Palestinian militant groups were operating from within Syria.
+
+In an email interview in the British newspaper the Independent, Mr Abbas said: "We believe peace is possible now and we are ready to negotiate with Israel to reach a true and lasting peace based on justice and international legitimacy." He added: "We have an opportunity and it would be irresponsible if we, the Israelis, or the world allow it to slip away." Tuesday's meeting on Palestinian reform is being hosted by British Prime Minister Tony Blair. Also due to attend are US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, UN Secretary General Kofi Annan, World Bank officials and foreign ministers from 23 European and Arab countries. The conference was a "vital step" in renewing the peace process, Mr Straw said. "It's a high-level attendance, which reflects the sense of momentum and opportunity created by recent events," he added. A spokesman for Mr Blair said the Prime Minister expected the conference to discuss "a comprehensive, co-ordinated and, above all, practical work plan for both the Palestinian Authority and the international community". Israel will not attend, but is said to be closely watching the outcome.
diff --git a/politics/politics_21.txt b/politics/politics_21.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..741da0d2d28db944e525336c1a2e24d33a4aa6f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_21.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+Blair backs 'pre-election budget'
+
+Tony Blair has backed Chancellor Gordon Brown's pre-Budget report amid opposition claims he was too bullish about the state of the UK economy.
+
+In a speech in Edinburgh, the prime minister said Thursday's report reinforced stability and opportunity. And that would be central to Labour's next election campaign, planning for which was already well advanced. Mr Brown earlier denied his economic forecasts were too optimistic - but refused to rule out future tax rises.
+
+He told BBC Radio 4's Today programme: "No politician should make the mistake that John Major and his colleagues made in 1992 of saying no matter what the circumstances are, they can make all sorts of guarantees on every individual thing.
+
+"That is not what politicians should do, it would not be responsible to do." Mr Brown insisted his spending plans were "affordable" and he could afford to be optimistic because Britain was now a stable, low-inflation economy and house prices were now stabilising. Mr Blair praised his chancellor for his role in creating economic stability, which he said was the "cornerstone" of Labour's programme.
+
+In a speech at Edinburgh's Napier University, he said Labour would publish over the next few months "a rich agenda for future policy in any possible third term".
+
+"In every area of work there is a detailed plan for the future, much clearer than those in 1997 or 2001. All of it fits together around common themes of opportunity, security and stability for all," Mr Blair said. In his pre-Budget report, Mr Brown surprised some City experts by forecasting UK growth at between 3% and 3.5% for next year. Many believe the figure is more likely to be under 3% - and fear tax rises or spending cuts, saying tax receipts have been overestimated. Carl Emmerson, from the Institute for Fiscal Studies, told BBC News: "He thinks everything will come out in the wash and it will, in fact, be OK. We're not so sure." David Page, of Investec Securities, said: "His forecast that he will meet the golden rule with a margin of £8bn is way too optimistic. "It's going to take a significant turnaround in the economy to meet these targets."
+
+Conservative Shadow chancellor Oliver Letwin said: "I can't find a single economic forecaster from the IMF to the Institute of Fiscal Studies who believes anything other than the chancellor has got a black hole in his finances. "In order to deal with that he will have to raise taxes after the next general election." Mr Letwin accused the chancellor of using "fancy statistics" to hide public service failures. Vincent Cable, for the Liberal Democrats, called on Mr Brown to open up the government's books to the National Audit Office, to see if he had met his "golden rule". "It is very clear that there are some serious loose ends in government public spending," Mr Cable told MPs.
diff --git a/politics/politics_210.txt b/politics/politics_210.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c87c71d72d6e3cab1cb7c9a0200181677e7ae120
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_210.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Thousands join strike in Wales
+
+Thousands of civil servants were on strike across Wales on Friday in protest at planned job cuts.
+
+A range of services in Wales were affected as civil servants in Wales joined the UK-wide strike. The strike, called by the Public and Commercial Services Union, was the biggest by civil servants in a decade. The action follows Chancellor Gordon Brown's announcement in July that 104,000 jobs would be cut, with around 6,000 of those expected in Wales. The worst-affected area in Wales will be the Department of Work and Pensions where 2,000 jobs are threatened. Across Wales, pickets were held by striking civil servants with protests in towns and cities including Cardiff, Bangor, Aberystwyth and Wrexham. Gordon Brown issued a defiant statement about the strike, saying the action would not affect the government's "determination" to make savings in order to increase investment in healthcare, education, transport and the fight against crime. "Our decisions mean more police, more teachers, more doctors and more nurses," he said. "We will provide help with information, relocation and retraining to help staff move into frontline work within the public sector, but we will not be diverted from these necessary changes so that we can make this essential investment." The UK-wide action hit Jobcentres, benefit agencies, pensions offices and driving test centres. The strike also affected the Welsh assembly building in Cardiff Bay, where only pass-holders were allowed in.
+
+Pickets were in place across Wales, with protests around the country. PCS Union spokesman Jeff Evans said: "In Wales the civil service is major employer, there are more civil servants employed in Wales proportionately than in any other part of the country. "Our protest is about defending jobs and also local services across the country. "Parts of Objective One areas and Welsh-speaking areas will be particularly affected by these cuts." The chancellor has said that the cuts will allow funding for more teachers and police. Piers Freelove is senior benefit officer on the picket line at Companies House, in Cardiff. He said: "The majority of people have decided not to come in because of the threat to their jobs. "I joined the civil service to provide services as well as get a decent pension, as we thought, and pay, and it's those services that are being threatened as well as our jobs. "People like pensioners need a face-to-face service not an impersonal service on the phone which is what they want to impose." PCSU deputy general secretary Hugh Lanning, who was on the same picket line, said: "We're asking for them to negotiate not just to make announcements. "There's a sensible way to do things and at the moment they're not even talking about how to go about it sensibly." "The ballot was for one day's action. No further action is anticipated without a further ballot of staff." The Welsh Assembly Government said: "This is a strike about national civil service issues. It is not about specific issues local to Wales or the assembly.
diff --git a/politics/politics_211.txt b/politics/politics_211.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a3e6d032b691f91f1cf47f5c33ab617b0283b6a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_211.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+Top judge clashes with ministers
+
+The UK's top judge has revealed he has clashed with ministers about how the heads of public inquiries are chosen.
+
+Lord Woolf said he was determined his current veto on whether a judge should chair an inquiry should continue as a guard for judicial independence. But he told MPs the Lord Chancellor, Lord Falconer, was insisting he should have the final say in such cases. Lord Hutton's inquiry into the death of Dr David Kelly sparked debate about who should run inquiries.
+
+The government says the lord chancellor would be unlikely to go against Lord Woolf's wishes. Lord Woolf, who is Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales, was giving evidence to the Commons public administration select committee's inquiry into public inquiries. He said he had not been involved in the choice of Lord Hutton, who as a law lord did not come under his jurisdiction. But he argued he should have a veto on whether judges generally should chair a particular inquiry and if so, which judge it should be. In written evidence to the committee, Lord Woolf said: "I have, so far, failed to reach an agreement with the lord chancellor on this issue ... I intend to maintain my position and will press for this safeguard to be in any future legislation."
+
+Judges should think carefully before heading an inquiry into a highly political issue, such as the intelligence on Iraq's weapons of mass destruction, he said. He argued: "The subject matter of the inquiry may be so political that it would be damaging to the judiciary for a judge to be involved. "In addition, the question of whether there should be an inquiry at all may be highly controversial and if a judge is appointed, the judiciary, as a result of the appointment, may be seen as siding inappropriately with the government." He told the MPs: "Anything that tends to undermine the confidence of the public in the judiciary worries me."
+
+Lord Woolf said the current rules were not written down but it was inconceivable in practice that the lord chancellor would overrule his concerns. But that situation could change with new legal reforms. The issue had been "overlooked" when a new agreement was drawn up about those responsibilities and the dispute had emerged in later discussions. "What I am asking for is a situation where if the lord chancellor cannot obtain my agreement [on appointing a judge], it doesn't happen," he said.
+
+Lord Woolf said he did not think there would be difficulties but he wanted to establish the principle. A Department for Constitutional Affairs spokeswoman said Lord Woolf and Lord Falconer agreed about what happened in practice. "Their disagreement is about whether the legislation should include a requirement for consultation or concurrence - a very narrow dispute, in Lord Woolf's words," she said. "As Lord Woolf also acknowledged, it is highly unlikely that the lord chancellor would appoint a judge against the wishes of the lord chief justice. "Judges are free to decide for themselves whether to accept positions as inquiry chairs." Parliament will examine the issue next year when it debates a new bill about public inquiries.
diff --git a/politics/politics_212.txt b/politics/politics_212.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a73738e66fab61362906621a54f23d8c202ae9d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_212.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Tory expert denies defeatism
+
+The Conservatives' campaign director has denied a report claiming he warned Michael Howard the party could not win the next general election.
+
+The Times on Monday said Australian Lynton Crosby told the party leader to focus on trying to increase the Tories' Commons presence by 25 to 30 seats. But Mr Crosby said in a statement: "I have never had any such conversation... and I do not hold that view." Mr Howard later added there was not "one iota" of truth in the report. The strategist helped Australia's PM, John Howard, win four elections. Mr Howard appointed Mr Crosby as his elections chief last October. Mr Crosby's statement said: "The Conservative Party has been making an impact on the issues of lower tax and controlled immigration over the past week." It added: "The Labour Party will be wanting to do all they can to distract attention away from the issues that really matter to people."
diff --git a/politics/politics_217.txt b/politics/politics_217.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b6a8ecd75a5d357a74235bdcb3d978f1ab007ec8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_217.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Schools to take part in mock poll
+
+Record numbers of schools across the UK are to take part in a mock general election backed by the government.
+
+Some 600 schools have already signed up for the Y Vote Mock Elections 2005 run by the Hansard Society and aimed at boosting interest in politics. Pupils in the schools taking part will learn the skills of speech writers, canvassers and political candidates. Schools Minister Stephen Twigg said engaging young people's interest was "essential" to the future of democracy.
+
+He added: said "Young people who are engaged and motivated by the political process are essential to the future health of our democracy. "The mock elections initiative provides an opportunity for pupils to develop their own understanding of how the democratic process works and why it matters. "By experiencing the election process first hand - from running a campaign to the declaration of the final result - we hope that young people will develop the enthusiasm to take part in the future." The Hansard Society, the Electoral Commission and the Department for Education and Skills are running the programme. Pupils will stand as party candidates, speech writers and canvassers. Michael Raftery, project manager at the Hansard Society, said: "The Y Vote Mock Elections for schools mirror the excitement and buzz of a real election, raising awareness of citizenship, and the benefits of active democracy." The mock votes will take place around 5 May, widely expected to be the date of the general election. Information packs, including ballot papers and manifesto guides, with elections happening in early May were sent out to the 3,000 schools invited to take part.
diff --git a/politics/politics_220.txt b/politics/politics_220.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e5cb6507dfb23d6249964a78b4797d1633c1c240
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_220.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+Clarke plans migrant point scheme
+
+Anyone planning to move to the UK will have to pass a test to prove they can contribute to the country, Home Secretary Charles Clarke has said.
+
+He is proposing a points system similar to Australia's but would avoid the quota system planned by the Tories. Mr Clarke, who will unveil his plans on Monday, said economic migration helped the UK but "needed proper policing". The Lib Dems say they will look at his plans, but Tory Liam Fox said his party offered a "clear choice" on the issue. The Conservative Party Co-Chairman said the British electorate had a choice between a Labour government that had "done nothing for eight years and will not set a limit" on immigration and a Tory one that would impose quotas.
+
+The home secretary said, by 2008, he wanted everyone given a visa and entering the UK to have their fingerprints taken, to "ensure we can know everybody who is in the country". Speaking on BBC One's Breakfast with Frost, he said "economic migrants are of great value to this country", but stressed that proper policing was needed to ensure that they do not become a "burden on society". He said: "We will establish a system ... which looks at the skills, talents and abilities of people seeking to come and work in this country, and ensures that when they come here they have a job and can contribute to the economy of the country."
+
+The home secretary, whose five-year blueprint for immigration and asylum is expected to be published on Monday, also rejected claims that the immigration debate encouraged bigotry. "The issue of who does come into this country, and whether they are entitled to be in this country, who does settle here, how we have border controls, is a perfectly legitimate aspect of public debate," he said. Liberal Democrat home affairs spokesman Mark Oaten said: "Whilst it is good that Labour has rejected the Tory idea of quotas on asylum, the jury is still out on the Home Office's ability to deliver a fair and efficient asylum system."
+
+Mr Howard has said Britain should take its fair share of the world's "genuine refugees". But he claims the current asylum system is being abused - and with it Britain's generosity. Trevor Phillips, chairman of the Commission for Racial Equality, called on Mr Clarke to denounce the suggestion Britain's hospitality was being tested by immigration. "Tell that to the 44,000 doctors in the NHS and the 70,000 nurses without whom we would really see what pressure on the health service means," he said. "Ditto the teachers, from South Africa, Australia, Jamaica, who are reducing the sizes of our classes and schools." The Refugee Council said Mr Howard's proposals would mean there would be no safe haven in the UK.
diff --git a/politics/politics_221.txt b/politics/politics_221.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..20a9a97ed2fc36ac6f58e3c2662ed6b53a243d54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_221.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+Clarke defends terror detentions
+
+The home secretary has defended his decision not to release foreign terror suspects despite a legal ruling their detention breached human rights laws.
+
+House of Lords law lords ruled against the detention measures last week. They said it was wrong to have one set of laws for foreign suspects and another for British suspects. New Home Secretary Charles Clarke said he would carefully consider the ruling and would return to Parliament early in the new year with proposals.
+
+He insisted that he would not be rushed into judgement but would examine the law lords' findings in detail. "My duty is to look at first of all the security of this country and in so doing to consider very carefully the precise legal measures that there are." Mr Clarke's comments came in response to an emergency question from Liberal Democrat constitutional affairs spokesman David Heath. Mr Heath said the judgement contained "unprecedented condemnation and could not have been more unequivocal". He said he accepted the difficult balance between the nation's security and human rights but questioned why the home office had made "no contingency plans for the present circumstances".
+
+"These detainees should be prosecuted and tried. Simply renewing the present deeply unsatisfactory legislation is not an option." Shadow home secretary David Davis said it was not possible to overstate the importance of the judgment and urged the government to move as fast as "competently possible" to sort the problem out in the interests of natural justice. "If you do, we will give you every support." The law lords' ruling came on Charles Clarke's first day as home secretary last Thursday following David Blunkett's resignation. In a statement on the same day, Mr Clarke said: "I will be asking Parliament to renew this legislation in the New Year. "In the meantime, we will be studying the judgment carefully to see whether it is possible to modify our legislation to address the concerns raised by the House of Lords."
+
+But the government was widely criticised for insisting the detentions would continue following the ruling last week. Lord Bingham - a senior law lord - said the rules were incompatible with the European Convention on Human Rights as they allowed detentions "in a way that discriminates on the ground of nationality or immigration status" by justifying detention without trial for foreign suspects, but not Britons. Lord Nicholls of Birkenhead, in his ruling, said: "Indefinite imprisonment without charge or trial is anathema in any country which observes the rule of law." The detainees took their case to the House of Lords after the Court of Appeal backed the Home Office's powers to hold them without limit or charge. The government opted out of part of the European Convention on Human Rights concerning the right to a fair trial in order to bring in anti-terrorism legislation in response to the 11 September attacks in the US.
diff --git a/politics/politics_222.txt b/politics/politics_222.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d76a3b6614f0522b9b49d45dc4072d3214a227b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_222.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Voters 'reject EU by two to one'
+
+British voters would reject the European constitution by two to one, according to a poll posing the question the government will put to the country.
+
+The Daily Telegraph poll suggests that 45% of people would vote against the constitution and 24% in favour. However the YouGov poll, which questioned 1,943 British adults online, found 25% did not know how they would vote if forced to decide tomorrow. Only 51% of those polled had made up their minds about the constitution. Another 7% said they would not vote at all. The poll is believed to be the first to pose the question which the government has chosen for the upcoming referendum, expected in 2006. The constitution will be incorporated into UK law if there is a yes vote.
+
+Ballot papers in the poll will ask: "Should the United Kingdom approve the treaty establishing a constitution for the European Union?" The government unveiled the question which will be asked earlier in the week.
+
+The treaty was signed by all 25 current EU members in Rome last October and is due to come into force in November 2006, providing it is ratified by all member states - several of which will hold a referendum. Critics say the constitution is a further step towards a federal Europe, but advocates say it ensures effective operation of the enlarged 25-state EU. "If we reject this treaty, Britain will be isolated and weak in Europe," said Foreign Secretary Jack Straw, after the question was unveiled. Mr Straw, along with the rest of the Cabinet, will back a "yes" vote. Meanwhile, Conservative shadow foreign secretary Michael Ancram said the referendum question "seems straightforward". But he accused the government of trying to confuse the issue by putting the EU referendum question in the same bill as the ratification of the constitution, when they should be treated as "two separate issues".
diff --git a/politics/politics_225.txt b/politics/politics_225.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ae54a91c76b54b14af171d887e1c38d71b027298
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_225.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+Blair to face MPs amid feud talk
+
+Tony Blair faces his first prime minister's questions of 2005 after a week of renewed speculation about his relationship with Gordon Brown.
+
+Meanwhile, the chancellor is leaving Britain on a high-profile tour of Africa to highlight poverty issues. But before doing so, he insisted he still trusted Mr Blair, despite claims to the contrary in a new book. Labour MPs have warned against disunity and Tory leader Michael Howard may well take up the theme in the Commons. The Tories have already accused the prime minister and his chancellor of behaving like "schoolboys squabbling in a playground".
+
+Michael Howard is likely to want to capitalise further on the spat when he goes head-to-head with the prime minister in the Commons. At a campaign poster launch on Tuesday, Mr Brown was joined by Alan Milburn, who Mr Blair controversially put in charge of election planning in place of the chancellor.
+
+Later this week the prime minister is due to set out the themes of his party's next election manifesto, which for the past two polls have been drawn up by the chancellor. Mr Brown, meanwhile, is visiting Tanzania, Mozambique and Kenya to highlight the plight of many Africans hit by Aids, war and famine - issues which Mr Blair has also spoken out on. The prime minister and chancellor faced backbench discontent at Monday's meeting of the Parliamentary Labour Party over claims made in journalist Robert Peston's new book. Mr Blair told MPs and peers: "I know from everyone here, in Cabinet and government, nothing is going to get in the way of a unified Labour Party with a unified position and winning the third term people desperately need." Labour's Paul Flynn said the pair had had a "scorching" from MPs.
+
+On Tuesday, Deputy Prime Minister Mr Prescott told BBC News: "They told us very clearly, it was the troops telling the leaders: get in line." The new book claims Mr Prescott hosted a dinner in November 2003 where the prime minister told Mr Brown he would stand down before the next election because he had lost trust over the Iraq war. Mr Blair then changed his mind in June 2004, after Cabinet allies intervened and amid suspicion the chancellor was manoeuvring against him, writes Mr Peston. In Mr Peston's book Mr Brown is alleged to have told the prime minister: "There is nothing you could ever say to me now that I could ever believe."
diff --git a/politics/politics_226.txt b/politics/politics_226.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d7cfa9c1fd22e60fd60e90e19da46c9c3545ce56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_226.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Tories unveil quango blitz plans
+
+Plans to abolish 162 quangos have been unveiled by the Conservatives as part of their effort to show how government red tape can be cut.
+
+Six government units would also be scrapped under proposals which the Tories say would save more than £4.3bn. Among the targets are strategic health authorities and the new fair access regulator for universities. Tory frontbencher John Redwood said Britain needed a slimmer government and lower taxes to be competitive.
+
+The plans would abolish regional assemblies and other regional bodies, such as boards tackling industrial development and housing. Their powers would be returned to elected local councils or national government. The Tories say the strategic health authorities are not needed as it is better that local people, rather than officials, run hospitals and surgeries.
+
+Announcing the plans, Mr Redwood said: "Mr Blair has forgotten the interests of taxpayers, and has broken the pledges he made. "Far from improving public services, spending taxpayers' money on quangos has led only to more bureaucrats, more regulation and higher taxes." His party leader, Michael Howard, argued a change in direction was needed to get a grip on spending. "Labour are creating Two Britains: the Britain of the forgotten majority and bureaucratic Britain," he said. "In the real world, people are working harder just to stand still. They've seen their pensions knocked for six. "They're being squeezed by extra taxes. The forgotten majority are paying the price of bureaucratic Britain." The government has announced plans to cut 100,000 civil servants as part of its efficiency drive. The Liberal Democrats have said they would cut the number of Whitehall departments to make sure money reaches frontline services.
diff --git a/politics/politics_229.txt b/politics/politics_229.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6a44f2f2eda6ab331ea58155db0e0dbf33fc1b7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_229.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+Iraqis win death test case probe
+
+The family of an Iraqi civilian allegedly killed by UK troops have won a challenge against the government's refusal to order a full inquiry.
+
+The High Court ruled on Tuesday that Baha Mousa's death in British custody in Iraq fell within the European Convention on Human Rights. And the judges paved the way for an independent inquiry by saying previous investigations were inadequate. But judicial reviews into five other deaths in southern Iraq were ruled out. Their families will be appealing against the judgement.
+
+The families' solicitor Phil Shiner described it as "a historic day for human rights and the rule of law in the UK". Father-of-two Mr Mousa, 28, a hotel receptionist, was arrested with eight men seized at a hotel in Basra in September 2003. He was allegedly beaten to death while in the custody of the Queen's Lancashire Regiment. The Iraqi families' lawyer argued that failing to adequately investigate the death breached the European Convention on Human Rights.
+
+Ministry of Defence lawyers argued the UK-controlled area of southern Iraq was outside European jurisdiction. But Lord Justice Rix and Mr Justice Forbes ruled that UK jurisdiction could extend to a UK-run prison, but did not apply "to the total territory of another state". They said as Mr Mousa was in custody when he died, his case came within the UK's jurisdiction. The other five Iraqis did not die in custody, so their cases had to fail, they said.
+
+And it was difficult to say that the investigation which had already occurred "has been timely, open or effective", the judges said. After the ruling Carla Ferstman, legal director of the human rights organisation Redress, said: "It is not enough for the military to investigate behind closed doors. "There must be an effective public investigation by an independent official body. Only such an investigation could reveal what really happened and who might be responsible." Other allegations involving British soldiers included the shooting of an Iraqi police commissioner and the shooting of four Iraqi civilians in May 2003. Both sides were granted permission to appeal.
+
+Prime Minister Tony Blair's official spokesman said: "Obviously we will need to study this detailed judgment. I would point out, however, that a separate criminal case is currently being considered by the army prosecuting authority. "I can't say anything further for obvious reasons. The MoD are considering whether to appeal." But former British Commander Colonel Bob Stewart said : "Anyone at the top [of the military] will be saddened by the verdict that has taken place but will say: 'If there's a case to answer, let's have it out. Because we don't want people thinking that British soldiers beat up civilians and get away with it'," he said. "The Ministry of Defence does everything in its power to try to prove we act ethically and properly under the rules of war."
diff --git a/politics/politics_230.txt b/politics/politics_230.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e9ab6325850ca1ec6ffa2ee8c75db1332b2d8364
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_230.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+Burglar defence guidelines issued
+
+Householders who injure or even kill intruders are unlikely to be prosecuted - providing they were acting "honestly and instinctively", new guidelines say.
+
+The law also protects those who use "something to hand" as a weapon. The leaflet, published by police and prosecutors, aims to combat confusion about current legislation, which lets people use "reasonable force". The guidance, relating to England and Wales, follows a recent decision by ministers not to change the law. Doing what you "honestly and instinctively" believed was necessary would be the strongest evidence of acting lawfully, the guidance said.
+
+And the law protects those who use "something to hand" as a weapon, said the leaflet published jointly by the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) and Association of Chief Police Officers (ACPO).
+
+As a general rule, the more extreme the circumstances and fear felt, the more force can be used lawfully in self-defence, it said, adding that householders do not have to wait to be attacked before defending themselves. But knocking someone unconscious then killing them or hurting them further, or setting a trap for an intruder without involving the police were given as examples of "excessive and gratuitous" force. The Tories have called for a change in the law so householders are only prosecuted if they use "grossly disproportionate" force. Their demands have been backed by former Metropolitan Police Commissioner Sir John Stevens. Tory frontbencher Patrick Mercer is now pursuing the proposal through a private member's bill in Parliament.
+
+The government instead mounted a publicity campaign to clear up public uncertainty after a review concluded no law change was necessary. Home Secretary Charles Clarke said: "I believe in that old adage 'an Englishman's home is his castle'. That's exactly what should be the case and I believe the current law provides that." An "informal trawl" of CPS records found 11 people had been prosecuted after attacking intruders in the past 15 years, five of whom were convicted. They included a man who laid in wait for a burglar on commercial premises in Cheshire, before beating him up, throwing him into a pit and setting him on fire.
+
+A CPS spokesperson said the figures were not definitive because prosecutions are not listed according to whether they were committed by a householder on an intruder. In one of Britain's highest profile cases, Norfolk farmer Tony Martin was jailed for life for murdering 16-year-old burglar Fred Barras, in 1999. The conviction was later reduced to manslaughter on appeal and the sentence cut to five years. Mr Martin was freed from prison in July 2003. The guidance published on Tuesday, said the police had a duty to investigate all incidents involving a death or injury. In cases involving householders attacking intruders prosecutors and police were "determined" they would be dealt with "as swiftly and as sympathetically as possible", it said.
diff --git a/politics/politics_231.txt b/politics/politics_231.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..105b50b4cb66690ed0ad8823f09b4ad8b25876d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_231.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Woolf murder sentence rethink
+
+Plans to give murderers lighter sentences if they plead guilty have been watered down.
+
+There was an outcry three months ago when the Sentencing Guidelines Council - led by Lord Woolf - published its proposals for England and Wales. It had suggested judges should reduce sentences by a third for murderers who confessed at the earliest opportunity. But that has now been changed to one-sixth, with no reduction for those killers given a "whole life tariff". At the time Lord Woolf, the Lord Chief Justice, had said the one third reduction would only be in extraordinary circumstances - for example, if people gave themselves up before their crime had even been detected. The guidelines were to recognise the need to spare victims and witnesses the trauma of going to court where possible, by allowing lighter sentences for guilty pleas and co-operation, he said.
+
+But director of the Victims of Crime Trust, Norman Brennan, accused Lord Woolf of having an "arrogant contempt for victims of crime and the law-abiding public". The National Association of Probation Officers said the move would be "political suicide". In revised proposals from the Sentencing Guidelines Council (SGC), the section on murder said possible reductions would have to be "weighed carefully" by a judge so they did not lead to "an inappropriately short sentence". Where it was appropriate to reduce the minimum term having regard to a plea of guilty, the maximum reduction would be one sixth, and should never exceed five years, it said.
+
+In a statement issued on Wednesday Lord Woolf said: "I have no doubt that being able to call on the diverse backgrounds and experiences of all those that serve on the SGC has vastly improved the final guidelines. "I am confident, as a result, that judges will be better placed to deliver sentences which are effective both as punishments and deterrents to offending and reoffending." Director of Public Prosecutions, Ken Macdonald QC, who sits on the SGC, said the principle of discounting sentences to offenders for early guilty pleas is set down by parliament. "What the new guideline on reduced sentences for guilty pleas does is increase the chances of convicting the guilty by bringing clarity to this process. "It represents a tougher regime than existed previously, because the discount is automatically reduced if a guilty plea is not made at the first available opportunity," he said.
diff --git a/politics/politics_232.txt b/politics/politics_232.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e01a5edd0340ecd0f6a69d38cf83bd7fb74843ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_232.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Probe launched on Ken Nazi jibe
+
+An investigation by the Standards Board is under way following allegations that Ken Livingstone has brought his office into disrepute.
+
+The probe follows the London mayor's comments to a Jewish journalist comparing him to a concentration camp guard, after a party about a week ago. The local government watchdog also said the allegation related to a failure to respect others. It has the power to suspend or bar Labour's Mr Livingstone from office. A complaint was made to the body by the Board of Deputies of British Jews and the Commission for Racial Equality.
+
+Speaking after the investigation was announced Bob Neill, leader of the London Assembly Conservatives, said: "He has behaved in a manner unbecoming of his office and in so doing, has shown extraordinarily poor civic leadership. "His administration is now in crisis." On Sunday, Deputy Mayor Nicky Gavron told the BBC's Politics Show she believed the Mayor of London would say sorry on Tuesday for offending the wider Jewish community. The Prime Minister Tony Blair is among those who have called for an apology but so far the mayor has refused.
+
+The mayor accused Oliver Finegold, of the Evening Standard newspaper, of "doorstepping" him at a "predominately gay event" held for MP Chris Smith. Ms Gavron said she thought Mr Livingstone's comments were "inappropriate" but she did not believe the mayor was anti-Semitic. She said: "I work very closely with Ken so I can speak of what he's like in his guarded and unguarded moments and... he is in no way anti-Jewish, I wouldn't for a moment work with him if he were. "On the other hand, I think his remarks were inappropriate and I believe it is important, and I believe he will, come to the point where he says, 'I regret that I have caused offence to the wider Jewish community'. "I hope he will do it soon and it is mooted that he is going to make some sort of statement on Tuesday."
diff --git a/politics/politics_235.txt b/politics/politics_235.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..86536d910ab4145d05dfe72607b524b0b8c32a70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_235.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Lib Dems' new election PR chief
+
+The Lib Dems have appointed a senior figure from BT to be the party's new communications chief for their next general election effort.
+
+Sandy Walkington will now work with senior figures such as Matthew Taylor on completing the party manifesto. Party chief executive Lord Rennard said the appointment was a "significant strengthening of the Lib Dem team". Mr Walkington said he wanted the party to be ready for any "mischief" rivals or the media tried to throw at it.
+
+"My role will be to ensure this new public profile is effectively communicated at all levels," he said. "I also know the party will be put under scrutiny in the media and from the other parties as never before - and we will need to show ourselves ready and prepared to counter the mischief and misrepresentation that all too often comes from the party's opponents. "The party is already demonstrating on every issue that it is the effective opposition." Mr Walkington's new job title is director of general election communications.
diff --git a/politics/politics_236.txt b/politics/politics_236.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e13736306864fc595188de73cdccd1b4feaab3bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_236.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Jack Cunningham to stand down
+
+Veteran Labour MP and former Cabinet minister Jack Cunningham has said he will stand down at the next election.
+
+One of the few Blair-era ministers to serve under Jim Callaghan, he was given the agriculture portfolio when Labour regained power in 1997. Mr Cunningham went on to become Tony Blair's "cabinet enforcer". He has represented the constituency now known as Copeland since 1970. Mr Blair said he was a "huge figure" in Labour and a "valued, personal friend".
+
+During Labour's long period in opposition, Mr Cunningham held a number of shadow roles including foreign affairs, the environment and as trade spokesman. As agriculture minister he caused controversy when he decided to ban beef on the bone in the wake of fears over BSE. He quit the government in 1999 and in recent years has served as the chairman of the all-party committee on Lords reform and has been a loyal supporter of the government from the backbenches.
diff --git a/politics/politics_237.txt b/politics/politics_237.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cad040d1166a7f59907931de19243aae5bbb45af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_237.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Kilroy unveils immigration policy
+
+Ex-chatshow host Robert Kilroy-Silk has attacked UK policy on immigration saying Britain's open door approach is hitting low wage "indigenous" workers.
+
+The Veritas leader said the only people to benefit from immigrants from places like Poland were employers, landlords, members of the 'metropolitan elite'. The MEP said his party would only admit foreigners who were required because they had specific skills to offer. And he argued asylum cost £2bn a year for 14,000 successful applicants.
+
+Mr Kilroy-Silk said that worked out at £143,000 per successful asylum seeker. He said Veritas wanted to grant an amnesty for all those in Britain claiming asylum and who have children and deport everyone else. Britain should take its fair share of asylum seekers under the United Nations Convention on Human Rights, he argued. And Mr Kilroy-Silk said he wanted to spend an extra £500m a year to help provide for refugees abroad.
diff --git a/politics/politics_239.txt b/politics/politics_239.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..644d2361ed9f930bfa3e4bdace67ad6cede5f988
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_239.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+Row over 'police' power for CSOs
+
+The Police Federation has said it strongly opposes giving Community Support Officers (CSOs) the power to detain suspects for up to 30 minutes.
+
+The powers - piloted in six areas - were extended to all police forces in England and Wales on Thursday. The federation said CSOs do not have the experience, training and safety equipment to deal with "potentially confrontational" situations. But the government said the move would help police "build safe communities". Police Federation chairman Jan Berry said civilian officers should act as "eyes and ears" for the police.
+
+"They should not be placed in potentially confrontational situations - which detaining someone clearly is," she said. CSOs can now use reasonable force to detain suspects for up to 30 minutes while they wait for police officers to arrive. The powers will be granted by chief constables of local forces. Ms Berry said this "dramatically changes" their original purpose - to be a visible presence combating low-level crime and anti-social behaviour. She said more powers would mean more paperwork and less time on the street.
+
+But Home Office minister Hazel Blears defended the move saying it would give the civilian officers "just that little bit of edge". She denied their role was changing and said the new powers would not take them away from the streets.
+
+"The powers that we are bringing in are things that they need to do when they are out patrolling," she said. The Home Office has produced its own report on CSOs which it describes as "encouraging". Ms Blears said the study shows CSOs are "making a real difference" in the fight against crime. But the report also showed that the public is having difficulties distinguishing between a civilian officer and a proper officer.
+
+Shadow home secretary David Davis said the research appeared to acknowledge that CSOs were having no discernible effect on crime figures.
+
+"While the answer is a lot more real police, the government wants to recruit 25,000 people who can't arrest anyone," he said. BBC home affairs correspondent Danny Shaw said the research is inconclusive. There are about 3,500 CSOs in England and Wales but the government intends to have 25,000 on the streets by 2008 at a cost of £50m. They already have powers to hand out fines for a wide range of offences. The Serious Organised Crime and Police Bill proposes extra powers to search suspects, enforce licensing offences, direct traffic and deter begging.
diff --git a/politics/politics_242.txt b/politics/politics_242.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8707abd4163d8cff1530bc802138b62919fad14b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_242.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+Whitehall shredding increasing - Tories
+
+Civil servants have drastically stepped up the shredding of official documents, figures compiled by the Tories suggest.
+
+Some government departments had doubled the number of documents being shredded ahead of the Freedom of Information Act's implementation on 1 January. Departments for defence, environment and trade, which had all increased file destruction, said they were following rules governing public records. But the Tories want the information commissioner to investigate. The Freedom of Information Act will for the first time give members of the public access to government records previously kept secret for 30 years. But BBC Political Correspondent James Hardy said the prospect of outsiders poking their noses into the inner workings of Whitehall appeared to be causing jitters among the mandarins.
+
+Liberal Democrat Alan Beith - who chairs the select committee which monitors the Department of Constitutional Affairs - said if the claims were true, Whitehall was "acting entirely against the spirit of the new Act". "Both the information commissioner and the select committee will have to keep this issue under very close scrutiny." Fellow Lib Dem Norman Baker said the episode painted an "unflattering picture of the inner workings of government". "It is clear that the government's initial enthusiasm for open government has turned to self-serving cynicism." Dr Julian Lewis, the Conservative spokesman for the Cabinet Office, said he had discovered a huge acceleration in shredding from a series of parliamentary answers.
+
+The Department of Work and Pensions destroyed nearly 37,000 files last year - up 22,000 on four years ago when the Act was passed. The number of files destroyed by the Ministry of Defence and the departments of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs and Trade and Industry has also risen dramatically. Dr Lewis has called for an investigation by the information commissioner Richard Thomas. Earlier this week, Mr Thomas said he was looking into Cabinet Office orders telling staff to delete e-mails more than three months old. He said he "totally condemned" the deletion of e-mails to prevent their disclosure under freedom of information laws coming into force on 1 January.
+
+Government guidance said e-mails should only be deleted if they served "no current purpose", Mr Thomas said. A Cabinet Office spokeswoman said the move was not about the new laws or "the destruction of important records". The Freedom of Information Act will cover England, Wales and Northern Ireland from next year. Similar measures are being brought in at the same time in Scotland. It provides the public with a right of access to information held by about 100,000 public bodies, subject to various exemptions.
diff --git a/politics/politics_247.txt b/politics/politics_247.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..197aad4ccc005f856d49c004989e19a81b6eee6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_247.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Kennedy to make temple address
+
+Charles Kennedy is set to address 2,000 people at a Hindu temple as part of an appeal to ethnic minority voters.
+
+The Liberal Democrat leader will visit the Shri Swaminarayan Mandir Temple in Neasden, north west London. He will say Labour "can no longer lay exclusive claim to the votes of Britain's ethnic minorities". Mr Kennedy will also highlight the anger among people of "all races" over the Iraq war and call for a "balanced approach" to tackling terrorism. Saturday's speech comes days after the Lib Dems launched their ethnic minority mini-manifesto. Mr Kennedy is to tell the audience: "Many people in Britain, of all races, cultures and religions, were angry about the way we were taken to war in Iraq. "And they saw the principled stand the Liberal Democrats took at the time."
+
+He will also say that the Lib Dems want to "restore Britain's reputation on the world stage" by fighting international poverty and climate change, and protecting human rights. Mr Kennedy will say that a "balanced approach" to tackling terrorism would mean "tough measures to make Britain safe - but not at the expense of people's fundamental legal rights like has happened at Belmarsh". He will say it also means acting through the United Nations on terrorism. Mr Kennedy held talks with Tony Blair on Friday over government plans to hold terror suspects under house arrest. He said afterwards that the Prime Minister had offered some "movement" to address his concerns. The plans face trouble in the Lords if Conservative and Lib Dem opposition continues.
diff --git a/politics/politics_249.txt b/politics/politics_249.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..062c945300d22e53050cab4f9e5a2ec83a3e1a9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_249.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+No election TV debate, says Blair
+
+Tony Blair has said he will not take part in a TV debate with his political rivals ahead of the next election.
+
+"We answer this every election campaign and, for the reasons I have given before, the answer is no," he said at his monthly news conference. In October Tory leader Michael Howard said Mr Blair would be running scared if he refused calls to go head-to-head. In recent years the leader of the opposition has always called for a debate, although it has never happened. Before the 2001 election, plans for a debate between Mr Blair, William Hague and Charles Kennedy collapsed. In 1997 a debate between Mr Blair and John Major was also cancelled when a format could not be agreed. Televised debates have become the high point of the US presidential election campaigns.
diff --git a/politics/politics_250.txt b/politics/politics_250.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fd275ac167c30a934950ad38e6cafe2faae53e15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_250.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+What the election should really be about?
+
+A general election is the best chance most pressure groups get to make a real impact on government policy. Here is how six leading lobbies plan to make sure their cause is being debated ahead of an expected Spring poll.
+
+We've called for the state pension to be increased from £79.60 to the pensioner credit guarantee level of £105.45. That's what we're calling for. Many pensioners are disadvantaged by the current system. If we've got one in five pensioners below the poverty line, we've got to make it more generous or have these people living in poverty.
+
+We've drawn up a pensioners' manifesto. This will be sent to each of the candidates in the 659 constituencies. They will be asked which of the top five issues, including the pension issue, they would support. Once we've got their responses we will publish the results within the constituencies and nationally as well. It's our way of putting the politicians on notice. We are trying to get across the fact that there are 11m voters over 60 in the country, they are more likely to vote than other sections of society and thirdly they are true swing voters. Before 1997 most pensioners voted Conservative. In 1997 and 2001 they voted Labour. But there is no guarantee they will vote for a Labour government this time around. They cannot take that vote for granted.
+
+Pensions generally will certainly be a big election issue even though the government has postponed the publication of Adair Turner's full report into the issue. He said the UK had one of the least generous pensions systems in the developed world.
+
+That the government takes seriously the impact of aviation on the environment.
+
+We haven't worked out specific plans but I imagine we will lobby political parties and incumbent MPs. Various local groups will do that in their particular areas and we will provide a national briefing. We don't have any large demonstrations planned but they can't be ruled out.
+
+It is hard to say whether we will be successful. We have got the issue in the public consciousness to an extent, but it is difficult to say whether an election will raise its importance in the public mind or whether it will be pushed out by big issues like Iraq.
+
+Repealing the Hunting Bill.
+
+We are challenging the use of the Parliament Act 1949 in a High Court action. We are hoping to hear in the New Year. Whichever way the court rules the other side will appeal so we expect it to fall plumb in electioneering time. When the ban comes into force on 18 February we will be going to the European Court because no compensation is being paid. So there's a lot of legal territory to go. We are trying to engage with the ministers by demonstrating and talking. Whatever intelligence we get we will try to turn up and speak to whoever it is. (Rural affairs minister) Alun Michael has avoided us and cancelled engagements so that makes it difficult. It is not intimidatory - on the whole it is groups of angry housewives. Of course there is an element of shouting because people are angry but there is no violence because that does not achieve anything.
+
+It will fall plumb in the run up to the most important general election Tony Blair will ever face. It's exactly what the prime minister did not want. He wanted the issue off the table until after the election.
+
+People using live animals as targets for sport both here and abroad. The reason for including abroad is because of trophy hunting. It is another sort of form of shooting for sport. The principle is the same whether it's a tiger or a pheasant.
+
+We will widely publicise what's happening in relation to trophy hunting. We will publicise the darker aspects of the target animal industry the UK. We will seek to get pledges from individual MPs and would-be MPs saying that they are against the use of animals as targets for sports. We would like the support of political parties but I think a general election is very much to do with pledges MPs make to their electors. With hunting we had many MPs who were happy to say they were against it.
+
+I think what we will get is a very real climbing up the agenda. Whether or not we will get a ban I am not sure. But it will mobilise public opinion. Everything we do will reduce animal suffering and in time that will lead to a ban.
+
+The issue that we think is the most important for this election is choice. The language of consumerism is very commonplace in government and across the political spectrum. Choice as an ideology is beginning to be the privatisation of this decade. It's become an issue in itself but what's really missing from the debate is the consumer's choice in that. Choice is not choice at all if all you have to choose from is two failing schools. We have seen so many pensions mis-selling scandals and in the pensions industry there's a maximum of choice but a minimum quality in that. We want choice on the consumer's terms - that means clear and accessible information to operate that choice.
+
+Firstly, we have our website. It features our campaigns and changes every day. Secondly through our 700,000 members who communicate with us. Thirdly through the media and also what we will be doing is holding a pre-election conference. We will invite the opinion formers, MPs, journalists and others. The idea is that we open up communications between members of the public and the politicians.
+
+I think we will be successful. It's very much the language being used by the main political parties. Politicians on all sides are very sensitive to this issue they want to be seen to be responding to this issue.
+
+Fuel duty is a large part of operational costs for road haulage workers. We have been hearing about this proposed increase of 1.92p per litre that Gordon Brown has been postponing and postponing. Tuppence does not sound like a great deal but every year if you operate one vehicle that's an increase of about £750. If you're running 10 vehicles it's obviously 10 times that.
+
+If fuel duty does rise we will be absolutely horrified. There will be a huge effect throughout the industry and I would not be surprised if you see widespread demonstrations. What it will mean is there will be a number of firms going out of business.
+
+We will continue to do what we have always done we keep the issue in the trade press. Regrettably it's one of those stories that it is getting harder to get into the national press. Whatever we do, the public don't like lorries - they see us as a complaining minority. But they don't realise that when you see a car on the road it is probably going to work, when you see a lorry it's already at work.
diff --git a/politics/politics_262.txt b/politics/politics_262.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d8f066a9a64d57c8a11cda9b3870727ec6a58ac2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_262.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+Howard taunts Blair over splits
+
+Tony Blair's feud with Gordon Brown is damaging the way the UK is governed, Tory leader Michael Howard has claimed in a heated prime minister's questions.
+
+Mr Howard asked: "How can they fight crime when they are fighting each other?" That question was later unveiled as the headline for new Tory campaign posters. But Mr Blair dismissed the talk of splits and said people's priorities at the next elections would be on the economic successes achieved by Labour. "He can stick up whatever he likes on billboards about something in a book but what the public will concentrate on are the low mortgages, low inflation, low unemployment that we delivered and that he failed to," he said. The chancellor is currently on a high-profile tour of Africa to highlight new anti-poverty plans. But before doing so, he insisted he still trusted Mr Blair, despite claims to the contrary in a new book.
+
+Brown's Britain, by Robert Peston, says there is mutual animosity between the two men. It claims Mr Blair said in November 2003 he would stand down as prime minister before the next election. But he went back on his pledge after support from Cabinet allies and suspicion that Mr Brown was manoeuvring against him, it says.
+
+Mr Peston's book claimed that Mr Brown told Mr Blair: "There is nothing you could ever say to me now that I could ever believe." Mr Blair directly denied that quote on Wednesday. He again insisted there could be no deals about the premiership but twice declined directly to say whether or not he had offered to quit.
+
+The Tory leader countered that such agreements had been struck twice at dinners with the chancellor. He declared: "He is the deals on meals prime minister. No wonder the chancellor is not a happy eater." He continued: "How can there be discipline in schools when there is no discipline in government, how can they clean up our hospitals when they don't clean up their act?" Mr Blair said he would not respond to "tittle tattle in books" and promised to hail Labour's record on the economy, waiting lists and law and order "from now until polling day". Later at their poster launch Tory co-chairman Liam Fox said his party would exploit opportunities to show how "juvenile" the prime minister and chancellor were.
+
+Labour staged a show of unity at its own poster launch on Tuesday, where Mr Brown was joined by Alan Milburn, who Mr Blair controversially put in charge of election planning in place of the chancellor. But Liberal Democrat leader Charles Kennedy told BBC News: "The government is clearly split at the top. This kind of cosmetic exercise does not persuade anybody." Later this week Mr Blair is expected to outline the direction of his party's next election manifesto. The prime minister and chancellor faced backbench discontent at Monday's meeting of the Parliamentary Labour Party over claims made Mr Peston's book.
diff --git a/politics/politics_265.txt b/politics/politics_265.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dceac0dee04868e26e7a848eedfaffd3ed6d2648
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_265.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+Tories unveil quango blitz plans
+
+Plans to abolish 162 quangos have been unveiled by the Conservatives as part of their effort to show how government red tape can be cut.
+
+Six government units would also be scrapped under proposals which the Tories say would save more than £4.3bn. Among the targets are strategic health authorities and the new fair access regulator for universities. Tory frontbencher John Redwood said Britain needed a slimmer government and lower taxes to be competitive.
+
+The plans would abolish regional assemblies and other regional bodies, such as boards tackling industrial development and housing. Their powers would be returned to elected local councils or national government. The Tories say the strategic health authorities are not needed as it is better that local people, rather than officials, run hospitals and surgeries.
+
+Announcing the plans, Mr Redwood said: "Mr Blair has forgotten the interests of taxpayers, and has broken the pledges he made. "Far from improving public services, spending taxpayers' money on quangos has led only to more bureaucrats, more regulation and higher taxes." His party leader, Michael Howard, argued a change in direction was needed to get a grip on spending. "Labour are creating Two Britains: the Britain of the forgotten majority and bureaucratic Britain," he said. "In the real world, people are working harder just to stand still. They've seen their pensions knocked for six. "They're being squeezed by extra taxes. The forgotten majority are paying the price of bureaucratic Britain."
+
+The government has announced plans to cut 100,000 civil servants as part of its efficiency drive. But Chief Secretary to the Treasury Paul Boateng attacked the Tory plans. "The Conservatives are committed to cutting Labour's public spending plans by a massive £35 billion," he said. "Cuts on this scale cannot be found from cutting 'bureaucracy' but would require massive cuts to front-line public services such as schools, hospitals and the police." The Liberal Democrats have said they would cut the number of Whitehall departments to make sure money reaches frontline services.
diff --git a/politics/politics_266.txt b/politics/politics_266.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1917c4afdfb640b492c3b0d89025d2ae8edc5ffd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_266.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Peers debate Crown succession law
+
+Peers are debating proposals to change the rules governing the succession to the throne.
+
+Labour peer Lord Dubs' Succession to the Crown Bill aims to end the right of male heirs to succeed to the crown even if they have an older sister. The private member's bill would also abolish the ban on heirs to the throne marrying Roman Catholics. The Fabian Society's Sundar Katwala said the change was "long overdue" and that he expected a "warm response". The political reform group's general secretary told BBC Radio 4's Today Programme there were some "very out-dated features" at the heart of Britain's constitution.
+
+"In 1998 the government said in principle it supported the idea of ending gender discrimination and that it would consult on how to come forward with its own measures. "We hope they are warm towards it and don't say this is the wrong time." He pointed out that it was 30 years since the sex discrimination act and urged politicians on all sides to back the bill. Mr Katwala added: "This is long overdue. Parliament will have to do it eventually, the government, and I hope all of the political parties, might think this is a very simple thing to have in their manifestos."
+
+But he acknowledged that even if the bill did win support, it was unlikely to become law because the legislative programme is likely to be squeezed by the coming general election. He said he hoped the bill would be a "gentle nudge" to the government and suggested it would "demand a response". The bill, which is in the Lords for its second reading, has been adopted by former chief whip Ann Taylor in the Commons. The rule of succession is regulated not only through descent and tradition but also by the Act of Settlement which confirmed in 1701 that it was for Parliament to determine the title to the throne.
diff --git a/politics/politics_269.txt b/politics/politics_269.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3f8f7098ca46563af8f70048ae09e6bac92244d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_269.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Teens 'know little' of politics
+
+Teenagers questioned for a survey have shown little interest in politics - and have little knowledge.
+
+Only a quarter of 14-16 year olds knew that Labour was the government, the Tories were the official Opposition and the Lib Dems were the third party. Almost all could identify Tony Blair, but only one in six knew who Michael Howard was, and just one in 10 recognised Charles Kennedy. The ICM survey interviewed 110 pupils for education watchdog Ofsted. Nearly half those pupils polled said it was not important for them to know more about what the political parties stand for. And 4% of those questioned thought the Conservatives were in power - while 2% of them believed the Lib Dems were. The survey also looked at issues of nationality. It found the Union flag and fish and chips topped the list of symbols and foods associated with being British. Many of the pupils also looked on themselves as English, Scottish or Welsh, rather than British; while the notion of being European hardly occurred to anyone.
diff --git a/politics/politics_271.txt b/politics/politics_271.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..099290957becacc609aa4a57be5badfcc154774c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_271.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+Tory leader unveils spending plan
+
+Tory leader Michael Howard says his party can save £35bn in government spending by tackling waste.
+
+The money would be ploughed back into frontline services like the NHS and schools with the rest used to cut government borrowing and reduce taxes. The Tory leader has also shrugged off the defection of one of his MPs, Robert Jackson, a former minister, to Labour. Mr Howard said that these things happened in politics and it would not affect the outcome of the election. "Let's be realistic - the election is not going to be decided on the basis of what Mr Jackson did", he told BBC 1's Breakfast with Frost programme. However the defection on Saturday has cast a shadow over the launch of the Conservatives' spending plans. Fuller details are due to be unveiled on Monday.
+
+The bulk of the £35bn saved by tackling bureaucracy and inefficient systems will go back into frontline services, Mr Howard said. The £12bn left over would then be spent on reducing government borrowing, he added. However, the remainder would deal with some of the "unfair taxes". "Almost every independent expert says if you get another Labour government you are going to have to pay higher taxes," Mr Howard insisted. "Because borrowing is going up, it is out of control, that is bound to lead to higher taxes or higher interest rates or both. "So part of the £12bn we are going to apply to filling the government's black hole, reducing the borrowing. "The rest will be used to reduce these unfair taxes which are bearing so heavily on the people of our country today."
+
+Mr Howard is expected to say that around £6bn will be available for tax cuts when he makes his announcement on Monday. The cuts will be paid for out of the savings identified by business trouble-shooter David James. Home Office spending could be cut by £1.6bn, according to the final instalment of his year-long review. Savings of £153m at the Foreign Office and £336m at the Department for Culture Media and Sport, have also been identified. In all, almost a quarter of a million jobs and 168 public bodies would go under Mr James' proposals.
+
+Mr Howard said: "All this adds up to a bottom line and the bottom line is at this election people will have a clear choice between Mr Blair, who will waste more and tax more, and a Conservative government that will give them value for money and tax less." However, Chief Treasury Secretary Paul Boateng said: "None of the Tories' figures add up so they can't make these savings and can't pay for any tax cuts, which means the only guaranteed cut from the Tories is £35bn of cuts, hitting frontline public services hard." Liberal Democrat leader Charles Kennedy added: "People will not be taken in by Michael Howard's claims of £35bn worth of savings. "This can't be achieved without drastic cuts in local services in their own communities." A poll for the News of the World newspaper suggests the Conservatives are on course for their worst election defeat in a century. Labour will hold key marginal constituencies, winning a majority of 160, the Populus survey suggests. And the Liberal Democrats will take three key seats from the Conservatives, leaving the Tories with just 163 MPs, two less than they returned atLabour's 1997 landslide and their worst showing since 1906.
diff --git a/politics/politics_272.txt b/politics/politics_272.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4c050b19eb893c92b6edf50ff23ea395018b8608
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_272.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+Kennedy looks to election gains
+
+They may not know quite how to describe their position in British politics - the real opposition, the valid opposition, the effective opposition or the authentic opposition.
+
+But the Liberal Democrats are entering the expected 2005 election campaign determined to prove it is they, not the Tories, who are now the real threat to Labour. As Tory leader Michael Howard kicked off his election campaign, the Lib Dem leader Charles Kennedy dismissed the Conservatives as a "fading" force. And he insisted there was "no limit" to his party's ambitions in the coming poll. And he can produce some pretty impressive recent election results to back up his optimism for an election which he believes might just see his party doing big things. Sensible third party leaders are usually cautious about making any predictions about how they will do come the big test.
+
+And Mr Kennedy was not falling into that trap when he fired up his campaign from the party's Westminster HQ. He would make no predictions other than that he expected the Lib Dems to increase both their votes and their Commons seats at the election.
+
+The gap between Labour and the Tories was now so narrow - as proved, he claimed, by the defection to Labour of Robert Jackson - that only his party offered a genuine alternative. On the war on Iraq, identity cards, student fees and the council tax, there was nothing to chose between the two big parties whereas the Liberal Democrats offered costed, sensible alternatives. He was also happy to break the two party consensus on taxation by promising to increase income tax on those earning more than £100,000 a year to pay for the scrapping of student fees, the introduction of free personal care for the elderly and replacing the council tax with a local income tax. He was also happy to offer a pledge that he would be doing no deals to "prop up" either of the other big parties after the election.
+
+There was a time when such optimistic sounds coming from the third party could be dismissed as self-delusion. That is no longer the case with the Liberal Democrats. The other parties will still insist that the Lib Dems are no hopers whose greatest effect on the poll will be to boost the hopes of their opponents by denying them otherwise winnable seats.
+
+Labour, in particular, fears that disillusioned supporters may switch to the Lib Dems allowing the Tories to win some seats. But Mr Kennedy is clearly hoping for a more significant outcome than that. He will not talk about the big breakthrough, although there are those who believe this could well be the election that sees his party crossing some sort of symbolic threshold. They would argue that, by the time of the election after next, the Liberal Democrats may genuinely have replaced the Tories as the party challenging Labour for power. The Lib Dems will hope to have made advances because of their consistent stand against the war on Iraq. But Mr Kennedy believes his new manifesto will also offer sensible, costed and achievable policies on things like the council tax, crime and asylum that will underpin his claim that his party really is the only opposition worth the name.
diff --git a/politics/politics_273.txt b/politics/politics_273.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..27eaa0b7250faac1010e661975d8d4e3200bd92a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_273.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+'Best person' for top legal job
+
+The "best person for the job" should be appointed lord chancellor, and not necessarily a lawyer or MP, the courts minister has told MPs.
+
+Under reforms, the post of lord chancellor is to be stripped of its judicial functions. "The lord chancellor...no more needs to be a lawyer than the Secretary of Health needs to be a doctor," said courts minister Christopher Leslie. The Constitutional Reform Bill was entering its second reading on Monday. Mr Leslie said: "The prime minister should be able to appoint the best person for the job whether they sit in the House of Lords or the House of Commons." Under the reforms, the Law Lords will also be replaced as the UK's highest legal authority by a Supreme Court and judges will be appointed by an independent panel rather than ministers.
+
+In December the Lords rejected a plea by current Lord Chancellor Lord Falconer that the holder of the job should not necessarily be a lawyer or a peer. The peers voted by 229 to 206 to say in law that lord chancellors must also be peers. The debate was carried over from the last Parliamentary session, but with an impending general election time is crucial for the government to get the Bill passed. Mr Leslie said it was irrelevant whether the post was called Secretary of State for Constitutional Affairs or Lord Chancellor. He said: "What matters most is...whether it is reformed so that the post holder no longer has those conflicting duties. "It is no longer appropriate for a government minister to have such unfettered discretion in the appointment of judges."
+
+Shadow attorney general Dominic Grieve criticised the government on its plans to change what he said was an "exceptional institution," providing a "champion of the independence of the judiciary". The government had initially proposed to take this institution and "smash it to pieces," Mr Grieve said. Convention should be "nurtured and celebrated," but the government distrusted and disliked it instead. He warned that unless ministers backed down over the lord chancellor remaining a member of the House of Lords, the government would have "great difficulty" in getting the Bill through Parliament. Former Cabinet minister Douglas Hogg, whose father and grandfather served as lord chancellor, said the Bill was "largely unnecessary, bureaucratic and expensive". But the Tory MP for Sleaford and North Hykeham admitted the lord chancellor's role and office "cannot be frozen in aspic".
diff --git a/politics/politics_275.txt b/politics/politics_275.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..29adc5cdc6a2c0817cbc6c1611a6e3d6b4021c88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_275.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+Howard dismisses Tory tax fears
+
+Michael Howard has dismissed fears from some Conservatives that his plans for £4bn tax cuts are too modest.
+
+He defended the package, saying it was a plan for the Tories' first Budget and he hoped to be able to go further. The Tories on Monday highlighted £35bn in "wasteful" spending they would stop to allow tax cuts, reduced borrowing and more spending on key services. Labour and the Liberal Democrats say the party's sums do not add up and claim it would cut frontline services. The Tory tax plan follows complaints from some of the party's MPs that Mr Howard and shadow chancellor Oliver Letwin have taken too long to unveil the proposals. Now they have promised a figure but have yet to reveal which taxes would be targeted.
+
+Tory backbencher Edward Leigh said the proposals were a step in the right direction but he told the Financial Times: "I would come up sooner with much greater tax cuts." Interviewed on BBC Radio 2's Jeremy Vine show, Mr Howard said: "It is perfectly true that I am being attacked on one side by people who think we ought to be promising much, much bigger tax cuts and spending cuts.
+
+"On the other side, there are people who say we won't be able to achieve these tax cuts. "I think we have got it about right." Mr Howard said voters faced a clear choice at the next election between more waste and more tax under Labour and Tory value for money and lower taxes. He added: "I would like to be able to do more, and over time I am sure we will be able to do more, but at the start, we have got to recognise there is a limit to what we can do in one go, in our first Budget. "I have got to be responsible about this."
+
+The latest Tory plans came as campaigning for the election - widely expected in May - gathered pace. The Liberal Democrats launched their pre-election platform, with leader Charles Kennedy saying his party was the "authentic opposition", particularly on the Iraq war, council tax and university tuition fees. Lib Dem Treasury spokesman Vince Cable also branded the Tory plans as "fantasy economics". Labour hit back at the Tory proposals even before their publication with election coordinator Alan Milburn accusing Mr Howard of producing a "fraudulent prospectus". The party on Tuesday challenged the Tories to publish the full report from David James, the trouble-shooter they asked to identify possible savings. But the Tories are in turn demanding that Tony Blair spell out which taxes he would raise if he wins the election.
diff --git a/politics/politics_277.txt b/politics/politics_277.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d2498b2d8568dd41131afd3b33e073c9523c8ae8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_277.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Howard and Blair tax pledge clash
+
+Tony Blair has said voters will have to wait for Labour's manifesto to see if the party has plans to increase tax.
+
+The premier was responding to a challenge from Tory leader Michael Howard who said Labour would raise taxes in its post-election Budget. Mr Blair derided Tory claims they could cut £35bn in "wasteful spending" saying the party had got its sums wrong. The two political leaders clashed just days after the opening salvoes of the pre-election period. Mr Howard told MPs that "every independent expert" from the International Monetary Fund to the Institute of Fiscal Studies had suggested the "government was spending more than it is raising and a Labour chancellor would have to put up taxes". Mr Blair replied: "I think they are wrong for this very simple reason: that the Treasury forecasts on the economy have been proven right." The Tories on Monday highlighted their plans for tax cuts worth £4bn, although the specific taxes to be cut have not been announced.
+
+They also spelled out their plans for reduced government borrowing and more spending on key services. Labour and the Liberal Democrats have said the party's sums do not add up and claim it would cut frontline services. But Mr Howard said voters faced a clear choice at the next election between more waste and more tax under Labour and Tory value for money and lower taxes. The Liberal Democrats have also launched their pre-election platform, with leader Charles Kennedy saying his party was the "authentic opposition", particularly on the Iraq war, council tax and university tuition fees. Labour hit back at the Tory proposals even before their publication with election coordinator Alan Milburn accusing Mr Howard of producing a "fraudulent prospectus".
diff --git a/politics/politics_282.txt b/politics/politics_282.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8007333a4bf1bda1b912fb813d0e244090ab1793
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_282.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+Blair blasts Tory spending plans
+
+Tony Blair has launched an attack on Conservative spending plans, saying they are a "ludicrous improbability".
+
+The prime minister has told a Labour Party gathering that the Tory policies would cause economic failure. Tory leader Michael Howard has said his party would cut £35bn in "wasteful" spending to allow £4bn in tax cuts. On Saturday, Tory shadow home secretary David Davis said the Tories would fund the cuts by removing "inefficiencies" which had "burgeoned" under Labour. In his speech, Mr Blair contrasted a reformed Labour party, which had learned to occupy the political centre ground, with a hidebound Tory party, which he said would turn the clock back with spending cuts. Mr Blair said: "The Conservative tax and spending proposals would put at risk, both Britain's hard-won economic stability - the lowest mortgages, inflation, unemployment, for decades - and the key investment in public services.
+
+"I believe that the Tory plans are as plain a call to return to the past as it's possible to imagine," he said. "It's a recipe for exactly the same boom and bust economics and cuts in public services that were their hallmark in 18 years of Conservative government." Mr Blair added: "They, the Conservatives have learned nothing." By contrast, he said, New Labour had listened to its electorate and changed.
+
+Mr Blair went on to list his government's achievements and to issue a rallying call to the party. "So now we have a choice, we can defend this record and we can build on it and go on and fulfil the promise or give up and go back. And I say we have to fight." In response, David Davis said the Tories would make cuts, such as removing regional assemblies, but would bring in more police officers and match Labour's spending on health and education. "Everybody knows, having lived through this government the last seven years, that they faced lots of stealth tactics, lots of increases in taxes, but no improvement in public services," he said. Mr Davis said Labour had been responsible for "huge waste, huge overspending, not on the frontline at all but on bureaucracy". "The public face a choice between more waste and more taxes with this government, less waste and lower taxes with a Tory government," he concluded.
+
+Gordon Brown has addressed the conference behind closed doors. The Chancellor said the Conservatives' plans would see some £50bn in spending cuts by 2011, which the Tories deny. Mr Brown also issued call for party unity and warn of the dangers of allowing themselves to be "distracted or diverted". According to an advance text released by officials, he told delegates: "We must all show the strength and unity of purpose to take the long-term decisions necessary to meet them."
+
+Mr Brown warned that the Tories were planning "the biggest cuts ever in the history of any election manifesto". Meanwhile, Tory shadow chancellor Oliver Letwin accused Mr Blair of "misrepresenting" the party's proposals and questioned how Labour would fund its own plans. "He still cannot accept the simple truth, which is that we will spend more on what matters to people - schools, hospitals and police - and that we will offer value for money and lower taxes," Mr Letwin said. "Once again Mr Blair and his Chancellor have failed to answer the question that lies at the heart of this election - which taxes will they put up to fill the £8bn shortfall in their plans?"
diff --git a/politics/politics_283.txt b/politics/politics_283.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9792ed992eede7fd19dc6c8cf7fe432fe10f70c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_283.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+Lib Dems' 'bold' election policy
+
+Charles Kennedy has told voters his Liberal Democrats will offer them an "honest choice" at the next general election.
+
+With the other two big parties battling over which will impose the lowest taxes, Mr Kennedy is going into the looming election pledged to increase taxation. It is a bold policy and certainly ensures there is that choice between the Lib Dems and the other two. With his party's previous pledge to increase taxes by one penny in the pound to spend on public services already adopted by the government, he has switched tack. Now he is promising to levy a "modest" increase of the same amount on earnings over £100,000 a year to allow him to finance a series of pledges. They are to scrap student fees, finance free long term care for the elderly and replace the council tax with a local income tax. That last policy will also see about 3% of the most well off paying more while others, pensioners in particular, will pay less.
+
+Labour and the Tories have attacked his policies as both unworkable and not properly costed.
+
+Inevitably they insist there is no need to raise taxes to fund improvements in services. The Tories claim they can improve services AND cut taxes through £35bn efficiency savings, while Labour has offered £22bn savings but has yet to map out precise tax proposals, although there is little chance they will propose increases. In many ways the argument between the Lib Dems and the others over taxation and spending echo the sort of arguments that raged between Labour and the Tories in the 1980s and early 1990s. But, unlike the old Tory-Labour debate, he believes voters are ready to see "modest" tax increases on the well off in order to fund improvements in services. That is a view partly endorsed by recent polls suggesting people would rather have cash spent on public services than tax cuts.
+
+Similarly there is a different tone to the Lib Dem approach to asylum and immigration, with Mr Kennedy stressing politicians should not "foment an artificial debate" about immigration and attacking Michael Howard's proposals for quotas. Once again, with the two other big parties singing similar songs on immigration, Mr Kennedy is stressing the different, more liberal approach of his party. Mr Kennedy was also in buoyant mood over his party's election chances, declaring the Tories were not going to be "significant players" in the poll. He repeated his pledge not to do post-election deals with either party after the election. Mr Kennedy went on to suggest the re-election of a Labour government with a small majority would amount to a "massive vote of no confidence " in Tony Blair's government. That suggests the Lib Dem leader believes he may well find himself in a powerful, even pivotal position in a vastly different House of Commons after the next election. It is a dream the third party has dreamed many times before.
diff --git a/politics/politics_287.txt b/politics/politics_287.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9a3a38a2076e6d12392d3b9f57d9cea9301e9abd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_287.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Boothroyd calls for Lords speaker
+
+Betty Boothroyd has said the House of Lords needs its own Speaker and that peers should lead the way on reforming the upper chamber.
+
+Baroness Boothroyd, who was the first woman to be Commons Speaker, said she believed Tony Blair initiated reforms without a clear outcome in mind. "Now we have to take care of it ourselves and make the best of it," she told the BBC's Breakfast with Frost. In 1999 Labour removed all but 92 of the Lords' 750 hereditary peers. That was billed as the first stage of reform of the institution. The lord chancellor hinted further reforms could be unveiled in the next Labour manifesto.
+
+"I think we need to look very carefully at the relationship between the Lords and the Commons," Lord Falconer told BBC1's Breakfast With Frost. "How it interacts with the Commons is a very, very important issue. "We need to address the issue in the manifesto, but you will have to wait for when the manifesto comes." The lord chancellor currently has the role of House of Lords speaker. He is also head of the judiciary and a member of the Cabinet as constitutional affairs secretary.
+
+Lady Boothroyd said she believed it was unacceptable for the lord chancellor to have the role of Speaker. "I would really like to see a Speaker of the House of Lords," she said. "I don't go for the idea of somebody - a lord chancellor - who is head of the judiciary, a senior Cabinet minister and Speaker of the Lords. "I want somebody there who is going to look after that House and do a job there.
diff --git a/politics/politics_288.txt b/politics/politics_288.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fc6f262b1def74dc7009b0be9401602d1c1e96eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_288.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+New UKIP defection to 'Veritas'
+
+The UK Independence Party has lost one of its two London Assembly members to Robert Kilroy-Silk's new political party, expected to launch on Wednesday.
+
+Damian Hockney said ex-chatshow host Mr Kilroy-Silk would "deliver better" as the leader of a eurosceptic party. He said Mr Kilroy-Silk had made him deputy party leader of Veritas, Latin for truth. Sources close to Mr Hockney said around eight other members of London UKIP were also planning to jump ship.
+
+Details of the coming week's events were hammered out at a meeting at Mr Kilroy-Silk's Buckinghamshire home on Sunday, the BBC News Website was told. The news came after UKIP suspended a candidate for allegedly suggesting the criminally insane should be killed. John Houston, 54, was due to stand in the East Kilbride seat in Lanarkshire at the next election. A spokesman for UKIP called on Mr Hockney to quit the London Assembly. UKIP asserts that Mr Hockney "has a moral obligation, if not a legal one" to stand down. Mr Hockney meanwhile told the BBC: "I believe that Robert Kilroy-Silk can deliver better as a leader of a eurosceptic party than the current leadership of the UK Independence Party."
+
+On the suspension of Mr Houston, UKIP said those who selected him knew nothing of his views. Mr Houston is alleged to have said that the organs of the criminally insane should be "made available to law-abiding members of the community" and proposed the legalisation of drugs and the sex trade.
+
+The document reportedly said: "We're looking for the resurrection of the British Empire. "The problems for the human race - environmental and others - can only be dealt with on a global scale, and that calls for a radical alliance of the English-speaking nations, which they are uniquely able to do." UKIP spokesman Mark Croucher said the main issue would be that Mr Houston's reported views had been presented as UKIP policy, which they were not.
diff --git a/politics/politics_293.txt b/politics/politics_293.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e424f7361a68f1a1c9f39a8525a9d34359e21f0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_293.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+Kilroy launches 'Veritas' party
+
+Ex-BBC chat show host and East Midlands MEP Robert Kilroy-Silk said he wanted to "change the face of British politics" as he launched his new party. Mr Kilroy-Silk, who recently quit the UK Independence Party, said "our country" was being "stolen from us" by mass immigration. He told a London news conference that Veritas - Latin for "truth" - would avoid the old parties' "lies and spin". UKIP leader Roger Knapman says he is glad to see the back of Mr Kilroy-Silk.
+
+Mr Kilroy-Silk promised a "firm but fair" policy on immigration and said they hoped to contest most seats at the forthcoming general election. He said Veritas would also announce detailed policies on crime, tax, pensions, health and defence over the next few weeks. Labour campaign spokesman Fraser Kemp said Veritas was joining "an already crowded field on the right of British politics". On Thursday Mr Kilroy-Silk is due to announce which constituency he will run in at the next general election - that will come amid speculation he has his sights set on Defence Secretary Geoff Hoon's Ashfield seat. He was joined in the new venture by one of UKIP's two London Assembly members, Damien Hockney who is now Veritas' deputy leader. UKIP's chairman Petrina Holdsworth has said the group will just be a parody of the party the men have left.
+
+Mr Kilroy-Silk quit UKIP last week after months of tension as he vied unsuccessfully for the leadership of that party. He said he was ashamed to be a member of a UKIP whose leadership had "gone AWOL" after the great opportunity offered by its third place at last June's European elections. "While UKIP has turned its back on the British people, I shall not," he said. "I will be standing at the next general election. I shall be leading a vigorous campaign for the causes I believe in. "And, unlike the old parties, we shall be honest, open and straight."
+
+Mr Hockney also left UKIP saying Mr Kilroy-Silk would "deliver better" as the leader of a Eurosceptic party. A spokesman for UKIP called on Mr Hockney to quit the London Assembly. The party asserts that Mr Hockney "has a moral obligation, if not a legal one" to stand down. Its leader, Roger Knapman, has said he is glad to see the back of Mr Kilroy-Silk. "He has remarkable ability to influence people but, sadly, after the [European] election it became clear that he was more interested in the Robert Kilroy-Silk Party than the UK Independence Party so it was nice knowing him, now 'goodbye'," he said. UKIP officials also argue Mr Kilroy-Silk has not been "straightforward" in attacking the party he once wanted to lead.
+
+Veritas? It's the BNP in an expensive suit!
+
+It's all well and good Robert Kilroy-Silk claiming, that 'Veritas' is a party that doesn't believe in "lies and spin", but the truth of the matter is, its completely useless, due to proportional representation, there is no chance that 'Veritas' will have any chance in claiming power, and change the two-horse race trend. In my opinion this is just a publicity stunt which has just been used as a smoke-screen for his anti-Islamism slurs which got him sacked from the television.
+
+I think that his views regarding immigration are shared by many. It really is time that the UK government ceased to be a paper tiger on this issue. In addition as an Ashfield constituent I would be more than interested in Kilroy -Silk opposing Geoff Hoon!!
+
+Good to see the parties of the right splintering in the way the parties of the left have always done. Let's hope Kilroy-Silk, UKIP and the euro-sceptic wing of the Tory Party all fade further into obscurity so we can have some truth in the debate about Europe. We benefit enormously from our membership of the EU, we need to be at the heart of Europe, leading it and driving it to where we as a country want to go, not running away from it.
+
+All mouth and trousers. A clown. Trouble is, any votes he collects may just end up helping New Labour into a third term.
+
+Whatever Kilroy-Silk and UKIP do, none of their anti-European policies have any relevance outside middle England. This new party might gain support from right-wing England, but will have little impact in Wales or Scotland.
+
+Hopefully this all this fighting within euro-sceptic parties will allow them to slip out of the way and get people voting for real political parties which address more than one issue. England needs Europe to survive and as soon as people realise this the better, we can't rely on the USA forever!
+
+At last an impetus for increasing the likely 40% turn out for the election. The electorate is disillusioned with British politics. Kilroy has one agenda - the UK - and I'll be voting for him.
+
+Both UKIP and RK-S are representatives of small-mindedness and a lack of vision for the whole of humankind. The interests of humanity and the world lie so much beyond the scope of these people's bickering that who, in the overall scheme of things, really cares about their petty tiff?
+
+Many people believe you Kilroy. You may even believe yourself but switching horses midstream and then bad mouthing the steed that got you halfway seriously diminishes your credibility.
+
+The very idea of political parties born out of such negative feelings as Euroscepticism or British Supremacy is nauseating. One can only hope the public recognise these extremists for what they are and shun them at the polls.
+
+I've always thought that Kilroy-Silk was a self-publicising, egotist and this news does absolutely nothing to alter my opinion.
+
+Brilliant, about time this country had a plausible party!
+
+Having seen the recent BBC 3 documentary and witnessed the thoroughly disgraceful chauvinistic behaviour of a number of senior UKIP figures I can well understand why Kilroy-Silk feels embarrassed to be associated with such people. Hopefully the UKIP members who are interested in the political debate will support his action.
+
+Fantastic news. Pro-Europeans now have far less to worry about from the right. The Conservatives are as confused as they have been since the mid-1990s, and the extreme anti-Europeans are fracturing themselves into splinter groups that split any votes they might get in local, European and general elections. Robert Kilroy-Silk's ego and vanity are his own (and his supporters') worst enemy.
+
+As a euro-enthusiast I could not be more delighted by Kilroy-Silk's behaviour. He took a party that was just building up a head of steam, and having exposed it to ridicule by attempting a coup-d'etat, he is now setting about the serious business of dividing it in two. The closer to straight-down-the-middle the better, as far as I am concerned, but in any eventuality, the two sceptic parties will exhaust their energies fighting each other.
+
+If every politician with ambitions to lead their party resorted to forming their own for that purpose, we'd have ballot papers a mile long! You've got to hand it to Kilroy-Silk for his sheer arrogance and supreme self-belief.
+
+Whilst not being a great fan of Kilroy I do agree with his comments about the UKIP leadership, and like him I am also leaving UKIP. I believe countless opportunities have been lost to discredit the EU and to show our people what belonging to the EU really means. The EU's comments last week about Michael Howard's plans to reform immigration show how little we govern our own country when they can turn round and say immigration is a matter for the EU and not individual member states. The sooner we leave this corrupt super-state the better
+
+Does anyone else think that it is ironic that Euro-Sceptic Kilroy-Silk has used a Latin name for his new party, rather than a 'good old British' name? Is this indicative of the man - contradictory, vain and pompous?
+
+I think Mr Kilroy-Silk has got a very good point. British politics has become too PC and as a result has no straight talking honest strong politicians. They are all interested in their own careers and not the people who put them in power. As a result I feel our democracy is being abused and I want it stopped. If Mr Kilroy-Silk lives up to half his promises he will get my vote.
+
+Honestly, who really cares? Man with tan leaves party with no plan, to set up party with no idea.
+
+As one of Kilroy-Silk's East Midlands constituents I hope those who voted for him are proud to have been taken in by such charming vacuity. I feel insulted by having him represent me in the European Parliament.
+
+UKIP tried hard to accommodate Robert Kilroy Silk, but he made it clear that only control of it would satisfy him. Someone so keen on complete control was bound to fall foul of UKIP's democratic nature.
+
+Kilroy is an able communicator and a capable politician, in exactly the way those who lead UKIP are not. He tried to make it work, but they didn't seem to want to grow up. He was left in the position of having to defend their gaffes to the media. This new party seems a logical next step for Kilroy. Good luck to the man, I say.
+
+Oh please! This is an amusing irrelevance. There is absolutely no chance of either of these parties communicating a sensible and constructive 'Eurosceptic' argument. They will play a key part in winning the country round to the idea of a reformed, more democratic, more dynamic Europe Union. Future generations will thank him for his ridiculousness.
+
+The refreshing thing about Robert is that he is open, honest and straight. What other politician can claim this. I have a suspicion that he talks for a larger part of the electorate that his critics would like. I shall be voting for him.
+
+The electorate of the East Midlands voted not for Kilroy-Silk but for the UKIP. Kilroy-Silk was made an MEP because of his position on the UKIP's party list. He has no mandate to represent the area and should resign from the European Parliament.
+
+I wouldn't write off Kilroy-Silk. While he's a clown and a one man band at the moment, he's a populist and that's always dangerous.The man clearly has an enormous ego and looking at our current political masters, that seems to be one of the factors in success.
+
+Good luck to Kilroy though I think he is doing more harm than good for both his new party and UKIP because their vote base is not strong enough for both parties to be successful and at the moment UKIP have the upper hand while Veritas are starting from square one and fighting a somewhat uphill battle.
+
+The man I once found cringe worthy on Day time TV, could well turn out to be my country's knight in shining armour. He expresses views which are now more than common amongst society today - but people are almost too scared to express them. Kilroy Silk has secured my vote, and many more like me. What's more, I look forward to the day when he claims victory, wrecks the EU, and rescues my great nation... without a hair out of place and his tan as perfect as ever!
+
+Great Stuff. The longer the UK dithers over Europe, the richer we in Ireland become, as the only English-speaking country fully committed to Europe. Oh and send us over those hard-working immigrants - our economy needs them.
+
+This is just what the Europhiles pray for. As the main Eurosceptic party, UKIP should try to resolve its differences with Kilroy to show a united front and give the UK public a serious political voice against Europe. Having multiple parties with the same view point just splits the vote further.
+
+Thank goodness that Kilroy-Silk has gone - now UKIP at least has a chance in the election!
+
+It is very sad to see the cause of Britain regaining its proper relationship with Europe damaged by this split within UKIP. Robert Kilroy-Silk could have a lot to offer. Instead we have a split party and a damaged cause. Under the present electoral system, people must work together, and small parties have no hope of representation. Last summer, UKIP achieved a major advance, partly and only partly due to Kilroy-Silk. It is a great shame this has been dissipated in in-fighting.
+
+UKIP has a wide platform of policies, not just withdrawal from the EU. This Kilroy-Silk conveniently ignores in the comments surrounding the launch of his own party. Neither the English Democrats nor the New Party were interested in letting him join them and take over their leadership speaks volumes. Veritas is the beginning of the end for Kilroy-Silk.
+
+If he believes in truth and democracy then he and the two assembly members should resign and force a by-elections to stand on their own platform rather than this backdoor approach to politics of being elected for one party then defecting to another.
+
+So UKIP was good enough for him to lead, not good enough for him to follow!
+
+Interesting that a party committed to plain speaking should have a Latin name!
+
+Every opinion poll points to an overwhelming anti-Europe feeling in this country. Kilroy-Silk could be on the verge of something huge if he can broaden his appeal beyond this one issue. He is an extremely able communicator with years of political experience. We wants quality schools, top hospitals, clean and efficient public transport, punishments that fit the crime, limited asylum, a purge on bureaucracy and less taxes. It needs courage and honesty, two qualities sadly lacking in our politicians. Kilroy-Silk may just have those very qualities. Recruit the right colleagues, Robert, and your time may have come!
+
+Well if you cannot get enough limelight being an ordinary MP then go out and start up your own Party. It's all flash and no real policy here
+
+Let's hope this is the start of both UKIP and Kilroy-Silk slipping into obscurity.
+
+Veritas? The name will doom it. But perhaps I am wrong for surely all modern schoolchildren will understand it since they do still learn Latin in the classroom do they not? The whole essence of what RKS represents is Euroscepticism, so explain to me how the too-twee label of Veritas symbolises that?
diff --git a/politics/politics_294.txt b/politics/politics_294.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dfa5775fcd413ea0405ee24cc7cf56f67b469c32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_294.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+Civil servants in strike ballot
+
+The UK's biggest civil service union is to ballot its 290,000 members on strikes in protest at government plans to extend their pension age to 65.
+
+The Public and Commercial Services Union will co-ordinate any action with up to six other public sector unions. Unions have already earmarked 23 March for a one-day strike which could involve up to 1.4 million UK workers. The government says unions will be consulted before any changes are made to the pension system.
+
+PCS leader Mark Serwotka warned there could be further walkouts unless there was a government rethink.
+
+"For a government that lectures everyone on choice - choice on public service, choice on this and choice on that - isn't it ironic that they're saying to public sector workers there is no choice," he said. "If you want the pension you were promised when you started you must work for an extra five years - that is working until people drop. "In the 20th century, it's completely unacceptable." BBC correspondent Stephen Cape said the combined unions represented "a formidable force" which could embarrass the government in the run-up to the General Election. A stoppage involving civil servants, in particular, could seriously disrupt or close government departments, agencies and museums, he said.
+
+Opposition to raising the retirement age is "one thing all the unions are agreed on", our correspondent added. Unison's 800,000 workers, the Transport and General Workers' Union's 70,000 and Amicus' 20,000 are among those being balloted about a 23 March walkout. Deputy Prime Minister John Prescott held a private meeting with senior union figures on Thursday night. Our correspondent said that he understood no deal had been offered in that meeting but that there was room for further negotiations. There was "some possibility" of the strike action being avoided, he added.
diff --git a/politics/politics_298.txt b/politics/politics_298.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..859154f7d222ca4eaeee368b6d5fb9d29fdb5638
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_298.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+'Debate needed' on donations cap
+
+A cap on donations to political parties should not be introduced yet, the elections watchdog has said.
+
+Fears that big donors can buy political favours have sparked calls for a limit. In a new report, the Electoral Commission says it is worth debating a £10,000 cap for the future but now is not the right time to introduce it. It also says there should be more state funding for political parties and candidates should be able to spend more on election campaigning.
+
+There were almost £68m in reported donations to political parties in 2001, 2002 and 2003, with nearly £12m of them from individual gifts worth more than £1m. The rules have already been changed so the public can see who gives how much to the parties but the report says there are still public suspicions. The commission says capping donations would mean taxpayers giving parties more cash - something which would first have to be acceptable to the public and shown to work. "While we are not in principle opposed to the introduction of a donation cap, we do not believe that such a major departure from the existing system now would be sensible," says its report. If there was to be a cap, it should be £10,000 - a small enough amount to make a difference but which would have banned £56m in donations between 2001 and 2003.
+
+Even without changes the commission does urge political parties to seek out more small-scale donations and suggests there should be income tax relief for gifts under £200. It also suggests increasing state funding for parties to £3m so help can be extended to all parties with at least two members in the House of Commons, European Parliament, Scottish Parliament, Welsh Assembly or Northern Ireland Assembly. And it suggests new ways of boosting election campaigning, seen as a way of improving voter turnout. All local election candidates should be entitled to a free mailshot for campaign leaflets, says the watchdog. And there should be a shift in the amount of money allowed to be spent at elections from a national level to a local level to help politicians engage better with voters.
+
+The report suggests doubling the money which can be spent by candidates, while cutting national spending limits from £20m to £15m. The commission also says the spending limits for general elections should cover the four months before the poll - as happens with other elections. Electoral Commission chairman Sam Younger said: "There is no doubt that political parties have a vital role to play in maintaining the health of our democracy and for this they need to be adequately resourced. "Our research has shown that people want to be more informed about party politics and that they want politicians to be more visible and accessible. "The public are reluctant for the state to fund parties but at the same time are unhappy with large private donations." He called for a wider public debate on party funding to find the consensus needed for radical changes to the current system.
diff --git a/politics/politics_301.txt b/politics/politics_301.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2d7fb9c2343fdd983d21ab13318b3165dfdbaaf2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_301.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+Taxes must be trusted - Kennedy
+
+Public trust in taxes is breaking down because Labour and Tories are not being straight with people on the issue, Lib Dem leader Charles Kennedy has said.
+
+A day ahead of the government's pre-Budget report, Mr Kennedy used a speech to say his party was facing up to "painful economic realities". He said the current level of taxation was about right, although he would put a new 50% tax on top earners. Other parties have accused the Lib Dems of making uncosted promises. Mr Kennedy made it clear he was determined to counter that accusation. The Lib Dems have already published what they say are the full costings for all their plans and Wednesday's speech did not announce new policies.
+
+Speaking at the Commonwealth Club, Mr Kennedy said it was critical for a political party to have economic credibility, both on what it promised and what it was expected to deliver. He said. "Budgets have to add up. Tough choices are needed in public spending." The Lib Dems would cut "low priority" spending, including the government's ID cards scheme and the Child Trust Fund.
+
+Those cutbacks would free up funds for increasing basic state pensions for over-75s, putting more police on the streets and reintroducing fee eye and dental checks, he said. The Lib Dems argue they were honest about taxes in the past by calling for a 1p rise on income tax. Now they say the only simple tax rise they want is a new 50% tax band for top earners to pay for scrapping university tuition fees, providing free personal care for elderly and disabled people and keeping local taxes down. There would also be a local income tax to replace council tax and a number of changes to environmental taxes to ensure it is the "polluter who pays".
+
+The Lib Dems say the Tories have only laid out possible options for cutting taxes to grab headlines while Labour has hidden most of its tax rises. Mr Kennedy said: "That contract with the people - that the government will only tax fairly and will spend their money wisely - can only be sustained if the political parties are straightforward about their plans. "With the stealth tax strategy of Gordon Brown, the obvious unfairness of our current tax system - especially the council tax, and the empty promises of the Conservative party on this issue - it is no wonder that trust in taxation is breaking down." He challenged the Treasury to open up its books so the National Audit Office can report on the government's performance.
+
+Conservative co-chairman Liam Fox said: Liam Fox said "If Charles Kennedy is serious about making his budgets add up he should start by explaining how they would fund their 100 spending commitments. "The reality is, the Lib Dems lack the courage to tackle waste and bureaucracy, and the only people who would face 'tough choices' would be the families who would be £630 worse off a year. " And Chancellor Gordon Brown said the Lib Dem figures did not add up. He accused the party of claiming it would spend less while across the country committing itself to spend more.
diff --git a/politics/politics_303.txt b/politics/politics_303.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b1746ce671a8fce30c5905bbc7cbc9989b03fa7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_303.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+Election deal faltered over Heath role
+
+The Tories failed to hold onto power in 1974 after Liberals demanded Sir Edward Heath quit in return for co-operation.
+
+Documents released after 30 years reveal the failed negotiations by the then prime minister following the dramatic February general election. Liberal leader Jeremy Thorpe appeared willing to form a coalition government. But it partly collapsed over the Conservative leader's own role, prompting the Queen to ask Harold Wilson to form a Labour government. The February 1974 general election surprised the nation when it created a hung parliament with no party in overall control. Sir Edward had gone to the country for a fresh mandate amid the spiralling economic crisis, a miners' strike and the subsequent three-day week. Labour emerged with the most seats - but its 301 MPs were 17 short of the number Mr Wilson needed to form a majority.
+
+Sir Edward, who had received more votes but had fewer MPs, believed he had the authority to remain at Number 10 providing the 14 Liberal MPs would support his government. He said the Liberals could keep out Labour in three ways: lend ad hoc support to his minority government, help draw up the government's programme, or have up to three Cabinet members in a coalition with the Conservatives. According to the documents released at the National Archives, the "friendly and easy" first meeting indicated that both Sir Edward and Mr Thorpe thought they had the makings of a deal. Mr Thorpe was in high spirits, having just led his party to a historic jump in support. He also argued for a grand coalition of all three main parties. But Sir Edward said that was impossible because the Labour left was set against it and the pair settled on trying for a Conservative-Liberal pact.
+
+Hours later Sir Edward's hopes of a deal unravelled as Mr Thorpe's colleagues refused to support him. "Jeremy said he was encountering a rather embarrassing problem with his colleagues about the prime minister personally," reads a telephone memo for Mr Heath.
+
+"They feel they could not agree to serve as long as he is the prime minister. "Asked if this was his own view he said - no it was not, I am very close to Ted and thought he was by far the most able man we had and he would be perfectly happy to serve - it was only some of his colleagues who were being difficult." The following day, the stickling points had clearly become two-fold: Mr Thorpe's colleagues wanted electoral reform and Sir Edward's resignation. Mr Thorpe told Sir Edward: "I am sorry this is obviously hell - a nightmare on stilts for you. "Somehow I personally hope that we can work something out."
+
+Four hours later, Sir Edward called the Liberal leader back to Downing Street in a last attempt at a deal. The minutes of the meeting show how the chance of a coalition government quickly evaporated. "The PM said he was bound to tell Mr Thorpe that his colleagues had told him that they would not agree to serve under any other prime minister. Mr Thorpe was at liberty to verify this by talking to one or two of the prime minister's colleagues." Documents show that Sir Edward mulled over resigning and perhaps returning to coalition government in a Labour-led coalition. But he already knew Mr Wilson would not form a coalition with either the Liberals or the Conservatives because of the opposition of the Labour left. Within hours of his final talks with Mr Thorpe, Sir Edward told the nation he was resigning and the Queen invited Mr Wilson to form a new minority government.
diff --git a/politics/politics_307.txt b/politics/politics_307.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c25cdc79006f851a8db9a8d8fb998606daec7837
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_307.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Conservative MP defects to Labour
+
+A Conservative MP and former minister has defected to Labour.
+
+Robert Jackson, 58, MP for Wantage in Oxfordshire, said he was disillusioned with the party's leadership and its "dangerous" views on Europe. Prime Minister Tony Blair declared himself "delighted", saying Mr Jackson would be warmly welcomed by Labour MPs. Mr Jackson, who has clashed with his leaders over tuition fees and Europe in the past, served as higher education minister between 1987 and 1990. In a letter to his constituency chairman he wrote: "It is in the country's best interest that Tony Blair rather than Michael Howard should form the next government." While saying he admired Mr Blair's "courageous" leadership of the country, he bitterly criticised the Conservatives stance on Europe. "The Conservative Party's hostility to Europe has now hardened to the point at which it advocates the unilateral denunciation of Britain's treaty obligations," he wrote.
+
+Mr Blair said Mr Jackson was a "decent, fair-minded and dedicated public servant... who will be warmly welcome by Labour MPs and members". "As he rightly says, [the Conservatives] have learned nothing from their two election defeats and are, if anything, drifting further rightwards," he added. A spokesman for Michael Howard said Mr Jackson's views on policy issues were "very different" from those of the party leadership. "He believes students should pay tuition fees, that Tony Blair should not be criticised over his handling of the Iraq war and that more powers should be given to Europe," the spokesman said. He added that it was not surprising Mr Jackson had chosen to leave the Conservatives. Mr Jackson is due to stand down at the next election. He is the third Conservative MP to defect to Labour since 1997.
diff --git a/politics/politics_31.txt b/politics/politics_31.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0db3170b5a1d5de0d9a4c7ff4050c1041d323a55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_31.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+Blunkett sorry over murder plan
+
+David Blunkett has apologised to MPs after the Home Office announced "prematurely" via press release a review of murder laws.
+
+The home secretary confirmed the review was to get under way in the wake of a Law Commission report which branded the current murder law as "a mess". He said the review would look at partial defences to murder, including provocation and at mandatory sentences. The Home Office has already said the review will begin next year.
+
+On Wednesday, a Home Office spokeswoman said the terms of reference for the review had not been established but it was likely to include only England and Wales. News of the review was released because it was thought Mr Blunkett would make the official announcement in a Commons debate on Wednesday. But the announcement never came, with the home secretary saying the debate had never reached that stage. Amid opposition anger, Mr Blunkett had to answer an emergency question in Parliament on Thursday. He said he had taken steps to ensure the incident was not repeated. Shadow home secretary David Davis welcomed his "gracious apology" and the review itself. But he argued the minister should have volunteered a formal statement instead of having to be "dragged" to face MPs.
+
+In its report, the Law Commission said it had found wide support among criminal justice professionals for an end to the mandatory life sentence for murder. The panel suggested different kinds of murders could be "graded" to recognise the seriousness of the offence.
+
+But the Home Office said mandatory life sentences would not be abolished and argued courts already had flexibility. The commission, an independent body including two judges, a senior barrister and sentencing experts, had been asked to consider reforms to the defence of provocation in murder cases. But it said its proposals were unlikely to work without a far wider review of the law. Results of a consultation exercise showed 64 respondents out of 146 - among them 21 judges - believed a mandatory life sentence for every murder was "indefensible and should cease".
+
+A key question was whether one category should continue to cover all types of murder from mercy killings to serial or contract killings. The commission found support for the idea of grading murders so that the sentence reflected the seriousness of the offence. But speaking after the report was published, Home Office minister Baroness Scotland said: "Murder is the most serious of crimes and we have no intention of abolishing the mandatory life sentence. "Where an offender is convicted of murder, the court must pass a life sentence." The commission also recommended tightening the law so that the provocation defence cannot be used in cases where someone has killed for revenge, such as a jealous husband who murders an unfaithful wife.
diff --git a/politics/politics_313.txt b/politics/politics_313.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c852f67f28b26870814e40b30faed524391bd466
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_313.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Parties warned over 'grey vote'
+
+Political parties cannot afford to take older UK voters for granted in the coming election, says Age Concern.
+
+A survey for the charity suggests 69% of over-55s say they always vote in a general election compared with just 17% of 18 to 24 year olds. Charity boss Gordon Lishman said if a "decisive blow" was struck at the election it would be by older voters who could be relied on to turn out. A total of 3,028 adults aged 18 or over were interviewed for the study. Mr Lishman urged the next government to boost state pension.
+
+He also called for measures to combat ageism and build effective public services to "support us all in an ageing society". "Older people want to see manifesto commitments that will make a difference to their lives," Mr Lishman said. "Political parties must wake up to the fact that unless they address the demands and concerns of older people they will not keep or attract their vote." In the survey carried out by ICM Research, 14% of people aged between 18 and 34 said they never voted in general elections. Among the over-65s, 70% said they would be certain to vote in an immediate election, compared with 39% of people under 55. Age Concern says the over-55s are "united around" key areas of policy they want the government to focus on. For 57%, pensions and the NHS were key issues, while the economy was important for a third, and tax was a crucial area for 25%.
+
+The report was welcomed by Conservative shadow pensions secretary David Willetts. "The pensioners' voice must certainly be heard in the next election as they have never fitted into Blair's cool Britannia," he said. "Labour's continued refusal to admit the true extent of the pensions crisis will be one of the monumental failures of this government." He pointed to Tory plans to increase the basic state pension to reduce means testing, strengthen company pensions and encourage savings. A Liberal Democrat spokesman said the party took the issues raised in the report very seriously. He highlighted the party's promises to raise the basic state pension, provide free long-term care for the elderly and replace council tax, seen as a particular problem for pensioners on fixed incomes. Labour has said it wants to use savings reforms to Incapacity Benefit to improve the basic state pension and has set up a review of the council tax system.
diff --git a/politics/politics_316.txt b/politics/politics_316.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8e0a3a8a2e6c8ed6e40403b5f4fd75fd2a7bae3b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_316.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+Blair moves to woo Jewish voters
+
+Tony Blair has pledged to "never, ever, ever" attack Tory leader Michael Howard over his Jewish beliefs.
+
+The prime minister told the Jewish Chronicle: "If you look at what I do, I attack Michael Howard politically." Mr Blair also distanced himself from recent Labour campaign posters featuring Mr Howard, which critics claimed were "anti-Semitic". These were "not intended to cause any offence to anyone on the Jewish community," Mr Blair insisted.
+
+One poster depicted Mr Howard and his shadow chancellor Oliver Letwin, who is also Jewish, as flying pigs. Another pictured the Tory leader swinging a pocket watch on a chain, which critics said echoed the Jewish money lender Shylock in Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice.
+
+Others compared the image to the character Fagin in Charles Dickens' Oliver Twist. Labour has since taken the designs of its website, saying members had preferred other designs. During his interview with the Jewish Chronicle, Mr Blair said: "I've been a very strong supporter of the Jewish community and Israel, and will always be so." Pressed on whether he would draw attention to Mr Howard's Jewish beliefs in an attempt to attract Muslim support, he replied: "The idea that I would allow anybody to make such a charge is outrageous. It's untrue. "If you look what I do, I attack Michael Howard politically. I would never, ever, ever attack him on that basis."
+
+Mr Blair also defended his party's attitude towards the Jewish community, pointing out that it was his government that had introduced the Holocaust Memorial Day. He added that Labour also aggressively fought all forms of racism.
+
+Neither the Conservatives nor the Liberal Democrats wished to comment on Mr Blair's words. The prime minister was speaking as London's Labour mayor Ken Livingstone remains embroiled in a row over comments he made to a Jewish reporter from the city's Evening Standard newspaper. Mr Blair repeated calls for the mayor to apologise for likening the reporter, Oliver Finegold, to a concentration camp guard. Mr Livingstone "should have withdrawn the comment immediately" once he realised the journalist was Jewish, said Mr Blair. "I'm sure that is what in truth he wants to do. Well, he should do it." Mr Livingstone has said he could not sincerely say sorry for the comments he made, and claims he has been targeted by the newspaper. He conceded his comments may have been offensive but were not racist, and said earlier this week he would not apologise even if Mr Blair asked.
diff --git a/politics/politics_317.txt b/politics/politics_317.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..35757646573b7fd5042708752ae88022a212b593
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_317.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+Parties' plans for council tax
+
+Anger at council tax rises spilled over into mass protests in 2003, when the average English bill rose 12.9%.
+
+Pensioners' protests spread - some marched, others simply refused to pay the increase. Some, such as 83-year-old Elizabeth Winkfield, said they would rather go to jail. The Audit Commission found the whole local government finance system was "fundamentally flawed" and all three of the main parties have said the system has to change.
+
+Labour says it wants to retain the property-based tax but reform it to make it fairer and says there is scope for councils to become more efficient. They say they are already helping pensioners with council tax bills, with a £100 lump sum for the over-70s and last year the government capped some local councils' budgets to keep demands down. Deputy Prime Minister John Prescott has said the current system is not sustainable in the long term and said there would be "radical reform". The party says this year's increases will be the lowest in a decade. A report last year looked at increasing the number of council tax bands and other forms of local taxation, such as reformed business rates, although no decisions have been made. An independent inquiry into its findings, the Lyons review, is due to report back at the end of 2005.
+
+The Tories have promised a reduction on bills for pensioners, who they say have been hardest hit by year-on-year increases in council tax. They say they can save £4bn on "government waste", of which £1.3bn could be used to cut pensioners' bills by an average of £340. It would not be means tested, say the Tories, because that would create more bureaucracy and could discourage people from saving for their retirement. Instead households where council tax payers are over 65 would get a rebate covering half their bill, up to a maximum of £500. The Tories also say they are suspicious about any proposals to revalue homes - currently graded according to their value in 1991 - because they believe seven million of homes could move up a band.
+
+The Liberal Democrats want to do away with the council tax altogether and switch to a local income tax of the kind seen in the USA, Norway and Switzerland. The rate would be set locally, but administered by the Inland Revenue which they say would save at least £300m. They say the council tax is the most unpopular and most unfair tax in Britain, because it puts a "ceiling" on what the richest pay. The party says it would aim for a £5,000 tax-free personal allowance, or a £7,000 allowance for the over-65s. After that income would be taxed up to £100,000. The Lib Dems say their plan is fairer, more efficient, has already been tested abroad and offers more accountability.
diff --git a/politics/politics_319.txt b/politics/politics_319.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e4f63562471f1928b8a0c25f748d84c53eab040d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_319.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+MPs tout Lords replacement plan
+
+A group of MPs has tried to raise the pressure on Tony Blair over reform to the House of Lords by publishing a detailed blueprint for change.
+
+The cross-party group has unveiled a draft bill proposing a smaller second chamber in which 70% of members would be elected. MPs and peers have failed to agree on reform since 1999 when 600 hereditaries lost their seats. The group says it can win support for removing the last 92 hereditaries. The government postponed plans to remove the remaining hereditary peers because they said they were unlikely to succeed after opposition in the Lords. Tony Blair has argued. there needs to be consensus on reforms. There have been suggestions there will be proposals for changing at least the powers of the Lords in Labour's manifesto.
+
+But the all-party group, including Tories Ken Clarke and Sir George Young, Labour's Robin Cook and Tony Wright and Liberal Democrat Paul Tyler, is confident its plan would win support from a "large majority". And they list former Conservative leader William Hague and former Labour leader Neil Kinnock as supporters of the plans. The group says the British public and a clear majority of MPs support replacing the Lords with a largely-elected second chamber. Their plan would see the House of Lords being renamed the Second Chamber of Parliament, and its members would be known as MSCPs.
+
+There would be 385 MSCPs, including 270 elected members, 87 appointed members and 16 bishops. They would serve for between 12 and 14 years. Mr Cook said holding elections for MSCPs on the same day as those for MPs might help motivate the electorate and increase voter turnout. He added: "Over the last year I have seen many statements from senior figures of this government insisting the public must have the right of choice. "What could be more important than a choice of the people who sit in our Parliament?"
+
+The group believes pressure is growing for change and the government's current position is unsustainable. It wants all three main parties to include a commitment to a "largely democratic" second chamber in their manifestos. Mr Clarke said the issue "went to the heart of reforming the health of the British political system". And Mr Tyler said the prime minister's view that there was no agreement on the shape of the future of the Lords was flawed. "The problem, I think, in the prime minister's mind is there doesn't appear to be a consensus that includes him," he said. "We are providing a consensus". The Elect the Lords Campaign said the draft bill was an important contribution to the debate. "We believe this draft bill is detailed enough to form the basis of closer parliamentary scrutiny," said co-ordinator Peter Facey. "In lieu of any other such clear proposals, the government must permit that to happen."
diff --git a/politics/politics_321.txt b/politics/politics_321.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b6a8ecd75a5d357a74235bdcb3d978f1ab007ec8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_321.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Schools to take part in mock poll
+
+Record numbers of schools across the UK are to take part in a mock general election backed by the government.
+
+Some 600 schools have already signed up for the Y Vote Mock Elections 2005 run by the Hansard Society and aimed at boosting interest in politics. Pupils in the schools taking part will learn the skills of speech writers, canvassers and political candidates. Schools Minister Stephen Twigg said engaging young people's interest was "essential" to the future of democracy.
+
+He added: said "Young people who are engaged and motivated by the political process are essential to the future health of our democracy. "The mock elections initiative provides an opportunity for pupils to develop their own understanding of how the democratic process works and why it matters. "By experiencing the election process first hand - from running a campaign to the declaration of the final result - we hope that young people will develop the enthusiasm to take part in the future." The Hansard Society, the Electoral Commission and the Department for Education and Skills are running the programme. Pupils will stand as party candidates, speech writers and canvassers. Michael Raftery, project manager at the Hansard Society, said: "The Y Vote Mock Elections for schools mirror the excitement and buzz of a real election, raising awareness of citizenship, and the benefits of active democracy." The mock votes will take place around 5 May, widely expected to be the date of the general election. Information packs, including ballot papers and manifesto guides, with elections happening in early May were sent out to the 3,000 schools invited to take part.
diff --git a/politics/politics_322.txt b/politics/politics_322.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ecd15fec6a93f92a122609fd73074712e5a3d857
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_322.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Parties build up poll war chests
+
+The Labour Party received more than £5m in donations in the final quarter of 2004, new figures show.
+
+This is nearly half of the £11,724,929 received by 16 political parties listed by the Electoral Commission. The Conservatives were in second place with donations totalling £4,610,849, while the Liberal Democrats received just over £1m. The majority of Labour's donations came from affiliated trade unions. There were also large sums from individuals. Lord Drayson, whose company PowderJect won multi-million pound contracts to provide smallpox vaccine to the government after the 11 September terror attacks, gave £500,000 to the party just days before Christmas.
+
+This followed an earlier donation of the same amount earlier in 2004. He was made a lord by Tony Blair last year. Other significant donations came from retired millionaire businessman and philanthropist Sir Christopher Ondaatje who gave the party a sum of £500,000, and refrigerator magnate William Haughey OBE who gave £330,000. The totals for the fourth quarter were well up on the same period of 2003, as the parties built up their war chests for the general election campaign. The largest donation to the Conservatives was a bequest from Ruth Beardmore of nearly £400,000. The joint founder of merchant bank Hambro Magan gave £325,417. There were also donations topping £250,000 for the Conservatives from Scottish Business Groups Focus on Scotland and the Institute of International Research, the world's largest independent conference company.
+
+Also among the gifts to the Tories were 24 donations totalling £161,840 from Bearwood Corporate Services. This company is controlled by the party's former treasurer Lord Ashcroft which has directed almost £300,000 to specific marginal constituencies over the past two years. The Liberal Democrats' largest donor was the Joseph Rowntree Reform Trust Ltd, a company which promotes political reform and constitutional change, which gave a sum of £250,000. And fast food giants McDonald's are listed as donating a sum of £10,575. This was a fee the firm paid for a room for an event held with the work and skills foundation during the party's conference. The UK Independence Party, which lost its main donor Paul Sykes amid the row over Robert Kilroy-Silk's bid for the leadership last autumn, took in £63,081. Just £8,170 of this was cash and the remainder came in gifts in kind, such as office space and printing. Registered political parties are required to set out each quarter all donations over £5,000 to their headquarters and over £1,000 to local constituency parties they receive. It is an offence for a person to knowingly or recklessly make a false declaration about party donations.
diff --git a/politics/politics_325.txt b/politics/politics_325.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9c371024344f5820ed7ff82207d6ce8c709634d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_325.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+UKIP could sue Veritas defectors
+
+The UK Independence Party could take legal action to unseat two London Assembly members who defected to Robert Kilroy Silk's Veritas Party.
+
+Damian Hockney, now Veritas deputy leader, and Peter Hulme-Cross were elected in 2004 on the list system. The party argues the pair should give up their seats as they won them as UKIP representatives, not as individuals. Mr Hockney said the law was clear that those elected on a list who quit their party should keep their seats. UKIP chairman Petrina Holdsworth urged the men to step down from the GLA in a letter.
+
+She said: "The party has taken legal advice and it is clear that we could take legal proceedings against you which could result in the return of our seats and/or damages against you. "We would however like you to be given an opportunity to reflect on what you have done, to restore your own credibility with the electorate and return the seats to the party which won them fair and square at the last election." Mr Hockney said the law worked in exactly the same way for the GLA as it did for other electoral list systems. "The Greater London Act is clear that if someone resigns who was elected on a list, their party whip the seat belongs to them and not the party." He said Mr Hulme-Cross and himself had no intention of resigning and added that they felt that it was UKIP who were not being true to the electorate. He accused the party of signing up to a deal with the Tories in Europe, rather than sticking to an independent stance. But the claim was denied by UKIP spokesman, who said: "Mr Hockney's accusations are like his sense of political morals - empty." Veritas was formed by Mr Kilroy-Silk earlier this month after he quit UKIP following an unsuccessful bid to take over as leader.
diff --git a/politics/politics_326.txt b/politics/politics_326.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f17e8962f961c4c190f8a8b5525b26c8e775557d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_326.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Prime minister's questions
+
+So who, if anyone, is playing politics with the security of the nation?
+
+Michael Howard has no doubt it is the prime minister who, he claims, is "ramming" through Parliament the controversial new anti-terror measures without proper debate. He didn't say so, but the Tories believe the prime minister is playing the fear card on this one so he can look tough in the run up to the general election And they believe Tony Blair is using the issue to suggest the Tories are soft on terrorism. Why on earth will the prime minister not simply take up the Tories' offer to extend the existing powers temporarily to allow proper parliamentary debate of the laws, he demanded. The prime minister claims this is the clearest indication that it is the Tories who are playing politics with the issue by attempting to score cheap political points in parliament. Is not the opposition against to the proposed laws "in principle", in which case delaying a decision for further debate would be pointless?
+
+What this is really about, believes Mr Blair, is the Tories spotting an opportunity to embarrass, maybe even defeat the government. And that is more important to them than national security. Liberal Democrat leader Charles Kennedy avoided suggesting anyone was playing politics with the issue. He preferred to state that, as with other issues like ID cards, the government's immediate instinct was authoritarian.
+
+As is his habit nowadays, the prime minister was less rough with Mr Kennedy than he had been with Mr Howard - he prefers a more exasperated tone suggesting he believes the Lib Dems have, once again, just missed the point. Apart from all that, it was electioneering as usual. The very first question to the prime minister from Derby North's Bob Laxton asked him, in effect, if he would carry on the excellent policy of pouring more resources into schools. Later Birmingham's Sion Simon even went so far as to suggest the Tories were such a shower that we should have the general election now. The prime minister almost blushed. This was not the appropriate place to announce election day, he stammered. But can anyone be in any doubt that that announcement is just days away - an announcement coming in the week beginning 4 April for an election on 5 May is where the big money is in the Commons. And perhaps that simple fact alone means everyone is seen to be playing politics with just about everything at the moment.
diff --git a/politics/politics_329.txt b/politics/politics_329.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..34bc9fe88bb31d6db2a1aa94dbd0fbd472ef4d26
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_329.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Tory expert denies defeat warning
+
+The Conservatives' campaign director has denied a report claiming he warned Michael Howard the party could not win the next general election.
+
+The Times on Monday said Australian Lynton Crosby told the party leader to focus on trying to increase the Tories' Commons presence by 25 to 30 seats. But Mr Crosby said in a statement: "I have never had any such conversation... and I do not hold that view." Mr Howard later added there was not "one iota" of truth in the report. The strategist helped Australia's PM, John Howard, win four elections. Mr Howard appointed Mr Crosby as his elections chief last October. Mr Crosby's statement said: "The Conservative Party has been making an impact on the issues of lower tax and controlled immigration over the past week." It added: "The Labour Party will be wanting to do all they can to distract attention away from the issues that really matter to people."
diff --git a/politics/politics_335.txt b/politics/politics_335.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..431ed46928ecc75186f0d83b89da05f1a8310dbb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_335.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Kennedy begins pre-election tour
+
+Liberal Democrat leader Charles Kennedy has begun a week-long tour to persuade voters they are the "real opposition".
+
+Mr Kennedy is visiting constituencies in Somerset and Hampshire on Monday - rural seats where his party is hoping to make gains from the Conservatives. Later he will visit places, such as Liverpool, where Labour is targeted. Labour say a Lib Dem vote could "let the Tories in", while the Tories say the Lib Dems would mean "higher taxes, soft crime laws, more power to Europe". Mr Kennedy's tour comes as he, Labour leader Tony Blair and Conservative leader Michael Howard all step up campaigning ahead of the next General Election, widely expected to be held on 5 May. On Tuesday Mr Kennedy will visit Leicester South, where Lib Dem MP Parmjit Singh Gill overturned a big Labour majority to win the seat in last year's by-election.
+
+Stops in Shrewsbury, North Dorset, Liverpool, Manchester, Basingstoke and west London are planned for later in the week. The Liberal Democrats say in the northern cities, the race is between them and Labour, while in southern seats - particularly the south west - it is between them and the Tories. Speaking to the BBC's Westminster Hour on Sunday, Mr Kennedy said the upcoming general election - widely tipped for 5 May - would be much more unpredictable than any others in "recent experience". Asked whether it was realistic to assume the Liberal Democrats could win the general election, he said: "There's no limit to the ambitions we have as a party. "But we have got to be responsible, we have got to be credible, we have got to demonstrate to people that we are up to that task."
+
+Mr Kennedy said the British public felt let down by Labour on issues from Iraq to top-up fees and the Conservatives were not "asking the critical questions". And he said people were "highly sceptical" about Labour and Conservative promises on tax. But he brushed off Labour suggestions a vote for his party would mean letting the Tories in "by the back door". "If you look at the four previous parliamentary by-elections, the Liberal Democrats have demonstrated that, not only can we leapfrog the Conservatives where we start in a third place position, but we can go on to defeat the government. "That's going to be the story, I think, of this coming general election."
diff --git a/politics/politics_34.txt b/politics/politics_34.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ed24b610e45fc029f8dbf69789b02cceae7d434e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_34.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Tories attack burglar 'U-turns'
+
+Tory leader Michael Howard has accused Tony Blair of performing U-turns over rules on using force against burglars.
+
+The government has ruled out amending the present law, which allows "reasonable force" in self defence. Mr Howard branded the decision unacceptable, saying: "It is not householders who should be frightened, it's the burglars." Home Secretary Charles Clarke said ministers had kept to their pledge to review the law.
+
+Metropolitan Police Commissioner Sir John Stevens last month backed a Tory attempt to change the law so only householders using "grossly disproportionate" force could be prosecuted. The pressure prompted the prime minister to say the police and Crown Prosecution Service would be consulted as part of a review of the law. He told MPs: "If we get the right response from those people, we will, of course, support a change in the law." Instead, the government has decided no change is needed but there will be a publicity campaign so people are clear they are entitled to defend themselves. On Thursday, Mr Howard told BBC Radio 4's Today programme Mr Blair had initially refused the law change, then had come round to the idea and was now backtracking again. He said: "We've had three policy positions in three months and two U-turns. "It's not surprising Gordon Brown told him: 'There's nothing you could say to me now that I could ever believe.'"
+
+Mr Howard said the "grossly disproportionate" test matched the hurdle ministers had introduced for civil cases where burglars where claimed compensation from householders. The issue entered the public spotlight when Norfolk farmer Tony Martin was jailed for shooting dead a 16-year-old burglar in 1999 as he ran away from the farm. But the home secretary said Mr Howard was wrong to say the law was biased in favour of burglars. The barrister who had represented Mr Martin had said the rules were "weighted overwhelmingly" in favour of the householder, said Mr Clarke. He said: "The problem is there has not been enough understanding of it - that was the point Sir John Stevens was making and the prime minister was making." The new guidance would help ensure clarity on the issue, added Mr Clarke. The director of public prosecutions, Ken Macdonald, says only 11 householders or occupiers of business premises have been prosecuted in the last 15 years. Those cases included a warehouse manager who had waited for a burglar, tied him up, beat him and set him alight, he said. Tory MP Patrick Mercer's private member's bill to change the law received a first reading in Parliament on Wednesday and goes to a full debate next month.
diff --git a/politics/politics_357.txt b/politics/politics_357.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ccc986251a475967448f653de7fd26b916b5a6a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/politics/politics_357.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+Cabinet anger at Brown cash raid
+
+Ministers are unhappy about plans to use Whitehall cash to keep council tax bills down, local government minister Nick Raynsford has acknowledged.
+
+Gordon Brown reallocated £512m from central to local government budgets in his pre-Budget report on Thursday. Mr Raynsford said he had held some "pretty frank discussions" with fellow ministers over the plans. But he said local governments had to deliver good services without big council tax rises.
+
+The central government cash is part of a £1bn package to help local authorities in England keep next year's council tax rises below 5%, in what is likely to be a general election year.
+
+Mr Raynsford said nearly all central government departments had an interest in well run local authorities. And he confirmed rows over the issue with ministerial colleagues. "Obviously we had some pretty frank discussions about this," he told BBC Radio 4's The World at One. But he said there was a recognition that "a good settlement for local government" was important to health, education and "other government departments". Ministers had to be sure local government could deliver without "unreasonable council tax increases", he added. Mr Raynsford dismissed a suggestion the move was designed to keep council taxes down ahead of an expected general election.
+
+"This is a response to the concerns that have been voiced by local government about the pressures they face." Mr Raynsford also plans to make savings of £100m by making changes to local government pensions schemes. These would raise the age from which retiring workers could claim their pensions and limit how much they received if they retired early. He insisted the changes were "very modest" and designed to tackle the problem of workers retiring "very early". But general secretary of the public services union Unison Dave Prentis criticised the plans. "If you want world class public services you don't get that by hitting people as they approach retirement."
diff --git a/space/space_1.txt b/space/space_1.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6fc47991f756d5927ecf1f5f20eedb39f5fb4695
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_1.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+In article <C4KvJF.4qo@well.sf.ca.us> metares@well.sf.ca.us (Tom Van Flandern) writes:
+>crb7q@kelvin.seas.Virginia.EDU (Cameron Randale Bass) writes:
+>> Bruce.Scott@launchpad.unc.edu (Bruce Scott) writes:
+>>> "Existence" is undefined unless it is synonymous with "observable" in
+>>> physics.
+>> [crb] Dong ....  Dong ....  Dong ....  Do I hear the death-knell of
+>> string theory?
+>     I agree.  You can add "dark matter" and quarks and a lot of other
+>unobservable, purely theoretical constructs in physics to that list,
+>including the omni-present "black holes."
+>     Will Bruce argue that their existence can be inferred from theory
+>alone?  Then what about my original criticism, when I said "Curvature
+>can only exist relative to something non-curved"?  Bruce replied:
+>"'Existence' is undefined unless it is synonymous with 'observable' in
+>physics.  We cannot observe more than the four dimensions we know about."
+>At the moment I don't see a way to defend that statement and the
+>existence of these unobservable phenomena simultaneously.  -|Tom|-
+"I hold that space cannot be curved, for the simple reason that it can have
+no properties."
+"Of properties we can only speak when dealing with matter filling the
+space. To say that in the presence of large bodies space becomes curved,
+is equivalent to stating that something can act upon nothing. I,
+for one, refuse to subscribe to such a view." - Nikola Tesla
+ ET  "Tesla was 100 years ahead of his time. Perhaps now his time comes."
diff --git a/space/space_10.txt b/space/space_10.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8975e8c6bbbe626c70f3b878752a86cd410ff64b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_10.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+In article <C5Kys1.C6r@panix.com> dannyb@panix.com (Daniel Burstein) writes:
+>A short story in the newspaper a few days ago made some sort of mention
+>about how the Japanese, using what sounded like a gravity assist, had just
+>managed to crash (or crash-land) a package on the moon.
+Their Hiten engineering-test mission spent a while in a highly eccentric
+Earth orbit doing lunar flybys, and then was inserted into lunar orbit
+using some very tricky gravity-assist-like maneuvering.  This meant that
+it would crash on the Moon eventually, since there is no such thing as
+a stable lunar orbit (as far as anyone knows), and I believe I recall
+hearing recently that it was about to happen.
+All work is one man's work.             | Henry Spencer @ U of Toronto Zoology
+                    - Kipling           |  henry@zoo.toronto.edu  utzoo!henry
diff --git a/space/space_100.txt b/space/space_100.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..19bae488db53f0c4df4d3a592cad8c6f4ee2abb4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_100.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+On 6 Apr 1993 14:06:57 -0400, prb@access.digex.com (Pat) said:
+Pat> In article <SHAFER.93Apr6094402@rigel.dfrf.nasa.gov>
+Pat> shafer@rigel.dfrf.nasa.gov (Mary Shafer) writes:
+>successful we were.  (Mind you, the Avro Arrow and the X-15 were both
+>fly-by-wire aircraft much earlier, but analog.)
+Pat> Gee, I thought the X-15 was Cable controlled.  Didn't one of them
+Pat> have a total electrical failure in flight?  Was there machanical
+Pat> backup systems?
+All reaction-controlled aircraft are fly-by-wire, at least the RCS part
+is.  On the X-15 the aerodynamic control surfaces (elevator, rudder, etc)
+were conventionally controlled (pushrods and cables) but the RCS jets
+were fly-by-wire.
+|The NASA habit of acquiring second-hand military aircraft and using
+|them for testbeds can make things kind of confusing.  On the other
+|hand, all those second-hand Navy planes give our test pilots a chance
+|to fold the wings--something most pilots at Edwards Air Force Base
+|can't do.  
+Pat> What do you mean?  Overstress the wings, and they fail at teh
+Pat> joints?
+Navy aircraft have folding or sweeping wings, in order to save space
+on the hangar deck.  The F-14 wings sweep, all the rest fold the
+wingtips up at a joint.
+Air Force planes don't have folding wings, since the Air Force has
+lots of room.
+Mary Shafer  DoD #0362 KotFR NASA Dryden Flight Research Facility, Edwards, CA
+shafer@rigel.dfrf.nasa.gov                    Of course I don't speak for NASA
+ "A MiG at your six is better than no MiG at all."  Unknown US fighter pilot
diff --git a/space/space_11.txt b/space/space_11.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..80c2b63c92871a81ff31d9cb44b505d4c1c0658c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_11.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,217 @@
+Archive-name: space/math
+Last-modified: $Date: 93/04/01 14:39:12 $
+    References that have been frequently recommended on the net are:
+    "Fundamentals of Astrodynamics" Roger Bate, Donald Mueller, Jerry White
+    1971, Dover Press, 455pp $8.95 (US) (paperback). ISBN 0-486-60061-0
+    NASA Spaceflight handbooks (dating from the 1960s)
+	SP-33 Orbital Flight Handbook (3 parts)
+	SP-34 Lunar Flight Handbook   (3 parts)
+	SP-35 Planetary Flight Handbook (9 parts)
+	These might be found in university aeronautics libraries or ordered
+	through the US Govt. Printing Office (GPO), although more
+	information would probably be needed to order them.
+    M. A. Minovitch, _The Determination and Characteristics of Ballistic
+    Interplanetary Trajectories Under the Influence of Multiple Planetary
+    Attractions_, Technical Report 32-464, Jet Propulsion Laboratory,
+    Pasadena, Calif., Oct, 1963.
+	The title says all. Starts of with the basics and works its way up.
+	Very good. It has a companion article:
+    M. Minovitch, _Utilizing Large Planetary Perubations for the Design of
+    Deep-Space Solar-Probe and Out of Ecliptic Trajectories_, Technical
+    Report 32-849, JPL, Pasadena, Calif., 1965.
+	You need to read the first one first to realy understand this one.
+	It does include a _short_ summary if you can only find the second.
+	Contact JPL for availability of these reports.
+    "Spacecraft Attitude Dynamics", Peter C. Hughes 1986, John Wiley and
+	Sons.
+    "Celestial Mechanics: a computational guide for the practitioner",
+    Lawrence G. Taff, (Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1985).
+	Starts with the basics (2-body problem, coordinates) and works up to
+	orbit determinations, perturbations, and differential corrections.
+	Taff also briefly discusses stellar dynamics including a short
+	discussion of n-body problems.
+    More net references:
+    Van Flandern & Pullinen, _Low-Precision Formulae for Planetary
+    Positions_, Astrophysical J. Supp Series, 41:391-411, 1979. Look in an
+    astronomy or physics library for this; also said to be available from
+    Willmann-Bell.
+	Gives series to compute positions accurate to 1 arc minute for a
+	period + or - 300 years from now. Pluto is included but stated to
+	have an accuracy of only about 15 arc minutes.
+    _Multiyear Interactive Computer Almanac_ (MICA), produced by the US
+    Naval Observatory. Valid for years 1990-1999. $55 ($80 outside US).
+    Available for IBM (order #PB93-500163HDV) or Macintosh (order
+    #PB93-500155HDV). From the NTIS sales desk, (703)-487-4650. I believe
+    this is intended to replace the USNO's Interactive Computer Ephemeris.
+    _Interactive Computer Ephemeris_ (from the US Naval Observatory)
+    distributed on IBM-PC floppy disks, $35 (Willmann-Bell). Covers dates
+    "Planetary Programs and Tables from -4000 to +2800", Bretagnon & Simon
+    1986, Willmann-Bell.
+	Floppy disks available separately.
+    "Fundamentals of Celestial Mechanics" (2nd ed), J.M.A. Danby 1988,
+    Willmann-Bell.
+	A good fundamental text. Includes BASIC programs; a companion set of
+	floppy disks is available separately.
+    "Astronomical Formulae for Calculators" (4th ed.), J. Meeus 1988,
+    Willmann-Bell.
+    "Astronomical Algorithms", J. Meeus 1991, Willmann-Bell.
+	If you actively use one of the editions of "Astronomical Formulae
+	for Calculators", you will want to replace it with "Astronomical
+	Algorithms". This new book is more oriented towards computers than
+	calculators and contains formulae for planetary motion based on
+	modern work by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, the U.S. Naval
+	Observatory, and the Bureau des Longitudes. The previous books were
+	all based on formulae mostly developed in the last century.
+	Algorithms available separately on diskette.
+    "Practical Astronomy with your Calculator" (3rd ed.), P. Duffett-Smith
+    1988, Cambridge University Press.
+    "Orbits for Amateurs with a Microcomputer", D. Tattersfield 1984,
+    Stanley Thornes, Ltd.
+	Includes example programs in BASIC.
+    "Orbits for Amateurs II", D. Tattersfield 1987, John Wiley & Sons.
+    "Astronomy / Scientific Software" - catalog of shareware, public domain,
+    and commercial software for IBM and other PCs. Astronomy software
+    includes planetarium simulations, ephemeris generators, astronomical
+    databases, solar system simulations, satellite tracking programs,
+    celestial mechanics simulators, and more.
+	Andromeda Software, Inc.
+	P.O. Box 605
+	Amherst, NY 14226-0605
+    Astrogeologist Gene Shoemaker proposes the following formula, based on
+    studies of cratering caused by nuclear tests.
+    D = S  S  c  K  W	    : crater diameter in km
+    S = (g /g )		    : gravity correction factor for bodies other than
+     g	  e  t		      Earth, where g = 9.8 m/s^2 and g	is the surface
+					    e		      t
+			      gravity of the target body. This scaling is
+			      cited for lunar craters and may hold true for
+			      other bodies.
+    S = (p / p )	    : correction factor for target density p  ,
+     p	  a   t							    t
+			      p  = 1.8 g/cm^3 for alluvium at the Jangle U
+			       a
+			      crater site, p = 2.6 g/cm^3 for average
+			      rock on the continental shields.
+    C			    : crater collapse factor, 1 for craters <= 3 km
+			      in diameter, 1.3 for larger craters (on Earth).
+    K			    : .074 km / (kT TNT equivalent)
+     n			      empirically determined from the Jangle U
+			      nuclear test crater.
+    W = pi * d	* delta * V  / (12 * 4.185 * 10  )
+			    : projectile kinetic energy in kT TNT equivalent
+			      given diameter d, velocity v, and projectile
+			      density delta in CGS units. delta of around 3
+			      g/cm^3 is fairly good for an asteroid.
+    An RMS velocity of V = 20 km/sec may be used for Earth-crossing
+    asteroids.
+    Under these assumptions, the body which created the Barringer Meteor
+    Crater in Arizona (1.13 km diameter) would have been about 40 meters in
+    diameter.
+    More generally, one can use (after Gehrels, 1985):
+    Asteroid	    Number of objects  Impact probability  Impact energy
+    diameter (km)		       (impacts/year)	   (* 5*10^20 ergs)
+    assuming simple scaling laws. Note that 5*10^20 ergs = 13 000 tons TNT
+    equivalent, or the energy released by the Hiroshima A-bomb.
+    References:
+    Gehrels, T. 1985 Asteroids and comets. _Physics Today_ 38, 32-41. [an
+	excellent general overview of the subject for the layman]
+    Shoemaker, E.M. 1983 Asteroid and comet bombardment of the earth. _Ann.
+	Rev. Earth Planet. Sci._ 11, 461-494. [very long and fairly
+	technical but a comprehensive examination of the
+	 subject]
+    Shoemaker, E.M., J.G. Williams, E.F. Helin & R.F. Wolfe 1979
+	Earth-crossing asteroids: Orbital classes, collision rates with
+	Earth, and origin. In _Asteroids_, T. Gehrels, ed., pp. 253-282,
+	University of Arizona Press, Tucson.
+    Cunningham, C.J. 1988 _Introduction to Asteroids: The Next Frontier_
+	(Richmond: Willman-Bell, Inc.) [covers all aspects of asteroid
+	studies and is an excellent introduction to the subject for people
+	of all experience levels. It also has a very extensive reference
+	list covering essentially all of the reference material in the
+	field.]
+    Two easy-to-find sources of map projections are the "Encyclopaedia
+    Brittanica", (particularly the older volumes) and a tutorial appearing
+    in _Graphics Gems_ (Academic Press, 1990). The latter was written with
+    simplicity of exposition and suitability of digital computation in mind
+    (spherical trig formulae also appear, as do digitally-plotted examples).
+    More than you ever cared to know about map projections is in John
+    Snyder's USGS publication "Map Projections--A Working Manual", USGS
+    Professional Paper 1395. This contains detailed descriptions of 32
+    projections, with history, features, projection formulas (for both
+    spherical earth and ellipsoidal earth), and numerical test cases. It's a
+    neat book, all 382 pages worth. This one's $20.
+    You might also want the companion volume, by Snyder and Philip Voxland,
+    "An Album of Map Projections", USGS Professional Paper 1453. This
+    contains less detail on about 130 projections and variants. Formulas are
+    in the back, example plots in the front. $14, 250 pages.
+    You can order these 2 ways. The cheap, slow way is direct from USGS:
+    Earth Science Information Center, US Geological Survey, 507 National
+    Center, Reston, VA 22092. (800)-USA-MAPS. They can quote you a price and
+    tell you where to send your money. Expect a 6-8 week turnaround time.
+    A much faster way (about 1 week) is through Timely Discount Topos,
+    (303)-469-5022, 9769 W. 119th Drive, Suite 9, Broomfield, CO 80021. Call
+    them and tell them what you want. They'll quote a price, you send a
+    check, and then they go to USGS Customer Service Counter and pick it up
+    for you. Add about a $3-4 service charge, plus shipping.
+    A (perhaps more accessible) mapping article is:
+	R. Miller and F. Reddy, "Mapping the World in Pascal",
+	Byte V12 #14, December 1987
+	Contains Turbo Pascal procedures for five common map projections. A
+	demo program, CARTOG.PAS, and a small (6,000 point) coastline data
+	is available on CompuServe, GEnie, and many BBSs.
+    Some references for spherical trignometry are:
+	_Spherical Astronomy_, W.M. Smart, Cambridge U. Press, 1931.
+	_A Compendium of Spherical Astronomy_, S. Newcomb, Dover, 1960.
+	_Spherical Astronomy_, R.M. Green, Cambridge U. Press., 1985 (update
+	of Smart).
+	_Spherical Astronomy_, E Woolard and G.Clemence, Academic
+	Press, 1966.
+	"Computer Simulation Using Particles"
+	R. W. Hockney and J. W. Eastwood
+	(Adam Hilger; Bristol and Philadelphia; 1988)
+	"The rapid evaluation of potential fields in particle systems",
+	L. Greengard
+	MIT Press, 1988.
+	    A breakthrough O(N) simulation method. Has been parallelized.
+	L. Greengard and V. Rokhlin, "A fast algorithm for particle
+	simulations," Journal of Computational Physics, 73:325-348, 1987.
+	"An O(N) Algorithm for Three-dimensional N-body Simulations", MSEE
+	thesis, Feng Zhao, MIT AILab Technical Report 995, 1987
+	"Galactic Dynamics"
+	J. Binney & S. Tremaine
+	(Princeton U. Press; Princeton; 1987)
+	    Includes an O(N^2) FORTRAN code written by Aarseth, a pioneer in
+	    the field.
+	Hierarchical (N log N) tree methods are described in these papers:
+	A. W. Appel, "An Efficient Program for Many-body Simulation", SIAM
+	Journal of Scientific and Statistical Computing, Vol. 6, p. 85,
+	Barnes & Hut, "A Hierarchical O(N log N) Force-Calculation
+	Algorithm", Nature, V324 # 6096, 4-10 Dec 1986.
+	L. Hernquist, "Hierarchical N-body Methods", Computer Physics
+	Communications, Vol. 48, p. 107, 1988.
+    If you just need to examine FITS images, use the ppm package (see the
+    comp.graphics FAQ) to convert them to your preferred format. For more
+    information on the format and other software to read and write it, see
+    the sci.astro.fits FAQ.
+    The 6th Edition of the Unix operating system came with several software
+    systems not distributed because of older media capacity limitations.
+    Included were an ephmeris, a satellite track, and speech synthesis
+    software. The ephmeris, sky(6), is available within AT&T and to sites
+    possessing a Unix source code license. The program is regarded as Unix
+    source code. Sky is <0.5MB. Send proof of source code license to
+	E. Miya
+	NASA Ames Research Center
+	Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000
+	eugene@orville.nas.nasa.gov
+    To generate 3D coordinates of astronomical objects, first obtain an
+    astronomical database which specifies right ascension, declination, and
+    parallax for the objects. Convert parallax into distance using the
+    formula in part 6 of the FAQ, convert RA and declination to coordinates
+    on a unit sphere (see some of the references on planetary positions and
+    spherical trignometry earlier in this section for details on this), and
+    scale this by the distance.
+    Two databases useful for this purpose are the Yale Bright Star catalog
+    (sources listed in FAQ section 3) or "The Catalogue of Stars within 25
+    parsecs of the Sun" (in pub/SPACE/FAQ/stars.data and stars.doc on
+    ames.arc.nasa.gov).
+NEXT: FAQ #5/15 - References on specific areas
diff --git a/space/space_12.txt b/space/space_12.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4ec8938a5ae81b1ab68233ecaf28980d895052d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_12.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+In article <C5Kys1.C6r@panix.com> dannyb@panix.com (Daniel Burstein) writes:
+>A short story in the newspaper a few days ago made some sort of mention
+>about how the Japanese, using what sounded like a gravity assist, had just
+>managed to crash (or crash-land) a package on the moon.
+The Japanese spacecraft, Hiten, crashed on the Moon last weekend.  For the
+past three years it has made several lunar flybys and even did some
+aerobraking experiments with Earth's atmosphere.  It was placed in lunar
+orbit in February 1992, and I guess it finally ran out of fuel and was
+unable to maintain its orbit around the Moon.  
+    /_ /|  /____/ \  /_ /|     Ron Baalke         | baalke@kelvin.jpl.nasa.gov
+    | | | |  __ \ /| | | |     Jet Propulsion Lab |
+ ___| | | | |__) |/  | | |__   M/S 525-3684 Telos | The aweto from New Zealand
+/___| | | |  ___/    | |/__ /| Pasadena, CA 91109 | is part caterpillar and
+|_____|/  |_|/       |_____|/                     | part vegetable.
diff --git a/space/space_13.txt b/space/space_13.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..90a0a999a9c043267e2f8fb34c1a48912df2f176
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_13.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+In article <1993Apr15.051309.22252@stortek.com>, pg@sanitas.stortek.com (Paul Gilmartin) writes:
+> Bill Higgins-- Beam Jockey (higgins@fnalf.fnal.gov) wrote:
+> : While you're at it, comet experts, explain how a comet gets into
+> : Jovian orbit to begin with!
+> : There are non-gravitational forces from heating and outgassing when a
+> : comet gets into the inner solar system.  [...]
+> Don't forget the Galilean satellites of Jupiter.  
+ My poor old physics intuition will be very surprised if these tiny
+ masses, sitting very close to Jupiter, play any role whatsoever in the
+ problem.   Or, to put it more technically, the extra "volume" they add
+ to the phase space of possible capture trajectories is negligible.
+ Jupiter is 2E27 kg, while the Galilean satellites are around 1E23.
+ Also, as I said, the few references that I've looked at do not
+ mention outgassing or breakup as important processes.  The important
+ thing is a Jupiter-Sun-comet "reverse slingshot" that leads to a
+ weakly Jupiter-bound orbit for the comet (at least a temporary one).
+ Bill Higgins                       | Late at night she still doth haunt me
+ Fermilab                           | Dressed in garments soaked in brine
+ Bitnet:       HIGGINS@FNAL.BITNET  | Though in life I used to hug her
+ Internet:   HIGGINS@FNAL.FNAL.GOV  | Now she's dead, I draw the line!
+ SPAN/Hepnet:       43011::HIGGINS  |  --after the tragedy, "Clementine"
diff --git a/space/space_14.txt b/space/space_14.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4eaba67a55fcae078bc883d6522e4a17fef82be8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_14.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,475 @@
+Archive-name: space/acronyms
+Edition: 8
+Acronym List for sci.astro, sci.space, and sci.space.shuttle:
+Edition 8, 1992 Dec 7
+Last posted: 1992 Aug 27
+This list is offered as a reference for translating commonly appearing
+acronyms in the space-related newsgroups.  If I forgot or botched your
+favorite acronym, please let me know!  Also, if there's an acronym *not*
+on this list that confuses you, drop me a line, and if I can figure
+it out, I'll add it to the list.
+Note that this is intended to be a reference for *frequently seen*
+acronyms, and is most emphatically *not* encyclopedic.  If I incorporated
+every acronym I ever saw, I'd soon run out of disk space!  :-)
+The list will be posted at regular intervals, every 30 days.  All
+comments regarding it are welcome; I'm reachable as bradfrd2@ncar.ucar.edu.
+Note that this just tells what the acronyms stand for -- you're on your
+own for figuring out what they *mean*!  Note also that the total number of
+acronyms in use far exceeds what I can list; special-purpose acronyms that
+are essentially always explained as they're introduced are omitted.
+Further, some acronyms stand for more than one thing; as of Edition 3 of
+the list, these acronyms appear on multiple lines, unless they're simply
+different ways of referring to the same thing.
+Thanks to everybody who's sent suggestions since the first version of
+the list, and especially to Garrett A. Wollman (wollman@griffin.uvm.edu),
+who is maintaining an independent list, somewhat more verbose in
+character than mine, and to Daniel Fischer (dfi@specklec.mpifr-bonn.mpg.de),
+who is maintaining a truly HUGE list (535 at last count) of acronyms and
+terms, mostly in German (which I read, fortunately).
+Special thanks this time to Ken Hollis at NASA, who sent me a copy of NASA
+Reference Publication 1059 Revised: _Space Transportation System and
+Associated Payloads: Glossary, Acronyms, and Abbreviations_, a truly
+mammoth tome -- almost 300 pages of TLAs.
+Special Bonus!  At the end of this posting, you will find a perl program
+written by none other than Larry Wall, whose purpose is to scramble the
+acronym list in an entertaining fashion.  Thanks, Larry!
+A&A: Astronomy and Astrophysics
+AAO: Anglo-Australian Observatory
+AAS: American Astronomical Society
+AAS: American Astronautical Society
+AAVSO: American Association of Variable Star Observers
+ACE: Advanced Composition Explorer
+ACRV: Assured Crew Return Vehicle (or) Astronaut Crew Rescue Vehicle
+ADFRF: Ames-Dryden Flight Research Facility (was DFRF) (NASA)
+AGN: Active Galactic Nucleus
+AGU: American Geophysical Union
+AIAA: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
+AIPS: Astronomical Image Processing System
+AJ: Astronomical Journal
+ALEXIS: Array of Low Energy X-ray Imaging Sensors
+ALPO: Association of Lunar and Planetary Observers
+ALS: Advanced Launch System
+ANSI: American National Standards Institute
+AOA: Abort Once Around (Shuttle abort plan)
+AOCS: Attitude and Orbit Control System
+Ap.J: Astrophysical Journal
+APM: Attached Pressurized Module (a.k.a. Columbus)
+APU: Auxiliary Power Unit
+ARC: Ames Research Center (NASA)
+ARTEMIS: Advanced Relay TEchnology MISsion
+ASA: Astronomical Society of the Atlantic
+ASI: Agenzia Spaziale Italiano
+ASRM: Advanced Solid Rocket Motor
+ATDRS: Advanced Tracking and Data Relay Satellite
+ATLAS: Atmospheric Laboratory for Applications and Science
+ATM: Amateur Telescope Maker
+ATO: Abort To Orbit (Shuttle abort plan)
+AU: Astronomical Unit
+AURA: Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy
+AW&ST: Aviation Week and Space Technology (a.k.a. AvLeak)
+AXAF: Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility
+BATSE: Burst And Transient Source Experiment (on CGRO)
+BBXRT: Broad-Band X-Ray Telescope (ASTRO package)
+BEM: Bug-Eyed Monster
+BH: Black Hole
+BIMA: Berkeley Illinois Maryland Array
+BNSC: British National Space Centre
+BTW: By The Way
+C&T: Communications & Tracking
+CCAFS: Cape Canaveral Air Force Station
+CCD: Charge-Coupled Device
+CCDS: Centers for the Commercial Development of Space
+CD-ROM: Compact Disk Read-Only Memory
+CFA: Center For Astrophysics
+CFC: ChloroFluoroCarbon
+CFF: Columbus Free Flyer
+CFHT: Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope
+CGRO: (Arthur Holley) Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (was GRO)
+CHARA: Center for High Angular Resolution Astronomy
+CIRRIS: Cryogenic InfraRed Radiance Instrument for Shuttle
+CIT: Circumstellar Imaging Telescope
+CM: Command Module (Apollo spacecraft)
+CMCC: Central Mission Control Centre (ESA)
+CNES: Centre National d'Etude Spatiales
+CNO: Carbon-Nitrogen-Oxygen
+CNSR: Comet Nucleus Sample Return
+COBE: COsmic Background Explorer
+COMPTEL: COMPton TELescope (on CGRO)
+COSTAR: Corrective Optics Space Telescope Axial Replacement
+CRAF: Comet Rendezvous / Asteroid Flyby
+CRRES: Combined Release / Radiation Effects Satellite
+CSM: Command and Service Module (Apollo spacecraft)
+CSTC: Consolidated Satellite Test Center (USAF)
+CTIO: Cerro Tololo Interamerican Observatory
+DCX: Delta Clipper eXperimental
+DDCU: DC-to-DC Converter Unit
+DFRF: Dryden Flight Research Facility (now ADFRF)
+DMSP: Defense Meteorological Satellite Program
+DOD: Department Of Defense (sometimes DoD)
+DOE: Department Of Energy
+DOT: Department Of Transportation
+DSCS: Defense Satellite Communications System
+DSN: Deep Space Network
+DSP: Defense Support Program (USAF/NRO)
+EAFB: Edwards Air Force Base
+ECS: Environmental Control System
+EDO: Extended Duration Orbiter
+EGRET: Energetic Gamma Ray Experiment Telescope (on CGRO)
+EJASA: Electronic Journal of the Astronomical Society of the Atlantic
+ELV: Expendable Launch Vehicle
+EMU: Extravehicular Mobility Unit
+EOS: Earth Observing System
+ERS: Earth Resources Satellite (as in ERS-1)
+ESA: European Space Agency
+ESO: European Southern Observatory
+ET: (Shuttle) External Tank
+ETLA: Extended Three Letter Acronym
+ETR: Eastern Test Range
+EUV: Extreme UltraViolet
+EUVE: Extreme UltraViolet Explorer
+EVA: ExtraVehicular Activity
+FAQ: Frequently Asked Questions
+FAST: Fast Auroral SnapshoT explorer
+FFT: Fast Fourier Transform
+FGS: Fine Guidance Sensors (on HST)
+FHST: Fixed Head Star Trackers (on HST)
+FIR: Far InfraRed
+FITS: Flexible Image Transport System
+FOC: Faint Object Camera (on HST)
+FOS: Faint Object Spectrograph (on HST)
+FRR: Flight-Readiness Review
+FTP: File Transfer Protocol
+FTS: Flight Telerobotic Servicer
+FUSE: Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer
+FWHM: Full Width at Half Maximum
+FYI: For Your Information
+GAS: Get-Away Special
+GBT: Green Bank Telescope
+GCVS: General Catalog of Variable Stars
+GEM: Giotto Extended Mission
+GEO: Geosynchronous Earth Orbit
+GDS: Great Dark Spot
+GHRS: Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph (on HST)
+GIF: Graphics Interchange Format
+GLOMR: Global Low-Orbiting Message Relay
+GMC: Giant Molecular Cloud
+GMRT: Giant Meter-wave Radio Telescope
+GMT: Greenwich Mean Time (also called UT)
+GOES: Geostationary Orbiting Environmental Satellite
+GOX: Gaseous OXygen
+GPC: General Purpose Computer
+GPS: Global Positioning System
+GRO: Gamma Ray Observatory (now CGRO)
+GRS: Gamma Ray Spectrometer (on Mars Observer)
+GRS: Great Red Spot
+GSC: Guide Star Catalog (for HST)
+GSFC: Goddard Space Flight Center (NASA)
+GTO: Geostationary Transfer Orbit
+HAO: High Altitude Observatory
+HD: Henry Draper catalog entry
+HEAO: High Energy Astronomical Observatory
+HeRA: Hermes Robotic Arm
+HF: High Frequency
+HGA: High Gain Antenna
+HLC: Heavy Lift Capability
+HLV: Heavy Lift Vehicle
+HMC: Halley Multicolor Camera (on Giotto)
+HR: Hertzsprung-Russell (diagram)
+HRI: High Resolution Imager (on ROSAT)
+HSP: High Speed Photometer (on HST)
+HST: Hubble Space Telescope
+HUT: Hopkins Ultraviolet Telescope (ASTRO package)
+HV: High Voltage
+IAPPP: International Amateur/Professional Photoelectric Photometry
+IAU: International Astronomical Union
+IAUC: IAU Circular
+ICE: International Cometary Explorer
+IDA: International Dark-sky Association
+IDL: Interactive Data Language
+IGM: InterGalactic Medium
+IGY: International Geophysical Year
+IMHO: In My Humble Opinion
+IOTA: Infrared-Optical Telescope Array
+IOTA: International Occultation Timing Association
+IPS: Inertial Pointing System
+IR: InfraRed
+IRAF: Image Reduction and Analysis Facility
+IRAS: InfraRed Astronomical Satellite
+ISAS: Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (Japan)
+ISM: InterStellar Medium
+ISO: Infrared Space Observatory
+ISO: International Standards Organization
+ISPM: International Solar Polar Mission (now Ulysses)
+ISY: International Space Year
+IUE: International Ultraviolet Explorer
+IUS: Inertial Upper Stage
+JEM: Japanese Experiment Module (for SSF)
+JGR: Journal of Geophysical Research
+JILA: Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics
+JPL: Jet Propulsion Laboratory
+JSC: Johnson Space Center (NASA)
+KAO: Kuiper Airborne Observatory
+KPNO: Kitt Peak National Observatory
+KSC: Kennedy Space Center (NASA)
+KTB: Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary (from German)
+LANL: Los Alamos National Laboratory
+LaRC: Langley Research Center (NASA)
+LDEF: Long Duration Exposure Facility
+LEM: Lunar Excursion Module (a.k.a. LM) (Apollo spacecraft)
+LEO: Low Earth Orbit
+LeRC: Lewis Research Center (NASA)
+LEST: Large Earth-based Solar Telescope
+LFSA: List of Frequently Seen Acronyms (!)
+LGA: Low Gain Antenna
+LGM: Little Green Men
+LH: Liquid Hydrogen (also LH2 or LHX)
+LLNL: Lawrence-Livermore National Laboratory
+LM: Lunar Module (a.k.a. LEM) (Apollo spacecraft)
+LMC: Large Magellanic Cloud
+LN2: Liquid N2 (Nitrogen)
+LOX: Liquid OXygen
+LRB: Liquid Rocket Booster
+LSR: Local Standard of Rest
+LTP: Lunar Transient Phenomenon
+MB: Manned Base
+MCC: Mission Control Center
+MECO: Main Engine CutOff
+MMH: MonoMethyl Hydrazine
+MMT: Multiple Mirror Telescope
+MMU: Manned Maneuvering Unit
+MNRAS: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
+MOC: Mars Observer Camera (on Mars Observer)
+MOL: Manned Orbiting Laboratory
+MOLA: Mars Observer Laser Altimeter (on Mars Observer)
+MOMV: Manned Orbital Maneuvering Vehicle
+MOTV: Manned Orbital Transfer Vehicle
+MPC: Minor Planets Circular
+MRSR: Mars Rover and Sample Return
+MRSRM: Mars Rover and Sample Return Mission
+MSFC: (George C.) Marshall Space Flight Center (NASA)
+MTC: Man Tended Capability
+NACA: National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics (became NASA)
+NASA: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
+NASDA: NAtional Space Development Agency (Japan)
+NASM: National Air and Space Museum
+NASP: National AeroSpace Plane
+NBS: National Bureau of Standards (now NIST)
+NDV: NASP Derived Vehicle
+NERVA: Nuclear Engine for Rocket Vehicle Application
+NGC: New General Catalog
+NICMOS: Near Infrared Camera / Multi Object Spectrometer (HST upgrade)
+NIMS: Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (on Galileo)
+NIR: Near InfraRed
+NIST: National Institute for Standards and Technology (was NBS)
+NLDP: National Launch Development Program
+NOAA: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
+NOAO: National Optical Astronomy Observatories
+NRAO: National Radio Astronomy Observatory
+NRO: National Reconnaissance Office
+NS: Neutron Star
+NSA: National Security Agency
+NSF: National Science Foundation
+NSO: National Solar Observatory
+NSSDC: National Space Science Data Center
+NTR: Nuclear Thermal Rocket(ry)
+NTT: New Technology Telescope
+OAO: Orbiting Astronomical Observatory
+OCST: Office of Commercial Space Transportation
+OMB: Office of Management and Budget
+OMS: Orbital Maneuvering System
+OPF: Orbiter Processing Facility
+ORFEUS: Orbiting and Retrievable Far and Extreme Ultraviolet Spectrometer
+OSC: Orbital Sciences Corporation
+OSCAR: Orbiting Satellite Carrying Amateur Radio
+OSSA: Office of Space Science and Applications
+OSSE: Oriented Scintillation Spectrometer Experiment (on CGRO)
+OTA: Optical Telescope Assembly (on HST)
+OTHB: Over The Horizon Backscatter
+OTV: Orbital Transfer Vehicle
+OV: Orbital Vehicle
+PAM: Payload Assist Module
+PAM-D: Payload Assist Module, Delta-class
+PI: Principal Investigator
+PLSS: Portable Life Support System
+PM: Pressurized Module
+PMC: Permanently Manned Capability
+PMIRR: Pressure Modulated InfraRed Radiometer (on Mars Observer)
+PMT: PhotoMultiplier Tube
+PSF: Point Spread Function
+PSR: PulSaR
+PV: Photovoltaic
+PVO: Pioneer Venus Orbiter
+QSO: Quasi-Stellar Object
+RCI: Rodent Cage Interface (for SLS mission)
+RCS: Reaction Control System
+REM: Rat Enclosure Module (for SLS mission)
+RF: Radio Frequency
+RFI: Radio Frequency Interference
+RIACS: Research Institute for Advanced Computer Science
+RMS: Remote Manipulator System
+RNGC: Revised New General Catalog
+ROSAT: ROentgen SATellite
+ROUS: Rodents Of Unusual Size (I don't believe they exist)
+RSN: Real Soon Now
+RTG: Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator
+RTLS: Return To Launch Site (Shuttle abort plan)
+SAA: South Atlantic Anomaly
+SAGA: Solar Array Gain Augmentation (for HST)
+SAMPEX: Solar Anomalous and Magnetospheric Particle EXplorer
+SAO: Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory
+SAR: Search And Rescue
+SAR: Synthetic Aperture Radar
+SARA: Satellite pour Astronomie Radio Amateur
+SAREX: Search and Rescue Exercise
+SAREX: Shuttle Amateur Radio Experiment
+SAS: Space Activity Suit
+SAS: Space Adaptation Syndrome
+SAT: Synthetic Aperture Telescope
+S/C: SpaceCraft
+SCA: Shuttle Carrier Aircraft
+SCT: Schmidt-Cassegrain Telescope
+SDI: Strategic Defense Initiative
+SDIO: Strategic Defense Initiative Organization
+SEI: Space Exploration Initiative
+SEST: Swedish ESO Submillimeter Telescope
+SETI: Search for ExtraTerrestrial Intelligence
+SID: Sudden Ionospheric Disturbance
+SIR: Shuttle Imaging Radar
+SIRTF: Space (formerly Shuttle) InfraRed Telescope Facility
+SL: SpaceLab
+SLAR: Side-Looking Airborne Radar
+SLC: Space Launch Complex
+SLS: Space(lab) Life Sciences
+SMC: Small Magellanic Cloud
+SME: Solar Mesosphere Explorer
+SMEX: SMall EXplorers
+SMM: Solar Maximum Mission
+SN: SuperNova (e.g., SN1987A)
+SNR: Signal to Noise Ratio
+SNR: SuperNova Remnant
+SNU: Solar Neutrino Units
+SOFIA: Stratospheric Observatory For Infrared Astronomy
+SOHO: SOlar Heliospheric Observatory
+SPAN: Space Physics and Analysis Network
+SPDM: Special Purpose Dextrous Manipulator
+SPOT: Systeme Probatoire pour l'Observation de la Terre
+SPS: Solar Power Satellite
+SRB: Solid Rocket Booster
+SRM: Solid Rocket Motor
+SSF: Space Station Fred (er, Freedom)
+SSI: Solid-State Imager (on Galileo)
+SSI: Space Studies Institut
+SSME: Space Shuttle Main Engine
+SSPF: Space Station Processing Facility
+SSRMS: Space Station Remote Manipulator System
+SST: Spectroscopic Survey Telescope
+SST: SuperSonic Transport
+SSTO: Single Stage To Orbit
+STIS: Space Telescope Imaging Spectrometer (to replace FOC and GHRS)
+STS: Shuttle Transport System (or) Space Transportation System
+STScI: Space Telescope Science Institute
+SWAS: Submillimeter Wave Astronomy Satellite
+SWF: ShortWave Fading
+TAL: Transatlantic Abort Landing (Shuttle abort plan)
+TAU: Thousand Astronomical Unit (mission)
+TCS: Thermal Control System
+TDRS: Tracking and Data Relay Satellite
+TDRSS: Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System
+TES: Thermal Emission Spectrometer (on Mars Observer)
+TIROS: Television InfraRed Observation Satellite
+TLA: Three Letter Acronym
+TOMS: Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer
+TPS: Thermal Protection System
+TSS: Tethered Satellite System
+UARS: Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite
+UBM: Unpressurized Berthing Mechanism
+UDMH: Unsymmetrical DiMethyl Hydrazine
+UFO: Unidentified Flying Object
+UGC: Uppsala General Catalog
+UHF: Ultra High Frequency
+UIT: Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (Astro package)
+UKST: United Kingdom Schmidt Telescope
+USAF: United States Air Force
+USMP: United States Microgravity Payload
+UT: Universal Time (a.k.a. GMT, UTC, or Zulu Time)
+UTC: Coordinated Universal Time (a.k.a. UT)
+UV: UltraViolet
+UVS: UltraViolet Spectrometer
+VAB: Vehicle Assembly Building (formerly Vertical Assembly Building)
+VAFB: Vandenberg Air Force Base
+VEEGA: Venus-Earth-Earth Gravity Assist (Galileo flight path)
+VHF: Very High Frequency
+VLA: Very Large Array
+VLBA: Very Long Baseline Array
+VLBI: Very Long Baseline Interferometry
+VLF: Very Low Frequency
+VLT: Very Large Telescope
+VMS: Vertical Motion Simulator
+VOIR: Venus Orbiting Imaging Radar (superseded by VRM)
+VPF: Vertical Processing Facility
+VRM: Venus Radar Mapper (now called Magellan)
+WD: White Dwarf
+WFPC: Wide Field / Planetary Camera (on HST)
+WFPCII: Replacement for WFPC
+WIYN: Wisconsin / Indiana / Yale / NOAO telescope
+WSMR: White Sands Missile Range
+WTR: Western Test Range
+WUPPE: Wisconsin Ultraviolet PhotoPolarimter Experiment (Astro package)
+XMM: X-ray Multi Mirror
+XUV: eXtreme UltraViolet
+YSO: Young Stellar Object
+#!/usr/bin/perl
+# 'alt', An Acronym Scrambling Program, by Larry Wall
+srand;
+while (<>) {
+    next unless /^([A-Z]\S+): */;
+    $key = $1;
+    $acro{$key} = $';
+    @words = split(/\W+/,$');
+    unshift(@words,$key);
+    $off = 0;
+    foreach $word (@words) {
+        next unless $word =~ /^[A-Z]/;
+        vec($w{$word}, $off++ % 6, 1) = 1;
+foreach $letter (A .. Z) {
+    *w = $letter;
+    @w = keys %w;
+    if (@w < $THRESHOLD) {
+        @d = `egrep '^$letter' /usr/dict/words`;
+        chop @d;
+        push(@w, @d);
+foreach $key (sort keys %acro) {
+    $off = 0;
+    $acro = $acro{$key};
+    $acro =~ s/((([A-Z])[A-Z]*)[a-z]*)/ &pick($3, $2, $1, ++$off) || $& /eg;
+    print "$key: $acro";
+sub pick {
+    local($letter, $prefix, $oldword, $off) = @_;
+    $i = 0;
+    if (length($prefix) > 1 && index($key,$prefix) < 0) {
+        if ($prefix eq $oldword) {
+            $prefix = '';
+        else {
+            $prefix = $letter;
+    if (length($prefix) > 1) {
+        local(*w) = substr($prefix,0,1);
+        do {
+            $word = $w[rand @w];
+        } until $word ne $oldword && $word =~ /^$prefix/i || ++$i > 30;
+        $word =~ s/^$prefix/$prefix/i;
+        $word;
+    elsif (length($prefix) == 1) {
+        local(*w) = $prefix;
+        do {
+            $word = $w[rand @w];
+        } until $word ne $oldword && vec($w{$word}, $off, 1) || ++$i > 10;
+        $word = "\u\L$word" if $word =~ tr/a-z/A-Z/;
+        $word;
+    else {
+        local(*w) = substr($oldword,0,1);
+        do {
+            $word = $w[rand @w];
+        } until $word ne $oldword && $word =~ tr/a-z/A-Z/ == 0 || ++$i > 30;
+        $word;
+-- Mark Bradford (bradfrd2@ncar.ucar.edu) <> To err is human, to moo bovine.
+                  "It's an ill wind that gathers no moss."
diff --git a/space/space_15.txt b/space/space_15.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..080b5cbe8cb9cf2b4c208f0b2d46ed4826b6ea48
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_15.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+> there is no such thing as a stable lunar orbit
+Is it right??? That is new stuff for me. So it means that  you just can 
+not put a sattellite around around the Moon for too long because its 
+orbit will be unstable??? If so, what is the reason??? Is that because 
+the combined gravitacional atraction of the Sun,Moon and Earth 
+that does not provide a stable  orbit around the Moon???
+C.O.Egalon@larc.nasa.gov
+Claudio Oliveira Egalon
diff --git a/space/space_16.txt b/space/space_16.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fca41bfcc48a489e42a090634020fb79d579eebd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_16.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+In article <C5133A.Gzx@news.cso.uiuc.edu> jbh55289@uxa.cso.uiuc.edu (Josh Hopkins) writes:
+>>>Titan IV launches ain't cheap 
+>>Granted. But that's because titan IV's are bought by the governemnt. Titan
+>>III is actually the cheapest way to put a pound in space of all US expendable
+>>launchers.
+>In that case it's rather ironic that they are doing so poorly on the commercial
+>market.  Is there a single Titan III on order?
+The problem with Commercial Titan is that MM has made little or no attempt
+to market it.  They're basically happy with their government business and
+don't want to have to learn how to sell commercially.
+A secondary problem is that it is a bit big.  They'd need to go after
+multi-satellite launches, a la Ariane, and that complicates the marketing
+task quite significantly.
+They also had some problems with launch facilities at just the wrong time
+to get them started properly.  If memory serves, the pad used for the Mars
+Observer launch had just come out of heavy refurbishment work that had
+prevented launches from it for a year or so.
+There have been a few CT launches.  Mars Observer was one of them.  So
+was that stranded Intelsat, and at least one of its brothers that reached
+orbit properly.
+All work is one man's work.             | Henry Spencer @ U of Toronto Zoology
+                    - Kipling           |  henry@zoo.toronto.edu  utzoo!henry
diff --git a/space/space_17.txt b/space/space_17.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..17362575ac346a855745e3adb355d1e0d40d2568
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_17.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+Archive-name: space/constants
+Last-modified: $Date: 93/04/01 14:39:04 $
+    This list was originally compiled by Dale Greer. Additions would be
+    appreciated.
+    Numbers in parentheses are approximations that will serve for most
+    blue-skying purposes.
+    Unix systems provide the 'units' program, useful in converting
+    between different systems (metric/English, etc.)
+	7726 m/s	 (8000)  -- Earth orbital velocity at 300 km altitude
+	3075 m/s	 (3000)  -- Earth orbital velocity at 35786 km (geosync)
+	6371 km		 (6400)  -- Mean radius of Earth
+	6378 km		 (6400)  -- Equatorial radius of Earth
+	1738 km		 (1700)  -- Mean radius of Moon
+	5.974e24 kg	 (6e24)  -- Mass of Earth
+	7.348e22 kg	 (7e22)  -- Mass of Moon
+	1.989e30 kg	 (2e30)  -- Mass of Sun
+	3.986e14 m^3/s^2 (4e14)  -- Gravitational constant times mass of Earth
+	4.903e12 m^3/s^2 (5e12)  -- Gravitational constant times mass of Moon
+	1.327e20 m^3/s^2 (13e19) -- Gravitational constant times mass of Sun
+	384401 km	 ( 4e5)  -- Mean Earth-Moon distance
+	1.496e11 m	 (15e10) -- Mean Earth-Sun distance (Astronomical Unit)
+	1 megaton (MT) TNT = about 4.2e15 J or the energy equivalent of
+	about .05 kg (50 gm) of matter. Ref: J.R Williams, "The Energy Level
+	of Things", Air Force Special Weapons Center (ARDC), Kirtland Air
+	Force Base, New Mexico, 1963. Also see "The Effects of Nuclear
+	Weapons", compiled by S. Glasstone and P.J. Dolan, published by the
+	US Department of Defense (obtain from the GPO).
+	Where d is distance, v is velocity, a is acceleration, t is time.
+	Additional more specialized equations are available from:
+	    ames.arc.nasa.gov:pub/SPACE/FAQ/MoreEquations
+	For constant acceleration
+	    d = d0 + vt + .5at^2
+	    v = v0 + at
+	  v^2 = 2ad
+	Acceleration on a cylinder (space colony, etc.) of radius r and
+	    rotation period t:
+	    a = 4 pi**2 r / t^2
+	For circular Keplerian orbits where:
+	    Vc	 = velocity of a circular orbit
+	    Vesc = escape velocity
+	    M	 = Total mass of orbiting and orbited bodies
+	    G	 = Gravitational constant (defined below)
+	    u	 = G * M (can be measured much more accurately than G or M)
+	    K	 = -G * M / 2 / a
+	    r	 = radius of orbit (measured from center of mass of system)
+	    V	 = orbital velocity
+	    P	 = orbital period
+	    a	 = semimajor axis of orbit
+	    Vesc = sqrt(2 * M * G / r) = sqrt(2) * Vc
+	    V^2  = u/a
+	    P	 = 2 pi/(Sqrt(u/a^3))
+	    K	 = 1/2 V**2 - G * M / r (conservation of energy)
+	    The period of an eccentric orbit is the same as the period
+	       of a circular orbit with the same semi-major axis.
+	Change in velocity required for a plane change of angle phi in a
+	circular orbit:
+	    delta V = 2 sqrt(GM/r) sin (phi/2)
+	Energy to put mass m into a circular orbit (ignores rotational
+	velocity, which reduces the energy a bit).
+	    GMm (1/Re - 1/2Rcirc)
+	    Re = radius of the earth
+	    Rcirc = radius of the circular orbit.
+	Classical rocket equation, where
+	    dv	= change in velocity
+	    Isp = specific impulse of engine
+	    Ve	= exhaust velocity
+	    x	= reaction mass
+	    m1	= rocket mass excluding reaction mass
+	    Ve	= Isp * g
+	    dv	= Ve * ln((m1 + x) / m1)
+		= Ve * ln((final mass) / (initial mass))
+	Relativistic rocket equation (constant acceleration)
+	    t (unaccelerated) = c/a * sinh(a*t/c)
+	    d = c**2/a * (cosh(a*t/c) - 1)
+	    v = c * tanh(a*t/c)
+	Relativistic rocket with exhaust velocity Ve and mass ratio MR:
+	    at/c = Ve/c * ln(MR), or
+	    t (unaccelerated) = c/a * sinh(Ve/c * ln(MR))
+	    d = c**2/a * (cosh(Ve/C * ln(MR)) - 1)
+	    v = c * tanh(Ve/C * ln(MR))
+	Converting from parallax to distance:
+	    d (in parsecs) = 1 / p (in arc seconds)
+	    d (in astronomical units) = 206265 / p
+	Miscellaneous
+	    f=ma    -- Force is mass times acceleration
+	    w=fd    -- Work (energy) is force times distance
+	Atmospheric density varies as exp(-mgz/kT) where z is altitude, m is
+	molecular weight in kg of air, g is local acceleration of gravity, T
+	is temperature, k is Bolztmann's constant. On Earth up to 100 km,
+	    d = d0*exp(-z*1.42e-4)
+	where d is density, d0 is density at 0km, is approximately true, so
+		    Atmospheric scale height	Dry lapse rate
+		    (in km at emission level)	 (K/km)
+	    Earth	    7.5			    9.8
+	    Mars	    11			    4.4
+	    Venus	    4.9			    10.5
+	    Titan	    18			    1.3
+	    Jupiter	    19			    2.0
+	    Saturn	    37			    0.7
+	    Uranus	    24			    0.7
+	    Neptune	    21			    0.8
+	    Triton	    8			    1
+	Titius-Bode Law for approximating planetary distances:
+	    R(n) = 0.4 + 0.3 * 2^N Astronomical Units (N = -infinity for
+	    Mercury, 0 for Venus, 1 for Earth, etc.)
+	    This fits fairly well except for Neptune.
+	6.62618e-34 J-s  (7e-34) -- Planck's Constant "h"
+	1.054589e-34 J-s (1e-34) -- Planck's Constant / (2 * PI), "h bar"
+	1.3807e-23 J/K	(1.4e-23) - Boltzmann's Constant "k"
+	5.6697e-8 W/m^2/K (6e-8) -- Stephan-Boltzmann Constant "sigma"
+    6.673e-11 N m^2/kg^2 (7e-11) -- Newton's Gravitational Constant "G"
+	0.0029 m K	 (3e-3)  -- Wien's Constant "sigma(W)"
+	3.827e26 W	 (4e26)  -- Luminosity of Sun
+	1370 W / m^2	 (1400)  -- Solar Constant (intensity at 1 AU)
+	6.96e8 m	 (7e8)	 -- radius of Sun
+	1738 km		 (2e3)	 -- radius of Moon
+	299792458 m/s	  (3e8)  -- speed of light in vacuum "c"
+	9.46053e15 m	  (1e16) -- light year
+	206264.806 AU	  (2e5)  -- \
+	3.2616 light years (3)	 --  --> parsec
+	3.0856e16 m	 (3e16)  -- /
+Black Hole radius (also called Schwarzschild Radius):
+	2GM/c^2, where G is Newton's Grav Constant, M is mass of BH,
+		c is speed of light
+    Things to add (somebody look them up!)
+	Basic rocketry numbers & equations
+	Aerodynamical stuff
+	Energy to put a pound into orbit or accelerate to interstellar
+	    velocities.
+	Non-circular cases?
+NEXT: FAQ #7/15 - Astronomical Mnemonics
diff --git a/space/space_18.txt b/space/space_18.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..858888caa011174fa0391c9b5a6c53c0eaa8f5f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_18.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+>If all the ecomomists in the world were laid end to end . . .
+>Punchline #1: they would all point in different directions.
+>Punchline #2: they wouldn't reach a conclusion.
+Punchline #3: it would be a good idea just to leave them there.
+-Tommy Mac
+Tom McWilliams 517-355-2178 wk   \\ As the radius of vision increases,
+18084tm@ibm.cl.msu.edu 336-9591 hm \\ the circumference of mystery grows.
diff --git a/space/space_19.txt b/space/space_19.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..33972569fb1c5268c55c6faa0d59497fa25182aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_19.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,184 @@
+Announcing. . . Announcing. . . Announcing. . .Announcing. . .
+                          (Back by Popular Demand!)
+The convention will be held at the Salt Palace Convention Center and the
+Marriott Hotel, Salt Lake City, Utah.  The business sessions, Karl Hess
+Institute, and Political Expo are at the Salt Palace; breakfasts, parties, and
+banquet are at the Marriott Hotel.
+Marriott Hotel room rates are $79.00 night, plus 10.5% tax ($87.17 total). 
+This rate is good for one to four persons room occupancy.  Double is one
+or two beds; 3 or 4 people is 2 beds.  You can make your reservations
+direct with the hotel (801-531-0800), or you can purchase your room
+through one of MGP's payment plans.  MGP will provide assistance in
+matching roommates if requested.
+August 30, 31, Sept. 1:           Everything You Always Wanted to
+                                  Know About Winning Elections, but
+                                  Didn't Know Where to Ask!
+Three days of intensive campaign training conducted by Sal Guzzetta, a
+25 year veteran of more than 200 campaigns.  Students receive 990 pages
+of professional campaign manuals.  Everything from strategy and
+targeting to opposition research, fundraising, and field operations.
+Price:           $150 if purchased by May 1, 1993
+                 $175 thereafter
+August 31 and Sept. 1:            Platform, Bylaws, Credentials and
+                                  National committee meetings.
+Shoot out in Salt Lake!  PLEDGE versus Committee for a Libertarian
+Majority.  Will the party's membership and platform definitions change? 
+Is compromise possible?  The Platform and Bylaws committees are
+responsible for making recommendations to the convention concerning
+changes in those documents.  At this convention, the party will only
+consider deletions to the platform.  The Convention Rules would have to
+be amended by a 2/3 vote to change this rule.
+The meetings are open to the public.  There is no charge for attending. 
+Sept. 2-5, 1993: Celebrate Liberty! Begins
+                 Political Expo Opens
+Sept. 2, 1993:   9 AM -- Credentials Committee report to the delegates.
+                 10:30 -- Gala Opening Ceremony and Keynote Address
+                 by Russell Means.  
+                 1:00 -- After lunch break, convention business continues
+                 (see "Standing Order of Business" from the "Convention
+                 Rules of the Libertarian Party" at the end of this
+                 document.
+                 Karl Hess Institute of Libertarian Politics Begins, runs in
+                 tandem with the business sessions.
+Sept. 3, 1993:   Dawns Early Light, Green Dragon Inn (morning and
+                 evening), with Karl Hess Institute and convention
+                 business in between.
+Sept. 4, 1993:   Dawns Early Light, Freedom Rock '93, Karl Hess
+                 Institute, convention business.
+Sept. 5, 1993:   Dawns Early Light, Convention Banquet, Karl Hess
+                 Institute, convention business, Joyful Noise.
+LIGHT            Three great convention breakfasts to start your days
+                 right, featuring science fiction author L. Neil Smith,
+                 psychiatrist and author Dr. Thomas Szasz, and South
+                 African Libertarian leader Frances Kendall.
+INN              "Opening night" party, named after the famous inn
+                 where Sam Adams and his crowd plotted trouble for the
+                 British over pints of ale and beer.  Music, food, drink,
+                 and comedy.
+ROCK '93         Free downtown rock concert Friday night, with drum
+                 circle, comic Tim Slagle, Middle Eastern dancer, reggae,
+                 and local classic rock-n-roll bands.  Will be widely
+                 publicized in the local area.  Major outreach opportunity.
+BANQUET          Vivaldi and Mozart, fine dining, in the elegant Marriott
+                 Grand Ballroom (black tie optional).  Dancing follows.
+EXPO             Exhibits and vendors.  FREE admission.  Event will be
+                 widely publicized in local area for maximum draw. 
+                 Major Outreach opportunity.
+         Workshops, speakers, roundtable discussions in these areas:
+GENERATION               High school and college age Libertarians talk
+                         about what matters to them and the 20-
+                         something generation.
+AGENDA 2000              Considers key issues of the 1990s.  Environment. 
+                         Health Care.  21st Century Economics.  Drug
+                         War.  Second Amendment.  Social Services. 
+                         Foreign Policy.  Crime & Violence.  AIDS.
+THE GREAT DEBATE         LP Strategy and tactics.  Media.  Ballot Access. 
+                         Initiatives.  Feminist Issues.  Presidential
+                         Campaigns.  LP Elected Officials.  Grassroots. 
+                         Early look at the 1996 presidential nomination.
+THE 90s                  Community.  Children.  Abundance.  Home
+                         Schooling.  Religion and Liberty.  Race.
+CAMPUS FOCUS             Organizing.  Academia.  Blue Collar Youth.
+TOTAL EVENT:             All activities, Aug. 30-Sept. 5, $400, including 3
+                         day candidate training
+Full Celebration:        All convention activities, Sept. 2-5, $300
+Late Riser               No breakfasts, everything else Sept. 2-5, $250
+Thrift                   No breakfasts or banquet, $150
+Issues Focus             Karl Hess Institute, $125
+Basic                    Convention packet, souvenirs, two Karl Hess
+                         Institute speakers
+Free                     Political Expo, Access to convention hall,
+                         Keynote Address, Joyful Noise, Freedom Rock
+                         '93, three free outreach speakers.
+--       Special student prices are available to anyone under 25 years of
+         age or who is enrolled in a college or university.
+--       Six and seven month payment plans are available which can
+         include housing (if requested).
+--       To add the three day candidate training to any package below
+         (except "Total Event"), add $150 to the price.
+--       All prices are in U.S. dollars.
+--       Advertising is available in the convention program; exhibits and
+         sponsorships are available for the Political Expo.  Free Political
+         Expo admission and MGP promotions will draw visitors from the
+         surrounding community (one million people live within a 30
+         minute drive of the Expo).
+--       If your special interest group, organization, committee, or cause
+         would like to schedule space for a presentation, contact us.
+--       MGP conducts a drawing each month and gives away FREE
+         hotel nights.  The sooner you register, the more chances you have
+         to win.
+--       Roommate match service available upon request.
+"Anti-Federalist Two"    MGP sponsored writing contest.  June
+                         submission deadline.  Contact MGP for
+                         prospectus.
+"The Libertarian 
+Games"                   Friendly competition -- marksmanship, computer
+                         programming, chess, maybe more.
+Libertarians for Gay &
+Lesbian Concerns         Business meeting, social night, sponsored by
+???                      YOUR EVENT CAN BE LISTED HERE.  Contact
+                         MGP for details.
+Special discounts are available for college and high school students.  We
+will work on casual housing opportunities for the "Poverty Caucus". 
+College Libertarians will meet at Celebrate Liberty! and discuss the future
+of their movement on campuses.  Contact MGP for more details.
+		       (as of March 14, 1993):
+Dean Ahmad		Jim Hudler		Sheldon Richman
+Karen Allard		Jeff Hummel		Kathleen Richman
+Rick Arnold		Alexander Joseph	Dan Rosenthal
+Dr. George Ayittey	Frances Kendall		Dr. Mary Ruwart
+Alan Boch		Martin Luther King	Dagny Sharon
+Richard Boddie		Me-Me King		Jane Shaw
+Gus Dizerega		Henry Lamb		Sandy Shaw
+Larry Dodge		Amy Lassen		L. Neil Smith
+Dr. Richard Ebeling	Scott Lieberman		Eric Sterling
+Don Ernsberger		Dr. Nancy Lord		Dr. Richard Stroup
+Bill Evers		Russell Means		Dr. Thomas Szasz
+Bonnie Flickenger	Vince Miller		Michael Tanner
+John Fund		Maury Modine		Sojourner Truth
+Doris Gordon		David Nolan		Yuri Tuvim
+Leon Hadar		Randall O'Toole		Bob Waldrop
+Patrick Henry		James Ostrowski		Terree Wasley
+Karl Hess		Dirk Pearson		Perry Willis
+Dr. Karl Hess Jr.	Bob Poole		Richard Winger
+Jacob Honrberger	Carole Ann Rand		Jarret Wollstein
+						Brigham Young
+On May 1st, prices increase for convention packages, candidate training,
+and exhibits/advertising:
+New prices for convention packages will be:
+Total Event:             $450
+Full Celebration:        $350
+Late Riser:              $275
+Thrift:                  $175
+Issues Focus:            $150
+Basic:                   $30
+Free:                    $0
+These prices good through July 2, 1993.
+                            Available May 1, 1993
+I:       Business Focus:  All convention activities except Karl Hess
+         Institute -- $275
+II:      Delegate Celebration, includes a complete set of Karl Hess
+         Institute audio tapes instead of institute tickets -- $350
+     1. Call to order
+     2. Credentials Committee report
+     3. Adoption of agenda
+     4. Treasurer's report
+     5. Bylaws and Rules Committee report (Non-nominating conventions
+        only)
+     6. Platform Committee report (At non-Presidential nominating
+        conventions only deletions may be considered.)
+     7. Nomination of Party candidates for President and
+        Vice-President (in appropriate years)
+     8. Election of Party Officers and at-large members
+        of the National Committee
+     9. Election of Judicial Committee
+     10. Resolutions
+     11. Other business
+                               P.O. Box 526175
+                          Salt Lake City, UT  84152
+                E-mail: Bob.Waldrop@f418.n104.z1.fidonet.org
+           Make Checks Payable to Morning Glory Productions, Inc.
+		      Don't blame me; I voted Libertarian.
+Disclaimer: I speak for myself, except as noted; Copyright 1993 Rich Thomson
+UUCP: ...!uunet!dsd.es.com!rthomson			Rich Thomson
+Internet: rthomson@dsd.es.com	IRC: _Rich_		PEXt Programmer
diff --git a/space/space_2.txt b/space/space_2.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..09b00b874189da47c001685b861ca86685cba9e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_2.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+jmcocker@eos.ncsu.edu (Mitch) writes:
+>effect that one of the SSRBs that was recovered after the
+>recent space shuttle launch was found to have a wrench of
+>some sort rattling around apparently inside the case.
+I heard a similar statement in our local news (UTAH) tonight. They referred
+to the tool as "...the PLIERS that took a ride into space...". They also
+said that a Thiokol (sp?) employee had reported missing a tool of some kind
+during assembly of one SRB. No more info as to the location in the SRB.
+I agree, pretty weird.
diff --git a/space/space_20.txt b/space/space_20.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..da0f8ac653238d4b1d8252a19c7f2c7422f2c165
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_20.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+In article <C50zxA.1K9@zoo.toronto.edu> henry@zoo.toronto.edu (Henry Spencer) writes:
+>In article <1ppm7j$ip@access.digex.net> prb@access.digex.com (Pat) writes:
+|>I thought the area rule was pioneered by Boeing.
+|>NASA guys developed the rule,  but no-one knew if it worked
+|>until Boeing built the hardware 727 and maybe the FB-111?????
+|Nope.  The decisive triumph of the area rule was when Convair's YF-102 --
+|contractually commmitted to being a Mach 1.5 fighter and actually found
+|to be incapable of going supersonic in level flight -- was turned into
+|the area-ruled YF-102A which met the specs.  This was well before either
+|the 727 or the FB-111; the 102 flew in late 1953, and Convair spent most
+|of the first half of 1954 figuring out what went wrong and most of the
+|second half building the first 102A.
+|All work is one man's work.             | Henry Spencer @ U of Toronto Zoology
+|                    - Kipling           |  henry@zoo.toronto.edu  utzoo!henry
+Good thing i stuck in a couple of question marks up there.
+I seem to recall, somebody built  or at least proposed a wasp waisetd
+Passenger civil transport.  I thought it was a 727,  but maybe it
+was a DC- 8,9???   Sure it had a funny passenger compartment,
+but on the other hand  it seemed to save fuel.
+I thought Area rules  applied even before transonic speeds,  just
+not as badly.
+pat
diff --git a/space/space_21.txt b/space/space_21.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d5f84a5333a79b07fff65ce605d1eb5e14215a65
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_21.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+I have the "osculating elements at perigee" of an orbit, which I need
+to convert to something useful, preferably distance from the earth
+in evenly spaced time intervals. A GSM coordinate system is preferable,
+but I convert from other systems. C, pascal, or fortran code, or
+if you can point me to a book or something that'd be great.
+here's the first few lines of the file.
+Thanks in advance,
+larry kepko
+lkepko@igpp.ucla.edu
diff --git a/space/space_22.txt b/space/space_22.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..735b5bbae79f7e6019c853a08eb21f956e848f6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_22.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+In article <843@rins.ryukoku.ac.jp> will@rins.ryukoku.ac.jp (William Reiken) writes:
+>> The real reason why accelerator breeders or incinerators are not being
+>> built is that there isn't any reason to do so.  Natural uranium is
+>> still too cheap, and geological disposal of actinides looks
+>> technically reasonable.
+>	November/December, 1987 page 21 - "Science and Technology in Japan".
+>			Seawater Uranium Recovery Experiment
+>	"The ground uranium reserves are estimated at about 3.6 million tons,
+> and it is anticipated that the demand and supply balance will collapse by the
+> end of the 20th century.  In Japan, a resources poor country, technological
+> development are now under way to economically collect uranium dissolved in
+> seawater.  The total quanity of uranium dissolved in seawater is estimated
+> to be about 4.6 billion tons, a huge amount when compared with ground uranium
+> reserves......."
+I hate to pour cold water on this, but currently seawater extracted
+uranium, even using the new, improved fiber absorbers from Japan, is
+about 20 times more expensive than uranium on the spot market.
+Uranium is *very* cheap right now, around $10/lb.  Right now, there
+are mines closing because they can't compete with places like Cigar
+Lake in Canada (where the ore is so rich they present safety hazards
+to the mines, who work in shielded vehicles).  Plenty of other sources
+(for example, uranium from phosphate processing) would come on line before
+uranium reached $200/lb.
+"Demand and supply balance will collapse" is nonsense.  Supply and
+demand always balance; what changes is the price.  Is uranium going
+to increase in price by a factor of 20 by the end of the century?
+Not bloody likely.  New nuclear reactors are not being built
+at a sufficient rate.
+Uranium from seawater is interesting, but it's a long term project, or
+a project that the Japanese might justify on grounds of
+self-sufficiency.
+	Paul F. Dietz
+	dietz@cs.rochester.edu
diff --git a/space/space_23.txt b/space/space_23.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..37fcda9cddfe47b73051d0b9f896d8581564d912
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_23.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+I am looking for a source of orbital element sets
+other than UAF/Space Command.  I believe there is
+one on CompuServe.  Please let me know what other
+possible sources there are and how I can reach 
+them.  Thanks much.
diff --git a/space/space_24.txt b/space/space_24.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8f71eee91ea60db26242682c624b586ab19fc84c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_24.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+In article <1pcgaa$do1@access.digex.com> prb@access.digex.com (Pat) writes:
+>Now isn't that always the kicker.  It does seem stupid to  drop
+>a mission like Magellan, because there isn't  70 million a year
+>to keep up the mission.  You'd think  that ongoing science  could
+>justify the money.  JPL gets accused of spending more then neccessary,
+>probably some validity in that,  but NASA  does put money into some
+>things  that really are Porcine.  Oh well.
+I attended a colloquium at Goddard last fall where the head of the 
+operations section of NASA was talking about what future missions
+were going to be funded.  I don't remember his name or title off hand
+and I have discarded the colloquia announcement. In any case, he was 
+asked about that very matter: "Why can't we spend a few million more
+to keep instruments that we already have in place going?"
+His responce was that there are only so many $ available to him and
+the lead time on an instrument like a COBE, Magellan, Hubble, etc
+is 5-10 years minumum.  If he spent all that could be spent on using
+current instruments in the current budget enviroment he would have
+very little to nothing for future projects.  If he did that, sure
+in the short run the science would be wonderful and he would be popular,
+however starting a few years after he had retired he would become
+one of the greatest villans ever seen in the space community for not
+funding the early stages of the next generation of instruments.  Just
+as he had benefited from his predicessor's funding choices, he owed it
+to whoever his sucessor would eventually be to keep developing new
+missions, even at the expense of cutting off some instruments before
+the last drop of possible science has been wrung out of them.
+Covert C Beach
+dragon@access.digex.com
diff --git a/space/space_25.txt b/space/space_25.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a11b2b63c1efe56d8f03325fb50ed4e4a9542abe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_25.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+victor@inqmind.bison.mb.ca (Victor Laking) writes:
+>Does anyone have any info on the apparent sightings of Vulcan?
+>All that I know is that there were apparently two sightings at 
+>drastically different times of a small planet that was inside Mercury's 
+>orbit.  Beyond that, I have no other info.
+>Does anyone know anything more specific?
+>(Yes, this happened LONG before Star Trek and is apparently where they 
+>got the reference for the "guy with the ears".)
+Yes, long before Star Trek.  Before Einstein, in fact.
+Vulcan as a planet inside Mercury was hypothesized to explain a perturbation
+of Mercury's orbit that could not be explained by the known planets.  But
+Einstein's theory of relativity explained Mercury's motion, and analysis
+of Mercury's motion now shows there are _not_ any planets inside its orbit.
+-Mike
diff --git a/space/space_26.txt b/space/space_26.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1aa43bb7bc089199de7812defda804599b2d8bdd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_26.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+Any comments on the absorbtion of the Office of Exploration into the
+Office of Space Sciences and the reassignment of Griffin to the "Chief
+Engineer" position?  Is this just a meaningless administrative
+shuffle, or does this bode ill for SEI?
+In my opinion, this seems like a Bad Thing, at least on the surface.
+Griffin seemed to be someone who was actually interested in getting
+things done, and who was willing to look an innovative approaches to
+getting things done faster, better, and cheaper.  It's unclear to me
+whether he will be able to do this at his new position.
+Does anyone know what his new duties will be?
+Brian Yamauchi			Case Western Reserve University
+yamauchi@alpha.ces.cwru.edu	Department of Computer Engineering and Science
diff --git a/space/space_27.txt b/space/space_27.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d9c776d9a06d1ad95096e80bbfa07a6774a45a9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_27.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+Archive-name: space/controversy
+Last-modified: $Date: 93/04/01 14:39:06 $
+    These issues periodically come up with much argument and few facts being
+    offered. The summaries below attempt to represent the position on which
+    much of the net community has settled. Please DON'T bring them up again
+    unless there's something truly new to be discussed. The net can't set
+    public policy, that's what your representatives are for.
+    Despite a widespread belief to the contrary, the Saturn V blueprints
+    have not been lost. They are kept at Marshall Space Flight Center on
+    microfilm.
+    The problem in re-creating the Saturn V is not finding the drawings, it
+    is finding vendors who can supply mid-1960's vintage hardware (like
+    guidance system components), and the fact that the launch pads and VAB
+    have been converted to Space Shuttle use, so you have no place to launch
+    from.
+    By the time you redesign to accommodate available hardware and re-modify
+    the launch pads, you may as well have started from scratch with a clean
+    sheet design.
+    Investigators associated with NASA missions are allowed exclusive access
+    for one year after the data is obtained in order to give them an
+    opportunity to analyze the data and publish results without being
+    "scooped" by people uninvolved in the mission. However, NASA frequently
+    releases examples (in non-digital form, e.g. photos) to the public early
+    in a mission.
+    There has been extensive discussion on this topic sparked by attempts to
+    block the Galileo and Ulysses launches on grounds of the plutonium
+    thermal sources being dangerous. Numerous studies claim that even in
+    worst-case scenarios (shuttle explosion during launch, or accidental
+    reentry at interplanetary velocities), the risks are extremely small.
+    Two interesting data points are (1) The May 1968 loss of two SNAP 19B2
+    RTGs, which landed intact in the Pacific Ocean after a Nimbus B weather
+    satellite failed to reach orbit. The fuel was recovered after 5 months
+    with no release of plutonium. (2) In April 1970, the Apollo 13 lunar
+    module reentered the atmosphere and its SNAP 27 RTG heat source, which
+    was jettisoned, fell intact into the 20,000 feet deep Tonga Trench in
+    the Pacific Ocean. The corrosion resistant materials of the RTG are
+    expected to prevent release of the fuel for a period of time equal to 10
+    half-lives of the Pu-238 fuel or about 870 years [DOE 1980].
+    To make your own informed judgement, some references you may wish to
+    pursue are:
+    A good review of the technical facts and issues is given by Daniel
+    Salisbury in "Radiation Risk and Planetary Exploration-- The RTG
+    Controversy," *Planetary Report*, May-June 1987, pages 3-7. Another good
+    article, which also reviews the events preceding Galileo's launch,
+    "Showdown at Pad 39-B," by Robert G. Nichols, appeared in the November
+    1989 issue of *Ad Astra*. (Both magazines are published by pro-space
+    organizations, the Planetary Society and the National Space Society
+    respectively.)
+    Gordon L Chipman, Jr., "Advanced Space Nuclear Systems" (AAS 82-261), in
+    *Developing the Space Frontier*, edited by Albert Naumann and Grover
+    Alexander, Univelt, 1983, p. 193-213.
+    "Hazards from Plutonium Toxicity", by Bernard L. Cohen, Health Physics,
+    Vol 32 (may) 1977, page 359-379.
+    NUS Corporation, Safety Status Report for the Ulysses Mission: Risk
+    Analysis (Book 1). Document number is NUS 5235; there is no GPO #;
+    published Jan 31, 1990.
+    NASA Office of Space Science and Applications, *Final Environmental
+    Impact Statement for the Ulysses Mission (Tier 2)*, (no serial number or
+    GPO number, but probably available from NTIS or NASA) June 1990.
+    [DOE 1980] U.S.  Department of Energy, *Transuranic Elements in the
+    Environment*, Wayne C.  Hanson, editor; DOE Document No.  DOE/TIC-22800;
+    Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., April 1980.)
+    From time to time, claims are made that chemicals released from
+    the Space Shuttle's Solid Rocket Boosters (SRBs) are responsible
+    for a significant amount of damage to the ozone layer. Studies
+    indicate that they in reality have only a minute impact, both in
+    absolute terms and relative to other chemical sources. The
+    remainder of this item is a response from the author of the quoted
+    study, Charles Jackman.
+    The atmospheric modelling study of the space shuttle effects on the
+    stratosphere involved three independent theoretical groups, and was
+    organized by Dr. Michael Prather, NASA/Goddard Institute for Space
+    Studies.  The three groups involved Michael Prather and Maria Garcia
+    (NASA/GISS), Charlie Jackman and Anne Douglass (NASA/Goddard Space
+    Flight Center), and Malcolm Ko and Dak Sze (Atmospheric and
+    Environmental Research, Inc.).  The effort was to look at the effects
+    of the space shuttle and Titan rockets on the stratosphere.
+    The following are the estimated sources of stratospheric chlorine:
+       Industrial sources:    300,000,000 kilograms/year
+	  Natural sources:     75,000,000 kilograms/year
+	  Shuttle sources:	  725,000 kilograms/year
+    The shuttle source assumes 9 space shuttles and 6 Titan rockets are
+    launched yearly. Thus the launches would add less than 0.25% to the
+    total stratospheric chlorine sources.
+    The effect on ozone is minimal:  global yearly average total ozone would
+    be decreased by 0.0065%. This is much less than total ozone variability
+    associated with volcanic activity and solar flares.
+    The influence of human-made chlorine products on ozone is computed
+    by atmospheric model calculations to be a 1% decrease in globally
+    averaged ozone between 1980 and 1990. The influence of the space shuttle and
+    Titan rockets on the stratosphere is negligible.  The launch
+    schedule of the Space Shuttle and Titan rockets would need to be
+    increased by over a factor of a hundred in order to have about
+    the same effect on ozone as our increases in industrial halocarbons
+    do at the present time.
+    Theoretical results of this study have been published in _The Space
+    Shuttle's Impact on the Stratosphere_, MJ Prather, MM Garcia, AR
+    Douglass, CH Jackman, M.K.W. Ko and N.D. Sze, Journal of Geophysical
+    Research, 95, 18583-18590, 1990.
+    Charles Jackman, Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Branch,
+    Code 916, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center,
+    Greenbelt, MD  20771
+    Also see _Chemical Rockets and the Environment_, A McDonald, R Bennett,
+    J Hinshaw, and M Barnes, Aerospace America, May 1991.
+    If you *don't* try to hold your breath, exposure to space for half a
+    minute or so is unlikely to produce permanent injury. Holding your
+    breath is likely to damage your lungs, something scuba divers have to
+    watch out for when ascending, and you'll have eardrum trouble if your
+    Eustachian tubes are badly plugged up, but theory predicts -- and animal
+    experiments confirm -- that otherwise, exposure to vacuum causes no
+    immediate injury. You do not explode. Your blood does not boil. You do
+    not freeze. You do not instantly lose consciousness.
+    Various minor problems (sunburn, possibly "the bends", certainly some
+    [mild, reversible, painless] swelling of skin and underlying tissue)
+    start after ten seconds or so. At some point you lose consciousness from
+    lack of oxygen. Injuries accumulate. After perhaps one or two minutes,
+    you're dying. The limits are not really known.
+    References:
+    _The Effect on the Chimpanzee of Rapid Decompression to a Near Vacuum_,
+    Alfred G. Koestler ed., NASA CR-329 (Nov 1965).
+    _Experimental Animal Decompression to a Near Vacuum Environment_, R.W.
+    Bancroft, J.E. Dunn, eds, Report SAM-TR-65-48 (June 1965), USAF School
+    of Aerospace Medicine, Brooks AFB, Texas.
+    The Challenger shuttle launch was not destroyed in an explosion. This is
+    a well-documented fact; see the Rogers Commission report, for example.
+    What looked like an explosion was fuel burning after the external tank
+    came apart. The forces on the crew cabin were not sufficient to kill the
+    astronauts, never mind destroy their bodies, according to the Kerwin
+    team's medical/forensic report.
+    The astronauts were killed when the more-or-less intact cabin hit the
+    water at circa 200MPH, and their bodies then spent several weeks
+    underwater. Their remains were recovered, and after the Kerwin team
+    examined them, they were sent off to be buried.
+    You can't use the shuttle orbiter for missions beyond low Earth orbit
+    because it can't get there. It is big and heavy and does not carry
+    enough fuel, even if you fill part of the cargo bay with tanks.
+    Furthermore, it is not particularly sensible to do so, because much of
+    that weight is things like wings, which are totally useless except in
+    the immediate vicinity of the Earth. The shuttle orbiter is highly
+    specialized for travel between Earth's surface and low orbit. Taking it
+    higher is enormously costly and wasteful. A much better approach would
+    be to use shuttle subsystems to build a specialized high-orbit
+    spacecraft.
+    [Yet another concise answer by Henry Spencer.]
+    There really is a big rock on Mars that looks remarkably like a humanoid
+    face. It appears in two different frames of Viking Orbiter imagery:
+    35A72 (much more facelike in appearance, and the one more often
+    published, with the Sun 10 degrees above western horizon) and 70A13
+    (with the Sun 27 degrees from the west).
+    Science writer Richard Hoagland has championed the idea that the Face is
+    artificial, intended to resemble a human, and erected by an
+    extraterrestrial civilization. Most other analysts concede that the
+    resemblance is most likely accidental. Other Viking images show a
+    smiley-faced crater and a lava flow resembling Kermit the Frog elsewhere
+    on Mars. There exists a Mars Anomalies Research Society (sorry, don't
+    know the address) to study the Face.
+    The Mars Observer mission will carry an extremely high-resolution
+    camera, and better images of the formation will hopefully settle this
+    question in a few years. In the meantime, speculation about the Face is
+    best carried on in the altnet group alt.alien.visitors, not sci.space or
+    sci.astro.
+    V. DiPeitro and G. Molenaar, *Unusual Martian Surface Features*, Mars
+    Research, P.O. Box 284, Glen Dale, Maryland, USA, 1982. $18 by mail.
+    R.R. Pozos, *The Face of Mars*, Chicago Review Press, 1986. [Account of
+    an interdisciplinary speculative conference Hoagland organized to
+    investigate the Face]
+    R.C. Hoagland, *The Monuments of Mars: A City on the Edge of Forever*,
+    North Atlantic Books, Berkeley, California, USA, 1987. [Elaborate
+    discussion of evidence and speculation that formations near the Face
+    form a city]
+    M.J. Carlotto, "Digital Imagery Analysis of Unusual Martian Surface
+    Features," *Applied Optics*, 27, pp. 1926-1933, 1987. [Extracts
+    three-dimensional model for the Face from the 2-D images]
+    M.J. Carlotto & M.C. Stein, "A Method of Searching for Artificial
+    Objects on Planetary Surfaces," *Journal of the British Interplanetary
+    Society*, Vol. 43 no. 5 (May 1990), p.209-216. [Uses a fractal image
+    analysis model to guess whether the Face is artificial]
+    B. O'Leary, "Analysis of Images of the `Face' on Mars and Possible
+    Intelligent Origin," *JBIS*, Vol. 43 no. 5 (May 1990), p. 203-208.
+    [Lights Carlotto's model from the two angles and shows it's consistent;
+    shows that the Face doesn't look facelike if observed from the surface]
+NEXT: FAQ #13/15 - Space activist/interest/research groups & space publications
diff --git a/space/space_28.txt b/space/space_28.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..483989e899b6e15b962d031802713ef72971ecdb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_28.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+on Date: 01 Apr 93 18:03:12 GMT, Ralph Buttigieg <ralph.buttigieg@f635.n713.z3.fido.zeta.org.au>
+writes:
+/Why can't the government just be a tennant? Private commercial concerns
+/could just build a space station system and charge rent to the government
+/financed researchers wanting to use it.
+I believe that this was the thought behind the Industrial Space Facility.  I
+don't remember all the details, but I think Space Services (?) wanted NASA to 
+sign an anchor tenancy deal in order to help secure some venture capital but 
+NASA didn't like the deal.  (I'm sure I'll hear about it if I'm wrong!)
+Disclaimer: Opinions stated are solely my own (unless I change my mind).
+Ben Muniz     MUNIZB%RWTMS2.decnet@consrt.rockwell.com    w(818)586-3578
+Space Station Freedom:Rocketdyne/Rockwell:Structural Loads and Dynamics
+   "Man will not fly for fifty years": Wilbur to Orville Wright, 1901
diff --git a/space/space_29.txt b/space/space_29.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..55c153edcca50f81749aa9d8f693fb974a52715b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_29.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+on Date: Fri, 2 Apr 1993 23:19:46 GMT, Edmund Hack <arabia!hack> writes:
+/In article <1pgdno$3t1@access.digex.net> prb@access.digex.com (Pat) writes:
+/>I always thought GD's  Fighter plants were in Long Island.  
+/No, Northrup has a plant on Long Island.
+I don't think Northrup ever had a plant on Long Island.  The two main airframe
+manufacturers there were (Fairchild)/Republic which closed its doors after the
+T-46 cancellation, and Grumman (which is still hanging on last I time I called).
+I think Sperry also started there.  If you're ever in the area check out the
+Cradle of Aviation Museum at Mitchell field (now mostly parking lots behind the
+Nassau Coliseum and the community college).  Good display of vehicles from Long
+Island, including a LEM flight article.
+Disclaimer: Opinions stated are solely my own (unless I change my mind).
+Ben Muniz     MUNIZB%RWTMS2.decnet@consrt.rockwell.com    w(818)586-3578
+Space Station Freedom:Rocketdyne/Rockwell:Structural Loads and Dynamics
+   "Man will not fly for fifty years": Wilbur to Orville Wright, 1901
diff --git a/space/space_3.txt b/space/space_3.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cf9a2a5ba1b4939d86d9ee5e3c608f733a9fdba6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_3.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+In article <28641@galaxy.ucr.edu> datadec@ucrengr.ucr.edu (kevin marcus) writes:
+>Are there any public domain or shareware astronomy programs which will
+>map out the sky at any given time, and allow you to locate planets, nebulae,
+>and so forth?  If so, is there any ftp site where I can get one?
+I posted my public-domain MSDOS program "sunlight.zip" to "sci.astro" yesterday.
+It easily locates the sun, moon, and planets, and can also be used to
+locate other objects if you input their Right Ascesion and Declination.
+Use "uudecode" to extract.
+        Robert Sheaffer - Scepticus Maximus - sheaffer@netcom.com
+ Past Chairman, The Bay Area Skeptics - for whom I speak only when authorized!
+         "Marxism and feminism are one and that one is Marxism"
+                             - Heidi Hartmann and Amy Bridges,
+                       quoted by Catharine MacKinnon above the first chapter
+                       of her "Toward a Feminist Theory of the State"
diff --git a/space/space_30.txt b/space/space_30.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..90055f5cc16765b42016350479d8c4591ecf8b5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_30.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+Archive-name: space/schedule
+Last-modified: $Date: 93/04/01 14:39:23 $
+    Shuttle operations are discussed in the Usenet group sci.space.shuttle,
+    and Ken Hollis (gandalf@pro-electric.cts.com) posts a compressed version
+    of the shuttle manifest (launch dates and other information)
+    periodically there. The manifest is also available from the Ames SPACE
+    archive in SPACE/FAQ/manifest. The portion of his manifest formerly
+    included in this FAQ has been removed; please refer to his posting or
+    the archived copy. For the most up to date information on upcoming
+    missions, call (407) 867-INFO (867-4636) at Kennedy Space Center.
+    Official NASA shuttle status reports are posted to sci.space.news
+    frequently.
+    The following answer and translation are provided by Ken Jenks
+    (kjenks@gothamcity.jsc.nasa.gov).
+    The "Ascent Guidance and Flight Control Training Manual," ASC G&C 2102,
+    says:
+	"During the vertical rise phase, the launch pad attitude is
+	commanded until an I-loaded V(rel) sufficient to assure launch tower
+	clearance is achieved. Then, the tilt maneuver (roll program)
+	orients the vehicle to a heads down attitude required to generate a
+	negative q-alpha, which in turn alleviates structural loading. Other
+	advantages with this attitude are performance gain, decreased abort
+	maneuver complexity, improved S-band look angles, and crew view of
+	the horizon. The tilt maneuver is also required to start gaining
+	downrange velocity to achieve the main engine cutoff (MECO) target
+	in second stage."
+    This really is a good answer, but it's couched in NASA jargon. I'll try
+    to interpret.
+    1)	We wait until the Shuttle clears the tower before rolling.
+    2)	Then, we roll the Shuttle around so that the angle of attack
+	between the wind caused by passage through the atmosphere (the
+	"relative wind") and the chord of the wings (the imaginary line
+	between the leading edge and the trailing edge) is a slightly
+	negative angle ("a negative q-alpha").	This causes a little bit of
+	"downward" force (toward the belly of the Orbiter, or the +Z
+	direction) and this force "alleviates structural loading."
+	We have to be careful about those wings -- they're about the
+	most "delicate" part of the vehicle.
+    3)	The new attitude (after the roll) also allows us to carry more
+	mass to orbit, or to achieve a higher orbit with the same mass, or
+	to change the orbit to a higher or lower inclination than would be
+	the case if we didn't roll ("performance gain").
+    4)	The new attitude allows the crew to fly a less complicated
+	flight path if they had to execute one of the more dangerous abort
+	maneuvers, the Return To Launch Site ("decreased abort maneuver
+	complexity").
+    5)	The new attitude improves the ability for ground-based radio
+	antennae to have a good line-of-sight signal with the S-band radio
+	antennae on the Orbiter ("improved S-band look angles").
+    6)	The new attitude allows the crew to see the horizon, which is a
+	helpful (but not mandatory) part of piloting any flying machine.
+    7)	The new attitude orients the Shuttle so that the body is
+	more nearly parallel with the ground, and the nose to the east
+	(usually).  This allows the thrust from the engines to add velocity
+	in the correct direction to eventually achieve orbit.  Remember:
+	velocity is a vector quantity made of both speed and direction.
+	The Shuttle has to have a large horizontal component to its
+	velocity and a very small vertical component to attain orbit.
+    This all begs the question, "Why isn't the launch pad oriented to give
+    this nice attitude to begin with?  Why does the Shuttle need to roll to
+    achieve that attitude?"  The answer is that the pads were leftovers
+    from the Apollo days.  The Shuttle straddles two flame trenches -- one
+    for the Solid Rocket Motor exhaust, one for the Space Shuttle Main
+    Engine exhaust.  (You can see the effects of this on any daytime
+    launch.  The SRM exhaust is dirty gray garbage, and the SSME exhaust is
+    fluffy white steam.  Watch for the difference between the "top"
+    [Orbiter side] and the "bottom" [External Tank side] of the stack.) The
+    access tower and other support and service structure are all oriented
+    basically the same way they were for the Saturn V's.  (A side note: the
+    Saturn V's also had a roll program.  Don't ask me why -- I'm a Shuttle
+    guy.)
+    I checked with a buddy in Ascent Dynamics.	He added that the "roll
+    maneuver" is really a maneuver in all three axes: roll, pitch and yaw.
+    The roll component of that maneuver is performed for the reasons
+    stated.  The pitch component controls loading on the wings by keeping
+    the angle of attack (q-alpha) within a tight tolerance.  The yaw
+    component is used to determine the orbital inclination.  The total
+    maneuver is really expressed as a "quaternion," a grad-level-math
+    concept for combining all three rotation matrices in one four-element
+    array.
+    NASA SELECT is broadcast by satellite. If you have access to a satellite
+    dish, you can find SELECT on Satcom F2R, Transponder 13, C-Band, 72
+    degrees West Longitude, Audio 6.8, Frequency 3960 MHz. F2R is stationed
+    over the Atlantic, and is increasingly difficult to receive from
+    California and points west. During events of special interest (e.g.
+    shuttle missions), SELECT is sometimes broadcast on a second satellite
+    for these viewers.
+    If you can't get a satellite feed, some cable operators carry SELECT.
+    It's worth asking if yours doesn't.
+    The SELECT schedule is found in the NASA Headline News which is
+    frequently posted to sci.space.news. Generally it carries press
+    conferences, briefings by NASA officials, and live coverage of shuttle
+    missions and planetary encounters. SELECT has recently begun carrying
+    much more secondary material (associated with SPACELINK) when missions
+    are not being covered.
+    The following are believed to rebroadcast space shuttle mission audio:
+	W6FXN  - Los Angeles
+	K6MF   - Ames Research Center, Mountain View, California
+	WA3NAN - Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, Maryland.
+	W5RRR  - Johnson Space Center (JSC), Houston, Texas
+	W6VIO  - Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), Pasadena, California.
+	W1AW Voice Bulletins
+	Station    VHF	   10m	   15m	   20m	  40m	 80m
+    W5RRR transmits mission audio on 146.64, a special event station on the
+    other frequencies supplying Keplerian Elements and mission information.
+    W1AW also transmits on 147.555, 18.160. No mission audio but they
+    transmit voice bulletins at 0245 and 0545 UTC.
+    Frequencies in the 10-20m bands require USB and frequencies in the 40
+    and 80m bands LSB. Use FM for the VHF frequencies.
+    [This item was most recently updated courtesy of Gary Morris
+    (g@telesoft.com, KK6YB, N5QWC)]
+    Reference: "Shuttle Flight Operations Manual" Volume 8B - Solid Rocket
+    Booster Systems, NASA Document JSC-12770
+    Propellant Composition (percent)
+    Ammonium perchlorate (oxidizer)			69.6
+    Aluminum						16
+    Iron Oxide (burn rate catalyst)			0.4
+    Polybutadiene-acrilic acid-acrylonitrile (a rubber) 12.04
+    Epoxy curing agent					1.96
+    End reference
+    Comment: The aluminum, rubber, and epoxy all burn with the oxidizer.
+NEXT: FAQ #10/15 - Historical planetary probes
diff --git a/space/space_31.txt b/space/space_31.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..680a23bc9972268887c659be755182266ae76b21
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_31.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+on Date: Sat, 3 Apr 1993 12:38:50 GMT, Paul Dietz <dietz@cs.rochester.edu>
+writes:
+/in essence, holding a match under the nozzle, is just *nuts*.  One
+/thing you absolutely must do in such an engine is to guarantee that
+/the propellants ignite as soon as they mix, within milliseconds.  To
+/do otherwise is to fill your engine with a high explosive mixture
+/which, when it finally does ignite, blows everything to hell.
+Definitely! In one of the reports of an early test conducted by Rocketdyne at 
+their Santa Susanna Field Lab ("the Hill" above the San Fernando and Simi 
+Valleys), the result of a hung start was described as "structural failure" of 
+the combustion chamber.  The inspection picture showed pumps with nothing below
+, the CC had vaporized!  This was described in a class I took as a "typical
+engineering understatement" :-)
+Disclaimer: Opinions stated are solely my own (unless I change my mind).
+Ben Muniz     MUNIZB%RWTMS2.decnet@consrt.rockwell.com    w(818)586-3578
+Space Station Freedom:Rocketdyne/Rockwell:Structural Loads and Dynamics
+   "Man will not fly for fifty years": Wilbur to Orville Wright, 1901
diff --git a/space/space_32.txt b/space/space_32.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b381e3a887254f5d721cebc024dacdaabc7b63ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_32.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+>In article <VNci2B7w165w@inqmind.bison.mb.ca> victor@inqmind.bison.mb.ca (Victor Laking) writes:
+>>From: victor@inqmind.bison.mb.ca (Victor Laking)
+>>Subject: Vulcan?  (No, not the guy with the ears!)
+>>Date: Sun, 04 Apr 93 19:31:54 CDT
+>>Does anyone have any info on the apparent sightings of Vulcan?
+>>All that I know is that there were apparently two sightings at 
+>>drastically different times of a small planet that was inside Mercury's 
+>>orbit.  Beyond that, I have no other info.
+>>Does anyone know anything more specific?
+As I heard the story, before Albert came up the the theory
+o'relativity and warped space, nobody could account for
+Mercury's orbit.  It ran a little fast (I think) for simple
+Newtonian physics.  With the success in finding Neptune to
+explain the odd movments of Uranus, it was postulated that there
+might be another inner planet to explain Mercury's orbit.  
+It's unlikely anything bigger than an asteroid is closer to the
+sun than Mercury.  I'm sure we would have spotted it by now.
+Perhaps some professionals can confirm that.
+/~~~(-: James T. Green :-)~~~~(-: jgreen@oboe.calpoly.edu :-)~~~\ 
+| Heaven, n.:                                                   |
+|   A place where the wicked cease from troubling you with talk | 
+|   of their own personal affairs, and the good listen with     |
+|   attention while you expound your own.                       |
+|                  Ambrose Bierce, "The Devil's Dictionary"     |
diff --git a/space/space_33.txt b/space/space_33.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..232ebf0929a5b5cbe11b01aa31b518e008940e05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_33.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+shag@aero.org (Rob Unverzagt) writes:
+>In article <5APR199318045045@kelvin.jpl.nasa.gov> baalke@kelvin.jpl.nasa.gov (Ron Baalke) writes:
+>> According the IAU Circular #5744, Comet Shoemaker-Levy 1993e, may be
+>> temporarily in orbit around Jupiter.  The comet had apparently made a
+>> close flyby of Jupiter sometime in 1992 resulting in the breakup of the
+>> comet.  Attempts to determine the comet's orbit has been complicated by
+>> the near impossibility of measuring the comet's center of mass.
+>Am I missing something -- what does knowing the comet's center
+>of mass do for you in orbit determination?
+>Shag
+I'm not sure, but it almost sounds like they can't figure out where the 
+_nucleus_ is within the coma. If they're off by a couple hundred
+miles, well, you can imagine the rest...
+Phil Fraering         |"Seems like every day we find out all sorts of stuff.
+pgf@srl02.cacs.usl.edu|Like how the ancient Mayans had televison." Repo Man
diff --git a/space/space_34.txt b/space/space_34.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..36cfb3e3eb3803dd1751a0d2113a447613b94bed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_34.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Are you people posting this to sci.space because you think
+that the Libertarians are inherently spacy or something?
+Phil Fraering         |"Seems like every day we find out all sorts of stuff.
+pgf@srl02.cacs.usl.edu|Like how the ancient Mayans had televison." Repo Man
diff --git a/space/space_35.txt b/space/space_35.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2984ff79fb7925da12b3217682ab885df74e4192
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_35.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+Hi all,
+I really thought that by now I would have seen something
+about this, but I haven't, so here goes:  Last night on
+the evening news, the anchorperson said something to the
+effect that one of the SSRBs that was recovered after the
+recent space shuttle launch was found to have a wrench of
+some sort rattling around apparently inside the case.  There
+was no elaboration as to where specfically the item was
+found, of what type of wrench it was, but the anchorperson
+did say something about a NASA official commenting that
+there would be an inquiry into how the thing got in the SSRB.
+Has anybody else on the net whose info sources may be 
+better than mine heard anything about this?  It seems rather
+weird.
+Mitch ---------------------------->jmcocker@eos.ncsu.edu
diff --git a/space/space_36.txt b/space/space_36.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d803fcbd0e0d6d3066852b7edde1930502d24781
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_36.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+This might a real wierd idea or maybe not..
+I have seen where people have blown up ballons then sprayed material into them
+that then drys and makes hard walls...
+Why not do the same thing for a space station..
+Fly up the docking rings and baloon materials and such, blow up the baloons,
+spin then around (I know a problem in micro gravity) let them dry/cure/harden?
+and cut a hole for the docking/attaching ring and bingo a space station..
+Of course the ballons would have to be foil covered or someother radiation
+protective covering/heat shield(?) and the material used to make the wals would
+have to meet the out gasing and other specs or atleast the paint/covering of
+the inner wall would have to be human safe.. Maybe a special congrete or maybe
+the same material as makes caplets but with some changes (saw where someone
+instea dof water put beer in the caplet mixture, got a mix that was just as
+strong as congret but easier to carry around and such..)
+Sorry for any spelling errors, I missed school today.. (grin)..
+Why musta  space station be so difficult?? why must we have girders? why be
+confined to earth based ideas, lets think new ideas, after all space is not
+earth, why be limited by earth based ideas??
+Michael Adams, nsmca@acad3.alaska.edu -- I'm not high, just jacked
+going crazy in Nome Alaska, break up is here..
diff --git a/space/space_37.txt b/space/space_37.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f7328e32410cd79adcdcfa15791f65e8089857cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_37.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+How 'bout some more info on that alleged supernova in M-81?
+I might just break out the scope for this one.
+"No sir, I don't like it! "-- Mr. Horse
+Dan Kelo     dkelo@pepvax.pepperdine.edu
diff --git a/space/space_38.txt b/space/space_38.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e68395760ece6c03ef1d24bc7a417d0c7c9f9a14
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_38.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+Suppose the Soviets had managed to get their moon rocket working
+and had made it first.  They could have beaten us if either:
+* Their rocket hadn't blown up on the pad thus setting them back,
+and/or
+* A Saturn V went boom.
+If they had beaten us, I speculate that the US would have gone
+head and done some landings, but we also would have been more
+determined to set up a base (both in Earth Orbit and on the
+Moon).  Whether or not we would be on Mars by now would depend
+upon whether the Soviets tried to go.  Setting up a lunar base
+would have stretched the budgets of both nations and I think
+that the military value of a lunar base would outweigh the value
+of going to Mars (at least in the short run).  Thus we would
+have concentrated on the moon.
+/~~~(-: James T. Green :-)~~~~(-: jgreen@oboe.calpoly.edu :-)~~~\ 
+| "I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving	| 
+| the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the 	|
+| Moon and returning him safely to the Earth."    		|
+|                  <John F. Kennedy; May 25, 1961> 		|
diff --git a/space/space_39.txt b/space/space_39.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8741034e864812d64474a743d73ce17b3779e9ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_39.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+In article <C4zGAM.2nJ@zoo.toronto.edu>, henry@zoo.toronto.edu (Henry Spencer) writes:
+> In article <1993Apr2.214705.1@aurora.alaska.edu> nsmca@aurora.alaska.edu writes:
+>>How difficult would it be to set up your own ground station?
+> Ground station for *what*?  At one extreme, some of the amateur-radio
+> satellites have sometimes been reachable with hand-held radios.  At the
+> other, nothing you can do in your back yard will let you listen in on
+> Galileo.  Please be more specific.
+> All work is one man's work.             | Henry Spencer @ U of Toronto Zoology
+>                     - Kipling           |  henry@zoo.toronto.edu  utzoo!henry
+Basically to be able to do the things the big dadies can do.. Monitor, and
+control if need be the Shuttle...
+Such as the one in Australia and such....
+Michael Adams, nsmca@acad3.alaska.edu -- I'm not high, just jacked
diff --git a/space/space_4.txt b/space/space_4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9296d72cd6d5852a2457cdafd8ae29062a83c23c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+Archive-name: space/addresses
+Last-modified: $Date: 93/04/01 14:38:55 $
+Many space activities center around large Government or International
+Bureaucracies.	In the US that means NASA.  If you have basic information
+requests: (e.g., general PR info, research grants, data, limited tours, and
+ESPECIALLY SUMMER EMPLOYMENT (typically resumes should be ready by Jan.  1),
+etc.), consider contacting the nearest NASA Center to answer your questions.
+EMail typically will not get you any where, computers are used by
+investigators, not PR people. The typical volume of mail per Center is a
+multiple of 10,000 letters a day. Seek the Public Information Office at one
+of the below, this is their job:
+NASA (The National Aeronautics and Space Administration) is the
+civilian space agency of of the United States Federal Government.
+It reports directly to the White House and is not a Cabinet
+post such as the military Department of Defense.  Its 20K+ employees
+are civil servants and hence US citizens.  Another 100K+ contractors
+also work for NASA.
+    NASA Headquarters (NASA HQ)
+    Washington DC 20546
+	Ask them questions about policy, money, and things of political
+	nature. Direct specific questions to the appropriate center.
+    NASA Ames Research Center (ARC)
+    Moffett Field, CA 94035
+	Some aeronautical research, atmosphere reentry, Mars and Venus
+	planetary atmospheres. "Lead center" for Helicopter research,
+	V/STOL, etc. Runs Pioneer series of space probes.
+    NASA Ames Research Center
+    Dryden Flight Research Facility [DFRF]
+    P. O. Box 273
+    Edwards, CA  93523
+	Aircraft, mostly. Tested the shuttle orbiter landing
+	characteristics. Developed X-1, D-558, X-3, X-4, X-5, XB-70, and of
+	course, the X-15.
+    NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC)
+    Greenbelt, MD 20771
+    [Outside of Washington DC]
+	Earth orbiting unmanned satellites and sounding rockets. Developed
+    Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)
+    California Institute of Technology
+    4800 Oak Grove Dr.
+    Pasadena, CA 91109
+	The "heavies" in planetary research probes and other unmanned
+	projects (they also had a lot to do with IRAS). They run Voyager,
+	Magellan, Galileo, and will run Cassini, CRAF, etc. etc.. For
+	images, probe navigation, and other info about unmanned exploration,
+	this is the place to go.
+	JPL is run under contract for NASA by the nearby California
+	Institute of Technology, unlike the NASA centers above. This
+	distinction is subtle but critical. JPL has different requirements
+	for unsolicited research proposals and summer hires. For instance in
+	the latter, an SF 171 is useless. Employees are Caltech employees,
+	contractors, and for the most part have similar responsibilities.
+	They offer an alternative to funding after other NASA Centers.
+	A fact sheet and description of JPL is available by anonymous
+	FTP in
+	    ames.arc.nasa.gov:pub/SPACE/FAQ/JPLDescription
+    NASA Johnson Manned Space Center (JSC)
+    Houston, TX 77058
+	JSC manages Space Shuttle, ground control of manned missions.
+	Astronaut training. Manned mission simulators.
+    NASA Kennedy Space Flight Center (KSC)
+    Titusville, FL 32899
+	Space launch center. You know this one.
+    NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC)
+    Hampton, VA 23665
+    [Near Newport News, VA]
+	Original NASA site. Specializes in theoretical and experimental
+	flight dynamics. Viking. Long Duration Exposure Facility.
+    NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC)
+    21000 Brookpark Rd.
+    Cleveland, OH 44135
+	Aircraft/Rocket propulsion. Space power generation. Materials
+	research.
+    NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC)
+    Huntsville, AL 35812
+	Development, production, delivery of Solid Rocket Boosters, External
+	Tank, Orbiter main engines. Propulsion and launchers.
+    Michoud Assembly Facility
+    Orleans Parish
+    New Orleans, LA 70129
+	Shuttle external tanks are produced here; formerly Michoud produced
+	first stages for the Saturn V.
+    Stennis Space Center
+    Bay St. Louis, Mississippi 39529
+	Space Shuttle main engines are tested here, as were Saturn V first
+	and second stages. The center also does remote-sensing and
+	technology-transfer research.
+    Wallops Flight Center
+    Wallops Island, VA 23337
+	    Aeronautical research, sounding rockets, Scout launcher.
+    Manager, Technology Utilization Office
+    NASA Scientific and Technical Information Facility
+    Post Office Box 8757
+    Baltimore, Maryland 21240
+    Specific requests for software must go thru COSMIC at the Univ. of
+    Georgia, NASA's contracted software redistribution service. You can
+    reach them at cosmic@uga.bitnet.
+    NOTE: Foreign nationals requesting information must go through their
+    Embassies in Washington DC. These are facilities of the US Government
+    and are regarded with some degree of economic sensitivity. Centers
+    cannot directly return information without high Center approval. Allow
+    at least 1 month for clearance. This includes COSMIC.
+The US Air Force Space Command can be contacted thru the Pentagon along with
+    other Department of Defense offices. They have unacknowledged offices in
+    Los Angeles, Sunnyvale, Colorado Springs, and other locations. They have
+    a budget which rivals NASA in size.
+    Boulevard de l'Europe
+    91006 Evry Cedex
+    France
+    1747 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW Suite 875
+    Washington, DC 20006
+    955 L'Enfant Plaza S.W.
+    Washington, D.C. 20024
+    4-1 Hamamatsu-Cho, 2 Chome
+    Minato-Ku, Tokyo 105, JAPAN
+    45 Vologradsij Pr.
+    Moscow 109125
+    Alabama Space and Rocket Center	U.S. SPACE CAMP
+    1 Tranquility Base			6225 Vectorspace Blvd
+    Huntsville, AL 35805		Titusville FL  32780
+    Registration and mailing list are handled through Huntsville -- both
+    camps are described in the same brochure.
+    Programs offered at Space Camp are:
+	Space Camp - one week, youngsters completing grades 4-6
+	Space Academy I - one week, grades 7-9
+	Aviation Challenge - one week high school program, grades 9-11
+	Space Academy II - 8 days, college accredited, grades 10-12
+	Adult Program - 3 days (editorial comment: it's great!)
+	Teachers Program - 5 days
+SPACE COMMERCE CORPORATION (U.S. agent for Soviet launch services)
+    504 Pluto Drive		    69th flr, Texas Commerce Tower
+    Colorado Springs, CO 80906	    Houston, TX 77002
+    600 Maryland Avenue, SW
+    Suite 201 West
+    Washington, DC 20004
+    1857 Preston White Drive,
+    Reston, VA 22091
+    Vincent Cate maintains a list with addresses and some info for a variety
+of companies in space-related businesses. This is mailed out on the
+space-investors list he runs (see the "Network Resources" FAQ) and is also
+available by anonymous ftp from furmint.nectar.cs.cmu.edu (128.2.209.111) in
+/usr/vac/ftp/space-companies.
+NEXT: FAQ #9/15 - Schedules for space missions, and how to see them
diff --git a/space/space_40.txt b/space/space_40.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2ef1c4aa1f992b4da7805c8a4f55a68576b5f314
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_40.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,268 @@
+Archive-name: space/groups
+Last-modified: $Date: 93/04/01 14:39:08 $
+    AIA -- Aerospace Industry Association. Professional group, with primary
+	membership of major aerospace firms. Headquartered in the DC area.
+	Acts as the "voice of the aerospace industry" -- and it's opinions
+	are usually backed up by reams of analyses and the reputations of
+	the firms in AIA.
+	    [address needed]
+    AIAA -- American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
+	Professional association, with somewhere about 30,000-40,000
+	members. 65 local chapters around the country -- largest chapters
+	are DC area (3000 members), LA (2100 members), San Francisco (2000
+	members), Seattle/NW (1500), Houston (1200) and Orange County
+	(1200), plus student chapters. Not a union, but acts to represent
+	aviation and space professionals (engineers, managers, financial
+	types) nationwide. Holds over 30 conferences a year on space and
+	aviation topics publishes technical Journals (Aerospace Journal,
+	Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, etc.), technical reference books
+	and is _THE_ source on current aerospace state of the art through
+	their published papers and proceedings. Also offers continuing
+	education classes on aerospace design. Has over 60 technical
+	committees, and over 30 committees for industry standards. AIAA acts
+	as a professional society -- offers a centralized resume/jobs
+	function, provides classes on job search, offers low-cost health and
+	life insurance, and lobbies for appropriate legislation (AIAA was
+	one of the major organizations pushing for IRAs - Individual
+	Retirement Accounts). Very active public policy arm -- works
+	directly with the media, congress and government agencies as a
+	legislative liaison and clearinghouse for inquiries about aerospace
+	technology technical issues. Reasonably non-partisan, in that they
+	represent the industry as a whole, and not a single company,
+	organization, or viewpoint.
+	Membership $70/yr (student memberships are less).
+	American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
+	The Aerospace Center
+	370 L'Enfant Promenade, SW
+	Washington, DC 20077-0820
+    AMSAT - develops small satellites (since the 1960s) for a variety of
+	uses by amateur radio enthusiasts. Has various publications,
+	supplies QuickTrak satellite tracking software for PC/Mac/Amiga etc.
+	Amateur Satellite Corporation (AMSAT)
+	P.O. Box 27
+	Washington, DC 20044
+    ASERA - Australian Space Engineering and Research Association. An
+	Australian non-profit organisation to coordinate, promote, and
+	conduct space R&D projects in Australia, involving both Australian
+	and international (primarily university) collaborators. Activities
+	include the development of sounding rockets, small satellites
+	(especially microsatellites), high-altitude research balloons, and
+	appropriate payloads. Provides student projects at all levels, and
+	is open to any person or organisation interested in participating.
+	Publishes a monthly newsletter and a quarterly technical journal.
+	Membership $A100 (dual subscription)
+	Subscriptions $A25 (newsletter only) $A50 (journal only)
+	PO Box 184
+	Ryde, NSW, Australia, 2112
+	email: lindley@syd.dit.csiro.au
+    BIS - British Interplanetary Society. Probably the oldest pro-space
+	group, BIS publishes two excellent journals: _Spaceflight_, covering
+	current space activities, and the _Journal of the BIS_, containing
+	technical papers on space activities from near-term space probes to
+	interstellar missions. BIS has published a design study for an
+	interstellar probe called _Daedalus_.
+	British Interplanetary Society
+	27/29 South Lambeth Road
+	London SW8 1SZ
+	No dues information available at present.
+    ISU - International Space University. ISU is a non-profit international
+	graduate-level educational institution dedicated to promoting the
+	peaceful exploration and development of space through multi-cultural
+	and multi-disciplinary space education and research. For further
+	information on ISU's summer session program or Permanent Campus
+	activities please send messages to 'information@isu.isunet.edu' or
+	contact the ISU Executive Offices at:
+	International Space University
+	955 Massachusetts Avenue 7th Floor
+	Cambridge, MA 02139
+	(617)-354-1987 (phone)
+	(617)-354-7666 (fax)
+    L-5 Society (defunct). Founded by Keith and Carolyn Henson in 1975 to
+	advocate space colonization. Its major success was in preventing US
+	participation in the UN "Moon Treaty" in the late 1970s. Merged with
+	the National Space Institute in 1987, forming the National Space
+	Society.
+    NSC - National Space Club. Open for general membership, but not well
+	known at all. Primarily comprised of professionals in aerospace
+	industry. Acts as information conduit and social gathering group.
+	Active in DC, with a chapter in LA. Monthly meetings with invited
+	speakers who are "heavy hitters" in the field. Annual "Outlook on
+	Space" conference is _the_ definitive source of data on government
+	annual planning for space programs. Cheap membership (approx
+	    [address needed]
+    NSS - the National Space Society. NSS is a pro-space group distinguished
+	by its network of local chapters. Supports a general agenda of space
+	development and man-in-space, including the NASA space station.
+	Publishes _Ad Astra_, a monthly glossy magazine, and runs Shuttle
+	launch tours and Space Hotline telephone services. A major sponsor
+	of the annual space development conference. Associated with
+	Spacecause and Spacepac, political lobbying organizations.
+	Membership $18 (youth/senior) $35 (regular).
+	National Space Society
+	Membership Department
+	922 Pennsylvania Avenue, S.E.
+	Washington, DC 20003-2140
+    Planetary Society - founded by Carl Sagan. The largest space advocacy
+	group. Publishes _Planetary Report_, a monthly glossy, and has
+	supported SETI hardware development financially. Agenda is primarily
+	support of space science, recently amended to include an
+	international manned mission to Mars.
+	The Planetary Society
+	65 North Catalina Avenue
+	Pasadena, CA 91106
+	Membership $35/year.
+    SSI - the Space Studies Institute, founded by Dr. Gerard O'Neill.
+	Physicist Freeman Dyson took over the Presidency of SSI after
+	O'Neill's death in 1992. Publishes _SSI Update_, a bimonthly
+	newsletter describing work-in-progress. Conducts a research program
+	including mass-drivers, lunar mining processes and simulants,
+	composites from lunar materials, solar power satellites. Runs the
+	biennial Princeton Conference on Space Manufacturing.
+	Membership $25/year. Senior Associates ($100/year and up) fund most
+	    SSI research.
+	Space Studies Institute
+	258 Rosedale Road
+	PO Box 82
+	Princeton, NJ 08540
+    SEDS - Students for the Exploration and Development of Space. Founded in
+	1980 at MIT and Princeton. SEDS is a chapter-based pro-space
+	organization at high schools and universities around the world.
+	Entirely student run. Each chapter is independent and coordinates
+	its own local activities. Nationally, SEDS runs a scholarship
+	competition, design contests, and holds an annual international
+	conference and meeting in late summer.
+	Students for the Exploration and Development of Space
+	MIT Room W20-445
+	77 Massachusetts Avenue
+	Cambridge, MA  02139
+	email: odyssey@athena.mit.edu
+	Dues determined by local chapter.
+    SPACECAUSE -  A political lobbying organization and part of the NSS
+	Family of Organizations. Publishes a bi-monthly newsletter,
+	Spacecause News. Annual dues is $25. Members also receive a discount
+	on _The Space Activist's Handbook_. Activities to support pro-space
+	legislation include meeting with political leaders and interacting
+	with legislative staff. Spacecause primarily operates in the
+	legislative process.
+	National Office			West Coast Office
+	Spacecause			Spacecause
+	922 Pennsylvania Ave. SE	3435 Ocean Park Blvd.
+	Washington, D.C. 20003		Suite 201-S
+	(202)-543-1900			Santa Monica, CA 90405
+    SPACEPAC - A political action committee and part of the NSS Family of
+	Organizations. Spacepac researches issues, policies, and candidates.
+	Each year, updates _The Space Activist's Handbook_. Current Handbook
+	price is $25. While Spacepac does not have a membership, it does
+	have regional contacts to coordinate local activity. Spacepac
+	primarily operates in the election process, contributing money and
+	volunteers to pro-space candidates.
+	Spacepac
+	922 Pennsylvania Ave. SE
+	Washington, DC 20003
+    UNITED STATES SPACE FOUNDATION - a public, non-profit organization
+	supported by member donations and dedicated to promoting
+	international education, understanding and support of space. The
+	group hosts an annual conference for teachers and others interested
+	in education. Other projects include developing lesson plans that
+	use space to teach other basic skills such as reading. Publishes
+	"Spacewatch," a monthly B&W glossy magazine of USSF events and
+	general space news. Annual dues:
+		Charter		$50 ($100 first year)
+		Individual	$35
+		Teacher		$29
+		College student $20
+		HS/Jr. High	$10
+		Elementary	 $5
+		Founder &     $1000+
+		    Life Member
+	United States Space Foundation
+	PO Box 1838
+	Colorado Springs, CO 80901
+    WORLD SPACE FOUNDATION - has been designing and building a solar-sail
+    spacecraft for longer than any similar group; many JPL employees lend
+    their talents to this project. WSF also provides partial funding for the
+    Palomar Sky Survey, an extremely successful search for near-Earth
+    asteroids. Publishes *Foundation News* and *Foundation Astronautics
+    Notebook*, each a quarterly 4-8 page newsletter. Contributing Associate,
+    minimum of $15/year (but more money always welcome to support projects).
+	World Space Foundation
+	Post Office Box Y
+	South Pasadena, California 91301
+    Aerospace Daily (McGraw-Hill)
+	Very good coverage of aerospace and space issues. Approx. $1400/yr.
+    Air & Space / Smithsonian (bimonthly magazine)
+	Box 53261
+	Boulder, CO 80332-3261
+	$18/year US, $24/year international
+    ESA - The European Space Agency publishes a variety of periodicals,
+	generally available free of charge. A document describing them in
+	more detail is in the Ames SPACE archive in
+	pub/SPACE/FAQ/ESAPublications.
+    Final Frontier (mass-market bimonthly magazine) - history, book reviews,
+	general-interest articles (e.g. "The 7 Wonders of the Solar System",
+	"Everything you always wanted to know about military space
+	programs", etc.)
+	Final Frontier Publishing Co.
+	PO Box 534
+	Mt. Morris, IL 61054-7852
+	$14.95/year US, $19.95 Canada, $23.95 elsewhere
+    Space News (weekly magazine) - covers US civil and military space
+	programs. Said to have good political and business but spotty
+	technical coverage.
+	Space News
+	Springfield VA 22159-0500
+	$75/year, may have discounts for NSS/SSI members
+    Journal of the Astronautical Sciences and Space Times - publications of
+	the American Astronautical Society. No details.
+	AAS Business Office
+	6352 Rolling Mill Place, Suite #102
+	Springfield, VA 22152
+    GPS World (semi-monthly) - reports on current and new uses of GPS, news
+	and analysis of the system and policies affecting it, and technical
+	and product issues shaping GPS applications.
+	GPS World
+	859 Willamette St.
+	P.O. Box 10460
+	Eugene, OR 97440-2460
+	Free to qualified individuals; write for free sample copy.
+    Innovation (Space Technology) -- Free. Published by the NASA Office of
+	Advanced Concepts and Technology. A revised version of the NASA
+	Office of Commercial Programs newsletter.
+    Planetary Encounter - in-depth technical coverage of planetary missions,
+	with diagrams, lists of experiments, interviews with people directly
+	involved.
+    World Spaceflight News - in-depth technical coverage of near-Earth
+	spaceflight. Mostly covers the shuttle: payload manifests, activity
+	schedules, and post-mission assessment reports for every mission.
+	Box 98
+	Sewell, NJ 08080
+	$30/year US/Canada
+	$45/year elsewhere
+    Space (bi-monthly magazine)
+	British aerospace trade journal. Very good. $75/year.
+    Space Calendar (weekly newsletter)
+    Space Daily/Space Fax Daily  (newsletter)
+	Short (1 paragraph) news notes. Available online for a fee
+	(unknown).
+    Space Technology Investor/Commercial Space News -- irregular Internet
+	column on aspects of commercial space business. Free. Also limited
+	fax and paper edition.
+	    P.O. Box 2452
+	    Seal Beach, CA 90740-1452.
+    All the following are published by:
+	Phillips Business Information, Inc.
+	7811 Montrose Road
+	Potomac, MC 20854
+	Aerospace Financial News - $595/year.
+	Defense Daily - Very good coverage of space and defense issues.
+	    $1395/year.
+	Space Business News (bi-weekly) - Very good overview of space
+	    business activities. $497/year.
+	Space Exploration Technology (bi-weekly) - $495/year.
+	Space Station News (bi-weekly) - $497/year.
+	Anyone who would care to write up descriptions of the following
+	groups (or others not mentioned) for inclusion in the answer is
+	encouraged to do so.
+	AAS - American Astronautical Society
+	Other groups not mentioned above
+NEXT: FAQ #14/15 - How to become an astronaut
diff --git a/space/space_41.txt b/space/space_41.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a3d61dda997d1be24769d4087b49fb6002de00cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_41.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+shafer@rigel.dfrf.nasa.gov (Mary Shafer) writes:
+>On 4 Apr 1993 20:31:10 -0400, prb@access.digex.com (Pat) said:
+>Pat> In article <1993Apr2.213917.1@aurora.alaska.edu>
+>Pat> nsmca@aurora.alaska.edu writes:
+>>Question is can someone give me 10 examples of direct NASA/Space related
+>>research that helped humanity in general? It will be interesting to see..
+>Pat> TANG :-) Mylar I think.  I think they also pushed Hi Tech
+>Pat> Composites for airframes.  Look at Fly by Wire.
+>Swept wings--if you fly in airliners you've reaped the benefits.
+Didn't one of the early jet fighters have these?
+I also think the germans did some work on these in WWII.
+>Winglets.  Area ruling.  Digital fly by wire.  Ride smoothing.
+A lot of this was also done by the military...
+>Microwave landing systems.  Supercritical wings.  General aviation
+>air foils.
+Weren't the first microwave landing systems from WWII too?
+>Mary Shafer  DoD #0362 KotFR NASA Dryden Flight Research Facility, Edwards, CA
+>shafer@rigel.dfrf.nasa.gov                    Of course I don't speak for NASA
+> "A MiG at your six is better than no MiG at all."  Unknown US fighter pilot
+Egad! I'm disagreeing with Mary Shafer!
+Phil Fraering         |"Seems like every day we find out all sorts of stuff.
+pgf@srl02.cacs.usl.edu|Like how the ancient Mayans had televison." Repo Man
diff --git a/space/space_42.txt b/space/space_42.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1c6f96e6a1f7328399ac6d9d1cdb3d94aaf39be6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_42.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+In article <1993Apr5.184527.1@aurora.alaska.edu> nsmca@aurora.alaska.edu writes:
+>This might a real wierd idea or maybe not..
+>Why musta  space station be so difficult?? why must we have girders? why be
+>confined to earth based ideas, lets think new ideas, after all space is not
+>earth, why be limited by earth based ideas??
+Choose any or all of the following as an answer to the above:
+1.  Politics
+2.  Traditions
+3.  Congress
+4.  Beauracrats
diff --git a/space/space_43.txt b/space/space_43.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..81ac009b45269d3a8f052bcca703c980e185b831
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_43.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+yamauchi@ces.cwru.edu (Brian Yamauchi) writes:
+>Any comments on the absorbtion of the Office of Exploration into the
+>Office of Space Sciences and the reassignment of Griffin to the "Chief
+>Engineer" position?  Is this just a meaningless administrative
+>shuffle, or does this bode ill for SEI?
+>In my opinion, this seems like a Bad Thing, at least on the surface.
+>Griffin seemed to be someone who was actually interested in getting
+>things done, and who was willing to look an innovative approaches to
+>getting things done faster, better, and cheaper.  It's unclear to me
+>whether he will be able to do this at his new position.
+>Does anyone know what his new duties will be?
+First I've heard of it. Offhand:
+Griffin is no longer an "office" head, so that's bad.
+On the other hand:
+Regress seemed to think: we can't fund anything by Griffin, because
+that would mean (and we have the lies by the old hardliners about the
+$ 400 billion mars mission to prove it) that we would be buying into a
+mission to Mars that would cost 400 billion. Therefore there will be
+no Artemis or 20 million dollar lunar orbiter et cetera...
+They were killing Griffin's main program simply because some sycophants
+somewhere had Congress beleivin that to do so would simply be to buy into
+the same old stuff. Sorta like not giving aid to Yeltsin because he's
+a communist hardliner.
+At least now the sort of reforms Griffin was trying to bring forward
+won't be trapped in their own little easily contained and defunded
+ghetto. That Griffin is staying in some capacity is very very very
+good. And if he brings something up, noone can say "why don't you go
+back to the OSE where you belong" (and where he couldn't even get money
+for design studies).
+Phil Fraering         |"Seems like every day we find out all sorts of stuff.
+pgf@srl02.cacs.usl.edu|Like how the ancient Mayans had televison." Repo Man
diff --git a/space/space_44.txt b/space/space_44.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..97cfb4c98cab3d48ef032951a7bbf0ba46edeff3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_44.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+In article <C4zHKw.3Dn@zoo.toronto.edu>, henry@zoo.toronto.edu (Henry Spencer) writes:
+> In article <2736@snap> paj@uk.co.gec-mrc (Paul Johnson) writes:
+>>This bit interests me.  How much automatic control is there?  Is it
+>>purely autonomous or is there some degree of ground control?
+> The "stick-and-rudder man" is always the onboard computer.  The computer
+> normally gets its orders from a stored program, but they can be overridden
+> from the ground.
+>>How is
+>>the transition from aerodynamic flight (if thats what it is) to hover
+>>accomplished?  This is the really new part...
+> It's also one of the tricky parts.  There are four different ideas, and
+> DC-X will probably end up trying all of them.  (This is from talking to
+> Mitch Burnside Clapp, who's one of the DC-X test pilots, at Making Orbit.)
+> (1) Pop a drogue chute from the nose, light the engines once the thing
+> 	stabilizes base-first.  Simple and reliable.  Heavy shock loads
+> 	on an area of structure that doesn't otherwise carry major loads.
+> 	Needs a door in the "hot" part of the structure, a door whose
+> 	operation is mission-critical.
+> (2) Switch off pitch stability -- the DC is aerodynamically unstable at
+> 	subsonic speeds -- wait for it to flip, and catch it at 180
+> 	degrees, then light engines.  A bit scary.
+> (3) Light the engines and use thrust vectoring to push the tail around.
+> 	Probably the preferred method in the long run.  Tricky because
+> 	of the fuel-feed plumbing:  the fuel will start off in the tops
+> 	of the tanks, then slop down to the bottoms during the flip.
+> 	Keeping the engines properly fed will be complicated.
+> (4) Build up speed in a dive, then pull up hard (losing a lot of speed,
+> 	this thing's L/D is not that great) until it's headed up and
+> 	the vertical velocity drops to zero, at which point it starts
+> 	to fall tail-first.  Light engines.  Also a bit scary, and you
+> 	probably don't have enough altitude left to try again.
+> All work is one man's work.             | Henry Spencer @ U of Toronto Zoology
+>                     - Kipling           |  henry@zoo.toronto.edu  utzoo!henry
+Since the DC-X is to take off horizontal, why not land that way??
+Why do the Martian Landing thing..  Or am I missing something.. Don't know to
+much about DC-X and such.. (overly obvious?).
+Why not just fall to earth like the russian crafts?? Parachute in then...
+Michael Adams, nsmca@acad3.alaska.edu -- I'm not high, just jacked
+Please enlighten me... Ignorance is easy to correct. make a mistake and
+everyone will let you know you messed up..
diff --git a/space/space_45.txt b/space/space_45.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..61a1f812fef058b3bd56bab2f9032c8cd5cd486f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_45.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+Sounds liek what the FED has to do is sign a 50 or more year lease to use
+certain parts of a space station that is built and designed and such by a
+commerical company or consortium of companies (such as like Alyeska) for a
+small amount of rent in return for certain incentives and such.. Such as tax
+and other right off and also a monopoly on certain products.. The commerical
+builders would have certain perks given to them to make there end easier (taxes
+, contracts, regulatory concesions and such..)
+Is it workable, just might work..
+After all, if China can lease out Hong Kong and the people of Hong Kong can
+make money, this could work..
+Michael Adams, nsmca@acad3.alaska.edu -- I'm not high, just jacked
diff --git a/space/space_46.txt b/space/space_46.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cf017bb70ae58c655e7de14dc0dd8754b9a41402
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_46.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+In article <15APR199316461058@kelvin.jpl.nasa.gov> baalke@kelvin.jpl.nasa.gov (Ron Baalke) writes:
+>Here are some recent observations taken by the Hubble Space Telescope:
+>     o Observations were made using the High Speed Photometer of the Planet
+>       Uranus during an occultation by a faint star in Capricornus.
+Wow! I knew Uranus is a long way off, but I didn't think it was THAT far away!
+|                Dick Pierce                |
+|    Loudspeaker and Software Consulting    |
+| 17 Sartelle Street   Pepperell, MA  01463 |
+|       (508) 433-9183 (Voice and FAX)      |
diff --git a/space/space_47.txt b/space/space_47.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8a6dba7c526f4dfb15c41cb4f3d2279aef0dc6d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_47.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Would someone please send me James Oberg's email address, if he has
+one and if someone reading this list knows it?  I wanted to send
+him a comment on something in his terraforming book.
+	Paul F. Dietz
+	dietz@cs.rochester.edu
+	Potential explosive yield of the annual global
+	production of borax:  5 million megatons
diff --git a/space/space_48.txt b/space/space_48.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d047b7af81ac824f327568ec1e9d9748c764c8ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_48.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+The supersonic booms hear a few months ago over I belive San Fran, heading east
+of what I heard, some new super speed Mach 25 aircraft?? What military based
+int he direction of flight are there that could handle a Mach 25aircraft on its
+landing decent?? Odd question??
+Michael Adams, nsmca@acad3.alaska.edu -- I'm not high, just jacked
diff --git a/space/space_49.txt b/space/space_49.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a3e77c7b0aa90cb68ca1cd89e5c05979032ec647
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_49.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+yamauchi@ces.cwru.edu (Brian Yamauchi) writes:
+>Any comments on the absorbtion of the Office of Exploration into the
+>Office of Space Sciences and the reassignment of Griffin to the "Chief
+>Engineer" position?  Is this just a meaningless administrative
+>shuffle, or does this bode ill for SEI?
+Unfortunately, things have been boding ill (is that a legitimate conjugation?)
+for a while.  While the Office of Exploration had some great ideas, they never
+got much money.  I've heard good things about Griffin, but it's hard to want
+him back in a job where he couldn't do anything.
+>Does anyone know what his new duties will be?
+The group examining the Freedom-based space station redesign proposals is 
+headed by Michael Griffin, "NASA's cheif engineer" in the words of Space News.
+I believe this is him.
+Josh Hopkins                                          jbh55289@uxa.cso.uiuc.edu
+          "Tout ce qu'un homme est capable d'imaginer, d'autres hommes
+            	     seront capable de la realiser"
+			 -Jules Verne
diff --git a/space/space_5.txt b/space/space_5.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..68c1318a7df0d4e6a80fba4079362d67accc8088
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_5.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Does anyone know how to size cold gas roll control thruster tanks
+for sounding rockets?
+Thanks in advance,
+Jim.
diff --git a/space/space_50.txt b/space/space_50.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..967e73704947152e4f5949f92431ce8796c815b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_50.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+nsmca@aurora.alaska.edu writes:
+[Excellent discussion of DC-X landing techniques by Henry deleted]
+>Since the DC-X is to take off horizontal, why not land that way??
+The DC-X will not take of horizontally.  It takes of vertically. 
+>Why do the Martian Landing thing.. 
+For several reasons.  Vertical landings don't require miles of runway and limit
+noise pollution.  They don't require wheels or wings.  Just turn on the engines
+and touch down.  Of course, as Henry pointed out, vetical landings aren't quite
+that simple.
+>Or am I missing something.. Don't know to
+>much about DC-X and such.. (overly obvious?).
+Well, to be blunt, yes.  But at least you're learning.
+>Why not just fall to earth like the russian crafts?? Parachute in then...
+The Soyuz vehicles use parachutes for the descent and then fire small rockets
+just before they hit the ground.  Parachutes are, however, not especially
+practical if you want to reuse something without much effort.  The landings
+are also not very comfortable.  However, in the words of Georgy Grechko,
+"I prefer to have bruises, not to sink."
+Josh Hopkins                                          jbh55289@uxa.cso.uiuc.edu
+          "Tout ce qu'un homme est capable d'imaginer, d'autres hommes
+            	     seront capable de la realiser"
+			 -Jules Verne
diff --git a/space/space_51.txt b/space/space_51.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c10817bf2b326a4b24dd85cbd1e05fb36c290cbe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_51.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+I had spacefood sticks just about every morning for breakfast in
+first and second grade (69-70, 70-71).  They came in Chocolate,
+strawberry, and peanut butter and were cylinders about 10cm long
+and 1cm in diameter wrapped in yellow space foil (well, it seemed
+like space foil at the time).  
+The taste is hard to describe, although I remember it fondly.  It was
+most certainly more "candy" than say a modern "Power Bar."  Sort of
+a toffee injected with vitamins.  The chocolate Power Bar is a rough
+approximation of the taste.  Strawberry sucked.
+Man, these were my "60's."
+Gavin Helf
+UC Berkeley Political Science
+Berkeley-Stanford Program in Soviet Studies
+ghelf@violet.berkeley.edu
diff --git a/space/space_52.txt b/space/space_52.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7d008c18a1c12dcdb9e5d34a2a08b1ce548e47fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_52.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,230 @@
+Archive-name: space/astronaut
+Last-modified: $Date: 93/04/01 14:39:02 $
+    First the short form, authored by Henry Spencer, then an official NASA
+    announcement.
+    Q. How do I become an astronaut?
+    A. We will assume you mean a NASA astronaut, since it's probably
+    impossible for a non-Russian to get into the cosmonaut corps (paying
+    passengers are not professional cosmonauts), and the other nations have
+    so few astronauts (and fly even fewer) that you're better off hoping to
+    win a lottery. Becoming a shuttle pilot requires lots of fast-jet
+    experience, which means a military flying career; forget that unless you
+    want to do it anyway. So you want to become a shuttle "mission
+    specialist".
+    If you aren't a US citizen, become one; that is a must.  After that,
+    the crucial thing to remember is that the demand for such jobs vastly
+    exceeds the supply.  NASA's problem is not finding qualified people,
+    but thinning the lineup down to manageable length.	It is not enough
+    to be qualified; you must avoid being *dis*qualified for any reason,
+    many of them in principle quite irrelevant to the job.
+    Get a Ph.D.  Specialize in something that involves getting your hands
+    dirty with equipment, not just paper and pencil.  Forget computer
+    programming entirely; it will be done from the ground for the fore-
+    seeable future.  Degree(s) in one field plus work experience in
+    another seems to be a frequent winner.
+    Be in good physical condition, with good eyesight.	(DO NOT get a
+    radial keratomy or similar hack to improve your vision; nobody knows
+    what sudden pressure changes would do to RKed eyes, and long-term
+    effects are poorly understood.  For that matter, avoid any other
+    significant medical unknowns.)  If you can pass a jet-pilot physical,
+    you should be okay; if you can't, your chances are poor.
+    Practise public speaking, and be conservative and conformist in
+    appearance and actions; you've got a tough selling job ahead, trying
+    to convince a cautious, conservative selection committee that you
+    are better than hundreds of other applicants.  (And, also, that you
+    will be a credit to NASA after you are hired:  public relations is
+    a significant part of the job, and NASA's image is very prim and
+    proper.)  The image you want is squeaky-clean workaholic yuppie.
+    Remember also that you will need a security clearance at some point,
+    and Security considers everybody guilty until proven innocent.
+    Keep your nose clean.
+    Get a pilot's license and make flying your number one hobby;
+    experienced pilots are known to be favored even for non-pilot jobs.
+    Work for NASA; of 45 astronauts selected between 1984 and 1988,
+    43 were military or NASA employees, and the remaining two were
+    a NASA consultant and Mae Jemison (the first black female astronaut).
+    If you apply from outside NASA and miss, but they offer you a job
+    at NASA, ***TAKE IT***; sometimes in the past this has meant "you
+    do look interesting but we want to know you a bit better first".
+    Think space:  they want highly motivated people, so lose no chance
+    to demonstrate motivation.
+    Keep trying.  Many astronauts didn't make it the first time.
+    National Aeronautics and Space Administration
+    Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center
+    Houston, Texas
+    Announcement for Mission Specialist and Pilot Astronaut Candidates
+    Astronaut Candidate Program
+    The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has a need for
+    Pilot Astronaut Candidates and Mission Specialist Astronaut Candidates
+    to support the Space Shuttle Program. NASA is now accepting on a
+    continuous basis and plans to select astronaut candidates as needed.
+    Persons from both the civilian sector and the military services will be
+    considered.
+    All positions are located at the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center in
+    Houston, Texas, and will involved a 1-year training and evaluation
+    program.
+    Space Shuttle Program Description
+    The numerous successful flights of the Space Shuttle have demonstrated
+    that operation and experimental investigations in space are becoming
+    routine. The Space Shuttle Orbiter is launched into, and maneuvers in
+    the Earth orbit performing missions lastling up to 30 days. It then
+    returns to earth and is ready for another flight with payloads and
+    flight crew.
+    The Orbiter performs a variety of orbital missions including deployment
+    and retrieval of satellites, service of existing satellites, operation
+    of specialized laboratories (astronomy, earth sciences, materials
+    processing, manufacturing), and other operations. These missions will
+    eventually include the development and servicing of a permanent space
+    station. The Orbiter also provides a staging capability for using higher
+    orbits than can be achieved by the Orbiter itself. Users of the Space
+    Shuttle's capabilities are both domestic and foreign and include
+    government agencies and private industries.
+    The crew normally consists of five people - the commander, the pilot,
+    and three mission specialists. On occasion additional crew members are
+    assigned. The commander, pilot, and mission specialists are NASA
+    astronauts.
+    Pilot Astronaut
+    Pilot astronauts server as both Space Shuttle commanders and pilots.
+    During flight the commander has onboard responsibility for the vehicle,
+    crew, mission success and safety in flight. The pilot assists the
+    commander in controlling and operating the vehicle. In addition, the
+    pilot may assist in the deployment and retrieval of satellites utilizing
+    the remote manipulator system, in extra-vehicular activities, and other
+    payload operations.
+    Mission Specialist Astronaut
+    Mission specialist astronauts, working with the commander and pilot,
+    have overall responsibility for the coordination of Shuttle operations
+    in the areas of crew activity planning, consumables usage, and
+    experiment and payload operations. Mission specialists are required to
+    have a detailed knowledge of Shuttle systems, as well as detailed
+    knowledge of the operational characteristics, mission requirements and
+    objectives, and supporting systems and equipment for each of the
+    experiments to be conducted on their assigned missions. Mission
+    specialists will perform extra-vehicular activities, payload handling
+    using the remote manipulator system, and perform or assist in specific
+    experimental operations.
+    Astronaut Candidate Program
+    Basic Qualification Requirements
+    Applicants MUST meet the following minimum requirements prior to
+    submitting an application.
+    Mission Specialist Astronaut Candidate:
+    1. Bachelor's degree from an accredited institution in engineering,
+    biological science, physical science or mathematics. Degree must be
+    followed by at least three years of related progressively responsible,
+    professional experience. An advanced degree is desirable and may be
+    substituted for part or all of the experience requirement (master's
+    degree = 1 year, doctoral degree = 3 years). Quality of academic
+    preparation is important.
+    2. Ability to pass a NASA class II space physical, which is similar to a
+    civilian or military class II flight physical and includes the following
+    specific standards:
+	 Distant visual acuity:
+	      20/150 or better uncorrected,
+	      correctable to 20/20, each eye.
+	 Blood pressure:
+	      140/90 measured in sitting position.
+    3. Height between 58.5 and 76 inches.
+    Pilot Astronaut Candidate:
+    1. Bachelor's degree from an accredited institution in engineering,
+    biological science, physical science or mathematics. Degree must be
+    followed by at least three years of related progressively responsible,
+    professional experience. An advanced degree is desirable. Quality of
+    academic preparation is important.
+    2. At least 1000 hours pilot-in-command time in jet aircraft. Flight
+    test experience highly desirable.
+    3. Ability to pass a NASA Class I space physical which is similar to a
+    military or civilian Class I flight physical and includes the following
+    specific standards:
+	 Distant visual acuity:
+	      20/50 or better uncorrected
+	      correctable to 20/20, each eye.
+	 Blood pressure:
+	      140/90 measured in sitting position.
+    4. Height between 64 and 76 inches.
+    Citizenship Requirements
+    Applications for the Astronaut Candidate Program must be citizens of
+    the United States.
+    Note on Academic Requirements
+    Applicants for the Astronaut Candidate Program must meet the basic
+    education requirements for NASA engineering and scientific positions --
+    specifically: successful completion of standard professional curriculum
+    in an accredited college or university leading to at least a bachelor's
+    degree with major study in an appropriate field of engineering,
+    biological science, physical science, or mathematics.
+      The following degree fields, while related to engineering and the
+    sciences, are not considered qualifying:
+      - Degrees in technology (Engineering Technology, Aviation Technology,
+	Medical Technology, etc.)
+      - Degrees in Psychology (except for Clinical Psychology, Physiological
+	Psychology, or Experimental Psychology which are qualifying).
+      - Degrees in Nursing.
+      - Degrees in social sciences (Geography, Anthropology, Archaeology, etc.)
+      - Degrees in Aviation, Aviation Management or similar fields.
+    Application Procedures
+    Civilian
+    The application package may be obtained by writing to:
+	NASA Johnson Space Center
+	Astronaut Selection Office
+	Houston, TX 77058
+    Civilian applications will be accepted on a continuous basis. When NASA
+    decides to select additional astronaut candidates, consideration will be
+    given only to those applications on hand on the date of decision is
+    made. Applications received after that date will be retained and
+    considered for the next selection. Applicants will be notified annually
+    of the opportunity to update their applications and to indicate
+    continued interest in being considered for the program. Those applicants
+    who do not update their applications annually will be dropped from
+    consideration, and their applications will not be retained. After the
+    preliminary screening of applications, additional information may be
+    requested for some applicants, and person listed on the application as
+    supervisors and references may be contacted.
+    Active Duty Military
+    Active duty military personnel must submit applications to their
+    respective military service and not directly to NASA. Application
+    procedures will be disseminated by each service.
+    Selection
+    Personal interviews and thorough medical evaluations will be required
+    for both civilian and military applicants under final consideration.
+    Once final selections have been made, all applicants who were considered
+    will be notified of the outcome of the process.
+    Selection rosters established through this process may be used for the
+    selection of additional candidates during a one year period following
+    their establishment.
+    General Program Requirements
+    Selected applicants will be designated Astronaut Candidates and will be
+    assigned to the Astronaut Office at the Johnson Space Center, Houston,
+    Texas. The astronaut candidates will undergo a 1 year training and
+    evaluation period during which time they will be assigned technical or
+    scientific responsibilities allowing them to contribute substantially to
+    ongoing programs. They will also participate in the basic astronaut
+    training program which is designed to develop the knowledge and skills
+    required for formal mission training upon selection for a flight. Pilot
+    astronaut candidates will maintain proficiency in NASA aircraft during
+    their candidate period.
+    Applicants should be aware that selection as an astronaut candidate does
+    not insure selection as an astronaut. Final selection as an astronaut
+    will depend on satisfactory completion of the 1 year training and
+    evaluation period. Civilian candidates who successfully complete the
+    training and evaluation and are selected as astronauts will become
+    permanent Federal employees and will be expected to remain with NASA for
+    a period of at least five years. Civilian candidates who are not
+    selected as astronauts may be placed in other positions within NASA
+    depending upon Agency requirements and manpower constraints at that
+    time. Successful military candidates will be detailed to NASA for a
+    specified tour of duty.
+    NASA has an affirmative action program goal of having qualified
+    minorities and women among those qualified as astronaut candidates.
+    Therefore, qualified minorities and women are encouraged to apply.
+    Pay and Benefits
+    Civilians
+    Salaries for civilian astronaut candidates are based on the Federal
+    Governments General Schedule pay scales for grades GS-11 through GS-14,
+    and are set in accordance with each individuals academic achievements
+    and experience.
+    Other benefits include vacation and sick leave, a retirement plan, and
+    participation in group health and life insurance plans.
+    Military
+    Selected military personnel will be detailed to the Johnson Space Center
+    but will remain in an active duty status for pay, benefits, leave, and
+    other similar military matters.
+NEXT: FAQ #15/15 - Orbital and Planetary Launch Services
diff --git a/space/space_53.txt b/space/space_53.txt
new file mode 100644
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+++ b/space/space_53.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+Can somebody elaborate on "Area Ruling".  I gather it's something to
+do with aerodynamics of trans-sonic planes, and can be summarised as
+"Coke bottle good, Coke can bad".  Anyone provide more details,
+derivation etc?
+Gregory Bond <gnb@bby.com.au> Burdett Buckeridge & Young Ltd Melbourne Australia
+   Knox's 386 is slick.            Fox in Sox, on Knox's Box
+   Knox's box is very quick.       Plays lots of LSL. He's sick!
+(Apologies to John "Iron Bar" Mackin.)
diff --git a/space/space_54.txt b/space/space_54.txt
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+Archive-name: space/probe
+Last-modified: $Date: 93/04/01 14:39:19 $
+    This section was lightly adapted from an original posting by Larry Klaes
+    (klaes@verga.enet.dec.com), mostly minor formatting changes. Matthew
+    Wiener (weemba@libra.wistar.upenn.edu) contributed the section on
+    Voyager, and the section on Sakigake was obtained from ISAS material
+    posted by Yoshiro Yamada (yamada@yscvax.ysc.go.jp).
+    MARINER 1, the first U.S. attempt to send a spacecraft to Venus, failed
+    minutes after launch in 1962. The guidance instructions from the ground
+    stopped reaching the rocket due to a problem with its antenna, so the
+    onboard computer took control. However, there turned out to be a bug in
+    the guidance software, and the rocket promptly went off course, so the
+    Range Safety Officer destroyed it. Although the bug is sometimes claimed
+    to have been an incorrect FORTRAN DO statement, it was actually a
+    transcription error in which the bar (indicating smoothing) was omitted
+    from the expression "R-dot-bar sub n" (nth smoothed value of derivative
+    of radius). This error led the software to treat normal minor variations
+    of velocity as if they were serious, leading to incorrect compensation.
+    MARINER 2 became the first successful probe to flyby Venus in December
+    of 1962, and it returned information which confirmed that Venus is a
+    very hot (800 degrees Fahrenheit, now revised to 900 degrees F.) world
+    with a cloud-covered atmosphere composed primarily of carbon dioxide
+    (sulfuric acid was later confirmed in 1978).
+    MARINER 3, launched on November 5, 1964, was lost when its protective
+    shroud failed to eject as the craft was placed into interplanetary
+    space. Unable to collect the Sun's energy for power from its solar
+    panels, the probe soon died when its batteries ran out and is now in
+    solar orbit. It was intended for a Mars flyby with MARINER 4.
+    MARINER 4, the sister probe to MARINER 3, did reach Mars in 1965 and
+    took the first close-up images of the Martian surface (22 in all) as it
+    flew by the planet. The probe found a cratered world with an atmosphere
+    much thinner than previously thought. Many scientists concluded from
+    this preliminary scan that Mars was a "dead" world in both the
+    geological and biological sense.
+    MARINER 5 was sent to Venus in 1967. It reconfirmed the data on that
+    planet collected five years earlier by MARINER 2, plus the information
+    that Venus' atmospheric pressure at its surface is at least 90 times
+    that of Earth's, or the equivalent of being 3,300 feet under the surface
+    of an ocean.
+    MARINER 6 and 7 were sent to Mars in 1969 and expanded upon the work
+    done by MARINER 4 four years earlier. However, they failed to take away
+    the concept of Mars as a "dead" planet, first made from the basic
+    measurements of MARINER 4.
+    MARINER 8 ended up in the Atlantic Ocean in 1971 when the rocket
+    launcher autopilot failed.
+    MARINER 9, the sister probe to MARINER 8, became the first craft to
+    orbit Mars in 1971. It returned information on the Red Planet that no
+    other probe had done before, revealing huge volcanoes on the Martian
+    surface, as well as giant canyon systems, and evidence that water once
+    flowed across the planet. The probe also took the first detailed closeup
+    images of Mars' two small moons, Phobos and Deimos.
+    MARINER 10 used Venus as a gravity assist to Mercury in 1974. The probe
+    did return the first close-up images of the Venusian atmosphere in
+    ultraviolet, revealing previously unseen details in the cloud cover,
+    plus the fact that the entire cloud system circles the planet in four
+    Earth days. MARINER 10 eventually made three flybys of Mercury from 1974
+    to 1975 before running out of attitude control gas. The probe revealed
+    Mercury as a heavily cratered world with a mass much greater than
+    thought. This would seem to indicate that Mercury has an iron core which
+    makes up 75 percent of the entire planet.
+    PIONEER (MOON, SUN, VENUS, JUPITER, and SATURN FLYBYS AND ORBITERS)
+    PIONEER 1 through 3 failed to meet their main objective - to photograph
+    the Moon close-up - but they did reach far enough into space to provide
+    new information on the area between Earth and the Moon, including new
+    data on the Van Allen radiation belts circling Earth. All three craft
+    had failures with their rocket launchers. PIONEER 1 was launched on
+    October 11, 1958, PIONEER 2 on November 8, and PIONEER 3 on December 6.
+    PIONEER 4 was a Moon probe which missed the Moon and became the first
+    U.S. spacecraft to orbit the Sun in 1959. PIONEER 5 was originally
+    designed to flyby Venus, but the mission was scaled down and it instead
+    studied the interplanetary environment between Venus and Earth out to
+    36.2 million kilometers in 1960, a record until MARINER 2. PIONEER 6
+    through 9 were placed into solar orbit from 1965 to 1968: PIONEER 6, 7,
+    and 8 are still transmitting information at this time. PIONEER E (would
+    have been number 10) suffered a launch failure in 1969.
+    PIONEER 10 became the first spacecraft to flyby Jupiter in 1973. PIONEER
+    11 followed it in 1974, and then went on to become the first probe to
+    study Saturn in 1979. Both vehicles should continue to function through
+    1995 and are heading off into interstellar space, the first craft ever
+    to do so.
+    PIONEER Venus 1 (1978) (also known as PIONEER Venus Orbiter, or PIONEER
+    12) burned up in the Venusian atmosphere on October 8, 1992. PVO made
+    the first radar studies of the planet's surface via probe. PIONEER Venus
+    2 (also known as PIONEER 13) sent four small probes into the atmosphere
+    in December of 1978. The main spacecraft bus burned up high in the
+    atmosphere, while the four probes descended by parachute towards the
+    surface. Though none were expected to survive to the surface, the Day
+    probe did make it and transmitted for 67.5 minutes on the ground before
+    its batteries failed.
+    RANGER 1 and 2 were test probes for the RANGER lunar impact series. They
+    were meant for high Earth orbit testing in 1961, but rocket problems
+    left them in useless low orbits which quickly decayed.
+    RANGER 3, launched on January 26, 1962, was intended to land an
+    instrument capsule on the surface of the Moon, but problems during the
+    launch caused the probe to miss the Moon and head into solar orbit.
+    RANGER 3 did try to take some images of the Moon as it flew by, but the
+    camera was unfortunately aimed at deep space during the attempt.
+    RANGER 4, launched April 23, 1962, had the same purpose as RANGER 3, but
+    suffered technical problems enroute and crashed on the lunar farside,
+    the first U.S. probe to reach the Moon, albeit without returning data.
+    RANGER 5, launched October 18, 1962 and similar to RANGER 3 and 4, lost
+    all solar panel and battery power enroute and eventually missed the Moon
+    and drifted off into solar orbit.
+    RANGER 6 through 9 had more modified lunar missions: They were to send
+    back live images of the lunar surface as they headed towards an impact
+    with the Moon. RANGER 6 failed this objective in 1964 when its cameras
+    did not operate. RANGER 7 through 9 performed well, becoming the first
+    U.S. lunar probes to return thousands of lunar images through 1965.
+    LUNAR ORBITER 1 through 5 were designed to orbit the Moon and image
+    various sites being studied as landing areas for the manned APOLLO
+    missions of 1969-1972. The probes also contributed greatly to our
+    understanding of lunar surface features, particularly the lunar farside.
+    All five probes of the series, launched from 1966 to 1967, were
+    essentially successful in their missions. They were the first U.S.
+    probes to orbit the Moon. All LOs were eventually crashed into the lunar
+    surface to avoid interference with the manned APOLLO missions.
+    The SURVEYOR series were designed primarily to see if an APOLLO lunar
+    module could land on the surface of the Moon without sinking into the
+    soil (before this time, it was feared by some that the Moon was covered
+    in great layers of dust, which would not support a heavy landing
+    vehicle). SURVEYOR was successful in proving that the lunar surface was
+    strong enough to hold up a spacecraft from 1966 to 1968.
+    Only SURVEYOR 2 and 4 were unsuccessful missions. The rest became the
+    first U.S. probes to soft land on the Moon, taking thousands of images
+    and scooping the soil for analysis. APOLLO 12 landed 600 feet from
+    SURVEYOR 3 in 1969 and returned parts of the craft to Earth. SURVEYOR 7,
+    the last of the series, was a purely scientific mission which explored
+    the Tycho crater region in 1968.
+    VIKING 1 was launched from Cape Canaveral, Florida on August 20, 1975 on
+    a TITAN 3E-CENTAUR D1 rocket. The probe went into Martian orbit on June
+    19, 1976, and the lander set down on the western slopes of Chryse
+    Planitia on July 20, 1976. It soon began its programmed search for
+    Martian micro-organisms (there is still debate as to whether the probes
+    found life there or not), and sent back incredible color panoramas of
+    its surroundings. One thing scientists learned was that Mars' sky was
+    pinkish in color, not dark blue as they originally thought (the sky is
+    pink due to sunlight reflecting off the reddish dust particles in the
+    thin atmosphere). The lander set down among a field of red sand and
+    boulders stretching out as far as its cameras could image.
+    The VIKING 1 orbiter kept functioning until August 7, 1980, when it ran
+    out of attitude-control propellant. The lander was switched into a
+    weather-reporting mode, where it had been hoped it would keep
+    functioning through 1994; but after November 13, 1982, an errant command
+    had been sent to the lander accidentally telling it to shut down until
+    further orders. Communication was never regained again, despite the
+    engineers' efforts through May of 1983.
+    An interesting side note: VIKING 1's lander has been designated the
+    Thomas A. Mutch Memorial Station in honor of the late leader of the
+    lander imaging team. The National Air and Space Museum in Washington,
+    D.C. is entrusted with the safekeeping of the Mutch Station Plaque until
+    it can be attached to the lander by a manned expedition.
+    VIKING 2 was launched on September 9, 1975, and arrived in Martian orbit
+    on August 7, 1976. The lander touched down on September 3, 1976 in
+    Utopia Planitia. It accomplished essentially the same tasks as its
+    sister lander, with the exception that its seisometer worked, recording
+    one marsquake. The orbiter had a series of attitude-control gas leaks in
+    1978, which prompted it being shut down that July. The lander was shut
+    down on April 12, 1980.
+    The orbits of both VIKING orbiters should decay around 2025.
+    VOYAGER 1 was launched September 5, 1977, and flew past Jupiter on March
+    5, 1979 and by Saturn on November 13, 1980. VOYAGER 2 was launched
+    August 20, 1977 (before VOYAGER 1), and flew by Jupiter on August 7,
+    1979, by Saturn on August 26, 1981, by Uranus on January 24, 1986, and
+    by Neptune on August 8, 1989. VOYAGER 2 took advantage of a rare
+    once-every-189-years alignment to slingshot its way from outer planet to
+    outer planet. VOYAGER 1 could, in principle, have headed towards Pluto,
+    but JPL opted for the sure thing of a Titan close up.
+    Between the two probes, our knowledge of the 4 giant planets, their
+    satellites, and their rings has become immense. VOYAGER 1&2 discovered
+    that Jupiter has complicated atmospheric dynamics, lightning and
+    aurorae. Three new satellites were discovered. Two of the major
+    surprises were that Jupiter has rings and that Io has active sulfurous
+    volcanoes, with major effects on the Jovian magnetosphere.
+    When the two probes reached Saturn, they discovered over 1000 ringlets
+    and 7 satellites, including the predicted shepherd satellites that keep
+    the rings stable. The weather was tame compared with Jupiter: massive
+    jet streams with minimal variance (a 33-year great white spot/band cycle
+    is known). Titan's atmosphere was smoggy. Mimas' appearance was
+    startling: one massive impact crater gave it the Death Star appearance.
+    The big surprise here was the stranger aspects of the rings. Braids,
+    kinks, and spokes were both unexpected and difficult to explain.
+    VOYAGER 2, thanks to heroic engineering and programming efforts,
+    continued the mission to Uranus and Neptune. Uranus itself was highly
+    monochromatic in appearance. One oddity was that its magnetic axis was
+    found to be highly skewed from the already completely skewed rotational
+    axis, giving Uranus a peculiar magnetosphere. Icy channels were found on
+    Ariel, and Miranda was a bizarre patchwork of different terrains. 10
+    satellites and one more ring were discovered.
+    In contrast to Uranus, Neptune was found to have rather active weather,
+    including numerous cloud features. The ring arcs turned out to be bright
+    patches on one ring. Two other rings, and 6 other satellites, were
+    discovered. Neptune's magnetic axis was also skewed. Triton had a
+    canteloupe appearance and geysers. (What's liquid at 38K?)
+    The two VOYAGERs are expected to last for about two more decades. Their
+    on-target journeying gives negative evidence about possible planets
+    beyond Pluto. Their next major scientific discovery should be the
+    location of the heliopause.
+    Since there have been so many Soviet probes to the Moon, Venus, and
+    Mars, I will highlight only the primary missions:
+    LUNA 1 - Lunar impact attempt in 1959, missed Moon and became first
+	     craft in solar orbit.
+    LUNA 2 - First craft to impact on lunar surface in 1959.
+    LUNA 3 - Took first images of lunar farside in 1959.
+    ZOND 3 - Took first images of lunar farside in 1965 since LUNA 3. Was
+	     also a test for future Mars missions.
+    LUNA 9 - First probe to soft land on the Moon in 1966, returned images
+	     from surface.
+    LUNA 10 - First probe to orbit the Moon in 1966.
+    LUNA 13 - Second successful Soviet lunar soft landing mission in 1966.
+    ZOND 5 - First successful circumlunar craft. ZOND 6 through 8
+	     accomplished similar missions through 1970. The probes were
+	     unmanned tests of a manned orbiting SOYUZ-type lunar vehicle.
+    LUNA 16 - First probe to land on Moon and return samples of lunar soil
+	      to Earth in 1970. LUNA 20 accomplished similar mission in
+    LUNA 17 - Delivered the first unmanned lunar rover to the Moon's
+	      surface, LUNOKHOD 1, in 1970. A similar feat was accomplished
+	      with LUNA 21/LUNOKHOD 2 in 1973.
+    LUNA 24 - Last Soviet lunar mission to date. Returned soil samples in
+    VENERA 1 - First acknowledged attempt at Venus mission. Transmissions
+	       lost enroute in 1961.
+    VENERA 2 - Attempt to image Venus during flyby mission in tandem with
+	       VENERA 3. Probe ceased transmitting just before encounter in
+	       February of 1966. No images were returned.
+    VENERA 3 - Attempt to place a lander capsule on Venusian surface.
+	       Transmissions ceased just before encounter and entire probe
+	       became the first craft to impact on another planet in 1966.
+    VENERA 4 - First probe to successfully return data while descending
+	       through Venusian atmosphere. Crushed by air pressure before
+	       reaching surface in 1967. VENERA 5 and 6 mission profiles
+	       similar in 1969.
+    VENERA 7 - First probe to return data from the surface of another planet
+	       in 1970. VENERA 8 accomplished a more detailed mission in
+    VENERA 9 - Sent first image of Venusian surface in 1975. Was also the
+	       first probe to orbit Venus. VENERA 10 accomplished similar
+	       mission.
+    VENERA 13 - Returned first color images of Venusian surface in 1982.
+		VENERA 14 accomplished similar mission.
+    VENERA 15 - Accomplished radar mapping with VENERA 16 of sections of
+		planet's surface in 1983 more detailed than PVO.
+    VEGA 1 - Accomplished with VEGA 2 first balloon probes of Venusian
+	     atmosphere in 1985, including two landers. Flyby buses went on
+	     to become first spacecraft to study Comet Halley close-up in
+	     March of 1986.
+    MARS 1 - First acknowledged Mars probe in 1962. Transmissions ceased
+	     enroute the following year.
+    ZOND 2 - First possible attempt to place a lander capsule on Martian
+	     surface. Probe signals ceased enroute in 1965.
+    MARS 2 - First Soviet Mars probe to land - albeit crash - on Martian
+	     surface. Orbiter section first Soviet probe to circle the Red
+	     Planet in 1971.
+    MARS 3 - First successful soft landing on Martian surface, but lander
+	     signals ceased after 90 seconds in 1971.
+    MARS 4 - Attempt at orbiting Mars in 1974, braking rockets failed to
+	     fire, probe went on into solar orbit.
+    MARS 5 - First fully successful Soviet Mars mission, orbiting Mars in
+	     1974. Returned images of Martian surface comparable to U.S.
+	     probe MARINER 9.
+    MARS 6 - Landing attempt in 1974. Lander crashed into the surface.
+    MARS 7 - Lander missed Mars completely in 1974, went into a solar orbit
+	     with its flyby bus.
+    PHOBOS 1 - First attempt to land probes on surface of Mars' largest
+	       moon, Phobos. Probe failed enroute in 1988 due to
+	       human/computer error.
+    PHOBOS 2 - Attempt to land probes on Martian moon Phobos. The probe did
+	       enter Mars orbit in early 1989, but signals ceased one week
+	       before scheduled Phobos landing.
+    While there has been talk of Soviet Jupiter, Saturn, and even
+    interstellar probes within the next thirty years, no major steps have
+    yet been taken with these projects. More intensive studies of the Moon,
+    Mars, Venus, and various comets have been planned for the 1990s, and a
+    Mercury mission to orbit and land probes on the tiny world has been
+    planned for 2003. How the many changes in the former Soviet Union (now
+    the Commonwealth of Independent States) will affect the future of their
+    space program remains to be seen.
+    SAKIGAKE (MS-T5) was launched from the Kagoshima Space Center by ISAS on
+    January 8 1985, and approached Halley's Comet within about 7 million km
+    on March 11, 1986. The spacecraft is carrying three instru- ments to
+    measure interplanetary magnetic field/plasma waves/solar wind, all of
+    which work normally now, so ISAS made an Earth swingby by Sakigake on
+    January 8, 1992 into an orbit similar to the earth's. The closest
+    approach was at 23h08m47s (JST=UTC+9h) on January 8, 1992. The
+    geocentric distance was 88,997 km. This is the first planet-swingby for
+    a Japanese spacecraft.
+    During the approach, Sakigake observed the geotail. Some geotail
+    passages will be scheduled in some years hence. The second Earth-swingby
+    will be on June 14, 1993 (at 40 Re (Earth's radius)), and the third
+    October 28, 1994 (at 86 Re).
+    HITEN, a small lunar probe, was launched into Earth orbit on January 24,
+    1990. The spacecraft was then known as MUSES-A, but was renamed to Hiten
+    once in orbit. The 430 lb probe looped out from Earth and made its first
+    lunary flyby on March 19, where it dropped off its 26 lb midget
+    satellite, HAGOROMO. Japan at this point became the third nation to
+    orbit a satellite around the Moon, joining the Unites States and USSR.
+    The smaller spacecraft, Hagoromo, remained in orbit around the Moon. An
+    apparently broken transistor radio caused the Japanese space scientists
+    to lose track of it. Hagoromo's rocket motor fired on schedule on March
+    19, but the spacecraft's tracking transmitter failed immediately. The
+    rocket firing of Hagoromo was optically confirmed using the Schmidt
+    camera (105-cm, F3.1) at the Kiso Observatory in Japan.
+    Hiten made multiple lunar flybys at approximately monthly intervals and
+    performed aerobraking experiments using the Earth's atmosphere. Hiten
+    made a close approach to the moon at 22:33 JST (UTC+9h) on February 15,
+    1992 at the height of 423 km from the moon's surface (35.3N, 9.7E) and
+    fired its propulsion system for about ten minutes to put the craft into
+    lunar orbit. The following is the orbital calculation results after the
+    approach:
+	Apoapsis Altitude: about 49,400 km
+	Periapsis Altitude: about 9,600 km
+	Inclination	: 34.7 deg (to ecliptic plane)
+	Period		: 4.7 days
+    I also recommend reading the following works, categorized in three
+    groups: General overviews, specific books on particular space missions,
+    and periodical sources on space probes. This list is by no means
+    complete; it is primarily designed to give you places to start your
+    research through generally available works on the subject. If anyone can
+    add pertinent works to the list, it would be greatly appreciated.
+    Though naturally I recommend all the books listed below, I think it
+    would be best if you started out with the general overview books, in
+    order to give you a clear idea of the history of space exploration in
+    this area. I also recommend that you pick up some good, up-to-date
+    general works on astronomy and the Sol system, to give you some extra
+    background. Most of these books and periodicals can be found in any good
+    public and university library. Some of the more recently published works
+    can also be purchased in and/or ordered through any good mass- market
+    bookstore.
+    General Overviews (in alphabetical order by author):
+      J. Kelly Beatty et al, THE NEW SOLAR SYSTEM, 1990.
+      Merton E. Davies and Bruce C. Murray, THE VIEW FROM SPACE:
+      Kenneth Gatland, THE ILLUSTRATED ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SPACE
+      Kenneth Gatland, ROBOT EXPLORERS, 1972
+      R. Greeley, PLANETARY LANDSCAPES, 1987
+      Douglas Hart, THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SOVIET SPACECRAFT, 1987
+      Nicholas L. Johnson, HANDBOOK OF SOVIET LUNAR AND PLANETARY
+      Clayton R. Koppes, JPL AND THE AMERICAN SPACE PROGRAM: A
+      Richard S. Lewis, THE ILLUSTRATED ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE
+      Mark Littman, PLANETS BEYOND: DISCOVERING THE OUTER SOLAR
+      Eugene F. Mallove and Gregory L. Matloff, THE STARFLIGHT
+      Frank Miles and Nicholas Booth, RACE TO MARS: THE MARS
+      Bruce Murray, JOURNEY INTO SPACE, 1989
+      Oran W. Nicks, FAR TRAVELERS, 1985 (NASA SP-480)
+      James E. Oberg, UNCOVERING SOVIET DISASTERS: EXPLORING THE
+      Carl Sagan, COMET, 1986
+      Carl Sagan, THE COSMIC CONNECTION, 1973
+      Carl Sagan, PLANETS, 1969 (LIFE Science Library)
+      Arthur Smith, PLANETARY EXPLORATION: THIRTY YEARS OF UNMANNED
+      Andrew Wilson, (JANE'S) SOLAR SYSTEM LOG, 1987
+    Specific Mission References:
+      Charles A. Cross and Patrick Moore, THE ATLAS OF MERCURY, 1977
+       (The MARINER 10 mission to Venus and Mercury, 1973-1975)
+      Joel Davis, FLYBY: THE INTERPLANETARY ODYSSEY OF VOYAGER 2, 1987
+      Irl Newlan, FIRST TO VENUS: THE STORY OF MARINER 2, 1963
+      Margaret Poynter and Arthur L. Lane, VOYAGER: THE STORY OF A
+      Carl Sagan, MURMURS OF EARTH, 1978 (Deals with the Earth
+       information records placed on VOYAGER 1 and 2 in case the
+       probes are found by intelligences in interstellar space,
+       as well as the probes and planetary mission objectives
+       themselves.)
+    Other works and periodicals:
+    NASA has published very detailed and technical books on every space
+    probe mission it has launched. Good university libraries will carry
+    these books, and they are easily found simply by knowing which mission
+    you wish to read about. I recommend these works after you first study
+    some of the books listed above.
+    Some periodicals I recommend for reading on space probes are NATIONAL
+    GEOGRAPHIC, which has written articles on the PIONEER probes to Earth's
+    Moon Luna and the Jovian planets Jupiter and Saturn, the RANGER,
+    SURVEYOR, LUNAR ORBITER, and APOLLO missions to Luna, the MARINER
+    missions to Mercury, Venus, and Mars, the VIKING probes to Mars, and the
+    VOYAGER missions to Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.
+    More details on American, Soviet, European, and Japanese probe missions
+    can be found in SKY AND TELESCOPE, ASTRONOMY, SCIENCE, NATURE, and
+    SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN magazines. TIME, NEWSWEEK, and various major
+    newspapers can supply not only general information on certain missions,
+    but also show you what else was going on with Earth at the time events
+    were unfolding, if that is of interest to you. Space missions are
+    affected by numerous political, economic, and climatic factors, as you
+    probably know.
+    Depending on just how far your interest in space probes will go, you
+    might also wish to join The Planetary Society, one of the largest space
+    groups in the world dedicated to planetary exploration. Their
+    periodical, THE PLANETARY REPORT, details the latest space probe
+    missions. Write to The Planetary Society, 65 North Catalina Avenue,
+    Pasadena, California 91106 USA.
+    Good luck with your studies in this area of space exploration. I
+    personally find planetary missions to be one of the more exciting areas
+    in this field, and the benefits human society has and will receive from
+    it are incredible, with many yet to be realized.
+    Larry Klaes  klaes@verga.enet.dec.com
+NEXT: FAQ #11/15 - Upcoming planetary probes - missions and schedules
diff --git a/space/space_55.txt b/space/space_55.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..43e9f0db9830096ad36d48c40eae9d9ac7aaf257
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_55.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+baalke@kelvin.jpl.nasa.gov (Ron Baalke) writes:
+>According the IAU Circular #5744, Comet Shoemaker-Levy 1993e, may be
+>temporarily in orbit around Jupiter.  The comet had apparently made a
+>close flyby of Jupiter sometime in 1992 resulting in the breakup of the
+>comet.
+Ooooh -- who would have thought that Galileo would get the chance to
+check out a comet TOO?!?
diff --git a/space/space_56.txt b/space/space_56.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ba19b3a27b678a8122c6bdc5dbbc0e189787b39f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_56.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+In article <9303311213.AA49462@jsc.nasa.gov>, mcelwre@cnsvax.uwec.edu (R. E. McElwaine) writes:
+|>                In March 1993, Russian President Boris Yeltsin
+|>           proposed to the United States and the United Nations a global
+|>           defense shield (with "Star Wars"-type weapons) AGAINST
+Funny.  A bit disturbing.  Forging a posting seems somewhat unethical, even
+if the subject is as notorious as McElwaine.
+Followups should definitely not go to sci.space.
+david rickel
+drickel@sjc.mentorg.com
diff --git a/space/space_57.txt b/space/space_57.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e1a266906a8db4a63f3a26a1883a8c5c3011ed70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_57.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+I know people hate it when someone says somethings like "there was an article 
+about that somewhere a while ago" but I'm going to say it anyway.  I read an
+article on this subject, almost certainly in Space News, and something like
+six months ago.  If anyone is really interested in the subject I can probably
+hunt it down given enough motivation.
+Josh Hopkins                                          jbh55289@uxa.cso.uiuc.edu
+          "Tout ce qu'un homme est capable d'imaginer, d'autres hommes
+            	     seront capable de le realiser"
+			 -Jules Verne
diff --git a/space/space_58.txt b/space/space_58.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ad67b072392a96fd793f8631b5d0de8988c33536
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_58.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+SSF is up for redesign again.  Let's do it right this
+time!  Let's step back and consider the functionality we want:
+[1] microgravity/vacuum process research
+[2] life sciences research (adaptation to space)
+[3] spacecraft maintenence 
+The old NASA approach, explified by Shuttle and SSF so far, was to
+centralize functionality.  These projects failed to meet
+their targets by a wide margin: the military and commercial users 
+took most of their payloads off Shuttle after wasting much effort to 
+tie their payloads to it, and SSF has crumbled into disorganization
+and miscommunication.  Over $50 billion has been spent on these
+two projects with no reduction in launch costs and littel improvement
+in commercial space industrialization.  Meanwhile, military and commercial 
+users have come up with a superior strategy for space development: the 
+constellation.  
+Firstly, different functions are broken down into different 
+constellations placed in the optimal orbit for each function:
+thus we have the GPS/Navstar constellation in 12-hour orbits,
+comsats in Clarke and Molniya orbits, etc.  Secondly, the task
+is distributed amongst several spacecraft in a constellation,
+providing for redundancy and full coverage where needed.
+SSF's 3 main functions require quite different environments
+and are also prime candidates for constellization.
+[1] We have the makings of a microgravity constellation now:
+COMET and Mir for long-duration flights, Shuttle/Spacelab for
+short-duration flights.  The best strategy for this area is
+inexpensive, incremental improvement: installation of U.S. facilities 
+on Mir, Shuttle/Mir linkup, and transition from Shuttle/Spacelab
+to a much less expensive SSTO/Spacehab/COMET or SSTO/SIF/COMET.
+We might also expand the research program to take advantage of 
+interesting space environments, eg the high-radiation Van Allen belt 
+or gas/plasma gradients in comet tails.  The COMET system can
+be much more easily retrofitted for these tasks, where a 
+station is too large to affordably launch beyond LEO.
+[2] We need to study life sciences not just in microgravity,
+but also in lunar and Martian gravities, and in the radiation
+environments of deep space instead of the protected shelter
+of LEO.  This is a very long-term, low-priority project, since
+astronauts will have little practical use in the space program
+until costs come down orders of magnitude.  Furthermore, using
+astronauts severely restricts the scope of the investigation,
+and the sample size.  So I propose LabRatSat, a constellation
+tether-bolo satellites that test out various levels of gravity
+in super-Van-Allen-Belt orbits that are representative of the
+radiation environment encountered on Earth-Moon, Earth-Mars,
+Earth-asteroid, etc. trips.  The miniaturized life support
+machinery might be operated real-time from earth thru a VR
+interface.  AFter several orbital missions have been flown,
+follow-ons can act as LDEFs on the lunar and Martian surface,
+testing out the actual environment at low cost before $billions
+are spent on astronauts.
+[3] By far the largest market for spacecraft servicing is in 
+Clarke orbit.  I propose a fleet of small teleoperated
+robots and small test satellites on which ground engineers can
+practice their skills.  Once in place, robots can pry stuck
+solar arrays and antennas, attach solar battery power packs,
+inject fuel, etc.  Once the fleet is working, it can be
+spun off to commercial company(s) who can work with the comsat
+companies to develop comsat replaceable module standards.
+By applying the successful constellation strategy, and getting
+rid of the failed centralized strategy of STS and old SSF, we
+have radically improved the capability of the program while
+greatly cutting its cost.  For a fraction of SSF's pricetag,
+we can fix satellites where the satellites are, we can study
+life's adaptation to a much large & more representative variety 
+of space environments, and we can do microgravity and vacuum
+research inexpensively and, if needed, in special-purpose
+orbits.
+N.B., we can apply the constellation strategy to space exploration
+as well, greatly cutting its cost and increasing its functionality.  
+Mars Network and Artemis are two good examples of this; more ambitiously 
+we can set up a network of native propellant plants on Mars that can be used
+to fuel planet-wide rover/ballistic hopper prospecting and
+sample return.  The descendants of LabRatSat's technology can
+be used as a Mars surface LDEF and to test out closed-ecology
+greenhouses on Mars at low cost.
+Nick Szabo					 szabo@techboook.com
diff --git a/space/space_59.txt b/space/space_59.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..554e8ed806f82048a68585bcc81cc0e683f89299
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_59.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+I read it refered to as the "parabolic cross-section" rule;
+the idea was that if you plot the area of the fuselage cross-
+section as a function of the point fore-and-aft along the 
+fuselage, a plot that is a **paraboloid** minimizes somethin' 
+or 'nother (to be technical about it).
+* Fred Baube (tm)         *  In times of intellectual ferment,
+* baube@optiplan.fi       * advantage to him with the intellect
+* #include <disclaimer.h> * most fermented
+* May '68, Paris: It's Retrospective Time !!  
diff --git a/space/space_6.txt b/space/space_6.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fab3c5fcc0f931a2af1e72a15b2642c5eba9f5de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_6.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,447 @@
+Archive-name: space/references
+Last-modified: $Date: 93/04/01 14:39:21 $
+    Astronomical Society of the Pacific
+    1290 24th Avenue
+    San Francisco, CA 94122
+	More expensive but better organized slide sets.
+    Cambridge University Press
+    32 East 57th Street
+    New York, NY 10022
+    Crawford-Peters Aeronautica
+    P.O. Box 152528
+    San Diego, CA 92115
+	An excellent source of all kinds of space publications. They publish
+	a number of catalogs, including:
+	    Aviation and Space, 1945-1962
+	    Aviation and Space, 1962-1990
+	    Space and Related Titles
+    European Southern Observatory
+    Information and Photographic Service
+    Dr R.M. West
+    Karl Scharzschild Strasse 2
+    D-8046 Garching bei Munchen
+	Slide sets, posters, photographs, conference proceedings.
+    Finley Holiday Film Corporation
+    12607 East Philadelphia Street
+    Whittier, California 90601
+	Wide selection of Apollo, Shuttle, Viking, and Voyager slides at ~50
+	cents/slide. Call for a catalog.
+    Hansen Planetarium (Utah)
+	Said to hold sales on old slide sets. Look in Sky & Telescope
+	for contact info.
+    Lunar and Planetary Institute
+    3303 NASA Road One
+    Houston, TX 77058-4399
+	Technical, geology-oriented slide sets, with supporting
+	booklets.
+    John Wiley & Sons
+    605 Third Avenue
+    New York, NY 10158-0012
+    Sky Publishing Corporation
+    PO Box 9111
+    Belmont, MA  02178-9111
+	Offers "Sky Catalogue 2000.0" on PC floppy with information
+	(including parallax) for 45000 stars.
+    Roger Wheate
+    Geography Dept.
+    University of Calgary, Alberta
+    Canada T2N 1N4
+    wheate@uncamult.bitnet
+	Offers a 40-slide set called "Mapping the Planets" illustrating
+	recent work in planetary cartography, comes with a booklet and
+	information on getting your own copies of the maps. $50 Canadian,
+	shipping included.
+    Superintendent of Documents
+    US Government Printing Office
+    Washington, DC 20402
+    Univelt, Inc.
+    P. O. Box 28130
+    San Diego, Ca. 92128
+	Publishers for the American Astronomical Society.
+    US Naval Observatory
+	202-653-1079 (USNO Bulletin Board via modem)
+	202-653-1507 General
+    Willmann-Bell
+    P.O. Box 35025
+    Richmond, Virginia 23235 USA
+    In 1990 the Princeton Planetary Society published the first edition of
+    "Space Jobs: The Guide to Careers in Space-Related Fields." The
+    publication was enormously successful: we distributed 2000 copies to
+    space enthusiasts across the country and even sent a few to people in
+    Great Britain, Australia, and Ecuador. Due to the tremendous response to
+    the first edition, PPS has published an expanded, up-to-date second
+    edition of the guide.
+    The 40-page publication boasts 69 listings for summer and full-time job
+    opportunities as well as graduate school programs. The second edition of
+    "Space Jobs" features strategies for entering the space field and
+    describes positions at consulting and engineering firms, NASA, and
+    non-profit organizations. The expanded special section on graduate
+    schools highlights a myriad of programs ranging from space manufacturing
+    to space policy. Additional sections include tips on becoming an
+    astronaut and listings of NASA Space Grant Fellowships and Consortia, as
+    well as NASA Centers for the Commercial Development of Space.
+    To order send check or money order made payable to Princeton Planetary
+    Society for $4 per copy, plus $1 per copy for shipping and handling
+    (non-US customers send an International Money Order payable in US
+    dollars) to:
+    Princeton Planetary Society
+    315 West College
+    Princeton University
+    Princeton, NJ  08544
+    SDI's SSRT (Single Stage Rocket Technology) project has funded a
+    suborbital technology demonstrator called DC-X that should fly in
+    mid-1993. Further development towards an operational single-stage to
+    orbit vehicle (called Delta Clipper) is uncertain at present.
+    An collection of pictures and files relating to DC-X is available by
+    anonymous FTP or email server in the directory
+	bongo.cc.utexas.edu:pub/delta-clipper
+    Chris W. Johnson (chrisj@emx.cc.utexas.edu) maintains the archive.
+    Official names are decided by committees of the International
+    Astronomical Union, and are not for sale. There are purely commercial
+    organizations which will, for a fee, send you pretty certificates and
+    star maps describing where to find "your" star. These organizations have
+    absolutely no standing in the astronomical community and the names they
+    assign are not used by anyone else. It's also likely that you won't be
+    able to see "your" star without binoculars or a telescope. See the back
+    pages of Astronomy or other amateur astronomy publications for contact
+    info; one such organization may be found at:
+	International Star Registry
+	34523 Wilson Road
+	Ingleside, IL 60041
+    This is not an endorsement of ISR.
+    The LLNL "Great Exploration", a plan for an on-the-cheap space station,
+    Lunar base, and Mars mission using inflatable space structures, excited
+    a lot of interest on the net and still comes up from time to time. Some
+    references cited during net discussion were:
+	Avation Week Jan 22, 1990 for an article on the overall Great
+	Exploration
+	NASA Assessment of the LLNL Space Exploration Proposal and LLNL
+	Responses by Dr. Lowell Wood LLNL Doc. No. SS 90-9. Their address
+	is: PO Box 808 Livermore, CA 94550 (the NASA authors are unknown).
+	Briefing slides of a presentation to the NRC last December may be
+	available. Write LLNL and ask.
+	Conceptual Design Study for Modular Inflatable Space Structures, a
+	final report for purchase order B098747 by ILC Dover INC. I don't
+	know how to get this except from LLNL or ILC Dover. I don't have an
+	address for ILC.
+    Lunar Exploration Inc. (LEI) is a non-profit corporation working on a
+    privately funded lunar polar orbiter. Lunar Prospector is designed to
+    perform a geochemical survey and search for frozen volatiles at the
+    poles. A set of reference files describing the project is available in
+	ames.arc.nasa.gov:pub/SPACE/LEI/*
+    Grant H Heiken, David T Vaniman, and Bevan M French (editors), "Lunar
+    Sourcebook, A User's Guide to the Moon", Cambridge University Press
+    1991, ISBN 0-521-33444-6; hardcover; expensive. A one-volume
+    encyclopedia of essentially everything known about the Moon, reviewing
+    current knowledge in considerable depth, with copious references. Heavy
+    emphasis on geology, but a lot more besides, including considerable
+    discussion of past lunar missions and practical issues relevant to
+    future mission design. *The* reference book for the Moon; all others are
+    obsolete.
+    Wendell Mendell (ed), "Lunar Bases and Space Activities of the 21st
+    Century", $15. "Every serious student of lunar bases *must* have this
+    book" - Bill Higgins. Available from:
+	Lunar and Planetary Institute
+	3303 NASA Road One
+	Houston, TX 77058-4399
+	If you want to order books, call (713)486-2172.
+    Thomas A. Mutch, "Geology of the Moon: A Stratigraphic View", Princeton
+    University Press, 1970. Information about the Lunar Orbiter missions,
+    including maps of the coverage of the lunar nearside and farside by
+    various Orbiters.
+    A list of Earth orbiting satellites (that are still in orbit) is
+    available by anonymous FTP in:
+	ames.arc.nasa.gov:pub/SPACE/FAQ/Satellites
+    "Space in Miniature #2: Gemini" by
+	Michael J. Mackowski
+	1621 Waterwood Lane, St. Louis, MO 63146
+    Only 34pp but enough pictures & diagrams to interest more than just the
+    modelling community, I feel.
+    Marco's Miniatures of Dracut, Mass. have produced a 1/144 Skylab in an
+    edition of 500 & a 1/48 Lunar Rover (same scale as Monogram and Revell
+    Lunar Modules) in a similar edition. Prices are $45 for Skylab, $24 for
+    LRV. Check with them for postage etc. I have no connection with them,
+    but have found their service to be good and their stock of rare/old kits
+    *is* impressive. Prices range from reasonable ($35 for Monogram 1/32
+    scale Apollo CSM with cutaway details) to spectacular ($145 for Airfix
+    Vostok).
+	 Four Star Collectibles
+	 P.O. Box 658
+	 Dracut Mass 01826, USA.
+    Voyager, HST, Viking, Lunar Rover etc. kits from:
+	Lunar Models
+	5120 Grisham
+	Rowlett, Texas 75088
+    As reviewed by Bob Kaplow:
+	Peter Alway's book "Scale Model Rocketry" is now available. Mine
+	arrived in the mail earlier this week. To get your own copy, send
+	$19.95 + $2.50 s/h ($22.45 total) to:
+			Peter Alway
+			2830 Pittsfield
+			Ann Arbor, MI 48104
+	The book includes information on collecting scale data, construction
+	of scale models, and several handy tables. Appendicies include plans
+	for 3 sport scale models, a 1:9.22 D Region Tomahawk (BT50), a 1/40
+	V-2 (BT60), and a 1/9.16 Aerobee 150A (BT55/60).
+	I've only begun to study the book, but it certainly will be a
+	valuable data source for many modellers. Most vehicles include
+	several paragraphs of text describing the missions flown by the
+	rocket, various specs including "NAR" engine classification, along
+	with a dimensioned drawing, color layouts & paint pattern, and a
+	black & white photograph.
+	The vehicles included are the Aerobee 150A, Aerobee 300, Aerobee Hi,
+	Arcas, Asp, Astrobee 1500, Astrobee D, Atlas Centaur, Atlas-Agena,
+	Atlas-Score, Baby WAC, D-Region Tomahawk, Deacon Rockoon, Delta B,
+	Delta E, Gemini-Titan II, Iris, Javelin, Juno 1, Juno 2, Little Joe
+	1, Little Joe 2, Mercury-Atlas, Mercury-Redstone, Nike-Apache,
+	Nike-Asp, Nike-Cajun, Nike-Deacon, Nike-Tomahawk, RAM B, Saturn 1
+	Block 1, Saturn 1 Block 2, Saturn 1B, Saturn 5, Scout, Standard
+	Aerobee, Terrapin, Thor-Able, Titan III C, Titan III E, Trailblazer
+	1, V-2, Vanguard, Viking Model 1, Viking Model 2, and Wac Corporal.
+	George P. Sutton, "Rocket Propulsion Elements", 5th edn,
+	Wiley-Interscience 1986, ISBN 0-471-80027-9. Pricey textbook. The
+	best (nearly the only) modern introduction to the technical side of
+	rocketry. A good place to start if you want to know the details. Not
+	for the math-shy. Straight chemical rockets, essentially nothing on
+	more advanced propulsion (although earlier editions reportedly had
+	some coverage).
+	Dieter K. Huzel and David H. Huang, "Design of Liquid Propellant
+	Rocket Engines", NASA SP-125.
+	Out of print; reproductions may be obtained through the NTIS
+	(expensive). The complete and authoritative guide to designing
+	liquid-fuel engines. Reference #1 in most chapters of Sutton. Heavy
+	emphasis on practical issues, what works and what doesn't, what the
+	typical values of the fudge factors are. Stiff reading, massive
+	detail; written for rocket engineers by rocket engineers.
+	Brij N. Agrawal, "Design of Geosynchronous Spacecraft",
+	Prentice-Hall, ISBN 0-13-200114-4.
+	James R. Wertz ed, "Spacecraft Attitude Determination and
+	Control", Kluwer, ISBN 90-277-1204-2.
+	P.R.K. Chetty, "Satellite Technology and its Applications",
+	McGraw-Hill, ISBN 0-8306-9688-1.
+	James R. Wertz and Wiley J. Larson (editors), "Space Mission
+	Analysis and Design", Kluwer Academic Publishers
+	(Dordrecht/Boston/London) 1991, ISBN 0-7923-0971-5 (paperback), or
+	0-7923-0970-7 (hardback).
+	    This looks at system-level design of a spacecraft, rather than
+	    detailed design. 23 chapters, 4 appendices, about 430 pages. It
+	    leads the reader through the mission design and system-level
+	    design of a fictitious earth-observation satellite, to
+	    illustrate the principles that it tries to convey. Warning:
+	    although the book is chock-full of many useful reference tables,
+	    some of the numbers in at least one of those tables (launch
+	    costs for various launchers) appear to be quite wrong. Can be
+	    ordered by telephone, using a credit card; Kluwer's phone number
+	    is (617)-871-6600. Cost $34.50.
+    This needs more and more up-to-date references, but it's a start.
+	"Antiproton Annihilation Propulsion", Robert Forward
+	    AFRPL TR-85-034 from the Air Force Rocket Propulsion Laboratory
+	    (AFRPL/XRX, Stop 24, Edwards Air Force Base, CA 93523-5000).
+	    PC => Paper copy, A10 => $US57.90 -- or maybe Price Code?
+	    MF => MicroFiche, A01 => $US13.90
+	    Technical study on making, holding, and using antimatter for
+	    near-term (30-50 years) propulsion systems. Excellent
+	    bibliography. Forward is the best-known proponent
+	    of antimatter.
+	    This also may be available as UDR-TR-85-55 from the contractor,
+	    the University of Dayton Research Institute, and DTIC AD-A160
+	    from the Defense Technical Information Center, Defense Logistics
+	    Agency, Cameron Station, Alexandria, VA 22304-6145. And it's
+	    also available from the NTIS, with yet another number.
+	"Advanced Space Propulsion Study, Antiproton and Beamed Power
+	    Propulsion", Robert Forward
+	    AFAL TR-87-070 from the Air Force Astronautics Laboratory, DTIC
+	    Summarizes the previous paper, goes into detail on beamed power
+	    systems including " 1) pellet, microwave, and laser beamed power
+	    systems for intersteller transport; 2) a design for a
+	    near-relativistic laser-pushed lightsail using near-term laser
+	    technology; 3) a survey of laser thermal propulsion, tether
+	    transportation systems, antiproton annihilation propulsion,
+	    exotic applications of solar sails, and laser-pushed
+	    interstellar lightsails; 4) the status of antiproton
+	    annihilation propulsion as of 1986; and 5) the prospects for
+	    obtaining antimatter ions heavier than antiprotons." Again,
+	    there is an extensive bibliography.
+	    "Application of Antimatter - Electric Power to Interstellar
+	    Propulsion", G. D. Nordley, JBIS Interstellar Studies issue of
+	G. L. Matloff and A. J. Fennelly, "Interstellar Applications and
+	Limitations of Several Electrostatic/Electromagnetic Ion Collection
+	Techniques", JBIS 30 (1977):213-222
+	N. H. Langston, "The Erosion of Interstellar Drag Screens", JBIS 26
+	C. Powell, "Flight Dynamics of the Ram-Augmented Interstellar
+	Rocket", JBIS 28 (1975):553-562
+	A. R. Martin, "The Effects of Drag on Relativistic Spacefight", JBIS
+	"A Laser Fusion Rocket for Interplanetary Propulsion", Roderick Hyde,
+	LLNL report UCRL-88857. (Contact the Technical Information Dept. at
+	Livermore)
+	    Fusion Pellet design: Fuel selection. Energy loss mechanisms.
+	    Pellet compression metrics. Thrust Chamber: Magnetic nozzle.
+	    Shielding. Tritium breeding. Thermal modeling. Fusion Driver
+	    (lasers, particle beams, etc): Heat rejection. Vehicle Summary:
+	    Mass estimates. Vehicle Performance: Interstellar travel
+	    required exhaust velocities at the limit of fusion's capability.
+	    Interplanetary missions are limited by power/weight ratio.
+	    Trajectory modeling. Typical mission profiles. References,
+	    including the 1978 report in JBIS, "Project Daedalus", and
+	    several on ICF and driver technology.
+	"Fusion as Electric Propulsion", Robert W. Bussard, Journal of
+	Propulsion and Power, Vol. 6, No. 5, Sept.-Oct. 1990
+	    Fusion rocket engines are analyzed as electric propulsion
+	    systems, with propulsion thrust-power-input-power ratio (the
+	    thrust-power "gain" G(t)) much greater than unity. Gain values
+	    of conventional (solar, fission) electric propulsion systems are
+	    always quite small (e.g., G(t)<0.8). With these, "high-thrust"
+	    interplanetary flight is not possible, because system
+	    acceleration (a(t)) capabilities are always less than the local
+	    gravitational acceleration. In contrast, gain values 50-100
+	    times higher are found for some fusion concepts, which offer
+	    "high-thrust" flight capability. One performance example shows a
+	    53.3 day (34.4 powered; 18.9 coast), one-way transit time with
+	    19% payload for a single-stage Earth/Mars vehicle. Another shows
+	    the potential for high acceleration (a(t)=0.55g(o)) flight in
+	    Earth/moon space.
+	"The QED Engine System: Direct Electric Fusion-Powered Systems for
+	Aerospace Flight Propulsion" by Robert W. Bussard, EMC2-1190-03,
+	available from Energy/Matter Conversion Corp., 9100 A. Center
+	Street, Manassas, VA 22110.
+	    [This is an introduction to the application of Bussard's version
+	    of the Farnsworth/Hirsch electrostatic confinement fusion
+	    technology to propulsion. 1500<Isp<5000 sec. Farnsworth/Hirsch
+	    demonstrated a 10**10 neutron flux with their device back in
+	    1969 but it was dropped when panic ensued over the surprising
+	    stability of the Soviet Tokamak. Hirsch, responsible for the
+	    panic, has recently recanted and is back working on QED. -- Jim
+	    Bowery]
+	"PLASMAKtm Star Power for Energy Intensive Space Applications", by
+	Paul M. Koloc, Eight ANS Topical Meeting on Technology of Fusion
+	Energy, special issue FUSION TECHNOLOGY, March 1989.
+	    Aneutronic energy (fusion with little or negligible neutron
+	    flux) requires plasma pressures and stable confinement times
+	    larger than can be delivered by current approaches. If plasma
+	    pressures appropriate to burn times on the order of milliseconds
+	    could be achieved in aneutronic fuels, then high power densities
+	    and very compact, realtively clean burning engines for space and
+	    other special applications would be at hand. The PLASMAKtm
+	    innovation will make this possible; its unique pressure
+	    efficient structure, exceptional stability, fluid-mechanically
+	    compressible Mantle and direct inductive MHD electric power
+	    conversion advantages are described. Peak burn densities of tens
+	    of megawats per cc give it compactness even in the
+	    multi-gigawatt electric output size. Engineering advantages
+	    indicate a rapid development schedule at very modest cost. [I
+	    strongly recommend that people take this guy seriously. Bob
+	    Hirsch, the primary proponent of the Tokamak, has recently
+	    declared Koloc's PLASMAKtm precursor, the spheromak, to be one
+	    of 3 promising fusion technologies that should be pursued rather
+	    than Tokamak. Aside from the preceeding appeal to authority, the
+	    PLASMAKtm looks like it finally models ball-lightning with solid
+	    MHD physics. -- Jim Bowery]
+	Retrieve files pub/SPACE/SPACELINK/6.5.2.* from the Ames SPACE
+	archive; these deal with many aspects of ion drives and describe the
+	SERT I and II missions, which flight-tested cesium ion thrusters in
+	the 1960s and 70s. There are numerous references.
+	IEEE Transactions on Magnetics (for example, v. 27 no. 1, January
+	1991 issue). Every so often they publish the proceedings of the
+	Symposium on Electromagnetic Launcher Technology, including hundreds
+	of papers on the subject. It's a good look at the state of the art,
+	though perhaps not a good tutorial for beginners. Anybody know some
+	good review papers?
+	"Technical Notes on Nuclear Rockets", by Bruce W. Knight and Donald
+	Kingsbury, unpublished. May be available from: Donald Kingsbury,
+	Math Dept., McGill University, PO Box 6070, Station A, Montreal,
+	Quebec M3C 3G1 Canada.
+	Starsailing. Solar Sails and Interstellar Travel. Louis Friedman,
+	Wiley, New York, 1988, 146 pp., paper $9.95. (Not very technical,
+	but an adequate overview.)
+	"Roundtrip Interstellar Travel Using Laser-Pushed Lightsails
+	(Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, vol. 21, pp. 187-95, Jan.-Feb.
+	_Tethers and Asteroids for Artificial Gravity Assist in the Solar
+	System,_ by P.A. Penzo and H.L. Mayer., _Journal of Spacecraft
+	and Rockets_ for Jan-Feb 1986.
+	    Details how a spacecraft with a kevlar tether of the same mass
+	    can change its velocity by up to slightly less than 1 km/sec. if
+	    it is travelling under that velocity wrt a suitable asteroid.
+	"Alternate Propulsion Energy Sources", Robert Forward
+	    NTIS AD-B088 771/1	  PC A07/MF A01   Dec 83 138p
+	    Keywords: Propulsion energy, metastable helium, free-radical
+	    hydrogen, solar pumped (sic) plasmas, antiproton annihiliation,
+	    ionospheric lasers, solar sails, perforated sails, microwave
+	    sails, quantum fluctuations, antimatter rockets... It's a wide,
+	    if not deep, look at exotic energy sources which might be useful
+	    for space propulsion. It also considers various kinds of laser
+	    propulsion, metallic hydrogen, tethers, and unconventional
+	    nuclear propulsion. The bibliographic information, pointing to
+	    the research on all this stuff, belongs on every daydreamer's
+	    shelf.
+	Future Magic. Dr. Robert L. Forward, Avon, 1988. ISBN 0-380-89814-4.
+	    Nontechnical discussion of tethers, antimatter, gravity control,
+	    and even futher-out topics.
+    *Deep Black*, by William Burrows;
+	"best modern general book for spysats."
+    1) A Base For Debate: The US Satellite Station at Nurrungar, Des Ball,
+    Allen and Unwin Australia, 1987 ISBN 0 04 355027 4 [ covers DSP early
+    warning satellites]
+    2) Pine Gap: Australia and the US Geostationary Signals intelligence
+    satellite program, Des Ball, Allen and Unwin Australia, 1988 ISBN 0 04
+    363002 5. [covers RHYOLITE/AQUACADE, CHALET/VORTEX, and MAGNUM signals
+    intelligence satellites]
+    3) Guardians: Strategic Reconnaissance Satellites, Curtis Peebles, 1987,
+    Ian Allan, ISBN 0 7110 17654 [ good on MOL, military Salyut and Soviet
+    satellites, less so on others. Tends to believe what he's told so flaws
+    in discussion of DSP, RHYOLITE et al..]
+    4) America's Secret Eyes In Space: The Keyhole Spy Satellite Program,
+    Jeffrey Richelson, 1990, Harper and Row, ISBN 0 88730 285 8 [ in a class
+    of its own, *the* historical reference on the KEYHOLE satellites]
+    5) Secret Sentries in Space, Philip J Klass, 1971.
+	"long out of print but well worth a look"
+    %J Communications of the ACM
+    %D September 1984
+    %K Special issue on space [shuttle] computers
+    %A Myron Kayton
+    %T Avionics for Manned Spacecraft
+    %J IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems
+    %D November 1989
+    Other various AIAA and IEEE publications.
+    Computers in Spaceflight: The NASA Experience
+    James E.  Tomayko
+    %A D. K. Cullers
+    %A Ivan R. Linscott
+    %A Bernard M. Oliver
+    %T Signal Processing in SETI
+    %J Communications of the ACM
+    %D November 1984
+    %K CR Categories and Subject Descriptors: D.4.1 [Operating Systems]:
+    Process Management - concurrency; I.5.4 [Pattern Recognition]:
+    Applications - signal processing; J.2 [Phsyical Sciences and Engineering]:
+    astronomy
+    General Terms: Design
+    Additional Key Words and Phrases: digital Fourier transforms,
+    finite impulse-response filters, interstellar communications,
+    Search for Extra-terrestrial Intelligence, signal detection,
+    spectrum analysis
+    A fairly long writeup on receiving and interpreting weather satellite
+    photos is available from the Ames SPACE archive in
+    pub/SPACE/FAQ/WeatherPhotos.
+    The American Radio Relay League publication service offers the following
+    references (also see the section on AMSAT in the space groups segment of
+    the FAQ):
+	ARRL Satellite Experimenters Handbook,		#3185, $20
+	ARRL Weather Satellite Handbook,		#3193, $20
+	IBM-PC software for Weather Satellite Handbook, #3290, $10
+	AMSAT NA 5th Space Symposium,			#0739, $12
+	AMSAT NA 6th Space Symposium,			#2219, $12
+	Shipping is extra.
+    The American Radio Relay League
+    Publications Department
+    225 Main Street
+    Newington, CT 06111
+    Srinivas Bettadpur contributed a writeup on tides, available from the
+    Ames SPACE archive in pub/SPACE/FAQ/Tides. It covers the following
+    areas:
+	- 2-D Example of Tidal Deformation
+	- Treatment of Tidal Fields in Practice
+	- Long term evolution of the Earth-Moon system under tides
+    The writeup refers to the following texts:
+	"Geophysical Geodesy" by K. Lambeck
+	"Tides of the planet Earth" by P. Melchior
+NEXT: FAQ #6/15 - Constants and equations for calculations
diff --git a/space/space_60.txt b/space/space_60.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7fc75962436c86aa81a1e03e9179cc2af7f35943
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_60.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+In article <1993Apr5.160550.7592@mksol.dseg.ti.com> mccall@mksol.dseg.ti.com (fred j mccall 575-3539) writes:
+>>Why can't the government just be a tennant?
+>I think this would be a great way to build it, but unfortunately
+>current spending rules don't permit it to be workable. 
+Actually, that is no longer true. In the last few years Congress has
+ammended laws to provide whatever is needed. Note that both Spacehab
+and Comet are funded this way.
+The problems aren't legal nor technical. The problem is NASA's culture.
+  Allen
+| Allen W. Sherzer | "A great man is one who does nothing but leaves        |
+|  aws@iti.org     |  nothing undone"                                       |
diff --git a/space/space_61.txt b/space/space_61.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0ba093821cc49f20527d3ff4ee3b0f47e6b71603
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_61.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
+Archive-name: space/diff
+(These are hand-edited context diffs; do not attempt to use them to patch
+old copies of the FAQ).
+diff -t -c -r1.18 FAQ.intro
+*** /tmp/,RCSt1a06400	Thu Apr  1 14:47:22 1993
+--- FAQ.intro	Thu Apr  1 14:46:55 1993
+		  NASA Langley (Technical Reports)
+		  NASA Spacelink
+		  National Space Science Data Center
+-		  Space And Planetary Image Facility
+		  Space Telescope Science Institute Electronic Info. Service
+		  Starcat
+		  Astronomical Databases
+	      LLNL "great exploration"
+	      Lunar Prospector
+	      Lunar science and activities
++	      Orbiting Earth satellite histories
+	      Spacecraft models
+	      Rocket propulsion
+	      Spacecraft design
+diff -t -c -r1.18 FAQ.net
+*** /tmp/,RCSt1a06405	Thu Apr  1 14:47:24 1993
+--- FAQ.net	Thu Apr  1 14:46:57 1993
+      elements are sent out on the list from Dr. Kelso, JSC, and other sources
+      as they are released. Email to elements-request@telesoft.com to join.
++     GPS Digest is a moderated list for discussion of the Global Positioning
++     System and other satellite navigation positioning systems. Email to
++     gps-request@esseye.si.com to join.
+      Space-investors is a list for information relevant to investing in
+      space-related companies. Email Vincent Cate (vac@cs.cmu.edu) to join.
+      1030. If in fact you should should learn of unauthorized access, contact
+      NASA personnel.
++     Claims have been made on this news group about fraud and waste. None
++     have ever been substantiated to any significant degree. Readers
++     detecting Fraud, Waste, Abuse, or Mismanagement should contact the NASA
++     Inspector General (24-hours) at 800-424-9183 (can be anonymous) or write
++	  Inspector General
++	  P.O. Box 23089
++	  L'enfant Plaza Station
++	  Washington DC 20024
+  NEXT: FAQ #3/15 - Online (and some offline) sources of images, data, etc.
+diff -t -c -r1.18 FAQ.data
+*** /tmp/,RCSt1a06410	Thu Apr  1 14:47:26 1993
+--- FAQ.data	Thu Apr  1 14:46:54 1993
+	  Telephone: (301) 286-6695
+	  Email address:   request@nssdca.gsfc.nasa.gov
+-     Available 24 hours a day via anonymous FTP from pioneer.unm.edu. Has
+-     approximately 150 CD-ROM's full of imagery, raw, and tabular data. To
+-     start, get the file:
+-	  pioneer.unm.edu:pub/info/beginner-info
+-     This will hopefully give you all of the information you need to get data
+-     from their machine. beginner-info has been translated to other
+-     languages, you should look inside pub/info for the particular language
+-     that meets your needs.
+-     Contact help@pioneer.unm.edu.
+diff -t -c -r1.18 FAQ.math
+*** /tmp/,RCSt1a06415	Thu Apr  1 14:47:28 1993
+--- FAQ.math	Thu Apr  1 14:46:56 1993
+	  Gives series to compute positions accurate to 1 arc minute for a
+	  period + or - 300 years from now. Pluto is included but stated to
+	  have an accuracy of only about 15 arc minutes.
++     _Multiyear Interactive Computer Almanac_ (MICA), produced by the US
++     Naval Observatory. Valid for years 1990-1999. $55 ($80 outside US).
++     Available for IBM (order #PB93-500163HDV) or Macintosh (order
++     #PB93-500155HDV). From the NTIS sales desk, (703)-487-4650. I believe
++     this is intended to replace the USNO's Interactive Computer Ephemeris.
+      _Interactive Computer Ephemeris_ (from the US Naval Observatory)
+      distributed on IBM-PC floppy disks, $35 (Willmann-Bell). Covers dates
+diff -t -c -r1.18 FAQ.references
+*** /tmp/,RCSt1a06420	Thu Apr  1 14:47:30 1993
+--- FAQ.references	Thu Apr  1 14:46:59 1993
+      US Naval Observatory
+	  202-653-1079 (USNO Bulletin Board via modem)
+	  202-653-1507 General
+-	  202-653-1545 Nautical Almanac Office (info on the Interactive
+-	      Computer Ephemeris)
+      Willmann-Bell
+      P.O. Box 35025
+      SDI's SSRT (Single Stage Rocket Technology) project has funded a
+      suborbital technology demonstrator called DC-X that should fly in
+      mid-1993. Further development towards an operational single-stage to
+!     orbit vehicle is uncertain at present; for considerably more detail on
+!     the SSRT program, get the document
+!	  ames.arc.nasa.gov:pub/SPACE/FAQ/DeltaClipper
+!     by anonymous FTP or through the email server.
+      Official names are decided by committees of the International
+      SDI's SSRT (Single Stage Rocket Technology) project has funded a
+      suborbital technology demonstrator called DC-X that should fly in
+      mid-1993. Further development towards an operational single-stage to
+!     orbit vehicle (called Delta Clipper) is uncertain at present.
+!     An collection of pictures and files relating to DC-X is available by
+!     anonymous FTP or email server in the directory
+!	  bongo.cc.utexas.edu:pub/delta-clipper
++     Chris W. Johnson (chrisj@emx.cc.utexas.edu) maintains the archive.
+      Official names are decided by committees of the International
+      University Press, 1970. Information about the Lunar Orbiter missions,
+      including maps of the coverage of the lunar nearside and farside by
+      various Orbiters.
++     A list of Earth orbiting satellites (that are still in orbit) is
++     available by anonymous FTP in:
++	  ames.arc.nasa.gov:pub/SPACE/FAQ/Satellites
+diff -t -c -r1.18 FAQ.addresses
+*** /tmp/,RCSt1a06435	Thu Apr  1 14:47:34 1993
+--- FAQ.addresses	Thu Apr  1 14:46:51 1993
+	  the latter, an SF 171 is useless. Employees are Caltech employees,
+	  contractors, and for the most part have similar responsibilities.
+	  They offer an alternative to funding after other NASA Centers.
++	  A fact sheet and description of JPL is available by anonymous
++	  FTP in
++	      ames.arc.nasa.gov:pub/SPACE/FAQ/JPLDescription
+      NASA Johnson Manned Space Center (JSC)
+      Houston, TX 77058
+diff -t -c -r1.18 FAQ.new_probes
+*** /tmp/,RCSt1a06450	Thu Apr  1 14:47:38 1993
+--- FAQ.new_probes	Thu Apr  1 14:46:58 1993
+      team, ISAS/NASDA launch schedules, press kits.
++     ASUKA (ASTRO-D) - ISAS (Japan) X-ray astronomy satellite, launched into
++     Earth orbit on 2/20/93. Equipped with large-area wide-wavelength (1-20
++     Angstrom) X-ray telescope, X-ray CCD cameras, and imaging gas
++     scintillation proportional counters.
+      CASSINI - Saturn orbiter and Titan atmosphere probe. Cassini is a joint
+      NASA/ESA project designed to accomplish an exploration of the Saturnian
+      system with its Cassini Saturn Orbiter and Huygens Titan Probe. Cassini
+      MAGELLAN - Venus radar mapping mission. Has mapped almost the entire
+!     surface at high resolution. Currently (11/92) in mapping cycle 4,
+!     collecting a global gravity map.
+      MARS OBSERVER - Mars orbiter including 1.5 m/pixel resolution camera.
+!     Launched 9/24/92 on a Titan III/TOS booster. MO is currently (3/93) in
+      transit to Mars, arriving on 8/24/93. Operations will start 11/93 for
+      one martian year (687 days).
+!     TOPEX/Poseidon - Joint US/French Earth observing satellite, launched in
+!     August 1992 on an Ariane 4 booster. The primary objective of the
+      TOPEX/POSEIDON project is to make precise and accurate global
+      observations of the sea level for several years, substantially
+      increasing understanding of global ocean dynamics. The satellite also
+      MAGELLAN - Venus radar mapping mission. Has mapped almost the entire
+!     surface at high resolution. Currently (4/93) collecting a global gravity
+!     map.
+      MARS OBSERVER - Mars orbiter including 1.5 m/pixel resolution camera.
+!     Launched 9/25/92 on a Titan III/TOS booster. MO is currently (4/93) in
+      transit to Mars, arriving on 8/24/93. Operations will start 11/93 for
+      one martian year (687 days).
+!     TOPEX/Poseidon - Joint US/French Earth observing satellite, launched
+!     8/10/92 on an Ariane 4 booster. The primary objective of the
+      TOPEX/POSEIDON project is to make precise and accurate global
+      observations of the sea level for several years, substantially
+      increasing understanding of global ocean dynamics. The satellite also
+diff -t -c -r1.18 FAQ.astronaut
+*** /tmp/,RCSt1a06465	Thu Apr  1 14:47:43 1993
+--- FAQ.astronaut	Thu Apr  1 14:46:52 1993
+      specific standards:
+	   Distant visual acuity:
+!		20/100 or better uncorrected,
+		correctable to 20/20, each eye.
+	   Blood pressure:
+		140/90 measured in sitting position.
+!     3. Height between 60 and 76 inches.
+      Pilot Astronaut Candidate:
+      specific standards:
+	   Distant visual acuity:
+!		20/150 or better uncorrected,
+		correctable to 20/20, each eye.
+	   Blood pressure:
+		140/90 measured in sitting position.
+!     3. Height between 58.5 and 76 inches.
+      Pilot Astronaut Candidate:
diff --git a/space/space_62.txt b/space/space_62.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..94a7784299d1c33ac42e29bde3afd306dfcf4a4d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_62.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+John Elson (jelson@rcnext.cso.uiuc.edu) wrote:
+: Has anyone ever heard of a food product called "Space Food Sticks?" 
+I remember those awful things.  They were dry and crumbly, and I
+recall asking my third-grade teacher, Miss G'Francisco, how they
+kept the crumbs from floating around in zero-G.  She had no clue.
+I have not seen anything like them in today's space program.
+Some Apollo technology is best forgotten.
+-- Ken Jenks, NASA/JSC/GM2, Space Shuttle Program Office
+      kjenks@gothamcity.jsc.nasa.gov  (713) 483-4368
diff --git a/space/space_63.txt b/space/space_63.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2f23a1a5ac525ccd603f103876288cb3764bef30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_63.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+In <1993Apr5.195215.16833@pixel.kodak.com> dj@ekcolor.ssd.kodak.com (Dave Jones) writes:
+>Keith Mancus (mancus@sweetpea.jsc.nasa.gov) wrote:
+>> Bruce_Dunn@mindlink.bc.ca (Bruce Dunn) writes:
+>> > SI neatly separates the concepts of "mass", "force" and "weight"
+>> > which have gotten horribly tangled up in the US system.
+>>   This is not a problem with English units.  A pound is defined to
+>> be a unit of force, period.  There is a perfectly good unit called
+>> the slug, which is the mass of an object weighing 32.2 lbs at sea level.
+>> (g = 32.2 ft/sec^2, of course.)
+>American Military English units, perhaps.  Us real English types were once 
+>taught that a pound is mass and a poundal is force (being that force that
+>causes 1 pound to accelerate at 1 ft.s-2).  We had a rare olde tyme doing 
+>our exams in those units and metric as well.
+American, perhaps, but nothing military about it.  I learned (mostly)
+slugs when we talked English units in high school physics and while
+the teacher was an ex-Navy fighter jock the book certainly wasn't
+produced by the military.
+[Poundals were just too flinking small and made the math come out
+funny; sort of the same reason proponents of SI give for using that.] 
+"Insisting on perfect safety is for people who don't have the balls to live
+ in the real world."   -- Mary Shafer, NASA Ames Dryden
+Fred.McCall@dseg.ti.com - I don't speak for others and they don't speak for me.
diff --git a/space/space_64.txt b/space/space_64.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..496e9080931318ecbfd236f012064c86c2bdb02c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_64.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+jgreen@trumpet.calpoly.edu (James Thomas Green) writes:
+>If they had beaten us, I speculate that the US would have gone
+>head and done some landings, but we also would have been more
+>determined to set up a base (both in Earth Orbit and on the
+>Moon).  Whether or not we would be on Mars by now would depend
+>upon whether the Soviets tried to go.  Setting up a lunar base
+>would have stretched the budgets of both nations and I think
+>that the military value of a lunar base would outweigh the value
+>of going to Mars (at least in the short run).  Thus we would
+>have concentrated on the moon.
+Great speculation - I remember being proud on behalf of all the free
+world (you think that way when you are seven years old) that we had
+got there first. Now I'm almost sorry that it worked out that way.
+I guess the soviets would have taken the victory seriously too, and
+would almost certainly not have fallen victim to the complacency that
+overtook the US program. Perhaps stretching to match US efforts would
+have destabilized them sooner than it did in fact - and in the tradition
+of Marvel Comics 'What If', this destabilization in the Brezhnev era might
+have triggered the third world war. Hmm, maybe it was a giant leap after all.
+Internet: pete@extro.su.oz.au          |         Accept Everything.            |
+UUCP: {uunet,mcvax}!munnari!extro!pete |         Reject Nothing.               |
diff --git a/space/space_65.txt b/space/space_65.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2206594197763e3030074bcacb47968e72b7d569
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_65.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+In <1993Apr2.150038.2521@cs.rochester.edu> dietz@cs.rochester.edu (Paul Dietz) writes:
+>In article <1993Apr1.204657.29451@mksol.dseg.ti.com> mccall@mksol.dseg.ti.com (fred j mccall 575-3539) writes:
+>>>This system would produce enough energy to drive the accelerator,
+>>>perhaps with some left over.  A very high power (100's of MW CW or
+>>>quasi CW), very sharp proton beam would be required, but this appears
+>>>achievable using a linear accelerator.  The biggest question mark
+>>>would be the lead target chemistry and the on-line processing of all
+>>>the elements being incinerated.
+>>Paul, quite frankly I'll believe that this is really going to work on
+>>the typical trash one needs to process when I see them put a couple
+>>tons in one end and get (relatively) clean material out the other end,
+>>plus be able to run it off its own residual power.  Sounds almost like
+>>perpetual motion, doesn't it?
+>Fred, the honest thing to do would be to admit your criticism on
+>scientific grounds was invalid, rather than pretend you were actually
+>talking about engineering feasibility.  Given you postings, I can't
+>say I am surprised, though.
+Well, pardon me for trying to continue the discussion rather than just
+tugging my forelock in dismay at having not considered actually trying
+to recover the energy from this process (which is at least trying to
+go the 'right' way on the energy curve).  Now, where *did* I put those
+sackcloth and ashes?
+[I was not and am not 'pretending' anything; I am *so* pleased you are
+not surprised, though.]
+>No, it is nothing like perpetual motion.  
+Note that I didn't say it was perpetual motion, or even that it
+sounded like perpetual motion; the phrase was "sounds almost like
+perpetual motion", which I, at least, consider a somewhat different
+propposition than the one you elect to criticize.  Perhaps I should
+beg your pardon for being *too* precise in my use of language?
+>The physics is well
+>understood; the energy comes from fission of actinides in subcritical
+>assemblies.  Folks have talked about spallation reactors since the
+>1950s.  Pulsed spallation neutron sources are in use today as research
+>tools.  Accelerator design has been improving, particularly with
+>superconducting accelerating cavities, which helps feasibility.  Los
+>Alamos has expertise in high current accelerators (LAMPF), so I
+>believe they know what they are talking about.
+I will believe that this process comes even close to approaching
+technological and economic feasibility (given the mixed nature of the
+trash that will have to be run through it as opposed to the costs of
+separating things first and having a different 'run' for each
+actinide) when I see them dump a few tons in one end and pull
+(relatively) clean material out the other.  Once the costs,
+technological risks, etc., are taken into account I still class this
+one with the idea of throwing waste into the sun.  Sure, it's possible
+and the physics are well understood, but is it really a reasonable
+approach? 
+And I still wonder at what sort of 'burning' rate you could get with
+something like this, as opposed to what kind of energy you would
+really recover as opposed to what it would cost to build and power
+with and without the energy recovery.  Are we talking ounces, pounds,
+or tons (grams, kilograms, or metric tons, for you SI fans) of
+material and are we talking days, weeks, months, or years (days,
+weeks, months or years, for you SI fans -- hmmm, still using a
+non-decimated time scale, I see  ;-))?
+>The real reason why accelerator breeders or incinerators are not being
+>built is that there isn't any reason to do so.  Natural uranium is
+>still too cheap, and geological disposal of actinides looks
+>technically reasonable.
+"Insisting on perfect safety is for people who don't have the balls to live
+ in the real world."   -- Mary Shafer, NASA Ames Dryden
+Fred.McCall@dseg.ti.com - I don't speak for others and they don't speak for me.
diff --git a/space/space_66.txt b/space/space_66.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1678f449b4b51e7945e2d7b6ed9d3cf6d412532f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_66.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+Here are some recent observations taken by the Hubble Space Telescope:
+     o The Faint Object Spectrograph (FOS) was used to make ultraviolet
+       observations of both the planet Pluto, and its moon Charon. The
+       peakups were successful. The observations were executed as
+       scheduled, and no problems were reported.
+     o Observations were made using the High Speed Photometer of the Planet
+       Uranus during an occultation by a faint star in Capricornus. These
+       observations will help in our understanding of the planet's
+       atmospheric radiative and dynamical processes. This event occurred
+       close to the last quarter moon, and special arrangements had to be
+       made to modify the lunar limit tests to allow these observations.
+       The observations are currently being reviewed, and all the
+       observations looked okay.
+    /_ /|  /____/ \  /_ /|     Ron Baalke         | baalke@kelvin.jpl.nasa.gov
+    | | | |  __ \ /| | | |     Jet Propulsion Lab |
+ ___| | | | |__) |/  | | |__   M/S 525-3684 Telos | Being cynical never helps 
+/___| | | |  ___/    | |/__ /| Pasadena, CA 91109 | to correct the situation 
+|_____|/  |_|/       |_____|/                     | and causes more aggravation
+                                                  | instead.
diff --git a/space/space_67.txt b/space/space_67.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dace7214412eb9b582fcfc979c963a0d128f5037
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_67.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+In <1pp6reINNonl@phantom.gatech.edu> matthew@phantom.gatech.edu (Matthew DeLuca) writes:
+>In article <841@rins.ryukoku.ac.jp> will@rins.ryukoku.ac.jp (William Reiken) writes:
+>>	Well this pretty much says it.  I have gotten alot of replys to this
+>>and it looks like oil is only on Earth.  So if those greedy little oil companys
+>>who obviously don't give **** about it uses up all the oil then that leaves us
+>>high a dry.
+>Greedy little oil companies?  Don't blame them; oil companies just supply the 
+>demand created by you, me, and just about everyone else on the planet.  If we
+>run out, its all our faults.
+He also ignores a few other things.  While organics would become
+significantly more expensive were all the oil to disappear (and thus
+some things would no longer be economically feasible), oil is hardly
+an irreplaceable resource any more than most other consumables.  As
+supply decreases, prices rise and alternatives become more
+competetive.  He also needs to consider that there has been an
+estimated 30 years of reserves pretty much as long as anyone has cared
+about petroleum; whatever the current usage rate is, we always seem to
+have about a 30 year reserve that we know about.
+[I'm not sure that last figure is still true -- we tend not to look as
+hard when prices are comparatively cheap -- but it was certainly true
+during hte 'oil crisis' days of the 70's.]
+"Insisting on perfect safety is for people who don't have the balls to live
+ in the real world."   -- Mary Shafer, NASA Ames Dryden
+Fred.McCall@dseg.ti.com - I don't speak for others and they don't speak for me.
diff --git a/space/space_68.txt b/space/space_68.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4da7e298a5d5831653bf0df20b1770838dd03854
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_68.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+In article <1qju0bINN10l@rave.larc.nasa.gov>, C.O.EGALON@LARC.NASA.GOV (CLAUDIO OLIVEIRA EGALON) writes:
+> There was a Science fiction movie sometime ago (I do not remember its 
+> name) about a planet in the same orbit of Earth but hidden behind the 
+> Sun so it could never be visible from Earth. 
+This was known as *Journey to the Far Side of the Sun* in the United
+States and as *Doppelganger* in the U.K.  It was produced by the great
+team of Gerry and Sylvia Anderson (whose science was usually a bit
+better than this).  It may have been their first production using live
+actors-- they were better known for their technophilic puppet shows,
+such as *Supercar*, *Stingray*, and *Thunderbirds*.  Later, they went
+on to do more live-action SF series: *UFO* and *Space: 1999*.
+The astronomy was lousy, but the lifting-body spacecraft, VTOL
+airliners, and mighty Portugese launch complex were *wonderful* to
+look at.
+Bill Higgins, Beam Jockey              | In a churchyard in the valley
+Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory  | Where the myrtle doth entwine
+Bitnet:           HIGGINS@FNAL.BITNET  | There grow roses and other posies
+Internet:       HIGGINS@FNAL.FNAL.GOV  | Fertilized by Clementine.
+SPAN/Hepnet:           43011::HIGGINS  |
diff --git a/space/space_69.txt b/space/space_69.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4858812195ea7019e4d6d1ae712ad5d6e2b3655f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_69.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Does anyone know ifthe STS-56 email press kit was ever released?
+-Tony Ryan, "Astronomy & Space", new International magazine, available from:
+              Astronomy Ireland, P.O.Box 2888, Dublin 1, Ireland.
+6 issues (one year sub.): UK 10.00 pounds, US$20 surface (add US$8 airmail).
+ACCESS/VISA/MASTERCARD accepted (give number, expiration date, name&address).
+   (WORLD'S LARGEST ASTRO. SOC. per capita - unless you know better? 0.033%)
+Tel: 0891-88-1950 (UK/N.Ireland) 1550-111-442 (Eire). Cost up to 48p per min
diff --git a/space/space_7.txt b/space/space_7.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5ad560e25ce66fc0865cf3ad406c51316a86ca7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_7.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+: henry@zoo.toronto.edu (Henry Spencer) writes:
+: >There is an emergency oxygen system that is capable of maintaining a
+: >breathable atmosphere in the cabin for long enough to come down, even
+: >if there is something like a 5cm hole in the wall that nobody tries
+: >to plug.
+Josh Hopkins (jbh55289@uxa.cso.uiuc.edu) replied:
+: Wow.
+: Double wow.  Can you land a shuttle with a 5cm hole in the wall?
+Personnally, I don't know, but I'd like to try it sometime.
+Programmatically, yes, we can land an Orbiter with a 5 cm hole in
+the wall -- provided that the thing which caused 5 cm hole didn't
+cause a Crit 1 failure on some of the internal systems.  There are
+a few places where a 5 cm hole would cause a Bad Day -- especially
+if the 5 cm hole went all the way through the Orbiter and out the
+other side, as could easily happen with a meteor strike.  But a
+hole in the pressure vessel would cause us to immediately de-orbit
+to the next available landing site.
+-- Ken Jenks, NASA/JSC/GM2, Space Shuttle Program Office
+      kjenks@gothamcity.jsc.nasa.gov  (713) 483-4368
+     "NASA turns dreams into realities and makes science fiction
+      into fact" -- Daniel S. Goldin, NASA Administrator
diff --git a/space/space_70.txt b/space/space_70.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3e1337c784238097e616a5cedf9c09bce7b937bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_70.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+Sterrenkundig symposium 'Compacte Objecten'
+                                             op 26 april 1993
+In het jaar 1643, zeven jaar na de oprichting van de
+Universiteit van Utrecht, benoemde de universiteit haar
+eerste sterrenkundige waarnemer. Hiermee ontstond de tweede
+universiteitssterrenwacht ter wereld. Aert Jansz, de eerste
+waarnemer, en zijn opvolgers voerden de Utrechtse sterrenkunde
+in de daaropvolgende jaren, decennia en eeuwen naar de
+voorhoede van het astronomisch onderzoek. Dit jaar is het 350
+jaar geleden dat deze historische benoeming plaatsvond.
+De huidige generatie Utrechtse sterrenkundigen en studenten
+sterrenkunde, verenigd in het Sterrekundig Instituut Utrecht,
+vieren de benoeming van hun 'oervader' middels een breed scala
+aan feestelijke activiteiten. Zo is er voor scholieren een
+planetenproject, programmeert de Studium Generale een aantal
+voordrachten met een sterrenkundig thema en wordt op de Dies
+Natalis aan een astronoom een eredoctoraat uitgereikt. Er
+staat echter meer op stapel.
+Studenten natuur- en sterrenkunde kunnen op 26 april aan een
+sterrenkundesymposium deelnemen. De onderwerpen van het
+symposium zijn opgebouwd rond een van de zwaartepunten van het
+huidige Utrechtse onderzoek: het onderzoek aan de zogeheten
+'compacte objecten', de eindstadia in de evolutie van sterren.
+Bij de samenstelling van het programma is getracht de
+deelnemer een zo aktueel en breed mogelijk beeld te geven van
+de stand van zaken in het onderzoek aan deze eindstadia. In de
+eerste, inleidende lezing zal dagvoorzitter prof. Lamers een
+beknopt overzicht geven van de evolutie van zware sterren,
+waarna de zeven overige sprekers in lezingen van telkens een
+half uur nader op de specifieke evolutionaire eindprodukten
+zullen ingaan. Na afloop van elke lezing is er gelegenheid tot
+het stellen van vragen. Het dagprogramma staat afgedrukt op
+een apart vel.
+Het niveau van de lezingen is afgestemd op tweedejaars
+studenten natuur- en sterrenkunde. OOK ANDERE BELANGSTELLENDEN
+Tijdens de lezing van prof. Kuijpers zullen, als alles goed
+gaat, de veertien radioteleskopen van de Radiosterrenwacht
+Westerbork worden ingezet om via een directe verbinding tussen
+het heelal, Westerbork en Utrecht het zwakke radiosignaal van
+een snel roterende kosmische vuurtoren, een zogeheten pulsar,
+in de symposiumzaal door te geven en te audiovisualiseren.
+Prof. Kuijpers zal de binnenkomende signalen (elkaar snel
+opvolgende scherp gepiekte pulsen radiostraling) bespreken en
+trachten te verklaren.
+Het slagen van dit unieke experiment staat en valt met de
+technische haalbaarheid ervan. De op te vangen signalen zijn
+namelijk zo zwak, dat pas na een waarnemingsperiode van 10
+miljoen jaar genoeg energie is opgevangen om een lamp van 30
+Watt een seconde te laten branden! Tijdens het symposium zal
+er niet zo lang gewacht hoeven te worden: de hedendaagse
+technologie stelt ons in staat live het heelal te beluisteren.
+Deelname aan het symposium kost f 4,- (exclusief lunch) en
+f 16,- (inclusief lunch). Inschrijving geschiedt door het
+verschuldigde bedrag over te maken op ABN-AMRO rekening
+44.46.97.713 t.n.v. stichting 350 JUS. Het gironummer van de
+ABN-AMRO bank Utrecht is 2900. Bij de inschrijving dient te
+worden aangegeven of men lid is van de NNV. Na inschrijving
+wordt de symposiummap toegestuurd. Bij inschrijving na
+31 maart vervalt de mogelijkheid een lunch te reserveren.
+Het symposium vindt plaats in Transitorium I,
+Universiteit Utrecht.
+Voor meer informatie over het symposium kan men terecht bij
+Henrik Spoon, p/a S.R.O.N., Sorbonnelaan 2, 3584 CA Utrecht.
+Tel.: 030-535722. E-mail: henriks@sron.ruu.nl.
+10:00   Opening
+           Prof. dr. H.J.G.L.M. Lamers (Utrecht)
+10:10   Dubbelster evolutie
+           Prof. dr. H.J.G.L.M. Lamers
+10:25   Radiopulsars
+           Prof. dr. J.M.E. Kuijpers (Utrecht)
+11:00   Pulsars in dubbelster systemen
+           Prof. dr. F. Verbunt (Utrecht)
+11:50   Massa & straal van neutronensterren
+           Prof. dr. J. van Paradijs (Amsterdam)
+12:25   Theorie van accretieschijven
+           Drs. R.F. van Oss (Utrecht)
+14:00   Hoe zien accretieschijven er werkelijk uit?
+           Dr. R.G.M. Rutten (Amsterdam)
+14:35   Snelle fluktuaties bij accretie op neutronensterren
+        en zwarte gaten
+           Dr. M. van der Klis (Amsterdam)
+15:30   Zwarte gaten: knippen en plakken met ruimte en tijd
+           Prof. dr. V. Icke (leiden)
+16:05   afsluiting
+Gert-Jan van Lochem	     \\		"What is it?"
+Fysische informatica	      \\	"Something blue"
+Universiteit Utrecht           \\	"Shapes, I need shapes!"
diff --git a/space/space_71.txt b/space/space_71.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ec6a00fbd428496fab1a7c3e538b3b2809ff3717
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_71.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+I need as much information about Cosmos 2238 and its rocket fragment (1993-
+018B) as possible. Both its purpose, launch date, location, in short,
+EVERYTHING! Can you help?
+-Tony Ryan, "Astronomy & Space", new International magazine, available from:
+              Astronomy Ireland, P.O.Box 2888, Dublin 1, Ireland.
+6 issues (one year sub.): UK 10.00 pounds, US$20 surface (add US$8 airmail).
+ACCESS/VISA/MASTERCARD accepted (give number, expiration date, name&address).
+   (WORLD'S LARGEST ASTRO. SOC. per capita - unless you know better? 0.033%)
+Tel: 0891-88-1950 (UK/N.Ireland) 1550-111-442 (Eire). Cost up to 48p per min
diff --git a/space/space_72.txt b/space/space_72.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..80ace29b285964ff15fe9eb8d5ab3dc1f6949a2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_72.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+In article <1993Apr6.061329.25582@den.mmc.com>, seale@possum.den.mmc.com (Eric H Seale) writes...
+>baalke@kelvin.jpl.nasa.gov (Ron Baalke) writes:
+>>According the IAU Circular #5744, Comet Shoemaker-Levy 1993e, may be
+>>temporarily in orbit around Jupiter.  The comet had apparently made a
+>>close flyby of Jupiter sometime in 1992 resulting in the breakup of the
+>>comet.
+>Ooooh -- who would have thought that Galileo would get the chance to
+>check out a comet TOO?!?
+Comet Gehrels 3, which was discovered in 1977, was determined to have
+been in a temporary Jovian orbit from 1970 to 1973.  Comet Shoemaker-Levy 1993e
+may remain in orbit around Jupiter long enough to allow Galileo to
+make some closeup observations.  The orbital trajectory for Comet
+Shoemaker-Levy is still being determined.
+    /_ /|  /____/ \  /_ /|     Ron Baalke         | baalke@kelvin.jpl.nasa.gov
+    | | | |  __ \ /| | | |     Jet Propulsion Lab |
+ ___| | | | |__) |/  | | |__   M/S 525-3684 Telos | Being cynical never helps 
+/___| | | |  ___/    | |/__ /| Pasadena, CA 91109 | to correct the situation 
+|_____|/  |_|/       |_____|/                     | and causes more aggravation
+                                                  | instead.
diff --git a/space/space_73.txt b/space/space_73.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b56f45e980946a6116736ee5a76e27c370e0dabe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_73.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,258 @@
+Archive-name: space/intro
+Last-modified: $Date: 93/04/01 14:39:10 $
+    This series of linked messages is periodically posted to the Usenet
+groups sci.space and sci.astro in an attempt to provide good answers to
+frequently asked questions and other reference material which is worth
+preserving. If you have corrections or answers to other frequently asked
+questions that you would like included in this posting, send email to
+leech@cs.unc.edu (Jon Leech).
+    If you don't want to see the FAQ, add 'Frequently Asked Questions' to
+your KILL file for this group (if you're not reading this with a newsreader
+that can kill articles by subject, you're out of luck).
+    The FAQ volume is excessive right now and will hopefully be trimmed down
+by rewriting and condensing over time. The FAQ postings are available in
+the Ames SPACE archive in FAQ/faq<#>.
+    Good summaries will be accepted in place of the answers given here. The
+point of this is to circulate existing information, and avoid rehashing old
+answers. Better to build on top than start again. Nothing more depressing
+than rehashing old topics for the 100th time. References are provided
+because they give more complete information than any short generalization.
+    Questions fall into three basic types:
+    1) Where do I find some information about space?
+    Try your local public library first. The net is not a good place to ask
+    for general information. Ask INDIVIDUALS (by email) if you must. There
+    are other sources, use them, too. The net is a place for open ended
+    discussion.
+    2) I have an idea which would improve space flight?
+    Hope you aren't surprised, but 9,999 out of 10,000 have usually been
+    thought of before. Again, contact a direct individual source for
+    evaluation. NASA fields thousands of these each day.
+    3) Miscellanous queries.
+    These are addressed on a case-by-case basis in the following series of
+    FAQ postings.
+    Read news.announce.newusers if you're on Usenet.
+    Minimize cross references, [Do you REALLY NEED to?]
+    Edit "Subject:" lines, especially if you're taking a tangent.
+    Send mail instead, avoid posting follow ups. (1 mail message worth
+	100 posts).
+    Internet mail readers: send requests to add/drop to SPACE-REQUEST
+	not SPACE.
+    Read all available articles before posting a follow-up. (Check all
+	references.)
+    Cut down attributed articles (leave only the points you're
+	responding to; remove signatures and headers). Summarize!
+    Put a return address in the body (signature) of your message (mail
+	or article), state your institution, etc. Don't assume the
+	'reply' function of mailers will work.
+    Use absolute dates. Post in a timely way. Don't post what everyone
+	will get on TV anyway.
+    Some editors and window systems do character count line wrapping:
+	keep lines under 80 characters for those using ASCII terminals
+	(use carriage returns).
+    I've attempted to break the postings up into related areas. There isn't
+    a keyword index yet; the following lists the major subject areas in each
+    posting. Only those containing astronomy-related material are posted to
+    sci.astro (indicated by '*' following the posting number).
+    #	Contents
+    1*	Introduction
+	    Suggestions for better netiquette
+	    Index to linked postings
+	    Notes on addresses, phone numbers, etc.
+	    Contributors
+    2*	Network resources
+	    Overview
+	    Mailing lists
+	    Periodically updated information
+	    Warning about non-public networks
+    3*	Online (and some offline) sources of images, data, etc.
+	    Introduction
+	    Viewing Images
+	    Online Archives
+		NASA Ames
+		NASA Astrophysics Data System
+		NASA Jet Propulsion Lab (Mission Information and Images)
+		NASA Langley (Technical Reports)
+		NASA Spacelink
+		National Space Science Data Center
+		Space Telescope Science Institute Electronic Info. Service
+		Starcat
+		Astronomical Databases
+		Astronomy Programs
+		Orbital Element Sets
+		SPACE Digest
+	    Landsat & NASA Photos
+	    Planetary Maps
+	    Cometary Orbits
+    4*	Performing calculations and interpreting data formats
+	    Computing spacecraft orbits and trajectories
+	    Computing planetary positions
+	    Computing crater diameters from Earth-impacting asteroids
+	    Map projections and spherical trignometry
+	    Performing N-body simulations efficiently
+	    Interpreting the FITS image format
+	    Sky (Unix ephemeris program)
+	    Three-dimensional star/galaxy coordinates
+    5*	References on specific areas
+	    Publishers of space/astronomy material
+	    Careers in the space industry
+	    DC-X single-stage to orbit (SSTO) program
+	    How to name a star after a person
+	    LLNL "great exploration"
+	    Lunar Prospector
+	    Lunar science and activities
+	    Orbiting Earth satellite histories
+	    Spacecraft models
+	    Rocket propulsion
+	    Spacecraft design
+	    Esoteric propulsion schemes (solar sails, lasers, fusion...)
+	    Spy satellites
+	    Space shuttle computer systems
+	    SETI computation (signal processing)
+	    Amateur satellies & weather satellites
+	    Tides
+    6*	Constants and equations for calculations
+    7*	Astronomical Mnemonics
+    8	Contacting NASA, ESA, and other space agencies/companies
+	    NASA Centers / Arianespace / ESA / NASDA / Soyuzkarta / Space
+		Camp / Space Commerce Corporation / Spacehab / SPOT Image
+	    Other commercial space businesses
+    9	Space shuttle answers, launch schedules, TV coverage
+	    Shuttle launchings and landings; schedules and how to see them
+	    Why does the shuttle roll just after liftoff?
+	    How to receive the NASA TV channel, NASA SELECT
+	    Amateur radio frequencies for shuttle missions
+	    Solid Rocket Booster fuel composition
+    10	Planetary probes - Historical Missions
+	    US planetary missions
+	    Mariner (Venus, Mars, & Mercury flybys and orbiters)
+	    Pioneer (Moon, Sun, Venus, Jupiter, and Saturn flybys and orbiters)
+	    Ranger (Lunar lander and impact missions)
+	    Lunar Orbiter (Lunar surface photography)
+	    Surveyor (Lunar soft landers)
+	    Viking (Mars orbiters and landers)
+	    Voyager (Outer planet flybys)
+	    Soviet planetary missions
+	    Soviet Lunar probes
+	    Soviet Venus probes
+	    Soviet Mars probes
+	    Japanese planetary missions
+	    Planetary mission references
+    11	Upcoming planetary probes - missions and schedules
+	    Cassini
+	    Galileo
+	    Magellan
+	    Mars Observer
+	    TOPEX/Poseidon
+	    Ulysses
+	    Other space science missions
+	    Proposed missions
+    12	Controversial questions
+	    What happened to the Saturn V plans
+	    Why data from space missions isn't immediately available
+	    Risks of nuclear (RTG) power sources for space probes
+	    Impact of the space shuttle on the ozone layer
+	    How long can a human live unprotected in space
+	    How the Challenger astronauts died
+	    Using the shuttle beyond Low Earth Orbit
+	    The "Face on Mars"
+    13	Space activist/interest/research groups and space publications
+	    Groups
+	    Publications
+	    Undocumented Groups
+    14	How to become an astronaut
+    15	Orbital and Planetary Launch Services
+    Unless otherwise specified, telephone numbers, addresses, and so on are
+    for the United States of America. Non-US readers should remember to add
+    the country code for telephone calls, etc.
+    Eugene Miya started a series of linked FAQ postings some years ago which
+    inspired (and was largely absorbed into) this set.
+    Peter Yee and Ron Baalke have and continue to spend a lot of their own
+    time setting up the SPACE archives at NASA Ames and forwarding official
+    NASA announcements.
+    Many other people have contributed material to this list in the form of
+    old postings to sci.space and sci.astro which I've edited. Please let me
+    know if corrections need to be made. Contributors I've managed to keep
+    track of are:
+    0004847546@mcimail.com (Francis Reddy)	- map projections
+    ad038@yfn.ysu.edu (Steven Fisk)		- publication refs.
+    akerman@bill.phy.queensu.CA (Richard Akerman)   - crater diameters
+    alweigel@athena.mit.edu (Lisa Weigel)	- SEDS info
+    aoab314@emx.utexas.edu (Srinivas Bettadpur) - tides
+    awpaeth@watcgl.waterloo.edu (Alan Wm Paeth) - map projections
+    aws@iti.org (Allen W. Sherzer)		- Great Exploration
+    baalke@kelvin.jpl.nasa.gov (Ron Baalke)	- planetary probe schedules
+    bankst@rata.vuw.ac.nz (Timothy Banks)	- map projections,
+	variable star analysis archive
+    bern@uni-trier.de (Jochen Bern)		- German mnemonic translation
+    brosen@pioneer.arc.nasa.gov (Bernie Rosen)	- Space Camp
+    bschlesinger@nssdca.gsfc.nasa.gov (Barry Schlesinger)   - FITS format
+    cew@venera.isi.edu (Craig E. Ward)		- space group contact info
+    chapin@cbnewsc.att.com (Tom Chapin)		- planetary positions
+    cunnida@tenet.edu (D. Alan Cunningham)	- NASA Spacelink
+    cyamamot@kilroy.Jpl.Nasa.Gov (Cliff Yamamoto) - orbital elements
+    datri@convex.com (Anthony Datri)		- PDS/VICAR viewing software
+    daver@sjc.mentorg.com (Dave Rickel)		- orbit formulae
+    dlbres10@pc.usl.edu (Phil Fraering)		- propulsion
+    eder@hsvaic.boeing.com (Dani Eder)		- Saturn V plans, SRBs
+    eugene@eos.arc.nasa.gov (Eugene N. Miya)	- introduction,
+	NASA contact info, started FAQ postings
+    french@isu.isunet.edu (Patrick M. French)	- space group contact info
+    g@telesoft.com (Gary Morris)		- amateur radio info
+    gaetz@cfa.harvard.edu (Terry Gaetz)		- N-body calculations,
+	orbital dynamics
+    grandi@noao.edu (Steve Grandi)		- planetary positions
+    greer%utd201.dnet%utadnx@utspan.span.nasa.gov (Dale M. Greer)   - constants
+    henry@zoo.toronto.edu (Henry Spencer)	- survival in vacuum,
+	astronaut how-to, Challenger disaster, publication refs, DC-X
+    higgins@fnal.bitnet (William Higgins)	- RTGs, publishers,
+	shuttle landings, spysats, propulsion, "Face on Mars"
+    hmueller@cssun.tamu.edu (Hal Mueller)	- map projections,
+	orbital dynamics
+    jbh55289@uxa.cso.uiuc.edu (Josh Hopkins)	- launch services
+    jim@pnet01.cts.com (Jim Bowery)		- propulsion, launch services
+    jnhead@pirl.lpl.arizona.edu (James N. Head) - atmospheric scale heights
+    jscotti@lpl.arizona.edu (Jim Scotti)	- planetary positions
+    kcarroll@zoo.toronto.edu (Kieran A. Carroll)- refs for spacecraft design
+    ken@orion.bitnet (Kenneth Ng)		- RTGs
+    kjenks@gothamcity.jsc.nasa.gov (Ken Jenks)	- shuttle roll manuever
+    klaes@verga.enet.dec.com (Larry Klaes)	- planetary probe history
+    leech@cs.unc.edu (Jon Leech)		- crater diameters
+    lfa@ssi.com (Lou Adornato)			- orbital dynamics
+    maury.markowitz@egsgate.fidonet.org (Maury Markowitz)   - propulsion
+    max@west.darkside.com (Erik Max Francis)	- equations
+    mbellon@mcdurb.Urbana.Gould.COM		- N-body calculations
+    mcconley@phoenix.Princeton.edu (Marc Wayne Mcconley)    - space careers
+    msb@sq.com (Mark Brader)			- Mariner 1 info.
+    mwm@cmu.edu (Mark Maimone)			- SPACE Digest
+    nickw@syma.sussex.ac.uk (Dr. Nick Watkins)	- models, spysats
+    ohainaut@eso.org (Olivier R. Hainaut)	- publishers, STARCAT
+    oneil@aio.jsc.nasa.gov (Graham O'Neil)	- Lunar Prospector
+    panama@cup.portal.com (Kenneth W Durham)	- cometary orbits, IAU
+    paul.blase@nss.fidonet.org (Paul Blase)	- propulsion
+    pjs@plato.jpl.nasa.gov (Peter Scott)	- RTGs
+    pschleck@unomaha.edu (Paul W. Schleck)	- AMSAT, ARRL contact info
+    rdb@mel.cocam.oz.au (Rodney Brown)		- propulsion refs
+    rja7m@phil.cs.virginia.edu (Ran Atkinson)	- FTPable astro. programs
+    rjungcla@ihlpb.att.com (R. Michael Jungclas)- models
+    roelle@sigi.jhuapl.edu (Curt Roelle)	- German mnemonic translation
+    seal@leonardo.jpl.nasa.gov (David Seal)	- Cassini mission schedule
+    shafer@skipper.dfrf.nasa.gov (Mary Shafer)	- photos, shuttle landings
+    smith@sndpit.enet.dec.com (Willie Smith)	- photos
+    stephen@gpwd.gp.co.nz (Stephen Dixon)	- shuttle audio frequencies
+    sterner@warper.jhuapl.edu (Ray Sterner)	- planetary positions
+    stooke@vaxr.sscl.uwo.ca (Phil Stooke)	- planetary maps
+    ted_anderson@transarc.com (Ted Anderson)	- propulsion
+    terry@astro.as.utexas.edu (Terry Hancock)	- NASA center info
+    thorson@typhoon.atmos.coloState.edu (Bill Thorson) - FITS info
+    tm2b+@andrew.cmu.edu (Todd L. Masco)	- SPACE Digest
+    tom@ssd.csd.harris.com (Tom Horsley)	- refs for algorithms
+    veikko.makela@helsinki.fi (Veikko Makela)	- orbital element sets
+    Wales.Larrison@ofa123.fidonet.org (Wales Larrison) - groups & publications
+    wayne@csri.utoronto.ca (Wayne Hayes)	- constants
+    weemba@libra.wistar.upenn.edu (Matthew P Wiener) - Voyager history
+    yamada@yscvax.ysc.go.jp (Yoshiro Yamada)	- ISAS/NASDA missions
+    yee@ames.arc.nasa.gov (Peter Yee)		- AMES archive server,
+	propulsion
+    In Net memoriam:
+	Ted Flinn
+NEXT: FAQ #2/15 - Network Resources
diff --git a/space/space_74.txt b/space/space_74.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7486fe38d69caca495ad9205fe99710b819dcdad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_74.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+        Hi Folks not exactly certain if this is the best place to ask, but I am
+searching for a summer internship in engineering.  I will be graduating in early
+ May with a B.S. in aerospace engineering and then pursuing my Masters this Fall
+.Does anyone know of anything that is available, I am in the process of applyi
+ng to some of the larger companies (ie. MacDac, Martin Marietta, Lockheed.  If a
+nyone knows of anything I would appreciate it if you could mail it to me.
+Thanks in advance
+Mark Smilor
+msmilor@skat.usc.edu
+or
+smilor@aludra.usc.edu
diff --git a/space/space_75.txt b/space/space_75.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2e7e0e52df147b0a50620649a306c82fc740fbea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_75.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+In article <1pr5u2$t0b@agate.berkeley.edu> ghelf@violet.berkeley.edu (;;;;RD48) writes:
+> I had spacefood sticks just about every morning for breakfast in
+> first and second grade (69-70, 70-71).  They came in Chocolate,
+> strawberry, and peanut butter and were cylinders about 10cm long
+> and 1cm in diameter wrapped in yellow space foil (well, it seemed
+> like space foil at the time).  
+Wasn't there a "plain" flavor too?  They looked more like some
+kind of extruded industrial product than food -- perfectly
+smooth cylinders with perfectly smooth ends.  Kinda scary.
+> The taste is hard to describe, although I remember it fondly.  It was
+> most certainly more "candy" than say a modern "Power Bar."  Sort of
+> a toffee injected with vitamins.  The chocolate Power Bar is a rough
+> approximation of the taste.  Strawberry sucked.
+An other post described it as like a "microwaved Tootsie Roll" --
+which captures the texture pretty well.  As for taste, they were
+like candy, only not very sweet -- does that make sense? I recall
+liking them for their texture, not taste. I guess I have well
+developed texture buds.
+> Man, these were my "60's."
+It was obligatory to eat a few while watching "Captain Scarlet".
+Does anybody else remember _that_, as long as we're off the
+topic of space?
+Shag
+       Rob Unverzagt        |
+  shag@aerospace.aero.org   |       Tuesday is soylent green day.
+unverzagt@courier2.aero.org | 
diff --git a/space/space_76.txt b/space/space_76.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8d00a3567992ed1f68e7b1a4799bb6112cb33a51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_76.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+In article <C50z77.EE6@news.cso.uiuc.edu>, jelson@rcnext.cso.uiuc.edu (John Elson) writes:
+>Has anyone ever heard of a food product called "Space Food Sticks?" This
+>was apparently created/marketed around the time of the lunar expeditions, along
+>with "Tang" and other dehydrated foods. I have spoken with several people
+>who have eaten these before, and they described them as a dehydrated candy. 
+>Any information would be greatly appreciated. 
+A freeze dried Tootsie Roll (tm).  The actual taste sensation was like nothing
+you will ever willingly experience.  The amazing thing was that we ate a second
+one, and a third and ....
+I doubt that they actually flew on missions, as I'm certain they did "bad
+things" to the gastrointestinal tract.  Compared to Space Food Sticks, Tang was
+a gastronomic contribution to mankind.
+Dillon Pyron                      | The opinions expressed are those of the
+TI/DSEG Lewisville VAX Support    | sender unless otherwise stated.
+(214)462-3556 (when I'm here)     |
+(214)492-4656 (when I'm home)     |God gave us weather so we wouldn't complain
+pyron@skndiv.dseg.ti.com          |about other things.
+PS. I don't think Tang flew, either.  Although it was developed under contract.
diff --git a/space/space_77.txt b/space/space_77.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..267752d26658a454ee87229a311ed87e685d20c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_77.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+In <1993Apr3.233154.7045@Princeton.EDU> lije@cognito.Princeton.EDU (Elijah Millgram) writes:
+>A friend of mine and I were wondering where the expression "pushing
+>the envelope" comes from.  Anyone out there know?
+Every aircraft has flight constraints for speed/AOA/power.  When
+graphed, these define the 'flight envelope' of that aircraft,
+presumably so named because the graphed line encloses (envelopes) the
+area on the graph that represents conditions where the aircraft
+doesn't fall out of the sky.  Hence, 'pushing the envelope' becomes
+'operating at (or beyond) the edge of the flight (or operational)
+envelope'. 
+Note that the envelope isn't precisely known until someone actually
+flies the airplane in those regions -- up to that point, all there are
+are the theoretical predictions.  Hence, one of the things test pilots
+do for a living is 'push the envelope' to find out how close the
+correspondence between the paper airplane and the metal one is -- in
+essence, 'pushing back' the edges of the theoretical envelope to where
+the airplane actually starts to fail to fly.  Note, too, that this is
+done is a quite calculated and careful way; flight tests are generally
+carefully coreographed and just what is going to be 'pushed' and how
+far is precisely planned (despite occasional deviations from plans,
+such as the 'early' first flight of the F-16 during its high-speed
+taxi tests).
+I'm sure Mary can tell you everything you ever wanted to know about
+this process (and then some).
+"Insisting on perfect safety is for people who don't have the balls to live
+ in the real world."   -- Mary Shafer, NASA Ames Dryden
+Fred.McCall@dseg.ti.com - I don't speak for others and they don't speak for me.
diff --git a/space/space_78.txt b/space/space_78.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..32c5e6fe71d92cf804b7b43cfb52f562fd6d2456
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_78.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+Archive-name: space/launchers
+Last-modified: $Date: 93/04/01 14:39:11 $
+The following data comes from _International Reference Guide to Space Launch
+Systems_ by Steven J. Isakowitz, 1991 edition.
+Notes:
+    * Unless otherwise specified, LEO and polar paylaods are for a 100 nm
+	orbit.
+    * Reliablity data includes launches through Dec, 1990. Reliabity for a
+	familiy of vehicles includes launches by types no longer built when
+	applicable
+    * Prices are in millions of 1990 $US and are subject to change.
+    * Only operational vehicle families are included. Individual vehicles
+	which have not yet flown are marked by an asterisk (*) If a vehicle
+	had first launch after publication of my data, it may still be
+	marked with an asterisk.
+Vehicle        |     Payload  kg  (lbs)   | Reliability | Price | Launch Site
+(nation)       |  LEO	   Polar    GTO   |		|	| (Lat. & Long.)
+Ariane					    35/40  87.5%	  Kourou
+Atlas					   213/245 86.9%	 Cape Canaveral
+  Atlas E	 --	   820	     --     15/17	  $45m	 Vandeberg AFB
+  Atlas I	5,580	  4,670    2,250    1/1		  $70m
+  Atlas II	6,395	  5,400    2,680    0/0		  $75m
+  Atlas IIA	6,760	  5,715    2,810    0/0		  $85m
+* Atlas IIAS	8,390	  6,805    3,490    0/0		  $115m
+Delta					   189/201 94.0%	 Cape Canaveral
+(USA)								 Vandenberg AFB
+  Delta 6925	3,900	  2,950    1,450   14/14	  $45m
+  Delta 7925	5,045	  3,830    1,820    1/1		  $50m
+Energia					    2/2  100%		 Baikonur
+(Russia)							 (45.6 N 63.4 E)
+  Energia      88,000	 80,000     ???     2/2		  $110m
+H series				    22/22 100%		 Tangeshima
+(Japan)								(30.2 N 130.6 E)
+Kosmos					   371/377 98.4%	 Plestek
+(Russia)							 (62.8 N 40.1 E)
+  Kosmos      1100 - 1350  (2300 - 3000)		 $???	 Kapustin Yar
+	      [400 km orbit ??? inclination]			 (48.4 N 45.8 E)
+Long March				    23/25 92.0%		 Jiquan SLC
+(China)								 (41 N	100 E)
+* CZ-1D		 720	  ???	    200     0/0		  $10m	 Xichang SLC
+								 Taiyuan SLC
+Pegasus/Taurus				    2/2   100%		Peg:  B-52/L1011
+(USA)								Taur: Canaveral
+  Pegasus	 455	   365	    125     2/2		  $10m	  or Vandenberg
+* Taurus	1,450	  1,180     375     0/0		  $15m
+Proton					   164/187 87.7%	 Baikonour
+(Russia)
+  Proton       20,000	   ???	   5,500   164/187	  $35-70m
+SCOUT					    99/113 87.6%	Vandenberg AFB
+(USA)								Wallops FF
+		(600)	  (460)    (120)			San Marco
+* Enhanced SCOUT 525	   372	   110	    0/0		  $15m
+Shavit					    2/2   100%		Palmachim AFB
+(Israel)							( ~31 N)
+  Shavit	 ???	   160	   ???	    2/2		  $22m
+Space Shuttle				    37/38  97.4%	Kennedy Space
+(USA)								Center
+  Shuttle/SRB  23,500	   ???	   5,900    37/38	  $248m (28.5 N 81.0 W)
+* Shuttle/ASRM 27,100	   ???	   ???	    0/0
+SLV					    2/6    33.3%	SHAR Center
+(India)       (400km)  (900km polar)				(13.9 N 80.4 E)
+Titan					    160/172 93.0%	Cape Canaveral
+(USA)								Vandenberg
+  Titan II	 ???	  1,905     ???     2/2		   $43m
+  Titan III    14,515	  ???	   5,000    2/3		   $140m
+  Titan IV/SRM 17,700	 14,100    6,350    3/3		   $154m-$227m
+ Titan IV/SRMU 21,640	 18,600    8,620    0/0		   $???m
+Vostok					    1358/1401 96.9%	Baikonur
+(Russia)		 [650km]				Plesetsk
+  Vostok	4,730	  1,840     ???     ?/149	   $14m
+  Soyuz		7,000	   ???	    ???     ?/944	   $15m
+  Molniya	1500kg (3300 lbs) in	    ?/258	   $???M
+		Highly eliptical orbit
+Zenit					    12/13  92.3%	Baikonur
+(Russia)
+  Zenit        13,740	 11,380    4,300    12/13	   $65m
diff --git a/space/space_79.txt b/space/space_79.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bf7990f765d59df6a87d8eb4ba9e70a1daa12be3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_79.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+Archive-name: space/mnemonics
+Last-modified: $Date: 93/04/01 14:39:14 $
+ASTRONOMICAL MNEMONICS (This is the last FAQ section posted to sci.astro)
+    Gathered from various flurries of mnemonic postings on sci.astro.
+    Spectral classification sequence: O B A F G K M R N S
+	Oh Be A Fine Girl Kiss Me Right Now, Sweetheart. (a classic)
+	O'Dell's Big Astronomical Fiasco Gonna Kill Me Right Now Surely
+	Obese Balding Astronomy Found Guilty; Killed Many Reluctant
+	    Nonscience Students.
+	Octopus Brains, A Favorite Gastronomical Kitchen Menu,
+	    Requires No Sauce
+	Odd Ball Astronomers Find Generally Kooky Mnemonics
+	    Really Nifty Stuff
+	Oh Big And Ferocious Gorilla, Kill My Roomate Next Saturday
+	Oh Boy, A Flash! Godzilla Kills Mothra! Really Not Surprising!
+	Oh Boy, An F Grade Kills Me
+	On Bad Afternoons Fermented Grapes Keep Mrs. Richard Nixon Smiling
+	On, Backward Astronomer, Forget Geocentricity; Kepler's Motions
+	    Reveal Nature's Simplicity
+	Our Bad Astronomy Faculty Gets Killed Monday
+	Oven Baked Ants, Fried Gently, Kept Moist, Retain Natural Succulence
+	Overseas Broadcast: A Flash!  Godzilla kills Mothra!
+	    (Rodan Named Successor)
+	Overweight Boys and Fat Girls Keep Munching
+	Only Bored Astronomers Find Gratification Knowing Mnemonics
+	Oh Bloody Astronomy!  F Grades Kill Me
+    Order of the planets:
+	Sun
+	Mercury
+	Venus
+	Earth (Terra)
+	Mars
+	(Asteroids)
+	Jupiter
+	Saturn
+	Uranus
+	Neptune
+	Pluto
+	My Very Earnest Mother Just Served Us Nine Pizzas
+	Mother Very Thoughtfully Made A Jelly Sandwich Under No Protest
+	My Very Erotic Mate Joyfully Satisfies Unusual Needs Passionately
+	Men Very Easily Make Jugs Serve Useful Nocturnal Purposes
+	Man Very Early Made A Jug Serve Useful Noble Purposes
+	My Very Educated Mother Just Showed Us Nine Planets
+	My Very Eager Mother Just Showed Us Nine Planets
+	My Very Exhausted Mother hAs Just Swept Up a Planetary Nebula
+	Most Voters Earn Money Just Showing Up Near Polls
+	My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Nine Pizza-pies
+	Many Viscious Elephants Made John, Suzy and Uncle Need Protection
+	Solar Mass Very Easily Makes All Jupiter's Satellites Undergo
+	    Numerous Perturbations.
+	Mein Vater erklaert mir jeden Sonntag unsere niedlichen Planeten
+	    (My Father explains to me every Sunday our nine planets)
+	Man verachte einen Menschen in seinem Unglueck nie -- Punkt
+	    (Never scorn/despise a person in his misfortune/bad luck/misery
+		-- period!)
+    Colors of the spectrum: Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo Violet
+	ROY G. BIV  (pronounce as a man's name)
+	Richard Of York Gave Battle In Vain
+	Read Out Your Good Book In Verse
+    Galilean Satellite of Jupiter: Io Europa Ganymede Callisto
+	I Expect God Cries
+	I Eat Green Cheese
+	I Embarrass Good Christians
+	Ich erschrecke all guten Christen
+	    (I scare all good Christians)
+    Saturnian Satellites
+	Miriam's Enchiladas Taste Divine Recently. Tell Her I'm Proud.
+	(Mimas, Enceladus, Tethys, Dione, Rhea, Titan, Hyperion,
+	    Iapetus, Phoebe)
+    Uranian Satellites:
+	Mispronunciations Afflict Uranus Too Often
+	My Angel Uriel Takes Opium
+	(Miranda, Ariel, Umbriel, Titania, Oberon)
+NOTE: the remaining FAQ sections do not appear in sci.astro, as they cover
+    material of relevance only to sci.space.
+NEXT: FAQ #8/15 - Contacting NASA, ESA, and other space agencies/companies
diff --git a/space/space_8.txt b/space/space_8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..970228989c7903b825afe5a4dc9b33b893801147
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+nanderso@Endor.sim.es.com (Norman Anderson) writes:
+>jmcocker@eos.ncsu.edu (Mitch) writes:
+>>effect that one of the SSRBs that was recovered after the
+>>recent space shuttle launch was found to have a wrench of
+>>some sort rattling around apparently inside the case.
+>I heard a similar statement in our local news (UTAH) tonight. They referred
+>to the tool as "...the PLIERS that took a ride into space...". They also
+>said that a Thiokol (sp?) employee had reported missing a tool of some kind
+>during assembly of one SRB.
+I assume, then, that someone at Thiokol put on their "manager's hat" and said
+that pissing off the customer by delaying shipment of the SRB to look inside
+it was a bad idea, regardless of where that tool might have ended up.
+Why do I get the feeling that Thiokol "manager's hats" are shaped like cones?
diff --git a/space/space_80.txt b/space/space_80.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fd3fbb4a62adbe1476f1edafe7076cf4a57fa7fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_80.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+Comet P/Helin-Roman-Crockett also spent some time as a temporary
+satellite to Jupiter a few years ago if you believe the calculations
+by Tancredi, G., Lindgren, M. and  Rickman, H.(Astron. Astrophys., 
+|  Mats Lindgren             |  Mats.Lindgren@astro.uu.se   |
+|  Astronomical Observatory  |  21619::laban::ml            |
+|  Box 515                   |                              |
+|  751 20 Uppsala            |  Phone (+46) (0)18 51 35 22  |
+|  Sweden                    |  Fax               52 75 83  |
diff --git a/space/space_81.txt b/space/space_81.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5e125cc9037f0da8820f90fd51be1a0be6909a78
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_81.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+In article <93089.204431GRV101@psuvm.psu.edu> Callec Dradja <GRV101@psuvm.psu.edu> writes:
+>I am a bit nervous about posting this beacause it is begining to
+>stray fron the topic of space but then again that doesn't seem to
+>stop alot of other people. :-)
+>With all of this talk about breathing at high pressures, I began
+>to think about the movie Abyss. If you remember, in that movie one
+>of the characters dove to great depths by wearing a suit that used
+>a fluid that carries oxegen as opposed to some sort of gas. Now I
+>have heard that mice can breath this fluid but for some reason, humans
+>are unable to. Does anyone know more details about this?
+>Gregson Vaux
+I believe the reason is that the lung diaphram gets too tired to pump
+the liquid in and out and simply stops breathing after 2-3 minutes.
+So if your in the vehicle ready to go they better not put you on 
+hold, or else!! That's about it. Remember a liquid is several more times
+as dense as a gas by its very nature. ~10 I think, depending on the gas
+and liquid comparision of course!
+Acurist
diff --git a/space/space_82.txt b/space/space_82.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..86acbdb8a859336eba9fd622cf9f702d46af241b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_82.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+In article <1993Apr06.020021.186145@zeus.calpoly.edu> jgreen@trumpet.calpoly.edu (James Thomas Green) writes:
+>Suppose the Soviets had managed to get their moon rocket working
+>and had made it first.  They could have beaten us if either:
+>* Their rocket hadn't blown up on the pad thus setting them back,
+>and/or
+>* A Saturn V went boom.
+The Apollo fire was harsh, A Saturn V explosion would have been
+hurtful but The Soviets winning would have been crushing. That could have
+been *the* technological turning point for the US turning us
+from Today's "We can do anything, we're *the* Super Power" to a much more
+reserved attitude like the Soviet Program today.
+Kennedy was gone by 68\69, the war was still on is the east, I think
+the program would have stalled badly and the goal of the moon
+by 70 would have been dead with Nasa trying to figure were they went wrong.
+>If they had beaten us, I speculate that the US would have gone
+>head and done some landings, but we also would have been more
+>determined to set up a base (both in Earth Orbit and on the
+>Moon).  Whether or not we would be on Mars by now would depend
+>upon whether the Soviets tried to go.  Setting up a lunar base
+>would have stretched the budgets of both nations and I think
+>that the military value of a lunar base would outweigh the value
+>of going to Mars (at least in the short run).  Thus we would
+>have concentrated on the moon.
+I speulate that:
++The Saturn program would have been pushed into
+the 70s with cost over runs that would just be too evil. 
+Nixon still wins.
++The Shuttle was never proposed and Skylab never built.
++By 73 the program stalled yet again under the fuel crisis.
++A string of small launches mark the mid seventies.
++By 76 the goal of a US man on the moon is dead and the US space program
+drifts till the present day.
+>/~~~(-: James T. Green :-)~~~~(-: jgreen@oboe.calpoly.edu :-)~~~\ 
+>| "I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving	| 
+>| the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the 	|
+>| Moon and returning him safely to the Earth."    		|
+>|                  <John F. Kennedy; May 25, 1961> 		|
diff --git a/space/space_83.txt b/space/space_83.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a386d5b2a7545d12f40024f3aa529d7d04c4bc0e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_83.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+In article <C4t3K3.498@cck.coventry.ac.uk> enf021@cck.coventry.ac.uk (Achurist) writes:
+|I believe the reason is that the lung diaphram gets too tired to pump
+|the liquid in and out and simply stops breathing after 2-3 minutes.
+|So if your in the vehicle ready to go they better not put you on 
+|hold, or else!! That's about it. Remember a liquid is several more times
+|as dense as a gas by its very nature. ~10 I think, depending on the gas
+|and liquid comparision of course!
+Could you use some sort of mechanical chest compression as an aid.
+Sorta like the portable Iron Lung?   Put some sort of flex tubing
+around the 'aquanauts' chest.  Cyclically compress it  and it will
+push enough on the chest wall to support breathing?????
+You'd have to trust your breather,  but in space, you have to trust
+your suit anyway.
+pat
diff --git a/space/space_84.txt b/space/space_84.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fcac983aae8b45cf3a2011dd7c331237c1e7e064
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_84.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+Archive-name: space/net
+Last-modified: $Date: 93/04/01 14:39:15 $
+    You may be reading this document on any one of an amazing variety of
+    computers, so much of the material below may not apply to you. In
+    general, however, systems connected to 'the net' fall in one of three
+    categories: Internet, Usenet, or BITNET. Electronic mail may be sent
+    between these networks, and other resources available on one of these
+    networks are sometimes accessible from other networks by email sent to
+    special 'servers'.
+    The space and astronomy discussion groups actually are composed of
+    several mechanisms with (mostly) transparent connections between them.
+    One mechanism is the mailing list, in which mail is sent to a central
+    distribution point which relays it to all recipients of the list. In
+    addition to the general lists for space (called SPACE Digest for
+    Internet users, and SPACE on BITNET), there are a number of more
+    specialized mailing lists described below.
+    A second mechanism is Usenet 'netnews'. This is somewhat like a bulletin
+    board operating on each system which is a part of the net. Netnews
+    separates contributions into hundreds of different categories based on a
+    'group name'. The groups dealing most closely with space topics are
+    called 'sci.space.news', 'sci.space', 'sci.space.shuttle', 'sci.astro',
+    and 'talk.politics.space'. Contributors 'post' submissions (called
+    'articles' in netnews terminology) on their local machine, which sends
+    it to other nearby machines. Similarly, articles sent from nearby
+    machines are stored locally and may be forwarded to other systems, so
+    that an article is posted locally and eventually reaches all the Usenet
+    sites interested in receiving the news group to which the article was
+    posted.
+    Gateway machines redirect the Usenet sci.space group into Internet and
+    BITNET mailing lists and vice versa; the other Usenet groups are not
+    accessible as mailing lists. If you can receive netnews, its more
+    flexible interface and access to a wider range of material usually make
+    it the preferred option.
+    SPACE Digest is the main Internet list, and is now being run by the
+    International Space University (in only its second change of management
+    in over a decade). Email space-request@isu.isunet.edu (message body
+    should be in the format 'subscribe space John Public') to join. Note
+    that the moderated SPACE Magazine list is defunct at present for lack of
+    a moderator. Old copies of SPACE Digest since its inception in 1981 are
+    available by anonymous FTP. Retrieve
+	julius.cs.qub.ac.uk:pub/SpaceDigestArchive/README
+    for further details.
+    Elements is a moderated list for fast distribution of Space Shuttle
+    Keplerian Elements before and during Shuttle flights. NASA two line
+    elements are sent out on the list from Dr. Kelso, JSC, and other sources
+    as they are released. Email to elements-request@telesoft.com to join.
+    GPS Digest is a moderated list for discussion of the Global Positioning
+    System and other satellite navigation positioning systems. Email to
+    gps-request@esseye.si.com to join.
+    Space-investors is a list for information relevant to investing in
+    space-related companies. Email Vincent Cate (vac@cs.cmu.edu) to join.
+    Space-tech is a list for more technical discussion of space topics;
+    discussion has included esoteric propulsion technologies, asteroid
+    capture, starflight, orbital debris removal, etc. Email to
+    space-tech-request@cs.cmu.edu to join. Archives of old digests and
+    selected excerpts are available by anonymous FTP from
+    gs80.sp.cs.cmu.edu (128.2.205.90) in /usr/anon/public/space-tech,
+    or by email to space-tech-request if you don't have FTP access.
+    SEDS-L is a BITNET list for members of Students for the Exploration and
+    Development of Space and other interested parties. Email
+    LISTSERV@TAMVM1.BITNET with a message saying "SUBSCRIBE SEDS-L your
+    name". Email saying "INDEX SEDS-L" to list the archive contents.
+    SEDSNEWS is a BITNET list for news items, press releases, shuttle status
+    reports, and the like. This duplicates material which is also found in
+    Space Digest, sci.space, sci.space.shuttle, and sci.astro. Email
+    LISTSERV@TAMVM1.BITNET saying "SUBSCRIBE SEDSNEWS your name" to join.
+    Email saying "INDEX SEDSNEWS" to list the archive contents.
+    Ron Baalke (baalke@kelvin.jpl.nasa.gov) runs a mailing list which
+    carries the contents of the sci.space.news Usenet group. Email him
+    to join the list.
+    As a general note, please mail to the *request* address to get off a
+    mailing list. SPACE Digest, for example, relays many inappropriate
+    'please remove me from this list' messages which are sent to the list
+    address rather than the request address.
+    In addition to this FAQ list, a broad variety of topical information is
+    posted to the net (unless otherwise noted, in the new group
+    sci.space.news created for this purpose). Please remember that the
+    individuals posting this information are performing a service for all
+    net readers, and don't take up their time with frivolous requests.
+	Garrett Wollman (wollman@UVM.EDU) posts an acronym list around the
+	first of each month.
+	Veikko Makela (veikko.makela@helsinki.fi) posts a monthly list of
+	anonymous FTP servers containing astronomy and space related
+	material to sci.space and sci.astro.
+	Henry Spencer (henry@zoo.toronto.edu) posts summaries of
+	space-related stories in the weekly _Aviation Week and Space
+	Technology_.
+	Ronnie Kon (ronnie@cisco.com) posts a guide to buying telescopes to
+	sci.astro.
+	Don Barry (don@chara.gsu.edu) posts the monthly Electronic Journal
+	of the Astronomical Society of the Atlantic to sci.astro.
+	Swaraj Jeyasingh (sjeyasin@axion.bt.co.uk) posts summaries of
+	space-related news from _Flight International_. This focuses more on
+	non-US space activities than Aviation Week.
+	Robert Bunge (rbunge@access.digex.com) posts a list describing many
+	"Large Telescope Projects Either Being Considered or in the Works"
+	to sci.astro.
+	Peter Yee (yee@ames.arc.nasa.gov) posts a variety of NASA material,
+	including NASA Headline News (with the schedule for NASA SELECT),
+	shuttle payload briefings and flight manifests, and KSC shuttle
+	status reports. For Usenet users, much of this material appears in
+	the group sci.space.shuttle.
+	Ron Baalke (baalke@kelvin.jpl.nasa.gov) posts frequent updates from
+	JPL, Ames, and other centers on the Ulysses, Gailileo, Pioneer,
+	Magellan, Landsat, and other missions.
+	TS Kelso (tkelso@blackbird.afit.af.mil) posts orbital elements from
+	NASA Prediction Bulletins.
+	Mike Rose (mrose@stsci.edu) posts orbital elements for the Hubble
+	Space Telescope to sci.astro.
+	Jost Jahn (j.jahn@abbs.hanse.de) posts ephemerides for asteroids,
+	comets, conjunctions, and encounters to sci.astro.
+	Richard Langley (lang@unb.ca) posts SPACEWARN Bulletin, which
+	describes recent launch/orbital decay information and satellites
+	which are useful for scientific activities. Recent bulletins are
+	available by anonymous FTP from nssdca.gsfc.nasa.gov in
+	Ken Hollis (gandalf@pro-electric.cts.com) posts a compressed version
+	of the Space Shuttle launch manifest to sci.space.shuttle. This
+	includes dates, times, payloads, and information on how to see
+	launches and landings.
+	Cary Oler (oler@hg.uleth.ca) posts Solar Terrestrial reports
+	(describing solar activity and its effect on the Earth) to
+	sci.space. The report is issued in part from data released by the
+	Space Enviroment Services Center, Boulder Colorado. The intro
+	document needed to understand these reports is available by
+	anonymous FTP from solar.stanford.edu (36.10.0.4) in
+	pub/understanding_solar_terrestrial_reports. nic.funet.fi
+	(128.214.6.100) also has this document in
+	/pub/misc/rec.radio.shortwave/solarreports and is an archive site
+	for the reports (please note this site is in Europe, and the
+	connection to the US is only 56KB). A new primary archive site,
+	xi.uleth.ca (142.66.3.29), has recently been established and will be
+	actively supported.
+	Glenn Chapman (glennc@cs.sfu.ca) posts summaries of Soviet space
+	activities.
+	Allen Sherzer (aws@iti.org) posts a newsletter, "One Small Step for
+	a Space Activist," to talk.politics.space. It describes current
+	legislative activity affecting NASA and commercial space activities.
+	Ron Baalke (baalke@kelvin.jpl.nasa.gov) posts a calendar including
+	anniversaries, conferences, launch dates, meteor showers and
+	eclipses, and other space-related events.
+	John Magliacane (kd2bd@ka2qhd.UUCP) posts "SpaceNews" (covering
+	AMSATs, NOAA and other weather satellites, and other ham
+	information) to rec.radio.amateur.misc and sci.space.
+	Jonathan McDowell (mcdowell@cfa.harvard.edu) posts "Jonathan's Space
+	Report" covering launches, landings, reentries, status reports,
+	satellite activities, etc.
+	Bev Freed (freed@nss.fidonet.org) posts "Toward 2001", a weekly
+	global news summary reprinted from _Space Calendar_ magazine.
+    (Included at the suggestion of Eugene Miya, who wrote the item)
+    NASA has an internal system of unclassified electronic mail and bulletin
+    boards. This system is not open for public use. Specifically, NASA
+    personnel and procurement operations are regarded with some sensitivity.
+    Contractors must renegotiate their contracts. The Fair and Open
+    Procurement Act does not look kindly to those having inside information.
+    Contractors and outsiders caught using this type of information can
+    expect severe penalities. Unauthorized access attempts may subject you
+    to a fine and/or imprisonment in accordance with Title 18, USC, Section
+    1030. If in fact you should should learn of unauthorized access, contact
+    NASA personnel.
+    Claims have been made on this news group about fraud and waste. None
+    have ever been substantiated to any significant degree. Readers
+    detecting Fraud, Waste, Abuse, or Mismanagement should contact the NASA
+    Inspector General (24-hours) at 800-424-9183 (can be anonymous) or write
+	Inspector General
+	P.O. Box 23089
+	L'enfant Plaza Station
+	Washington DC 20024
+NEXT: FAQ #3/15 - Online (and some offline) sources of images, data, etc.
diff --git a/space/space_85.txt b/space/space_85.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5ca82b53ad2382fdfe1ef13b7c2a5602906eb791
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_85.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+>Date: Tue, 6 Apr 1993 15:40:47 GMT
+>I need as much information about Cosmos 2238 and its rocket fragment (1993-
+>018B) as possible. Both its purpose, launch date, location, in short,
+>EVERYTHING! Can you help?
+>-Tony Ryan, "Astronomy & Space", new International magazine, available from:
+Ocean Reconnaissance Launch Surprises West
+Space News, April 5-11, 1993, p.2
+[Excerpts]
+     Russia launched its first ocean reconnaissance satellite in 26 months 
+March 30, confounding Western analysts who had proclaimed the program dead. 
+     The Itar-TASS news agency announced the launch of Cosmos 2238 from 
+Plesetsk Cosmodrome, but provided little description of the payload's mission. 
+     However, based on the satellite's trajectory, Western observers 
+identified it as a military spacecraft designed to monitor electronic 
+emissions from foreign naval ships in order to track their movement. 
+     Geoff Perry of the Kettering Group in England... [said]  Western 
+observers had concluded that no more would be launched. But days after the 
+last [such] satellite re-entered the Earth's atmosphere, Cosmos 2238 was 
+launched. 
+"Cosmos-2238" Satellite Launched for Defense Ministry
+Moscow ITAR-TASS World Service in Russian  1238 GMT 30 March 1993
+Translated in FBIS-SOV-93-060, p.27
+by ITAR-TASS correspondent Veronika Romanenkova
+     Moscow, 30 March -- The Cosmos-2238 satellite was launched at 1600 Moscow 
+time today from the Baykonur by a "Tsiklon-M" carrier rocket. An ITAR-TASS 
+correspondent was told at the press center of Russia's space-military forces 
+that the satellite was launched in the interests of the Russian Defense 
+Ministry. 
+Parameters Given
+Moscow ITAR-TASS World Service in Russian 0930 GMT 31 March 1993
+Translated in FBIS-SOV-93-060, p.27
+     Moscow, 31 March -- Another artificial Earth satellite, Cosmos-2238, was 
+launched on 30 March from the Baykonur cosmodrome. 
+     The satellite carries scientific apparatus for continuing space research. 
+The satellite has been placed in an orbit with the following parameters: 
+initial period of revolution--92.8 minutes; apogee--443 km; perigee--413 km; 
+orbital inclination--65 degrees. 
+     Besides scientific apparatus the satellite carries a radio system for the 
+precise measurement of orbital elements and a radiotelemetry system for 
+transmitting to Earth data about the work of the instruments and scientific 
+apparatus. The apparatus aboard the satellite is working normally. 
diff --git a/space/space_86.txt b/space/space_86.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0536c4d324d62f8dff27cae5252dae60900ad1df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_86.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+What would all of you out there in net land think of the big 6 (Martin
+Mariatta, Boeing, Mcdonell Douglas, General Dynamics, Lockheed, Rockwell)
+getting together, and forming a consortium to study exactly what the market
+price pints are for building reusable launch vehicles, and spending say
+$3million to do that.  Recognizing that most of the military requirements
+for launch vehicles are pulled out of a hat somewhere (say, has the shuttle 
+ever really used that 1200mi crossrange capability?  You get the idea, figure
+out how many, how often, where to, etc...)
+Then taking this data, and forming a sematech type company (bad example, I
+know... but at least its an example...)  To develop between 3 and 5 craft
+designs.  Then to take all of those designs, and figure out EXACTLY what
+the technologies are, and demonstrate those technologies, in order to 
+eliminate designs that can't be built today.  And lets say that this
+portion again funded by the GOV cost about $20 million.
+And from here all of these companies went their separate ways, with the
+intention of taking all of the market data and the design data to wall
+street, and saying "I want to build this vehicle, and here are the numbers
+that show %20 ROI, fund me...)
+Now many of you think that this is a joke, but I have it on good authority that
+just this project is shaping up in the background. It seems that the aerospace
+companies have learned that everyone yelling similar but different things
+ends up in many programs that do nothing much and get canceled (NASP, NLS,
+ALS, DCY?, etc...)  They need to work more in the japaneese, and european
+spirit of initial cooperation.  They have also learned that design requirements
+that are phony (I.E. some generals idea of what a space vehicle ought to be)
+ends up getting chopped up in congress, because it is not a REAL requirement.
+Any feedback?
+			John.
diff --git a/space/space_87.txt b/space/space_87.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7f5fea712074e143a37d1b5fb816c1c761eb74ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_87.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+The following are my thoughts on a meeting that I, Hugh Kelso, and Bob Lilly
+had with an aide of Sen. Patty Murrays.  We were there to discuss SSTO, and
+commercial space.  This is how it went...
+After receiving a packet containing a presentation on the benifits of SSTO,
+I called and tried to schedule a meeting with our local Senator (D) Patty
+Murray, Washington State.  I started asking for an hour, and when I heard
+the gasp on the end of the phone, I quickly backed off to 1/2 an hour.
+Later in that conversation, I learned that a standard appointment is 15 minutes.
+We got the standard bozo treatment.  That is, we were called back by an aide,
+who scheduled a meeting with us, in order to determine that we were not
+bozos, and to familiarize himself with the material, and to screen it, to 
+make sure that it was appropriate to take the senators time with that material.
+Well, I got allocated 1/2 hour with Sen. Murrays aide, and we ended up talking
+to him for 45 minutes, with us ending the meeting, and him still listening.
+We covered a lot of ground, and only a little tiny bit was DCX specific.  
+Most of it was a single stage reusable vehicle primer.  There was another
+woman there who took copius quantities of notes on EVERY topic that
+we brought up.
+But, with Murray being new, we wanted to entrench ourselves as non-corporate
+aligned (I.E. not speaking for boeing) local citizens interentested in space.
+So, we spent a lot of time covering the benifits of lower cost access to
+LEO.  Solar power satellites are a big focus here, so we hit them as becoming 
+feasible with lower cost access, and we hit the environmental stand on that.
+We hit the tourism angle, and I left a copy of the patric Collins Tourism
+paper, with side notes being that everyone who goes into space, and sees the
+atmosphere becomes more of an environmentalist, esp. after SEEING the smog
+over L.A.  We hit on the benifits of studying bone decalcification (which is 
+more pronounced in space, and said that that had POTENTIAL to lead to 
+understanding of, and MAYBE a cure for osteoporosis.  We hit the education 
+whereby kids get enthused by space, but as they get older and find out that
+they havent a hop in hell of actually getting there, they go on to other
+fields, with low cost to orbit, the chances they might get there someday 
+would provide greater incentive to hit the harder classes needed.
+We hit a little of the get nasa out of the operational launch vehicle business
+angle.  We hit the lower cost of satellite launches, gps navigation, personal
+communicators, tellecommunications, new services, etc...  Jobs provided
+in those sectors.
+Jobs provided building the thing, balance of trade improvement, etc..
+We mentioned that skypix would benifit from lower launch costs.
+We left the paper on what technologies needed to be invested in in order
+to make this even easier to do.  And he asked questions on this point.
+We ended by telling her that we wanted her to be aware that efforts are
+proceeding in this area, and that we want to make sure that the
+results from these efforts are not lost (much like condor, or majellan),
+and most importantly, we asked that she help fund further efforts along
+the lines of lowering the cost to LEO.
+In the middle we also gave a little speal about the Lunar Resource Data 
+Purchase act, and the guy filed it separately, he was VERY interested in it.
+He asked some questions about it, and seemed like he wanted to jump on it,
+and contact some of the people involved with it, so something may actually
+happen immediatly there.
+The last two things we did were to make sure that they knew that we
+knew a lot of people in the space arena here in town, and that they
+could feel free to call us any time with questions, and if we didn't know
+the answers, that we would see to it that they questions got to people who
+really did know the answers.
+Then finally, we asked for an appointment with the senator herself.  He
+said that we would get on the list, and he also said that knowing her, this
+would be something that she would be very interested in, although they
+do have a time problem getting her scheduled, since she is only in the
+state 1 week out of 6 these days.
+All in all we felt like we did a pretty good job.
+			John.
diff --git a/space/space_88.txt b/space/space_88.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c954d7d0f2169a4918acfad1a08676d076826880
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_88.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+On Tue, 6 Apr 1993 02:19:59 GMT, pgf@srl03.cacs.usl.edu (Phil G. Fraering) said:
+Phil> shafer@rigel.dfrf.nasa.gov (Mary Shafer) writes:
+>On 4 Apr 1993 20:31:10 -0400, prb@access.digex.com (Pat) said:
+>Pat> In article <1993Apr2.213917.1@aurora.alaska.edu> Pat>
+>nsmca@aurora.alaska.edu writes: >Question is can someone give me 10
+>examples of direct NASA/Space related >research that helped humanity
+>in general? It will be interesting to see..
+>Pat> TANG :-) Mylar I think.  I think they also pushed Hi Tech Pat>
+>Composites for airframes.  Look at Fly by Wire.
+>Swept wings--if you fly in airliners you've reaped the benefits.
+Phil> Didn't one of the early jet fighters have these?  I also think
+Phil> the germans did some work on these in WWII.
+The NACA came up with them before World War II.  NASA is directly
+descended from the NACA, with space added in.
+You'll notice that I didn't mention sweep wings even though the
+X-5, tested at what's now Dryden, had them.  We did steal that one
+dirctly from the Germans.  The difference is that swept wings don't
+change their angle of sweep, sweep wings do.  Perhaps the similarity
+of names has caused some confusion?  747s have swept wings, F-111s
+have sweep wings.
+>Winglets.  Area ruling.  Digital fly by wire.  Ride smoothing.
+Phil> A lot of this was also done by the military...
+After NASA aerodynamicists proposed them and NASA test teams
+demonstrated them.  Richard Whitcomb and R.T. Jones, at Langley
+Research Center, were giants in the field.
+Dryden was involved in the flight testing of winglets and area
+ruling (in the 70s and 50s, respectively).  It's true that we
+used military aircraft as the testbeds (KC-135 and YF-102) but
+that had more to do with availability and need than with military
+involvement.  The YF-102 was completely ours and the KC-135 was
+bailed to us.  The Air Force, of course, was interested in our
+results and supportive of our efforts.
+Dryden flew the first digital fly by wire aircraft in the 70s. No
+mechnaical or analog backup, to show you how confident we were.
+General Dynamics decided to make the F-16 flyby-wire when they saw how
+successful we were.  (Mind you, the Avro Arrow and the X-15 were both
+fly-by-wire aircraft much earlier, but analog.)
+Phil> Egad! I'm disagreeing with Mary Shafer!  
+The NASA habit of acquiring second-hand military aircraft and using
+them for testbeds can make things kind of confusing.  On the other
+hand, all those second-hand Navy planes give our test pilots a chance
+to fold the wings--something most pilots at Edwards Air Force Base
+can't do.
+Mary Shafer  DoD #0362 KotFR NASA Dryden Flight Research Facility, Edwards, CA
+shafer@rigel.dfrf.nasa.gov                    Of course I don't speak for NASA
+ "A MiG at your six is better than no MiG at all."  Unknown US fighter pilot
diff --git a/space/space_89.txt b/space/space_89.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e751e81d822f921db57c00e83e42239caba0641b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_89.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+In article <6APR199314571378@kelvin.jpl.nasa.gov> baalke@kelvin.jpl.nasa.gov (Ron Baalke) writes:
+|Comet Gehrels 3, which was discovered in 1977, was determined to have
+|been in a temporary Jovian orbit from 1970 to 1973.  Comet Shoemaker-Levy 1993e
+|may remain in orbit around Jupiter long enough to allow Galileo to
+|make some closeup observations.  The orbital trajectory for Comet
+|Shoemaker-Levy is still being determined.
+a
+What about positional uncertainties in S-L 1993e?   I assume we know where
+and what Galileo is doing within a few meters.   But without the
+HGA,  don't we have to have some pretty good ideas, of where to look
+before imaging?  If the HGA was working,  they could slew around
+in near real time (Less speed of light delay).  But when they were
+imaging toutatis????  didn't someone have to get lucky on a guess to
+find the first images?   
+Also, I imagine S-L 1993e will be mostly a visual image.  so how will
+that affect the other imaging missions.  with the LGA,  there is a real
+tight allocation of bandwidth.   It may be premature to hope for answers,
+but I thought i'd throw it on the floor.
+pat
diff --git a/space/space_9.txt b/space/space_9.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..50959a4ad098a1867a6fc6d558c2c6fa393043b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_9.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,191 @@
+Archive-name: space/new_probes
+Last-modified: $Date: 93/04/01 14:39:17 $
+    Information on upcoming or currently active missions not mentioned below
+    would be welcome. Sources: NASA fact sheets, Cassini Mission Design
+    team, ISAS/NASDA launch schedules, press kits.
+    ASUKA (ASTRO-D) - ISAS (Japan) X-ray astronomy satellite, launched into
+    Earth orbit on 2/20/93. Equipped with large-area wide-wavelength (1-20
+    Angstrom) X-ray telescope, X-ray CCD cameras, and imaging gas
+    scintillation proportional counters.
+    CASSINI - Saturn orbiter and Titan atmosphere probe. Cassini is a joint
+    NASA/ESA project designed to accomplish an exploration of the Saturnian
+    system with its Cassini Saturn Orbiter and Huygens Titan Probe. Cassini
+    is scheduled for launch aboard a Titan IV/Centaur in October of 1997.
+    After gravity assists of Venus, Earth and Jupiter in a VVEJGA
+    trajectory, the spacecraft will arrive at Saturn in June of 2004. Upon
+    arrival, the Cassini spacecraft performs several maneuvers to achieve an
+    orbit around Saturn. Near the end of this initial orbit, the Huygens
+    Probe separates from the Orbiter and descends through the atmosphere of
+    Titan. The Orbiter relays the Probe data to Earth for about 3 hours
+    while the Probe enters and traverses the cloudy atmosphere to the
+    surface. After the completion of the Probe mission, the Orbiter
+    continues touring the Saturnian system for three and a half years. Titan
+    synchronous orbit trajectories will allow about 35 flybys of Titan and
+    targeted flybys of Iapetus, Dione and Enceladus. The objectives of the
+    mission are threefold: conduct detailed studies of Saturn's atmosphere,
+    rings and magnetosphere; conduct close-up studies of Saturn's
+    satellites, and characterize Titan's atmosphere and surface.
+    One of the most intriguing aspects of Titan is the possibility that its
+    surface may be covered in part with lakes of liquid hydrocarbons that
+    result from photochemical processes in its upper atmosphere. These
+    hydrocarbons condense to form a global smog layer and eventually rain
+    down onto the surface. The Cassini orbiter will use onboard radar to
+    peer through Titan's clouds and determine if there is liquid on the
+    surface. Experiments aboard both the orbiter and the entry probe will
+    investigate the chemical processes that produce this unique atmosphere.
+    The Cassini mission is named for Jean Dominique Cassini (1625-1712), the
+    first director of the Paris Observatory, who discovered several of
+    Saturn's satellites and the major division in its rings. The Titan
+    atmospheric entry probe is named for the Dutch physicist Christiaan
+    Huygens (1629-1695), who discovered Titan and first described the true
+    nature of Saturn's rings.
+	 Key Scheduled Dates for the Cassini Mission (VVEJGA Trajectory)
+	   10/06/97 - Titan IV/Centaur Launch
+	   04/21/98 - Venus 1 Gravity Assist
+	   06/20/99 - Venus 2 Gravity Assist
+	   08/16/99 - Earth Gravity Assist
+	   12/30/00 - Jupiter Gravity Assist
+	   06/25/04 - Saturn Arrival
+	   01/09/05 - Titan Probe Release
+	   01/30/05 - Titan Probe Entry
+	   06/25/08 - End of Primary Mission
+	    (Schedule last updated 7/22/92)
+    GALILEO - Jupiter orbiter and atmosphere probe, in transit. Has returned
+    the first resolved images of an asteroid, Gaspra, while in transit to
+    Jupiter. Efforts to unfurl the stuck High-Gain Antenna (HGA) have
+    essentially been abandoned. JPL has developed a backup plan using data
+    compression (JPEG-like for images, lossless compression for data from
+    the other instruments) which should allow the mission to achieve
+    approximately 70% of its original objectives.
+	   Galileo Schedule
+	   10/18/89 - Launch from Space Shuttle
+	   02/09/90 - Venus Flyby
+	   10/**/90 - Venus Data Playback
+	   12/08/90 - 1st Earth Flyby
+	   05/01/91 - High Gain Antenna Unfurled
+	   07/91 - 06/92 - 1st Asteroid Belt Passage
+	   10/29/91 - Asteroid Gaspra Flyby
+	   12/08/92 - 2nd Earth Flyby
+	   05/93 - 11/93 - 2nd Asteroid Belt Passage
+	   08/28/93 - Asteroid Ida Flyby
+	   07/02/95 - Probe Separation
+	   07/09/95 - Orbiter Deflection Maneuver
+	   12/95 - 10/97 - Orbital Tour of Jovian Moons
+	   12/07/95 - Jupiter/Io Encounter
+	   07/18/96 - Ganymede
+	   09/28/96 - Ganymede
+	   12/12/96 - Callisto
+	   01/23/97 - Europa
+	   02/28/97 - Ganymede
+	   04/22/97 - Europa
+	   05/31/97 - Europa
+	   10/05/97 - Jupiter Magnetotail Exploration
+    HITEN - Japanese (ISAS) lunar probe launched 1/24/90. Has made
+    multiple lunar flybys. Released Hagoromo, a smaller satellite,
+    into lunar orbit. This mission made Japan the third nation to
+    orbit a satellite around the Moon.
+    MAGELLAN - Venus radar mapping mission. Has mapped almost the entire
+    surface at high resolution. Currently (4/93) collecting a global gravity
+    map.
+    MARS OBSERVER - Mars orbiter including 1.5 m/pixel resolution camera.
+    Launched 9/25/92 on a Titan III/TOS booster. MO is currently (4/93) in
+    transit to Mars, arriving on 8/24/93. Operations will start 11/93 for
+    one martian year (687 days).
+    TOPEX/Poseidon - Joint US/French Earth observing satellite, launched
+    8/10/92 on an Ariane 4 booster. The primary objective of the
+    TOPEX/POSEIDON project is to make precise and accurate global
+    observations of the sea level for several years, substantially
+    increasing understanding of global ocean dynamics. The satellite also
+    will increase understanding of how heat is transported in the ocean.
+    ULYSSES- European Space Agency probe to study the Sun from an orbit over
+    its poles. Launched in late 1990, it carries particles-and-fields
+    experiments (such as magnetometer, ion and electron collectors for
+    various energy ranges, plasma wave radio receivers, etc.) but no camera.
+    Since no human-built rocket is hefty enough to send Ulysses far out of
+    the ecliptic plane, it went to Jupiter instead, and stole energy from
+    that planet by sliding over Jupiter's north pole in a gravity-assist
+    manuver in February 1992. This bent its path into a solar orbit tilted
+    about 85 degrees to the ecliptic. It will pass over the Sun's south pole
+    in the summer of 1993. Its aphelion is 5.2 AU, and, surprisingly, its
+    perihelion is about 1.5 AU-- that's right, a solar-studies spacecraft
+    that's always further from the Sun than the Earth is!
+    While in Jupiter's neigborhood, Ulysses studied the magnetic and
+    radiation environment. For a short summary of these results, see
+    *Science*, V. 257, p. 1487-1489 (11 September 1992). For gory technical
+    detail, see the many articles in the same issue.
+    OTHER SPACE SCIENCE MISSIONS (note: this is based on a posting by Ron
+    Baalke in 11/89, with ISAS/NASDA information contributed by Yoshiro
+    Yamada (yamada@yscvax.ysc.go.jp). I'm attempting to track changes based
+    on updated shuttle manifests; corrections and updates are welcome.
+    1993 Missions
+	o ALEXIS [spring, Pegasus]
+	    ALEXIS (Array of Low-Energy X-ray Imaging Sensors) is to perform
+	    a wide-field sky survey in the "soft" (low-energy) X-ray
+	    spectrum. It will scan the entire sky every six months to search
+	    for variations in soft-X-ray emission from sources such as white
+	    dwarfs, cataclysmic variable stars and flare stars. It will also
+	    search nearby space for such exotic objects as isolated neutron
+	    stars and gamma-ray bursters. ALEXIS is a project of Los Alamos
+	    National Laboratory and is primarily a technology development
+	    mission that uses astrophysical sources to demonstrate the
+	    technology. Contact project investigator Jeffrey J Bloch
+	    (jjb@beta.lanl.gov) for more information.
+	o Wind [Aug, Delta II rocket]
+	    Satellite to measure solar wind input to magnetosphere.
+	o Space Radar Lab [Sep, STS-60 SRL-01]
+	    Gather radar images of Earth's surface.
+	o Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer [Dec, Pegasus rocket]
+	    Study of Stratospheric ozone.
+	o SFU (Space Flyer Unit) [ISAS]
+	    Conducting space experiments and observations and this can be
+	    recovered after it conducts the various scientific and
+	    engineering experiments. SFU is to be launched by ISAS and
+	    retrieved by the U.S. Space Shuttle on STS-68 in 1994.
+	o Polar Auroral Plasma Physics [May, Delta II rocket]
+	    June, measure solar wind and ions and gases surrounding the
+	    Earth.
+	o IML-2 (STS) [NASDA, Jul 1994 IML-02]
+	    International Microgravity Laboratory.
+	o ADEOS [NASDA]
+	    Advanced Earth Observing Satellite.
+	o MUSES-B (Mu Space Engineering Satellite-B) [ISAS]
+	    Conducting research on the precise mechanism of space structure
+	    and in-space astronomical observations of electromagnetic waves.
+	    Elucidating the crust structure and thermal construction of the
+	    moon's interior.
+    Proposed Missions:
+	o Advanced X-ray Astronomy Facility (AXAF)
+	    Possible launch from shuttle in 1995, AXAF is a space
+	    observatory with a high resolution telescope. It would orbit for
+	    15 years and study the mysteries and fate of the universe.
+	o Earth Observing System (EOS)
+	    Possible launch in 1997, 1 of 6 US orbiting space platforms to
+	    provide long-term data (15 years) of Earth systems science
+	    including planetary evolution.
+	o Mercury Observer
+	    Possible 1997 launch.
+	o Lunar Observer
+	    Possible 1997 launch, would be sent into a long-term lunar
+	    orbit. The Observer, from 60 miles above the moon's poles, would
+	    survey characteristics to provide a global context for the
+	    results from the Apollo program.
+	o Space Infrared Telescope Facility
+	    Possible launch by shuttle in 1999, this is the 4th element of
+	    the Great Observatories program. A free-flying observatory with
+	    a lifetime of 5 to 10 years, it would observe new comets and
+	    other primitive bodies in the outer solar system, study cosmic
+	    birth formation of galaxies, stars and planets and distant
+	    infrared-emitting galaxies
+	o Mars Rover Sample Return (MRSR)
+	    Robotics rover would return samples of Mars' atmosphere and
+	    surface to Earch for analysis. Possible launch dates: 1996 for
+	    imaging orbiter, 2001 for rover.
+	o Fire and Ice
+	    Possible launch in 2001, will use a gravity assist flyby of
+	    Earth in 2003, and use a final gravity assist from Jupiter in
+	    2005, where the probe will split into its Fire and Ice
+	    components: The Fire probe will journey into the Sun, taking
+	    measurements of our star's upper atmosphere until it is
+	    vaporized by the intense heat. The Ice probe will head out
+	    towards Pluto, reaching the tiny world for study by 2016.
+NEXT: FAQ #12/15 - Controversial questions
diff --git a/space/space_90.txt b/space/space_90.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..057f132ab698bc022c179571c109fb456fbf7357
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_90.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+Could someone please send me the basics of the NASP project:
+1. The proposal/objectives
+2. The current status of the project/obstacles encountered
+3. Chance that the project shall ever be completed
+or any other interesting information about this project.
+Any help will be much appreciated
+Terry Ford [aa429@freenet.carleton.ca]
+>House, Nepean, Ontario, Canada, Earth, Solar System, Milky Way, Cluster A21<
+DISCALIMER: Any injuries occuring as a direct result from the reading of this
+message INCLUDING HEART PALPITATIONS is not my fault in any shape or form.
diff --git a/space/space_91.txt b/space/space_91.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1a02ad2ab80b33e2f12918d551f481d733696c7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_91.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+In article <1993Apr15.170048.1@fnalf.fnal.gov>, higgins@fnalf.fnal.gov (Bill Higgins-- Beam Jockey) writes:
+>This was known as *Journey to the Far Side of the Sun* in the United
+>States and as *Doppelganger* in the U.K... Later, they went
+>on to do more live-action SF series: *UFO* and *Space: 1999*.
+>The astronomy was lousy, but the lifting-body spacecraft, VTOL
+>airliners, and mighty Portugese launch complex were *wonderful* to
+>look at.
+They recycled a lot of models and theme music for UFO.  Some of the
+concepts even showed up in SPACE: 1999. 
+    Software engineering? That's like military intelligence, isn't it?
diff --git a/space/space_92.txt b/space/space_92.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8f42ce8a685c9cb1214ffe3c8c00cc71fa43358b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_92.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+Todays New York TImes just wrote about a pact being negotiated 
+between us and the Russians  to develope  High Temperature
+Gas Cooled Fission Reactors using Re-Cycled Weapons Grade plutonium
+from Warhead stockpiles.   THe fuel will be pelletized in ceramic
+for safety,  and then after depletion will be sufficiently
+contaminated with by-products to make extraction of the remaining
+plutonium hazardous enough to deter re-use.
+Apparently the project will be led by General Atomics of San Diego
+with funding from the US GOvernment.  THe pilot plant will be built
+and operated by the russians.
+pat
diff --git a/space/space_93.txt b/space/space_93.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3bb09f80333c520102a48b62f0c028448862d5ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_93.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+In article <VNci2B7w165w@inqmind.bison.mb.ca>, victor@inqmind.bison.mb.ca 
+(Victor Laking) writes:
+> Does anyone have any info on the apparent sightings of Vulcan?
+> All that I know is that there were apparently two sightings at 
+> drastically different times of a small planet that was inside Mercury's 
+> orbit.  Beyond that, I have no other info.
+The sightings were apparently spurious.  There is no planet inside of
+the orbit of Mercury.
+The idea of Vulcan came from the differences between Mercury's observed
+perihelion precession and the value it should have had according to
+Newtonian physics.  Leverrier made an extensive set of observations
+and calculations during the mid 19th century, and Simon Newcombe later
+improved on the observations and re-calculated using Leverrier's system
+of equations.  Now Leverrier was one of the co-discoverers of Neptune
+and since he had predicted its existence based on anomalies in the orbit
+of Uranus his inclination was to believe the same sort of thing was
+afoot with Mercury.
+But alas, 'twere not so.  Mercury's perihelion precesses at the rate
+it does because the space where it resides near the sun is significantly
+curved due to the sun's mass.  This explanation had to wait until 1915
+and Albert Einstein's synthesis of his earlier theory of the electrodynamics
+of moving bodies (commonly called Special Relativity) with Reimanian 
+geometry.  The result was the General Theory of Relativity, and one of
+it's most noteworthy strengths is that it accounts for the precession
+of Mercury's perihelion almost exactly.  (Exactly if you use Newcomb's
+numbers rather than Leverrier's.)
+Of course not everybody believes Einstein, and that's fine.  But subsequent
+efforts to find any planets closer to the sun than Mercury using radar
+have been fruitless.
+-Bill Gawne
+ "Forgive him, he is a barbarian, who thinks the customs of his tribe
+  are the laws of the universe."                       - G. J. Caesar
+Any opinions are my own.  Nothing in this post constitutes an official
+statement from any person or organization.
diff --git a/space/space_94.txt b/space/space_94.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e2875adb9faf3eebf002bb3ac5aed5787cb90193
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_94.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,324 @@
+Archive-name: space/data
+Last-modified: $Date: 93/04/01 14:39:07 $
+    A wide variety of images, data, catalogs, information releases, and
+    other material dealing with space and astronomy may be found on the net.
+    A few sites offer direct dialup access or remote login access, while the
+    remainder support some form of file transfer. Many sites are listed as
+    providing 'anonymous FTP'. This refers to the File Transfer Protocol on
+    the Internet. Sites not connected to the Internet cannot use FTP
+    directly, but there are a few automated FTP servers which operates via
+    email. Send mail containing only the word HELP to ftpmail@decwrl.dec.com
+    or bitftp@pucc.princeton.edu, and the servers will send you instructions
+    on how to make requests.
+    The sources with the broadest selection of material are the NASA Ames
+    SPACE archive and the National Space Science Data Center.
+    Don't even ask for images to be posted to the net. The data volume is
+    huge and nobody wants to spend the time on it.
+    The possible combinations of image formats and machines is forebodingly
+    large, and I won't attempt to cover common formats (GIF, etc.) here. To
+    read PDS and VICAR (and many other) formats on Unix systems running X,
+    use XV 2.11, available by anonymous FTP from export.lcs.mit.edu
+    (18.24.0.12) in contrib/xv-2.11.tar.Z and the other standard X11 FTP
+    sites.
+    The FAQ for the Usenet group alt.binaries.pictures discusses image
+    formats and how to get image viewing software. A copy of this document
+    is available by anonymous FTP from the Usenet FAQ archives at
+    pit-manager.mit.edu (18.72.1.58), in directory
+    pub/usenet/alt.binaries.pictures.
+    Extensive archives are maintained at NASA Ames and are available via
+    anonymous FTP or an email server. These archives include many images and
+    a wide variety of documents including this FAQ list, NASA press
+    releases, shuttle launch advisories, and mission status reports. Please
+    note that these are NOT maintained on an official basis.
+    FTP users should connect to ames.arc.nasa.gov (128.102.18.3) and look in
+    pub/SPACE. pub/SPACE/Index contains a listing of files available in the
+    archive (the index is about 200K by itself).
+    To access the archives by email, send a letter to
+    archive-server@ames.arc.nasa.gov (or ames!archive-server). In the
+    subject of your letter (or in the body), use commands like:
+	send SPACE Index
+	send SPACE SHUTTLE/ss01.23.91.
+    The capitalization of the subdirectory names is important. All are in
+    caps. Only text files are handled by the email server at present; use
+    one of the FTP email servers described in the introduction to this
+    section for images or programs.
+    The Magellan Venus and Voyager Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus CD-ROM image
+    disks have been put online in the CDROM and CDROM2 directories. The
+    disks will be rotated on a weekly basis. Thousands of images are
+    available in these collections.
+    The GIF directory contains images in GIF format. The VICAR directory
+    contains Magellan images in VICAR format (these are also available in
+    the GIF directory). A PC program capable of displaying these files is
+    found in the IMDISP directory (see the item "VIEWING IMAGES" below).
+    The NASA media guide describes the various NASA centers and how to
+    contact their public affairs officers; this may be useful when pursuing
+    specific information. It's in MISC/media.guide.
+    Any problems with the archive server should be reported to Peter Yee
+    (yee@ames.arc.nasa.gov).
+    The ADS is a distributed data retrieval system which is easy to use and
+    provides uniform access to ground-based and space-based astronomy data
+    from NASA data centers across the country. It currently has over 140
+    data catalogs of radio, infrared, optical, UV, and X-ray data which can
+    be queried by position or any other parameter in the catalog. The ADS
+    also provides tools to manipulate and plot tabular results. In addition,
+    ADS has a Beta version of an Abstracts Service which allows users to
+    query over 125,000 abstracts of astronomy papers since 1975 by authors,
+    keywords, title words, or abstract text words.
+    ADS use requires direct Internet access. For more info and to sign up to
+    become a user, email ads@cuads.coloradu.edu. The User's Guide and
+    "QuickStart" Guide are available by anonymous FTP to sao-ftp.harvard.edu
+    in directory pub/ads/ADS_User_Guide (PostScript files).
+    Contact Carolyn Stern Grant (stern@cfa.harvard.edu).
+    pubinfo.jpl.nasa.gov (128.149.6.2) is an anonymous FTP site operated by
+    the JPL Public Information Office, containing news releases, status
+    reports, fact sheets, images, and other data on JPL missions. It may
+    also be reached by modem at (818)-354-1333 (no parity, 8 data bits, 1
+    stop bit).
+    Contact newsdesk@jplpost.jpl.nasa.gov or phone (818)-354-7170.
+    techreports.larc.nasa.gov is an anonymous FTP site offering technical
+    reports. To get started, cd to directory pub/techreports/larc/92 and
+    retrieve files README and abstracts.92. Most files are compressed
+    PostScript. The reports are also in a WAIS database with the following
+    description:
+	(:source
+	 :version 3
+	 :ip-name "techreports.larc.nasa.gov"
+	 :tcp-port 210
+	 :database-name "nasa-larc-abs"
+	 :cost 0.00
+	 :cost-unit :free
+	 :maintainer "M.L.Nelson@LaRC.NASA.GOV"
+	 :description "NASA Langley Research Center Technical Reports
+    Contact tr-admin@techreports.larc.nasa.gov.
+    SpaceLink is an online service located at Marshall Space Flight Center
+    in Huntsville, Alabama. The system is specifically designed for
+    teachers. The data base is arranged to provide easy access to current
+    and historical information on NASA aeronautics, space research, and
+    technology transfer information. Also included are suggested classroom
+    activities that incorporate information on NASA projects to teach a
+    number of scientific principles. Unlike bulletin board systems, NASA
+    Spacelink does not provide for interaction between callers. However it
+    does allow teachers and other callers to leave questions and comments
+    for NASA which may be answered by regular mail. Messages are answered
+    electronically, even to acknowledge requests which will be fulfilled by
+    mail. Messages are generally handled the next working day except during
+    missions when turnaround times increase. The mail system is closed-loop
+    between the user and NASA.
+    SpaceLink also offers downloadable shareware and public domain programs
+    useful for science educators as well as space graphics and GIF images
+    from NASA's planetary probes and the Hubble Telescope.
+    You can dial in at (205)-895-0028 (300/1200/2400/9600(V.32) baud, 8
+    bits, no parity, 1 stop bit), or telnet to spacelink.msfc.nasa.gov
+    (128.158.13.250, also known as xsl.msfc.nasa.gov) if you're on the
+    Internet. Anonymous FTP capability (password guest) is now available.
+    Most of this information is also available from the Ames server in
+    directory SPACELINK.
+    The National Space Science Data Center is the official clearinghouse for
+    NASA data. The data catalog (*not* the data itself) is available online.
+    Internet users can telnet to nssdca.gsfc.nasa.gov (128.183.36.23) and
+    log in as 'NODIS' (no password). You can also get the catalog by sending
+    email to 'request@nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov'.
+    You can also dial in at (301)-286-9000 (300, 1200, or 2400 baud, 8 bits,
+    no parity, one stop). At the "Enter Number:" prompt, enter MD and
+    carriage return. When the system responds "Call Complete," enter a few
+    more carriage returns to get the "Username:" and log in as 'NODIS' (no
+    password).
+    The system is menu-driven; topics available as of 3/93 are:
+	1   -	Master Directory - NASA & Global Change
+	2   -	Personnel Information Management System
+	3   -	Nimbus-7 GRID TOMS Data
+	4   -	Interplanetary Medium Data (OMNI)
+	5   -	Request data and/or information from NSSDC
+	6   -	Geophysical Models
+	7   -	CANOPUS Newsletter
+	8   -	International Ultraviolet Explorer Data Request
+	9   -	CZCS Browse and Order Utility
+	10  -	Astronomical Data Center (ADC)
+	11  -	STEP Bulletin Board Service
+	12  -	Standards and Technology Information System
+	13  -	Planetary Science & Magellan Project Information
+	14  -	Other Online Data Services at NSSDC
+	15  -	CD-ROMS Available at NSSDC
+    For users with Internet access, datasets are made available via
+    anonymous FTP once you select the desired datasets from the online
+    catalog. For other users, data may be ordered on CD-ROM and in other
+    formats. Among the many types of data available are Voyager, Magellan,
+    and other planetary images, Earth observation data, and star catalogs.
+    Viewers for Macintosh and IBM systems are also available. As an example
+    of the cost, an 8 CD set of Voyager images is $75. Data may ordered
+    online, by email, or by physical mail. The postal address is:
+	National Space Science Data Center
+	Request Coordination Office
+	Goddard Space Flight Center
+	Code 633
+	Greenbelt, MD  20771
+	Telephone: (301) 286-6695
+	Email address:	 request@nssdca.gsfc.nasa.gov
+    stsci.edu (130.167.1.2) has a large amount of information about the
+    Hubble Space Telescope available by anonymous FTP, such as status
+    reports and newsletters, in addition to material oriented towards HST
+    observers and proposers. Get the top level README file to begin with.
+    Contact Pete Reppert (reppert@stsci.edu) or Chris O'Dea
+    (odea@stsci.edu).
+    The Space Telescope European Coordination Facility, at ESO/Garching
+    provides on-line access to a huge astronomical database, featuring
+	- Observation log files of several satellites/telescopes
+	- Spectra and images (IUE, HST).
+	- Most of the astronomical catalogues (SAO, HR, NGC, PPM, IRAS,
+	    Veron, GSC and many others, more than 50) in a very convenient
+	    way (give center+radius+kind of objects, and you get the
+	    corresponding files!).
+    Log on as ``starcat'' (no password) on node stesis.hq.eso.org
+    (134.171.8.100) or on STESIS (DECnet). The files created can be
+    retreived by FTP. Contact: Benoit Pirenne, bpirenne@eso.org (phone +49
+    89 320 06 433) at ST-ECF
+    The full SAO stellar database is *NOT* available online, probably due to
+    the 40 MB size. It may be ordered on magnetic tape from the NSSDC. A
+    subset containing position and magnitude only is available by FTP (see
+    "Astronomy Programs" below).
+    nic.funet.fi (128.214.6.100) has a large collection of astronomical
+    programs for many types of computers, databases of stars and deep sky
+    objects, and general astronomy information in directory /pub/astro. This
+    site is mainly for European users, but overseas connections are
+    possible.
+    The Ames archives contain a database of 8,436 galaxies including name,
+    RA, declination, magnitude, and radial velocity in MISC/galaxy.dat.
+    Supplied by Wayne Hayes (wayne@csri.utoronto.ca).
+    iris1.ucis.dal.ca (129.173.18.107) has a number of GIFs from Voyager,
+    Hubble, and other sources available by anonymous FTP in pub/gif (most of
+    this data is also in SPACE/GIF on the Ames server). Please restrict
+    access to 5pm - 8am Atlantic time.
+    pomona.claremont.edu has the Yale Bright Star catalog for anonymous FTP
+    in directory [.YALE_BSC]. Contact James Dishaw
+    (jdishaw@hmcvax.claremont.edu).
+    The Hubble Guide Star catalog is available on CD-ROM for the Mac and PC
+    for $49.95 US (catalog # ST101).
+	Astronomical Society of the Pacific
+	390 Ashton Ave.
+	San Francisco, CA 94112
+	Phone: (415) 337-2624 9 AM - 3 PM Pacific Time
+    For German (and possibly other European) readers, Jost Jahn has a
+    service to distribute astronomical data to interested amateurs at cost.
+    About 30-40 catalogs are available for DM 6..8/disk. Several floppy disk
+    formats are available. Because of the expense of receiving email on his
+    system, he asks that you contact him by physical mail:
+	Jost Jahn
+	Neustaedter Strasse 11
+	W-3123 Bodenteich
+	Phone: FRG-5824-3197
+    Various astronomy-related programs and databases posted to the net in
+    the past are archived for anonymous FTP at multiple sites, including
+    ftp.uu.net (137.39.1.9). Also see the ASTRO-FTP list posted to sci.astro
+    monthly, which is more complete than this list.
+    Astonomical/Space-related sources of interest in comp.sources.unix:
+    Volume 8:	    phoon	moon phase and date routines
+    Volume 12,13:   starchart	starchart program & Yale Star data
+    Volume 15:	    moontool	shows moon phase picture on Suns
+    Volume 16:	    sao		reduced SAO catalog
+    Astonomical/Space-related sources of interest in comp.sources.misc:
+    Volume  8:	    moon	another moon phase program
+    Volume 11:	    starchart	starchart program, version 3.2
+    Volume 11:	    n3emo-orbit orbit: track earth satellites
+    Volume 12:	    starchart2	starchart program, update to version 3.2.1
+    Volume 13:	    jupmoons	plotter for Jupiter's major moons [in perl]
+    Volume 13:	    lunisolar	lunisolar (not sure what this does)
+    Volume 14:	    ephem-4.21	astronomical ephemeris, v4.21
+    Volume 14:	    n3emo-orbit patch to orbit 3.7
+    Volume 18:	    planet	planet generation simulator
+    Elwood Downey (e_downey@tasha.cca.cr.rockwell.com), the author of
+    "ephem", has offered to mail copies to people who can't find it on one
+    of the archives.
+    XSAT, an X Window System based satellite tracking program, is
+    available by anonymous FTP from export.lcs.mit.edu (18.24.0.12) in
+    contrib/xsat1.0.tar.Z. Contact Dave Curry (davy@ecn.purdue.edu)
+    for more information.
+    Xsky, a computerized sky atlas for the X Window System, is available for
+    anonymous FTP on arizona.edu in the directory [.SOFTWARE.UNIX.XSKY] as
+    xsky.tarz. Contact Terry R. Friedrichsen (terry@venus.sunquest.com) for
+    more information.
+    The "Variable Stars Analysis Software Archive" is available via
+    anonymous FTP from kauri.vuw.ac.nz (130.195.11.3) in directory
+    pub/astrophys. This is intended for specialists in this field, and they
+    would appreciate people from outside New Zealand confining their FTP
+    access to the astrophys directory, as they pay a significant amount for
+    Internet access. Contents are relatively sparse at present due to the
+    youth of the archive - contributions are encouraged. Contact the archive
+    administrator, Timothy Banks (bankst@kauri.vuw.ac.nz) for more
+    information.
+    The "IDL Astronomy Users Library" is available by anonymous FTP from
+    idlastro.gsfc.nasa.gov (128.183.57.82). This is a central repository for
+    general purpose astronomy procedures written in IDL, a commercial image
+    processing, plotting, and programming language. Contact Wayne Landsman
+    (landsman@stars.gsfc.nasa.gov) for more information.
+    The most recent orbital elements from the NASA Prediction Bulletins are
+    carried on the Celestial BBS, (513)-427-0674. Documentation and tracking
+    software are also available on this system. The Celestial BBS may be
+    accessed 24 hours/day at 300, 1200, or 2400 baud using 8 data bits, 1
+    stop bit, no parity.
+    Orbital element sets are available via anonymous FTP from the
+    following sites:
+    archive.afit.af.mil (129.92.1.66)	    NASA,TVRO,Shuttle
+    directory: /pub/space
+    ftp.funet.fi (128.214.6.100)	    NASA,TVRO,Molczan,CelBBS,
+    directory: /pub/astro/pc/satel	    Shuttle (*)
+    kilroy.jpl.nasa.gov (128.149.1.165)     NASA,Molczan
+    directory: /pub/space/
+    Copies of back issues of Space Digest are archived on
+    LISTSERV@UGA.BITNET. Send mail containing the message "INDEX SPACE" to
+    get an index of files; send it the message "GET filename filetype" to
+    get a particular file.
+    You can get black-and-white 1:1M prints, negatives, or positives for
+    $10, $18, $12 respectively for any Landsat data more than 2 years old
+    from EDC, (Eros (Earth Resources Orbiting Satellite) Data Center). Call
+    them at (605)-594-6511. You get 80 meter resolution from the MSS
+    scanner, 135x180 kilometers on a picture 135x180 mm in size. I think you
+    have to select one band from (green, red, near IR, second near IR), but
+    I'm not sure. Digitial data is also available at higher prices.
+    Transparencies of all NASA photos available to the public can be
+    borrowed from the NASA photo archive; you can have copies or prints
+    made.
+	 NASA Audio-Visual Facility
+	 918 North Rengstorff Ave
+	 Mountain View, CA  94043
+    The USGS address for maps of the planets is:
+    U.S. Geological Survey,
+    Distribution Branch,
+    Box 25286, Federal Center, Bldg. 41
+    Denver, CO 80225
+    Maps cost $2.40 to $3.10 per sheet (a few come in sets of 2 or 3 sheets).
+    The best global maps of Mars based on Viking images are 1:15,000,000
+    scale in 3 sheets. These maps are:
+    I-1535 (2 sheets only) - relief, albedo, names
+    I-1618 (3 sheets) - relief, names
+    I-2030 (3 sheets) - relief, topographic contours
+    I-1802-A,B,C (3 sheets) - geology
+    There are many other maps as well: 30 sheets at 1:5,000,000 scale in
+    relief, albedo, geology, photomosaic forms (not all 30 sheets available
+    in all formats); 140 sheets at 1:2,000,000 scale as photomosaics of the
+    whole planet, about 100 sheets of interesting sites at 1:500,000 scale
+    in photomosaic format, and lots of special sheets.
+    Then there are maps of Mercury, Venus, the Moon, the four Galilean
+    Satellites, six moons of Saturn and five of Uranus. [Phil Stooke
+    (stooke@vaxr.sscl.uwo.ca), the author of this item, has offered to
+    respond to email requests for information on any topic relating to lunar
+    and planetary maps.]
+    The Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams and the Minor Planet
+    Center announce the sixth edition of the Catalogue of Cometary Orbits in
+    IAU Circular 4935. The catalogue contains 1292 entries which represent
+    all known comets through November 1989 and is 96 pages long.
+    Non-subscribers to the Circulars may purchase the catalogue for $15.00
+    while the cost to subscribers is $7.50. The basic catalogue in ASCII
+    along with a program to extract specific orbits and calculate
+    ephemerides is available on MS-DOS 5.25-inch 2S2D diskette at a cost of
+    $75.00 (the program requires an 8087 math coprocessor). The catalogue
+    alone is also available by e-mail for $37.50 or on magnetic tape for
+    Except for the printed version of the catalogue, the various magnetic
+    media or e-mail forms of the catalogue do not specifically meantion
+    non-subscribers. It is possible that these forms of the catalogue may
+    not be available to non-subscribers or that their prices may be more
+    expensive than those given. Mail requests for specific information and
+    orders to:
+	Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams
+	Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory
+	Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
+NEXT: FAQ #4/15 - Performing calculations and interpreting data formats
diff --git a/space/space_95.txt b/space/space_95.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..88b5aa9ee2875b5f9a77e688946bd4cbab41cbb3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_95.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+In article <SHAFER.93Apr6094402@rigel.dfrf.nasa.gov> shafer@rigel.dfrf.nasa.gov (Mary Shafer) writes:
+>Dryden flew the first digital fly by wire aircraft in the 70s. No
+>mechnaical or analog backup, to show you how confident we were.
+Confident, or merely crazed?  That desert sun :-)
+>successful we were.  (Mind you, the Avro Arrow and the X-15 were both
+>fly-by-wire aircraft much earlier, but analog.)
+Gee, I thought the X-15 was Cable controlled.  Didn't one of them have a
+total electrical failure in flight?  Was there machanical backup systems?
+|The NASA habit of acquiring second-hand military aircraft and using
+|them for testbeds can make things kind of confusing.  On the other
+|hand, all those second-hand Navy planes give our test pilots a chance
+|to fold the wings--something most pilots at Edwards Air Force Base
+|can't do.
+What do you mean?  Overstress the wings,  and they fail at teh joints?
+You'll have to enlighten us in the hinterlands.
+pat
diff --git a/space/space_96.txt b/space/space_96.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6e96573923cbe12898413bfea33495294feb64ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_96.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+dillon comments that Space Food Sticks may have bad digestive properties.
+I don't think so.  I think  most NASA food products were designed to
+be low fiber 'zero-residue' products so as to minimize the difficulties
+of waste disposal.  I'd doubt they'd deploy anything that caused whole sale
+GI distress.  There aren't enough plastic baggies in the world for
+a bad case of GI disease.
+pat
diff --git a/space/space_97.txt b/space/space_97.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..35601a26ebbcf7bbe549d1b1045b254230a0a52c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_97.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+I am sure  Mary or Henry can describe this more aptly then me.
+But here is how i understand it.
+At Speed,  Near supersonic.  The wind behaves like a fluid pipe.
+It becomes incompressible.  So wind has to bend away from the
+wing edges.   AS the wing thickens,  the more the pipes bend.
+If they have no place to go,  they begin to stall,  and force
+compression, stealing power from the vehicle (High Drag).
+If you squeeze the fuselage,  so that these pipes  have aplace to bend
+into,  then drag is reduced.   
+Essentially,  teh cross sectional area of the aircraft shoulf
+remain constant for all areas of the fuselage.  That is where the wings are
+subtract, teh cross sectional area of the wings from the fuselage.
+pat
diff --git a/space/space_98.txt b/space/space_98.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9d01c2129c6a1662d4a929d20e584b20005bf0fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_98.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+In article <1psfan$pj0@access.digex.net>, prb@access.digex.com (Pat) writes...
+>In article <6APR199314571378@kelvin.jpl.nasa.gov> baalke@kelvin.jpl.nasa.gov (Ron Baalke) writes:
+>|Comet Gehrels 3, which was discovered in 1977, was determined to have
+>|been in a temporary Jovian orbit from 1970 to 1973.  Comet Shoemaker-Levy 1993e
+>|may remain in orbit around Jupiter long enough to allow Galileo to
+>|make some closeup observations.  The orbital trajectory for Comet
+>|Shoemaker-Levy is still being determined.
+>a
+>What about positional uncertainties in S-L 1993e?   
+If Comet Shoemaker-Levy 1993e is in Jovian orbit, and if the comet
+is still hanging around when Galileo arrives, then I'm sure it will
+be added to the list of targets.  We'll have by then over two years
+of Earth-based observations to help narrow down the positions of the
+pieces of the comet. It probably won't be too much different than
+what was done with Gaspra.
+>But when they were
+>imaging toutatis?
+Galileo did not image Toutatis.  That came from Earth-based radar.
+    /_ /|  /____/ \  /_ /|     Ron Baalke         | baalke@kelvin.jpl.nasa.gov
+    | | | |  __ \ /| | | |     Jet Propulsion Lab |
+ ___| | | | |__) |/  | | |__   M/S 525-3684 Telos | Being cynical never helps 
+/___| | | |  ___/    | |/__ /| Pasadena, CA 91109 | to correct the situation 
+|_____|/  |_|/       |_____|/                     | and causes more aggravation
+                                                  | instead.
diff --git a/space/space_99.txt b/space/space_99.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8f5667d8e1aa16b723dfcea0a4ee43e9b6de9584
--- /dev/null
+++ b/space/space_99.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+NASA Headquarters distributed the following press
+release today (4/6). I've typed it in verbatim, for you
+folks to chew over. Many of the topics recently
+discussed on sci.space are covered in this.
+Gibbons Outlines Space Station Redesign Guidance
+Dr. John H. Gibbons, Director, Office of Science and
+Technology Policy, outlined to the members-designate of
+the Advisory Committee on the Redesign of the Space
+Station on April 3, three budget options as guidance to
+the committee in their deliberations on the redesign of
+the space station.
+A low option of $5 billion, a mid-range option of $7
+billion and a high option of $9 billion will be
+considered by the committee. Each option would cover
+the total expenditures for space station from fiscal
+year 1994 through 1998 and would include funds for
+development, operations, utilization, Shuttle
+integration, facilities, research operations support,
+transition cost and also must include adequate program
+reserves to insure program implementation within the
+available funds.
+Over the next 5 years, $4 billion is reserved within
+the NASA budget for the President's new technology
+investment. As a result, station options above $7
+billion must be accompanied by offsetting reductions in
+the rest of the NASA budget.  For example, a space
+station option of $9 billion would require $2 billion
+in offsets from the NASA budget over the next 5 years.
+Gibbons presented the information at an organizational
+session of the advisory committee. Generally, the
+members-designate focused upon administrative topics
+and used the session to get acquainted. They also
+received a legal and ethics briefing and an orientation
+on the process the Station Redesign Team is following
+to develop options for the advisory committee to
+consider.
+Gibbons also announced that the United States and its
+international partners -- the Europeans, Japanese, and
+Canadians -- have decided, after consultation, to give
+"full consideration" to use of Russian assets in the
+course of the space station redesign process.
+To that end, the Russians will be asked to participate
+in the redesign effort on an as-needed consulting
+basis, so that the redesign team can make use of their
+expertise in assessing the capabilities of MIR and the
+possible use of MIR and other Russian capabilities and
+systems. The U.S. and international partners hope to
+benefit from the expertise of the Russian participants
+in assessing Russian systems and technology. The
+overall goal of the redesign effort is to develop
+options for reducing station costs while preserving key
+research and exploration capabilities. Careful
+integration of Russian assets could be a key factor in
+achieving that goal.
+Gibbons reiterated that, "President Clinton is
+committed to the redesigned space station and to making
+every effort to preserve the science, the technology
+and the jobs that the space station program represents.
+However, he also is committed to a space station that
+is well managed and one that does not consume the
+national resources which should be used to invest in
+the future of this industry and this nation."
+NASA Administrator Daniel S. Goldin said the Russian
+participation will be accomplished through the East-
+West Space Science Center at the University of Maryland
+under the leadership of Roald Sagdeev.
diff --git a/sport/sport_1.txt b/sport/sport_1.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0233bf648a3c914679eac07797633205c6527ba2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_1.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Claxton hunting first major medal
+
+British hurdler Sarah Claxton is confident she can win her first major medal at next month's European Indoor Championships in Madrid.
+
+The 25-year-old has already smashed the British record over 60m hurdles twice this season, setting a new mark of 7.96 seconds to win the AAAs title. "I am quite confident," said Claxton. "But I take each race as it comes. "As long as I keep up my training but not do too much I think there is a chance of a medal." Claxton has won the national 60m hurdles title for the past three years but has struggled to translate her domestic success to the international stage. Now, the Scotland-born athlete owns the equal fifth-fastest time in the world this year. And at last week's Birmingham Grand Prix, Claxton left European medal favourite Russian Irina Shevchenko trailing in sixth spot.
+
+For the first time, Claxton has only been preparing for a campaign over the hurdles - which could explain her leap in form. In previous seasons, the 25-year-old also contested the long jump but since moving from Colchester to London she has re-focused her attentions. Claxton will see if her new training regime pays dividends at the European Indoors which take place on 5-6 March.
diff --git a/sport/sport_10.txt b/sport/sport_10.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b9fd6544da63bcee193dafdf7e232c153f49ea1b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_10.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Collins to compete in Birmingham
+
+World and Commonwealth 100m champion Kim Collins will compete in the 60m at the Norwich Union Grand Prix in Birmingham on 18 February.
+
+The St Kitts and Nevis star joins British Olympic relay gold medallists Jason Gardener and Mark Lewis-Francis. Sydney Olympic 100m champion and world indoor record holder Maurice Greene and Athens Olympic 100m silver medallist Francis Obikwelu will also take part. Collins ran in Birmingham at the 2003 World Indoor Championships. "I'm looking forward to competing against such a strong field," he said. "I got a great reception form the crowd at the NIA when I won my 60m world indoor silver medal in 2003 and it will be really exciting to return to this venue." The world champion says he's in good shape but he isn't underestimating the home competition. "Jason Gardener and Mark Lewis-Francis are Olympic gold medallists now and I'm sure they'll be aiming to win in front of their home supporters. "I'm looking forward to competing against Britain's best sprinters and I'm sure the 60 metres will be one of the most exciting races of the evening." Collins was sixth in the Olympic final in Athens but is hoping for a better result at the World Championships in Finland this summer. "This will be a big year for me and I plan to defend my 100m world title in Helsinki in August. Before then I want to perform well over 60m indoors and start my year in winning form."
diff --git a/sport/sport_100.txt b/sport/sport_100.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..72523ba29a2098c7a726718c76a7f9b0a57aa8b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_100.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Mido makes third apology
+
+Ahmed 'Mido' Hossam has made another apology to the Egyptian people in an attempt to rejoin the national team.
+
+The 21-year-old told a news conference in Cairo on Sunday that he is sorry for the problems that have led to his exclusion from the Pharaohs since July last year. Mido said: "There isn't much I have to say today, all there is to say is that I came specially from England to Egypt to rejoin the national team and to apologise for all my mistakes." Mido was axed by former coach Marco Tardelli after failing to answer a national call-up, claiming he had a groin injury. But he then played in a friendly for his club AS Roma within 24 hours of a World Cup qualifying match at home to Cameroon last September. Mido added: "It's not my right to give orders and say when I want to play ... at the same time I will always make sure that I put the national's team's matches as my top priority. "I feel that the national players are playing with a new spirit as I saw them play against Belgium (Egypt won 4-0 on Wednesday) and I simply want to add to their success. "I do confess that I was rude to the Egyptian press at times but now I have gained more experience and know that I will never go anywhere without the press's support. "Many of the international stars like David Beckham and (Zinedine) Zidane had the press opposing them. "So I'm now used to the fact that the press can be against me at times and I don't have to overreact when this happens. Meanwhile, Egypt FA spokesman Methat Shalaby welcomed the apology and said no one had exerted pressure on Mido to apologise. "Mido's apology today does not negatively affect Mido in anyway, on the contrary it makes him a bigger star and a role model for all football players," Shalaby said. Shalaby earlier said that after an apology Mido would be available for the national side if coach Hassan Shehata chose him. Mido joined Tottenham in an 18-month loan deal near the end of the January transfer window, scoring twice on his debut against Portsmouth.
diff --git a/sport/sport_11.txt b/sport/sport_11.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..73347eb7fe6c0876173824cc2c373bb429e3ee70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_11.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Radcliffe yet to answer GB call
+
+Paula Radcliffe has been granted extra time to decide whether to compete in the World Cross-Country Championships.
+
+The 31-year-old is concerned the event, which starts on 19 March in France, could upset her preparations for the London Marathon on 17 April. "There is no question that Paula would be a huge asset to the GB team," said Zara Hyde Peters of UK Athletics. "But she is working out whether she can accommodate the worlds without too much compromise in her marathon training." Radcliffe must make a decision by Tuesday - the deadline for team nominations. British team member Hayley Yelling said the team would understand if Radcliffe opted out of the event. "It would be fantastic to have Paula in the team," said the European cross-country champion. "But you have to remember that athletics is basically an individual sport and anything achieved for the team is a bonus. "She is not messing us around. We all understand the problem." Radcliffe was world cross-country champion in 2001 and 2002 but missed last year's event because of injury. In her absence, the GB team won bronze in Brussels.
diff --git a/sport/sport_12.txt b/sport/sport_12.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d31b63edda14417c6ed5b36004d8fecf0abc2352
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_12.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Edwards tips Idowu for Euro gold
+
+World outdoor triple jump record holder and BBC pundit Jonathan Edwards believes Phillips Idowu can take gold at the European Indoor Championships.
+
+Idowu landed 17.30m at the British trials in Sheffield last month to lead the world triple jump rankings. "It's all down to him, but if he jumps as well as he did in Sheffield he could win the gold medal," said Edwards. "His ability is undoubted but all his best performances seem to happen in domestic meetings."
+
+Idowu made his breakthrough five years ago but so far has only a Commonwealth silver medal to his name. Edwards himself kept Idowu off top spot at the Manchester Games. But he believes the European Indoors in Madrid represent a chance for the 26-year-old to prove his credentials as Britain's top triple jumper. "He has to start producing at international level and here is the beginning," said Edwards. "Phillips still needs to be much more consistent. I'm sure a victory in Madrid will build up his confidence and self-belief that he can be best in the world." The qualifying round of the men's triple jump in Madrid takes place on Friday with the final scheduled for Saturday. Olympic champion Christian Olsson will not be taking part as he is out for the entire indoor season with an ankle injury.
diff --git a/sport/sport_13.txt b/sport/sport_13.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..11598196fba831eab84b44f906cff9d33ce5e302
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_13.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Kenya lift Chepkemei's suspension
+
+Kenya's athletics body has reversed a ban on marathon runner Susan Chepkemei after she made an official apology.
+
+Athletics Kenya (AK) had suspended the two-time London Marathon runner-up for failing to turn up to a cross-country team training camp in Embu. "We have withdrawn the ban. Chepkemei has given a reason for her absence," said AK chief Isaiah Kiplagat. "She explained she had a contract with the organisers of the race in Puerto Rice and we have accepted her apology."
+
+The Kenyan coaching team will now decide whether Chepkemei can be included in the team for this month's world cross country championships. The 29-year-old would be a strong contender at the event in France and is hopeful she will be granted a place in the 32-strong squad. "I am satisfied that the whole saga has been brought to an end," Chepkemei said. "I am ready and prepared to represent my country. "I will be disappointed if I am not given a chance to compete at the world cross country championships." AK had insisted it was making an example of Chepkemei by banning her from competition until the end of 2005. But the organisation came under intense international and domestic pressure to reverse its decision. The 29-year-old took part in the 2002 and 2003 London Marathons and was edged out by Radcliffe in an epic New York Marathon contest last year.
+
+The two-time world half-marathon silver medallist will be back to challenge Radcliffe at this year's London event in April. AK also dropped its harsh stance on three-time world cross country 4km champion Edith Masai. Masai missed Kenya's world cross country trials because of an ankle problem but AK insisted it would take disciplinary action unless she could prove she was really injured. "Subject to our doctor's confirmation, we have decided to clear Masai," added Kiplagat.
diff --git a/sport/sport_14.txt b/sport/sport_14.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f009a1965d4e843aafb59269c8661a7db9bafbbd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_14.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+McIlroy aiming for Madrid title
+
+Northern Ireland man James McIlroy is confident he can win his first major title at this weekend's Spar European Indoor Championships in Madrid.
+
+The 28-year-old has been in great form in recent weeks and will go in as one of the 800 metres favourites. "I believe after my wins abroad and in our trial race in Sheffield, I can run my race from the front, back or middle," said McIlroy. New coach Tony Lester has helped get McIlroy's career back on track. The 28-year-old 800 metres runner has not always matched his promise with performances but believes his decision to change coaches and move base will bring the rewards. McIlroy now lives in Windsor and feels his career has been transformed by the no-nonsense leadership style of former Army sergeant Lester. Lester is better known for his work with 400m runners Roger Black and Mark Richardson in the past but under his guidance McIlroy has secured five wins this indoor season.
+
+McIlroy now claims he is in his best shape since finishing fourth for Ireland at the outdoor European Championships in 1998. "That was my last decent year," said McIlroy, who temporarily retired last August before returning to the sport under Lester's shrewd guidance. "Before, every race was like trying to climb Mount Everest and I now know you can't do it on your own. "Trying to succeed saw me sometimes standing half-dead and terrified on the starting line, which became a bit too much." McIlroy, who was compared to the likes of Sebastian Coe, Steve Cram and Steve Ovett in his younger days, is now competing without the benefit of National Lottery funding. That situation could change if he maintains his current form and repeats the world-class times he produced in the 800m and 1000m at major races in Erfurt and Stuttgart earlier this season. Russian Dmitriy Bogdanov won at the same Madrid venue last week and then claimed the European Championship race would be between himself, Dutchman Arnoud Okken and Antonio Reina of Spain but McIlroy is unfazed.
+
+He admitted: "He looked quite good in his win and fair enough everyone has the right to their own opinion. "I never write myself off and let's face it, I haven't or looked like being beaten this season." And McIlroy, whose time of one minute 46.68seconds in Erfurt elevated him to sixth place on the UK All-Time list, is also already looking beyond Madrid. He said: "I've been much more focused this year about my career and having such a good team around me has been very important. "Ultimately of course, this weekend is a means to an end and that is getting prepared for the summer's world championships. "That ambition has meant that I've had only two nights out since last August. The rest of my time has seen me just concentrating on rebuilding my career."
diff --git a/sport/sport_15.txt b/sport/sport_15.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8e0094a1ea42344e6b9909f6b4f77f0f7dd6a0b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_15.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+UK Athletics agrees new kit deal
+
+UK Athletics has agreed a new deal with adidas to supply Great Britain squads of all ages with their kit for the next four years.
+
+The German-based firm kitted out Team GB at the 2004 Olympics and has deals with 20 other national Olympic bodies. UK Athletics chief David Moorcroft said: "The Athens experience can now be extended to more major championships. "In the year ahead these include the European indoor and World outdoor championships. We are delighted." Moorcroft added: "It is hugely beneficial to the sport that the adidas commitment will also provide for officials and other personnel at our world-class series of live televised events." This week, UK Athletics also agreed a four-year deal with energy drink company, Red Bull, who will be supplying the product to athletics at major domestic meetings and in high performance centres.
diff --git a/sport/sport_16.txt b/sport/sport_16.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9bb144eafa1409e13a69d6e273bf4dad75dcc829
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_16.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Verdict delay for Greek sprinters
+
+Greek athletics' governing body has postponed by two weeks the judgement on sprinters Costas Kenteris and Katerina Thanou for missing doping tests.
+
+The pair are facing lengthy bans for the missed tests, including one on the eve of last year's Athens Olympics. They were set to learn their fate by the end of February, but late evidence from them has pushed the date back. "A decision is now expected by around mid-March," said one of their lawyers, Michalis Dimitrakopoulos. Kenteris, 31, who won the men's 200m title at the 2000 Sydney Games and Thanou, 30, who won the women's 100m silver medal in Sydney, face a maximum two-year ban if found guilty. The athletes, who spectacularly withdrew from the Athens Olympics, have been suspended by the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) for missing the three tests. The IAAF said the sprinters had failed to provide samples for tests in Tel Aviv, Chicago and Athens and ordered Greek athletic's governing body, Segas, to hold a disciplinary inquiry. The athletes also face a criminal hearing in Greece over the missed drugs tests and have been charged with faking a motorcycle accident on the day of the Athens test, which led to them spending four days in hospital. Following the final hearing in late January, the athletes sounded confident they would be acquitted. "I am confident and optimistic," Thanou had said at the time. "We presented new evidence to the committee that they were not aware of." It was not clear what this new evidence was.
diff --git a/sport/sport_17.txt b/sport/sport_17.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..393ab96acf608b561c86456d6503ec61c237950c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_17.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Call for Kenteris to be cleared
+
+Kostas Kenteris' lawyer has called for the doping charges against the Greek sprinter to be dropped.
+
+Gregory Ioannidis has submitted new evidence to a Greek athletics tribunal which he claims proves the former Olympic champion has no case to answer. Kenteris and compatriot Katerina Thanou were given provisional suspensions in December for failing to take drugs tests before the Athens Olympics. The Greek tribunal is expected to give its verdict early next week. Kenteris and Thanou withdrew from the Athens Olympics last August after missing drugs tests on the eve of the opening ceremony. They were also alleged to have avoided tests in Tel Aviv and Chicago before the Games.
+
+But Ioannidis said: "Everything overwhelmingly shows that the charges should be dropped." Ioannidis also said he has presented evidence that will throw a different light on the events leading up to the pair's sensational withdrawal from the Athens Games. The lawyer added that he has proof the authorities "knew" Kenteris was in Germany at the time he was alleged to have missed a test in Chicago. Nick Davies, spokesman for athletics' ruling body the IAAF, which handed out the provisional bans, said: "We can't comment because we were not present at the hearing and don't know what was said behind closed doors. "We expect a verdict from the Greek Athletics Federation before the end of February and will obviously be making a statement then." Kenteris won 200m gold at the 2000 Sydney Olympics, while Thanou won silver in the 100m.
diff --git a/sport/sport_18.txt b/sport/sport_18.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5a4b03024d0eaa60be8ec429889b3e9dbbc1e336
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_18.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+Merritt close to indoor 400m mark
+
+Teenager LaShawn Merritt ran the third fastest indoor 400m of all time at the Fayetteville Invitational meeting.
+
+The world junior champion clocked 44.93 seconds to finish well clear of fellow American Bershawn Jackson in Arkansas. Only Michael Johnson has gone quicker, setting the world record of 44.63secs in 1995 and running 44.66secs in 1996. Kenyan Bernard Lagat missed out on the world record by 1.45secs as he ran the third quickest indoor mile ever to beat Canada's Nate Brannen by almost 10secs. The Olympic silver medallist's time of three minutes 49.89secs was inferior only to the 1997 world record of Moroccan Hicham El Guerrouj and former world record holder Eamonn Coghlan of Ireland's 3:49.78. Lagat was on course to break El Guerrouj's record through 1200m but could not maintain the pace over the final 400m. Ireland's
+
+continued his excellent form by winning a tight 3,000m in 7:40.53. Cragg, who recently defeated Olympic 10,000m champion Kenenisa Bekele in Boston, held off Bekele's Ethiopian colleague Markos Geneti by only 0.19secs to secure his victory. Mark Carroll, who will join Cragg in the European Indoor Championships next month, finished a solid third in 7:46.78. Olympic 200m gold medallist
+
+of Jamaica ran the fastest women's 60m in the world this year as she equalled her personal best of 7.09secs. World indoor 60m hurdles champion
+
+also won, improving his season-leading time to 7.51secs.
diff --git a/sport/sport_19.txt b/sport/sport_19.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f875d6aa57288f37d38d49336a165ead79d90d4f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_19.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+London hope over Chepkemei
+
+London Marathon organisers are hoping that banned athlete Susan Chepkemei will still take part in this year's race on 17 April.
+
+Chepkemei was suspended from all competition until the end of the year by Athletics Kenya after failing to report to a national training camp. "We are watching it closely," said London race director David Bedford. "There is a long way to go before the race and we are hoping the situation will be satisfactorily resolved." The camp in Embu was to prepare for the IAAF World Cross Country Championships later this month. Chepkemei however took part and finished third in last Sunday's world best 10K race in Puerto Rico. The 29-year-old has finished second to Paula Radcliffe in the 2002 and 2003 London races as well as in November's New York City marathon.
diff --git a/sport/sport_2.txt b/sport/sport_2.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0102893b3dc4b70e0e9c819fbaaf1d12c66e1a1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_2.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+O'Sullivan could run in Worlds
+
+Sonia O'Sullivan has indicated that she would like to participate in next month's World Cross Country Championships in St Etienne.
+
+Athletics Ireland have hinted that the 35-year-old Cobh runner may be included in the official line-up for the event in France on 19-20 March. Provincial teams were selected after last Saturday's Nationals in Santry and will be officially announced this week. O'Sullivan is at present preparing for the London marathon on 17 April. The participation of O'Sullivan, currentily training at her base in Australia, would boost the Ireland team who won the bronze three years agio. The first three at Santry last Saturday, Jolene Byrne, Maria McCambridge and Fionnualla Britton, are automatic selections and will most likely form part of the long-course team. O'Sullivan will also take part in the Bupa Great Ireland Run on 9 April in Dublin.
diff --git a/sport/sport_20.txt b/sport/sport_20.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d31b63edda14417c6ed5b36004d8fecf0abc2352
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_20.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Edwards tips Idowu for Euro gold
+
+World outdoor triple jump record holder and BBC pundit Jonathan Edwards believes Phillips Idowu can take gold at the European Indoor Championships.
+
+Idowu landed 17.30m at the British trials in Sheffield last month to lead the world triple jump rankings. "It's all down to him, but if he jumps as well as he did in Sheffield he could win the gold medal," said Edwards. "His ability is undoubted but all his best performances seem to happen in domestic meetings."
+
+Idowu made his breakthrough five years ago but so far has only a Commonwealth silver medal to his name. Edwards himself kept Idowu off top spot at the Manchester Games. But he believes the European Indoors in Madrid represent a chance for the 26-year-old to prove his credentials as Britain's top triple jumper. "He has to start producing at international level and here is the beginning," said Edwards. "Phillips still needs to be much more consistent. I'm sure a victory in Madrid will build up his confidence and self-belief that he can be best in the world." The qualifying round of the men's triple jump in Madrid takes place on Friday with the final scheduled for Saturday. Olympic champion Christian Olsson will not be taking part as he is out for the entire indoor season with an ankle injury.
diff --git a/sport/sport_21.txt b/sport/sport_21.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3e0cedb3a70ec6d17fda12e7c488d0b29730a3dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_21.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Chepkemei hit by big ban
+
+Kenya's athletics body has suspended two-time London Marathon runner-up Susan Chepkemei from all competition until the end of the year.
+
+Athletics Kenya (AK) issued the ban after Chepkemei failed to turn up for a cross country training camp in Embu. "We have banned her from all local and international competitions," said AK chief Isaiah Kiplagat. "We shall communicate this decision to the IAAF and all meet directors all over the world." The 29-year-old finished second to Paula Radcliffe in the 2002 and 2003 London races, and was also edged out in an epic New York Marathon contest last year.
+
+But the ban will prevent the two-time world half-marathon silver medallist from challenging Radcliffe at this year's London event in April. Global Sports Communications, Chepkemei's management company, said she had wanted to run in the World Cross Country Championships in March. But AK maintained it was making an example of Chepkemei as a warning to other Kenyan athletes. "We are taking this action in order to salvage our pride," said Kiplagat. "We have been accused of having no teeth to bite with and that agents are ruling over us." KA has also threatened three-time women's short-course champion Edith Masai with a similar ban if reports that she feigned injury to avoid running at the cross country world championships are true. Masai missed the national trials in early February, but was included in the provisional team on the proviso that she ran in a regional competition. She failed to run in the event, citing a leg injury.
diff --git a/sport/sport_22.txt b/sport/sport_22.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fc8261bcfeb560251013202cd2ca7267e324dd6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_22.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Holmes secures comeback victory
+
+Britain's Kelly Holmes marked her first appearance on home soil since winning double Olympic gold with 1500m victory at the Norwich Union International.
+
+Holmes hit the front just before the bell in front of a sell-out crowd in Glasgow and cruised to victory in a time of four minutes 14.74 seconds. "It was nice to get that out of the way. I was nervous about whether I would actually be able to get round. "I felt good. I just had to relax and use my racing knowledge," said Holmes. "It was all about winning in front of my home crowd. The time is irrelevant. "I got round in one piece and didn't disgrace myself. Now it's about going forward. "The reception I've had since the Olympics has been amazing and that's why I wanted to keep running this year, because I get a buzz from the crowd." Holmes ran a tactically perfect race to finish clear of France's Hind Dehiba and Russia's Svetlana Cherkasova. The Olympic 800m and 1500m champion's time was inside the qualifying mark for the European Indoor Championships in Madrid in March. But the 34-year-old would not reveal whether she intended to run or not, having previously indicated she would leave a decision until after the Birmingham Grand Prix on 18 February.
diff --git a/sport/sport_23.txt b/sport/sport_23.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1cb6ccde278f0440735e3c35cf87db38c7e9114b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_23.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Greek pair attend drugs hearing
+
+Greek sprinters Kostas Kenteris and Katerina Thanou have appeared before an independent tribunal which will decide if their bans should stand.
+
+They were given provisional suspensions by athletics' ruling body the IAAF in December for failing to take drugs tests before the Athens Olympics. The pair arrived with former coach Christos Tzekos to give evidence at the Hellenic Olympic Committee's offices. A decision is expected to be announced before the end of February. Whatever the ruling, all parties will have the right to appeal to the Court of Arbitration for Sport. Yiannis Papadoyiannakis, who was head of the Greek Olympic team at the Athens Games last year, also testified at the tribunal, along with other Greek sports officials and athletes. "I believe the tribunal will reach a decision that will uphold the standing of the institution," said Papadoyiannakis. "Whatever the athletes have done, we must not forget that they have offered us great moments." Kenteris won 200m gold at the 2000 Sydney Olympics, while Thanou won silver in the 100m.
+
+They withdrew from the Athens Games last August after missing drugs tests on the eve of the opening ceremony. The pair spent four days in a hospital, claiming they had been injured in a motorcycle crash. The five-member tribunal, assembled by the Hellenic Association of Amateur Athletics, is also examining allegations that Kenteris and Thanou avoided tests in Tel Aviv and Chicago before the Games. Tzekos was also banned for two years by the IAAF. He faces charges of assisting in the use of prohibited substances and tampering with the doping inspection process. All three, who have repeatedly denied the allegations, have also been charged by a Greek prosecutor and face trial for doping-related charges. A trial date has not been set. In imposing two-year suspensions on the duo on 22 December, the IAAF described their explanations for missing the tests as "unacceptable". But Kenteris' lawyer Gregory Ioannidis told BBC Sport earlier this week he was confident the sprinters would be cleared of the charges of failing to give information on their location and refusing to submit to testing. "We refute both charges as unsubstantiated and illogical," he said. "There have been certain breaches in the correct application of the rules on behalf of the sporting authorities and their officials, and these procedural breaches have also violated my client's rights. "There is also evidence that proves the fact that my client has been persecuted."
diff --git a/sport/sport_24.txt b/sport/sport_24.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5e29ba239315c8d3e8e83b30cd73d6f418cf14ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_24.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Chepkemei joins Edinburgh line-up
+
+Susan Chepkemei has decided she is fit enough to run in next month's Great Edinburgh International Cross Country.
+
+The Kenyan was initially unsure if she would have recovered from her gruelling tussle with Paula Radcliffe in the New York Marathon in time to compete. But she has declared herself up to the task and joins a field headed by World cross country champion Benita Johnson. Race director Matthew Turnbull said: "Susan will add even more strength in depth to the world-class line up." Chepkemei, who won the six kilometre event three years ago when it was staged in Newcastle, endured an epic battle with Radcliffe in the Big Apple until the Briton outsprinted her in the final 400m. Tirunesh Dibaba of Ethiopia will defend the title she won last year in Tyneside - before the race was moved north of the border. Recently-crowned European cross country champion Briton Hayley Yelling also competes in Edinburgh on 15 January, as does in-form Scot Kathy Butler.
diff --git a/sport/sport_25.txt b/sport/sport_25.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8dcb0680fe3c3725f32d954ec062ef48ec8b154b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_25.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+El Guerrouj targets cross country
+
+Double Olympic champion Hicham El Guerrouj is set to make a rare appearance at the World Cross Country Championships in France.
+
+But the Moroccan, who has not raced over cross country for 15 years, will not decide until two weeks before the event which starts on 19 March. "If I am to compete in it, it is only if I feel I can win," said the 30-year-old, who is retiring in 2006. "Otherwise there is not much point in me going." El Guerrouj achieved a lifetime ambition last August when he clinched his first Olympic titles over 1500m and 5,000m. But the four-time world 1500m champion is still hungry for more success before calling time on his career. The 30-year-old has set his sights on clinching the world 5,000m crown in Helsinki this summer. And he is aiming to break 10,000m Olympic champion Kenenisa Bekele's 5,000m and 10,000m world records.
+
+El Guerrouj could meet Bekele in March as the Ethiopian is the defending world cross country champion over both the long and short courses. But the Moroccan will not commit himself to the St Galmier event until he assesses how well his winter training is going. "The return to training was very difficult because I accepted a lot of invitations these past few months," said El Guerrouj. "I am almost a month behind but I am on the right track."
+
+
+ - Britain's Paula Radcliffe has also not ruled out competing in the World Cross Country Championships. "I haven't quite decided what events I will compete in prior to London but the World Cross Country is an event which is also special to me and is a definite possibility," said the two-time champion.
diff --git a/sport/sport_26.txt b/sport/sport_26.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4da57896a33269bdcb37565fe060a0e6a8ea4587
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_26.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Collins appeals against drugs ban
+
+Sprinter Michelle Collins has lodged an appeal against her eight-year doping ban with the North American Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS).
+
+The 33-year-old received the ban last month as a result of her connection to the federal inquiry into the Balco doping scandal. She is the first athlete to be banned without a positive drugs test or an admission of drugs use. CAS has said that a ruling is normally given within four months of an appeal. Collins was suspended by the US Anti-Doping Agency based on patterns observed in her blood and urine tests as well as evidence in the Balco investigation. As well as being hit with the ban, Collins was stripped of her 2003 world and US indoor 200m titles. The San Francisco-based Balco laboratory is at the centre of the scandal which has rocked the sport. The company has been accused of distributing illegal performance-enhancing drugs to elite athletes.
diff --git a/sport/sport_27.txt b/sport/sport_27.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..998e6c066503dfb982b9a6f38121da841f8367fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_27.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Holmes feted with further honour
+
+Double Olympic champion Kelly Holmes has been voted European Athletics (EAA) woman athlete of 2004 in the governing body's annual poll.
+
+The Briton, made a dame in the New Year Honours List for taking 800m and 1,500m gold, won vital votes from the public, press and EAA member federations. She is only the second British woman to land the title after- Sally Gunnell won for her world 400m hurdles win in 1993. Swedish triple jumper Christian Olsson was voted male athlete of the year. The accolade is the latest in a long list of awards that Holmes has received since her success in Athens. In addition to becoming a dame, she was also named the BBC Sports Personality of the Year in December. Her gutsy victory in the 800m also earned her the International Association of Athletics Federations' award for the best women's performance in the world for 2004. And she scooped two awards at the British Athletics Writers' Association annual dinner in October.
diff --git a/sport/sport_28.txt b/sport/sport_28.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b43ff94510e88e8ce9549e86478db4f32ac7e3f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_28.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Campbell to extend sprint career
+
+Darren Campbell has set his sights on running quicker than ever after deciding not to retire from sprinting.
+
+Campbell, who won Olympic 4x100m relay gold, had been unsure about his future. But he told Five Live's Sportsweek: "I had to get back into training before I could decide because if I didn't have the same hunger I'd have to walk away. "I've started back and I'm thoroughly enjoying it. I'm looking forward to it. I've got to run under 10 seconds (for 100m) and under 20 seconds (for 200m)." Campbell was part of the British quartet who shocked the Americans to win relay gold in Athens in August.
+
+The Newport-based athlete and team-mates Jason Gardener, Marlon Devonish and Mark Lewis-Francis were rewarded with MBEs in the New Year Honours List. Campbell's relay triumph made up for his disappointing displays in the individual 100m and 200m events in Athens, when he failed to reach the finals. The 31-year-old, who won Olympic 200m silver in Sydney in 2000, said during the Games that a hamstring injury had stopped him from running at his best.
+
+He was criticised at the time by former Olympic champion Michael Johnson, who cast doubt on Campbell's injury claims. "To go to Athens and finally get the gold I've been trying to get for 24 years was a big relief," said Campbell. "It was a chance for me to prove that if I'd been fit I would have been challenging for the (individual) medals. "Every season I go and challenge for the medals so why would last season have been any different? "It's just unfortunate that I picked up that injury just before the Olympics." Campbell set his 100m personal best of 10.04secs when he won the European title in Budapest in 1998. And he ran 20.13secs in the quarter-finals of the 200m in Sydney on the way to Olympic silver.
diff --git a/sport/sport_29.txt b/sport/sport_29.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2814372d79b92d3c7ae66d4f6f3ebe27292e00a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_29.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Isinbayeva heads for Birmingham
+
+Olympic pole vault champion Yelena Isinbayeva has confirmed she will take part in the 2005 Norwich Union Grand Prix in Birmingham on 18 February.
+
+"Everybody knows how much I enjoy competing in Britain. I always seem to break records there," said Isinbayeva. "As Olympic champion there will be more attention on me this year, but hopefully I can respond with another record in Birmingham." Kelly Holmes and Carolina Kluft are among other Athens winners competing. The organisers are hoping that Isinbayeva's main rival, fellow Russian Svetlana Feofanova, will also take part in the event. The pair had a thrilling battle in Athens which ended with Isinbayeva finally jumping a world record of 4.91m to claim the gold medal. Isinbayeva, 22, has set 10 world records in the pole vault, three of which have come on British soil.
diff --git a/sport/sport_3.txt b/sport/sport_3.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9dcc752b721bbe38b048bce1e0ff70057f484d9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_3.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Greene sets sights on world title
+
+Maurice Greene aims to wipe out the pain of losing his Olympic 100m title in Athens by winning a fourth World Championship crown this summer.
+
+He had to settle for bronze in Greece behind fellow American Justin Gatlin and Francis Obikwelu of Portugal. "It really hurts to look at that medal. It was my mistake. I lost because of the things I did," said Greene, who races in Birmingham on Friday. "It's never going to happen again. My goal - I'm going to win the worlds." Greene crossed the line just 0.02 seconds behind Gatlin, who won in 9.87 seconds in one of the closest and fastest sprints of all time. But Greene believes he lost the race and his title in the semi-finals. "In my semi-final race, I should have won the race but I was conserving energy. "That's when Francis Obikwelu came up and I took third because I didn't know he was there. "I believe that's what put me in lane seven in the final and, while I was in lane seven, I couldn't feel anything in the race.
+
+"I just felt like I was running all alone. "I believe if I was in the middle of the race I would have been able to react to people that came ahead of me." Greene was also denied Olympic gold in the 4x100m men's relay when he could not catch Britain's Mark Lewis-Francis on the final leg. The Kansas star is set to go head-to-head with Lewis-Francis again at Friday's Norwich Union Grand Prix. The pair contest the 60m, the distance over which Greene currently holds the world record of 6.39 seconds. He then has another indoor meeting in France before resuming training for the outdoor season and the task of recapturing his world title in Helsinki in August. Greene believes Gatlin will again prove the biggest threat to his ambitions in Finland. But he also admits he faces more than one rival for the world crown. "There's always someone else coming. I think when I was coming up I would say there was me and Ato (Boldon) in the young crowd," Greene said. "Now you've got about five or six young guys coming up at the same time."
diff --git a/sport/sport_30.txt b/sport/sport_30.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ee943699917acf0d3b67e62f345ef683e9b892c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_30.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+2004: An Irish Athletics Year
+
+2004 won't be remembered as one of Irish athletics' great years.
+
+The year began with that optimism which invariably and unaccountably, seems to herald an upcoming Olympiad. But come late August, a few hot days in the magnificent stadium in Athens told us of the true strength of Irish athletics - or to be more accurate, the lack of it. Sonia O'Sullivan's Olympic farewell apart, there was little to stir the emotions of Irish athletics watchers. But after the disastrous build-up to the games, we shouldn't have been surprised. At the start of the year, an O'Sullivan had been earmarked as Ireland's best medal prospect but as it turned out, walker Gillian never even made it to the start line because of injury. Less than a week before the Olympics, the sport was rocked by news that 10,000m hope Cathal Lombard had tested for the banned substance EPO. Lombard's shattering of Mark Carroll's national 10,000m record in April had already set tongues wagging but even the most cynical of observers, were surprised when he was rumbled after an Irish Sports Council sting operation. The Corkman quickly held his hands up in admission and was promptly handed a two-year ban from the sport.
+
+Back at pre-Olympic ranch in Greece, it must have seemed that things couldn't have got any worse but they very nearly did with walker Jamie Costin lucky to escape with his life after being involved in a car crash near Athens. Once the track and field action began in Athens, a familiar pattern of underachievement emerged although Alistair Cragg's performance in being the only athlete from a European nation to qualify for the 5,000m final did offer hope for the future. Our beloved Sonia scraped into the women's 5K final as a fastest loser and for a couple of days, the country attempted to delude itself into believing that she might be in the medal shake-up. As it happened, she went out the back door early in the final although there was nothing undignified about the way that she insisted on finishing the race over a minute behind winner Meseret Defar. It later transpired that Sonia had been suffering from a stomach bug in the 48 hours before the final although typically, the Cobhwoman played down the effects of the illness. Amazingly, she was back in action a couple of weeks later when beating a world-class field at the Flora Lite 5K road race in London and while her major championship days may be over, it's unlikely that we have seen the last of her in competition. At least Sonia managed to make it to Athens. At the start of the year, several Northern Ireland athletes had genuine hopes of qualifying for the Games but come August, an out-of-form and injured Paul Brizzel was the lone standard bearer for the province. The Ballymena man gave it a lash but his achilles problem, and a bad lane draw, meant a time of 21.00 and an early exit.
+
+James McIlroy, Gareth Turnbull, Zoe Brown and Paul McKee all had to be content with watching the Athens action on their television screens. 800m hope McIlroy never got near his best during the summer and a fourth place in the British trials effectively ended his hopes of making the plane. The injury-plagued Turnbull gamely travelled round Europe in search of the 1500m qualifying mark but 3:39 was the best he could achieve, after missing several months training during the previous winter. A lingering hamstring probem and a virus wrecked McKee's Athens ambitions and both he and Turnbull deserve a slice of better fortune in 2005. Pole vaulter Brown had hoped for a vote of confidence from the British selectors after she had achieved the Athens B standard but the call never came. As the summer ended, stalwarts Catherina McKiernan and Dermot Donnelly hung up their competitive spikes. McKiernan had to candidly acknowledge that time had crept up on her after several injury-ravaged years. Donnelly and his Annadale Striders team-mates later suffered tragedy when their friend and clubman Andy Campbell was found dead at his home on 18 December. A large turnout of athletics-loving folk turned out in west Belfast to offer their respects to the Campbell family and Andy's many friends. As only death can, it put the year's athletics happenings in a sharp perspective.
diff --git a/sport/sport_31.txt b/sport/sport_31.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0ef217c9de2fc7c79538aa702e6535ece41330c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_31.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Sprinter Walker quits athletics
+
+Former European 200m champion Dougie Walker is to retire from athletics after a series of six operations left him struggling for fitness.
+
+Walker had hoped to compete in the New Year Sprint which is staged at Musselburgh Racecourse near Edinburgh on Tuesday and Wednesday. The 31-year-old Scot was suspended for two years in 1998 after testing positive for nandrolone. "I had intended to race but I'm running like a goon," said Walker. He told the Herald newspaper: "I'm not in great shape, after missing about a month of training. "I missed a big chunk of speed work over about three weeks, and then another week working in America. "If I'd had a half-decent mark it might have motivated me more, but I won't be racing. "I still enjoy training, but feel it's time to move on, and concentrate on a career."
diff --git a/sport/sport_32.txt b/sport/sport_32.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..13b07156ae2f669d095f8ed6d4fa744c90495101
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_32.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Bekele sets sights on world mark
+
+Olympic 10,000m champion Kenenisa Bekele is determined to add the world indoor two mile record at February's Norwich Union Grand Prix in Birmingham.
+
+The 22-year-old will again be chasing a record held by his compatriot and mentor Haile Gebrselassie, who set the mark at the same meeting in 2003. "I am still as hungry to do as much as I can in this sport," said Bekele. "And aiming for the two mile world record in Birmingham is the next of those targets." Gebrselassie's current record stands at eight minutes, 04.69 seconds. And Bekele is no stranger to overhauling world marks at the National Indoor Arena. The Ethiopian broke the world indoor 5,000m record on his debut at the meeting last year. Compatriots Mulugeta Wondimu, Abiyote Abate and Markos Geneti, the world indoor bronze medallist over 3000m, will race against Bekele on 18 February. The meet has already attracted a crop of Olympic talent. Britain's 800m and 1500m champion Kelly Holmes is taking part in the 1000m. Swedish heptathlon gold medallist Carolina Kluft will contest the 60m hurdles. While men's 4x100m relay gold medallists Jason Gardener and Mark Lewis-Francis will go head-to-head in the 60m.
diff --git a/sport/sport_33.txt b/sport/sport_33.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..93f17d48af3afaa4b6ef5ad9892d690653d83aaf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_33.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Greek sprinters suspended by IAAF
+
+Greek sprinters Kostas Kenteris and Katerina Thanou have been suspended after failing to take drugs tests before the Athens Olympics.
+
+Athletics' ruling body the IAAF said explanations from the pair and their former coach as to why they missed the tests were "unacceptable". It added that Kenteris and Thanou had been "provisionally suspended pending the resolution of their cases". They face two-year bans if found guilty by the Greek Athletics Federation. The suspension also covers the athletes' controversial coach, Christos Tzekos. Kenteris, the 2000 Olympic 200m champion, and Thanou, the women's 100m silver medallist from the same Games in Sydney, also face a criminal hearing in Greece over the missed tests. They failed to appear to give samples in Chicago and Tel Aviv shortly before the Athens Games and again in Athens on 12 August, the eve of the opening ceremony. Greek prosecutors have also charged them with faking a midnight motorcycle crash which led to them spending four days in hospital. Some medical staff have been charged with writing false medical reports. Wednesday's statement said the Greek Federation (SEGAS) would convene a disciplinary hearing for the trio to determine whether there had been doping violations.
+
+"There will be a final right of appeal from the decision of the Greek Federation to the Court of Arbitration for Sport," the IAAF said. Tzekos insisted he and the runners had nothing to hide. "The IAAF's decision means nothing," he said. "We'll be presenting all our arguments to SEGAS - we're innocent."
diff --git a/sport/sport_34.txt b/sport/sport_34.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..26d717c395272abec3a15497beeb070a2f3f5ccb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_34.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+Athens memories soar above lows
+
+Well, it's goodbye to another Olympic year and as usual there were plenty of highs and lows in Athens.
+
+Obviously, there's no getting away from the differing fortunes of Kelly Holmes and Paula Radcliffe. But I want to remind you of a few more events that made 2004 another year to remember - or forget - for athletics. 
+
+ 
+
+One of my favourite Olympic moments was Kelly's success in the 800m.
+
+Winning that race was the key to her success because if she won that then the 1500m would be a bit of a formality. Kelly had been full of "should I, shouldn't I?" thoughts about going for the double in Athens. I thought why wouldn't you do the 800m, it's your best event? It was such good fun to commentate on her 1500m and it was nice to be able to be part of her Athens story. 
+
+ 
+
+The victory for the British men's 4x100m relay team was a bit of a surprise but a great climax to the Games. I think the four of them - Jason Gardener, Darren Campbell, Marlon Devonish and Mark Lewis-Francis - knew deep down that it was their best chance of a medal. The lads had run poorly in the individual sprints so maybe they did lift their game when they knew something was really at stake. 
+
+ 
+
+Hicham El Guerrouj's Olympic double is a much bigger achievement than Kelly's on a global scale.
+
+He was the first man since for 80 years to win both the 1500m and 5,000m titles. As soon as he had added the 5,000m crown and I had finished commentating, I jumped up, ran down the stairs, pushed everyone out the way and just gave him a big hug. He is one of the few African runners who has embraced the tradition of the mile and he loves to hear all the Roger Bannister stories. Hicham is someone I enjoy having a bit of time with, even though my French and his English are not very good. 
+
+ 
+
+What happened to Paula in Athens this year is the obvious low on a personal level and for the expectations of the nation as well. There were a set of circumstances around Athens that conspired to produce a very dramatic ending which I think has been greatly misunderstood. Dropping out of the marathon was the right thing to do but starting in the 10,000m five days later was not wise. That was her heart and not her head reacting. Paula had a lot of little things going wrong in her preparation and on the day.
+
+Things like niggling injuries, not being able to do all her running sessions and feeling the pressure of the race looming ahead of her. I think she came to the start line in Athens physically and emotionally drained. And if even the smallest thing doesn't feel right when you are preparing to race a marathon, 10 miles down the road it will hit you like a brick wall. The positive thing to take from Paula's Olympics it that she will have learned a lot from it and so will a lot of people - including me. 
+
+ 
+
+Purely as a race, Paula's victory in the New York Marathon has to go down as one of the most thrilling. It was so nip-and-tuck between her and Kenya's Susan Chepkemei and you don't usually get that kind of excitement in marathons. It was also a real delight for all athletics fans because, to use one of my favourite words, Paula showed real "bouncebackability". And it was a bit of a rarity for me too because I genuinely did not have an inkling how the race was going to pan out. 
+
+ 
+
+Kelly and the 4x100m boys' victories papered over the cracks in the general performance of the British team. We should be concerned that we're not producing enough people who are capable of reaching finals at senior level.
+
+The only individual men's finalist on the track was Michael East in the 1500m. I am beginning to look down and wonder where are the new breed? And that's where things begin to look even gloomier for British athletics as we did not win any medals at the world junior championships in Italy. Dani Barnes came fourth in the 1500m and she was the highest finisher for Team GB. The thing is if we don't have athletes getting into the finals at junior level then it really doesn't look good for the Beijing Olympics and beyond. 
+
+ 
+
+I tell you what I really enjoyed this year, Benita Johnson winning the world cross country championships back in March. In the absence of Paula, we tend to think of the event as something of an African preserve. So to have an Australian come up and deliver such a surprise was something special. 
+
+ 
+
+To be honest, I'm getting bored with all the drug scandals, especially Balco. I just wish the whole thing would come to a head so we can move on.
+
+Having said that, I'm always pleased when drugs cheats are caught because it shows the sport is standing up to it and not turning a blind eye anymore. And one of the positive things to come out of Balco is people are starting to blow the whistle. We need more people to come forward and help the authorities kick out the cheats. As regards the case against Greek sprinters Kostas Kenteris and Katerina Thanou, well suspicions have been hanging over Kenteris for a while. The bottom line is we cannot keep letting drugs damage the sport because if we do then it stops everyone enjoying it.
diff --git a/sport/sport_35.txt b/sport/sport_35.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a02e5f9b5e874669b52e471fcdebd31796a9dbdc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_35.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Collins banned in landmark case
+
+Sprinter Michelle Collins has received an eight-year ban for doping offences after a hearing at the North American Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS).
+
+America's former world indoor 200m champion is the first athlete to be suspended without a positive drugs test or an admission of drugs use. Collins' ban is a result of her connection to the federal inquiry into the Balco doping scandal. The 33-year-old was found guilty of using performance-enhancing drugs. The US Anti-Doping Agency (USADA) decided to press charges against Collins in the summer. The sprinter has consistently protested her innocence but the CAS has upheld USADA's findings. "The USADA has proved, beyond a reasonable doubt, that Collins took EPO, the testosterone/epitestosterone cream and THG," said a CAS statement. "Collins used these substances to enhance her performance and elude the drug testing that was available at the time." So far a total of 13 athletes have been sanctioned for violations involving drugs associated with the Balco doping scandal. World record holder Tim Montgomery is also facing a lifetime ban after being charged by the USADA. His hearing before the CSA has been rescheduled for June next year.
+
+Drug enforcement chiefs in the US have vowed to crack down on cheats. USADA chief executive officer Terry Madden said the action taken against Collins was further proof of that. "The CAS panel's decision confirms that those who violate the rules will be sanctioned as part of USADA's ongoing efforts to protect the rights of the overwhelming majority of US athletes that compete drug-free," said Madden. The USADA has built its cases on verbal evidence given to the federal investigation into Balco rather than test results. The San Francisco-based Balco laboratory faces steroid distribution and money laundering charges. The trial is expected to open next March.
diff --git a/sport/sport_36.txt b/sport/sport_36.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..757ee1f17e9f41c87d5a7fba500fd00b82052c3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_36.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Jones doping probe begins
+
+An investigation into doping claims against Marion Jones has been opened by the International Olympic Committee.
+
+IOC president Jacques Rogge has set up a disciplinary body to look into claims by Victor Conte, of Balco Laboratories. Jones, who says she is innocent, could lose all her Olympic medals after Conte said he gave her performance-enhancing drugs before the Sydney Olympics. But Rogge said it was too early to speculate about that, hoping only that "the truth will emerge".
+
+Any decision on the medals would be taken by the IOC's executive board and could hinge on interpretation of a rule stating that Olympic decisions can only be challenged within three years of the Games closing. The Sydney Olympics ended more than four years ago, but World Anti-Doping Agency chief Dick Pound said the rule may not apply because the allegations are only coming out now. "We will find a way to deal with that," Pound said. In a statement released through her attorney Rich Nichols, Jones repeated her innocence and vowed she would be cleared. "Victor Conte's allegations are not true and the truth will be revealed for the world to see as the legal process moves forward," she said. "Conte is someone who is under federal indictment and has a record of issuing contradictory, inconsistent statements."
diff --git a/sport/sport_37.txt b/sport/sport_37.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2a163d403f27b62b32fa6ab53177b24b3e29af98
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_37.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Johnson accuses British sprinters
+
+Former Olympic champion Michael Johnson has accused Britain's top sprinters of lacking pride and ambition.
+
+"At the moment, the biggest factor on the mind of British sprinters is to be number one in Britain," the world 200m and 400m record holder told Five Live. "Athletics at the moment is all about international competitions and they need to show a little more pride." However, Linford Christie countered: "It's easy to criticise when you haven't gone through the system here." Johnson was involved in a verbal spat with Britain's Darren Campbell earlier this year. The American had cast doubt on Campbell's claims he had torn a hamstring in the wake of his failure to reach the Olympic 100m and 200m finals.
+
+And the American remains highly critical of aspects of British sprinting. "The only time you see British sprinters getting upset or riled is when there is a debate as to which one is better than the other," he claimed. "Athletes here have to compete more outside the UK. Their focus has to be on being the best in the world and not just on being the top British sprinter." Speaking at an elite coaches' conference in Birmingham, Johnson also argued that although there has been more investment in the sport in Britain, it had not necessarily reaped the rewards. "You can't fix everything with money," he admitted. "You contrast the situation here to that of some US athletes who have no funding. "Those who aren't funded might be hungrier and more motivated because their road to success is a lot more difficult and challenging. "So when they get to the top they are more appreciative."
diff --git a/sport/sport_38.txt b/sport/sport_38.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9e30504c47017f67318da1e17fceb6de649b056f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_38.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Radcliffe proves doubters wrong
+
+This won't go down as one of the greatest marathons of Paula's career. But as a test of character, it was the toughest race she's ever taken part in.
+
+A win in the New York marathon doesn't make up for the disappointment of Athens in any shape or form, but it will offer hope and reassurance for next year. If Paula's last experience of the year had been Athens, it would have been very difficult to look forward with any optimism. She can now draw a line under this year and make plans about her future. Even if she'd lost this race, there would have been a lot of positives to take out of it. She knows she can dig deep if she needs to. It was a strong field, with a number of the girls going into the race with expectations of winning. And although two hours 23 minutes wasn't one of Paula's best times, it wasn't far off the record on a difficult course.
+
+I was speaking to Paula in the lead-up to this race and she said that in many ways she was facing a no-win situation. She thought that if she won, people would say "why couldn't she do that in Athens?" And if she lost, people would say her career was over. And a lot of people were wondering what would happen if Paula was forced to drop out of this race, as she did in the marathon and 10,000m in Athens. But that was never on the cards. She might have been beaten, but she would have kept running. The reasons she was forced to pull out in Athens - the niggling injuries, her lack of energy and the oppressive conditions - weren't at play here. The only question was what position she could finish in. Most important of all, despite all the hype in the media ahead of this race, there were never doubts in Paula's mind. If she wasn't confident, she wouldn't have run. After all, if you're the best in the world at an event, you'll always have expectations of winning.
+
+Now Paula will take part in the Run London 10km race in London at the end of the year, have a well-earned rest over Christmas and go into next year with a lot of optimism.
diff --git a/sport/sport_39.txt b/sport/sport_39.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a5ed09cdc3279241c4bc856a70f898f0aad74b35
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_39.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Jones medals 'must go if guilty'
+
+World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) chief Dick Pound says Marion Jones should be stripped of all her medals if found guilty of taking banned substances.
+
+Victor Conte, of Balco Laboratories, claims the American sprinter regularly used drugs to enhance her performance. "If she is found guilty she should be stripped of all her medals and banned for two years," said Pound. Asked if there was a timescale as to what medals could be taken, Pound said: "That is not an issue at all." However, under International Olympic Committee (IOC) rules, athletes can only be stripped of their medals if caught within three years of the event. Jones, who won five medals at the 2000 Olympics, denies using drugs and says she will take legal action over Conte's allegations. Balco Laboratories is the firm at the centre of a wide-reaching investigation into doping in the US. Pound continued: "If she has indeed taken drugs it is going to be a big disappointment for a lot of people."
diff --git a/sport/sport_4.txt b/sport/sport_4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..59195b6a3337a28c58e82af23b57c6c4d49c71d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+IAAF launches fight against drugs
+
+The IAAF - athletics' world governing body - has met anti-doping officials, coaches and athletes to co-ordinate the fight against drugs in sport.
+
+Two task forces have been set up to examine doping and nutrition issues. It was also agreed that a programme to "de-mystify" the issue to athletes, the public and the media was a priority. "Nothing was decided to change things - it was more to have a forum of the stakeholders allowing them to express themselves," said an IAAF spokesman. "Getting everyone together gave us a lot of food for thought." About 60 people attended Sunday's meeting in Monaco, including IAAF chief Lamine Diack and Namibian athlete Frankie Fredericks, now a member of the Athletes' Commission. "I am very happy to see you all, members of the athletics family, respond positively to the IAAF call to sit together and discuss what more we can do in the fight against doping," said Diack. "We are the leading Federation in this field and it is our duty to keep our sport clean." The two task forces will report back to the IAAF Council, at its April meeting in Qatar.
diff --git a/sport/sport_40.txt b/sport/sport_40.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..38bfd43afcc79bd6c1c6a82a45ec41ed4d8c1ee8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_40.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+Radcliffe tackles marathon tasks
+
+Paula Radcliffe faces arguably the biggest test of her career in the New York City Marathon on Sunday.
+
+Back under the spotlight of public scrutiny she will attempt to erase the double disappointment of the Athens Olympics, where she failed to finish the marathon and then the 10,000m. BBC Sport examines the challenges facing Radcliffe ahead of the big race. 
+
+The ability to run a gruelling 26.2 miles relies largely upon an athlete's belief that they can do it. Every runner will hit the wall at some stage and see written on it, "Are you strong enough to finish?"
+
+The question could hit Radcliffe hard after she was unable to complete her last two races in high-profile and emotional circumstances. Sports psychologist Hugh Richards says the 30-year-old must draw on her past achievements to conquer a potential crisis of confidence. "There is an old adage, 'get straight back on the horse that threw you,'" Richards told BBC Sport. "Paula has got all those great runs in her history as well as the two upsets in Athens. "She must not lose faith in what has already been proven is a very effective strategy for distance running. "If she were to change her preparation and tactics that would be madness. "She wants to start rebuilding her confidence through performance accomplishment." 
+
+For much of the watching media and public there can only be two possible outcomes in New York - win or lose. If Radcliffe crosses the line first she will have proved her critics wrong. But if she fails to triumph, she risks being labelled a has-been and her profile will suffer. And for any athlete that can have repercussions in terms of sponsorship, appearance fees as well as further self esteem issues.
+
+"Athletes need to try and stay focused on their internal controls and ignore external questions," explains Richards, who has worked with past Olympians. "She must not get caught up in someone else's agenda." Radcliffe's best friend and fellow distance runner Liz Yelling revealed the 30-year-old is already aware she will be exposing herself to more public scrutiny in New York. "She just thought, 'well, they can't think any worse of me now,'" Yelling told BBC Sport. "She's just doing what she wants to do and not thinking about the consequences of it." 
+
+Radcliffe described her decision to enter the New York marathon as "impulsive" but she is certain to have a tick-list of personal goals. Her aims could be as simple as completing a race and making sure she is still enjoying running but Richards says she must avoid more emotional targets, such as redemption. "You can't change history," warned Richards. "Only one person can win the marathon but lots of people can be successful. "Paula has to figure out what sort of things will she feel satisfied achieving by the end of the race." 
+
+The course from Staten Island to Central Park is renowned as one of the toughest in the world. It is also not the kind of fast course that tends to suit Radcliffe better, with the undulating finish through the park testing the legs' final reserves.
+
+Radcliffe has never raced there before and will enter the unknown just 77 days after the Athens marathon. "It's suggested after a major marathon you take a full month off and start building up again," said Yelling, herself a marathon runner. "But that is only for long-term health and fitness. "When you finish a marathon you are still very fit and can recover quickly. So physically it is possible for Paula." Richards also points out conditions in New York will be more conducive to a strong physical display from Radcliffe. "The heat stress was the primary factor that tripped her up in Athens," he said. "And that just isn't going to be there in New York, that's been taken out of the equation." 
+
+
+
+Radcliffe concedes she will probably learn a lot from her bad experiences in Athens in time. And Richards and Yelling agree she could turn the trauma to her advantage, starting in New York. "How you respond to adversity is what marks you out as elite or not," argues Richards.
+
+"One of the challenges of massive set backs is how you turn them into opportunities." And Yelling says: "I think this will probably make Paula." "I think it will drive her on and she'll come out of it a better athlete."
diff --git a/sport/sport_41.txt b/sport/sport_41.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3573024c83ad49f1b1bdc07e86dc0670454f6787
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_41.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Gatlin and Hayes win Owen awards
+
+American Olympic stars Justin Gatlin and Joanna Hayes have been named the winners of the 2004 Jesse Owens Awards, USA Track & Field's (USATF) top honour.
+
+Gatlin, 22, won the closest 100m final in Games history with a career-best time of 9.85 seconds in Athens. He also won bronze in the 200m and silver in the 4x100m relay, becoming the only male athlete to win three athletics medals this summer. Hayes, 27, set an Olympic record of 12.37 in winning the 100m hurdles. Established in 1981, the Jesse Owens Awards - named in honour of the late Olympic great who won four gold medals at the 1936 Berlin Games - are presented annually to the outstanding US male and female track and field performers.
+
+The 2004 awards will be presented on 3 December in conjunction with the USATF annual meeting in Portland. "It is such a great honour to win the Jesse Owens Award," said Gatlin. "It is one of the biggest honours in track and field and it is a great end to a great year. " Hayes said: "Knowing some of the great people who have won this award before me and knowing what it represents, I feel a sense accomplishment and pride which lets me know that everything that I have worked for is and always will be worth it."
diff --git a/sport/sport_42.txt b/sport/sport_42.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ec08c365eaf82d7d524f2fa6d48869c6b81a2399
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_42.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Radcliffe enjoys winning comeback
+
+Paula Radcliffe made a triumphant return to competitive running with victory in the New York Marathon.
+
+The Briton, running for the first time since dropping out of the Olympic marathon and 10,000m, held off Kenyan Susan Chepkemei in a thrilling finish. The pair were locked together for the last few miles before Radcliffe finally sprinted clear to win in two hours, 23 minutes and 10 seconds. "It's a good way to end the year," she said. "I'm ready for a good rest now." Radcliffe decided only recently to run in the race and many had doubted whether she had sufficiently recovered from her Olympic ordeal just 11 weeks ago. But the world record-holder was prominent at the head of the field for the whole race as her rivals slowly dropped off the pace. Just Chepkemei and Radcliffe were left in contention as the race came into the final few miles. The Kenyan put in several bursts of speed to throw off Radcliffe but the Briton managed to hang in. Both runners looked to be suffering as they reached the final mile in Central Park. But it was Radcliffe who managed to dredge up a final sprint to see off Chepkemei in the closest finish in the race's history and in the process make a huge step in erasing the disappointment she suffered in Athens.
+
+
diff --git a/sport/sport_43.txt b/sport/sport_43.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9eccaa22a775d4f2d6bd1a105a0bd3fe10eb96cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_43.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Collins named UK Athletics chief
+
+UK Athletics has ended its search for a new performance director by appointing psychologist Dave Collins.
+
+Collins, who worked with the British teams at the 2000 and 2004 Olympics, takes over from Max Jones. Six candidates were interviewed for the job, including Denise Lewis' coach Charles van Commenee and former British triple jumper Keith Connor. "We've searched long and hard to ensure we have found the right person," said UKA chief executive David Moorcroft. "We have thoroughly tested the candidates. I believe David will make a great leader and I have great faith in what he will achieve." Collins said: "It's a great challenge. Over the next few months I will spend time listening to those who already make a significant contribution to athletics and other elite sports in the UK." Collins, who has worked with javelin thrower Steve Backley in the past, started his career as a Royal Marine before becoming a PE teacher. He is currently professor of physical education and sport performance at Edinburgh University, where he helps competitors across many sports, including rugby, athletics, judo and football.
+
+He has specialised in helping competitors fulfil their potential through psychology and has worked with the Great Britain women's curling team, who won gold at the 2002 Winter Olympics. Mark Lewis-Francis sought Collins' advice in Athens when he was looking for inspiration before he ran the final leg of Britain's surprise triumph in the 4x100m relay. Collins has played rugby at regional level, was captain of the Great Britain American Football team, and competed at national level in judo and karate. He arrives with British athletics at a crossroads. Despite Kelly Holmes' golden double and the success of the sprint relay squad, the GB team failed to live up to expectations in Athens. Many older competitors have retired or are coming to the end of their careers, and Britain failed to win a single medal at the world junior championships in Italy this year. Collins will not have day-to-day coaching contact with the athletes, but will be expected to make changes to the system and coaching set-up in order to secure medals at the Beijing Olympics in 2008. The appointment of a new performance director was one of the main recommendations in Sir Andrew Foster's review of the sport, which was published in May. It was commissioned by UK Sport and Sport England, which wanted UK Athletics to justify funding of more than £40m from the Government following the failure to hang on to the 2005 World Championships, which are now being held in Helsinki. Van Commenee dropped out of the selection process to take on the same role with the Dutch Olympic Committee, while Connor's application was rejected after an arduous interview process. Foster, however, declared himself satisfied with how the appointment was made. "The appointment of David Collins, with his strong mix of leadership skills and managerial experience, is testament to the professional and detailed recruitment process," he said.
diff --git a/sport/sport_44.txt b/sport/sport_44.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a59f76cbf7300128766d339a799724ce54240d91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_44.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+White admits to Balco drugs link
+
+Banned American sprinter Kelli White says she knowingly took steroids given to her by Bay Area Lab Co-Operative (Balco) president Victor Conte.
+
+Conte faces a federal trial next year on charges of distributing steroids and tax evasion, and White said at first he tried to cover up what he was doing. "He's the one who told me that it wasn't what he said it was," White said in the San Francisco Chronicle. But she added: "It was my decision to go to him, not anybody else's." White said Conte at first told her the substance was flaxseed oil, only to change his story later. White failed a drugs test after winning the 100m and 200m titles at the 2003 world athletics championships. She was subsequently handed a two-year ban in May this year and has admitted taking the stimulant modafinil. At first, White claimed she took the drug to combat narcolepsy but she now takes full responsibility for her actions.
+
+"My whole belief about Victor is that he was selling a product," White said in the LA Times. "Whether it be a good product or a bad product, he was selling a product." White was introduced to Conte through her coach Remy Korchemy, who is also a defendant in the Balco case. The 27-year-old believes doping is so common in sport she felt compelled to cheat herself if she was to have any chance of winning. "I have no clue what it's going to take to change that," said White. "I would say I made a mistake and I would never, ever go back. "I would never recommend anyone to take that route."
diff --git a/sport/sport_45.txt b/sport/sport_45.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..38c4a1ac877e8c1edf6e1a6b81777609c2e8d42d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_45.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Trial date is set for Balco case
+
+A US judge has set a preliminary trial date for the Balco steroid distribution case which has rocked athletics.
+
+US district court judge Susan Ilston rejected an attempt by the defence team to have the case dismissed at a pre-trial hearing in San Francisco. And she set a March date for the case of the four men accused of distributing illegal performance-enhancing drugs to elite athletes to be heard. A firm decision on whether the trial takes place is expected in January. The judge said that she may conduct hearings in January into whether federal agents illegally searched the Balco headquarters and wrongfully obtained statements from the company's founder Victor Conte and its vice-president James Valente. The two men - along with personal trainer Greg Anderson and athletics coach Remy Korchemny - were all indicted earlier this year but have pleaded their innocence. The outcome of those hearings could result in some or all of the charges being dismissed. Conte said that he would be telling his side of the story on an American TV show on Friday.
+
+"The world deserves to know the truth about performance-enhancing drugs," he said. Balco (The Bay Area Laboratory Cooperative) is the company at the centre of the scandal. The company has been accused by the United States Anti-Doping Agency (USADA) of being the source of the banned steroid THG and modafinil. The USADA claims that 10 athletes have received sanctions for testing positive for THG and modafinil. Former double world champion Kelli White and Olympic relay star Alvin Harrison have both been banned on the basis of materials discovered during the Balco investigation. Britain's former European 100m champion Dwain Chambers is currently serving a two-year ban after testing positive for THG in an out-of-competition test in 2003.
diff --git a/sport/sport_46.txt b/sport/sport_46.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2d866f6b392137a4fad363a68c5e74cfea556777
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_46.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Radcliffe eyes hard line on drugs
+
+Paula Radcliffe has called for all athletes found guilty on drugs charges to be treated as criminals.
+
+The marathon world record holder believes more needs to be done to rid athletics of the "suspicions and innuendoes" which greet any fast time. "Doping in sport is a criminal offence and should be treated as such," the 30-year-old told the Sunday Times. "It not only cheats other athletes but also cheats promoters, sponsors and the general public."
+
+Radcliffe's comments come at a time when several American sports stars are under suspicion of steroid use. "Being caught in possession of a performance-enhancing drugs should carry a penalty," she added.
+
+"The current system does not detect many of the substances being abused by athletes. "This means that often athletes do not know if they are competing on a level playing field, if their hard work and sacrifice is being trumped by an easier scientific route. "Often, when an athlete puts in a good performance, they are subjected to suspicions and innuendoes instead of praise. "Having been on the receiving end of accusations like this I can testify as to how much this hurts."
diff --git a/sport/sport_47.txt b/sport/sport_47.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5c686d42eb28055e1521dd22419ba095e475f86f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_47.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Kenteris denies faking road crash
+
+Greek sprinter Kostas Kenteris has denied claims that he faked a motorbike crash to avoid a doping test days before the start of the Olympics.
+
+Kenteris and fellow sprinter Katerina Thanou are set to learn if they will face criminal charges this week. Part of the investigation has centred on whether they staged the crash. Kenteris insisted: "The accident happened. I went crazy when I found out I had supposedly missed a test and I wanted to rush to the Olympic village." Kenteris, speaking on Greece's Alter Television station, also claimed that he asked to be tested for banned substances in hospital after the crash. "I told the hospital, which was an Olympics-accredited hospital, to call the IOC and have me tested on the spot but no-one came."
+
+After a drama which dominated newspaper headlines in Greece as Athens prepared for the start of the Athens Games, Kenteris and Thanou eventually withdrew. But Kenteris has continually protested his innocence - and on Sunday blamed Greek Olympic Committee officials and his former coach Christos Tzekos for failing to inform him of the test. The 31-year-old insisted he will be happy if he is charged so he can clear his name. "If a decision is taken to have charges filed against me, I will accept it gladly. "A prosecution means that the case will be cleared... I want to go to the end and then we'll see who's right and who isn't." Kenteris, a Greek hero after winning gold in the 200m at the 2000 Olympics in Sydney, also confirmed that he was due to light the flame at the Athens opening ceremony. "I had even rehearsed lighting the cauldron," he said.
diff --git a/sport/sport_48.txt b/sport/sport_48.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4e37051315958547c26d2f0b64829f456a05b47a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_48.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Greek pair set for hearing
+
+Kostas Kenteris and Katerina Thanou will fight the provisional two-year bans imposed on them by the IAAF at an independent tribunal this weekend.
+
+Athletics' ruling body took action against the pair for failing to take drugs tests before the Athens Olympics. An independent tribunal of the Greek Track and Field Federation will meet to decide whether to ratify the sanction. The sprint duo face charges of failing to give information on their location and refusing to submit to a drugs test. Kenteris' lawyer Gregory Ioannidis told BBC Sport: "We refute both charges as unsubstantiated and illogical. "There have been certain breaches in the correct application of the rules on behalf of the sporting authorities and their officials, and these procedural breaches have also violated my client's rights. "There is also evidence that proves the fact that my client has been persecuted." Ioannidis, who is a law lecturer at the University of Buckingham, added: "One of the important rights and foundations of law and justice - that the accused should be presumed innocent unless proved otherwise - has been tarnished." The panel will also decide on the two-year ban imposed on the athletes' controversial coach Christos Tzekos by the IAAF. Kenteris, the 2000 Olympic 200m champion, and Thanou, the women's 100m silver medallist from the same Games in Sydney, quit the Olympics on 18 August after failing to give samples on the eve of the opening ceremony.
+
+Testers could not find them at the Olympic village and the duo were later admitted to hospital after claiming to have been involved in a motorcycle accident. They also missed tests in Tel Aviv, Chicago and Athens before the Games. In imposing two-year suspensions on the duo on 22 December, the IAAF described their explanations for missing the tests as "unacceptable". Whatever the findings of the independent tribunal, all parties will have the right to appeal to the Court of Arbitration for Sport. The tribunal hearing will take place at the Hellenic Olympic Committee building. It will start at 1200 GMT on Saturday and is expected to finish early next week. The tribunal panel will consist of five members - president Konstantinos Panagopoulos and Panagiotis Dimakos, Haralabos Hrisanthakis, Stilianos Perakis and Ioannis Karmis. Kenteris and Thanou also face criminal charges in Greece for allegedly faking the motorcycle accident. Eight criminal charges have been laid against the sprinters as well as Tzekos, an eyewitness to the accident and hospital officials. But there has been speculation that the charges could be dropped.
diff --git a/sport/sport_49.txt b/sport/sport_49.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cdf49dd7fa5f0c96db04325e8b1248f7281044c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_49.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Jones files Conte lawsuit
+
+Marion Jones has filed a lawsuit for defamation against Balco boss Victor Conte following his allegations that he gave her performance-enhancing drugs.
+
+The Sydney Olympic gold medallist says Conte damaged her reputation and she is seeking $25m (£13m) in the suit. Conte, whose company is at the centre of a doping investigation, made the claims in a US television programme. He and three others were indicted in February by a federal grand jury for a variety of alleged offences. In an email to the Associated Press on Wednesday, Conte said: "I stand by everything I said". Jones won three gold medals and two bronzes in Sydney in 2000. Her lawsuit, filed in the US District Court in San Francisco, said the sprinter had passed a lie detector test and that she "has never taken banned performance-enhancing drugs". Conte's statements, the suit added, were "false and malicious". After the ABC television program earlier this month, Jones' lawyer Richard Nicholls said: "Marion has steadfastly maintained her position throughout: she has never, ever used performance-enhancing drugs. "Victor Conte is a man facing a 42-count federal indictment, while Marion Jones is one of America's most decorated female athletes. Mr Conte's statements have been wildly contradictory. "Mr Conte chose to make unsubstantiated allegations on television, while Marion Jones demanded to take and then passed a lie detector examination.
+
+"Mr Conte is simply not credible. We challenge him to submit to the same lie detector procedure that Marion Jones passed." The sport's ruling body, the IAAF, is taking a cautious approach to Conte's allegations but contacted the US Anti-Doping Agency. Communications director Nick Davies said the IAAF would seek to contact Conte "for further information". But Davies stressed it would be up to the American authorities to decide whether they will take action against Jones in light of Conte's television interview and the world governing body would monitor the situation closely. "If it is felt there is case to answer, it would be for its national governing body (USA Track and Field) to take the appropriate disciplinary action," he added. "The US Anti-Doping Agency has proved itself to be very diligent in its anti-doping war. "And I am sure, like ourselves, they will be watching the television programme with great interest." Jones, who is under investigation for steroid use by the US Anti-Doping Agency, has continually denied ever taking illegal substances since being investigated in the Balco scandal, although she praised a zinc supplement Conte marketed. Jones, who did not win any medals in Athens in August, has never failed a drugs test. Meanwhile, Conte, who has been charged along with three other men of distributing illegal steroids and money laundering, is due to face trial in March.
diff --git a/sport/sport_5.txt b/sport/sport_5.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f3d9dd45817a3e6653c993391de520d12fca4bf5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_5.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Dibaba breaks 5,000m world record
+
+Ethiopia's Tirunesh Dibaba set a new world record in winning the women's 5,000m at the Boston Indoor Games.
+
+Dibaba won in 14 minutes 32.93 seconds to erase the previous world indoor mark of 14:39.29 set by another Ethiopian, Berhane Adera, in Stuttgart last year. But compatriot Kenenisa Bekele's record hopes were dashed when he miscounted his laps in the men's 3,000m and staged his sprint finish a lap too soon. Ireland's Alistair Cragg won in 7:39.89 as Bekele battled to second in 7:41.42. "I didn't want to sit back and get out-kicked," said Cragg. "So I kept on the pace. The plan was to go with 500m to go no matter what, but when Bekele made the mistake that was it. The race was mine." Sweden's Carolina Kluft, the Olympic heptathlon champion, and Slovenia's Jolanda Ceplak had winning performances, too. Kluft took the long jump at 6.63m, while Ceplak easily won the women's 800m in 2:01.52.
diff --git a/sport/sport_50.txt b/sport/sport_50.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..451839ded2c8567c19663d66f7853c61d459cc92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_50.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+IAAF awaits Greek pair's response
+
+Kostas Kenteris and Katerina Thanou are yet to respond to doping charges from the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF).
+
+The Greek pair were charged after missing a series of routine drugs tests in Tel Aviv, Chicago and Athens. They have until midnight on 16 December and an IAAF spokesman said: "We're sure their responses are on their way." If they do not respond or their explanations are rejected, they will be provisionally banned from competition. They will then face a hearing in front of the Greek Federation, which will ultimately determine their fate. Their former coach Christos Tzekos has also been charged with distributing banned substances. Under IAAF rules, the athletes could receive a maximum one-year suspension. Kenteris and Thanou already face a criminal trial after being charged with avoiding a drug test on the eve of the Athens Olympics and then faking a motorcyle crash.
+
+No date for the trial has yet been set and again Tzekos is also facing charges. The IAAF issued an official warning to the trio last year after they were discovered training in Qatar rather than in Crete, where they had said they would be. All athletes must inform their national federations where they are at all times, so they can be available for out-of-competition drugs tests. But Kenteris and Thanou then went on to skip tests in Tel Aviv and Chicago, when they decided to fly back to Greece early. Then just before the Olympics, the pair dramatically missed another test in Athens and withdrew from the Games.
diff --git a/sport/sport_51.txt b/sport/sport_51.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b14518c0cc585f0fb27965ac02f78d238bbf4d56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_51.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+IAAF to rule on Greek sprint pair
+
+Greek sprinters Kostas Kenteris and Katerina Thanou are expected to find out on Wednesday if they will be banned for missing drugs tests this summer.
+
+The International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) council held a conference call on Tuesday and are set to announce their decision. Kenteris and Thanou could be suspended for up to two years. The duo withdrew from the Olympics after missing a test but claimed they had suffered a motorcycle crash. The Greek authorities have also brought criminal charges against the sprinters for avoiding a drugs test and faking an accident. Their former coach Christos Tzekos is also facing charges and all three are awaiting a trial date.
+
+However, the IAAF will determine the sprinters' future on the track after carefully considering all the evidence. The sport's ruling body is expected to direct the Greek federation in what action it should take against the sprinters. Kenteris and Thanou can appeal against any decision at the Court of Arbitration for Sport. The sprinters both sent written explanations to the IAAF, which have been taken into account. The IAAF sent an official warning to the sprinters and coach Tzekos after they were discovered training in Qatar rather than in Crete, where they had said they would be. But Kenteris and Thanou then went on to skip tests in Tel Aviv and Chicago, when they decided to fly back to Greece early. Just before the Olympics, the pair dramatically missed another test in Athens before withdrawing from the Games. Kenteris, 31, won gold in the 200m at the Sydney Olympics in 2000, where Thanou, 29, won silver in the 100m.
diff --git a/sport/sport_52.txt b/sport/sport_52.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1d7eb31d25478fa964171887014cc7a0dcf09e8c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_52.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Holmes starts 2005 with GB events
+
+Kelly Holmes will start 2005 with a series of races in Britain.
+
+Holmes will make her first track appearance on home soil since winning double Olympic gold in January's Norwich Union International in Glasgow. She will also run in the Grand Prix in Birmingham in February and may defend her indoor AAA 800m title in Sheffield earlier that month. "I am still competitive and still want to win," she said. "I'm an athlete and I can't wait to get back on the track." She added: "These events are also a great opportunity to thank the British public for the enormous levels of support they have given me from the moment I stepped off that plane from Greece." The Glasgow meeting will see Holmes compete over 1500m in a five-way match against Sweden, France, Russia and Italy.
diff --git a/sport/sport_53.txt b/sport/sport_53.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d498e886f25323c36d2ba69a6f01dc75acaa61f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_53.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Gebrselassie in London triple bid
+
+Double Olympic 10,000m champion Haile Gebrselassie will race in the London Marathon for the next three years.
+
+The Ethiopian legend won Sunday's Almeria half-marathon in Spain on his return from an operation on his Achilles tendon. He was third in London in 2002 in his first serious attempt at the marathon. "It is a coup for us to secure Haile's presence for the next three years and it guarantees a quality race," said race director David Bedford. Gebrselassie will face Olympic champion Stefano Baldini, world champion Jaouad Gharib, and arch-rival Paul Tergat, the current world record holder. "If I didn't think I could win I would not be here," said Gebrselassie, who has set world records on 18 occasions in his illustrious career and is keen to add the marathon record to his collection. "There are a lot of fantastic runners in the race but I shall be doing my utmost to upset them."
diff --git a/sport/sport_54.txt b/sport/sport_54.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e518feca8f4038dc3d9cf0249777088b0f1517c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_54.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Thanou bullish over drugs hearing
+
+Katerina Thanou is confident she and fellow sprinter Kostas Kenteris will not be punished for missing drugs tests before the Athens Olympics.
+
+The Greek pair appeared at a hearing on Saturday which will determine whether their provisional bans from athletics' ruling body the IAAF should stand. "After five months we finally had the chance to give explanations. I am confident and optimistic," said Thanou. "We presented new evidence to the committee that they were not aware of."
+
+The athletes' lawyer Grigoris Ioanidis said he believed the independent disciplinary committee set up by the Greek Athletics Federation (SEGAS) would find them innocent. "We are almost certain that the charges will be dropped," said Ioanidis.
+
+"We believe that we have presented [a case] that the charges are unreasonable." Thanou, the 2000 Olympic women's 100m silver medallist, and Sydney 200m champion Kenteris were suspended by the IAAF for missing three drugs tests. The third was supposed to take place on the eve of the Athens Games last August, but the pair could not be found in the athletes' village. They were later taken to hospital after claiming to have been involved in a motorcycle accident. Thanou's coach Christos Tzekos was also suspended by the IAAF. "We were asked [by the disciplinary committee] all kinds of questions about the night of 12 August," said Tzekos. "We did not leave any gaps. As far as I am concerned there is no such issue [of refusing to be tested], and I am very optimistic." Tzekos, Thanou and Kenteris, who have all denied the charges, can expect a decision within a month. "Deliberations will start after some additional documents are brought in by Thursday," said committee chairman Kostas Panagopoulos. "I estimate that the final ruling will be issued by the end of February."
diff --git a/sport/sport_55.txt b/sport/sport_55.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4c4d3979ded787eda3da1a40b4b4edddb6bc49a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_55.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Holmes is hit by hamstring injury
+
+Kelly Holmes has been forced out of this weekend's European Indoor Athletics Championships after picking up a hamstring injury during training.
+
+The double Olympic champion said: "I am very disappointed that I have been forced to withdraw. "I can hardly walk at the moment and I won't be able to do any running for two or three weeks although I'll be keeping fit as best I can." Holmes will have now have intensive treatment in South Africa.
+
+The 34-year-old made a cautious start to the season but looked back to her best when she stormed to the 1,000m title at the Birmingham Grand Prix 10 days ago. After that race and more progress in training, Holmes revealed she had decided to compete at the European Indoors before her plans were wrecked last weekend. "On Saturday night I pulled my hamstring running the last bend on my final 200m of the night," said Holmes. "I was going really, really well when I felt a massive spasm in my left leg and my hamstring blew. "I saw the doctor here and he has said it is not serious but it's frustrating missing Madrid when I knew I was in great shape." Holmes has now been advised by her coach Margot Jennings not to rush back into training and it is unlikely she will compete again until the summer. Helen Clitheroe now goes to Madrid as the only British competitor in the women's 1500m while there will be no representative in the 800m.
diff --git a/sport/sport_56.txt b/sport/sport_56.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a58bc1421e55f5a7d3646505829c767ccbc7f571
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_56.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Kluft impressed by Sotherton form
+
+Olympic heptathlon champion Carolina Kluft was full of admiration for Britain's Kelly Sotherton as the pair prepared to clash in Birmingham.
+
+Both will be in action on Friday in the 60m hurdles and long jump ahead of the European Indoor Championships later this month in Madrid. Sotherton finished third behind the Swede in Athens, and Kluft said: "I knew about her, she's a great girl. "She looked very good early in the season and was competing really well." Kluft showed impressive early-season form on Tuesday in Stockholm's GE Galan meeting, winning the sprint hurdles, the long jump and the 400m. Sotherton has also displayed promise, with a new high jump personal best in Sheffield at the combined Norwich Union European trials and AAA Championships, and a second place in the long jump behind Jade Johnson.
diff --git a/sport/sport_57.txt b/sport/sport_57.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..32594d3fa4594c9ef0da55e5489c14373d76b2ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_57.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+What now for Kelly Holmes?
+
+Last April, Kelly Holmes spoke to the BBC Sport website about her loneliness, her fight to stay fit and her decision not to contest both the 800m and 1500m at the Olympics.
+
+It just goes to show even the most meticulous and measured athletes cannot predict what fate has in store for them. Four months later, Holmes stormed to double Olympic gold and has since been made a Dame, won the BBC Sport Personality of the Year and written a book whilst still finding time to coach aspiring athletes. With so much time spent in the spotlight, Holmes has increasingly dropped hints that her ambition on the track has begun to wilt. And when asked about her plans for both the indoor and outdoor seasons ahead, the 34-year-old has repeatedly chosen to tick the "don't know" box. Holmes has now pulled out of this weekend's European Indoor Championships, where she was selected for both the 800m and 1500m, because of a hamstring injury. But should we be surprised if the Olympic champion over both those distances decides she just does not feel like racing anymore? "Well, it's a lot easier being the double Olympic champion, being feted by everybody, than training to be at the top in middle distance running," points out former Olympian and BBC pundit Steve Cram. "You have to have a real strong desire to carry on doing it even if you're very talented."
+
+Holmes' drive and determination have always been unquestionable - that is the reason she has battled back from a string of injuries that threatened to see her finish her career empty-handed. But alarm bells start ringing when the Kent athlete begins questioning herself. "Will I have as much commitment, desire and energy to go through a major championship?" Holmes asked in the New Year. "That is what I don't know." At 34, Holmes will also be aware that time is running out. US 400m and 200m legend Michael Johnson, a five-time Olympic gold medallist, retired shortly after his 34th birthday as did Britain's double Olympic champion decathlete Daley Thompson. The physical demands of the day-to-day grind will only get harder for Holmes, who has already admitted she "doesn't like the training anymore." Whilst out on the circuit the allure of defeating a double Olympic champion will spur her opponents on. Holmes will not want to needlessly suffer the indignity of being beaten. Unless she is certain she has a strong chance of winning any race, she will not step onto the track. But if the Kent athlete finds the form that fuelled her ambitions last summer, there are more prizes up for grabs. The day after completing her double in Athens, the 34-year-old revealed she would still like to win her first indoors title.
+
+Holmes' wish could easily be met in Madrid before she goes on to prepare for the outdoor season where there are still scores to be settled, such as a first gold at the World Championships in Helsinki. There is just one small truth which could gnaw away at Holmes' motivation - the realisation that no matter how hard she trains, nothing she wins now can surpass her achievements in Athens. On the other hand, if those achievements cannot be matched shouldn't they be at least shared and celebrated? "You don't get the chance very often in your career to step onto the track as the double Olympic champion," agreed Cram. "You want to be able to take your bow in front of the fans because it's a fantastic feeling. "I think deep down Kelly wants to run. I think she will compete and run races on the circuits but whether or not she runs in the major championships is much less certain."
+
+Athletics fans had every reason to believe they would see the new-look Kelly Holmes tearing up the track again. After her Olympic glory she emphatically denied she planned to retire. So, why is Holmes dragging her heels about making a decision on where, when or whether to even bother competing again? "That's just Kelly," explains Cram. "She's always been like that. "She enjoys people trying to guess what she is going to do next. She knows every time she makes a pronouncement now it's headline news. "Kelly has to figure out for herself what it is she wants and that will be based on athletics decisions, whether she can be competitive, if she is fit enough to put her neck on the line. "And if she decides not to run again, no-one is going to turn round and say 'you're making the wrong decision.'"
diff --git a/sport/sport_58.txt b/sport/sport_58.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8d869eef1625b0c4803ba47eb776c26fea702797
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_58.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+Gardener battles to narrow win
+
+Jason Gardener fought all the way to the line to narrowly claim the men's 60m title at the Norwich Union Indoor trials and AAAs Championships.
+
+The world 60m champion got off to a rolling start and had to dig deep to dip ahead of Mark Findlay and Darren Chin, who both set personal bests. "It was a close race," admitted Gardener. "I stumbled out the blocks but my experience told through. "I still feel there's more life in me and I believe I can go faster." Gardener's performance in Sheffield could have been affected by the news, which he heard before his semi-final, that his European record had been broken Frenchman Ronald Pognon, who will be a real threat at the European Championships, set a new time of 6.45, one-hundreth of a second faster than Gardener's previous mark. Favourite
+
+delivered a powerful performance to take the women's 60m title in 7.27 seconds. "You'll see me in Madrid and I feel there is a lot more to come along," said the 22-year-old. Katherine Endacott battled hard to take second and dip under the European qualifying mark. Defending champion Joice Maduaka had pulled out of the final with a chest infection.
+
+was on record-breaking form as she stormed to the women's 60m hurdles crown. The 25-year-old set a new British record for the second time in seven days, clocking 7.96 seconds to finish ahead of rival Diane Allahgreen. "I'm so happy," a tearful Claxton told BBC Sport. "All the years I've been running and I'm getting recognition." Claxton's time was also good enough to qualify for the European Championships.
+
+The men's 800m went to form in Sheffield as
+
+dominated the race from start to finish. The Northern Ireland athlete went off at a startling pace but had to hold off the challenge of Welshman Jimmy Watkins over the final 200m to win in one minute, 47.96 seconds. Both McIlory and Watkins, who set a life-time best of 1:48.32, had already booked their places in Madrid and were again well within the qualifying time. "I had to go out and go through all the gears before the Europeans and I won't run again until then," said McIlroy.
+
+could not reach the European mark in the women's race as she crossed the line to win in 2:04.45. Olympic bronze heptathlon medallist
+
+rounded off a useful weekend with two more personal bests in Sheffield. The 28-year-old reached 1.80m in the high jump and clocked 8.47secs in the heats of the 60m hurdles. "I've surprised myself," said Sotherton. "I'm starting to thrive on the pressure but if I don't perform then it's not the end of the world." Pole vaulter
+
+made a winning return to major competition after a drugs ban. The Trafford athlete, who has served a two-year ban after testing positive for anabolic steroids, clinched the title with a championship record 4.25m.
+
+also set a new championship mark in the men's triple jump title in Sheffield. The 26-year-old, who has been training in Australia over the winter, landed 17.30m with his final effort - the longest leap in the world this year. "I didn't have a clue," said Idowu. "I've not jumped indoors before and I just wanted the qualifying mark. "But this isn't a bad start and hopefully I'll come back from Madrid with a gold medal." Nathan Douglas continued his steady progress this season as he set a life-time best of 16.76m in second while Jonathan Moore took third.
+
+and
+
+resumed their rivalry in the long jump competition, both achieving the European standard. Commonwealth champion Morgan reached a personal best of 7.96m on his very first jump and then promptly retired with a bruised heel. Olympian Tomlinson tried to play catch up with his six jumps but had to settle for a season's best jump of 7.91m. "I was advised not to jump by my doctor and so I'm pleased to come here and get the qualifying mark," said Tomlinson.
+
+, now based at Loughborough, sprinted past front runner Catherine Murphy in the final 100m to steal the women's 400m title. The 21-year-old ran a personal best of 53.45 seconds to win her first indoor title. Wall's time was just short of the qualifying mark - something Murphy already has. Ireland's
+
+took the men's title in 46.46 ahead of promising Channel Islands decathlete Dale Garland. Sudanese 18-year-old Rabah Yusuf, who is seeking British citizenship, showed his raw talent as he burst through in third.
+
+cleared the required 1.90m to qualify for the European championships and claim the AAAs title in the women's high jump. In the men's 3,000m,
+
+powered to a new personal best of seven minutes, 56.86 seconds to defend his AAAs title in style. It was the first time in 11 years the eight-minute barrier has been broken at the championships and was just within the European mark.
+
+took the women's 1500m AAAs title in the absence of Kelly Holmes. Her time of 4:19.11 was not good enough to qualify for Madrid but Ovens had already opted out of the championships. The men's race was won by
+
+, who had to fight off a closing pack to claim the title in 3:45.87.
diff --git a/sport/sport_59.txt b/sport/sport_59.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2ecdb81de869fc4ba3f72eed6602bc20f1152f70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_59.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+European medal chances improve
+
+What have the European Indoor trials told us? Well, I think we could be heading to the European Championships with half a dozen medal prospects.
+
+It was good to see athletes beginning to make steps forward, to see a few new faces and there were lots of personal bests kicking around.
+
+The best performance on the track for me was Sarah Claxton's win in the 60m hurdles. Running sub-eight seconds twice in a week puts her right up there and if she repeats that in Madrid she will be close to picking up a medal. But what was great about Sunday's performance was that she was under pressure to produce the goods when it counted. Diane Allahgreen has been our best hurdler for some time now and I think she was surprised to be beaten by Sarah. And knowing that she got the better of Diane in a head-to-head race will give Sarah confidence. In the men's race on Saturday, Allan Scott was right in there and there is definitely more to come from him. In fact, the men's 60m hurdles is so strong, I think the selectors will pick three hurdlers to go to Madrid.
+
+Phillips Idowu lit up the field events, not only with his hair, but also with his leap of 17.30m, which puts him at the top of the world rankings. I had a chat with him before the competition and he was really looking forward to getting out there. He feels he is in great shape and has some big jumps inside him - but then Phillips always has. A lot of the athletes said the runway was not very helpful, so for Phillips to jump like that is a good performance. He is such a huge talent but just needs some consistency - and if he does that then the big jumps will get even further. Across the board I thought Kelly Sotherton had a great weekend and continued to show she is developing. She picked up three personal bests in the long jump, high jump and 60m hurdles and you can't ask for more than that. Kelly will be up against Carolina Kluft in the pentathlon at the European Championships but she has every chance of a medal on the basis of what we've seen so far.
+
+She has a complicated training regime where different people help her with different disciplines but it seems to be working really well. It wasn't all good news in Sheffield. I thought both the 60m races were disappointing in different ways. Jason Gardener may have won but he wasn't at his best. I chatted to him afterwards and he knows it was an off-day for him. He's there to be shot at and the other lads nearly got a big scalp out there. In the women's race, Jeanette Kwayke was hoping to run against defending champion Joice Maduaka. The pair are enjoying a bit of rivalry but Joice had to pull out with a chest infection. If she had made the final I think Jeanette would have gone a bit quicker.
+
+Janine Whitlock competed well in the pole vault on her return following a two-year drugs ban. But the most disappointing thing in the wider view is that she is our best pole vaulter by a long way and that shouldn't be the case. The event has moved on immensely since Janine has been away and if there was more domestic competition I think that would help her. A couple of other interesting topics to look out for are the citizenship issues surrounding Mark Findlay and Rabah Yusuf. Findlay is a Londoner who has chosen to represent Trinidad and Tobago but has never run for them so he could still compete for Great Britain. Yusuf, who came third in the 400m, is from the Sudan but is trying to gain British citizenship. He came to Britain as a high jumper but damaged his toe, started doing more running and found his talent. So we shall have to see what happens to both of them.
diff --git a/sport/sport_6.txt b/sport/sport_6.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..98d645fe35220453572ef15138d5f54bfd0c0a31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_6.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Isinbayeva claims new world best
+
+Pole vaulter Yelena Isinbayeva broke her own indoor world record by clearing 4.89 metres in Lievin on Saturday.
+
+It was the Russian's 12th world record of her career and came just a few days after she cleared 4.88m at the Norwich Union Grand Prix in Birmingham. The Olympic champion went on to attempt 5.05m at the meeting on France but failed to clear that height. In the men's 60m, former Olympic 100m champion Maurice Greene could only finish second to Leonard Scott. It was Greene's second consecutive defeat at the hands of his fellow American, who also won in Birmingham last week. "I ran my race perfectly," said Scott, who won in 6.46secs, his best time indoors. "I am happy even if I know that Maurice is a long way from being at his peak at the start of the season."
diff --git a/sport/sport_60.txt b/sport/sport_60.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..683dd7a0fcf191aceddf1637764472e28913dca3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_60.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+McIlroy wins 800m indoor title
+
+James McIlroy motored to the AAA's Indoor 800m title in Sheffied on Sunday in a time of one minute, 47.97 seconds.
+
+The Larne athlete dominated the race from start to finish although he had to hold off a late challenge from Welshman Jimmy Watkins in the final 100 metres. "I had to go out and go through all the gears before the Europeans and I won't run again until then," said McIlroy. ''I though if I got lucky I'd get close to the British record but I blew up in the end.'' McIlroy has been in superb form at the start of the season and will now start his build-up for the European Indoors at Madrid on 4-6 March. Meanwhile, Paul Brizzel and Anna Boyle reached the semi-finals of the 60m hurdles with Boyle setting a season's best of 7.48. In the women's 60m final, Ailis McSweeney broke Michelle Carroll's long-standing Irish record by clocking 7.37 which left her in third place. David Gillick showed that he is a genuine medal contender in the European Indoor Championships by claiming an impressive 400m victory. Gillick was more than half-a-second clear when taking gold in 46.45 - .02 outside his personal best set in Saturday's semi-finals.
+
+The Irishman is now the fastest European this season. Derval O'Rourke broke her own Irish 60m hurdles record by clocking 8.06 which left her third behind new British record holder Sarah Claxton (7.96). James Nolan (3:46.04) took second in the men's 1500m behind Neil Speaight (3:45.86) but the Offaly man was outside the European Indoor standard. Colin Costello was seventh in the 1500m final in 3:48.82). Deirdre Ryan was second in the women's high jump with a clearance of 1.87m while Aoife Byrne took silver in the 800m in a personal best of 2:06.73. Lisburn's Kelly McNeice Reid (4:31.34) was seventh in the women's 1500m while Gary Murray (8:11.22) was 11th in the men's 3000m. Meanwhile, Stephen Cairns and Jill Shannon claimed the individual titles at Saturday's Northern Ireland Cross Country Championship in Coleraine. Cairns came in ahead of Paul Rowan and Allan Bogle in the men's race. Willowfield claimed their first men's team title in 72 years while Shannon helped Lagan Valley win the women's team honours.
diff --git a/sport/sport_61.txt b/sport/sport_61.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d62261fcb2f7eb4034e781499471756652836a69
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_61.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+Johnson edges out rival Sotherton
+
+Jade Johnson edged out rival Kelly Sotherton with her last effort to claim the AAAs long jump title at the Norwich Union European Indoor trials.
+
+Olympic heptathlon bronze medallist, Sotherton, led the event with her first leap of 6.43m - a personal best. But Johnson, who has not competed indoors for five years, leapt to a life-time best of 6.50m in her last jump, after four fouls. Both Johnson and Sotherton passed the European Championships qualifying mark. Although Sotherton's main aim in Madrid next month will be the pentathlon where she will take on Olympic heptathlon champion Carolina Kluft. Ireland's
+
+delivered a shock in the men's 200m as he stormed to his first major title in 21.01 seconds. British favourite Chris Lambert had to settle for second place while defending champion Ireland's Paul Brizzel took third. There was some consolation for Lambert as he set a personal best of 20.94 in the first round - good enough to qualify for Europe.
+
+Two-time AAAs champion Allyn Condon and Ian Mackie had no such luck as they were disqualified in the heats. There was plenty of hot action in the men's 60m hurdles where Scotland's
+
+was vying for top spot with Olympian Andy Turner. Scott, 22, smashed his personal best on the way to the final, where he broke it again to win the AAAs title in 7.58 seconds. Turner finished second in 7.82 after previously setting a personal best on the 7.83 in the semi-finals, while Damien Greaves did not finish the final. The trio of athletes have reached the European qualifying mark this season though one of them is set to miss out on a call-up to the British squad.
+
+comfortably defended her 3,000m title, clocking eight minutes, 49.87 seconds to easily surpass the European qualifying mark. The European cross country bronze medallist is ranked number one in Europe this season and will go to Madrid with high hopes. Helen Clitheroe was agonisingly close to the 9:05.00 qualifying mark as she claimed the runners-up spot in a personal best of 9:05.73. In the men's 800m heats,
+
+qualified fastest in the 800m heats to lay down a challenge to in-form
+
+. The Welsh runner attacked the last 200m to come through ahead of James Thie in one minute, 49.87 seconds. McIlroy, who is third in the European rankings, eased across the finish in 1:50.87 to set up a showdown in Sunday's final in Sheffield. Both Watkins and McIlroy have already achieved the European qualifying mark. Scotland's Susan Deacon stole
+
+'s thunder in the final of the women's 200m. Fraser became the fastest British woman over the distance this season when she qualified for the final in 23.68 seconds - though that time is outside the European standard. But Deacon claimed her first AAAs title over the distance, edging Fraser into second in 23.67. In the women's shot put veteran
+
+claimed her fourth AAAs title with a throw of 15.27m. But that mark was not good enough for the 39-year-old to book her place at next month's European Indoor Championships in Madrid. Sotherton finished fifth after producing two throws of 13.77m. In the absence of injured British number one Carl Myerscough,
+
+claimed the men's shot put title with a throw of 17.64m, which was below the qualifying mark.
+
+Sale's Robert Mitchell climbed to a season's best of 2.20m - just 3cm short of the European standard - to claim the British indoor high jump title.
+
+could only clear 2.16m to finish in fourth but the 27-year-old's disappointment will be tempered as he had already achieved the qualifying mark at a meeting in Slovenia on Tuesday. There was bad luck for British number one
+
+in the pole vault as he failed to clear the bar after deciding to come in at 5.45m. The AAAs indoor title went instead to Ashley Swain, who climbed to a season's best of 5.25m And Ireland's Taniesha Scanlon set a new national record of 13.28m in the women's triple jump.
diff --git a/sport/sport_62.txt b/sport/sport_62.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..177212d95b12810ba46e02a09d841dbee1c80ef7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_62.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Brizzel to run AAA's in Sheffield
+
+Ballymena sprinter Paul Brizzel will be among eight of Ireland's European Indoor hopefuls competing in this weekend's AAA's Championships.
+
+US-based Alistair Cragg and Mark Carroll are the only Irish athletes selected so far for the Europeans who will not run in Sheffield. Brizzel will defend his 200m title in the British trials. In-form James McIlroy will hope to confirm his place in the British team for Madrid by winning the 800m title. McIlroy has been in tremendous form on the European circuit in recent weeks. He is one of the fastest 800m runners in the world this winter and already seems assured of a place in Madrid. Corkman Mark Carroll confirmed in midweek that he would join Cragg in the European Championships. Carroll is ranked number three in the world 3000m ranking at the moment with Cragg occupying top spot. Meanwhile, nine-times champion Dermot Donnelly will not be coming out of retirement to compete in the Northern Ireland Cross Country Championships in Coleraine on Saturday. An injury crisis in the Annadale Striders squad led to Donnelly being entered by coach John McLaughlin but the athlete told BBC Sport on Friday evening that he would not be running. Willowfield's Paul Rowan will go in as individual favourite but Annadale could have a tough job holding on to their team title as Andrew Dunwoody and Noel Pollock are unlikely to run.
diff --git a/sport/sport_63.txt b/sport/sport_63.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f558364218b159f1b6e7894e1197f81304cd05ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_63.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Holmes urged to compete at Worlds
+
+Jolanda Ceplak has urged Britain's Kelly Holmes to continue competing at the major championships.
+
+Double Olympic gold medallist Holmes has strongly hinted she will not run in this year's Worlds and is undecided about next month's European Indoors. But World Indoor 800m record holder Ceplak said: "There is never an easy race when she is in the field. There is only excitement at what might happen. "It is good for the sport. She always fetches the best out of everyone." Ceplak has been a great rival of Holmes' during the Briton's career and the pair fell out when Holmes questioned the manner of the Slovenian's runaway 800m victory at the 2002 European Championships. But the controversy has since been forgotten, with Ceplak acting as pacemaker for Holmes' failed attempt on the British Indoor 1500m record at the Norwich Union Grand Prix in Birmingham in 2003.
+
+Ceplak added: "I like running against her - you know the race is always going to be fast. "That is the sort of competition that I like. She is special to me. She was like my idol from the beginning of my career." Meanwhile, Ceplak will be looking to follow up last Saturday's win in Boston with a fast time and victory in Friday's Night of Athletics in Erfurt, Germany. Britain's Jason Gardener had been expected to defend his 60m title in Erfurt but instead he will save himself for a competition in Leipzig on Sunday. Gardener's decision means Scotland's 400m man Ian Mackie will carry British hopes in what looks sure to be a tough preparation for next weekend's Norwich Union European trials in Sheffield.
diff --git a/sport/sport_64.txt b/sport/sport_64.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ff115f93244be671cc8a554f8f920576e09ddd50
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_64.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+McIlroy continues winning streak
+
+James McIlroy stormed to his second international victory in less than a week, claiming the men's 800m at the TEAG indoor meeting in Erfurt.
+
+The Northern Ireland runner set a new personal best of one minute, 46.68 seconds - a time good enough to qualify for the European Indoor Championships. "I'm qualified now and that's what matters most," said the 28-year-old. McIlroy is now hoping to gain a late entry into Sunday's international indoor meeting in Leipzig. The Northern Irishman is hoping manager Ricky Simms can swing it for him to compete after he initially withdrew after contracting a cold. After three successive wins over the past fortnight, McIlroy is brimming with confidence. "I've been waiting over six years for this to happen and now I'm certain my career has turned the corner." On Friday, McIlroy delivered an impressive run despite suffering from his bad cold. The AAA indoor and outdoor champion accelerated away from the field in the final 300m, beating German Wolfram Mulle by 0.90 seconds. McIlroy set a world-leading mark for 1,000m at the Sparkassen Cup in Stuttgart last weekend. And his time in Erfurt makes him third fastest over 800m in the world this year.
diff --git a/sport/sport_65.txt b/sport/sport_65.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c0c33da3bbf3274ca8261768462c98608b0978b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_65.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Radcliffe will compete in London
+
+Paula Radcliffe will compete in the Flora London Marathon this year after deciding her schedule for 2005.
+
+The 31-year-old won the race in 2002 on her marathon debut, defended her title 12 months later and will now seek a third title in the 17 April race. "It doesn't get any better than this for the 25th anniversary," said race director David Bedford. "After announcing the greatest men's field ever we now have the greatest women's distance runner ever." Three years ago Radcliffe smashed the women's world record in two hours 18 minutes 15 seconds.
+
+The Bedford star returned to London 12 months later, lowering her mixed-race world record of 2:17:18, which she set in Chicago in October 2003, by one minute 53 secs. Radcliffe's career took a setback when she failed to complete the Olympic marathon and later dropped out of the Athens 10,000m last August. But the 31-year-old bounced back to win the New York Marathon in November. Radcliffe, however, passed up the chance to go for the "Big City" marathon grand slam. With wins in Chicago, London and New York, only the Boston Marathon remains to be conquered but that takes place a day after London. "Boston is definitely a race I want to do at some point, but London is very special to me," said Radcliffe. "I don't pick races thinking about things like pressure. I pick the ones in my heart I really want to do. "I love the atmosphere, crowds and course and know it will always be a great quality race. "It is also the 25th anniversary this year which adds to the occasion."
diff --git a/sport/sport_66.txt b/sport/sport_66.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..67cdb6cb006d271460c3479f68d4af35049383c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_66.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+Britain boosted by Holmes double
+
+Athletics fans endured a year of mixed emotions in 2004 as stunning victories went hand-in-hand with disappointing defeats and more drugs scandals.
+
+Kelly Holmes finally fulfilled her potential by storming to double gold on the track at the Olympic Games. Holmes helped erase the gloom hanging over Team GB after their biggest medal hope, Paula Radcliffe, dropped out of the marathon and then the 10,000m. Britain's men's 4x100m relay team also did their bit by taking a shock gold. Holmes had started the year in disappointing style, falling over in the final of 1500m at the World Indoor Championships where she was favourite. Her Olympic build-up was clouded by self doubt but that proved unfounded as she overhauled rival Maria Mutola to win the 800m - her first global title. Just five days later, the 34-year-old made it double gold in the 1500m. It was the first time in 84 years a Briton has achieved the Olympic middle-distance double. While Holmes left Athens as the star of Team GB, it was Radcliffe who carried expectations before the August Games.
+
+The 30-year-old marathon world record holder went into the Athens event as favourite but an exhausted Radcliffe dropped out after 23 miles in tears. Her decision to enter the 10,000m five days later also backfired as she again pulled out with eight laps remaining.
+
+But Radcliffe helped put her Olympic trauma behind her with a thrilling win in November's New York Marathon. The 4x100m team grabbed some last-gasp glory for the British men's Olympic squad after a poor start to the Games.
+
+It seemed as though Athens would be the first Games where the men would fail to win a medal with Michael East the only individual track finalist in the 1500m. But Darren Campell, Jason Gardener, Marlon Devonish and Mark Lewis-Francis made amends in the sprint relay. The quartet held off favourites the USA to win Britain's first relay medal since 1912 in 38.07 seconds. Gardener added the Olympic relay crown to his World Indoor title over 60m and, just like Holmes, finally lived up to his promise in 2004. Kelly Sotherton completed Team GB's athletics medal haul in Athens with a surprise bronze in the heptathlon. The 28-year-old won her first championship medal since becoming a full-time athlete in 2003.
+
+But it was a different story for Britain's defending champion Denise Lewis, who withdrew on day two of the competition after some poor results. Lewis, who was troubled by injury, has ruled out retiring while Sotherton is tipped to build on her success. The Athens Olympics proved to be a landmark occasion for Steve Backley, who retired from competition after finishing fourth in the javelin. The battling 35-year-old leaves the sport with a vast medal haul including two silvers and one Olympic bronze.
+
+And Backley's departure was balanced by the return of injury-hit decathlete Dean Macey, who came fourth in Athens.
+
+The continued improvement of sprinter Abi Oyepitan and long jumper Chris Tomlinson also boosted Team GB. Sadly, the 2004 Olympics did not escape the problems of drugs misuse. On the eve of the Games, Greek sprinters Kostas Kenteris and Katerina Thanou missed a drugs test and claimed to have been involved in a road crash.
+
+Kenteris, the 200m champion in 2000, and Thanou have since been charged by the Greek authorities and await trial. At the Games, Adrian Annus (hammer), Robert Fazelas (discus) and Irina Korzhanenko (shot) were all stripped of their titles because of doping issues. Hungarian compatriots Annus and Fazelas both refused to give urine samples while Russian Korzhanenko tested positive for the steroid stanozolol.
+
+The fallout from the THG scandal, which rocked the sport in 2003, continued to impact in Olympic year. Britain's 4x100m team took gold without the services of Dwain Chambers, who was handed a two-year ban in February after testing positive for steroid THG.
+
+American Kelli White was suspended and stripped of her world 100m and 200m titles after failing a drugs test. And world 400m champion Jerome Young landed a life ban from US chiefs after a second doping offence. Russian pole vaulter Yelena Isinbayeva provided some light relief by smashing the world record seven times on her way to the World Indoor and Olympic titles. Her rivalry with compatriot Svetlana Feofanova livened up the field events. Morocco's Hicham El Guerrouj also delighted fans by racing to a historic Olympic double in the 1500m and 5,000m.
+
+And though there was no Paula Radcliffe in the London Marathon, there was plenty of drama as Kenyans Evans Rutto and Margaret Okayo took the titles. Rutto held on to win despite slipping on some cobblestones and tumbling into a barrier. Okayo also had to battle back after mistiming her tactics but clinched victory on her debut.
diff --git a/sport/sport_67.txt b/sport/sport_67.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2ca4db604f89114e4472f1607ca3da2197b9eeba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_67.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Lewis-Francis eyeing world gold
+
+Mark Lewis-Francis says his Olympic success has made him determined to bag World Championship 100m gold in 2005.
+
+The 22-year-old pipped Maurice Greene on the last leg of the 4x100m relay in Athens to take top honours for Team GB. But individually, the Birchfield Harrier has yet to build on his World Junior Championship win four years ago. "The gold medal in Athens has made me realise that I can get to the top level and I want to get there again. It can happen, I don't see why not," he said. Lewis-Francis has still to decided what events will feature in his build-up to the worlds - with one exception. He has confirmed his participation in the Norwich Union Grand Prix in Birmingham on 18 February, where he will take on another member of Britain's victorious men's relay team - Jason Gardener - over 60m. He added: "It's a bit too early to make any predictions for Helsinki, but I have my eyes open and I know I can be the best in the world."
diff --git a/sport/sport_68.txt b/sport/sport_68.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..545e6650be83526ebbebccb447fdeff0a605a532
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_68.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+GB select Holmes for double bid
+
+Kelly Holmes has been chosen for both the 800m and 1500m at next month's European Indoor Championships - despite not yet confirming her availability.
+
+The double-Olympic champion is still undecided about whether to compete in her first European Indoors in Madrid. But UK Athletics chief Max Jones believes it is likely Holmes will race. He said: "It's worth a punt, isn't it? She's gone back to training. If she's confident she will pick one (distance). The programme does not permit both." If Holmes does take her place in the GB side, she has already indicated that 1500m will be her favoured distance. Under championship rules, she does not have to decide until 24 hours before the event begins in Madrid on 4 March. Jones added: "She was pleased with her run in Birmingham (at last weekend's Grand Prix). "I am inclined to think she will (compete). It could depend on how training goes and she will have to be close to top form." And he admitted Holmes' presence would be a great boost to the rest of the Norwich Union GB team. "She is a very good team member and is very good to have there," he added. Meanwhile, there is no surprises in the rest of the Great Britain team announced on Tuesday.
+
+Defending 60m champion Jason Gardener is included and will be chasing his third successive gold medal. He will be joined in the event by Mark Lewis-Francis - runner-up behind him three years ago in Vienna - and new boy Darren Chin. Kelly Sotherton has been invited by championship organisers to compete against Carolina Kluft in the pentathlon. Sotherton finished third in the Olympic heptathlon in Athens, where the Swede took gold. There are 16 newcomers at this level of competition in GB's 46-strong team. The championships will be the last to be attended by Jones before he retires to be succeeded by Dave Collins. Jones said: "The Olympic Games is the overwhelming target for UKA and therefore it is beneficial to start the next four-year cycle with a not-so-pressurised major games. "The European Indoor Championships always provide a chance for the young and inexperienced to make a name for themselves and the current indoor season has produced some exciting new talent. "Madrid is the first small step on a long journey to Beijing and the 2008 Olympics but for some of the emerging athletes, this will be a very important step."
+
+60m: D Chin (Belgrave Harriers), J Gardener (Wessex and Bath), M Lewis-Francis (Birchfield Harriers).
+
+T Abeyie (Woodford Green with Essex Ladies), C Lambert (Belgrave Harriers).
+
+D Garland (Channel Islands AC).
+
+J McIlroy (Windsor, Slough, Eton and Hounslow AC), Jimmy Watkins (Cardiff AAC).
+
+Ed Jackson (Aldershot, Farnham and District), N Speaight (Belgrave Harriers), J Thie (Cardiff AAC).
+
+A Baddeley (Harrow AC), M Farah (Windsor, Slough, Eton and Hounslow AC), J Mayock (Barnsley AC).
+
+D Greaves (Newham and Essex Beagles), A Scott (Shaftesbury Barnet Harriers), A Turner (Notts AC).
+
+B Challenger (Belgrave Harriers). Pole vault: N Buckfield (Crawley AC).
+
+N Morgan (Birchfield Harriers), C Tomlinson (Newham and Essex Beagles).
+
+L Achike (Shaftesbury Barnet Harriers), N Douglas (Oxford City AC), P Idowu (Belgrave Harriers).
+
+D Cossins (Birchfield Harriers), R Davenport (Gloucester AC), D Garland (Channel Islands AC), R Preddy (Gloucester AC), G Warburton (Cardiff AAC).
+
+K Endacott (City of Plymouth AC), J Kwakye (Woodford Green with Essex Ladies), J Maduaka (Woodford Green with Essex Ladies).
+
+K Wall (Basildon AC).
+
+K Holmes (Ealing, Southall and Middlesex AC).
+
+H Clitheroe (Preston Harriers), K Holmes (Ealing, Southall and Middlesex AC).
+
+J Pavey (Exeter Harriers).
+
+D Allahgreen (Trafford AC), S Claxton (Belgrave Harriers).
+
+J Crane (Sale Harriers Manchester), S Jones (Trafford AC).
+
+J Whitlock (Trafford AC).
+
+J Johnson (Herne Hill Harriers).
+
+K Sotherton (Birchfield Harriers).
+
+D Fraser (Croydon Harriers), L McConnell (Shaftesbury Barnet Harriers), C Murphy (Woodford Green with Essex Ladies), M Purkiss (Southampton AC).
diff --git a/sport/sport_69.txt b/sport/sport_69.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8aca4e1d1b0d6a720e37fe72f4ff919c970217c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_69.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+Holmes back on form in Birmingham
+
+Double Olympic champion Kelly Holmes was back to her best as she comfortably won the 1,000m at the Norwich Union Birmingham Indoor Grand Prix.
+
+The 34-year-old, running only her second competitive race of the season, shook off the rust to win in two minutes, 35.39 seconds. But she is still undecided about competing in the European Championships in Madrid from 4-6 March. "I'll probably be entered and make my mind up at the last minute," she said. "My training hasn't gone as well as expected but I've got two weeks to decide. "I need to take my time and make sure I feel good about what I'm doing. "I felt very good here but with the crowd behind you, you feel like you can do anything." American
+
+was the eventual winner of the men's 60m race which almost ended in farce. Three athletes were disqualified for false starting, including Britain's Mark Lewis-Francis, who was the first man guilty of coming out of his blocks too quickly. World 100m champion Kim Collins clinched second spot ahead of world 60m record holder and Scott's training partner Maurice Greene. Jason Gardener's unbeaten run came to an end as he came fifth and he will need to improve if he is to defend his European title in Madrid. "You can't win them all," said Gardener afterwards. "And I was very disappointed as I know I'm capable of doing better." Russian
+
+was back on record-breaking form in the pole vault at the National Indoor Arena.
+
+The Olympic champion set a new world mark of 4.88m to break her own record - which she set just six days ago - and beat Russian rival Svetlana Feofanova. It was Isinbayeva's 11th world record - indoors or out - since July 2003. "I'm so happy and I will do my best to break the 5m barrier soon," the 22-year-old told BBC Sport. Jamaica's
+
+stormed to a personal best of 7.13 seconds to claim the women's 60m sprint. Belgian Kim Gevaert, who will be one of the favourites for next month's European title, took second while American Muna Lee was third. There was disappointment for British pair Jeanette Kwakye and Joice Maduaka who finished seventh and eighth respectively.
+
+Jamaican
+
+stretched her unbeaten record to 25 races as she effortlessly claimed the 200m. The Olympic champion set a new indoor personal best of 22.38 seconds - the fastest time in the world this season.
+
+fought off fellow Briton Tim Abeyie to take the men's 200m in a personal best of 20.88.
+
+continued her outstanding start to the season, beating a strong international field, which included two-time Olympic 100m hurdles bronze medallist Melissa Morrison, to claim the women's 60m hurdles. The 25-year-old Briton clocked 7.98 seconds while pre-European Championships favourite Russian Irina Shevchenko finished down in sixth. Ethiopia's
+
+failed in her bid to smash compatriot Berhane Adere's world 3,000m record but still won the event in emphatic style. The Olympic 5,000m champion was inside record pace but dropped off over the final third, finishing in eight minutes, 33.05 seconds - the fourth fastest time ever recorded for the event. Britain's Jo Pavey bravely decided to go with Defar as she strode away from the field and took second in a season's best 8:41.43. Kenyan
+
+also missed out on the indoor 1500m world record, which Hicham El Guerrouj has held for the last eight years.
+
+Lagat settled for silver behind El Guerrouj in Athens and was almost four seconds short of the Moroccan's world best, clocking 3:35.27 in Birmingham. And
+
+was still struggling to find his form after the death of his fiancee this year. The Olympic 10,000m champion had comfortably led the men's two mile race after his younger brother Tariku had set the pace. But fellow Ethiopian
+
+appeared ominously on Bekele's shoulder with two laps to go before surging past him at the bell to win in 8:14.28. Jamaican
+
+made the most of a blistering start to take the men's 400m title in 45.91 seconds. World indoor champion, Alleyne Francique, faded badly and finished in fourth while American duo Jerry Harris and James Davis took second and third respectively. Swede
+
+showed her class in the long jump as she stole top spot from Jade Johnson with the very last jump of the competition. The Olympic heptathlon gold medallist reached 6.66m to better Johnson's mark of 6.52m - her second personal best inside a week. "I was quite surprised because I didn't think I'd end up with second place," said Johnson, who wore London's 2012 Olympic bid slogan, "Back the Bid", on her shorts. "But I'm pleased and hopefully I'll get a bit better for the Europeans. I really want to win a medal."
+
+won the men's event with a season's best of 7.95m, taking the scalp of world indoor champion Savante Stringfellow of the USA.
diff --git a/sport/sport_7.txt b/sport/sport_7.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1047180b156a4c79b9fec12c8ba6a581a9b0e835
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_7.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+O'Sullivan commits to Dublin race
+
+Sonia O'Sullivan will seek to regain her title at the Bupa Great Ireland Run on 9 April in Dublin.
+
+The 35-year-old was beaten into fourth at last year's event, having won it a year earlier. "I understand she's had a solid winter's training down in Australia after recovering from a minor injury," said race director Matthew Turnbull. Mark Carroll, Irish record holder at 3km, 5km and 10km, will make his debut in the mass participation 10km race. Carroll has stepped up his form in recent weeks and in late January scored an impressive 3,000m victory over leading American Alan Webb in Boston. Carroll will be facing stiff competition from Australian Craig Mottram, winner in Dublin for the last two years.
diff --git a/sport/sport_70.txt b/sport/sport_70.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7e845aa97ff1d1400483477695ebae20ac2a972d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_70.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+Record fails to lift lacklustre meet
+
+Yelena Isinbayeva may have produced another world pole vault record, but her achievement could not hide the fact it was not the best meet we have ever seen in Birmingham.
+
+And hey, there are not many meets that go by without the Russian breaking a world record.
+
+Apparently, Isinbayeva has cleared five metres in training and I would just love her to put us out of our misery and have a go at it rather than extending the indoor record by one centimetre at a time. Athletics to me is all about pushing the barriers and being the best you can, and I would like to see her have a go at 5m in competition. Mind you, every time she breaks the record she gets $30,000 so she can afford to be deliberate about it. World records aside, I thought it was a very encouraging evening's work for Kelly Holmes. She looked good and was very positive. Agnes Samaria, who came second, is in very good shape and is in the world's top three 800m runners this season. Yes, Samaria let Kelly get away, but there was no coming back over the last 200m as Kelly dominated the race, so beating Samaria is a bit of a benchmark for Kelly. My gut feeling is that Kelly would like to run in the European Indoor Championships, but she just hasn't convinced herself she is fit enough to do so. On the other hand, I think Jason Gardener is struggling to come near what is going to be required to win the men's 60m in Madrid. He started well in the final but still could not stay with the front-runners. Jason has a lot of experience indoors but for some reason he is struggling to maintain his pace through to the finish.
+
+It would have been nice to see what Mark Lewis-Francis could have done in the final, if only he hadn't got himself disqualified. He was blatantly playing the false-start game to his advantage, but it tripped him up and made him look a bit silly. My view is you're meant to go when the gun goes and not before. And if you try to unsettle your rivals by employing the false-start tactic you have to remember not to false start yourself again. Having said that, Mark is looking in much better shape. But I haven't seen anything from Mark or Jason yet which suggests France's Ronald Pognon - who has run 6.45 seconds - will be under threat at the Europeans. From a British point of view, Sarah Claxton's victory in the 60m hurdles was the best thing to come out of the meet.
+
+Something else that probably went unnoticed was Melanie Purkiss winning the women's national 400m race in a new personal best of 52.98 seconds. AAAs champion Kim Wall came second in another lifetime best so we have a very strong 4x400m squad going to the European Championships. Scotland's Lee McConnell is probably going to run too, so we have a real prospect of a medal. From an international perspective, I thought Meseret Defar was disappointing in the 3,000m, but I don't think the pace-making was great. Canadian Heather Hennigar set a fast early pace but could not maintain it and if Jo Pavey had been in last year's shape she would have given Defar a real run for her money. She had a go but just could not hang in there. We were also expecting a bit more from Bernard Lagat in the men's 1500m. But he has only just come over from the USA, so he may not be that sharp and I still think he is in great shape. As for Kenenisa Bekele, he was well beaten by Markos Geneti. But we only had half expectations for Bekele as he has been struggling this season. It was very hot in the National Indoor Arena and I felt uncomfortable in the commentary box. I think those conditions affected the distance runners and in fact Defar complained to her coach after the race that she could not get her breath properly.
diff --git a/sport/sport_71.txt b/sport/sport_71.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..99dee7eba8a0743104dc715d23a4907c727c3470
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_71.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Tomlinson stays focused on Europe
+
+Long jumper Chris Tomlinson has cut his schedule to ensure he is fully fit for the European Indoor Championships.
+
+The 23-year-old has a minor injury and has pulled out of international meets in Madrid and Lievin this week as well as warm-weather training in Lanzarote. "It's nothing serious," said his coach Peter Stanley. "He strained a muscle in his abdomen at the Birmingham meeting but is back in full training." Sprinter Mark Lewis-Francis will also not compete in Madrid on Thursday. The Birmingham athlete, who clocked a season's best of 6.61 seconds over 60m in Birmingham last week, also prefers to focus his attentions on next month's European Indoor Championships.
+
+Lewis-Francis, who was runner-up to British team-mate Jason Gardener at the Europeans three years ago, will continue his training at home. Meanwhile, Tomlinson is still searching for this first major medal and this season he has shown he could be in the sort of form to grab a spot on the podium in Madrid. The Middlesbrough athlete jumped a season's best of 7.95m at the Birmingham Grand Prix - good enough to push world indoor champion Savante Stringfellow into second.
diff --git a/sport/sport_72.txt b/sport/sport_72.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0323f5855b44c1ed1df5cbbf6cd1c2cf3fc83691
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_72.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+Running around the Olympics
+
+It was back to official duties last week in my role as an ambassador to London's 2012 Olympic bid. But I still managed to do all my marathon training.
+
+All the sporting people on the capital's bid team think I'm mad to be taking part in the London Marathon. The bid chairman, Lord Coe, admitted he would never dream of running a marathon, even though he was an Olympic middle-distance runner.
+
+Kelly Holmes, former hurdler Alan Pascoe and former sprinter Frankie Fredericks - who is now an IOC member - all wanted to know why anyone would want to run that far. You'd have thought all these athletes, who have been running for most of their lives, wouldn't think it would be that bad. But the only person who was positive about my intentions was Tanni Grey Thompson, who has won the London Marathon wheelchair race six times. Even though it was a very busy week entertaining the International Olympic Committee's (IOC) Evaluation Commission, I actually found my running schedule easier to follow. When I'm at home, I get distracted by all sorts of things but for the five days I was in London, I was in a pressurised situation, but I found it easy to relax by running.
+
+On Wednesday, the presentations to the IOC team did not finish until the early evening, so I just managed to squeeze in a 45-minute run. We had an early start on Thursday because we had to visit all the Olympic sites around London, that was pretty shattering, but when we got back to the hotel, I got back on the treadmill. On Friday evening I went along to the special dinner at Buckingham Palace which was a nice occasion. I never feel guilty about eating, especially when I'm exercising. And because it was a rest day I didn't have to feel bad about missing my training either. Anyway, I managed to do another quick run on Saturday ahead of the final IOC presentations, before heading home for my daughter's birthday.
+
+When I was in London I did all of my runs on the treadmill, which isn't the same as exercising outdoors. One of the IOC's technical staff from Australia ran alongside me one day. We talked about the Sydney Olympics and that made the time go past more quickly. I do find it quite comfortable running in the gym because there is more cushioning. But when you're gearing up to running on the road you need your body to get used to that jarring feeling when your feet hit the pavement. It was good to get out on the road for my long run on Sunday. After the week I'd had I was a bit concerned I wouldn't be able to complete it. But I coped with it very well and, even though it was bitterly cold, I put in 15-and-a-half miles - only another 11 to go then.
+
+- This year Steve will donate all the proceeds from his London Marathon efforts to victims of the tsunami.Steve will be writing a regular column on the ups and downs of his marathon training for the BBC Sport website.He will be raising money through the Steve Redgrave Trust which supports the Association of Children's Hospices, the Children With Leukaemia charity, and the Trust's own project which aims to provide inner-city schools with rowing equipment.
diff --git a/sport/sport_73.txt b/sport/sport_73.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bb2ba383e13197017387f9e9f169160ef9a1dcae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_73.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Johnson uncertain about Euro bid
+
+Jade Johnson is undecided about whether to contest next month's European Indoor Championships in Madrid despite winning the AAAs long jump title on Saturday.
+
+The 24-year-old delivered a personal best of 6.50m to win the European trials but had to wait until her final jump after four failures. "I don't want to go if I am not going to get a medal," said Johnson. "I will have to see how I am jumping in the next competition and I'll have to have a conversation with my coach." Johnson, who finished seventh in last year's Olympic Games, has not competed indoors since 2000. And the Commonwealth and European silver medallist believes her lack of experience in the early part of the season has knocked her confidence. "It's the stress," said Johnson. "I am not used to feeling this, this early. I am just used to training. "But if I'm doing this kind of thing, then I will have to see how it goes." Johnson next competes in the high-class Birmingham Grand Prix on 18 February.
diff --git a/sport/sport_74.txt b/sport/sport_74.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8b352c830de6e5df0899a1231e4b843b7ccf2ca5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_74.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Pavey focuses on indoor success
+
+Jo Pavey will miss January's View From Great Edinburgh International Cross Country to focus on preparing for the European Indoor Championships in March.
+
+The 31-year-old was third behind Hayley Yelling and Justyna Bak in last week's European Cross Country Championships but she prefers to race on the track. "It was great winning bronze but I'm wary of injuries and must concentrate on the indoor season," she said. "Because of previous injuries I don't even run up hills in training." Pavey, who came fifth in the 5,000m at the Athens Olympics, helped the British cross country team win the team silver medal in Heringsdorf last week. She is likely to start her 3,000m season with a race in either Boston or Stuttgart at the end of January.
diff --git a/sport/sport_75.txt b/sport/sport_75.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bbc4431f25c089908e7ee2be51fcc56c7b5b0076
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_75.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+Gardener wins double in Glasgow
+
+Britain's Jason Gardener enjoyed a double 60m success in Glasgow in his first competitive outing since he won 100m relay gold at the Athens Olympics.
+
+Gardener cruised home ahead of Scot Nick Smith to win the invitational race at the Norwich Union International. He then recovered from a poor start in the second race to beat Swede Daniel Persson and Italy's Luca Verdecchia. His times of 6.61 and 6.62 seconds were well short of American Maurice Greene's 60m world record of 6.39secs from 1998. "It's a very hard record to break, but I believe I've trained very well," said the world indoor champion, who hopes to get closer to the mark this season. "It was important to come out and make sure I got maximum points. My last race was the Olympic final and there was a lot of expectation. "This was just what I needed to sharpen up and get some race fitness. I'm very excited about the next couple of months."
+
+Double Olympic champion
+
+marked her first appearance on home soil since winning 1500m and 800m gold in Athens with a victory. There was a third success for Britain when
+
+edged out Russia's Olga Fedorova and Sweden's Jenny Kallur to win the women's 60m race in 7.23secs. Maduaka was unable to repeat the feat in the 200m, finishing down in fourth as
+
+took the win for Russia. And the 31-year-old also missed out on a podium place in the 4x200m relay as the British quartet came in fourth, with Russia setting a new world indoor record. There was a setback for Jade Johnson as she suffered a recurrence of her back injury in the long jump. Russia won the meeting with a final total of 63 points, with Britain second on 48 and France one point behind in third.
+
+led the way for Russia by producing a major shock in the high jump as he beat Olympic champion Stefan Holm into second place to end the Swede's 22-event unbeaten record.
+
+won the triple jump with a leap of 16.87m, with Britain's Tosin Oke fourth in 15.80m.
+
+won the men's pole vault competition with a clearance of 5.65m, with Britain's Nick Buckfield 51cm adrift of his personal best in third. And
+
+won the women's 800m, with Britain's Jenny Meadows third. There was yet another Russian victory in the women's 400m as
+
+finished well clear of Britain's Catherine Murphy. Chris Lambert had to settle for fourth after fading in the closing stages of the men's 200m race as Sweden's
+
+held off Leslie Djhone of France. France's
+
+won the men's 400m, with Brett Rund fourth for Britain.
+
+took victory for Sweden in the women's 60m hurdles ahead of Russia's Irina Shevchenko and Britain's Sarah Claxton, who set a new personal best. Italy grabbed their first victory in the men's 1500m as
+
+kicked over the last 200 metres to hold off Britain's James Thie and France's Alexis Abraham. A botched changeover in the 4x200m relay cost Britain's men the chance to add further points as France claimed victory.
diff --git a/sport/sport_76.txt b/sport/sport_76.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..20f805c99d11b85301ed7f039dde719fa44b71bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_76.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+African double in Edinburgh
+
+World 5000m champion Eliud Kipchoge won the 9.2km race at the View From Great Edinburgh Cross Country.
+
+The Kenyan, who was second when Newcastle hosted the race last year, was in front from the outset. Ethiopian duo Gebre Gebremariam and Dejene Berhanu made last-gasp efforts to overtake him, but Kipchoge responded and a burst of speed clinched victory. Gavin Thompson was the first Briton in 12th place while Nick McCormick held of his British rivals to win the 4km race. The Morpeth Harrier led from the end of the first lap and ended Mike Skinner and Andrew Baddeley's hopes with a surge in the lasp lap. "My training has gone so well I wasn't really worried about the opposition asI knew I was in great shape," said McCormick, who now hopes to earn a 1,500m place in the British team for the World Championships in Helsinki. In the women's race, Ethiopia's Tirunesh Dibaba won a battle with world cross country champion Benita Johnson to retain her title. Australian Johnson, who shocked her African rivals in Brussels last March, looked to be on course for another win in the 6.2km race. But world 5000m champion Dibaba make a telling strike for the finishing line in the final 20 metres. Britons Kathy Butler and Hayley Yelling were out of contention early on.
diff --git a/sport/sport_77.txt b/sport/sport_77.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1f102d330f606f34d7d7db26a37169c6c845e63d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_77.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Yelling takes Cardiff hat-trick
+
+European cross-country champion Hayley Yelling completed a hat-trick of wins in the Reebok Cardiff Cross Challenge in Bute Park on Sunday afternoon.
+
+The part-time maths teacher beat Irish international Jolene Byrne by 40 metres in the six-kilometre race. Another Great Britain international, Louise Damen, finished third as part of the contingent representing England. Peter Riley, who secured bronze for the GB men's team at last month's European Championships, won the men's 9km race. Riley, representing England, moved away over the last two kilometres to win by 25 metres from Ireland's Gary Murray. Glynn Tromans - the reigning UK Inter-Countries and England Cross-Country champion - came in third place as he continues his comeback from a five-month injury lay-off.
diff --git a/sport/sport_78.txt b/sport/sport_78.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..37924f2bf30c36323726e0fe73defbea46441da6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_78.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Butler strikes gold in Spain
+
+Britain's Kathy Butler continued her impressive year with victory in Sunday's 25th Cross Internacional de Venta de Banos in Spain.
+
+The Scot, who led GB to World Cross Country bronze earlier this year, moved away from the field with Ines Monteiro halfway into the 6.6km race. She then shrugged off her Portuguese rival to win in 20 minutes 38 seconds. Meanwhile, Briton Karl Keska battled bravely to finish seventh in the men's 10.6km race in a time of 31:41. Kenenisa Bekele of Ethiopia - the reigning world long and short course champion - was never troubled by any of the opposition, winning leisurely in 30.26. Butler said of her success: "I felt great throughout the race and hope this is a good beginning for a marvellous 2005 season for me." Elsewhere, Abebe Dinkessa of Ethiopia won the Brussels IAAF cross-country race on Sunday, completing the 10,500m course in 33.22. Gelete Burka then crowned a great day for Ethiopia by claiming victory in the women's race.
diff --git a/sport/sport_79.txt b/sport/sport_79.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0e0634eaaded2c9f914625cd20dd930d33f63bbc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_79.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Wada will appeal against ruling
+
+The World Anti-Doping Agency (Wada) will appeal against the acquittal of Kostas Kenteris and Katerina Thanou on doping charges, if the IAAF does not.
+
+The pair were cleared of charges relating to missing dope tests by the Greek Athletics Federation last week. Wada chairman Dick Pound said: "I am convinced the IAAF will appeal against the decision, and we will support them. "But if they accept the federation's ruling we will go before the Court of Arbitration for Sport," he added. Kenteris's lawyer, Gregory Ioannidis, reacted angrily to Pound's comments. "Comments like these only help to embarrass the sporting governing bodies, create a hostage situation for the IAAF and strengthen our case further," he told BBC Sport. Kenteris, 31, and Thanou, 30, had been charged with avoiding drugs tests in Tel Aviv, Chicago and Athens and failing to notify anti-doping officials of their whereabouts before the Olympics. They withdrew from the Athens Games after missing a drugs test at the Olympic village on 12 August.
+
+But an independent tribunal ruled that the duo had not been informed that they needed to attend a drugs test in Athens.
+
+However, their former coach Christos Tzekos was banned for four years by the tribunal. Kenteris and Thanou still have to face trial on charges brought separately by Greek prosecutors of missing the drugs tests and faking a motorcycle accident to avoid testing at the Athens Games.
diff --git a/sport/sport_8.txt b/sport/sport_8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b2b47ae4f8cf7dce62de0798cc12c3dd73004b4f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Hansen 'delays return until 2006'
+
+British triple jumper Ashia Hansen has ruled out a comeback this year after a setback in her recovery from a bad knee injury, according to reports.
+
+Hansen, the Commonwealth and European champion, has been sidelined since the European Cup in Poland in June 2004. It was hoped she would be able to return this summer, but the wound from the injury has been very slow to heal. Her coach Aston Moore told the Times: "We're not looking at any sooner than 2006, not as a triple jumper." Moore said Hansen may be able to return to sprinting and long jumping sooner, but there is no short-term prospect of her being involved again in her specialist event. "There was a problem with the wound healing and it set back her rehabilitation by about two months, but that has been solved and we can push ahead now," he said. "The aim is for her to get fit as an athlete - then we will start looking at sprinting and the long jump as an introduction back to the competitive arena." Moore said he is confident Hansen can make it back to top-level competition, though it is unclear if that will be in time for the Commonwealth Games in Melbourne next March, when she will be 34. "It's been a frustrating time for her, but it has not fazed her determination," he added.
diff --git a/sport/sport_80.txt b/sport/sport_80.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..16c5ba3c3fe23860b456164b8cd38a2adb27f438
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_80.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Greek sprinters 'won't run again'
+
+The careers of sprinters Kostas Kenteris and Katerina Thanou are over, says the boss of the organisation that cleared them of missing a drugs test.
+
+Greek Athletics Federation boss Vassilli Sevastis told the country's parliament: "I believe Kenteris and Thanou won't race again. "The damage to their commercial interests has been done," he added. Athletics bosses are considering its reponse to the ruling, while the athletes face a trial in a Greek court. Greek prosecutors have brought spearate charges of missing the drugs test and faking a motorcycle accident. Speaking to the Greek Parliament on Tuesday, Sevastis said that the evidence sent by the International Olympic Committee and athletics governing body the IAAF was not strong enough for the Greek Association to find the sprinters guilty.
+
+"We were given the task of getting the snake out if its hole but we were not given any evidence to do it with," he said. "So how can you as a Greek with your hand on your heart try the athletes?" he added. The athletes are technically free to compete while the IAAF reviews its response to the decision to clear Kenteris and Thanou. But Sevastis said: "It does not matter if they are found guilty at the Court of Arbitration for Sport and the current decision is reversed."
diff --git a/sport/sport_81.txt b/sport/sport_81.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9489d0ad65b235ead636154258076a8b260d3d8f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_81.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+IAAF will contest Greek decision
+
+The International Association of Athletics Federations will appeal against the acquittal of Greek athletes Kostas Kenteris and Katerina Thanou.
+
+The high-profile duo were cleared of doping offences by the Greek Athletics Federation (Segas) last month. Now the IAAF will lodge an appeal with the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) and has suspended both athletes. An IAAF statement said: "The Doping Review Board concluded that the decision is erroneous." The statement continued: "Both athletes' cases will be refered to arbitration before the CAS. The decision in both cases will be final and binding."
+
+Segas said the IAAF appeal was "expected" and "understandable." "Now we are going to await the final result, which we cannot prejudge," said Segas chairman Vassilis Sevastis. Kenteris, who won Olympic 200m gold at the 2000 Olympics, and Thanou were suspended by the IAAF last December after failing to take routine drugs tests before the Athens Games. However, the independent tribunal overturned those bans, clearing the sprinters of avoiding tests in Tel Aviv, Chicago and Athens and failing to notify anti-doping officials of their whereabouts before the Olympics.
+
+Kenteris' lawyer Gregory Ioannidis described the IAAF's decision as "not unexpected" but told BBC Sport he did not expect the organisation to take action so quickly. "The IAAF's timing is extremely surprising and it creates concerns and questions," said Ioannidis. "The IAAF has not yet received the complete file of proceedings which include statements, testimonies, the closing speeches of defence counsel... and nine audio tapes.
+
+"We have the evidence and it is time the world discovered the truth." Kenteris and Thanou dramatically withdrew from last summer's Olympics after missing a drugs test at the Olympic Village on 12 August. The pair then spent four days in a hospital, claiming they had been injured in a motorcycle crash. It was the International Olympic Committee who demanded the IAAF investigate the affair. Thanou and Kenteris still face a criminal trial later this year for allegedly avoiding the test and then faking a motorcycle accident
diff --git a/sport/sport_82.txt b/sport/sport_82.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..95fd20a9cdd59293c6bf01ff762a1027799f08c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_82.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Greek duo cleared in doping case
+
+Sprinters Kostas Kenteris and Katerina Thanou have been cleared of doping offences by an independent tribunal.
+
+The duo had been provisionally suspended by the IAAF for allegedly missing three drugs tests, including one on the eve of the Athens Olympics. But the Greek Athletics Federation tribunal has overturned the bans - a decision which the IAAF can now contest at the Court of Arbitration for Sport. The pair's former coach, Christos Tzekos, has been banned for four years. Kenteris, 31, and Thanou, 30, had been charged with avoiding drug tests in Tel Aviv, Chicago and Athens and failing to notify anti-doping officials of their whereabouts before the Olympics. They withdrew from the Olympics after missing a drugs test at the Olympic Village on 12 August.
+
+The pair then spent four days in a hospital, claiming they had been injured in a motorcycle crash. It was the International Olympic Committee's demand that the IAAF investigate the affair that led to the hearing of the Greek tribunal. The head of that tribunal, Kostas Panagopoulos, said it had not been proven that the athletes refused to take the test in Athens. "The charge cannot be substantiated," he said. "In no way was he (Kenteris) informed to appear for a doping test. The same goes for Thanou." Kenteris's lawyer, Gregory Ioannidis, said: "The decision means Mr Kenteris has been exonerated of highly damaging and unfounded charges which have been extremely harmful for his career.
+
+"He has consistently maintained his innocence and this was substantiated by further evidence we were able to submit to the tribunal following its deliberations in January. "This evidence shows Mr Kenteris was never asked to submit to a test by the International Olympic Committee so he could not possibly have been guilty of deliberately avoiding one. It shows he has no case to answer. "Mr Kenteris should now be given the opportunity he deserves to rebuild his career in the full knowledge that there is no stain on his character. "He has suffered greatly throughout this ordeal that has exposed both himself and his family to enormous pressures." But the IAAF said it was "very surprised" by the verdict. Spokesman Nick Davies said: "We note the decision of the Greek authorities with interest. "Our doping review board will now consider the English version of the decision."
diff --git a/sport/sport_83.txt b/sport/sport_83.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a1030f87729b3d58078230cb3d3a70212d5deae4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_83.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Johnson too strong for GB runners
+
+Britain's Kathy Butler and Hayley Yelling were no match for Benita Johnson in the 51st Cross International Zornotza in Amorebieta, Spain.
+
+Butler and Yelling finished fourth and fifth as Australian world champion Johnson romped to a five-second victory in the 6km race ahead of Edith Masai. Masai's fellow Kenyan Alice Timbilil finished third. Johnson said: "I ran comfortably for the first 3km and then I tried to leave the others but it wasn't an easy task." Butler clocked a time of 22 minutes 45 seconds - 22secs behind the winner but four ahead of Yelling, who last month succeeded Paula Radcliffe as European champion. Johnson, will be one of the star attractions at the Great EdinburghInternational Cross Country on 15 January.
diff --git a/sport/sport_84.txt b/sport/sport_84.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1d7eb31d25478fa964171887014cc7a0dcf09e8c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_84.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Holmes starts 2005 with GB events
+
+Kelly Holmes will start 2005 with a series of races in Britain.
+
+Holmes will make her first track appearance on home soil since winning double Olympic gold in January's Norwich Union International in Glasgow. She will also run in the Grand Prix in Birmingham in February and may defend her indoor AAA 800m title in Sheffield earlier that month. "I am still competitive and still want to win," she said. "I'm an athlete and I can't wait to get back on the track." She added: "These events are also a great opportunity to thank the British public for the enormous levels of support they have given me from the moment I stepped off that plane from Greece." The Glasgow meeting will see Holmes compete over 1500m in a five-way match against Sweden, France, Russia and Italy.
diff --git a/sport/sport_85.txt b/sport/sport_85.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9258a3a625dcc925d5098281f5d7cf36307aa747
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_85.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Tulu to appear at Caledonian run
+
+Two-time Olympic 10,000 metres champion Derartu Tulu has confirmed she will take part in the BUPA Great Caledonian Run in Edinburgh on 8 May.
+
+The 32-year-old Ethiopian is the first star name to enter the event. Tulu has won the Boston, London and Tokyo Marathons, as well as the world 10,000m title in 2001. "We are delighted to have secured the services of one the most decorated competitors the sport has ever seen," said race director Matthew Turnbull. "Her record speaks for herself and there are few other women distance runners who would dare compare their pedigree with Tulu's," he added. "She might be 33 next month, but that didn't stop her winning the Olympic 10,000m bronze medal last summer. She's an ultra-consistent championships racer."
diff --git a/sport/sport_86.txt b/sport/sport_86.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ecde2d4ee8ff18418af08e3f722b9bc6c529d3e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_86.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Disappointed Scott in solid start
+
+Allan Scott is confident of winning a medal at next week's European Indoor Championships after a solid debut on the international circuit.
+
+The 22-year-old Scot finished fourth in the 60m hurdles at the Jose M Cagigal Memorial meeting in Madrid. "It was definitely a learning curve and I certainly haven't ruled out challenging for a medal next week," said the East Kilbride athlete. The race was won by Felipe Vivancos, who equalled the Spanish record.
+
+Sweden's Robert Kronberg was second, with Haiti's Dudley Dorival in third. Scott was slightly disappointed with his run in the final. He won his heat in 7.64secs but ran 0.04secs slower in his first IAAF Indoor Grand Prix circuit final. "I should have done better than that," he said. "I felt I could have won it. I got a poor start - but I still felt I should have ran faster." Vivancos slashed his personal best to equal the Spanish record with a time of 7.60secs while Kronberg and Dorival clocked 7.62secs and 7.63secs respectively.
diff --git a/sport/sport_87.txt b/sport/sport_87.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d0263a5ae8d926f5dfde6c021393e5fb64e18c47
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_87.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+GB quartet get cross country call
+
+Four British athletes have been pre-selected to compete at the World Cross Country Championships in March after impressive starts to the season.
+
+Hayley Yelling, Jo Pavey, Karl Keska and Adam Hickey will represent Team GB at the event in France. Yelling clinched the women's European cross country title last month and Pavey followed up with bronze. Keska helped the men's team to overall third place while Hickey finished in 10th place on his junior debut. "Winning the European cross country title meant so much to me," said Yelling. "And being pre-selected for the Worlds means that I can focus on preparing in the best way possible." The 32-year-old will race alongside Olympic 5,000m finalist Pavey in the women's 8km race on 19 March. Keska, who has made a successful return from a long-term injury lay-off, contests the men's 12km race on 20 March, while 16-year-old Hickey goes in the junior men's 8km on the same day. The rest of the team will be named after the trials at Wollaton Park in Nottingham, which take place on 5 March.
diff --git a/sport/sport_88.txt b/sport/sport_88.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..06555cc53b7cc7ac3f1431dd2d81113006c76ad5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_88.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Jones files lawsuit against Conte
+
+Marion Jones has filed a lawsuit for defamation against Balco boss Victor Conte following his allegations that he gave her performance-enhancing drugs.
+
+The Sydney Olympic gold medallist says Conte damaged her reputation and she is seeking $25m (£13m) in the suit. Conte, whose company is at the centre of a doping investigation, made the claims in a US television programme. He and three others were indicted in February by a federal grand jury for a variety of alleged offences. In an email to the Associated Press on Wednesday, Conte said: "I stand by everything I said". Jones won three gold medals and two bronzes in Sydney in 2000. Her lawsuit, filed in the US District Court in San Francisco, said the sprinter had passed a lie detector test and that she "has never taken banned performance-enhancing drugs". Conte's statements, the suit added, were "false and malicious". After the ABC television program earlier this month, Jones' lawyer Richard Nicholls said: "Marion has steadfastly maintained her position throughout: she has never, ever used performance-enhancing drugs. "Victor Conte is a man facing a 42-count federal indictment, while Marion Jones is one of America's most decorated female athletes. Mr Conte's statements have been wildly contradictory. "Mr Conte chose to make unsubstantiated allegations on television, while Marion Jones demanded to take and then passed a lie detector examination.
+
+"Mr Conte is simply not credible. We challenge him to submit to the same lie detector procedure that Marion Jones passed." The sport's ruling body, the IAAF, is taking a cautious approach to Conte's allegations but contacted the US Anti-Doping Agency. Communications director Nick Davies said the IAAF would seek to contact Conte "for further information". But Davies stressed it would be up to the American authorities to decide whether they will take action against Jones in light of Conte's television interview and the world governing body would monitor the situation closely. "If it is felt there is case to answer, it would be for its national governing body (USA Track and Field) to take the appropriate disciplinary action," he added. "The US Anti-Doping Agency has proved itself to be very diligent in its anti-doping war. "And I am sure, like ourselves, they will be watching the television programme with great interest." Jones, who is under investigation for steroid use by the US Anti-Doping Agency, has continually denied ever taking illegal substances since being investigated in the Balco scandal, although she praised a zinc supplement Conte marketed. Jones, who did not win any medals in Athens in August, has never failed a drugs test. Meanwhile, Conte, who has been charged along with three other men of distributing illegal steroids and money laundering, is due to face trial in March.
diff --git a/sport/sport_89.txt b/sport/sport_89.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0dc9b199813c9ac1882d6e0b1f7f7c78493e89f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_89.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Thanou desperate to make return
+
+Greek sprinter Katerina Thanou says she is eager to compete again after being cleared of missing a drugs test by an independent Greek tribunal.
+
+Thanou, 30, was provisionally suspended for missing a test before the Olympics, but the decision was overturned. "The IAAF will decide if we can compete again in Greece and abroad," Thanou told To Vima newspaper in her first interview since the Athens Olympics. "If given the green light I will run again - that's the only thing I want." Thanou, 30, and her compatriot Kostas Kenteris were provisionally suspended by the IAAF in December for missing three drugs tests. The third was alleged to have been on the eve of the opening ceremony of the Athens Olympics.
+
+But an independent tribunal of the Greek Athletics Federation overturned the provisional ban on 18 March. The IAAF - which said it was "very surprised" by the decision of the Greek tribunal - is deciding whether to appeal against the decision at the Court of Arbitration for Sport. However, Dick Pound, the chairman of the World Anti-Doping Authority, has said he will appeal against the decision if the IAAF does not. And Thanou and Kenteris face a criminal trial later this year for allegedly avoiding the test and then faking a motorcycle accident. Thanou said: "I can see how people can think the accident seemed like a childish excuse. "I cannot deny that we made a lot of mistakes during that time. I always said we needed a PR person. "An athlete would have to be very stupid to take illegal substances when he or she knows that they will undergo tests at any given moment. "I am a champion. I cannot risk everything I've achieved in such a silly way."
diff --git a/sport/sport_9.txt b/sport/sport_9.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5123235115f50e65281bb98165f92ce11b651789
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_9.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+Off-colour Gardener storms to win
+
+Britain's Jason Gardener shook off an upset stomach to win the 60m at Sunday's Leipzig International meeting.
+
+Gardener clocked 6.56 seconds to equal the meeting record and finished well ahead of Germany's Marc Blume, who crossed the line in 6.67 secs. The world indoor champion said: "I got to the airport and my stomach was upset and I was vomiting. I almost went home. "I felt a little better Sunday morning but decided I'd only run in the main race. Then everything went perfectly." Gardener, part of the Great Britain 4x100m quartet that won gold at the Athens Olympics, will now turn his attention to next weekend's Norwich Union European Indoor trials in Sheffield.
+
+"Given I am still off-colour I know there is plenty more in the tank and I expect to get faster in the next few weeks," he said. "It's just a case of chipping away as I have done in previous years and the results will come." Scotland's Ian Mackie was also in action in Leipzig. He stepped down from his favoured 400m to 200m to finish third in 21.72 secs. Germany's Alexander Kosenkow won the race in 21.07 secs with Dutchman Patrick van Balkom second in 21.58 secs. There were plenty of other senior British athletes showing their indoor form over the weekend. Promising 60m hurdler
+
+clocked a new UK record of 7.98 seconds at a meeting in Norway. The 24-year-old reached the mark in her heat but had to settle for joint first place with former AAA champion Diane Allahgreen in the final.
+
+, who broke onto the international scene at the Olympic Games last season, set an indoor personal best of 16.50m in the triple jump at a meeting in Ghent. That leap - 37cm short of Brazilian winner Jadel Gregorio's effort - was good enough to qualify for the European Indoor Championships. At the same meeting,
+
+finished third in 7.27 seconds in a high-class women's 60m. The event was won by European medal favourite Christine Arron of France while Belgium rival Kim Gevaert was second. Britain's Joice Maduaka finished fifth in 7.35. Olympic bronze heptathlon medallist
+
+made a low-key return to action at an indoor meeting in Birmingham. The 28-year-old cleared 1.76m to win the high jump and threw 13.86m in the women's shot put.
diff --git a/sport/sport_90.txt b/sport/sport_90.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a9705eb407c83e6760894cbd62c5d7c6abe079ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_90.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Relay squad thrilled with honours
+
+Jason Gardener says being made an MBE in the New Year Honours List underlines the achievement of Great Britain's 4x100m relay squad at the Olympics.
+
+Gardener, Darren Campbell, Marlon Devonish and Mark Lewis-Francis have all been awarded MBEs after beating pre-race favourites USA to gold. "I think this award reinforces what we did on that fantastic night," he said. "This recognition is really inspiring and makes me want to have more success," said Lewis-Francis. The British sprint quartet produced a string of faultless baton changes in the final to put pressure on the Americans.
+
+And when the USA stumbled with a poor switch between Justin Gatlin and Coby Miller at the 300m stage, Britain edged ahead going into the final bend. Then, on cue, Lewis-Francis ran a textbook final leg, holding off Maurice Greene to bring Team GB home in 38.07 seconds - just one hundredth of a second ahead of their rivals. "Winning the gold medal was the highlight of my athletics career so far," said the Birchfield Harrier. "This award is not just for me, but for all my friends, family and the people who have helped me to get to this level in my sport." Gardener added: "All of us had worked very hard for a long, long time to carry off what most believed was an impossible task. "Of course this award is very special, but for me nothing will ever take away winning an Olympic gold medal. It's all I ever wanted. "All my life that is what I dreamed of doing. Life since then has been fantastic." Campbell agreed receiving the honour capped off what has been a difficult year for the sprinter. "I think the MBE is important because the people closest to me know my journey," said the Newport-based athlete. "I've not just stumbled upon this. "It gives me a lot of joy and satisfaction to know the stuff you do for your country does mean something."
+
+- There was also recognition for James Clarke, chairman of the London Marathon. He becomes an OBE.
diff --git a/sport/sport_91.txt b/sport/sport_91.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..da7a436a3467729099a68c0a34966cf808f3273f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_91.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Balco case trial date pushed back
+
+The trial date for the Bay Area Laboratory Cooperative (Balco) steroid distribution case has been postponed.
+
+US judge Susan Illston pushed back a preliminary evidentiary hearing - which was due to take place on Wednesday - until 6 June. No official trial date has been set but it is expected to begin in September. Balco founder Victor Conte along with James Valente, coach Remy Korchemny and trainer Greg Anderson are charged with distributing steroids to athletes.
+
+Anderson's clients include Barry Bonds, and several other baseball stars have been asked to appear before a congressional inquiry into steroid use in the major leagues. The Balco defence team have already lost their appeal to have the case dismissed at a pre-trial hearing in San Francisco but will still argue the case should not go to trial. The hearing in June will focus on the admissibility of evidence gathered during police raids on Balco's offices and Anderson's home. Conte and Anderson were not arrested at that point but federal agents did obtain statements from them. The defence are expected to challenge the legality of those interviews and if Ilston agrees she could could reject all the evidence from the raids. Balco has been accused by the United States Anti-Doping Agency (USADA) of being the source of the banned steroid THG and modafinil.
+
+Former double world champion Kelli White and Olympic relay star Alvin Harrison have both been banned on the basis of materials discovered during the Balco investigation. Britain's former European 100m champion Dwain Chambers is currently serving a two-year ban after testing positive for THG in an out-of-competition test in 2003. And American sprinter Marion Jones has filed a lawsuit for defamation against Conte following his allegations that he gave her performance-enhancing drugs.
diff --git a/sport/sport_92.txt b/sport/sport_92.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..526d456d450c4b75f244352918aed748d069249d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_92.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Collins calls for Chambers return
+
+World 100m champion Kim Collins says suspended sprinter Dwain Chambers should be allowed to compete in the Olympics again.
+
+Chambers was banned for two years after testing positive for the anabolic steroid THG and his suspension runs out in November this year. But Collins says the British Olympic Association should reverse the decision to ban him from the Olympics for life. "It was too harsh," Collins told Radio Five Live. "They should reconsider." Chambers has been in America learning American football but has not ruled out a return to the track. Collins added: "He is a great guy and I have never had any problems with him. We are friends. "I would like to see Dwain come back and compete again. He is a good person. "Even though he made a mistake he understands what he did and should be given a chance once more."
diff --git a/sport/sport_93.txt b/sport/sport_93.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f832ef89ab678d1fd5cc9dad5ce3fff4b919d1dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_93.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+Costin aims for comeback in 2006
+
+Jamie Costin should be paralysed.
+
+He says so himself in a matter-of-fact way as he recalls the car accident which occurred nine days before he was scheduled to step out into the Olympic Stadium in Athens for the 50K Walk. There is an ironic chuckle as he talks of his immediate thoughts after a lorry, driving on the wrong side of the road, had ploughed into his rental car. "I was in a lot of pain and I guessed that one of my toes was broken," says the Waterford man. "But I was thinking maybe with a cortisone injection you never know. "In my back, it felt as though all the muscles had been ripped off my pelvis but I was thinking maybe we could do something with laser therapy and ultra sound and hopefully I'd be able to race." It took over 10 hours before Jamie knew with certainty that he would not be competing in his second Olympics. "My back had been broken in two places and with one of my vertebrae, the bottom part had exploded so I'm fierce lucky not be paralysed. "I'd fractured my big toe as well which was on the brake." Jamie didn't finally arrive at hospital in Athens until some nine and a half hours after the accident.
+
+"For the first nine hours, I had no pain killers which was ridiculous in 35 degrees heat. "But once I got the scans and saw them it was a case of moving on and thinking:'OK, I've got a different set of circumstances now'." Within three days he was arriving back in Ireland by air ambulance. Doctors in Athens had wanted to operate on Jamie's back immediately but he insisted on delaying any surgery until he arrived back home - something he is now very relieved about. "The Greek doctors were going to put three or four inch titanium rods either side of my spinal cord up through my vertebrae. "That would have fused all my lower back and I would never have been able to race again. They were really putting a lot of pressure on me to agree to the surgery. "But when I got to the Mater in Dublin they said it was possible for it to heal totally naturally which is giving me the chance to get back into competition which is very important to me. The people at the Mater have been absolutely fantastic." Jamie had to wear a body cast for three and a half months after the accident and spent most of that time flat on his back.
+
+He then progressed to crutches for six weeks until he was finally able to walk unaided on 10 January. "Walking without the crutches seemed like something finally really measurable in terms of my recovery." Physio sessions with Johnston McEvoy in Limerick have been a vital part of his recovery. "Johnston uses an advanced type of acupuncture and it's very effective. "Needles get put right close up to my spine. A two and a half inch needle went in yesterday and I'm fairly incapacitated today as a result." Jamie has also travelled to receive treatment at the Polish training centre in Spala where he has trained with triple Olympic champion Robert Korzeniowski over the past five years. "I was there for over a fortnight earlier this month and underwent a fair extreme treatment called cryotherapy. "Basically, there's a small room which is cooled by liquid nitrogen to minus 160 degrees centigrade and it promotes deep healing."
+
+Jamie heads to Poland again on Sunday where he will be having daily cryotherapy in addition to twice-daily physio sessions and pool-work. All these sessions are small steps on the way to what Jamie hopes will be a return to racing in 2006. "It's all about trying to get mobility in my back. Lying down for three and a half months didn't really help with the strength. "There's a lot of work involved in my recovery. I'm doing about six hours a day between physio and pool work. "I'm also going to the gym to lift very light weights to try and build up my muscles. I'm fairly full on with everything I do. "I'd hope to be training regularly by March. But training is just part of the process of getting back. "At the moment, every time I go and do a big bit of movement, my whole pelvic area all down my lower back just tightens up. "It's a case of waiting and seeing how it reacts. Hopefully, after four or five months my back won't tighten up as much."
diff --git a/sport/sport_94.txt b/sport/sport_94.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..39110c9ce55819b16a4efcaab3d2d4357c07e683
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_94.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Lewis-Francis turns to Christie
+
+Mark Lewis-Francis has stepped up his preparations for the new season by taking advice from British sprint icon Linford Christie.
+
+The 22-year-old is set to compete at Sheffield this weekend and will then take on Maurice Greene and Kim Collins in Birmingham on 18 February. "Training in Wales and getting advice from Linford Christie is broadening my mind," said Lewis-Francis. The sprinter has also shed weight since winning relay gold at the Athens Games. "Last year I was 91kg, now I am 86.9kg - hopefully my times will come down," he said. "This has been brought about by eating the right foods and cutting out the snacks. It is just discipline and being more focused about what I am doing.
+
+"I am still keeping up my weights work and I can see the improvement in my running." Despite playing his part in Britain's successful 4x100m relay team, Lewis-Francis still feels the frustration of missing out on the individual 100m final at the 2004 Olympics. "That was heartbreaking, but I had made it to the semi-final and for me, on a personal level, that was an achievement. "I just have to be patient and build up for the next Olympics. That is my goal and whatever I do between now and then will be geared to making the final."
diff --git a/sport/sport_95.txt b/sport/sport_95.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d0a8e2985694c4829171419c1e6a844903cb9871
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_95.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Man Utd stroll to Cup win
+
+Wayne Rooney made a winning return to Everton as Manchester United cruised into the FA Cup quarter-finals.
+
+Rooney received a hostile reception, but goals in each half from Quinton Fortune and Cristiano Ronaldo silenced the jeers at Goodison Park. Fortune headed home after 23 minutes before Ronaldo scored when Nigel Martyn parried Paul Scholes' free-kick. Marcus Bent missed Everton's best chance when Roy Carroll, who was later struck by a missile, saved at his feet.
+
+Rooney's return was always going to be a potential flashpoint, and he was involved in an angry exchange with a spectator even before kick-off. And Rooney's every touch was met with a deafening chorus of jeers from the crowd that once idolised the 19-year-old. Everton started brightly and Fortune needed to be alert to scramble away a header from Bent near the goal-line. But that was the cue for United to take complete control with a supreme passing display on a Goodison Park pitch that was cutting up. Fortune gave United the lead after 23 minutes, rising to meet Ronaldo's cross from eight yards after the Portuguese youngster had been allowed too much time and space by the hapless Gary Naysmith. United dominated without creating too many clear-cut chances, and they almost paid the price for not making the most of their domination two minutes before half-time. Mikel Arteta played a superb ball into the area but Bent, played onside by Gabriel Heintze, hesitated and Carroll plunged at his fee to save. United almost doubled their lead after 48 minutes when Ronaldo's low drive from 25 yards took a deflection off Tony Hibbert, but Martyn dived to save brilliantly. And Martyn came to Everton's rescue three minutes later when Rooney's big moment almost arrived as he raced clean through, but once again the veteran keeper was in outstanding form. But there was nothing Martyn could do when United doubled their lead after 57 minutes as they doubled their advantage. Scholes' free-kick took a deflection, and Martyn could only parry the ball out for Ronaldo, who reacted first to score easily. Everton's problems worsened when James McFadden limped off with an injury. And there may be further trouble ahead for Everton after goalkeeper Carroll required treatment after he was struck on the head by a missile thrown from behind the goal. Rooney's desperate search for a goal on his return to Everton was halted again by Martyn in injury-time when he outpaced Stubbs, but once again Martyn denied the England striker.
+
+- Manchester United coach Sir Alex Ferguson: "It was a fantastic performance by us. In fairness I think Everton have missed a couple of players and got some young players out. "The boy Ronaldo is a fantastic player. He's persistent and never gives in. "I don't know how many fouls he had He gets up and wants the ball again, he's truly a fabulous player." Everton: Martyn, Hibbert, Yobo, Stubbs, Naysmith, Osman, Carsley, Arteta, Kilbane, McFadden, Bent. Subs: Wright, Pistone, Weir, Plessis, Vaughan. Manchester United: Carroll, Gary Neville, Brown, Ferdinand, Heinze, Ronaldo, Phil Neville, Keane, Scholes, Fortune, Rooney. Subs: Howard, Giggs, Smith, Miller, Spector. Referee: R Styles (Hampshire)
diff --git a/sport/sport_96.txt b/sport/sport_96.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f0eb14ff8f1ec13d9b3672aa2761d36c605d2422
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_96.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Van Nistelrooy set to return
+
+Manchester United striker Ruud van Nistelrooy may make his comeback after an Achilles tendon injury in the FA Cup fifth round tie at Everton on Saturday.
+
+He has been out of action for nearly three months and had targeted a return in the Champions League tie with AC Milan on 23 February. But Manchester United manager Sir Alex Ferguson hinted he may be back early. He said: "There is a chance he could be involved at Everton but we'll just have to see how he comes through training." The 28-year-old has been training in Holland and Ferguson said: "Ruud comes back on Tuesday and we need to assess how far on he is. "The training he has been doing in Holland has been perfect and I am very satisfied with it." Even without Van Nistelrooy, United made it 13 wins in 15 league games with a 2-0 derby victory at Manchester City on Sunday. But they will be boosted by the return of the Dutch international, who is the club's top scorer this season with 12 goals. He has not played since aggravating the injury in the 3-0 win against West Brom on 27 November. Ferguson was unhappy with Van Nistelrooy for not revealing he was carrying an injury. United have also been hit by injuries to both Alan Smith and Louis Saha during Van Nistelrooy's absence, meaning Wayne Rooney has sometimes had to play in a lone role up front. The teenager has responded with six goals in nine games, including the first goal against City on Sunday.
diff --git a/sport/sport_97.txt b/sport/sport_97.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a19f52815aa7993b157b02a08557600092e879e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_97.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Moyes U-turn on Beattie dismissal
+
+Everton manager David Moyes will discipline striker James Beattie after all for his headbutt on Chelsea defender William Gallas.
+
+The Scot initially defended Beattie, whose dismissal put Everton on the back foot in a game they ultimately lost 1-0, saying Gallas overreacted. But he has had a rethink after looking over the video evidence again. He said: "I believe that I should set the record straight by conceding that the dismissal was right and correct." Moyes added: "My comments on Saturday came immediately after the final whistle and at a point when I had only had the opportunity to see one, very quick re-run of the incident."
+
+The club website also reported that Beattie, who seemed unrepentant after Saturday's match, insisting Gallas "would have stayed down a lot longer" if he had headbutted him, has now apologised. Moyes continued: "Although the incident was totally out of character - James has never even been suspended before in his career - his actions were unacceptable and had a detrimental effect on his team-mates. "James did issue a formal apology to myself, his team-mates and to the Everton supporters immediately after the game and that was the right thing to have done. He will now be subjected to the normal club discipline. "He is a competitive player but a fair player and I know how upset he is by what has happened. However, I must say that I do still believe the Chelsea player in question did go down too easily." Speaking immediately after the game, Moyes said: "I don't think it was a sending-off, I have been a centre-half in my time and I would have been ashamed to have gone down as easily as that.
+
+"Not in a million years would John Terry have gone down in the same way. I have never heard of anybody butting somebody from behind while you are running after them. "What has happened to big, strong centre-halves? I thought it was a push initially and I still don't think it was a sending-off." An angry Beattie initially said: "He (Gallas) would have stayed down a lot longer if I had headbutted him. "I can tell you it wasn't an intentional headbutt. We were chasing a ball into the corner and William Gallas was looking over his shoulder and blocking me off. "He was stopping as we were running and I said to myself 'if you're going to stay in my way I'll go straight over you'. Our heads barely touched and it wasn't an intentional headbutt."
diff --git a/sport/sport_98.txt b/sport/sport_98.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..41df2c9b3ad5050986c3fd916801f9c2bbc76ba7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_98.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Ronaldo considering new contract
+
+Manchester United winger Cristiano Ronaldo said he is close to agreeing to a new contract at Old Trafford.
+
+The Portugal star, who joined in August 2003 on a five-year-deal, is a regular in the United first-team. "The United board have already made an offer to renew the contract but I'm trying not to think about it," he told the News of the World. "My agent has spoken with the club and it will be resolved soon. I think we'll reach a good agreement for both sides." Ronaldo refused to commit his long-term future to the club.
+
+"Nobody knows what will come tomorrow. I like being here, but who knows," he added. "There aren't many bigger and better clubs than this one. It's my ambition to be at a big club. I'm happy but nobody knows the future."
diff --git a/sport/sport_99.txt b/sport/sport_99.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1ec90f9f6610a38ee305f6127cd521f78bcdf58c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sport/sport_99.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Smith keen on Home series return
+
+Scotland manager Walter Smith has given his backing to the reinstatement of the Home International series.
+
+Such a plan is to be proposed by the new chief executive of the Northern Irish FA, Howard Wells, at the next meeting of the four home countries. The English FA has expressed doubt as to whether the fixtures could be accommodated at the end of each season. But Smith said: "Bringing it back would add meaning to friendly games and that's something that's needed." The Home International series was done away with in 1984, with the traditional Scotland-England fixture continuing until 1989. That game is one Smith would be delighted to see reinstated. "The Scotland v England match was a highlight of the end of the season," he added. "I was in Italy for their friendly with Russia last week and they made seven substitutions while only around 20,000 fans turned up to watch. "England were criticised for the 0-0 draw against Holland - the way Scotland were slammed in the past for poor results in friendlies. "You have to put a performance on in friendly games. If you don't, they can be de-motivating. "It can be a dangerous road to go down, if players don't apply themselves in the manner they should. "So I would support the return of the home internationals - the only problem would be fitting them in to the fixture schedule."
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_1.txt b/technologie/technologie_1.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0136e20f2d3324e019b8689f4c98cfe1baeb7fd8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_1.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+The Arizona Attorney General (AG) Mark Brnovich has filed a consumer fraud lawsuit against Google, alleging that the company used “deceptive” practices to track the location of users even after they turned off location tracking.
+
+Brnovich shared information about the lawsuit on his Twitter account. He accused Google of using “deceptive and unfair practices to obtain users’ location data”. This data is exploited for advertising, which accounts for more than 80 per cent of Google’s revenue.
+
+Google collects detailed information about its users, including their physical locations, to target users for advertising. Often, this is done without the users’ consent or knowledge.
+
+Brnovich wrote on Twitter: “Google collects detailed information about its users, including their physical locations, to target users for advertising. Often, this is done without the users’ consent or knowledge.”
+
+He told the Washington Post that Google has been trying to find “misleading ways” to obtain information from users who try to opt out of data collection. He added that Google may be the “most innovative company in the world” but it is not above the law.
+
+His office’s investigation of Google was initiated after reading a 2018 Associated Press report, which detailed how Google users are “lulled into a false sense of security” by privacy options, including the option to disable location history. The investigation found that many Google services on Android devices (and also iPhones) store location data even if the user selects privacy settings which purport to prevent Google from doing so.
+
+The findings were confirmed by computer scientists at Princeton University.
+
+The lawsuit specifically alleges that Google maintained location tracking for certain features, including weather and search engine queries, after the user disabled app-specific location tracking. Only when the user turns off broader system-level tracking did Google stop tracking location.
+
+“We brought forward this action to put a stop to Google’s deceptive collection of user data, obtain monetary relief and require Google to disgorge gross receipts arising from its Arizona activities,” Brnovich added in another tweet.
+
+He has asked for the courts to force Google to pay back any profits it may have earned by exploiting data fraudulently acquired from Arizonans. The Washington Post posits that Arizona’s state fraud laws may also allow for a $10,000 fine per violation.
+
+Brnovich’s action comes on the heels of a lawsuit from New Mexico AG Hector Balderas, who sued Google for allegedly collecting children’s data without required parental consent - a possible violation of the Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA) 1998. According to the lawsuit, Google harvested data (including YouTube activity, voice recordings, physical locations, browser activity, and contacts) from free Chromebooks provided to schools through the G Suite for Education platform and then used this data for personalised advertising, up until April 2014. Balderas had previously sued Google and other companies for violating COPPA in 2018.
+
+Although Google has made some compromises in recent years, such as making it easier to delete location data, it remains the target of lawmakers and activists for the aggressive data-harvesting practices on which its business model relies. Google and other US tech giants are facing a number of major regulatory and legal challenges around the world, mostly relating to antitrust and privacy.
+
+Google said in a statement to media: “The [AG] and the contingency fee lawyers filing this lawsuit appear to have mischaracterised our services. We have always built privacy features into our products and provided robust controls for location data. We look forward to setting the record straight”
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_10.txt b/technologie/technologie_10.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3e4bd43139aaa6f0995c0e0f0e7845db486e4452
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_10.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+Google's toolbar sparks concern
+
+Search engine firm Google has released a trial tool which is concerning some net users because it directs people to pre-selected commercial websites.
+
+The AutoLink feature comes with Google's latest toolbar and provides links in a webpage to Amazon.com if it finds a book's ISBN number on the site. It also links to Google's map service, if there is an address, or to car firm Carfax, if there is a licence plate. Google said the feature, available only in the US, "adds useful links". But some users are concerned that Google's dominant position in the search engine market place could mean it would be giving a competitive edge to firms like Amazon.
+
+AutoLink works by creating a link to a website based on information contained in a webpage - even if there is no link specified and whether or not the publisher of the page has given permission.
+
+If a user clicks the AutoLink feature in the Google toolbar then a webpage with a book's unique ISBN number would link directly to Amazon's website. It could mean online libraries that list ISBN book numbers find they are directing users to Amazon.com whether they like it or not. Websites which have paid for advertising on their pages may also be directing people to rival services. Dan Gillmor, founder of Grassroots Media, which supports citizen-based media, said the tool was a "bad idea, and an unfortunate move by a company that is looking to continue its hypergrowth". In a statement Google said the feature was still only in beta, ie trial, stage and that the company welcomed feedback from users. It said: "The user can choose never to click on the AutoLink button, and web pages she views will never be modified. "In addition, the user can choose to disable the AutoLink feature entirely at any time."
+
+The new tool has been compared to the Smart Tags feature from Microsoft by some users. It was widely criticised by net users and later dropped by Microsoft after concerns over trademark use were raised. Smart Tags allowed Microsoft to link any word on a web page to another site chosen by the company. Google said none of the companies which received AutoLinks had paid for the service. Some users said AutoLink would only be fair if websites had to sign up to allow the feature to work on their pages or if they received revenue for any "click through" to a commercial site. Cory Doctorow, European outreach coordinator for digital civil liberties group Electronic Fronter Foundation, said that Google should not be penalised for its market dominance. "Of course Google should be allowed to direct people to whatever proxies it chooses. "But as an end user I would want to know - 'Can I choose to use this service?, 'How much is Google being paid?', 'Can I substitute my own companies for the ones chosen by Google?'." Mr Doctorow said the only objection would be if users were forced into using AutoLink or "tricked into using the service".
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_100.txt b/technologie/technologie_100.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..23b73bdebce3fdee03a1f17204a3c7b42dff684f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_100.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+Mobile multimedia slow to catch on
+
+There is no doubt that mobile phones sporting cameras and colour screens are hugely popular.
+
+Consumers swapping old phones for slinkier, dinkier versions are thought to be responsible for a 26% increase in the number of phones sold during the third quarter of 2004, according to analysts Gartner More than 167 million handsets were sold globally between July and September 2004, a period that, according to Gartner analyst Carolina Milanesi is "seldom strong". But although consumers have mobiles that can take and send snaps, sounds and video clips few, so far, are taking the chance to do so.
+
+In fact, the numbers of people not taking and sending pictures, audio and video is growing. Figures gathered by Continental Research shows that 36% of British camera phone users have never sent a multimedia message (MMS), up from 7% in 2003. This is despite the fact that, during the same period, the numbers of camera phones in the UK more than doubled to 7.5 million. Getting mobile phone users to send multimedia messages is really important for operators keen to squeeze more cash out of their customers and offset the cost of subsidising the handsets people are buying. The problem they face, said Shailendra Jain, head of MMS firm Adamind, is educating people in how to send the multimedia messages using their funky handsets.
+
+"Also," he said, "they have to simplify the interface so its not rocket science in terms of someone understanding it." Research bears out the suspicion that people are not sending multimedia messages because they do not know how to. According to Continental Research, 29% of the people it questioned said they were technophobes that tended to shy away from innovation. Only 11% regarded themselves as technically savvy enough to send a picture or video message. The fact that multimedia services are not interoperable across networks and phones only adds to people's reluctance to start sending them, said Mr Jain. "They ask themselves: 'If I'm streaming video from one handset to another will it work?'" he said. "There's a lot of user apprehension about that."
+
+There are other deeper technical reasons why multimedia messages are not being pushed as strongly as they might. Andrew Bud, executive chairman of messaging firm Mblox, said mobile phone operators cap the number of messages that can be circulating at any one time for fear of overwhelming the system. "The rate we can send MMS into the mobile network is fairly constant," he said. The reason for this is that there are finite capacities for data traffic on the second generation networks that currently have the most users.
+
+No-one wants to take the risk of swamping these relatively narrow channels so the number of MMS messages is capped, said Mr Bud. This has led to operators finding other technologies, particularly one known as Wap-push, to get multimedia to their customers. But when networks do find a good way to get multimedia to their customers, the results can be dramatic. Israeli technology firm Celltick has found a way to broadcast data across phone networks in a way that does not overwhelm existing bandwidth. One of the first firms to use the Celltick service is Hutch India, the largest mobile firm in the country. The broadcast system gets multimedia to customers via a rolling menu far faster than would be possible with other systems. While not multimedia messaging, such a system gets people used to seeing their phones as a device that can handle all different types of content. As a result 40% of the subscribers to the Hutch Alive, which uses Celltick's broadcast technology, regularly click for more pictures, sounds and images from the operator. "Operators really need to start utilising this tool to reach their customers," said Yaron Toren, spokesman for Celltick. Until then, multimedia will be a message that is not getting through.
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_11.txt b/technologie/technologie_11.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2a521b46ea43a2a0cfbc1649a4d56409de557ab4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_11.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+UK net users leading TV downloads
+
+British TV viewers lead the trend of illegally downloading US shows from the net, according to research.
+
+New episodes of 24, Desperate Housewives and Six Feet Under, appear on the web hours after they are shown in the US, said a report. Web tracking company Envisional said 18% of downloaders were from within the UK and that downloads of TV programmes had increased by 150% in the last year. About 70% were using file-sharing program BitTorrent, the firm said. "It's now as easy to download a pirate TV show as it is to programme a VCR," said Ben Coppin from Envisional. A typical episode of 24 was downloaded by about 100,000 people globally, said the report, and an estimated 20,000 of those were from within the UK.
+
+Fans of many popular US TV programmes, like 24, usually have to wait weeks or months until the latest series is shown in the UK. But in some cases, said the report, people were able to watch the new episodes in Britain before US audiences on the west coast of the country. "Missing a television show presents little problem to anyone with a basic knowledge of the internet," explained Mr Coppin.
+
+"Two clicks and your favourite programme is downloading. In effect, the internet is now a global video recorder." Exact figures are difficult to pin down, but it is thought that about 80,000 to 100,000 people in the UK download TV programmes. Some may just want the odd episode, others are downloading regularly. Many broadcast analysts agree that the net is radically altering the way people get content, like TV programmes. This presents a challenge to broadcasters who are concerned that channel schedules may become less important to people. It is also of concern to them because advertisements are usually cut out of the downloaded programmes. The industry has coined the term "time-shifting" to describe this trend of being able to watch what you want, when you want. The increased popularity of personal digital video recorders, TiVo-type boxes which automatically record programmes like Sky+, have also contributed to the trend. There are also numerous programs available on the net which automatically search and store TV programmes for viewers, effectively creating a personal video recorder on a computer.
+
+Within half an hour, recorded episodes can be uploaded - or posted - onto file-sharing networks or other download sites. Because they tend to be shorter then full-length films, they can be processed - digitised - quickly. More people with high-speed broadband connections in the UK also means that episodes can be downloaded quickly.
+
+According to Jupiter Research 40% of homes with broadband say it helps them pick and choose the programmes they want to see or that friends have recommended. The Envisional reports said that the TV industry should consider offering a legal way to download shows. The ran a trial of what it calls the Interactive Media Player (iMP) last year, which was based on a peer-to-peer distribution model. It let people download programmes it held the rights to up to eight days after they had already aired. It is looking to do a more expansive trial later this year. The BBC already allows radio fans to hear programmes they missed online up to a week after broadcast. About six million people in the UK now have a fast, always-on net connection via cable or phone lines.
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_12.txt b/technologie/technologie_12.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c25b367e2d2dc654c0ec09d030a03dbf40705406
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_12.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+IBM puts cash behind Linux push
+
+IBM is spending $100m (£52m) over the next three years beefing up its commitment to Linux software.
+
+The cash injection will be used to help its customers use Linux on every type of device from handheld computers and phones right up to powerful servers. IBM said the money will fund a variety of technical, research and marketing initiatives to boost Linux use. IBM said it had taken the step in response to greater customer demand for the open source software.
+
+In 2004 IBM said it had seen double digit growth in the number of customers using Linux to help staff work together more closely. The money will be used to help this push towards greater collaboration and will add Linux-based elements to IBM's Workplace software. Workplace is a suite of programs and tools that allow workers to get at core business applications no matter what device they use to connect to corporate networks. One of the main focuses of the initiative will be to make it easier to use Linux-based desktop computers and mobile devices with Workplace. Even before IBM announced this latest spending boost it was one of the biggest advocates of the open source way of working. In 2001 it put $300m into a three-year Linux program and has produced Linux versions of many of its programs. Linux and the open source software movement are based on the premise that developers should be free to tinker with the core components of software programs. They reason that more open scrutiny of software produces better programs and fuels innovation.
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_13.txt b/technologie/technologie_13.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..34c06143e3f91aaec97a2459e019599773940b54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_13.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+Fact: Chrome rules the world.
+
+Now with 69.2% of the world's browser user share – a measure of browser activity calculated by California-based analytics company Net Applications – Google's Chrome has no equal, at least in popularity. Rivals like Microsoft's Edge, Mozilla's Firefox and Apple's Safari eke out single digits, while niche browsers under them fight over the smallest scraps.
+
+It's no surprise, then, that when Chrome speaks, everyone listens, whether about each browser upgrade – something Computerworld tracks in the What's in the latest Chrome update? series – or about Google's plans for the future.
+
+Every Chrome upgrade is accompanied by enterprise-centric release notes that highlight some of the planned additions, substitutions, enhancements and modifications. We've collected the most important for this what's-coming round-up.
+
+Just remember, nothing is guaranteed. As Google says: "They might be changed, delayed, or canceled before launching to the Stable channel."
+
+Chrome 84: Full-page TLS 1.0, 1.1 warnings
+Last year, Google spelled out the stages of warnings it would put in front of Chrome users about obsolete TLS (Transport Layer Security) 1.0 or 1.1 encryption. A first step – a "Not Secure" alert in the address bar – was taken in January 2020.
+
+With Chrome 81, the browser was to display a full-page interstitial alert that interrupted attempts to reach the destinations secured with TLS 1.0 or 1.1. That schedule, however, was abandoned in early April.
+
+[ Become a Microsoft Office 365 administrator in record time with this quick start course from PluralSight. ]
+Now, it's Chrome 84, slated for release July 14, that is to contain the page-sized warning.
+
+IT administrators can disable both warnings with the SSLVersionMin policy. Setting that policy to "tls1" allows Chrome to connect to TLS 1.0- and 1.1-encrypted sites sans alerts. The SSLVersionMin policy will work until January 2021, when it will be deprecated.
+
+Chrome 84: Risky downloads, rescheduled
+Starting with Chrome 84, the browser will warn users when executable files begin their downloading from a secure page (one marked as HTTPS) but actually transfer their bits over an insecure HTTP connection. "These cases are especially concerning because Chrome currently gives no indication to the user that their privacy and security are at risk," Joe DeBlasio, a software engineer on the Chrome security team, wrote in a Feb. 6 post announcing the scheme.
+
+At the time, Chrome 81 was pegged to begin the warnings. But as with the TLS 1.0 and 1.1 alerts, these were rescheduled in early April, pushed back to later versions of the browser. Google did not say aloud what prompted the change, but it likely was related to the March decision to pause Chrome's release cadence and when distribution was restored, abandon Chrome 82, skipping from 81 to May's 83.
+
+With Chrome 85, set to ship Aug.25, Google will drop the hammer, barring those executable files from downloading.
+
+Over several more versions, Google will warn, then block, additional file types, including (in order) archives such as .zip; "all other non-safe types, like .pdf and .docx; then finally image files, such as .png. For example, Chrome 85 will institute warnings for archives (and Chrome 86 will block them).
+
+By Chrome 88 (a Jan. 19, 2021, appearance), the browser will be blocking "all mixed-content downloads."
+
+Organizations managing Chrome can disable this future blocking on a per-site basis with the InsecureContentAllowedForUrls policy.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_14.txt b/technologie/technologie_14.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1cb9fd12baf48eeacdedb71ef582f25e5d3b7b59
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_14.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+Apple rejects flawed claims about its contact tracing tech
+
+Apple has been forced to reject damaging claims against its contact tracing tech now circulating on Facebook.
+
+Even as we consider revelations Facebook shelved internal research suggesting its algorithms generate divisiveness, Apple has been forced to reject damaging claims against its contact tracing tech currently spreading on Facebook.
+
+Exposure Notification is not spying on you
+Numerous hysterical myths concerning the Apple/Google contact tracing technology are being circulated on Facebook. A series of posts claim the Exposure Notification feature inside iOS 13.5 will allow authorities to track people’s locations and monitor who they meet – which is precisely what it tries not to do.
+
+This is not correct.
+
+[ Keep up on the latest thought leadership, insights, how-to, and analysis on IT through Computerworld’s newsletters. ]
+The solution requires individuals use a government-approved app and that they consent to sharing any information. Not only this, but both Apple and Google have barred governments from harvesting GPS data or requiring users to share personal information when using the app.
+
+An Apple spokesperson told Reuters:
+
+“You will still need to download an app from a public health agency to use the Exposure Notifications feature.”
+
+How it works
+In order to work, the solution relies on random Bluetooth identifiers shared between devices. This information forms a record of proximity but does not include location data.
+
+[ Take this mobile device management course from PluralSight and learn how to secure devices in your company without degrading the user experience. ]
+When they announced their work, Apple and Google promised that any apps using the technology “must require users to consent before  sharing a positive test result, and the  ’keys’  associated with their devices, with  the public health authority.” Users should also be able to turn off exposure notifications at any time.
+
+The tech firms are attempting to create a contact tracing solution that gathers as little personal information as possible, and have previously promised to delete the feature once the current crisis has passed.
+
+The intention of the tech is that government or health authorities can use the API to build apps with which to monitor the disease outbreak.
+
+What is contact tracing?
+Contact tracing is seen as a way to help control the pandemic. The information should warn people when they have been exposed to the diseases.
+
+This could enable life to return to something a little more like business as usual, while also saving lives – though the efficiency is limited if people refuse to use the apps.
+
+The tech-based solution won’t be the only tool used for this: Many governments are hiring tens of thousands of human contact tracers to interview COVID-19 sufferers in order to find out who they have interacted with.
+
+Apple and Google continue development
+Apple and Google both released APIs for their technology earlier this month. These are designed to make it possible for both Android and iOS devices to work together for contact tracing using officially sanctioned government apps.
+
+The two companies are also developing a broader Bluetooth-based contact tracing platform by building this functionality into the underlying platforms, they said in April.
+
+“This is a more robust solution than an API and would allow more individuals to participate, if they choose to opt in, as well as enable interaction with a broader ecosystem of apps and government health authorities,” the companies explained at that time.
+
+“Privacy, transparency, and consent are of utmost importance in this effort, and we look forward to building this functionality in consultation with interested stakeholders."
+
+Who is using these apps ?
+Apple and Google have said 23 countries and several U.S. states have requested access to its APIs. The first app to make use of the Apple/Google API has appeared in Switzerland, with a Latvian initiative not far behind.
+
+There are some governments who want to gather all the information for analysis on servers they control, but the Apple/Google model does not enable this; instead, analysis takes place on the device.
+
+The idea is that by retaining control of data on user devices, privacy is maintained.
+
+Those countries attempting to gather this data in a far less private, centralized fashion are having problems creating solutions that actually work.
+
+One app tested in the UK is glitchy, drains batteries and doesn’t work well between platforms, among other problems. That’s a shame, given that it now has a higher death rate per million than any other country in the world, and could probably use an effective solution.
+
+Please follow me on Twitter, or join me in the AppleHolic’s bar & grill and Apple Discussions groups on MeWe.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_15.txt b/technologie/technologie_15.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3d7479f0682efa51c858ecb68b73b5f32674dc41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_15.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Xbox power cable 'fire fear'
+
+Microsoft has said it will replace more than 14 million power cables for its Xbox consoles due to safety concerns.
+
+The company said the move was a "preventative step" after reports of fire hazard problems with the cables. It affects Xboxes made before 23 October 2003 for all regions but mainland Europe - and consoles in that region made before 13 January 2004. Microsoft said it had received 30 reports of minor injury or property damage due to faulty cables. The firm said fewer than one in 10,000 consoles had experienced component failures. The recall affects almost three quarters of all Xboxes sold around the world since its launch in 2001.
+
+In a statement, it added: "In almost all instances, any damage caused by these failures was contained within the console itself or limited to the tip of the power cord at the back of the console." But in seven cases, customers reported sustaining a minor burn to their hand. In 23 cases, customers reported smoke damage, or minor damage to a carpet or entertainment centre. "This is a preventative step we're choosing to take despite the rarity of these incidents," said Robbie Bach, senior vice president, Microsoft home and entertainment division. "We regret the inconvenience, but believe offering consumers a free replacement cord is the responsible thing to do." Consumers can order a new cable from the Xbox website or by telephoning 0800 028 9276 in the UK. Microsoft said customers would get replacement cords within two to four weeks from the time of order. It advised users to turn off their Xboxes when not in use. A follow-up to Xbox is expected to released at the end of this year or the beginning of 2006.
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_16.txt b/technologie/technologie_16.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2779ebb75f61a27320dd17622e997518e972c214
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_16.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+Global blogger action day called
+
+The global web blog community is being called into action to lend support to two imprisoned Iranian bloggers.
+
+The month-old Committee to Protect Bloggers' is asking those with blogs to dedicate their sites on 22 February to the "Free Mojtaba and Arash Day". Arash Sigarchi and Mojtaba Saminejad are both in prison in Iran. Blogs are free sites through which people publish thoughts and opinions. Iranian authorities have been clamping down on prominent sites for some time. "I hope this day will focus people," Curt Hopkins, director of the Committee, told the BBC News website.
+
+The group has a list of actions which it says bloggers can take, including writing to local Iranian embassies. The Committee has deemed Tuesday "Free Mojtaba and Arash Day" as part of its first campaign. It is calling on the blogsphere - the name for the worldwide community of bloggers - to do what it can to help raise awareness of the plight of Mojtaba and Arash as well as other "cyber-dissidents". "If you have a blog, the least you could do is put nothing on that blog except 'Free Mojtaba and Arash Day'," said Mr Hopkins. "That would mean you could see that phrase 7.1 million times. That alone will shine some light on the situation. "If you don't have one, find one dedicated to that - it takes about 30 seconds." Technorati, a blog search engine, tracks about six million blogs and says that more than 12,000 are added daily. A blog is created every 5.8 seconds, according to a US research think-tank.
+
+The Committee to Protect Bloggers was started by US blogger Curt Hopkins and counts fired flight attendant blogger Ellen Simonetti as a deputy director. She has since started the International Bloggers' Bill of Rights, a global petition to protect bloggers at work. Although not the only website committed to human rights issues by any means, it aims to be the hub or organisation, information and support for bloggers in particular and their rights to freedom of speech.
+
+The Committee, although only a month old, aims to be the focal point for blogger action on similar issues in the future, and will operate as a non-for-profit organisation. "Blogging is in this weird no man's land. People think of it as being one thing or another depending on their point of view," said Mr Hopkins. "Some think of themselves as pundits, kind of like journalists, and some like me have a private blog which is just a publishing platform. "But they do not have a constituency and are out there in the cold."
+
+It is not just human rights issues in countries which have a track record of restricting what is published in the media that is of concern to bloggers. The question of bloggers and what rights they have to say what they want on their sites is a thorny one and has received much press attention recently. High profile cases in which employees have been sacked for what they have said on their personal, and often anonymous blogs, have highlighted the muddy situation that the blogsphere is currently in.
+
+"This is a big messy argument," explained Mr Hopkins. He added: "It is just such a new way of doing business, there will be clamp downs." But the way these issues get tested is through the courts which, said Mr Hopkins, "is part of the whole messy conversation." "If you haven't already got bloggers in your company, you will have them tomorrow - and if you don't have a blogger policy now you had better start looking at having one. Mr Hopkins said that the blogsphere - which is doubling every five months - was powerful because it takes so little time and expertise to create a blog. "Everyone does this - mums, radicals, conservatives," he said. Many companies offer easy-to-use services to create a blog and publish it in minutes to a global community. "That is the essential difference. What I call 'templating software' gives every single person on Earth the chance to have one. "You don't even have to have your own computer."
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_17.txt b/technologie/technologie_17.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8a8bea49b9c02ca72da7dd8534df9819b823ef64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_17.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Finding new homes for old phones
+
+Re-using old mobile phones is not just good for the environment, it has social benefits too.
+
+Research has found that in some developing nations old mobile phones can help close the digital divide. The Forum for the Future research found that the low cost of these recycled handsets means they can have a very useful second life in poorer nations. But the Forum found that more needed to be done to collect old phones rather than let them rot in landfill sites.
+
+The report reveals that approximately 15 million mobile phones go out of use every year in the UK. Of the 15 million that are swapped for newer models each year, only 25% get returned to mobile phone firms for recycling or re-use. The slowly growing mass of unrecycled, discarded phones has now reached 90 million handsets, the equivalent of 9,000 tonnes of waste, estimates James Goodman, report author and a senior adviser at the Forum for the Future. "It's quite common for people to have two or three phones just lying around," said Mr Goodman.
+
+Many of these older phones could end up in landfill sites leaking the potentially toxic materials they are made of into the wider world, said Mr Goodman. Far better, he said, to hand the phone back to an operator who can send it overseas where it can enjoy a second lease of life. "We've heard the environmental argument for handing a phone back," said Mr Goodman, "but there's a strong social argument too." Older mobile phones are proving particularly useful in poorer nations where people want to use a mobile and keep in touch with friends and family but do not have the income to buy the most up to date model. The Forum for the Future report took an in-depth look at Romania where reconditioned mobile phones were proving very popular. "It's an interesting country because it has a really crap fixed line network," said Mr Goodman, "and there's a real desire for people to get mobile phones." But the relatively low wages in Romania, which is one of the poorest countries in Europe, mean few people can afford a shiny new phone. "The affordability of the handsets is a real barrier to getting one," he said. Reconditioned handsets have boosted take-up of mobiles as the report revealed that almost one-third of Romanian pre-pay mobile phone users were using reconditioned handsets. The re-used handsets tend to be about one-third of the price of a new handset. Georgeta Minciu, a Romanian part-time cleaner, said: "Normally a mobile phone would not be possible on my wages. I am a single parent - keeping in touch with my daughter is important to me." "This is the only way I can afford to have a phone," she said. Mr Goodman said phone operators and consumers needed to do more to ensure that more of Britain's mobile mountain made it overseas. But, he added, those keen to use a mobile will not accept any old handset. "If its more than a few years old people are not going to want it," he said.
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_18.txt b/technologie/technologie_18.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..38d00d5232710f372cd2ec90046e865ce7c563d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_18.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+PlayStation 3 chip to be unveiled
+
+Details of the chip designed to power Sony's PlayStation 3 console will be released in San Francisco on Monday.
+
+Sony, IBM and Toshiba, who have been working on the Cell processor for three years, will unveil the chip at a technology conference. The chip is reported to be up to 10 times faster than current processors. It is being designed for use in graphics workstations, the new PlayStation console, and has been described as a supercomputer on a chip. Sony has said the Cell processor could be used to bridge the gap between movies and video games. Special effects and graphics designed for films could be ported for use directly in a video game, Sony told an audience at the E3 exhibition in Los Angeles last year.
+
+Cell could also be marketed as an ideal technology for televisions and supercomputers, and everything in between, said Kevin Krewell, the editor in chief of Microprocessor Report. The chip will be made of several different processing cores that work on tasks together. The PlayStation 3 is expected in 2006 but developers are expecting to get prototypes early next year to tune games that will appear on it at launch. Details of the chip will be released at the International Solid State Circuits Conference in San Francisco. Some details have already emerged, however. When put inside powerful computer servers, the Cell consortium expects it to be capable of handling 16 trillion floating point operations, or calculations, every second.
+
+The chip has also been refined to be able to handle the detailed graphics common in games and the data demands of films and broadband media. IBM said it would start producing the chip in early 2005 at manufacturing plants in the US. The first machines off the line using the Cell processor will be computer workstations and servers. A working version of the PS3 is due to be shown off in May 2005 but a full launch of the next generation console is not expected to start until 2006. "In the future, all forms of digital content will be converged and fused onto the broadband network," said Ken Kutaragi, chief operating officer of Sony, said last year. "Current PC architecture is nearing its limits," he added.
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_19.txt b/technologie/technologie_19.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7e5d8fe7b7d4ae982084076dccf9e8fd8db18d5d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_19.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Intel unveils laser breakthrough
+
+Intel has unveiled research that could mean data is soon being moved around chips at the speed of light.
+
+Scientists at Intel have overcome a fundamental problem that before now has prevented silicon being used to generate and amplify laser light. The breakthrough should make it easier to interconnect data networks with the chips that process the information. The Intel researchers said products exploiting the breakthrough should appear by the end of the decade.
+
+"We've overcome a fundamental limit," said Dr Mario Paniccia, director of Intel's photonics technology lab. Writing in the journal Nature, Dr Paniccia - and colleagues Haisheng Rong, Richard Jones, Ansheng Liu, Oded Cohen, Dani Hak and Alexander Fang - show how they have made a continuous laser from the same material used to make computer processors. Currently, says Dr Paniccia, telecommunications equipment that amplifies the laser light that travels down fibre optic cables is very expensive because of the exotic materials, such as gallium arsenide, used to make it.
+
+Telecommunications firms and chip makers would prefer to use silicon for these light-moving elements because it is cheap and many of the problems of using it in high-volume manufacturing have been solved. "We're trying to take our silicon competency in manufacturing and apply it to new areas," said Dr Paniccia. While work has been done to make some of the components that can move light around, before now silicon has not successfully been used to generate or amplify the laser light pulses used to send data over long distances. This is despite the fact that silicon is a much better amplifier of light pulses than the form of the material used in fibre optic cables. This improved amplification is due to the crystalline structure of the silicon used to make computer chips. Dr Paniccia said that the structure of silicon meant that when laser light passed through it, some colliding photons rip electrons off the atoms within the material. "It creates a cloud of electrons sitting in the silicon and that absorbs all the light," he said. But the Intel researchers have found a way to suck away these errant electrons and turn silicon into a material that can both generate and amplify laser light. Even better, the laser light produced in this way can, with the help of easy-to-make filters, be tuned across a very wide range of frequencies. Semi-conductor lasers made before now have only produced light in a narrow frequency ranges. The result could be the close integration of the fibre optic cables that carry data as light with the computer chips that process it. Dr Paniccia said the work was the one of several steps needed if silicon was to be used to make components that could carry and process light in the form of data pulses. "It's a technical validation that it can work," he said.
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_2.txt b/technologie/technologie_2.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4c5decd407e8b7fb03003ccc33d5a1c53cf9628c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_2.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+China net cafe culture crackdown
+
+Chinese authorities closed 12,575 net cafes in the closing months of 2004, the country's government said.
+
+According to the official news agency most of the net cafes were closed down because they were operating illegally. Chinese net cafes operate under a set of strict guidelines and many of those most recently closed broke rules that limit how close they can be to schools. The move is the latest in a series of steps the Chinese government has taken to crack down on what it considers to be immoral net use.
+
+The official Xinhua News Agency said the crackdown was carried out to create a "safer environment for young people in China". Rules introduced in 2002 demand that net cafes be at least 200 metres away from middle and elementary schools. The hours that children can use net cafes are also tightly regulated. China has long been worried that net cafes are an unhealthy influence on young people. The 12,575 cafes were shut in the three months from October to December. China also tries to dictate the types of computer games people can play to limit the amount of violence people are exposed to.
+
+Net cafes are hugely popular in China because the relatively high cost of computer hardware means that few people have PCs in their homes. This is not the first time that the Chinese government has moved against net cafes that are not operating within its strict guidelines. All the 100,000 or so net cafes in the country are required to use software that controls what websites users can see. Logs of sites people visit are also kept. Laws on net cafe opening hours and who can use them were introduced in 2002 following a fire at one cafe that killed 25 people. During the crackdown following the blaze authorities moved to clean up net cafes and demanded that all of them get permits to operate. In August 2004 Chinese authorities shut down 700 websites and arrested 224 people in a crackdown on net porn. At the same time it introduced new controls to block overseas sex sites. The Reporters Without Borders group said in a report that Chinese government technologies for e-mail interception and net censorship are among the most highly developed in the world.
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_20.txt b/technologie/technologie_20.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cd24a24dccafee1953871ba4b66f7ad1045b72e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_20.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Security scares spark browser fix
+
+Microsoft is working on a new version of its Internet Explorer web browser.
+
+The revamp has been prompted by Microsoft's growing concern with security as well as increased competition from rival browsers. Microsoft said the new version will be far less vulnerable to the bugs that make its current browser a favourite of tech-savvy criminals. Test versions of the new program, called IE 7, are due to be released by the summer.
+
+The announcement about Internet Explorer was made by Bill Gates, Microsoft chairman and chief software architect, during a keynote speech at the RSA Security conference currently being held in San Francisco. Although details were scant, Mr Gates, said IE7 would include new protections against viruses, spyware and phishing scams. This last category of threats involves criminals setting up spoof websites that look identical to those of banks and try to trick people into handing over login and account information.
+
+In a bid to shore up the poor security in IE 6, Microsoft has regularly issued updates to patch loopholes exploited by criminals and the makers of nuisance programs such as spyware. Earlier this month it released a security bulletin that patched eight critical security holes - some of which were found in the IE browser. Microsoft has also made a series of acquisitions of small firms that specialise in computer security. One of the first fruits of these acquisitions appeared last month with the release of a Microsoft anti-spyware program. An own-brand anti-virus program is due to follow by the end of 2005. The decision to make Internet Explorer 7 is widely seen as a U-turn because, before now, Microsoft said it had no need to update the browser. Typically new versions of its browser appear with successive versions of the Windows operating system. A new version of IE was widely expected to debut with the next version of Windows, codenamed Longhorn, which is due to appear in 2006. The current version of Internet Explorer is four years old, and is widely seen as falling behind rivals such as Firefox and Opera. There are also persistent rumours that search engine Google is poised to produce its own brand browser based on Firefox. In particular the Firefox browser has been winning fans and users since its first full version was released in November 2004. Estimates of how many users Firefox has won over vary widely. According to market statistics gathered by Websidestory, Firefox's market share is now about 5% of all users. However, other browser stat gatherers say the figure is closer to 15%. Some technical websites report that a majority of their visitors use the Firefox browser. Internet Explorer still dominates with a share of about 90% but this is down from a peak of almost 96% in mid-2004.
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_21.txt b/technologie/technologie_21.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dd635d1197c4958934dc6e89c97f4abb11bbcbc2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_21.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Google and Apple release contact tracing app API
+
+Google and Apple delivered their contact tracing app API to public health agencies across the globe. The apps would allow Bluetooth pings between smartphones within six and a half feet of each other. And in theory, these apps would notify you if you had been in close contact with someone diagnosed with COVID-19. In practice, public health authorities will have to encourage around 60% people in a given state or country to download the app in order to meaningfully conduct contact tracing/exposure notification.
+Computerworld executive editor Ken Mingis and PCWorld/Macworld’s Michael Simon join Juliet to discuss Apple and Google’s unprecedented collaboration, privacy concerns and how state and federal governments will utilize the API. 
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_22.txt b/technologie/technologie_22.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e90f093b567ac92c8816795a6447fe5c6f4f6702
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_22.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+Sun offers processing by the hour
+
+Sun Microsystems has launched a pay-as-you-go service which will allow customers requiring huge computing power to rent it by the hour.
+
+Sun Grid costs users $1 (53p) for an hour's worth of processing and storage power on systems maintained by Sun. So-called grid computing is the latest buzz phrase in a company which believes that computing capacity is as important a commodity as hardware and software. Sun likened grid computing to the development of electricity.
+
+The system could mature in the same way utilities such as electricity and water have developed, said Sun's chief operating officer Jonathan Schwartz. "Why build your own grid when you can use ours for a buck an hour?" he asked in a webcast launching Sun's quarterly Network Computing event in California. The company will have to persuade data centre managers to adopt a new model but it said it already had interest from customers in the oil, gas and financial services industries.
+
+Some of them want to book computing capacity of more than 5,000 processors each, Sun said. Mr Schwartz ran a demonstration of the service, showing how data could be processed in a protein folding experiment. Hundreds of servers were used simultaneously, working on the problem for a few seconds each.
+
+Although it only took a few seconds, the experiment cost $12 (£6.30) because it had used up 12 hour's worth of computing power. The Sun Grid relies on Solaris, the operating system owned by Sun. Initially it will house the grid in existing premises and will use idle servers to test software before shipping it to customers. It has not said how much the system will cost to develop but it already has a rival in IBM, which argues that its capacity on-demand service is cheaper than that offered by Sun.
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_23.txt b/technologie/technologie_23.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..29b0cbd7d8c7f0eccea1fe985069ec0e049a5f77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_23.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Lasers help bridge network gaps
+
+An Indian telecommunications firm has turned to lasers to help it overcome the problems of setting up voice and data networks in the country.
+
+Tata Teleservices is using the lasers to make the link between customers' offices and its own core network. The laser bridges work across distances up to 4km and can be set up much faster than cable connections. In 12 months the lasers have helped the firm set up networks in more than 700 locations.
+
+"In this particular geography getting permission to dig the ground and lay the pipes is a bit of a task," said Mr R. Sridharan, vice president of networks at Tata. "Heavy traffic and the layout under the ground mean that digging is uniquely difficult," he said. In some locations, he said, permission to dig up roads and lay cables was impossible to get. He said it was far easier to secure permission for putting networking hardware on roofs. This has led Chennai-based Tata to turn to equipment that uses lasers to make the final mile leap between Tata's core network and the premises of customers. The Lightpointe laser bridges work over distances of up to 4km and are being used to route both voice and data from businesses on to the backbone of the network. The hardware works in pairs and beam data through the air in the form of laser pulses.
+
+The laser bridges can route data at speeds up to 1.25gbps (2,000 times faster than a 512kbps broadband connection) but Tata is running its hardware at more modest speeds of 1-2mbps. The lasers are also ideal for India because of its climate. "It's particularly suitable as the rain rate is a little low and it's hardly ever foggy," he said. In places where rain is heavy and fog is common laser links can struggle to maintain good connection speeds. The laser links also take far less time to set up and get working, said Mr Sridharan. "Once we get the other permissions, normal time period for set up is a few hours," he said. By contrast, he said, digging up roads and laying cables can take weeks or months. This speed of set up has helped Tata with its aggressive expansion plans. Just over 12 months ago the firm had customers in only about 70 towns and cities. But by the end of March the firm hopes to reach more than 1,000. "Speed is very important because of the pace of competition," said Mr Sridharan.
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_24.txt b/technologie/technologie_24.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cf831a8e2cb581c715faee6090b22f12a345fddf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_24.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Game firm holds 'cast' auditions
+
+Video game firm Bioware is to hold open auditions for people to become cast members for future games.
+
+The company, which makes role playing games such as Knights of the Old Republic and Neverwinter Nights, is seeking people aged 18 to 99. The Canada-based company says it was looking for "a wide variety of people to use as face models for characters". Everyone chosen to appear in a video game will receive a performer's fee for the use of their image. The company is inviting people to come along to a shopping mall in West Edmonton, Alberta, on Friday and Saturday, bringing along a piece of photo identification.
+
+"There are hundreds and hundreds of characters in a typical Bioware game," said Shauna Perry, Bioware's audio and external resources producer. "Those people live in any city and village and so we need ordinary people, people with interesting faces." She added: "Not everyone is a model in the world so we don't want just models in our games." People chosen to appear in a game will have their head scanned in three dimensions. Hundreds of photos of the person's head are taken so that a model of the head can be generated in 3D. "The 3D model will look exactly like the person - it's really quite incredible how detailed they are," said Ms Perry. She said chosen participants will have no control over how the image is used in a computer game. "We cannot give people any control over how the images are used. "But their face could be used in multiple games - so they could be the hero in one, the villain in another and just a merchant in a third."
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_25.txt b/technologie/technologie_25.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..26fc89f4cf91b4b595377cd82a6c9a535d6e1092
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_25.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Sony PSP console hits US in March
+
+US gamers will be able to buy Sony's PlayStation Portable from 24 March, but there is no news of a Europe debut.
+
+The handheld console will go on sale for $250 (£132) and the first million sold will come with Spider-Man 2 on UMD, the disc format for the machine. Sony has billed the machine as the Walkman of the 21st Century and has sold more than 800,000 units in Japan. The console (12cm by 7.4cm) will play games, movies and music and also offers support for wireless gaming. Sony is entering a market which has been dominated by Nintendo for many years.
+
+It launched its DS handheld in Japan and the US last year and has sold 2.8 million units. Sony has said it wanted to launch the PSP in Europe at roughly the same time as the US, but gamers will now fear that the launch has been put back. Nintendo has said it will release the DS in Europe from 11 March. "It has gaming at its core, but it's not a gaming device. It's an entertainment device," said Kaz Hirai, president of Sony Computer Entertainment America.
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_26.txt b/technologie/technologie_26.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3599d8c4b3d1f5723a42ad0f7ea44367a9afde22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_26.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Warnings about junk mail deluge
+
+The amount of spam circulating online could be about to undergo a massive increase, say experts.
+
+Anti-spam group Spamhaus is warning about a novel virus which hides the origins of junk mail. The program makes spam look like it is being sent by legitimate mail servers making it hard to spot and filter out. Spamhaus said that if the problem went unchecked real e-mail messages could get drowned by the sheer amount of junk being sent.
+
+Before now many spammers have recruited home PCs to act as anonymous e-mail relays in an attempt to hide the origins of their junk mail. The PCs are recruited using viruses and worms that compromise machines via known vulnerabilities or by tricking people into opening an attachment infected with the malicious program. Once compromised the machines start to pump out junk mail on behalf of spammers. Spamhaus helps to block junk messages from these machines by collecting and circulating blacklists of net addresses known to harbour infected machines. But the novel worm spotted recently by Spamhaus routes junk via the mail servers of the net service firm that infected machines used to get online in the first place. In this way the junk mail gets a net address that looks legitimate. As blocking all mail from net firms just to catch the spam is impractical, Spamhaus is worried that the technique will give junk mailers the ability to spam with little fear of being spotted and stopped. Steve Linford, director of Spamhaus, predicted that if a lot of spammers exploit this technique it could trigger the failure of the net's e-mail sending infrastructure. David Stanley, UK managing director of filtering firm Ciphertrust, said the new technique was the next logical step for spammers. "They are adding to their armoury," he said. The amount of spam in circulation was still growing, said Mr Stanley, but he did not think that the appearance of this trick would mean e-mail meltdown. But Kevin Hogan, senior manager at Symantec security response, said such warnings were premature. "If something like this mean the end of e-mail then e-mail would have stopped two-three years ago," said Mr Hogan. While the technique of routing mail via mail servers of net service firms might cause problems for those that use blacklists and block lists it did not mean that other techniques for stopping spam lost their efficacy too. Mr Hogan said 90% of the junk mail filtered by Symantec subsidiary Brightmail was spotted using techniques that did not rely on looking at net addresses. For instance, said Mr Hogan, filtering out e-mail messages that contain a web link can stop about 75% of spam.
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_27.txt b/technologie/technologie_27.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d0762e8a8c6e191383a8f2a92b6bb443dac752a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_27.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+Warning over tsunami aid website
+
+Net users are being told to avoid a scam website that claims to collect cash on behalf of tsunami victims.
+
+The site looks plausible because it uses an old version of the official Disasters Emergency Committee webpage. However, DEC has no connection with the fake site and says it has contacted the police about it. The site is just the latest in a long list of scams that try to cash in on the goodwill generated by the tsunami disaster.
+
+The link to the website is contained in a spam e-mail that is currently circulating. The message's subject line reads "Urgent Tsunami Earthquake Appeal" and its text bears all the poor grammar and bad spelling that characterises many other phishing attempts. The web address of the fake site is decuk.org which could be close enough to the official www.dec.org.uk address to confuse some people keen to donate. Patricia Sanders, spokeswoman for the Disaster Emergency Committee said it was aware of the site and had contacted the Computer Crime Unit at Scotland Yard to help get it shut down. She said the spam e-mails directing people to the site started circulating two days ago shortly after the domain name of the site was registered. It is thought that the fake site is being run from Romania. Ms Sanders said DEC had contacted US net registrars who handle domain ownership and the net hosting firm that is keeping the site on the web.
+
+DEC was going to push for all cash donated via the site to be handed over to the official organisation. BT and DEC's hosting company were also making efforts to get the site shut down, she said.
+
+Ms Sanders said sending out spam e-mail to solicit donations was not DEC's style and that it would never canvass support in this way. She said that DEC hoped to get the fake site shut down as soon as possible. All attempts by the BBC News website to contact the people behind the site have failed. None of the e-mail addresses supplied on the site work and the real owner of the domain is obscured in publicly available net records. This is not the first attempt to cash in on the outpouring of goodwill that has accompanied appeals for tsunami aid. One e-mail sent out in early January came from someone who claimed that he had lost his parents in the disaster and was asking for help moving an inheritance from a bank account in the Netherlands. The con was very similar to the familiar Nigerian forward fee fraud e-mails that milk money out of people by promising them a cut of a much larger cash pile. Other scam e-mails included a link to a website that supposedly let people donate money but instead loaded spyware on their computers that grabbed confidential information. In a monthly report anti-virus firm Sophos said that two e-mail messages about the tsunami made it to the top 10 hoax list during January. Another tsunami-related e-mail is also circulating that carries the Zar worm which tries to spread via the familiar route of Microsoft's Outlook e-mail program. Anyone opening the attachment of the mail will have their contact list plundered by the worm keen to find new addresses to send itself to.
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_28.txt b/technologie/technologie_28.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..89ccc03f5b9ed9806c2af4d79c9c112c310392b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_28.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+In brief: Microsoft's Fluid Framework documents explained
+At Build 2020, Microsoft opened up its Fluid Framework as a user preview for Microsoft 365 Enterprise and education subscribers enrolled in Targeted Release. Here's a look at the concept, what documents it supports and how it could be a boon to productivity.
+
+With users now able to get their hands on Microsoft's latest document format — rolled out under the umbrella of the Fluid Framework — the company is hoping it can deliver on its promises of better productivity and collaboration online.
+
+The Fluid Framework was announced at Microsoft's Build developer conference in 2019, and at Build 2020 — a virtual-only event this year — the company made the format available for user preview for Microsoft 365 Enterprise and education subscribers enrolled in Targeted Release. It's also available as open source software; Microsoft said the code and SDK will be available on GitHub soon.
+
+The goal behind Fluid is an ambitious one: users can create discrete pieces of content — such as text, tables, graphs or lists — that live on the web instead of the desktop or a SharePoint drive and are browser agnostic. These artifacts can then be collaborated on or snapped together with other elements in near-to-real-time across a variety of environments.
+
+Nick McQuire, vice president for network enterprise research at CCS Insight, believes Microsoft is on its way to making Office "a development environment," where organizations can start to "embed [Fluid] in business processes and deeper collaboration environments across your company.
+
+" Microsoft does feel a bit of pressure to break down the silos within various, different applications out there, as well," he said. "Whether it is Google or other flavors of collaboration software, there are others that are pushing the boundaries of what it is to collaborate."
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_29.txt b/technologie/technologie_29.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..770cc9bf7373dcb376af7591342c57f32c553878
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_29.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Open source leaders slam patents
+
+The war of words between Microsoft and the open source movement heated up this week as Linux founder Linus Torvalds led an attack on software patents.
+
+In a panel discussion at a Linux summit in California Mr Torvalds said software patents were a problem for the open source movement. Mitchell Kapor, chairman of the Mozilla foundation, warned that Microsoft could use patent lawsuits in the future. Linux is a freely-available alternative to Microsoft's Windows. It relies on a community of programmers for its development and is based on open source principles, which allow others to use and modify it without having to pay licence fees. The attack on software patents comes at a time when IBM has made 500 of its patents freely available. Other companies are expected to follow suit.
+
+There are between 150,000 and 300,000 registered software patents in the US and open source developers argue that many should never have been granted. This is a view corroborated by the UK Patent Office. "Some of the patents have dubious validity and are being wielded by some big companies to force smaller companies to buy licenses in the knowledge that they can't afford to take them to court," said Dr Jeremy Philpott of the UK Patent Office. Some panel members are worried that Microsoft would issue a series of patent lawsuits in the future. "If totally pushed to the wall - because their business model no longer holds up in an era in which open source is an economically superior way to produce software...of course they're going to unleash the WMDs," Mr Kapor is reported as saying. Microsoft did not want to comment directly, referring the issue instead to trade body Intellect, of which it is a member. "As far as Intellect is concerned, open source and patents have co-existed for many years without problems," said spokeswoman Jill Sutherland. "The industry respects the open source movement and in fact many of the members we represent use the open source system to develop software," "We think the important point to make is that companies should be able to choose between patents, copyrights and open source as to the treatment of their intellectual discoveries, and not be forced into using one or the other," she added.
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_3.txt b/technologie/technologie_3.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dbab557ec26a4917e6efa1648500d72fcb589985
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_3.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Microsoft seeking spyware trojan
+
+Microsoft is investigating a trojan program that attempts to switch off the firm's anti-spyware software.
+
+The spyware tool was only released by Microsoft in the last few weeks and has been downloaded by six million people. Stephen Toulouse, a security manager at Microsoft, said the malicious program was called Bankash-A Trojan and was being sent as an e-mail attachment. Microsoft said it did not believe the program was widespread and recommended users to use an anti-virus program. The program attempts to disable or delete Microsoft's anti-spyware tool and suppress warning messages given to users.
+
+It may also try to steal online banking passwords or other personal information by tracking users' keystrokes.
+
+Microsoft said in a statement it is investigating what it called a criminal attack on its software. Earlier this week, Microsoft said it would buy anti-virus software maker Sybari Software to improve its security in its Windows and e-mail software. Microsoft has said it plans to offer its own paid-for anti-virus software but it has not yet set a date for its release. The anti-spyware program being targeted is currently only in beta form and aims to help users find and remove spyware - programs which monitor internet use, causes advert pop-ups and slow a PC's performance.
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_30.txt b/technologie/technologie_30.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..08be93fa311039534c2e140e82a22cc19b366451
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_30.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+What's in the latest Chrome update? Whole lot of security, privacy shakin' goin' on
+After skipping version 82 because of the pandemic, Google this week released Chrome 83, which offers users DNS-over-HTTPS and – eventually – tab grouping.
+Google this week released Chrome 83, picking up after skipping a version because of the COVID-19 pandemic, auto-upgrading eligible users to DNS-over-HTTPS (DoH) and enabling tab groups for everyone.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_31.txt b/technologie/technologie_31.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..96287b5aa59ae75a2dae5f03dc49840fca41f5c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_31.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+Solutions to net security fears
+
+Fake bank e-mails, or phishing, and stories about ID theft are damaging the potential of using the net for online commerce, say e-business experts.
+
+Trust in online security is falling as a result. Almost 70% of those asked in a poll said that net firms are not doing enough to protect people. The survey of more than 1,000 people reported that 43% were not willing to hand over personal information online. It is worrying for shopaholics and firms who want to exploit the net. More people are becoming aware of online security issues but they have little confidence that companies are doing enough to counter the threats, said security firm RSA, which carried out the poll. An estimated 12 million Britons now use the net as a way of managing their financial affairs. Security experts say that scare stories and the vulnerabilities dogging e-commerce and e-banking are being taken seriously - by banks in particular.
+
+"I don't think the threat is overplayed," Barry Beal, global security manager for Capgemini, told the BBC News website. He added: "The challenge for banks is to provide the customer with something that improves security but balances that with usability." Ensuring extra security measures are in place protects them too, as well as the individual, and it is up to both parties to make sure they do what is necessary to prevent fraud, he said. "Card issuers will keep us informed of types of attacks and what procedure to take to protect ourselves. If we do that, they will indemnify us," he said. Many believe using login details like usernames and passwords are simply not good enough anymore though. One of the biggest challenges to improving security online is how to authenticate an individual's identity. Several security companies have developed methods which complement or replace passwords, which are easily compromised and easy to forget. Last year, a street survey found that more than 70% of people would reveal their password for a bar of chocolate.
+
+On average, people have to remember four different passwords. Some resort to using the same one for all their online accounts. Those who use several passwords often write them down and hide them in a desk or in a document on their computer. In a separate survey by RSA, 80% said they were fed up with passwords and would like a better way to login to work computer systems. For many, the ideal is a single online identity that can be validated once with a series of passwords and questions, or some biometric measurement like a fingerprint or iris scan with a token like a smartcard.
+
+Activcard is just one of the many companies, like RSA Security, which has been trying to come up with just that. RSA has a deal with internet provider AOL that lets people pay monthly for a one-time passcode generation service. Users get a physical token which automatically generates a code which stays active for 60 seconds. Many companies use a token-based method already for employees to access networks securely already. Activcard's method is more complex. It is currently trailing its one-time passcode generation technology with UK banks. Steve Ash, from Activcard, told the BBC News website there are two parts to the process of identification. The most difficult is to ascertain whether an individual is who they say they are when they are online.
+
+"The end solution is to provide a method where you combine something the user knows with something they have and present those both." The method it has developed makes use of the chip embedded in bank cards and a special card reader which can generate unique codes that are active for a specified amount of time. This can be adjusted at any time and can be active for as little as 30 seconds before it changes. It combines that with usual usernames and passwords, as well as other security questions. "You take the card, put it in the reader, enter your pin number, and a code is given. "If you wanted then to transfer funds, for instance, you would have to have the code to authorise the transaction." The clever bit happens back at the bank's secure servers. The code is validated by the bank's systems, matching the information they expect with the customer's unique key. "Each individual gets a key which is unique to them. It is a 2048-bit long number that is virtually impossible to crack," said Mr Ash. It means that in a typical security attack, explains Mr Ash, even if password information is captured by a scammer using keystroke software or just through spoof websites, they need the passcode. "By the time they go back [to use the information], the code has expired, so they can't prove who they are," according to Mr Ash. In the next few years, Mr Ash predicts that this kind of method will be commonplace before we see biometric authentication that is acceptable for widespread use. "PCs will have readers built into them, the cost of readers will be very cheap, and more people will have the cards." The gadgets we carry around, like personal digital assistants (PDAs) and mobiles, could also have integrated card reader technology in them. "The PDA or phone method is a possible alternative as people are always carrying phones around," he said.
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_32.txt b/technologie/technologie_32.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9663bbe44a9bc2bf8853495a762b1dc2d6ef37a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_32.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+Mobile networks seek turbo boost
+
+Third-generation mobile (3G) networks need to get faster if they are to deliver fast internet surfing on the move and exciting new services.
+
+That was one of the messages from the mobile industry at the 3GSM World Congress in Cannes last week. Fast 3G networks are here but the focus has shifted to their evolution into a higher bandwidth service, says the Global Mobile Suppliers Association. At 3GSM, Siemens showed off a system that transmits faster mobile data. The German company said data could be transmitted at one gigabit a second - up to 20 times faster than current 3G networks. The system is not available commercially yet, but Motorola, the US mobile handset and infrastructure maker, held a clinic for mobile operators on HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access), a high-speed, high bandwidth technology available now. Early HSDPA systems typically offer around two megabits per second (Mbps) compared with less than 384 kilobits per second (Kbps) on standard 3G networks.
+
+"High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) - sometimes called Super 3G - will be vital for profitable services like mobile internet browsing and mobile video clips," according to a report published by UK-based research consultancy Analysys. A number of companies are developing the technology. Nokia and Canada-based wireless communication products company Sierra Wireless recently agreed to work together on High Speed Downlink Packet Access. The two companies aim to jointly market the HSDPA solution to global network operator customers.
+
+"While HSDPA theoretically enables data rates up to a maximum of 14Mbps, practical throughputs will be lower than this in wide-area networks," said Dr Alastair Brydon, author of the Analysys report: Pushing Beyond the Limits of 3G with HSDPA and Other Enhancements. "The typical average user rate in a real implementation is likely to be in the region of one megabit per second which, even at this lower rate, will more than double the capacity... when compared to basic WCDMA [3G]," he added. Motorola has conducted five trials of its technology and says speeds of 2.9Mbps have been recorded at the edge of an outdoor 3G cell using a single HSDPA device. But some mobile operators are opting for a technology called Evolution, Data Optimised (EV-DO).
+
+US operator Sprint ordered a broadband data upgrade to its 3G network at the end of last year. We are "expanding our network and deploying EV-DO technology to meet customer demand for faster wireless speeds," said Oliver Valente, Sprint's vice president for technology development, when the contract was announced. As part of $3bn in multi-year contracts announced late last year, Sprint will spend around $1bn on EV-DO technology from Lucent Technologies, Nortel Networks and Motorola that provides average data speeds of 0.3-0.5 megabits a second, and peak download rates of 2.4Mbps. MMO2, the UK-based operator with services in the UK, Ireland and Germany, has opted for technology based on the High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) standard. Using technology from Lucent, it will offer data speeds of 3.6Mbps from next summer on its Isle of Man 3G network, and will eventually support speeds of up to 14.4Mbps. US operator Cingular Wireless is also adopting HSDPA, using technology from Lucent alongside equipment from Siemens and Ericsson.
+
+Siemens' plans for a one gigabit network may be more than a user needs today, but Christoph Caselitz, president of the mobile networks division at the firm says that: "By the time the next generation of mobile communication debuts in 2015, the need for transmission capacities for voice, data, image and multimedia is conservatively anticipated to rise by a factor of 10." Siemens - in collaboration with the Fraunhofer German-Sino Lab for Mobile Communications and the Institute for Applied Radio System Technology - has souped up mobile communications by using three transmitting and four receiving antennae, instead of the usual one. This enables a data transmission, such as sending a big file or video, to be broken up into different flows of data that can be sent simultaneously over one radio frequency band. The speeds offered by3G mobile seemed fast at the time mobile operators were paying huge sums for 3G licences. But today, instead of connecting to the internet by slow, dial-up phone connection, many people are used to broadband networks that offer speeds of 0.5 megabits a second - must faster than 3G. This means users are likely to find 3G disappointing unless the networks are souped up. If they aren't, those lucrative "power users", such as computer geeks and busy business people will avoid them for all but the most urgent tasks, reducing the potential revenues available to mobile operators. But one gigabit a second systems will not be available immediately. Siemens says that though the system works in the laboratory, it still has to assess the mobility of multiple-antennae devices and conduct field trials. A commercial system could be as far away as 2012, though Siemens did not rule out an earlier date.
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_33.txt b/technologie/technologie_33.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6efac763c7bc99a52a3d6ee190093f3ffa993639
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_33.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+Global digital divide 'narrowing'
+
+The "digital divide" between rich and poor nations is narrowing fast, according to a World Bank report.
+
+The World Bank questioned a United Nation's campaign to increase usage and access to technology in poorer nations. "People in the developing world are getting more access at an incredible rate - far faster than... in the past," said the report. But a spokesman for the UN's World Summit on the Information Society said the digital divide remained very real. "The digital divide is rapidly closing," the World Bank report said.
+
+Half the world's population now has access to a fixed-line telephone, the report said, and 77% to a mobile network.
+
+The report's figures surpass a WSIS campaign goal that calls for 50% access to telephones by 2015. The UN hopes that widening access to technology such as mobile phones and the net will help eradicate poverty. "Developing countries are catching up with the rich world in terms of access [to mobile networks]," the report said. "Africa is part of a worldwide trend of rapid rollout... this applies to countries rich and poor, reformed or not, African, Asian, European and Latin American."
+
+A spokesman for the World Summit for the Information Society (WSIS), which is meeting this week in Geneva, told the BBC News website: "The digital divide is very much real and needs to be addressed. "Some financing has to be found to help narrow the divide." On Tuesday, a meeting of the WSIS in Geneva agreed to the creation of a Digital Solitary Fund. "The fund is voluntary and will help finance local community-based projects," said the WSIS spokesman. Under the proposals agreed, voluntary contribution of 1% on contracts obtained by private technology service providers could be made to the Digital Solidarity Fund. The exact financing mechanism of the fund is to be ironed out in the coming days, said the WSIS. Sixty percent of resources collected by the fund will be made available for projects in least developed countries, 30% for projects in developing countries, and 10% for projects in developed countries.
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_34.txt b/technologie/technologie_34.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9f5657926be1a47e2ec23a4416f5acee20ea5c9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_34.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+UK gets official virus alert site
+
+A rapid alerting service that tells home computer users about serious internet security problems is being launched by the UK government.
+
+The service, IT Safe, will issue warnings about damaging viruses, software vulnerabilities and weaknesses on devices such as mobile phones. Alerts tell people how the threats affect them and what they can do to avoid trouble and protect themselves. The service will be free and those who sign up can get e-mail or text alerts. The scheme is aimed at home users and small businesses. The government estimates it will issue security alerts about six to 10 times a year, based on previous experience of virus outbreaks. "There is a clear need for easy-to-understand and simple independent advice for non-technically minded people who use computers either at home or at work," said Home Office Minister Hazel Blears. "The purpose of this new government service is to ensure computer users are aware of the risks involved and how to deal with them easily and effectively without causing alarm." Those signing up will only be told about the most serious security threats that have the potential to affect millions of people.
+
+Full-time staff are being employed to comb through the many hundreds of alerts issued each year by computer security firms to spot which ones have the potential to catch out a large number of people Between alerts the service will occasionally send messages giving people advice about safe ways to use their computers and phones. "IT Safe will take our technical expertise and use it to help home users understand the risks and keep their computer systems, mobile phones and a range of related consumer electronic items, safe," said Roger Cumming, director of the National Infrastructure Security Coordination Centre (NISCC).
+
+The NISCC, which is running the service, also stressed that those signing up would still need to use anti-virus software, firewalls, and software updates to stay secure. Warnings about security problems will tell people what the problem is, how it affects them and what they can do to avoid trouble. Alerts will not be issued unless users can do something to protect themselves against the threat. This might include downloading an update from an anti-virus vendor or updating software to close loopholes and fix vulnerabilities. However no software patches or programs will actually be dispensed through the site. The alerts will tell people how to go about getting hold of patches from security firms. The NISCC spokesman said the site and alerting service would stay in existence for as long as there were security bugs on home computers and other gadgets.
+
+Government statistics show that more than half of all UK households own a home computer. It was estimated that almost 13 million of these were able to access the internet in 2004. The launch comes as the number of viruses and other malicious programs in existence is reaching unprecedented numbers. In September 2004, the number of malicious programs circulating topped the 100,000 mark. Some fear that this figure could hit 150,000 by September 2005. The creation of the national alert service follows similar efforts in the Netherlands and US. The National Alerting Service for the Netherlands (aka De Waarschuwingsdienst) and the US National Cyber Alerting Service also tell citizens of serious security threats.
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_35.txt b/technologie/technologie_35.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..735b90468410583b3cbdbb1e0c00b73e2c7d6380
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_35.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Virtual cybersecurity school teaches kids to fix security flaws and hunt down hackers
+
+When Christopher Boddy was 14 years old, he'd log onto his computer after school to spend hours playing a game that taught him the basics of digital forensics, ethical hacking and cryptography.
+
+It may not have been a typical after-school activity, but it was just what the UK government hoped for when it launched its Cyber Discovery program three years ago: It inspired Boddy, now 17, to consider a career in cybersecurity.
+"I originally learned about it in school, but then I'd get stuck on problems that I needed to find the answer to," said Boddy, who lives outside London with his parents. "I'd stay up way later than I should have and postponed homework to get a challenge done."
+What started as a school-based program to teach kids a new skill is extending into a virtual cyber school. It's filled with lessons and games to teach users how to fix security flaws on webpages, uncover trails left by cybercriminals and decrypt codes used by hackers. The program is now available online for any student ages 13 - 18 for free in the UK, and $150 a year in the US.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_36.txt b/technologie/technologie_36.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dbab557ec26a4917e6efa1648500d72fcb589985
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_36.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Microsoft seeking spyware trojan
+
+Microsoft is investigating a trojan program that attempts to switch off the firm's anti-spyware software.
+
+The spyware tool was only released by Microsoft in the last few weeks and has been downloaded by six million people. Stephen Toulouse, a security manager at Microsoft, said the malicious program was called Bankash-A Trojan and was being sent as an e-mail attachment. Microsoft said it did not believe the program was widespread and recommended users to use an anti-virus program. The program attempts to disable or delete Microsoft's anti-spyware tool and suppress warning messages given to users.
+
+It may also try to steal online banking passwords or other personal information by tracking users' keystrokes.
+
+Microsoft said in a statement it is investigating what it called a criminal attack on its software. Earlier this week, Microsoft said it would buy anti-virus software maker Sybari Software to improve its security in its Windows and e-mail software. Microsoft has said it plans to offer its own paid-for anti-virus software but it has not yet set a date for its release. The anti-spyware program being targeted is currently only in beta form and aims to help users find and remove spyware - programs which monitor internet use, causes advert pop-ups and slow a PC's performance.
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_37.txt b/technologie/technologie_37.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..804cb5f3e37f890ff894974c3dc033fdca145524
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_37.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+US woman sues over cartridges
+
+A US woman is suing Hewlett Packard (HP), saying its printer ink cartridges are secretly programmed to expire on a certain date.
+
+The unnamed woman from Georgia says that a chip inside the cartridge tells the printer that it needs re-filling even when it does not. The lawsuit seeks to represent anyone in the US who has purchased an HP inkjet printer since February 2001. HP, the world's biggest printer firm, declined to comment on the lawsuit. HP ink cartridges use a chip technology to sense when they are low on ink and advise the user to make a change.
+
+But the suit claims the chips also shut down the cartridges at a predetermined date regardless of whether they are empty. "The smart chip is dually engineered to prematurely register ink depletion and to render a cartridge unusable through the use of a built-in expiration date that is not revealed to the consumer," the suit said. The lawsuit is asking for restitution, damages and other compensation. The cost of printer cartridges has been a contentious issue in Europe for the last 18 months. The price of inkjet printers has come down to as little as £34 but it could cost up to £1,700 in running costs over an 18-month period due to cartridge, a study by Computeractive Magazine revealed last year. The inkjet printer market has been the subject of an investigation by the UK's Office of Fair Trading (OFT), which concluded in a 2002 report that retailers and manufacturers needed to make pricing more transparent for consumers.
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_38.txt b/technologie/technologie_38.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b29bc0359199c83a535216116e1f9d14c2439496
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_38.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+I tried to delete myself from the internet. Here's what I learned
+
+It was MyLife that broke me. After spending hours studying FAQ pages, sending terse emails and making occasional phone calls in an earnest-if-naive attempt to take back some control of my personal information online, I had my first demoralizing moment.
+
+MyLife pulls together vast amounts of public data to create background reports and "reputation scores" on millions of people in the US, all available to those willing to pay for a monthly membership. On it, I found a sometimes inaccurate but eerie amount of personal information about, well, my life: my birthday and home city; my previous job title (though curiously not my current one); a list of people "Seth maintains relationships with," including the names of both my parents, each linked to their own profile pages with still more data. All there in one place waiting to be discovered.
+When I called the site, a customer service representative stressed that the information doesn't come from MyLife, but rather from across the "interwebs." Following some back and forth, the representative agreed to delete my profile page. I felt victorious -- until two hours later when I received the first of many promotional emails from the company, one encouraging me to sign up for a membership, another talking about raising my credit score.
+As I would learn through my brief, manic campaign in December to scrub as much of my personal data as possible and start the new year with a clean digital slate, it's hard not to feel like you're just scratching the surface of an impossibly large data industrial complex. By the end of my experiment, I felt even worse off about my ability to wrestle back control of my data than when I started.
+
+Our data is out there. Now what?
+n recent years, it's become a truism in certain tech-savvy Twitter threads that much of our personal information is already out there somewhere thanks to an ever-growing list of hacks.
+Banks, retailers, social networks -- both popular and defunct -- have all disclosed massive data breaches. In 2017 alone, Verizon (VZ) confirmed that every single Yahoo account -- all 3 billion of them -- had been affected by a massive breach and Equifax (EFX) disclosed that a breach had potentially exposed the names, Social Security numbers, birth dates, addresses and credit card numbers of as much as nearly half the US.
+There are only two viable emotional reactions to such a total collapse of personal privacy: denial or helplessness. After trying the former for a time, I shifted to the latter, prompted, as with so many moments in my life, by belatedly listening to a sobering podcast about a hack. I followed the usual measures recommended in informational cybersecurity stories -- implementing two-factor authentication; signing up for a password management app; freezing credit reports indefinitely -- all with an overriding sense that none of these steps eliminated any of that personal information floating around in some dark corner of the web.
+
+As cybersecurity expert Bruce Schneier recently put it to one of my colleagues: "So my password was stolen, is there any way I can go to every criminal on the planet, to their computers, and delete my name? No."
+But there had to be something more to be done, I thought. The fact of the matter is, the internet is already littered with information that could be used against us, much of it collected through entirely legal means. Mothers' maiden names. Birthdays. Home addresses. I might not be able to prevent my favorite stores from getting hacked, or sweet talk a bunch of hackers after the fact, but I could make it just a little bit harder for a bad actor to find my personal information online -- and in the process, regain some sense of control of my data and my life.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_39.txt b/technologie/technologie_39.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..76797dc99a29f320d53908921e572abaec413bbd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_39.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Security warning over 'FBI virus'
+
+The US Federal Bureau of Investigation is warning that a computer virus is being spread via e-mails that purport to be from the FBI.
+
+The e-mails show that they have come from an fbi.gov address and tell recipients that they have accessed illegal websites. The messages warn that their internet use has been monitored by the FBI's Internet Fraud Complaint Center. An attachment in the e-mail contains the virus, the FBI said. The message asks recipients to click on the attachment and answer some questions about their internet use. But rather than being a questionnaire, the attachment contains a virus that infects the recipient's computer, according to the agency. It is not clear what the virus does once it has infected a computer. Users are warned never to open attachment from unsolicited e-mails or from people they do not know.
+
+"Recipients of this or similar solicitations should know that the FBI does not engage in the practice of sending unsolicited e-mails to the public in this manner," the FBI said in a statement. The bureau is investigating the phoney e-mails. The agency earlier this month shut down fbi.gov accounts, used to communicate with the public, because of a security breach. A spokeswoman said the two incidents appear to be unrelated.
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_4.txt b/technologie/technologie_4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f9165129078094b9174d7b9794c340bfb55db0df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Digital guru floats sub-$100 PC
+
+Nicholas Negroponte, chairman and founder of MIT's Media Labs, says he is developing a laptop PC that will go on sale for less than $100 (£53).
+
+He told the World Service programme Go Digital he hoped it would become an education tool in developing countries. He said one laptop per child could be " very important to the development of not just that child but now the whole family, village and neighbourhood". He said the child could use the laptop like a text book. He described the device as a stripped down laptop, which would run a Linux-based operating system, "We have to get the display down to below $20, to do this we need to rear project the image rather than using an ordinary flat panel.
+
+"The second trick is to get rid of the fat , if you can skinny it down you can gain speed and the ability to use smaller processors and slower memory." The device will probably be exported as a kit of parts to be assembled locally to keep costs down. Mr Negroponte said this was a not for profit venture, though he recognised that the manufacturers of the components would be making money. In 1995 Mr Negroponte published the bestselling Being Digital, now widely seen as predicting the digital age. The concept is based on experiments in the US state of Maine, where children were given laptop computers to take home and do their work on.
+
+While the idea was popular amongst the children, it initially received some resistance from the teachers and there were problems with laptops getting broken. However, Mr Negroponte has adapted the idea to his own work in Cambodia where he set up two schools together with his wife and gave the children laptops. "We put in 25 laptops three years ago , only one has been broken, the kids cherish these things, it's also a TV a telephone and a games machine, not just a textbook." Mr Negroponte wants the laptops to become more common than mobile phones but conceded this was ambitious. "Nokia make 200 million cell phones a year, so for us to claim we're going to make 200 million laptops is a big number, but we're not talking about doing it in three or five years, we're talking about months." He plans to be distributing them by the end of 2006 and is already in discussion with the Chinese education ministry who are expected to make a large order. "In China they spend $17 per child per year on textbooks. That's for five or six years, so if we can distribute and sell laptops in quantities of one million or more to ministries of education that's cheaper and the marketing overheads go away."
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_40.txt b/technologie/technologie_40.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6e060c085685bf7fd1fb09db88bdeabc96a8edfb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_40.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+Apple iPod family expands market
+
+Apple has expanded its iPod family with the release of its next generation of the digital music players.
+
+Its latest challenges to the growing digital music gadget market include an iPod mini model which can hold 6GB compared to a previous 4GB. The company, which hopes to keep its dominant place in the digital music market, also said the gold coloured version of the mini would be dropped. A 30GB version has also been added to the iPod Photo family. The latest models have a longer battery life and their prices have been cut by an average of £40. The original iPod took an early lead in the digital music player market thanks to its large storage capacity and simple design.
+
+During 2004 about 25 million portable players were sold, 10 million of which were Apple iPods. But analysts agree that the success is also down to its integration with the iTunes online store, which has given the company a 70% share of the legal download music market. Mike McGuire, a research director at analyst Gartner, told the BBC News website that Apple had done a good job in "sealing off the market from competition" so far. "They have created a very seamless package which I think is the idea of the product - the design, function and the software are very impressive," he said. He added that the threat from others was always present, however. "Creative, other Microsoft-partnered devices, Real, Sony and so on, are ratcheting up the marketing message and advertising," he said. Creative was very upbeat about how many of its Creative Zen players it had shipped by the end of last year, he said. Its second-generation models, like the Creative Zen Micro Photo, is due out in the summer. It will have 5GB of memory on board.
+
+Digital music players are now the gadget of choice among young Americans, according to recent research by the Pew Internet and American Life Project. One in 10 US adults - 22 million people - now owns a digital music player of some sort. Sales of legally downloaded songs also rose more than tenfold in 2004, according to the record industry, with 200 million tracks bought online in the US and Europe in 12 months. The IFPI industry body said that the popularity of portable music players was behind the growth. Analysts say that the ease of use and growth of music services available on the net will continue to drive the trend towards portable music players.
+
+People are also starting to use them in novel ways. Some are combining automatic syncing functions many of them have with other net functions to automatically distribute DIY radio shows, called podcasts. But 2005 will also see more competition from mobile phone operators who are keen to offer streaming services on much more powerful and sophisticated handsets. According to Mr McGuire, research suggests that people like the idea of building up huge libraries of music, which they can do with high-capacity storage devices, like iPods and Creative Zens. Mobiles do not yet have this capacity though, and there are issues about the ease of portability of mobile music. Mr McGuire said Apple was ensuring it kept a foot in the mobile music door with its recent deal with Motorola to produce a version of iTunes for Motorola phones.
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_41.txt b/technologie/technologie_41.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0be33fd5ffbd0ac5c3c1b28da8ff1d8c7ce9dc3e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_41.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+T-Mobile bets on 'pocket office'
+
+T-Mobile has launched its latest "pocket office" third-generation (3G) device which also has built-in wi-fi - high-speed wireless net access.
+
+Unlike other devices where the user has to check which high-speed network is available to transfer data, the device selects the fastest one itself. The MDA IV, released in the summer, is an upgrade to the company's existing smartphone, the 2.5G/wi-fi MDA III. It reflects the push by mobile firms for devices that are like mini laptops. The device has a display that can be swivelled and angled so it can be used like a small computer, or as a conventional clamshell phone. The Microsoft Mobile phone, with two cameras and a Qwerty keyboard, reflects the design of similar all-in-one models released this year, such as Motorola's MPx. "One in five European workers are already mobile - meaning they spend significant time travelling and out of the office," Rene Obermann, T-Mobile's chief executive, told a press conference at the 3GSM trade show in Cannes. He added: "What they need is their office when they are out of the office." T-Mobile said it was seeing increasing take up for what it calls "Office in a Pocket" devices, with 100,000 MDAs sold in Europe already.
+
+In response to demand, T-Mobile also said it would be adding the latest phone-shaped Blackberry to its mobile range. Reflecting the growing need to be connected outside the office, it announced it would introduce a flat-fee £20 ($38) a month wi-fi tariff for people in the UK using its wi-fi hotspots. It said it would nearly double the number of its hotspots - places where wi-fi access is available - globally from 12,300 to 20,000.
+
+It also announced it was installing high-speed wi-fi on certain train services, such as the UK's London to Brighton service, to provide commuters a fast net connection too. The service, which has been developed with Southern trains, Nomad Digital (who provide the technology), begins with a free trial on 16 trains on the route from early March to the end of April. A full service is set to follow in the summer. Wi-fi access points will be connected to a Wimax wireless network - faster than wi-fi - running alongside the train tracks. Brian McBride, managing director of T-Mobile in the UK, said: "We see a growing trend for business users needing to access e-mail securely on the move.
+
+"We are able to offer this by maintaining a constant data session for the entire journey." He said this was something other similar in-train wi-fi services, such as that offered on GNER trains, did not offer yet. Mr Obermann added that the mobile industry in general was still growing, with many more opportunities for more services which would bear fruit for mobile companies in future. Thousands of mobile industry experts are gathered in Cannes, France, for the 3GSM which runs from 14 to 17 February.
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_42.txt b/technologie/technologie_42.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9f6bda83c2847c6676e1adbd9109e1b168b425dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_42.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Hotspot users gain free net calls
+
+People using wireless net hotspots will soon be able to make free phone calls as well as surf the net.
+
+Wireless provider Broadreach and net telephony firm Skype are rolling out a service at 350 hotspots around the UK this week. Users will need a Skype account - downloadable for free - and they will then be able to make net calls via wi-fi without paying for net access. Skype allows people to make free PC-based calls to other Skype users.
+
+Users of the system can also make calls to landlines and mobiles for a fee. The system is gaining in popularity and now has 28 million users around the world. Its paid service - dubbed Skype Out - has so far attracted 940,000 users. It plans to add more paid services with forthcoming launches of video conferencing, voice mail and Skype In, a service which would allow users to receive phone calls from landlines and mobiles. London-based software developer Connectotel has unveiled software that will expand the SMS functions of Skype, allowing users to send text messages to mobile phones from the service. Broadreach Networks has around two million users and hotspots in places such as Virgin Megastores, the Travelodge chain of hotels and all London's major rail terminals. The company is due to launch wi-fi on Virgin Trains later in the year. "Skype's success at spreading the world about internet telephony is well-known and we are delighted to be offering free access to Skype users in our hotspots," commented Broadreach chief executive Magnus McEwen-King.
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_43.txt b/technologie/technologie_43.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..92b05f12d913286041560a133afac6fa639a2f2a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_43.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+DVD copy protection strengthened
+
+DVDs will be harder to copy thanks to new anti-piracy measures devised by copy protection firm Macrovision.
+
+The pirated DVD market is enormous because current copy protection was hacked more than five years ago. Macrovision says its new RipGuard technology will thwart most, but not all, of the current DVD ripping (copying) programs used to pirate DVDs. "RipGuard is designed to... reduce DVD ripping and the resulting supply of illegal peer to peer," said the firm. Macrovision said the new technology will work in "nearly all" current DVD players when applied to the discs, but it did not specify how many machines could have a problem with RipGuard. The new technology will be welcomed by Hollywood film studios which are increasingly relying on revenue from DVD sales.
+
+The film industry has stepped up efforts to fight DVD piracy in the last 12 months, taking legal action against websites which offer pirated copies of DVD movies for download.
+
+"Ultimately, we see RipGuard DVD... evolving beyond anti-piracy, and towards enablement of legitimate online transactions, interoperability in tomorrow's digital home, and the upcoming high-definition formats," said Steve Weinstein, executive vice president and general manager of Macrovision's Entertainment Technologies Group. Macrovision said RipGuard was designed to plug the "digital hole" that was created by so-called DeCSS ripper software. It circumvents Content Scrambling System measures placed on DVDs and let people make perfect digital copies of copyrighted DVDs in minutes. Those copies could then be burned onto a blank DVD or uploaded for exchange to a peer-to-peer network. Macrovision said RipGuard would also prevent against "rent, rip and return" - where people would rent a DVD, copy it and then return the original. RipGuard is expected to be rolled out on DVDs from the middle of 2005, the company said. The new system works specifically to block most ripping programs - if used, those programs will now most likely crash, the company said. Macrovision has said that Rip Guard can be updated if hackers find a way around the new anti-copying measures.
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_44.txt b/technologie/technologie_44.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..049ed4f99d936be62a8bea806d0d96702a442e6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_44.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Apple attacked over sources row
+
+Civil liberties group the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) has joined a legal fight between three US online journalists and Apple.
+
+Apple wants the reporters to reveal 20 sources used for stories which leaked information about forthcoming products, including the Mac Mini. The EFF, representing the reporters, has asked California's Superior court to stop Apple pursuing the sources. It argues that the journalists are protected by the American constitution. The EFF says the case threatens the basic freedoms of the press.
+
+Apple is particularly keen to find the source for information about an unreleased product code-named Asteroid and has asked the journalists' e-mail providers to hand over communications relevant to that. "Rather than confronting the issue of reporter's privilege head-on, Apple is going to the journalist's ISPs for his e-mails," said EFF lawyer Kurt Opsahl. "This undermines a fundamental First Amendment right that protects all reporters. "If the court lets Apple get away with this, and exposes the confidences gained by these reporters, potential confidential sources will be deterred from providing information to the media and the public will lose a vital outlet for independent news, analysis and commentary," he said. The case began in December 2004 when Apple asked a local Californian court to get the journalists to reveal their sources for articles published on websites AppleInsider.com and PowerPage.org.
+
+Apple also sent requested information from the Nfox.com, the internet service provider of PowerPage's publisher Jason O-Grady. As well as looking at how far corporations can go in preventing information from being published, the case will also examine whether online journalists have the same privileges and protections as those writing for newspapers and magazines. The EFF has gained some powerful allies in its legal battle with Apple, including Professor Tom Goldstein, former dean of the Journalism School at the University of California and Dan Gillmor, a well-known Silicon Valley journalist. Apple was not immediately available for comment.
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_45.txt b/technologie/technologie_45.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e43a6126e5ab281d32aeb1cdb424ac188c351bcb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_45.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Sony PSP tipped as a 'must-have'
+
+Sony's Playstation Portable is the top gadget for 2005, according to a round-up of ultimate gizmos compiled by Stuff Magazine.
+
+It beats the iPod into second place in the Top Ten Essentials list which predicts what gadget-lovers are likely to covet this year. Owning all 10 gadgets will set the gadget lover back £7,455. That is £1,000 cheaper than last year's list due to falling manufacturing costs making gadgets more affordable.
+
+Portable gadgets dominate the list, including Sharp's 902 3G mobile phone, the Pentax Optio SV digital camera and Samsung's Yepp YH-999 video jukebox.
+
+"What this year's Essentials shows is that gadgets are now cheaper, sexier and more indispensable than ever. We've got to the point where we can't live our lives without certain technology," said Adam Vaughan, editor of Stuff Essentials. The proliferation of gadgets in our homes is inexorably altering the role of the high street in our lives thinks Mr Vaughan. "Take digital cameras, who would now pay to develop an entire film of photos? Or legitimate downloads, who would travel miles to a record shop when they could download the song in minutes for 70p?" he asks. Next year will see a new set of technologies capturing the imaginations of gadget lovers, Stuff predicts. The Xbox 2, high-definition TV and MP3 mobiles will be among the list of must-haves that will dominate 2006, it says. The spring launch of the PSP in the UK is eagerly awaited by gaming fans.
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_46.txt b/technologie/technologie_46.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..36ad72936fef53380d46c514c1a2bd0985b26980
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_46.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+New World’s Record for Fastest Internet Speed From a Single Optical Chip: 44.2 Tbps
+Researchers from Monash, Swinburne and RMIT universities have successfully tested and recorded Australia’s fastest internet data speed, and that of the world, from a single optical chip — capable of downloading 1000 high definition movies in a split second.
+
+Published in the prestigious journal Nature Communications, these findings have the potential to not only fast-track the next 25 years of Australia’s telecommunications capacity, but also the possibility for this home-grown technology to be rolled out across the world.
+This technology has the capacity to support the high-speed internet connections of 1.8 million households in Melbourne, Australia, at the same time, and billions across the world during peak periods.
+They used a new device that replaces 80 lasers with one single piece of equipment known as a micro-comb, which is smaller and lighter than existing telecommunications hardware. It was planted into and load-tested using existing infrastructure, which mirrors that used by the NBN.
+
+It is the first time any micro-comb has been used in a field trial and possesses the highest amount of data produced from a single optical chip.
+“We’re currently getting a sneak-peak of how the infrastructure for the internet will hold up in two to three years’ time, due to the unprecedented number of people using the internet for remote work, socializing and streaming. It’s really showing us that we need to be able to scale the capacity of our internet connections,” said Dr Bill Corcoran, co-lead author of the study and Lecturer in Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering at Monash University.
+
+“What our research demonstrates is the ability for fibers that we already have in the ground, thanks to the NBN project, to be the backbone of communications networks now and in the future. We’ve developed something that is scalable to meet future needs.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_47.txt b/technologie/technologie_47.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ad35b4362079964c601a92a2bb86796353fb347a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_47.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Millions buy MP3 players in US
+
+One in 10 adult Americans - equivalent to 22 million people - owns an MP3 player, according to a survey.
+
+A study by the Pew Internet and American Life Project found that MP3 players are the gadget of choice among affluent young Americans. The survey did not interview teenagers but it is likely that millions of under-18s also have MP3 players. The American love affair with digital music players has been made possible as more and more homes get broadband.
+
+Of the 22 million Americans who own MP3 players, 59% are men compared to 41% of women. Those on high income - judged to be $75,000 (£39,000) or above - are four times more likely to have players than those earning less than $30, 000 ( £15,000). Broadband access plays a big part in ownership too. Almost a quarter of those with broadband at home have players, compared to 9% of those who have dial-up access. MP3 players are still the gadget of choice for younger adults. Almost one in five US citizens aged under 30 have one. This compares to 14% of those aged 30-39 and 14% of those aged 40-48. The influence of children also plays a part. Sixteen percent of parents living with children under 18 have digital players compared to 9% of those who don't. The ease of use and growth of music available on the net are the main factors for the upsurge in ownership, the survey found. People are beginning to use them as instruments of social activity - sharing songs and taking part in podcasting - the survey found. "IPods and MP3 players are becoming a mainstream technology for consumers" said Lee Rainie, director of the Pew Internet and American Life Project. "More growth in the market is inevitable as new devices become available, as new players enter the market, and as new social uses for iPods/MP3 players become popular," he added.
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_48.txt b/technologie/technologie_48.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..99ecb9d31fa27433d53954d05eeaa3ca36ede868
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_48.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+Startup Deploying AI Chatbots With “Conversational Memory” for More Natural Exchanges
+TOPICS:Artificial IntelligenceCSAILMachine LearningMIT
+By ZACH WINN, MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY MAY 22, 2020
+Startup Posh has created chat bots that use “conversational memory” to have more natural exchanges.
+
+The comedian Bill Burr has said he refuses to call into automated customer service lines for fear that, years later on his death bed, all he’ll be able to think about are the moments he wasted dealing with chatbots.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_49.txt b/technologie/technologie_49.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8a66249cfb0156d3a01d3dbc191866d736246bb4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_49.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Domain system scam fear
+
+A system to make it easier to create website addresses using alphabets like Cyrillic could open a back door for scammers, a trade body has warned.
+
+The Internationalised Domain Names system has been a work in progress for years and has recently been approved by the Internet Electronic Task Force. But the UK Internet Forum (UKIF) is concerned that the system will let scammers create fake sites more easily. The problem lies in the computer codes used to represent language.
+
+Registering names that look like that of legitimate companies but lead users to fake sites designed to steal passwords and credit card details could become a whole lot easier for determined scammers, says Stephen Dyer, director of UKIF. Domain names are the "real language" addresses of websites, rather than their internet protocol address, which is a series of numbers. They are used so people can more easily navigate the web. So-called ASCII codes are used to represent European languages but for other languages a hybrid of a system called Unicode is used. So, for example, website PayPal could now be coded using a mixture of the Latin alphabet and the Russian alphabet. The resulting domain as displayed to the users would look identical to the real site as a Russian 'a' look just like an English 'a'. But the computer code would be different, and the site it would lead users to could be a fake. This is more than just a theory. A fake Paypal.com has already been registered with net domain giant Verisign by someone who has followed the debate around the Internationalised Domain Name (IDN) system, said Mr Dyer. As the idea was to prove a point rather than be malicious the fake domain has now been handed back to Paypal but it sets a worrying precedent, Mr Dyer said. "Although the IDN problem is well known in technical circles, the commercial world is totally unaware how easily their websites can be faked," said Mr Dyer.
+
+"It is important to alert users that there is a new and invisible and almost undetectable way of diverting them to what looks like a perfectly genuine site," he added. There are solutions. For instance, browsers could spot domains that use mixed characters and display them in different colours as a warning to users. Mr Dyer acknowledged that it would be a huge undertaking to update all the world's browsers. Another solution, to introduce IDN-disabled browsers could be a case of "throwing out the baby with the bath water," he said. CENTR, the Council of European National Top Level Domain Registries, agrees. "A rush to introduce IDN-disabled browsers into the marketplace is an overly-zealous step that will harm public confidence in IDNs - a technology that is desperately needed in the non-English speaking world," the organisation said in a statement.
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_5.txt b/technologie/technologie_5.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bd1caf7900face13004af380b816c0ea156ff38d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_5.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+Technology gets the creative bug
+
+The hi-tech and the arts worlds have for some time danced around each other and offered creative and technical help when required.
+
+Often this help has come in the form of corporate art sponsorship or infrastructure provision. But that dance is growing more intimate as hi-tech firms look to the creative industries for inspiration. And vice versa. UK telco BT is serious about the idea and has launched its Connected World initiative. The idea, says BT, is to shape a "21st Century model" which will help cement the art, technology, and business worlds together. "We are hoping to understand the creative industry that has a natural thirst for broadband technology," said Frank Stone, head of the BT's business sector programmes. He looks after several "centres of excellence" which the telco has set up with other institutions and organisations, one of which is focused on creative industries.
+
+To mark the initiative's launch, a major international art installation is to open on 15 April in Brussels, with a further exhibit in Madrid later in the summer. They have both been created using the telco's technology that it has been incubating at its research and development arm, including a sophisticated graphics rendering program. Using a 3D graphics engine, the type commonly used in gaming, Bafta-winning artists Langlands & Bell have created a virtual, story-based, 3D model of Brussels' Coudenberg Cellars.
+
+They have recently been excavated and are thought to be the remnants of Coudenberg Palace, an historical seat of European power. The 3D world can be navigated using a joystick and offers an immersive experience of a landscape that historically had a river running through it until it was bricked up in the 19th Century. "The river was integral to the city's survival for hundreds of years and it was equally essential to the city that it disappeared," said the artists. "We hope that by uncovering the river, we can greater understand the connections between the past and the present, and appreciate the flow of modernity, once concealing, but now revealing the River Senne." In their previous works they used the Quake game graphics engine. The game engine is the core component of a video game because it handles graphics rendering, game AI, and how objects behave and relate to each other in a game. They are so time-consuming and expensive to create, the engines can be licensed out to handle other graphics-intensive games. BT's own engine, Tara (Total Abstract Rendering Architecture) has been in development since 2001 and has been used to recreate virtual interactive models of buildings for planners. It was also used in 2003 in Encounter, an urban-based, pervasive game that combined both virtual play in conjunction with physical, on-the-street action. Because the artists wanted video and interactive elements in their worlds, new features were added to Tara in order to handle the complex data sets. But collaboration between art and digital technology is by no means new, and many keen coders, designers, games makers and animators argue that what they create is art itself.
+
+As more tools for self-expression are given to the person on the street, enabling people to take photos with a phone and upload them to the web for instance, creativity will become an integral part of technology. The Orange Expressionist exhibition last year, for example, displayed thousands of picture messages from people all over the UK to create an interactive installation.
+
+Technology as a way of unleashing creativity has massive potential, not least because it gives people something to do with their technology. Big businesses know it is good for them to get in on the creative vein too. The art world is "fantastically rich", said Mr Stone, with creative people and ideas which means traditional companies like BT want to get in with them. Between 1997 and 2002, the creative industry brought £21 billion to London alone. It is an industry that is growing by 6% a year too. The partnership between artists and technologists is part of trying to understand the creative potential of technologies like broadband net, according to Mr Stone. "This is not just about putting art galleries and museums online," he said. "It is about how can everyone have the best seat in house and asking if technology has a role in solving that problem." With broadband penetration reaching 100% in the UK, businesses with a stake in the technology want to give people reasons to want and use it. The creative drive is not purely altruistic obviously. It is about both industries borrowing strategies and creative ideas together which can result in better business practices for creative industries, or more patent ideas for tech companies. "What we are trying to do is have outside-in thinking. "We are creating a future cultural drive for the economy," said Mr Stone.
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_50.txt b/technologie/technologie_50.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cd367a5c78e173d7357285a73a9897d5cddbdb0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_50.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+Cheaper chip for mobiles
+
+A mobile phone chip which combines a modem and a computer processor on one bit of silicon instead of two could make phones cheaper and more powerful.
+
+The specially-designed chip, developed by Texas Instruments, could drive down the cost of making mobiles capable of 3D gaming and 30-frame-a-second video. Currently, rich multimedia features tend to be on more expensive handsets. The technology, OMAP-Vox, is being tested by firms in Europe and Asia and could appear by the end of the year. Texas, which makes computer chips for more than half the world's mobile phones, said it was keen to make multimedia functions like video and gaming more affordable. "We're going to drive them down into meat-and-potatoes phones that have the largest market share," said Doug Rasor, a marketing vice president at Texas. The chip also uses much less power than conventional chips, said Texas, which means less strain on mobile battery life.
+
+More than 50 million people own a mobile in the UK, but mobile operators are keen to encourage people to move onto more sophisticated handsets that can do more. Texas is keen to cash in on the third generation (3G) of mobile technology, which offers high-speed networks for video streaming and other multimedia functions. But it faces stiff competition from the likes of Intel which is also looking to provide better chips for high-end mobiles.
+
+Competition to get people using 3G mobiles will grow in the next year as almost all of the UK's operators have now launched third generation networks. A recent survey by Sony Ericsson predicted that the number of 3G handsets sold in 2005 would double from 2004 to account for 10% of all phones sold. Many consumers are still to be convinced though. A further recent survey said that only 4% of mobile owners were thinking of upgrading to 3G phones. Many said they were confused about the different ways to pay for phones and the vast array of features most have onboard.
+
+But there will be continued demand for better chips as the industry continues to develop new standards and future networks. Earlier in January, NTT DoCoMo and Vodafone joined forces to develop the next generation of high-speed networks, known as "super 3G", intended to be 10 times faster than 3G services. The first stage of development is to be completed by 2007, but no date has been set for a commercial launch The newly-designed OMAP-Vox chip set was announced ahead of the start of a major mobile industry conference, 3GSM, which takes place in Cannes, France this week.
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_51.txt b/technologie/technologie_51.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..099fee8f1a5adc9144f5512ddb2444e02b5aff11
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_51.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Need a webcam? Get this 1080p Lenovo for $47
+The 500 FHD offers some impressive features for the price.
+The rise of working and schooling at home has led to a mad scramble for webcams, which are essential for Zoom and Skype calls. Not every laptop has one built in, and they're found on precious few desktop monitors. Thankfully, there's finally a deal to be had on a well-known brand: For a limited time, and while supplies last, the Lenovo 500 FHD Webcam is $47.49 when you apply promo code EXTRAFIVE at checkout. And here's a pro tip: If you start your shopping trip at cash-back service Rakuten, you'll get 8% back. That brings your net total down to around $43.
+The Lenovo 500 is a 1080p camera with a USB-C interface, though it comes with a cable that plugs into standard Type-A USB ports. It captures a 75-degree image and can manually pan a full 360 degrees -- nice if you want to swing it around to capture what's happening behind the screen.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_52.txt b/technologie/technologie_52.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f05242c215de92f79b3fef9475e0f28a9243bd82
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_52.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+Xbox 2 may be unveiled in summer
+
+Details of the next generation of Microsoft's Xbox games console - codenamed Xenon - will most likely be unveiled in May, according to reports.
+
+It was widely expected that gamers would get a sneak preview of Xbox's successor at the Game Developers Conference (GDC) in March. But a Microsoft spokeswoman confirmed that it would not be at GDC. Sony, Microsoft and Nintendo are all expected to release their more powerful machines in the next 18 months. The next Xbox console is expected to go on sale at the end of the year, but very few details about it have been released. It is thought that the machine may be unveiled at the Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3) in Los Angeles, which takes place in May, according to a Reuters news agency report. E3 concentrates on showing off the latest in gaming to publishers, marketers and retailers. The GDC is aimed more at game developers. Microsoft chief, Bill Gates, used the GDC event to unveil the original Xbox five years ago. Since its launch, Microsoft has sold 19.9 million units worldwide.
+
+At the Consumer Electronics Show earlier this year, there was very little mention of the next generation gaming machine. In his keynote speech, Mr Gates only referred to it as playing an essential part of his vision of the digital lifestyle.
+
+But the battle between the rival consoles to win gamers' hearts and thumbs will be extremely hard-fought. Sony has traditionally dominated the console market with its PlayStation 2. But earlier this year, Microsoft said it had reached a European milestone, selling five million consoles since its European launch in March 2002. Hit games like Halo 2, which was released in November, helped to buoy the sales figures.
+
+Gamers are looking forward to the next generation of machines because they will have much more processing and graphical power.
+
+They are also likely to pack in more features and technologies that make them more central as entertainment and communications hubs. Although details of PlayStation 3, Xenon, and Nintendo's so-called Revolution, are yet to be finalised, developers are already working on titles. Rory Armes, studio general manager for games giant Electronic Arts (EA) in Europe, recently told the BBC News website in an interview that EA was beginning to get a sense of the capabilities of the new machines. Microsoft had delivered development kits to EA, but he said the company was still waiting on Sony and Nintendo's kits. But, he added, the PlayStation 3 was rumoured to have "a little more under the hood [than Xbox 2]".
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_53.txt b/technologie/technologie_53.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2ac969a69fb18e48cb5510dee49164f1133c5e46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_53.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Microsoft launches its own search
+
+Microsoft has unveiled the finished version of its home-grown search engine.
+
+The now formally launched MSN search site takes the training wheels off the test version unveiled in November 2003. The revamped engine indexes more pages than before, can give direct answers to factual questions, and features tools to help people create detailed queries. Microsoft faces challenges establishing itself as a serious search site because of the intense competition for queries.
+
+Google still reigns supreme as the site people turn to most often when they go online to answer a query, keep up with news or search for images. But in the last year Google has faced greater competition than ever for users as old rivals, such as Yahoo and Microsoft, and new entrants such as Amazon and Blinkx, try to grab some of the searching audience for themselves. This renewed interest has come about because of the realisation that many of the things people do online begin with a search for information - be it for a particular web page, recipe, book, gadget, news story, image or anything else. Microsoft is keen to make its home-grown search engine a significant rival to Google. To generate its corpus of data, Microsoft has indexed 5 billion webpages and claims to update its document index every two days - more often than rivals. The Microsoft search engine can also answer specific queries directly rather than send people to a page that might contain the answer.
+
+For its direct answer feature, Microsoft is calling on its Encarta encyclopaedia to provide answers to questions about definitions, facts, calculations, conversions and solutions to equations. Tony Macklin, director of product at Ask Jeeves, pointed out that its search engine has been answering specific queries this way since April 2003. "The major search providers have moved beyond delivering only algorithmic search, so in many ways Microsoft is following the market," he said. Tools sitting alongside the MSN search engine allow users to refine results to specific websites, countries, regions or languages. Microsoft is also using so-called "graphic equalisers" that let people adjust the relevance of terms to get results that are more up-to-date or more popular. The company said that user feedback from earlier test versions had been used to refine the workings of the finished system. The test, or beta, version of the MSN search engine unveiled in November had a few teething troubles. On its first day many new users keen to try it were greeted with a page that said the site had been overwhelmed.
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_54.txt b/technologie/technologie_54.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0f809cff8405014c8f13aef21b76254f68443197
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_54.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Moving mobile improves golf swing
+
+A mobile phone that recognises and responds to movements has been launched in Japan.
+
+The motion-sensitive phone - officially titled the V603SH - was developed by Sharp and launched by Vodafone's Japanese division. Devised mainly for mobile gaming, users can also access other phone functions using a pre-set pattern of arm movements. The phone will allow golf fans to improve their swing via a golfing game.
+
+Those who prefer shoot-'em-ups will be able to use the phone like a gun to shoot the zombies in the mobile version of Sega's House of the Dead. The phone comes with a tiny motion-control sensor, a computer chip that responds to movement.
+
+Other features include a display screen that allows users to watch TV and can rotate 180 degrees. It also doubles up as an electronic musical instrument. Users have to select a sound from a menu that includes clapping, tambourine and maracas and shake their phone to create a beat. It is being recommended for the karaoke market. The phone will initially be available in Japan only and is due to go on sale in mid-February. The new gadget could make for interesting people-watching among Japanese commuters, who are able to access their mobiles on the subway. Fishing afficiandos in South Korea are already using a phone that allows them to simulate the movement of a rod. The PH-S6500 phone, dubbed a sports-leisure gadget, was developed by Korean phone giant Pantech and can also be used by runners to measure calorie consumption and distance run.
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_55.txt b/technologie/technologie_55.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a3232fd65b3ee75767ecc566851ee0472af57cea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_55.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+OnePlus 8 full specs comparison chart: 8 vs. 8 Pro vs. 7 Pro vs. 7T vs. 7T Pro
+Here's how the new OnePlus 8 and 8 Pro stack up against the company's older phones.
+The OnePlus 8 and the flagship OnePlus 8 Pro are the latest phones launched by the popular Chinese company. Both are available now and we've already given them the full review treatment. As OnePlus CEO Pete Lau told us exclusively, both phones support 5G which is one of the biggest additions to the range over last year's 7 Pro, 7T and 7T Pro. Expect faster internet speeds and lower latency, as long as you're in an area that supports 5G and you have a compatible phone plan. 
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_56.txt b/technologie/technologie_56.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..49aaaf5bb06a536ce1ed666ae80381abaafc7996
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_56.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+US cyber security chief resigns
+
+The man making sure US computer networks are safe and secure has resigned after only a year in his post.
+
+Amit Yoran was director of the National Cyber Security Division within the US Department of Homeland Security created following the 9/11 attacks. The division was tasked with improving US defences against malicious hackers, viruses and other net-based threats. Reports suggest he left because his division was not given enough clout within the larger organisation.
+
+Mr Yoran took up his post in September 2003 and his first task was to get the Cyber Security Division up and running. The organisation had a staff of about 60 people and a budget of about $80m (£44.54m). The division was charged with thinking up and carrying out action to make US networks more impervious to attack and disruption by the viruses, worms and hack attacks that have become commonplace.
+
+In the last 12 months Mr Yoran oversaw the creation of a cyber alert system that sends out warnings about big hitting viruses and net attacks as they occur. The warnings also contained information about how firms and organisations could protect themselves against these attacks. The Cyber Security Division also audited US government networks to discover exactly what was sitting on which network. The next step was to be the creation of a scanning system to identify vulnerabilities that made federal networks and machines susceptible to attack by malicious hackers and virus writers. Mr Yoran's division was also doing work to identify the networks and machines that had been broken into by cyber criminals. Despite this success Mr Yoran left his post abruptly at the end of last week, reportedly only giving one day's notice to bosses at the Department of Homeland Security. "Amit Yoran has been a valuable contributor on cyber security issues over the past year, and we appreciate his efforts in starting the department's cybersecurity program," said a Department of Homeland Security spokeswoman. Some reports have suggested that Mr Yoran felt frustrated by the lack of prominence given to work to protect against net-based threats in the wider homeland organisation. An attempt by US politicians to pass a law to promote Mr Yoran and raise the profile of his department's work is now mired in Congress.
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_57.txt b/technologie/technologie_57.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1c515f55d5b0cb3b71531e08716798bdb1138b5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_57.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+iPhone SE vs. iPhone 8: There's a clear winner for the budget-conscious
+Some retailers are still selling the iPhone 8 despite Apple discontinuing the device. But you should just get the new iPhone SE
+In a bid to lure budget-minded iPhone fans, Apple debuted its new iPhone SE for 2020 for $399 (£419, AU$749). The iPhone SE's specs and looks are similar to the iPhone 8 from three years ago, which is likely the reason why the tech company announced it would discontinue its 2017 flagship on the same day. 
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_58.txt b/technologie/technologie_58.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..89c3c9bff01c480c0c79f6d4c6decb1e676d75e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_58.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+BT boosts its broadband packages
+
+British Telecom has said it will double the broadband speeds of most of its home and business customers.
+
+The increased speeds will come at no extra charge and follows a similar move by internet service provider AOL. Many BT customers will now have download speeds of 2Mbps, although there are usage allowances of between one gigabyte and 30 gigabytes a month. The new speeds start to come into effect on 17 February for home customers and 1 April for businesses. "Britain is now broadband Britain," said Duncan Ingram, BT's managing director, broadband and internet services. He added: "Ninety percent of our customers will see real increases in speed.
+
+"These speed increases will give people the opportunity to do a lot more with their broadband connections," he said. Upload speeds - the speed at which information is sent from a PC via broadband - will remain at the same speed, said Mr Ingram. Despite the increases, BT will continue to have usage allowances for home customers. "The allowances are extremely generous," said Mr Ingram "For what we are seeing in the market place - they are really not an issue." BT will begin enforcing the allowances in the summer. Customers who exceed the amounts will either be able to pay for a bigger allowance or see their download speeds reduced. BT now has a 36% share of the broadband market - down from 39% - which is becoming increasingly competitive. In the last few months, many rival ISPs have begun to offer 2Mbps services, including AOL, Plusnet and UK Online.
+
+But Britain continues to lag behind some countries - especially Japan and South Korea - which offer broadband speeds of up to 40Mbps. But Mr Ingram said it was important to "separate hype from reality". He said that a limited number of people with those connections consistently received speeds of 40Mbps. Customers will not see their connections double immediately on 17 February. Mr Ingram said there would be a roll out across the network in order to prevent any problems.
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_59.txt b/technologie/technologie_59.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1c4f24c0b7f83358f6926cf93f60721676f99ed6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_59.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+Mobiles 'not media players yet'
+
+Mobiles are not yet ready to be all-singing, all-dancing multimedia devices which will replace portable media players, say two reports.
+
+Despite moves to bring music download services to mobiles, people do not want to trade multimedia services with size and battery life, said Jupiter. A separate study by Gartner has also said real-time TV broadcasts to mobiles is "unlikely" in Europe until 2007. Technical issues and standards must be resolved first, said the report. Batteries already have to cope with other services that operators offer, like video playback, video messaging, megapixel cameras and games amongst others. Bringing music download services based on the success of computer-based download services will put more demands on battery life.
+
+Fifty percent of Europeans said the size of a mobile was the most important factor when it came to choosing their phone, but more power demands tend to mean larger handsets. "Mobile phone music services must not be positioned to compete with the PC music experience as the handsets are not yet ready," said Thomas Husson, mobile analyst at Jupiter research. "Mobile music services should be new and different, and enable operators to differentiate their brands and support third generation network launches." Other problems facing mobile music include limited storage on phones, compared to portable players which can hold up to 40GB of music. The mobile industry is keen to get into music downloading, after the success of Apple's iTunes, Napster and other net music download services.
+
+With phones getting smarter and more powerful, there are also demands to be able to watch TV on the move. In the US, services like TiVo To Go let people transfer pre-recorded TV content onto their phones. But, the Gartner report on mobile TV broadcasting in Europe suggests direct broadcasting will have to wait. Currently, TV-like services, where clips are downloaded, are offered by several European operators, like Italy's TIM and 3. Mobile TV will have to overcome several barriers before it is widely taken up though, said the report.
+
+Various standards and ways of getting TV signals to mobiles are being worked on globally. In Europe, trials in Berlin and Helsinki are making use of terrestrial TV masts to broadcast compressed signals to handsets with extra receivers. A service from the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation lets people watch TV programmes on their mobiles 24 hours a day. The service uses 3GP technology, one of the standards for mobile TV. But at the end of 2004, the European Telecommunications Institute (Etsi) formally adopted Digital Video Broadcasting Handheld (DVB-H) as the mobile TV broadcasting standard for Europe. Operators will be working on the standard as a way to bring real-time broadcasts to mobiles, as well as trying to overcome several other barriers. The cost and infrastructure needs to set up the services will need to be addressed. Handsets also need to be able to work with the DVB-H standard. TV services will have to live up to the expectations of the digital TV generation too, which expects good quality images at low prices, according to analysts. People are also likely to be put off watching TV on such small screens, said Gartner. Digital video recorders, like Europe's Sky+ box, and video-on-demand services mean people have much more control over what TV they watch. As a result, people may see broadcasting straight to mobiles as taking away that control. More powerful smartphones like the XDA II, Nokia 6600, SonyEricsson P900 and the Orange E200, offering web access, text and multimedia messaging, e-mail, calendar and gaming are becoming increasingly common. A report by analysts InStat/MDR has predicted that smartphone shipments will grow by 44% over the next five years. It says that smartphones will make up 117 million out of 833 million handsets shipped globally by 2009.
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_6.txt b/technologie/technologie_6.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4a3d70e5f9423630aa24067841b93eb2674dcad6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_6.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+Wi-fi web reaches farmers in Peru
+
+A network of community computer centres, linked by wireless technology, is providing a helping hand for poor farmers in Peru.
+
+The pilot scheme in the Huaral Valley, 80 kilometres north of the capital Lima, aims to offer the 6,000-strong community up-to-date information on agricultural market prices and trends. The Agricultural Information Project for Farmers of the Chancay-Huaral Valley also provides vital links between local organisations in charge of water irrigation, enabling them to coordinate their actions. More than 13,000 rural inhabitants, as well as 18,000 students in the region, will also benefit from the telecoms infrastructure.
+
+The 14 telecentres uses only free open source software and affordable computer equipment. The network has been three years in the making and was officially inaugurated in September.
+
+The non-government organisation, Cepes (Peruvian Centre for Social Studies) led the $200,000 project, also backed by local institutions, the Education and Agriculture ministries, and European development organisations. "The plan includes training on computers and internet skills for both operators and users of the system," said Carlos Saldarriaga, technical coordinator at Cepes. Farmers are also taking extra lessons on how to apply the new information to make the most of their plots of land. The Board of Irrigation Users which runs the computer centres, aims to make the network self-sustainable within three years, through the cash generated by using the telecentres as internet cafes.
+
+One of the key elements of the project is the Agricultural Information System, with its flagship huaral.org website. There, farmers can find the prices for local produce, as well as information on topics ranging from plague prevention to the latest farming techniques. The system also helps the inhabitants of the Chancay-Huaral Valley to organise their vital irrigation systems. "Water is the main element that unites them all. It is a precious element in Peru's coastal areas, because it is so scarce, and therefore it is necessary to have proper irrigation systems to make the most of it," Mr Saldarriaga told the BBC News website. The information network also allows farmers to look beyond their own region, and share experiences with other colleagues from the rest of Peru and even around the world.
+
+Cepes says the involvement of the farmers has been key in the project's success. "Throughout the last three years, the people have provided a vital thrust to the project; they feel it belongs to them," said Mr Saldarriaga. The community training sessions, attended by an equal number of men and women, have been the perfect showcase for their enthusiasm. "We have had an excellent response, mainly from young people. But we have also had a great feedback when we trained 40 or 50-year old women, who were seeing a computer for the first time in their lives." So far, the Huaral programme promoters say the experience has been very positive, and are already planning on spreading the model among other farmers' organisations in Peru. "This is a pilot project, and we have been very keen on its cloning potential in other places," underlined Mr Saldarriaga.
+
+The Cepes researcher recalls what happened in Cuyo, a 50-family community with no electricity, during the construction of the local telecentre site. There it was necessary to build a mini-hydraulic dam in order to generate 2kW worth of power for the computers, the communications equipment and the cabin lights. "It was already dark when the technicians realised they didn't have any light bulbs to test the generator, so they turned up to the local store to buy light bulbs," recalls Carlos Saldarriaga. "The logical answer was 'we don't sell any', so they had to wait until the next morning to do the testing." Now, with the wireless network, Cuyo as well as the other communities is no longer isolated.
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_60.txt b/technologie/technologie_60.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..48b92182c4f78539070b2f9e0b695a89140853ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_60.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Microsoft releases patches
+
+Microsoft has warned PC users to update their systems with the latest security fixes for flaws in Windows programs.
+
+In its monthly security bulletin, it flagged up eight "critical" security holes which could leave PCs open to attack if left unpatched. The number of holes considered "critical" is more than usual. They affect Windows programs, including Internet Explorer (IE), media player and instant messaging. Four other important fixes were also released. These were considered to be less critical, however. If not updated, either automatically or manually, PC users running the programs could be vulnerable to viruses or other malicious attacks designed to exploit the holes. Many of the flaws could be used by virus writers to take over computers remotely, install programs, change, and delete or see data.
+
+One of the critical patches Microsoft has made available is an important one that fixes some IE flaws. Stephen Toulouse, a Microsoft security manager, said the flaws were known about, and although the firm had not seen any attacks exploiting the flaw, he did not rule them out. Often, when a critical flaw is announced, spates of viruses follow because home users and businesses leave the flaw unpatched. A further patch fixes a hole in Media Player, Windows Messenger and MSN Messenger which an attacker could use to take control of unprotected machines through .png files. Microsoft announces any vulnerabilities in its software every month. The most important ones are those which are classed as "critical". Its latest releases came the week that the company announced it was to buy security software maker Sybari Software as part of Microsoft's plans to make its own security programs.
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_61.txt b/technologie/technologie_61.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b8181504723b064949198f922b93b901d53c47e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_61.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+Be careful how you code
+
+A new European directive could put software writers at risk of legal action, warns former programmer and technology analyst Bill Thompson.
+
+If it gets its way, the Dutch government will conclude its presidency of the European Union by pushing through a controversial measure that has been rejected by the European Parliament, lacks majority support from national governments and will leave millions of European citizens in legal limbo and facing the possibility of court cases against them. If the new law was about border controls, defence or even the new constitution, then our TV screens would be full of experts agonising over the impact on our daily lives. Sadly for those who will be directly affected, the controversy concerns the patenting of computer programs, a topic that may excite the bloggers, campaigning groups and technical press but does not obsess Middle Britain. After all, how much fuss can you generate about the Directive on the Patentability of Computer-Implemented Inventions, and the way it amends Article 52 of the 1973 European Patent Convention? Yet if the new directive is nodded through at the next meeting of one of the EU's ministerial councils, as seems likely, it will allow programs to be patented in Europe just as they are in the US. Many observers of the computing scene, including myself, think the results will be disastrous for small companies, innovative programmers and the free and open source software movement. It will let large companies patent all sorts of ideas and give legal force to those who want to limit their competitors' use of really obvious ideas.
+
+In the US you cannot build a system that stores customer credit card details so that they can pay without having to re-enter them unless Amazon lets you, because they hold the patent on "one-click" online purchase. It is a small invention, but Amazon made it to the patent office first and now owns it.
+
+We are relatively free from this sort of thing over here, but perhaps not for long. The new proposals go back to 2002, although argument about patentability of software and computer-implemented inventions has been going on since at least the mid-1980s. They have come to a head now after a year in which proposals were made, endorsed by the Council of Ministers, radically modified by the European Parliament and then re-presented in their original form. Some national governments seem to be aware of the problems. Poland has rejected the proposal and Germany's main political parties have opposed it, but there is not enough opposition to guarantee their rejection. Early in December the British government held a consultation meeting with those who had commented on the proposals. Science Minister Lord Sainsbury went along to listen and outline the UK position, but according to those present, it was embarrassing to see how little the minister and his officials actually understood the issues concerned.
+
+The draft Directive is being put through the council as what is called an "A" item and can only be approved or rejected. No discussion or amendment is allowed. So why should we be worried? First, there is the abuse of the democratic process involved in disregarding the views of the parliament and abandoning all of their carefully argued amendments. This goes to the heart of the European project, and even those who do not care about software or patents should be worried. If coders are treated like this today, who is to say that it will not be you tomorrow?
+
+More directly, once software patents are granted then any programmer will have to worry that the code they are writing is infringing someone else's patent. This is not about stealing software, as code is already protected by copyright. Patents are not copyright, but something much stronger. A patent gives the owner the right to stop anyone else using their invention, even if the other person invented it separately. I have never, to my shame, managed to read Lord Byron's Childe Harold's Pilgrimage. If it was pointed out that one of my articles contained a substantial chunk of the poem then I could defend myself in court by claiming that I had simply made it up and it was coincidence. The same does not hold for a patent. If I sit down this afternoon and write a brilliant graphics compression routine and it happens to be the same as the LZW algorithm used in GIF files, then I am in trouble under patent law, at least in the US. Coincidence is no defence. The proposed directive is supported by many of the major software companies, but this is hardly surprising since most of them are US-based and they have already had to cope with a legal environment that allows patents. They have legal departments and, more crucially, patents of their own which they can trade or cross-license with other patent holders.
+
+Even this system breaks down, of course, as Microsoft found out last year when they initially lost a case brought by Eolas which claimed that Internet Explorer (and other browsers) infringed an Eolas patent. That one was eventually thrown out, but only after months of uncertainty and millions of dollars. But small companies, and the free and open software movement do not have any patents to trade. Much of the really useful software we use every day, programs like the Apache web server, the GNU/Linux operating system and the fearsomely popular Firefox browser, is developed outside company structures by people who do not have legal departments to check for patent infringements. The damage to software will not happen overnight, of course. If the directive goes through it has to be written into national laws and then there will be a steady stream of legal actions against small companies and open source products. Eventually someone will decide to attack Linux directly, probably with some secret funding from one or two large players. The new directive will limit innovation by forcing programmers to spend time checking for patent infringements or simply avoiding working in potentially competitive areas. And it will damage Europe's computer industry. We can only hope that the Council of Ministers has the integrity and strength to reject this bad law.
+
+Bill Thompson is a regular commentator on the BBC World Service programme Go Digital.
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_62.txt b/technologie/technologie_62.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..399595790c972e4fa34032bc32e3c522b9e45de1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_62.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Ask Jeeves joins web log market
+
+Ask Jeeves has bought the Bloglines website to improve the way it handles content from web journals or blogs.
+
+The Bloglines site has become hugely popular as it gives users one place in which to read, search and share all the blogs they are interested in. Ask Jeeves said it was not planning to change Bloglines but would use the 300 million articles it has archived to round out its index of the web. How much Ask Jeeves paid for Bloglines was not revealed.
+
+Bloglines has become popular because it lets users build a list of the blogs they want to follow without having to visit each journal site individually. To do this it makes use of a technology known as Really Simple Syndication (RSS) that many blogs have adopted to let other sites know when new entries are made on their journals. The acquisition follows similar moves by other search sites. Google acquired Pyra Labs, makers of the Blogger software, in 2003. In 2004 MSN introduced its own blog system and Yahoo has tweaked its technology to do a better job of handling blog entries. Jim Lanzone, vice president of search properties at Ask Jeeves in the US, said it did not acquire Bloglines just to get a foothold in the blog publishing world. He said Ask Jeeves was much more interested in helping people find information they were looking for rather than helping them write it.
+
+"The universe of readers is vastly larger than the universe of writers," he said. Mr Lanzone said the acquisition would sit well with Ask's My Jeeves service which lets people customise their own web experience and build up a personal collection of useful links. "Search engines are about discovering information for the first time and RSS is the ideal way to keep track of and monitor those sites," he said. It would also help drive information and entries from blogs to the portals that Ask Jeeves operates. There would be no instant sweeping changes to Bloglines, said Mr Lanzone. "Our intent is to take our time to figure out the right business model not to try to monetise it right away," he said. Though Mr Lanzone added that Ask Jeeves would be helping organise the database of 300m blog entries Bloglines holds with its own net indexing technology. "Being able to search the blogosphere as one corpus of information will be very useful in its own right," said Mr Lanzone. Rumours about the acquisition were broken by the Napsterization weblog which said it got the hint from Ask Jeeves insiders.
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_63.txt b/technologie/technologie_63.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..950dd0ef0c6d0b3187682dafff132b84381fd92f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_63.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Digital guru floats sub-$100 PC
+
+Nicholas Negroponte, chairman and founder of MIT's Media Labs, says he is developing a laptop PC that will go on sale for less than $100 (£53).
+
+He told the BBC World Service programme Go Digital he hoped it would become an education tool in developing countries. He said one laptop per child could be " very important to the development of not just that child but now the whole family, village and neighbourhood". He said the child could use the laptop like a text book. He described the device as a stripped down laptop, which would run a Linux-based operating system, "We have to get the display down to below $20, to do this we need to rear project the image rather than using an ordinary flat panel.
+
+"The second trick is to get rid of the fat , if you can skinny it down you can gain speed and the ability to use smaller processors and slower memory." The device will probably be exported as a kit of parts to be assembled locally to keep costs down. Mr Negroponte said this was a not for profit venture, though he recognised that the manufacturers of the components would be making money. In 1995 Mr Negroponte published the bestselling Being Digital, now widely seen as predicting the digital age. The concept is based on experiments in the US state of Maine, where children were given laptop computers to take home and do their work on.
+
+While the idea was popular amongst the children, it initially received some resistance from the teachers and there were problems with laptops getting broken. However, Mr Negroponte has adapted the idea to his own work in Cambodia where he set up two schools together with his wife and gave the children laptops. "We put in 25 laptops three years ago , only one has been broken, the kids cherish these things, it's also a TV a telephone and a games machine, not just a textbook." Mr Negroponte wants the laptops to become more common than mobile phones but conceded this was ambitious. "Nokia make 200 million cell phones a year, so for us to claim we're going to make 200 million laptops is a big number, but we're not talking about doing it in three or five years, we're talking about months." He plans to be distributing them by the end of 2006 and is already in discussion with the Chinese education ministry who are expected to make a large order. "In China they spend $17 per child per year on textbooks. That's for five or six years, so if we can distribute and sell laptops in quantities of one million or more to ministries of education that's cheaper and the marketing overheads go away."
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_64.txt b/technologie/technologie_64.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a9d65884b364f6988216fc8bdd62dc1b28ef917b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_64.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+Looks and music to drive mobiles
+
+Mobile phones are still enjoying a boom time in sales, according to research from technology analysts Gartner.
+
+More than 674 million mobiles were sold last year globally, said the report, the highest total sold to date. The figure was 30% more than in 2003 and surpassed even the most optimistic predictions, Gartner said. Good design and the look of a mobile, as well as new services such as music downloads, could go some way to pushing up sales in 2005, said analysts. Although people were still looking for better replacement phones, there was evidence, according to Gartner, that some markets were seeing a slow-down in replacement sales.
+
+"All the markets grew apart from Japan which shows that replacement sales are continuing in western Europe," mobile analyst Carolina Milanesi told the BBC News website. "Japan is where north America and western European markets can be in a couple of years' time. "They already have TV, music, ringtones, cameras, and all that we can think of on mobiles, so people have stopped buying replacement phones."
+
+But there could be a slight slowdown in sales in European and US markets too, according to Gartner, as people wait to see what comes next in mobile technology. This means mobile companies have to think carefully about what they are offering in new models so that people see a compelling reason to upgrade, said Gartner. Third generation mobiles (3G) with the ability to handle large amounts of data transfer, like video, could drive people into upgrading their phones, but Ms Milanesi said it was difficult to say how quickly that would happen. "At the end of the day, people have cameras and colour screens on mobiles and for the majority of people out there who don't really care about technology the speed of data to a phone is not critical." Nor would the rush to produce two or three megapixel camera phones be a reason for mobile owners to upgrade on its own. The majority of camera phone models are not at the stage where they can compete with digital cameras which also have flashes and zooms.
+
+More likely to drive sales in 2005 would be the attention to design and aesthetics, as well as music services. The Motorola Razr V3 phone was typical of the attention to design that would be more commonplace in 2005, she added. This was not a "women's thing", she said, but a desire from men and women to have a gadget that is a form of self-expression too. It was not just about how the phone functioned, but about what it said about its owner. "Western Europe has always been a market which is quite attentive to design," said Ms Milanesi.
+
+"People are after something that is nice-looking, and together with that, there is the entertainment side. "This year music will have a part to play in this." The market for full-track music downloads was worth just $20 million (£10.5 million) in 2004, but is set to be worth $1.8 billion (£9.4 million) by 2009, according to Jupiter Research. Sony Ericsson just released its Walkman branded mobile phone, the W800, which combines a digital music player with up to 30 hours' battery life, and a two megapixel camera. In July last year, Motorola and Apple announced a version of iTunes online music downloading service would be released which would be compatible with Motorola mobile phones. Apple said the new iTunes music player would become Motorola's standard music application for its music phones. But the challenge will be balancing storage capacity with battery life if mobile music hopes to compete with digital music players like the iPod. Ms Milanesi said more models would likely be released in the coming year with hard drives. But they would be more likely to compete with the smaller capacity music players that have around four gigabyte storage capacity, which would not put too much strain on battery life.
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_65.txt b/technologie/technologie_65.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d5ec646f65b93ae27773a46ea1b0cc4e07b76b09
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_65.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Yahoo celebrates a decade online
+
+Yahoo, one of the net's most iconic companies, is celebrating its 10th anniversary this week.
+
+The web portal has undergone remarkable change since it was set up by Stanford University students David Filo and Jerry Yang in a campus trailer. The students wanted a way of keeping track of their web-based interests. The categories lists they devised soon became popular to hundreds of people and the two saw business potential in their idea.
+
+Originally dubbed "Jerry's Guide to the World Wide Web" the firm adopted the moniker Yahoo because the founders liked the dictionary definition of a yahoo as a rude, unsophisticated, uncouth person. The term was popularised by the 18th Century satirist Jonathan Swift in his classic novel, Gulliver's Travels. "We were certainly not sophisticated or civilised," Mr Yang told reporters ahead of the anniversary, which will be officially recognised on 2 March.
+
+They did have business brains however, and in April 1995 persuaded venture capitalists Sequoia Capital, which also invested in Apple Computer and Cisco Systems, to fund Yahoo to the tune of $2m (£1.04m). A second round of funding followed in the autumn and the company floated in April 1996 with less than 50 employees. Now the firm employs 7,600 workers and insists its dot com culture of "work hard, play hard" still remains. It is one of just a handful of survivors of the dot-com crash although it now faces intense rivalry from firms such as Google, MSN and AOL. Jerry Yang, who remains the firm's "Chief Yahoo", is proud of what the company has achieved. "In just one decade, the internet has changed the way consumers do just about everything - and it's been a remarkable and wonderful experience," he said. Through it all, we wanted to build products that satisfied our users wants and needs, but it's even more than that - it's to help every one of us to discover, get more done, share and interact."
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_66.txt b/technologie/technologie_66.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..10fde0de1668ad07b95ce766e790b3602436eeb3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_66.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Kenyan school turns to handhelds
+
+At the Mbita Point primary school in western Kenya students click away at a handheld computer with a stylus.
+
+They are doing exercises in their school textbooks which have been digitised. It is a pilot project run by EduVision, which is looking at ways to use low cost computer systems to get up-to-date information to students who are currently stuck with ancient textbooks. Matthew Herren from EduVision told the BBC programme Go Digital how the non-governmental organisation uses a combination of satellite radio and handheld computers called E-slates. "The E-slates connect via a wireless connection to a base station in the school. This in turn is connected to a satellite radio receiver. The data is transmitted alongside audio signals." The base station processes the information from the satellite transmission and turns it into a form that can be read by the handheld E-slates. "It downloads from the satellite and every day processes the stream, sorts through content for the material destined for the users connected to it. It also stores this on its hard disc."
+
+The system is cheaper than installing and maintaining an internet connection and conventional computer network. But Mr Herren says there are both pros and cons to the project. "It's very simple to set up, just a satellite antenna on the roof of the school, but it's also a one-way connection, so getting feedback or specific requests from end users is difficult."
+
+The project is still at the pilot stage and EduVision staff are on the ground to attend to teething problems with the Linux-based system. "The content is divided into visual information, textual information and questions. Users can scroll through these sections independently of each other." EduVision is planning to include audio and video files as the system develops and add more content. Mr Herren says this would vastly increase the opportunities available to the students. He is currently in negotiations to take advantage of a project being organised by search site Google to digitise some of the world's largest university libraries. "All books in the public domain, something like 15 million, could be put on the base stations as we manufacture them. Then every rural school in Africa would have access to the same libraries as the students in Oxford and Harvard" Currently the project is operating in an area where there is mains electricity. But Mr Herren says EduVision already has plans to extend it to more remote regions. "We plan to put a solar panel at the school with the base station, have the E-slates charge during the day when the children are in school, then they can take them home at night and continue working." Maciej Sundra, who designed the user interface for the E-slates, says the project's ultimate goal is levelling access to knowledge around the world. "Why in this age when most people do most research using the internet are students still using textbooks? The fact that we are doing this in a rural developing country is very exciting - as they need it most."
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_67.txt b/technologie/technologie_67.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..de36ed5ea611ab570db4138978281e7accf8d841
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_67.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+Tough rules for ringtone sellers
+
+Firms that flout rules on how ringtones and other mobile extras are sold could be cut off from all UK phone networks.
+
+The rules allow offenders to be cut off if they do not let consumers know exactly what they get for their money and how to turn off the services. The first month under the new rules has seen at least ten firms suspended while they clean up the way they work. The rules have been brought in to ensure that the problems plaguing net users do not spread to mobile phones.
+
+In the last couple of years ringtones, wallpapers, screensavers and lots of other extras for phones have become hugely popular. But fierce competition is making it difficult for firms to get their wares in front of consumers, said Jeremy Flynn, head of third party services at Vodafone.
+
+"If you are not on the operator's portal you are going to have quite heavy marketing costs because it's a problem of how people discover your services," he said. To combat this many ringtone and other mobile content sellers started using a new tactic to squeeze more cash out of customers. This tactic involved signing people up for a subscription to give them, for instance, several ringtones per week or month instead of the single track they thought they were getting. Mr Flynn said that the move to using subscriptions happened over the space of a few weeks at the end of 2004. Websites such as grumbletext.co.uk started getting reports from customers who were racking up large bills for phone content they did not know they had signed up for. "What made us uncomfortable was that these services were not being marketed transparently," said Mr Flynn. "People did not know they were being offered a subscription service." "We saw potential for substantial consumer harm here," he added.
+
+The swift adoption of subscription services led to the creation of a new code of conduct for firms that want to sell content for mobile phones. The drafting of the new rules was led by the Mobile Entertainment Forum and the UK's phone firms. "Everyone is required to conform to this code of conduct," said Andrew Bud, regulatory head of the MEF and executive chairman of messaging firm MBlox.
+
+"It's all about transparency," he said. "Consumers have to be told what they have got themselves into and how to get out of it." "The consumer has a right to be protected," he said. Christian Harris, partnership manager of mobile content firm Zed, said the new system was essential if consumers were to trust companies that sell ringtones and other downloads. "The groundrules must be applied across the whole industry and if that's done effectively we will see the cowboys driven out," he said. The new rules came in to force on 15 January and the first month under the new regime has seen many firms cautioned for not honouring them. Some have been told to revamp websites so customers know what they get for their money and what they are signing up for, said Mr Flynn. Also, said Mr Flynn, Vodafone has briefly cut off between eight and ten content sellers flouting the rules. "We have quite draconian contracts with firms," he said. "We do not have to say why. We can just cut them off." Under the rules consumers must be able to switch off the services by using a universal "stop" command sent via text message. He said the system had been designed to limit how much a consumer will pay if they inadvertently signed up for a service. "The mobile is so personal that people really resent the abuse of what is effectively part of their personality," said Mr Flynn.
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_68.txt b/technologie/technologie_68.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..064cd8ee6e5c37cc82b13a2f7bff68699b322dd6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_68.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Creator of first Apple Mac dies
+
+Jef Raskin, head of the team behind the first Macintosh computer, has died.
+
+Mr Raskin was one of the first employees at Apple and made many of the design decisions that made the Mac so distinctive when it was first released. He led the team that decided to use a graphical interface and mouse that let people navigate around the computer by pointing and clicking. The 1984 release of the Mac reflected Mr Raskin's belief that good design should make computers easy to use.
+
+Mr Raskin joined Apple in 1978 as employee number 31, initially to lead the company's publications department. However, in 1979 he was put in charge of a small team to design a computer that lived up to his idea of a machine that was cheap, aimed at consumers rather than computer professionals and was very easy to use.
+
+The result was the 1984 Macintosh that did away with the then common text-based interface in favour of one based around graphics that resembled a virtual desktop and used folders and documents. Users navigated around the machine using a mouse and by pointing, clicking and dragging. Although now in common use in almost all computers, these methods were pioneering when first used in the Macintosh. The GUI was developed by Xerox PARC, and used in its Star machine. But the acceptance of the interface did not truly begin until the concept was developed for use by Apple in its pioneering Lisa computer. "His role on the Macintosh was the initiator of the project, so it wouldn't be here if it weren't for him," said Andy Hertzfeld, an early Macintosh team member. Although Mr Raskin drove the team that created the Macintosh he did not stay at Apple to see it released. In 1981 he was removed from the project following a dispute with Apple's mercurial boss Steve Jobs. In 1982, Mr Raskin left Apple entirely. The Macintosh was reputedly named after Mr Raskin's favourite apple, though the name was changed slightly following a trademark dispute with another company. After leaving Apple, Mr Raskin founded another company called Information Appliance and continued to work on better ways to interface with computers. He was also an accomplished musician, played three instruments and conducted San Francisco's Chamber Opera Society. Mr Raskin was diagnosed in December 2004 with pancreatic cancer and died on 26 February at his home in California.
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_69.txt b/technologie/technologie_69.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..588137778d9ea7fc2ffc13db7acb622470c57faf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_69.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+'Friends fear' with lost mobiles
+
+People are becoming so dependent on their mobile phones that one in three are concerned that losing their phone would mean they lose their friends.
+
+More than 50% of mobile owners reported they had had their phone stolen or lost in the last three years. More than half (54%) of those asked in a poll for mobile firm Intervoice said that they do not have another address book. A fifth rely entirely on mobiles. About 80% of UK adults own at least one mobile, according to official figures. It is estimated that 53% of over 65s own a mobile, according to Intervoice, but the figures are higher for those aged between 15 and 34.
+
+Most 15 to 24-year-olds (94%), and 25 to 34-year-olds (92%), own at least one. Nineteen percent of mobile owners were more concerned about how long it would take to find their contacts' information again if the phone was lost, stolen or replaced.
+
+The survey showed that extent to which people have become reliant on their phones as address book. Many mobile owners do not bother to make back-ups of their contact details, and with people changing their phones once a year on average, it becomes a problem. They also are becoming less likely to remember numbers by heart, relying on the mobile phone book instead. "We're a nation of lazy so-and-sos," David Noone from Intervoice said. "We put the numbers in our phones so we can call a friend at the touch of just one or two buttons and we certainly can't be bothered to write them down in an old fashioned address book. "The mobile phone plays such a key role in modern relationships; take the phone away and the way we manage these relationships falls apart." One in three women, the survey said, thought if they lost their phones, it would mean they would lose touch with people altogether. Most (62%) said they had no idea what their partner's number was. Mr Noone said it should be up to mobile operators to provide back-up services on the network itself, instead of relying on mobile owners to find ways themselves.
+
+Generally, information from Sim cards can be backed up on physical memory cards, or can be copied onto computers via cables if the phone is a smartphone model with the right software. Sim back-up devices can be bought from phone shops for just a few pounds.
+
+But some operators offer customers free web-based back-up services too. Orange told the BBC News website that those with Orange Smartphones could use the My Phone syncing service which means back-ups of address books and other data are created online. For non-smartphone users, a Memory Mate card could be used to back up data on the phone. O2 also offers a free, web-based syncing service which works over GPRS and GSM. Neither Vodafone or T-Mobile currently offer a free network service for back-ups, but encourage people to use Sim back-up devices. It is thought that about 10,000 phones are lost or stolen every month and 50% of total street crime involves a mobile. Mobile phone sales are expected to continue growing over the next year. Globally, more than 167 million mobile phones were sold in the third quarter of 2004, 26% more than the previous year, according to analysts. It is predicted that there will be two billion handsets in use worldwide by the end of 2005.
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_7.txt b/technologie/technologie_7.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1c9b89bf5f4d433c09e09ab8c7ad61fd739c7966
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_7.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Microsoft releases bumper patches
+
+Microsoft has warned PC users to update their systems with the latest security fixes for flaws in Windows programs.
+
+In its monthly security bulletin, it flagged up eight "critical" security holes which could leave PCs open to attack if left unpatched. The number of holes considered "critical" is more than usual. They affect Windows programs, including Internet Explorer (IE), media player and instant messaging. Four other important fixes were also released. These were considered to be less critical, however. If not updated, either automatically or manually, PC users running the programs could be vulnerable to viruses or other malicious attacks designed to exploit the holes. Many of the flaws could be used by virus writers to take over computers remotely, install programs, change, and delete or see data.
+
+One of the critical patches Microsoft has made available is an important one that fixes some IE flaws. Stephen Toulouse, a Microsoft security manager, said the flaws were known about, and although the firm had not seen any attacks exploiting the flaw, he did not rule them out. Often, when a critical flaw is announced, spates of viruses follow because home users and businesses leave the flaw unpatched. A further patch fixes a hole in Media Player, Windows Messenger and MSN Messenger which an attacker could use to take control of unprotected machines through .png files. Microsoft announces any vulnerabilities in its software every month. The most important ones are those which are classed as "critical". Its latest releases came the week that the company announced it was to buy security software maker Sybari Software as part of Microsoft's plans to make its own security programs.
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_70.txt b/technologie/technologie_70.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a5876cf7d807e667a63767566e927d1b529895de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_70.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+iPhone SE vs. iPhone X: Don't buy that refurbished phone just yet
+Apple sells the iPhone X refurbished for $599. But is its 2017 flagship still better than its new budget iPhone SE?
+When the iPhone X first debuted in 2017, it made headlines for several reasons. It was the first iPhone to have Face ID, the first to have an OLED display and the first to have an on-screen notch. At the time it was a top-of-the-class device. Now, three years later, it's just as reliable. Though Apple discontinued the iPhone X a mere 10 months after its launch, the company sells refurbished models at a heavy discount: $599 or £599 (64GB) and $699 or £699 (256GB). (Apple does not sell or ship refurbished iPhones to Australia, but that converts to about AU$940 and AU$1,100.) 
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_71.txt b/technologie/technologie_71.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b5d4062e7e817619c82dde66d71e694aaeb7e8ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_71.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+Spam e-mails tempt net shoppers
+
+Computer users across the world continue to ignore security warnings about spam e-mails and are being lured into buying goods, a report suggests.
+
+More than a quarter have bought software through spam e-mails and 24% have bought clothes or jewellery. As well as profiting from selling goods or services and driving advertising traffic, organised crime rings can use spam to glean personal information. The Business Software Alliance (BSA) warned that people should "stay alert". "Many online consumers don't consider the true motives of spammers," said Mike Newton, a spokesperson for the BSA which commissioned the survey.
+
+"By selling software that appears to be legitimate in genuine looking packaging or through sophisticated websites, spammers are hiding spyware without consumers' knowledge. "Once the software is installed on PCs and networks, information that is given over the internet can be obtained and abused."
+
+The results also showed that the proportion of people reading - or admitting to reading - and taking advantage of adult entertainment spam e-mails is low, at one in 10. The research, which covered 6,000 people in six countries and their attitudes towards junk e-mails, revealed that Brazilians were the most likely to read spam. A third of them read unsolicited junk e-mail and 66% buy goods or services after receiving spam.
+
+The French were the second most likely to buy something (48%), with 44% of Britons taking advantage of products and services. This was despite 38% of people in all countries being worried about their net security because of the amount of spam they get. More than a third of respondents said they were concerned that spam e-mails contained viruses or programs that attempted to collect personal information. "Both industry and the media have helped to raise awareness of the issues that surround illegitimate e-mail, helping to reduce the potential financial damage and nuisance from phishing attacks and spoof websites," said William Plante, director of corporate security and fraud protection at security firm Symantec. "At the same time, consumers need to continue exercising caution and protect themselves from harm with a mixture of spam filters, spyware detection software and sound judgement."
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_72.txt b/technologie/technologie_72.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3da0997d44dd1e57d03908b8b10c5b7f63428650
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_72.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+Gadget growth fuels eco concerns
+
+Technology firms and gadget lovers are being urged to think more about the environment when buying and disposing of the latest hi-tech products.
+
+At the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas earlier this month, several hi-tech firms were recognised for their strategies to help the environment. Ebay also announced the Rethink project bringing together Intel, Apple, and IBM among others to promote recycling. The US consumer electronics market is set to grow by over 11% in 2005. But more awareness is needed about how and where old gadgets can be recycled as well as how to be more energy efficient, said the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Of particular growing concern is how much energy it takes to recharge portable devices, one of the fastest growing markets in technology. The Consumer Electronics Association (CEA) has predicted that shipments of consumer technologies in 2005 will reach more than $125.73 billion (nearly £68 billion).
+
+Ebay's initiative pulls together major technology firms, environment groups, government agencies and eBay users to give information about what to do with old computers and where to send them. The online auction house thinks that its already-established community of loyal users could be influential. "We really became aware of the e-waste issue and we saw that our 125 million users can be a powerful force for good," eBay's David Stern told the BBC News website.
+
+"We saw the opportunity to meet the additional demand we have on the site for used computers and saw the opportunity too to good some good for the environment." But it is not just computers that cause a problem for the environment. Teenagers get a new mobile every 11 months, adults every 18 months and a 15 million handsets are replaced in total each year. Yet, only 15% are actually recycled. This year, a predicted two billion people worldwide will own a mobile, according to a Deloitte report. Schemes in the US, like RIPMobile, could help in targeting younger generations with recycling messages. The initiative, which was also launched at CES, rewards 10 to 28-year-olds for returning unused phones. "This system allows for the transformation of a drawer full of unused mobile phones into anything from music to clothes to electronics or games," said Seth Heine from RIPMobile.
+
+One group of students collected 1,000 mobiles for recycling in just three months. Mr Heine told the BBC News website that what was important was to raise awareness amongst the young so that recycling becomes "learned behaviour". Europe is undoubtedly more advanced than the US in terms of recycling awareness and robust "end of life" programmes, although there is a tide change happening in the rest of the world too. Intel showcased some its motherboards and chips at CES which are entirely lead free.
+
+"There is more and more awareness on the consumer side, but the whole industry is moving towards being lead free," Intel's Allen Wilson told the BBC News website. "There is still low-level awareness right now, but it is on the rise - the highest level of awareness is in Europe." A European Union (EU) directive, WEEE (Waste Electronic and Electrical Equipment), comes into effect in August. It puts the responsibility on electrical manufacturers to recycle items that are returned to them. But developments are also being made to design better technologies which are more energy efficient and which do not contain harmful substances. Elements like chromium, lead, and cadmium - common in consumer electronics goods - will be prohibited in all products in the EU by 2006.
+
+But it is not just about recycling either. The predicted huge growth in the gadget market means the amount of energy used to power them up is on the rise too. The biggest culprit, according to the EPA, is the innocuous power adaptor, nicknamed "energy vampires". They provide vital juice for billions of mobile phones, PDAs (personal digital assistants), digital cameras, camcorders, and digital music players.
+
+Although there is a focus on developing efficient and improved circuits in the devices themselves, the technologies inside rechargers are still outdated and so eat up more energy than is needed to power a gadget. On 1 January, new efficiency standards for external power supplies came into effect as part of the European Commission Code of Conduct. But at CES, the EPA also unveiled new guidelines for its latest Energy Star initiative which targets external power adapters. These map out the framework for developing better adaptors that can be labelled with an Energy Star logo, meaning they are about 35% more efficient. The initiative is a global effort and more manufacturers' adaptors are being brought on board. Most are made in China. About two billion are shipped global every year, and about three billion are in use in the US alone. The EPA is already working with several companies which make more than 22% of power supplies on the market. "We are increasingly finding companies that not only want to provide neat, hi-tech devices, but also bundle with it a hi-tech, efficient power supply," the EPA's Andrew Fanara said. Initiatives like this are critical; if power adaptors continue to be made and used as they are now, consumer electronics and other small appliances will be responsible for more than 40% of electricity used in US homes, said the EPA.
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_73.txt b/technologie/technologie_73.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1893f4e165c49651e0075bdf3e050651d18f93aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_73.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+'Evil twin' fear for wireless net
+
+People using wireless high-speed net (wi-fi) are being warned about fake hotspots, or access points.
+
+The latest threat, nicknamed evil twins, pose as real hotspots but are actually unauthorised base stations, say Cranfield University experts. Once logged onto an Evil Twin, sensitive data can be intercepted. Wi-fi is becoming popular as more devices come with wireless capability. London leads the global wi-fi hotspots league, with more than 1,000. The number of hotspots is expected to reach 200,000 by 2008, according to analysts. "Users need to be wary of using their wi-fi enabled laptops or other portable devices in order to conduct financial transactions or anything that is of a sensitive or personal nature," said Professor Brian Collins, head of information systems at Cranfield University.
+
+"Users can also protect themselves by ensuring that their wi-fi device has its security measures activated," he added. BT Openzone, which operates a vast proportion of public hotspots in the UK, told the BBC News website that it made every effort to make its wi-fi secure. "Naturally, people may have security concerns," said Chris Clark, chief executive for BT's wireless broadband.
+
+"But wi-fi networks are no more or less vulnerable than any other means of accessing the internet, like broadband or dial-up." He said BT Openzone, as well as others, have sophisticated encryption from the start of the login process to the service at a hotspot. "This means that users' personal information and data, logon usernames and passwords are protected and secure," said Mr Clark.
+
+In the vast majority of cases, base stations straight out of the box from the manufacturers are automatically set up with the least secure mode possible, said Dr Nobles. Cybercriminals who try to glean personal information using the scam, jam connections to a legitimate base station by sending a stronger signal near to the wireless client. Anyone with the right gear can find a real hotspot and substitute it with an evil twin. "Cybercriminals don't have to be that clever to carry out such an attack," said Dr Phil Nobles, a wireless net and cybercrime expert at Cranfield. "Because wireless networks are based on radio signals they can be easily detected by unauthorised users tuning into the same frequency."
+
+Although wi-fi is increasing in popularity as more people want to use high-speed net on the move, there have been fears over how secure it is. Some companies have been reluctant to use them in large numbers because of fears about security. A wireless network that is not protected can provide a backdoor into a company's computer system. Public wi-fi hotspots offered by companies like BT Openzone and The Cloud, are accessible after users sign up and pay for use. But many home and company wi-fi networks are left unprotected and can be "sniffed out" and hi-jacked by anyone with the correct equipment. "BT advises that customers should change all default settings, make sure that their security settings on all equipment are configured correctly," said Mr Clark. "We also advocate the use of personal firewalls to ensure that only authorised users can have access and that data cannot be intercepted." Dr Nobles is due to speak about wireless cybercrime at the Science Museum's Dana Centre in London on Thursday.
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_74.txt b/technologie/technologie_74.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1a82e9a4560497d8c6e273c61bfd01995524d58f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_74.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+New consoles promise big problems
+
+Making games for future consoles will require more graphic artists and more money, an industry conference has been told.
+
+Sony, Microsoft and Nintendo will debut their new consoles at the annual E3 games Expo in Los Angeles in May. These so-called "next generation" machines will be faster than current consoles, and capable of displaying much higher-quality visuals. For gamers, this should make for better, more immersive games. In a pre-recorded video slot during Microsoft's keynote address at the Game Developers Conference, held last week in San Francisco, famed director James Cameron revealed he is making a game in tandem with his next film - believed to be Battle Angel Alita. The game's visual quality would be "like a lucid dream," said Mr Cameron. But numerous speakers warned that creating such graphics will require more artists, and so next generation console games will be much more expensive to develop. The first new console, Microsoft's Xbox 2, is not expected to reach the shops until the end of 2005. Games typically take at least 18 months to create, however, so developers are grappling with the hardware today.
+
+According to Robert Walsh, head of Brisbane-based game developer Krome Studios, next generation games will cost between $10-25m to make, with teams averaging 80 staff in size taking two years to complete a title. Such sums mean it will be difficult for anyone to start a new game studio, said Mr Walsh. "If you're a start-up, I doubt that a publisher is going to walk in and give you a cheque for $10m, however good you are," he said. Mr Walsh suggested that new studios should make games for mobile phones and handheld consoles like the Sony PSP and the Nintendo DS, since they are cheaper and easier to create than console games.
+
+One developer bucking the trend towards big art teams is Will Wright, the creator of the best-selling The Sims games. The founder of California's Maxis studio surprised the conference with a world exclusive preview of his next game, Spore. Spore will allow players to experiment with the evolution of digital creatures. Starting with an amoeba-sized organism, the player will guide the physical development of their creature by selecting how its limbs, jaws and other body parts evolve.
+
+Eventually the creature will become capable of establishing cities, trading and fighting, and even building space ships. Advanced players will visit the home planets of creatures created by other Spore players. These worlds will be automatically swapped across the Internet. Mr Wright said that enabling players to devise and share their creatures would make them care more about the game. "I don't want to put the player in the role of Luke Skywalker or Frodo Baggins - I want them to be George Lucas or Dr Seuss," explained Mr Wright. Few games have hinted at the scope of Spore, but Mr Wright explained that he has nevertheless kept his development team small by hiring expert programmers. Instead of employing lots of artists to create 3D models of the digital creatures, Spore generates and displays the creatures according to rules devised by the programmers. "The thing I am coming away with [from the conference] is that next generation content is going to be really expensive, and creating it will drive the smaller players out of the market," said Mr Wright. "I'd like to offer an alternative to that."
+
+New development tools will be another important aid in making next generation games, and dozens of companies demonstrated their latest products at the conference.
+
+Oxford-based Natural Motion launched Endorphin v2.0, which enables artists to direct a 3D 'virtual actor'. The actor is realistically modelled according to the laws of physics. Endorphin simulates how the actor falls down stairs, for instance, or crumples up after a gunshot. Artists can blend together these visual sequences, and include the results in their games. The process is much quicker than having an artist animate each movement by hand, and so lessens the need for larger art teams. Another British company aiming to reduce the workload of artists is Manchester start-up Genemation. Its latest tool, GenCrowd, enables artists to create unique, photo-realistic human faces for games involving lots of people. GenCrowd works by blending together elements of an in-built supply of stock faces of differing ages and ethnicities. The software can create up to 2,000 new heads an hour.
+
+One area not yet dominated by graphical blockbusters is mobile phone games. Even the latest phones are not as powerful as the consoles of a decade ago, so smaller teams of half a dozen people can still create complete games for the devices.
+
+The Game Developers Conference included a special two-day summit dedicated to creating mobile games. A niche attraction for a few dozen conference attendees when it began five years ago, GDC's Mobile summit this year drew several hundred delegates. Mobile games are a fast-growing sector because newer phones have better graphics and sound, and are thus more suitable for playing games. Furthermore, the adoption of mobile phones continues to spread across the world. It's predicted that by 2006 two billion people will own a mobile phone. The growing importance of mobile gaming was reflected by a keynote given by John Batter, general manager at EA Mobile. EA Mobile is a division of Electronic Arts, the biggest games publisher. Until recently Electronic Arts had been dismissive of games for phones. "The last time you checked, EA wasn't in this business," Mr Batter admitted. But he said EA now planned on dominating the market by releasing mobile versions of its most popular franchises. EA plans to release up to 20 mobile games over the next 12 months. The first will be a version of its Need for Speed racing game, created by EA Mobile's 30-person development team. Mr Batter predicted that by 2006, mobile phones would be capable of running games of comparable quality to those on Sony's upcoming PSP handheld console.
+
+Owain Bennallack is the editor of Develop magazine.
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_75.txt b/technologie/technologie_75.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a6314dc0737750b21884546442c8ff5b696cc9f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_75.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+US peer-to-peer pirates convicted
+
+The first convictions for piracy over peer-to-peer networks have been handed down in the US.
+
+New Yorker William Trowbridge and Texan Michael Chicoine have pleaded guilty to charges that they infringed copyright by illegally sharing music, movies and software. The two men faced charges following raids in August on suspected pirates by the FBI. The pair face jail terms of up to five years and a $250,000 (£130,000) fine.
+
+In a statement the US Department of Justice said the two men operated the central hubs in a piracy community organised across the Direct Connect peer-to-peer network. The piracy group called itself the Underground Network and membership of it demanded that users share between one and 100 gigabytes of files. Direct Connect allows users to set themselves up as central servers that act as co-ordinating spots for sharers. Users would swap files, such as films and music, by exchanging data over the network. During its investigation FBI agents reportedly downloaded 84 movies, 40 software programs, 13 games and 178 "sound recordings" from the five hubs that made up the larger piracy group. The raids were organised under the umbrella of Operation Digital Gridlock which was aimed at fighting "criminal copyright theft on peer-to-peer networks". In total, six raids were carried out in August. Five were on the homes of suspected copyright thieves and one on a net service firm. The Department of Justice said that both men pleaded guilty to one count of conspiracy to commit felony copyright infringement. They also pleaded guilty to acting for commercial advantage. The two men are due to be sentenced on 29 April.
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_76.txt b/technologie/technologie_76.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c9dafbc4bae22d974f925ba9aab20fd50365e7b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_76.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Google launches TV search service
+
+The net search giant Google has launched a search service that lets people look for TV programmes.
+
+The service, Google Video beta, searches closed caption information that comes with programmes. It only searches US channel content currently. Results list programmes with still images and text from the point where the search phrase was spoken. It should expand over time to include content from more channels, said a Google spokesperson. The first version of the service is part of Google's expanding efforts to be a ubiquitous search engine for people to find what they want on the web and beyond. "We think TV is a big part of people's lives," said Jonathan Rosenberg, Google's vice president of product management. "Ultimately, we would like to have all TV programming indexed."
+
+Google Video has been indexing US-based programmes from PBS, the NBA, Fox News, and C-SPAN since December. But there were few clues from Google about when more global broadcasters would be included. "Over time, we plan to increase the number of television channels and video content available via Google Video but don't have more product details to share with you today," a Google spokesperson told the BBC News website.
+
+The results thrown up by the search will also include programme and episode information like channel, date and time. It also lets people find the next time and channel where a programme will aired locally using a US zip code search function. Rival search engine Yahoo has been developing a similar type of video search for webcasts and TV clips which it promotes from its homepage. It offers direct links to websites with movies or other clips relevant to the search query, but does not pinpoint when the search query occurred. A spokeswoman told the Financial Times on Monday that Yahoo was adding captioning for Bloomberg, BBC and BSkyB broadcasts. A smaller service, blinkx.tv, was launched last month. It searches for and links to TV news, film trailers, and other video and audio clips.
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_77.txt b/technologie/technologie_77.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..987f3cc0fc4405a049a3af3ae40abb78c1b2e65b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_77.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+Rich pickings for hi-tech thieves
+
+Viruses, trojans and other malicious programs sent on to the net to catch you out are undergoing a subtle change.
+
+The shift is happening as tech savvy criminals turn to technology to help them con people out of cash, steal valuable data or take over home PCs. Viruses written to make headlines by infecting millions are getting rarer. Instead programs are now crafted for directly criminal ends and firms are tightening up networks with defences to combat the new wave of malicious code.
+
+The growing criminal use of malware has meant the end of the neat categorisation of different sorts of viruses and malicious programs. Before now it has been broadly possible to name and categorise viruses by the method they use to spread and how they infect machines. But many of the viruses written by criminals roll lots of technical tricks together into one nasty package.
+
+"You cannot put them in to the neat little box that you used to," said Pete Simpson, head of the threat laboratory at security firm Clearswift. Now viruses are just as likely to spread by themselves like worms, or to exploit loopholes in browsers or hide in e-mail message attachments. "It's about outright criminality now," said Mr Simpson, explaining why this change has come about. He said many of the criminal programs came from Eastern Europe where cash-rich organised gangs can find a ready supply of technical experts that will crank out code to order. Former virus writer Marek Strihavka, aka Benny from the 29A virus writing group, recently quit the malware scene partly because it was being taken over by spyware writers, phishing gangs, and spammers who are more interested in money rather than the technology. No longer do virus writers produce programs to show off their technical prowess to rivals in the underground world of malware authors. Not least, said Paul King, principal security consultant at Cisco, because the defences against such attacks are so common. "In many ways the least likely way to do it is e-mail because most of us have got anti-virus and firewalls now," he said. Few of the malicious programs written by hi-tech thieves are cleverly written, many are much more pragmatic and use tried and tested techniques to infect machines or to trick users into installing a program or handing over important data. "If you think of criminals they do not do clever," said Mr King, "they just do what works."
+
+As the tactics used by malicious programs change, said Mr King, so many firms were changing the way they defend themselves. Now many scan machines that connect to the corporate networks to ensure they have not been compromised while off the core network.
+
+Many will not let a machine connect and a worker get on with their job before the latest patches and settings have been uploaded. As well as using different tactics, criminals also use technology for reasons that are much more transparent. "The main motivation now is money," said Gary Stowell, spokesman for St Bernard software. Mr Stowell said organised crime gangs were turning to computer crime because the risks of being caught were low and the rates of return were very high. With almost any phishing or spyware attack, criminals are guaranteed to catch some people out and have the contacts to exploit what they recover. So-called spyware was proving very popular with criminals because it allowed them to take over machines for their own ends, to steal key data from users or to hijack web browsing sessions to point people at particular sites. In some cases spyware was being written that searched for rival malicious programs on PCs it infects and then trying to erase them so it has sole ownership of that machine.
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_78.txt b/technologie/technologie_78.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bd6920b2a17cff33466fb98a6d99ad23f9e03455
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_78.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+TV's future down the phone line
+
+Internet TV has been talked about since the start of the web as we know it now.
+
+But any early attempts to do it - the UK's Home Choice started in 1992 - were thwarted by the lack of a fast network. Now that broadband networks are bedding down, and it is becoming essential for millions, the big telcos are keen to start shooting video down the line. In the face of competition from cable companies offering net voice calls, they are keen to be the top IPTV dogs. Software giant Microsoft thinks IPTV - Internet Protocol TV - is the future of television, and it sits neatly with its vision of the "connected entertainment experience". "Telcos have been wanting to do video for a long time," Ed Graczyk, director of marketing for Microsoft IPTV, told the BBC News website. "The challenge has been the broadband network, and the state of technology up until not so long ago did not add up to a feasible solution. "Compression technology was not efficient enough, the net was not good enough. A lot of stars have aligned in the last 18 months to make it a reality."
+
+Last year, he said, was all about deal making and partnering up; shaping the "IPTV ecosystem". This year, those deals will start to play out and more services will come online. "2006 is where it starts ramping up and expanding to other geographies - over time as broadband becomes more prevalent in South America, and other parts of Asia, it will expand," he added. What telcos really want to do is to send the "triple-play" of video, voice, and data down one single line, be it cable or DSL (Digital Subscriber Line). Some are talking about "quadruple play", too, with mobile services added into the mix. It is an emerging new breed of competition for satellite and cable broadcasters and operators. According to technology analysts, TDG Research, there will be 20 million subscribers to IPTV services in under six years.
+
+Key to the appeal of sending TV programmes down the same line as the web data, whenever a viewer wants it, is that it uses the same technology as the internet. It means there is not just a one-way relationship between the viewer and the "broadcaster". This allows for more DVD-like interactivity, limitless storage and broadcast space, bespoke channel "playlists", and thousands of hours of programmes or films at a viewer's fingertips. It potentially lets operators target programmes to smaller, niche or localised audiences, sending films to Bollywood fans for instance, as well as individual devices.
+
+Operators could also send high-definition programmes straight to the viewer, bypassing the need for a special broadcast receiver. Perhaps most compelling - yet some might say insignificant - is instantaneous channel flicking. Currently, there is a delay when you try to do this on satellite, cable or Freeview. With IPTV, the speed is 15 milliseconds. "That gets rounds of applause," according to Mr Graczyk. Microsoft is one of the companies that started thinking about IPTV some time ago. "We believe this will be the way all TV is delivered in the future - but that is several years away," said Mr Graczyk. "As with music, TV has moved to digital formats. "The things software can do to integrate media into devices means a whole new generation of connected entertainment experiences that cross devices from the TV, to the mobile, to the gaming console and so on." The company intends its Microsoft's IPTV Edition software, an end-to-end management and delivery platform, to let telcos to do exactly that, seamlessly. It has netted seven major telcos as customers, representing a potential audience of 25 million existing broadband subscribers. Its deal with US telco SBC was the largest TV software deal to date, said Mr Graczyk.
+
+IPTV is about more than telcos, though. There are several web-based offerings that aim to put control in the hands of the consumer by exploiting the net's power. Jeremy Allaire, chief of Brightcove, told the BBC News website that it would be a flavour of IPTV that was about harnessing the web as a "channel".
+
+"It is not just niches, but about exploiting content not usually viewed," he said. "We are focussed on the owners of video content who have rights to digitally distribute content, and who often see unencumbered distribution. "For them to do it through cable and so on is price-prohibitive," he said. This type of IPTV service might also be a distribution channel for more established publishers who have unique types of content that they cannot offer through cable and satellite operators - history channel archives, for instance. What is a clear sign that IPTV has a future is that Microsoft is not the only player in the field. There are a lot of other "middleware" players providing similar management services as Microsoft, like Myrio and C-Cor. But it will up to the viewer to decide if it really is to be successful.
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_79.txt b/technologie/technologie_79.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..22756cccb1998368a389418d066532faa76b3501
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_79.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Software watching while you work
+
+Software that can not only monitor every keystroke and action performed at a PC but also be used as legally binding evidence of wrong-doing has been unveiled.
+
+Worries about cyber-crime and sabotage have prompted many employers to consider monitoring employees. The developers behind the system claim it is a break-through in the way data is monitored and stored. But privacy advocates are concerned by the invasive nature of such software.
+
+The system is a joint venture between security firm 3ami and storage specialists BridgeHead Software. They have joined forces to create a system which can monitor computer activity, store it and retrieve disputed files within minutes. More and more firms are finding themselves in deep water as a result of data misuse. Sabotage and data theft are most commonly committed from within an organisation according to the National Hi-Tech Crime Unit (NHTCU) A survey conducted on its behalf by NOP found evidence that more than 80% of medium and large companies have been victims of some form of cyber-crime. BridgeHead Software has come up with techniques to prove, to a legal standard, that any stored file on a PC has not been tampered with. Ironically the impetus for developing the system came as a result of the Freedom of Information Act, which requires companies to store all data for a certain amount of time.
+
+The storage system has been incorporated into an application developed by security firm 3ami which allows every action on a computer to be logged. Potentially it could help employers to follow the trail of stolen files and pinpoint whether they had been emailed to a third party, copied, printed, deleted or saved to CD, floppy disk, memory stick or flash card. Other activities the system can monitor include the downloading of pornography, the use of racist or bullying language or the copying of applications for personal use. Increasingly organisations that handle sensitive data, such as governments, are using biometric log-ins such as fingerprinting to provide conclusive proof of who was using a particular machine at any given time. Privacy advocates are concerned that monitoring at work is not only damaging to employee's privacy but also to the relationship between employers and their staff. "That is not the case," said Tim Ellsmore, managing director of 3ami. "It is not about replacing dialogue but there are issues that you can talk through but you still need proof," he said. "People need to recognise that you are using a PC as a representative of a company and that employers have a legal requirement to store data," he added.
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_8.txt b/technologie/technologie_8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..31359e3229e63286ef3fe1fbeeae11f31ae63e83
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Virus poses as Christmas e-mail
+
+Security firms are warning about a Windows virus disguising itself as an electronic Christmas card.
+
+The Zafi.D virus translates the Christmas greeting on its subject line into the language of the person receiving infected e-mail. Anti-virus firms speculate that this multilingual ability is helping the malicious program spread widely online. Anti-virus firm Sophos said that 10% of the e-mail currently on the net was infected with the Zafi virus.
+
+Like many other Windows viruses, Zafi-D plunders Microsoft Outlook for e-mail addresses and then uses mail-sending software to despatch itself across the web to new victims. To be infected users must open up the attachment travelling with the message which bears the code for the malicious bug. The attachment on the e-mail poses as an electronic Christmas card but anyone opening it will simply get a crude image of two smiley faces.
+
+The virus' subject line says "Merry Christmas" and translates this into one of 15 languages depending of the final suffix of the e-mail address the infected message has been sent to. The message in the body of the e-mail reads: "Happy Holidays" and this too is translated. On infected machines the virus tries to disable anti-virus and firewall software and opens up a backdoor on the PC to hand over control to the writer of the virus. The virus is thought to have spread most widely in South America, Italy, Spain, Bulgaria and Hungary. The original Zafi virus appeared in April this year. "We have seen these hoaxes for several Christmases already, and personally I prefer traditional pen and paper cards, and we recommend this to all our clients too," said Mikko Hypponen, who heads F-Secure's anti-virus team.
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_80.txt b/technologie/technologie_80.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ebf3e40a6010aedb6cc50bfc3124a00100e0e0db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_80.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+New delay hits EU software laws
+
+A fresh delay has hit controversial new European Union rules which govern computer-based inventions.
+
+The draft law was not adopted by EU ministers as planned at a Brussels meeting on Monday during which it was supposed to have been discussed. The fresh delay came after Polish officials had raised concerns about the law for the second time in two months. Critics say the law would favour large companies over small ones and could impact open-source software innovation. "There was at one point the intention to put the item on today's agenda. But in the end we could not put it on," an EU spokesman told the Reuters agency. He added that no date had been chosen for more discussion of the law.
+
+In December, Poland requested more time to consider the issue because it was concerned that the law could lead to the patenting of pure computer software. Its ministers want to see the phrasing of the text of the Directive on the Patentability of Computer-Implemented Inventions changed so that it excludes software patenting. Poland is a large EU member, so its backing for the legislation is vital. The EU says the law would bring Europe more in line with how such laws work in the US, but this has caused some angry debate amongst critics and supporters. In the US, the patenting of computer programs and internet business methods is permitted. This means that the US-based Amazon.com holds a patent for its "one-click shopping" service. Critics say a similar model in Europe would hurt small software developers which do not have the legal and financial might of larger companies. But supporters say current law does not let big companies protect inventions which they have spent years developing.
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_81.txt b/technologie/technologie_81.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d2cbe8e3ee9ee818d50ae4cae778a318b2634b55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_81.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Savvy searchers fail to spot ads
+
+Internet search engine users are an odd mix of naive and sophisticated, suggests a report into search habits.
+
+The report by the US Pew Research Center reveals that 87% of searchers usually find what they were looking for when using a search engine. It also shows that few can spot the difference between paid-for results and organic ones. The report reveals that 84% of net users say they regularly use Google, Ask Jeeves, MSN and Yahoo when online.
+
+Almost 50% of those questioned said they would trust search engines much less, if they knew information about who paid for results was being hidden. According to figures gathered by the Pew researchers the average users spends about 43 minutes per month carrying out 34 separate searches and looks at 1.9 webpages for each hunt. A significant chunk of net users, 36%, carry out a search at least weekly and 29% of those asked only look every few weeks. For 44% of those questioned, the information they are looking for is critical to what they are doing and is information they simply have to find.
+
+Search engine users also tend to be very loyal and once they have found a site they feel they can trust tend to stick with it. According to Pew Research 44% of searchers use just a single search engine, 48% use two or three and a small number, 7%, consult more than three sites. Tony Macklin, spokesman for Ask Jeeves, said the results reflected its own research which showed that people use different search engines because the way the sites gather information means they can provide different results for the same query. Despite this liking for search sites half of those questioned said they could get the same information via other routes. A small number, 17%, said they wouldn't really miss search engines if they did not exist. The remaining 33% said they could not live without search sites. More than two-thirds of those questioned, 68%, said they thought that the results they were presented with were a fair and unbiased selection of the information on a topic that can be found on the net. Alongside the growing sophistication of net users is a lack of awareness about paid-for results that many search engines provide alongside lists of websites found by indexing the web. Of those asked, 62% were unaware that someone has paid for some of the results they see when they carry out a search. Only 18% of all searchers say they can tell which results are paid for and which are not. Said the Pew report: "This finding is ironic, since nearly half of all users say they would stop using search engines if they thought engines were not being clear about how they presented paid results." Commenting Mr Macklin said sponsored results must be clearly marked and though they might help with some queries user testing showed that people need to be able to spot the difference.
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_82.txt b/technologie/technologie_82.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bdabe5586ad87c72db15b08f46fc7a20fc98e97b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_82.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+Games firms 'face tough future'
+
+UK video game firms face a testing time as they prepare for the next round of games consoles, the industry warns.
+
+Fred Hasson, head of Tiga, which represents independent developers, said that more UK firms would go under due to greater risks in making new titles. Three leading UK video game companies also predicted that more firms would close as they struggled to adapt. Microsoft, Sony and Nintendo are expected to release new consoles in the next 18 months. Microsoft has said repeatedly that it wants to be first to the market and some analysts predict that Xbox 2 will be released in the US before the end of 2005.
+
+The new machines will all have much greater processing and graphical power which will have a huge impact on development of next generation games. Mr Hasson said: "In the last four years we have probably lost a third of independent developers." He said there were about 150 independent developers left in the industry and more were likely to close. "Once the cull has finished its likely to present those still standing with great opportunities," he said.
+
+Mr Hasson said the industry was predicting that developments costs and teams were likely to need to double in order to cope with the demands of the new machines. That figure was endorsed by three independent companies contacted by the BBC News website - Codemasters, Climax and Rebellion.
+
+"As consoles get more powerful, the content gets more detailed and that means more cost," said Gary Dunn, development director at Codemasters, which develops games in house and also publishes titles. Jason Kingsley, chief executive of Rebellion, said the transition from the current generation of consoles to the new machines was difficult because "the production quality expected by consumers will be that much bigger". He added: "We have been through five technology transitions and survived so far. "Each one has involved the death of some people. All companies said they were investing in new tools - called middleware - in order to try and avoid staff numbers spiralling out of control.
+
+Simon Gardner, president of Climax's Action studio, said: "We are investing in superior tools and editors. We are investing upfront to generate this content without the need for huge teams. "It's vital we avoid huge teams." He said Climax was already directing about 20% of its resources to preparation for next generation titles. Mr Dunn warned that companies could face a short supply of programming, development and artistic talent. "If companies are hiring bigger and bigger teams, at some point the talent is going to run out." Mr Hasson said games developers were beginning to realise that they had to be more "business-like". "There are still some developers who were involved in games from the bedroom coding days. "Some of them are still making games for peer group approval - that has to stop."
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_83.txt b/technologie/technologie_83.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3bbefbbcfbeb5a7193cda865eba6ff4d85f5af85
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_83.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+Microsoft makes anti-piracy move
+
+Microsoft says it is clamping down on people running pirated versions of its Windows operating system by restricting their access to security features.
+
+The Windows Genuine Advantage scheme means people will have to prove their software is genuine from mid-2005. It will still allow those with unauthorised copies to get some crucial security fixes via automatic updates, but their options would be "limited". Microsoft releases regular security updates to its software to protect PCs. Either PCs detect updates automatically or users manually download fixes through Microsoft's site. Those running pirated Windows programs would not have access to other downloads and "add-ons" that the software giant offers.
+
+People who try to manually download security patches will have to let Microsoft run an automated checking procedure on their computer or give an identification number.
+
+Microsoft's regular patches which it releases for newly-found security flaws are important because they stop worms, viruses and other threats penetrating PCs. Some security experts are concerned that restricting access to such patches could mean a rise in such attacks and threats, with more PCs left unprotected. But Graham Cluley, senior consultant at security firm Sophos, told the BBC News website that it was a positive decision. "It sounds like their decision to allow critical security patches to remain available to both legitimate and illegitimate users of Windows is good news for everyone who uses the net," he said. Windows Genuine Advantage was first introduced as a pilot scheme in September 2004 for English-language versions of Windows.
+
+Microsoft's Windows operating system is heavily exploited by virus writers because it is so widespread and they are constantly seeking out new security loopholes to take advantage of. The company is trying to tackle security threats whilst cracking down on pirated software at the same time. Software piracy has cost the company billions, it says. The company announced earlier in January that it was releasing security tools to clean up PCs harbouring viruses and spyware, which 90% of PCs are infected with. The virus-fighting program, updated monthly, is a precursor to Microsoft's dedicated anti-virus software. Last year it introduced the Windows XP Counterfeit Project, a UK-based pilot scheme, which ran from November to December. The scheme meant that anyone with pre-installed copies of the operating system in PCs bought before November could replace counterfeit versions of Windows XP with legal ones for free. It is also increasing efforts to squash software piracy in China, Norway and the Czech Republic, where pirated software is a huge problem, by offering discounts on legitimate software to users of pirated copies Windows. "China in particular is a problem, with piracy estimated at 92%," said Mr Cluley.
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_84.txt b/technologie/technologie_84.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a22653328a7e9be2d0100db5f36fa5b9aab61c29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_84.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+Nintendo handheld given Euro date
+
+Nintendo's new handheld console, the DS, will launch in Europe on 11 March, the company has announced.
+
+The portable games machine, which features touch-screen control, will retail for £99 in the UK (149 euros). Nintendo said 15 games would be available in the UK at launch, with prices ranging from £19 to £29. More than 2.8 million DS consoles have been sold since it first appeared in the US and Japan at the end of 2004. Rival Sony has said it will launch its first handheld console, the PSP, in the US and Europe before the end of March. The PSP is expected to compete for a large part of the same handheld market, despite Sony's assertion that the machines are aimed at different consumers.
+
+The 15 games available on the European launch date will include Nintendo's Super Mario 64 DS, as well as titles from third-party developers such as Ubisoft's Rayman DS.
+
+More than 120 games are in development for the new console, Nintendo has said. The DS is backwards compatible with the Game Boy Advance, allowing the earlier machine's back catalogue of 700 games to be played. Additionally, a short-range wireless link for multiplayer gaming is built in to the DS, with a "download play" option which allows a group to play against each other, even if just one person owns a copy. Other features include a short-range messaging application called Pictochat, and a built-in microphone which is used in Sega's launch title Project Rub. Nintendo has also announced a media adapter, which will allow the console to play music and video on the move.
+
+The launch price of £99 (149 euros) compares favourably with the US price of $149, according to John Houlihan, editor of the Computerandvideogames.com magazine. "It's a very, very competitive price point. There are some innovative features, and Nintendo has created quite a buzz," he says. "However, the line-up of games could have been stronger. Everyone wanted to see the eight-player Mario Kart DS, for example."
+
+Mr Houlihan believes that there is likely to be an audience for both the Nintendo DS and Sony's new PSP, with the former aimed largely at a younger audience and the latter expected to be marketed as a multimedia device. "The PSP is a sexy bit of kit, but Sony's attitude to the PSP has been very understated in Europe, so far," Mr Houlihan said. The worldwide handheld software market had an estimated worth of $2.6bn at the end of 2004, according to industry analysts Screen Digest.
+
+In the past, games consoles and handhelds have generally launched much later in Europe than in other parts of the world. However Nintendo president Satoru Iwata said the company was "pleased to have offered such a short period of time between the US and European launch". "Europe is an extremely important market for Nintendo," Mr Iwata added. Nintendo raised its sales targets for the DS console last December after selling a million in the US and Japan in just a few weeks.
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_85.txt b/technologie/technologie_85.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9dc668f700dff1be05f4b5ff2c43d3d87f60e825
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_85.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Smart search lets art fans browse
+
+If you don't know art but know what you like, new search technology could prove a useful gateway to painting.
+
+ArtGarden, developed by BT's research unit, is being tested by the Tate as a new way of browsing its online collection of paintings. Rather than search by the name of an artist or painting, users are shown a selection of pictures. Clicking on their favourite will change the gallery in front of them to a selection of similar works.
+
+The technology uses a system dubbed smart serendipity, which is a combination of artificial intelligence and random selection. It 'chooses' a selection of pictures, by scoring paintings based on a selection of keywords associated with them. So, for instance a Whistler painting of a bridge may have the obvious keywords such as bridge and Whistler associated to it but will also widen the search net with terms such as aesthetic movement, 19th century and water. A variety of paintings will then be shown to the user, based partly on the keywords and partly on luck. "It is much more akin to wandering through the gallery," said Jemima Rellie, head of the Tate's digital programme. For Richard Tateson, who worked on the ArtGarden project, the need for a new way to search grew out of personal frustration. "I went to an online clothes store to find something to buy my wife for Christmas but I didn't have a clue what I wanted," he said. The text-based search was restricted to looking either by type of garment or designer, neither of which he found helpful. He ended up doing his present shopping on the high street instead.
+
+He thinks the dominance of text-based searching is not necessarily appealing to the majority of online shoppers. Similarly, with art, browsing is often more important than finding a particular object. "You don't arrive at Tate Britain and tell people what you want to see. One of the skills of showing off the collection is to introduce people to things they wouldn't have asked for," he said. The Tate is committed to making its art more accessible and technology such as ArtGarden can help with that, said Ms Rellie. She hopes the technology can be incorporated on to the website in the near future. BT research is looking at extending the technology to other searching, such as for music and films.
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_86.txt b/technologie/technologie_86.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..389eed17d66039fa81352d04a9ac9339469c014a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_86.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Warning over Windows Word files
+
+Writing a Microsoft Word document can be a dangerous business, according to document security firm Workshare.
+
+Up to 75% of all business documents contained sensitive information most firms would not want exposed, a survey by the firm revealed. To make matters worse 90% of those companies questioned had no idea that confidential information was leaking. The report warns firms to do a better job of policing documents as corporate compliance becomes more binding.
+
+Sensitive information inadvertently leaked in documents includes confidential contractual terms, competitive information that rivals would be keen to see and special deals for key customers, said Andrew Pearson, European boss of Workshare which commissioned the research. "The efficiencies the internet has brought in such as instant access to information have also created security and control issues too," he said. The problem is particularly acute with documents prepared using Microsoft Word because of the way it maintains hidden records about editing changes. As documents get passed around, worked on and amended by different staff members the sensitive information finds its way into documents. Poor control over the editing and amending process can mean that information that should be expunged survives final edits. Microsoft, however, does provide an add-on tool for Windows PCs that fixes the problem. "The Remove Hidden Data add-in is a tool that you can use to remove personal or hidden data that might not be immediately apparent when you view the document in your Microsoft Office application," says the instructions on Microsoft's website. Microsoft recommends that the tool is used before people publish any Word document. A tool for Apple machines running Word is not available. Workshare surveyed firms around the world and found that, on average, 31% of documents contained legally sensitive information but in many firms up to three-quarters fell in to the high risk category. Often, said Mr Pearson, this sensitive information was invisible because it got deleted and changed as different drafts were prepared.
+
+However, the way that Windows works means that earlier versions can be recalled and reconstructed by those keen to see how a document has evolved. Few firms have any knowledge of the existence of this so-called metadata about the changes that a document has gone through or that it can be reconstructed. The discovery of this hidden information could prove embarrassing for companies if, for instance, those tendering for contracts found out about the changes to terms of a deal being negotiated. The research revealed that a document's metadata could be substantial as, on average, only 40% of contributors' changes to a document make it to the final draft. Problems with documents could mean trouble for firms as regulatory bodies step up scrutiny and compliance laws start to bite, said Mr Pearson.
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_87.txt b/technologie/technologie_87.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0ea8b2e2b6f60e7a62d98777e4a75b3bbf4fa7b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_87.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+Net regulation 'still possible'
+
+The blurring of boundaries between TV and the internet raises questions of regulation, watchdog Ofcom has said.
+
+Content on TV and the internet is set to move closer this year as TV-quality video online becomes a norm. At a debate in Westminster, the net industry considered the options. Lord Currie, chairman of super-regulator Ofcom, told the panel that protecting audiences would always have to be a primary concern for the watchdog. Despite having no remit for the regulation of net content, disquiet has increased among internet service providers as speeches made by Ofcom in recent months hinted that regulation might be an option. At the debate, organised by the Internet Service Providers' Association (ISPA), Lord Currie did not rule out the possibility of regulation.
+
+"The challenge will arise when boundaries between TV and the internet truly blur and then there is a balance to be struck between protecting consumers and allowing them to assess the risks themselves," he said. Adopting the rules that currently exist to regulate TV content or self-regulation, which is currently the practice of the net industry, will be up for discussion.
+
+Some studies suggest that as many as eight million households in the UK could have adopted broadband by the end of 2005, and the technology opens the door to TV content delivered over the net. More and more internet service providers and media companies are streaming video content on the web. BT has already set up an entertainment division to create and distribute content that could come from sources such as BSkyB, ITV and the BBC. Head of the division, Andrew Burke, spoke about the possibility of creating content for all platforms. "How risque can I be in this new age? With celebrity chefs serving up more expletives than hot dinners, surely I can push it to the limit," he said.
+
+In fact, he said, if content has been requested by consumers and they have gone to lengths to download it, then maybe it should be entirely regulation free. Internet service providers have long claimed no responsibility for the content they carry on their servers since the Law Commission dubbed them "mere conduits" back in 2002. This defence does not apply if they have actual knowledge of illegal content and have failed to remove it. The level of responsibility they have has been tested in several high-profile legal cases. Richard Ayers, portal director at Tiscali, said there was little point trying to regulate the internet because it would be impossible. Huge changes are afoot in 2005, he predicted, as companies such as the BBC offer TV content over the net. The BBC's planned interactive media player which will give surfers the chance to download programmes such as EastEnders and Top Gear will make net TV mainstream and raise a whole new set of questions, he said.
+
+One of these will be about the vast sums of money involved in maintaining the network to supply such a huge quantity of data and could herald a new digital licence fee, said Mr Ayers. As inappropriate net content, most obviously pornography viewed by children, continues to dominate the headlines, internet regulation remains a political issue said MP Richard Allan, Liberal Democrat spokesman on IT. Mr Allan thinks that the answer could lie somewhere between the cries of "impossible to regulate" and "just apply offline laws online". In fact, instead of seeing regulation brought online, the future could bring an end to regulation as we know it for all TV content. After Lord Currie departed, the panel agreed that this could be a reality and that for the internet people power is likely to reign. "If content is on-demand, consumers have pulled it up rather than had pushed to them, then it is the consumers' choice to watch it. There is no watershed on the net," said Mr Burke.
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_88.txt b/technologie/technologie_88.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1eeae93468f19bcddb575964bf6f552b2b3aa4ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_88.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+Voters flock to blog awards site
+
+Voting is under way for the annual Bloggies which recognise the best web blogs - online spaces where people publish their thoughts - of the year.
+
+Nominations were announced on Sunday, but traffic to the official site was so heavy that the website was temporarily closed because of too many visitors. Weblogs have been nominated in 30 categories, from the top regional blog, to the best-kept-secret blog. Blogs had a huge year, with a top US dictionary naming "blog" word of 2004. Technorati, a blog search engine, tracks about six million blogs and says that more than 12,000 are added daily. A blog is created every 5.8 seconds, according to US research think-tank Pew Internet and American Life, but less than 40% of the total are updated at least once every two months.
+
+Nikolai Nolan, who has run the Bloggies for the past five years, told the BBC News website he was not too surprised by the amount of voters who crowded the site. "The awards always get a lot of traffic; this was just my first year on a server with a bandwidth limit, so I had to guess how much I'd need," he said. There were many new finalists this year, he added, and a few that had won Bloggies before. Several entries reflected specific news events. "There are four nominations for the South-East Asia Earthquake and Tsunami Blog, which is a pretty timely one for 2005," said Mr Nolan.
+
+The big Bloggies battle will be for the ultimate prize of blog of the year. The nominated blogs are wide-ranging covering what is in the news to quirky sites of interest. Fighting it out for the coveted award are Gawker, This Fish Needs a Bicycle, Wonkette, Boing Boing, and Gothamist. In a sign that blogs are playing an increasingly key part in spreading news and current affairs, The South-East Asia Earthquake and Tsunami Blog is also nominated in the best overall category. GreenFairyDotcom, Londonist, Hicksdesign, PlasticBag and London Underground Tube Blog are the nominees in the best British or Irish weblog.
+
+Included in the other categories is best "meme". This is for the top "replicating idea that spread about weblogs". Nominations include Flickr, a web photo album which lets people upload, tag, share and publish their images to blogs. Podcasting has also made an appearance in the category. It is an increasingly popular idea that makes use of RSS (really simple syndication) and audio technology to let people easily make their own radio shows, and distribute them automatically onto portable devices.
+
+Many are done by those who already have text-based blogs, so they are almost like audio blogs. Three new categories have been added to the list this year, including best food, best entertainment, and best writing of a weblog. One of the categories that was scrapped though was best music blog. The winners of the fifth annual Bloggies are chosen by the public. Public voting closes on 3 February and the winners will be announced sometime between 13 and 15 March.
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_89.txt b/technologie/technologie_89.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f4167afd35a1e068f41780c39aceb1c8f41de4d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_89.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Latest Opera browser gets vocal
+
+Net browser Opera 8.0, due for official release at the end of next month, will be "the most accessible browser on the market", according to its authors.
+
+The latest version of the net browser can be controlled by voice command and will read pages aloud. The voice features, based on IBM technology, are currently only available in the Windows version. Opera can also magnify text by up to 10 times and users can create "style sheets", its developers say. This will enable them to view pages with colours and fonts that they prefer. But the browser does not yet work well with screen reader software often used by blind people, so its accessibility features are more likely to appeal to those with some residual vision. "Our mission was always to provide the best internet experience for everyone," said Opera spokeswoman, Berit Hanson. "So we would obviously not want to exclude disabled computer users."
+
+Another feature likely to appeal to people with low vision is the ability to make pages fit to the screen width, which eliminates the need for horizontal scrolling.
+
+The company points out that this will also appeal to anyone using Opera with a handheld device. The company says that features like voice activation are not solely aimed at visually impaired people. "Our idea was to take a first step in making human-computer interaction more natural," said Ms Hanson. "People are not always in a situation where they can access a keyboard, so this makes the web a more hands-free experience." Unlike commercially available voice recognition software, Opera does not have to be "trained" to recognise an individual voice. Around 50 voice commands are available and users will have to wear a headset which incorporates a microphone. The voice recognition function is currently only available in English. Opera is free to download but a paid-for version comes without an ad banner in the top right hand corner and with extra support. Opera began life as a research project - a spin-off from Norwegian telecoms company Telenor. Its browser is used by an estimated 10 million people on a variety of operating systems and a number of different platforms.
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_9.txt b/technologie/technologie_9.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3af3f256c3fefa0c570165fd01cf15b7b00b96c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_9.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+Apple laptop is 'greatest gadget'
+
+The Apple Powerbook 100 has been chosen as the greatest gadget of all time, by US magazine Mobile PC.
+
+The 1991 laptop was chosen because it was one of the first "lightweight" portable computers and helped define the layout of all future notebook PCs. The magazine has compiled an all-time top 100 list of gadgets, which includes the Sony Walkman at number three and the 1956 Zenith remote control at two. Gadgets needed moving parts and/or electronics to warrant inclusion. The magazine specified that gadgets also needed to be a "self-contained apparatus that can be used on its own, not a subset of another device".
+
+"In general we included only items that were potentially mobile," said the magazine.
+
+"In the end, we tried to get to the heart of what really makes a gadget a gadget," it concluded. The oldest "gadget" in the top 100 is the abacus, which the magazine dates at 190 A.D., and put in 60th place. Other pre-electronic gadgets in the top 100 include the sextant from 1731 (59th position), the marine chronometer from 1761 (42nd position) and the Kodak Brownie camera from 1900 (28th position). The Tivo personal video recorder is the newest device to make the top 10, which also includes the first flash mp3 player (Diamound Multimedia), as well as the first "successful" digital camera (Casio QV-10) and mobile phone (Motorola Startac). The most popular gadget of the moment, the Apple iPod, is at number 12 in the list while the first Sony transistor radio is at number 13.
+
+Sony's third entry in the top 20 is the CDP-101 CD player from 1983. "Who can forget the crystalline, hiss-free blast of Madonna's Like A Virgin emenating from their first CD player?" asked the magazine. Karl Elsener's knife, the Swiss Army Knife from 1891, is at number 20 in the list. Gadgets which could be said to feature surprisngly low down in the list include the original telephone (23rd), the Nintendo GameBoy (25th), and the Pulsar quartz digital watch (36th). The list also contains plenty of oddities: the Pez sweet dispenser (98th), 1980s toy Tamagotchi (86th) and the bizarre Ronco inside the shell egg scrambler (84th).
+
+Why worry about mobile phones. Soon they will be subsumed into the PDA's / laptops etc.
+
+What about the Marine Chronometer? Completely revolutionised navigation for boats and was in use for centuries. For it's time, a technological marvel!
+
+Sony Net Minidisc! It paved the way for more mp3 player to explode onto the market. I always used my NetMD, and could not go anywhere without it.
+
+A laptop computer is not a gadget! It's a working tool!
+
+The Sinclair Executive was the world's first pocket calculator. I think this should be there as well.
+
+How about the clockwork radio? Or GPS? Or a pocket calculator? All these things are useful to real people, not just PC magazine editors.
+
+Are the people who created this list insane ? Surely the most important gadget of the modern age is the mobile phone? It has revolutionalised communication, which is more than can be said for a niche market laptop. From outside the modern age, the marine chronometer is the single most important gadget, without which modern transportation systems would not have evolved so quickly.
+
+Has everyone forgot about the Breville pie maker??
+
+An interesting list. Of the electronic gadgets, thousands of journalists in the early 1980s blessed the original noteboook pc - the Tandy 100. The size of A4 paper and light, three weeks on a set of batteries, an excellent keyboard, a modem. A pity Tandy did not make it DOS compatible.
+
+What's an Apple Powerbook 100 ? It's out of date - not much of a "gadget". Surely it has to be something simple / timeless - the tin opener, Swiss Army Knife, safety razor blade, wristwatch or the thing for taking stones out of horses hooves ?
+
+It has to be the mobile phone. No other single device has had such an effect on our way of living in such a short space of time.
+
+The ball point pen has got to be one of the most used and common gadgets ever. Also many might be grateful for the pocket calculator which was a great improvement over the slide rule.
+
+The Casio pocket calculator that played a simple game and made tinny noises was also a hot gadget in 1980. A true gadget, it could be carried around and shown off.
+
+All top 10 are electronic toys, so the list is probably a better reflection of the current high-tech obsession than anyhting else. I say this as the Swiss Army Knife only made No 20.
+
+Sinclair QL a machine far ahead of its time. The first home machine with a true multi-takings OS. Shame the marketing was so bad!!!
+
+Apple.. a triumph of fashion over... well everything else.
+
+Utter rubbish. Yes, the Apple laptop and Sony Walkman are classic gadgets. But to call the sextant and the marine chronometer 'gadgets' and rank them as less important than a TV remote control reveals a quite shocking lack of historical perspective. The former literally helped change the world by vastly improving navigation at see. The latter is the seed around which the couch potato culture has developed. No competition.
+
+I'd also put Apple's Newton and the first Palm Pilot there as the front runners for portable computing, and possibly the Toshiba Libretto for the same reason. I only wish that Vulcan Inc's Flipstart wasn't just vapourware otherwise it would be at the top.
+
+How did a laptop ever manage to beat off the challenge of the wristwatch or the telephone (mobile or otherwise)? What about radios and TVs?
+
+The swiss army knife. By far the most useful gadget. I got mine 12 years ago. Still wearing and using it a lot! It stood the test of time.
+
+Psion Organiser series 3, should be up there. Had a usable qwerty keyboard, removable storage, good set of apps and programmable. Case design was good (batteries in the hinge - a first, I think). Great product innovation.
+
+The first mobile PC was voted best gadget by readers of...err... mobile PC?! Why do you keep putting these obviously biased lists on your site? It's obviously the mobile phone or remote control, and readers of a less partisan publication would tell you that.
+
+The Motorola Startac should be Number One. Why? There will be mobile phones long after notebook computers and other gadgets are either gone or integrated in communications devices.
+
+The Psion series 3c! The first most practical way to carry all your info around...
+
+I too would back the Sinclair Spectrum - without this little beauty I would never have moved into the world of IT and earn the living that I do now.
+
+I'd have put the mobile phone high up the list. Probably a Nokia model.
+
+Sinclair Spectrum - 16k. It plugged into the tv. Games were rubbish but it gave me a taste for programming and that's what I do for a living now.
+
+I wish more modern notebooks -- even Apple's newest offerings -- were more like the PB100. Particularly disheartening is the demise of the trackball, which has given way to the largely useless "trackpad" which every notebook on the market today uses. They're invariably inaccurate, uncomfortable, and cumbersome to use.
+
+Congratulations to Apple, a deserved win!
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_90.txt b/technologie/technologie_90.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..84b5ecdea607530526e6bfd60c9da2bb442e476f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_90.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+PlayStation Vita was the original Switch Lite, and it deserves a comeback
+Commentary: I dug up Sony's last handheld, and it still holds up. Imagine a new one.
+Quick, come with me in my video game time machine! The year is 2012. It's a different world here. Obama is the president. The Olympics were in London. Nintendo just released its newest handheld, the 3DS, a year ago. The Nintendo Wii is around, but losing steam with the Wii U around the corner. It's still the era of the PS3 and Xbox 360; the PS4 and Xbox One are a year away. And a little Sony gaming handheld with a big screen had just arrived.
+
+If you're holding a Nintendo Switch right now, put it down: I'm here to talk about the PlayStation Vita... because it's sitting right in front of me on my desk. And looking at it again, I'm wondering why Sony's handheld hasn't been readying a comeback.
+In February of 2012, the PlayStation Vita arrived in the US. It was another big handheld moonshot from Sony, an attempt to recapture the glory that was the pre-iPhone PSP. The PSP was Sony's first shoot-for-the-moon gaming handheld, which played little Universal Media Discs and came before the iPod even played video. The Vita was a smartphone-age game handheld that tried to up the game further: It had an OLED touchscreen. It had a front and rear camera. It had a touchpad on its back! The whole thing seemed futuristic. 
+
+The Vita met its end in 2018, pretty much. Sony had already announced its demise that year, with production ending in 2019. I never wrote a eulogy for it. But in the months I've been stuck inside my house, digging up everything that's stacked in various sedimentary layers, I found a Vita Slim: a later, lighter LCD model. It charges with Micro-USB. I turned it on. It needed updates, but it worked.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_91.txt b/technologie/technologie_91.txt
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index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cc9edcad4a340232def59807568d5256748a05f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_91.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Movie body targets children's PCs
+
+The body that represents the US movie industry has released its latest tool in its campaign to clamp down on movie file-sharing, aimed at parents.
+
+The Movie Association for America's (MPAA) free Parent File Scan software lets parents check their children's computers for peer-to-peer programs. It will also list all movie and music files they have on their hard drive. Parents then have the choice to remove programs and files. The MPAA said files found would not be passed on to it. "Our ultimate goal is to help consumers locate the resources and information they need to make appropriate decisions about using and trading illegal files," said Dan Glickman, MPAA chief. "Many parents are concerned about what their children have downloaded and where they've downloaded it from."
+
+But some computer users who had tested the latest software reported on some technology sites that the program had identified Windows default wav files as copyrighted material and wanted to delete them. Movie piracy cost the industry £3.7bn ($7bn) in 2003, according to analysts. The MPAA said in a statement that it would continue to provide easy access to similar tools in the coming months to combat "the deleterious effects of peer-to-peer software, including such common problems as viruses, Trojan horses and identity theft".
+
+Mr Glickman said that the film industry was embracing "digital age technologies", like Movielink and CinemaNow, which are legal movie sites. "But legal services such as these need a chance to grow and thrive without having to compete against illegitimate operations that depend on stolen property to survive," he added. The industry body also said it had launched a second round of legal action against online movie-swappers across the US, but did not say how many were being sued. Its first set of lawsuits were filed in November 2004. It also started a campaign against operators of BitTorrent, eDonkey and DirectConnect peer-to-peer networks. The first convictions for peer-to-peer piracy were handed out in the US in January. William Trowbridge and Michael Chicoine pleaded guilty to charges that they infringed copyright by illegally sharing music, movies and software.
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_92.txt b/technologie/technologie_92.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..eb0bec9294b1c9b61ed0ec19fb32f566a3f2c7d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/technologie/technologie_92.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Galaxy S10 Plus vs. iPhone XS Max, Pixel 3 XL: All specs compared
+See how Samsung's behemoth Galaxy S10 Plus stacks up against its Apple and Android rivals spec by spec.
+On Wednesday at its Unpacked event in San Francisco, Samsung launched the Galaxy S10 Plus -- the larger brother to the Galaxy S10. The phone was one of four new phones announced including the Galaxy S10 5G and the "cheaper" S10E. Unlike the Galaxy Fold, none of these phones fold in half. The Galaxy S10 Plus has a 6.4-inch AMOLED screen with two front-facing cameras housed in a double hole-punch cut-out that Samsung calls the Galaxy O display. Like the Galaxy S10, it has a fingerprint reader built under the display, but unlike the smaller Galaxy, the S10 Plus has dual cameras on the front for selfies.
+
+The Galaxy S10 Plus is -- on paper -- the most powerful Android phone. But it has to contend with Apple's iPhone XS Max with its blazing fast A12 processor. It's also up against the Google Pixel 3 XL, which has one of the best cameras on any phone today and is $100 cheaper.
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diff --git a/technologie/technologie_93.txt b/technologie/technologie_93.txt
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+The future in your pocket
+
+If you are a geek or gadget fan, the next 12 months look like they are going to be a lot of fun.
+
+The relentless pace of development in the hi-tech world and rampant competition in many of its sectors, particularly among mobile phone firms, all suggests that 2005 is going to be a very good year. To begin with, 2005 will be the year that third-generation (3G) mobile phones become inescapable. The 3 network launched in 2003, Vodafone launched its consumer service in November, Orange followed in early December and T-Mobile and O2 are due to launch in 2005. The main result of these launches will likely be a slew of good deals for consumers as operators try to poach new customers from rivals and convince existing users to trade up.
+
+Already the extra capacity in 3G networks lets 3 offer good deals on voice calls at rates that will probably have to be matched by the other operators. But the shift in technology and low cost of voice calls means that operators lose a significant chunk of their revenue. "Show me an operator that believes their voice business can sustain them, and I'll write their obituary" said Niel Ransom, chief technology officer at Alcatel.
+
+Instead operators are likely to push all other things that 3G phones can do such as video messaging and other multimedia capabilities. Already camera phones look set to challenge digital cameras and are likely to win more fans as multi-megapixel devices go on sale. But 3G will not have everything its own way. It will face competition from emerging technologies such as Wimax. This wireless technology can boost data transmission speeds up to 75 megabits per second and works over distances of up to 30 miles. Kent is likely to be the site of the UK's first Wimax network which is due to go live in 2005 and it could be the way that rural areas get high-speed net access. Analyst firm Telecom View predicts that Wimax will steal a lot of market share from 3G and will be a clear winner. Bob Larribeau, principal analyst at Telecom View, said the better return on investment offered by technologies such as Wimax could dent the possible returns of 3G networks. And the growing ubiquity of wi-fi must not be forgotten either. The technology is popping up in more places than ever and its wider use is only held back by the price differences across countries and suppliers.
+
+Moves to unite mobile and fixed phones look set to get more emphasis in 2005 too.
+
+For a start, BT looks set to roll out its Bluephone project during the next 12 months. The service revolves around a hybrid device that uses the mobile networks when you are out and about but switches back to the fixed line when you are at home. Fixed line phones will also start to get much more serious competition from a technology that has the formidable name of Voice over IP (Voip). Voip routes calls via the net instead of the fixed line phone network. Anyone with a broadband connection, which is now more than 50% of the UK's net using population, can use Voip and could slash their monthly phone bills if they used it. Telecommunications regulator Ofcom has declared 056 to be the area code for Voip calls and 2005 is likely to see a lot more consumer-focused Voip call services starting up. Home broadband services will also start to increase in speed as dwindling numbers of new users signing force the pace of competition. If 2004 has been the year of the portable music player, they 2005 looks like it will be the year of the portable media player. Motorola has just announced a deal with Apple to produce a phone that works with the iTunes service and other hybrid gadgets that sport a big memory and lots of other functions will become commonplace. The pace of advancement in storage media will continue mean that the cost per megabyte of memory will plummet. Some of those devices will sport huge hard drives letting you store more data than you ever wanted or knew you had. Convergence could mean that single-function devices start to dwindle in number. Instead every gadget will be able to do almost anything and communicate almost any way you want. The only downside is that consumers will face a series of tough choices as they are confronted by a bewildering array of gadgets each with an enormous numbers of features and vast data holding capacities. But that is the kind of problem most gadget fans can live with.
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_94.txt b/technologie/technologie_94.txt
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+2021 Acura TLX vs. Audi A4, BMW 330i, Mercedes C300, Volvo S60: How these AWD sedans stack up
+The battle of the premium all-wheel drive sedans heats up with the debut of Acura's updated TLX.
+The Acura TLX certainly has its fans, but over the years it (and its predecessors) have struggled for legitimacy against the established premium European competition. The new 2021 TLX that officially debuted Thursday aims to change that with sharp physicality and a promising pair of turbocharged engine options. Let's see how Acura's new sport sedan stacks up against the premium competition.
+
+The usual suspects are here: Audi's newly announced 2021 A4, the BMW 330i, the Mercedes-Benz C300 and we're also including the Volvo S60, another underdog in this class. Like the Audi and the Volvo, the 2021 TLX features standard front-wheel drive; the Bimmer and Benz send their power to the rear. All five sedans are available with optional all-wheel-drive, so we'll be looking at those configurations to level the playing field.
+Powertrain
+The upcoming TLX Type S is certainly exciting with its 3.0-liter turbo V6, but Acura hasn't yet announced details or specs for that model, so we'll have to circle back on that comparo later. For now, let's focus on the standard powertrain: a 2.0-liter turbocharged four-cylinder mated to a 10-speed automatic transmission. This is the same VTEC turbo engine found in Acura's RDX crossover, with 272 horsepower and 280 pound-feet of torque. In this presumably lighter chassis, it should feel more responsive.
+
+The TLX claims "the highest horsepower in its core competitive set," according to Acura, and technically that's true. The A4, 3 Series and C300 are all members of the around-250-horsepower club. However, for this all-wheel-drive comparison, we have to look at the Volvo S60 T6 AWD which -- with its supercharged and turbocharged engine -- raises the bar to 316 ponies. If you're feeling the need for speed, maybe check out the Swede.
+Acura has not stated fuel economy estimates for the new-generation TLX, but we can make an educated guess based on the RDX's numbers. The crossover is good for 21 city, 27 highway and 23 combined miles per gallon. In the sedan's presumably lighter chassis, we should expect slightly better numbers.
+
+It'll need that extra efficiency to ascend from its previous spot near the bottom of the pile. The Volvo S60, the most powerful of the bunch, is (for now) the least efficient competitor with 21 city mpg, 32 highway mpg and 25 mpg combined -- still better than the 2019 TLX. Slightly better is the Mercedes-Benz C300 at 26 combined mpg. Audi hasn't released numbers for its 2021 A4, but we don't think it'll be too far off of the 2020 model's 27 combined mpg. 
+
+The current king of the hill is the BMW 330i xDrive at 25 city, 34 highway and 28 combined mpg. Frankly, we don't think the Acura will beat that, but if the TLX manages to land in the middle of the pack, it'll still be a solid step up over last year.
+The TLX's new look -- based on the Type S concept -- is wrapped around a new platform that is longer and wider than before. The wheelbase also stretches to 113.0 inches, a gain of 3.7 inches. Interestingly, the roof sits 0.6-inch lower (56.4) than last year, which contributes to the wide and low look.
+
+The TLX is now the longest model in this roundup, measuring over 7 inches longer than the next longest Audi A4 and over 10 inches longer than the C-Class. The Acura's 113-inch wheelbase is also one of the longest in the class. Acura's TLX has long straddled the size spectrum between these compact sedans and their midsize counterparts.
+
+With 13.5 cubic feet of trunk space, the TLX lands right in the middle of the pack. The BMW has the biggest boot in the bunch at 17 cubic feet, while S60 drivers make do with just 11.6 cubes. Interestingly, the Volvo is the broadest sedan at 80.3 inches -- about 5 inches wider than the Acura -- if wide bois are a thing you're into.
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+Mobile games come of age
+
+The BBC News website takes a look at how games on mobile phones are maturing. A brief round-up follows but you can skip straight to the reviews by clicking on the links below.
+
+If you think of Snake when some mentions "mobile games" then you could be in for a bit of a surprise. This is because mobile games have come a long way in a very short time. Even before Nokia's N-Gage game phone launched in late 2003, many mobile operators were realising that there was an audience looking for something to play on their handset.
+
+And given that many more people own handsets than own portable game playing gadgets such as the GameBoy it could be a very lucrative market. That audience includes commuters wanting something to fill their time on the way home, game fans looking for a bit of variety and hard core gamers who like to play every moment they can. Life for all these types of player has got immeasurably better in the last year as the numbers of titles you can download to your phone has snowballed. Now sites such as Wireless Gaming Review list more than 200 different titles for some UK networks and the ranges suit every possible taste. There are ports of PC and arcade classics such as Space Invaders, Lunar Lander and Bejewelled. There are also versions of titles, such as Colin McRae Rally, that you typically find on PCs and consoles.
+
+There are shoot-em-ups, adventure games, strategy titles and many novel games only found on handsets. Rarely now does an action movie launch without a mobile game tie-in. Increasingly such launches are all part of the promotional campaign for a film, understandable when you realise that a good game can rack up millions of downloads. The returns can be pretty good when you consider that some games cost £5. What has also helped games on mobiles thrive is the fact that it is easier than ever to get hold of them thanks to technology known as Wap push. By sending a text message to a game maker you can have the title downloaded to your handset. Far better than having to navigate through the menus of most mobile operator portals. The number of handsets that can play games has grown hugely too. Almost half of all phones now have Java onboard meaning that they can play the increasingly sophisticated games that are available - even the ones that use 3D graphics.
+
+The minimum technology specifications that phones should adhere to are getting more sophisticated which means that games are too. Now double key presses are possible making familiar tactics such as moving and strafing a real option. The processing power on handsets means that physics on mobile games is getting more convincing and the graphics are improving too. Some game makers are also starting to take advantage of the extra capabilities in a mobile. Many titles, particularly racing games, let you upload your best time to see how you compare to others. Usually you can get hold of their best time and race against a "ghost" or "shadow" to see if you can beat them. A few games also let you take on people in real time via the network or, if you are sitting close to them, via Bluetooth short-range radio technology. With so much going on it is hard to do justice to the sheer diversity of what is happening. But these two features should help point you in the direction of the game makers and give you an idea of where to look and how to get playing.
+
+ TOO FAST TOO FURIOUS (DIGITAL BRIDGES) 
+
+As soon as I start playing this I remember why I never play driving games - because I'm rubbish at them. No matter if I drive the car via joystick or keypad I just cannot get the hang of braking for corners or timing a rush to pass other drivers. The game rewards replay because to advance you have to complete every section within a time limit. Winning gives you cash for upgrades. Graphically the rolling road is a convincing enough evocation of speed as the palm trees and cactus whip by and the city scrolls past in the background. The cars handle pretty well despite my uselessness but it was not clear if the different models of cars were appreciably different on the track. The only niggle was that the interface was a bit confusing especially when using a joystick rather than the keypad to play.
+
+ FATAL FORCE (MACROSPACE) 
+
+A futuristic shooter that lets you either play various deathmatch modes against your phone or run through a series of scenarios that involves killing aliens invading Earth. Graphics are a bit cartoon-like but only helps to make clear what is going on and levels are well laid out and encourage you to leap about exploring. Both background music and sounds effects work well. The scenarios are well scripted and you regularly get hints from the Fatal Force commanders. Weapons include flamethrowers, rocket launchers, grenades and at a couple of points you even get chance to use a mech for a short while. With the right power-up you can go into a Matrix-style bullet time to cope with the onslaught of aliens. The game lets you play via Bluetooth if others are in range. Online the game has quite a following with clans, player rankings and even new downloadable maps.
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_96.txt b/technologie/technologie_96.txt
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+California sets fines for spyware
+
+The makers of computer programs that secretly spy on what people do with their home PCs could face hefty fines in California.
+
+From 1 January, a new law is being introduced to protect computer users from software known as spyware. The legislation, which was approved by Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger, is designed to safeguard people from hackers and help protect their personal information. Spyware is considered by computer experts to be one of the biggest nuisance and security threats facing PC users in the coming year. The software buries itself in computers and can collect a wide range of information. At its worst, it has the ability to hijack personal data, like passwords, login details and credit card numbers. The programs are so sophisticated they change frequently and become impossible to eradicate.
+
+One form of spyware called adware has the ability to collect information on a computer user's web-surfing. It can result in people being bombarded with pop-up ads that are hard to close. In Washington, Congress has been debating four anti-spyware bills, but California is a step ahead. The state's Consumer Protection Against Spyware Act bans the installation of software that takes control of another computer. It also requires companies and websites to disclose whether their systems will install spyware. Consumers are able to seek up to $1,000 in damages if they think they have fallen victim to the intrusive software. The new law marks a continuing trend in California towards tougher privacy rights. A recent survey by Earthlink and Webroot found that 90% of PCs are infested with the surreptitious software and that, on average, each one is harbouring 28 separate spyware programs. Currently users wanting protection from spyware have turned to free programs such as Spybot and Ad-Aware.
diff --git a/technologie/technologie_97.txt b/technologie/technologie_97.txt
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+Web helps collect aid donations
+
+The web is helping aid agencies gather resources to help cope with the aftermath of the tsunami disaster.
+
+Many people are making donations via websites or going online to see how they can get involved with aid efforts. High-profile web portals such as Google, Yahoo, Ebay and Amazon are gathering links that lead people to aid and relief organisations. So many were visiting some aid-related sites that some webpages were struggling to cope with the traffic. An umbrella organisation called the Disasters Emergency Committee (DEC) has been set up by a coalition of 12 charities and has been taking many donations via its specially created website. It urged people to go online where possible to help because donations could be processed more quickly than cash donated in other ways, meaning aid could be delivered as quickly as possible. The site has so far received almost £8 million, with more than 11,000 donations being made online every hour.
+
+Telco BT stepped in to take over the secure payments on the DEC site and provided extra logistical support for phone and online appeals after it was initially crippled with online donations. It has also provided space in London's BT tower for one of the call centres dealing with donations.
+
+Some of the web's biggest firms are also helping to channel help by modifying their homepages to include links to aid agencies and organisations collecting resources. On its famously sparse homepage Google has placed a link that leads users to a list of sites where donations can be made. Among the 17 organisations listed are Oxfam, Medecins sans Frontieres (Doctors Without Borders) and Network for Good. Many of the sites that Google lists are also taking online donations. Online retailer Amazon has put a large message on its start page that lets people donate money directly to the American Red Cross that will be used with relief efforts. Auction site eBay is giving a list of sites that people can either donate directly to, divert a portion of their profits from anything they sell on eBay to the listed organisations or simply buy items that direct cash to those in the list. Yahoo is proving links direct to charities for those that want to donate. The Auction Drop website is asking people to donate old digital cameras, computers and other gadgets they no longer want that can be auction to raise cash for the aid effort. Sadly, the outpouring of goodwill has also encouraged some conmen to try to cash in. Anti-fraud organisations are warning about e-mails that are starting to circulate which try to convince people to send money directly to them rather than make donations via aid agencies. Those wanting to give cash were urged to use legitimate websites of charities and aid agencies.
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+Mobiles rack up 20 years of use
+
+Mobile phones in the UK are celebrating their 20th anniversary this weekend.
+
+Britain's first mobile phone call was made across the Vodafone network on 1 January 1985 by veteran comedian Ernie Wise. In the 20 years since that day, mobile phones have become an integral part of modern life and now almost 90% of Britons own a handset. Mobiles have become so popular that many people use their handset as their only phone and rarely use a landline.
+
+The first ever call over a portable phone was made in 1973 in New York but it took 10 years for the first commercial mobile service to be launched. The UK was not far behind the rest of the world in setting up networks in 1985 that let people make calls while they walked. The first call was made from St Katherine's dock to Vodafone's head office in Newbury which at the time was over a curry house. For the first nine days of 1985 Vodafone was the only firm with a mobile network in the UK. Then on 10 January Cellnet (now O2) launched its service. Mike Caudwell, spokesman for Vodafone, said that when phones were launched they were the size of a briefcase, cost about £2,000 and had a battery life of little more than 20 minutes.
+
+"Despite that they were hugely popular in the mid-80s," he said. "They became a yuppy must-have and a status symbol among young wealthy business folk." This was also despite the fact that the phones used analogue radio signals to communicate which made them very easy to eavesdrop on. He said it took Vodafone almost nine years to rack up its first million customers but only 18 months to get the second million. "It's very easy to forget that in 1983 when we put the bid document in we were forecasting that the total market would be two million people," he said. "Cellnet was forecasting half that." Now Vodafone has 14m customers in the UK alone. Cellnet and Vodafone were the only mobile phone operators in the UK until 1993 when One2One (now T-Mobile) was launched. Orange had its UK launch in 1994. Both newcomers operated digital mobile networks and now all operators use this technology. The analogue spectrum for the old phones has been retired. Called Global System for Mobiles (GSM) this is now the most widely used phone technology on the planet and is used to help more than 1.2 billion people make calls. Mr Caudwell said the advent of digital technology also helped to introduce all those things, such as text messaging and roaming that have made mobiles so popular.
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+Blogs take on the mainstream
+
+Web logs or blogs are everywhere, with at least an estimated five million on the web and that number is set to grow.
+
+These online diaries come in many shapes and styles, ranging from people willing to sharing their views, pictures and links, to companies interested in another way of reaching their customers. But this year the focus has been on blogs which cast a critical eye over news events, often writing about issues ignored by the big media or offering an eye-witness account of events. Most blogs may have only a small readership, but communication experts say they have provided an avenue for people to have a say in the world of politics. The most well-known examples include Iraqi Salam Pax's accounts of the US-led war, former Iranian vice-president Mohammad Ali Abtahi exclusive insight into the Islamic Republic's government, and the highs and lows of the recent US election campaign. There are already websites pulling together these first-hand reporting accounts heralded by blogs, like wikinews.com, launched last November.
+
+The blogging movement has been building up for many years.
+
+Andrew Nachison, Director of the Media Center, a US-based think-tank that studies media, technology and society, highlights the US presidential race as a possible turning point for blogs. "You could look at that as a moment when audiences exercised a new form of power, to choose among many more sources of information than they have never had before," he says. "And blogs were a key part of that transformation." Among them were blogs carrying picture messages, saying "we are sorry" for George W Bush's victory and the responses from his supporters. Mr Nachison argues blogs have become independent sources for images and ideas that circumvent traditional sources of news and information such as newspapers, TV and radio. "We have to acknowledge that in all of these cases, mainstream media actually plays a role in the discussion and the distribution of these ideas," he told the BBC News website. "But they followed the story, they didn't lead it."
+
+Some parts of the so-called traditional media have expressed concerns about this emerging competitor, raising questions about the journalistic value of blogs.
+
+Others, like the French newspaper Le Monde, have applied a different strategy, offering blogs as part of its content. "I don't think the mission and role of journalism is threatened. It is in transition, as society itself is in transition," says Mr Nachison. However, he agrees with other experts like the linguist and political analyst Noam Chomsky, that mainstream media has lost the traditional role of news gatekeeper. "The one-to-many road of traditional journalism, yes, it is threatened. And professional journalists need to acclimate themselves to an environment in which there are many more contributors to the discourse," says Mr Nachison. "The notion of a gatekeeper who filters and decides what's acceptable for public consumption and what isn't, that's gone forever." "With people now walking around with information devices in their pockets, like camera or video phones, we are going to see more instances of ordinary citizens breaking stories."
+
+It seems unlikely that we will end up living in a planet where every human is a blogger.
+
+But the current number of blogs is likely to keep on growing, in a web already overloaded with information. Blog analysis firm Technorati estimates the number of blogs in existence, the so-called blogosphere, has already exceeded five million, and is growing at exponential levels. Tools such as Google's Blogger, MovableType and the recently launched beta version of MSN Spaces are making it easier to run a blog. US research think-tank Pew Internet & American Life says a blog is created every 5.8 seconds, although less than 40% of the total are updated at least once every two months. But experts agree that the phenomenon, allowing individuals to publish, share ideas, exchange information, comment on current issues, post images or video on the web easily, is here to stay. "We are entering one era in which the technological infrastructure is creating a different context for how we tell our stories and how we communicate with each other," said Mr Nachison. "And there's going to be bad that comes with the good."