▁chrom os om es ▁( chrom os om al ▁trans loc ations ) ▁in ▁cancer . ▁He ▁pione ered ▁the ▁method ▁of ▁c D NA ▁cl oning , ▁an ▁approach ▁univers ally ▁used ▁in ▁b ios cience ▁and ▁bi ote chn ology , ▁and ▁el uc id ated ▁the ▁organization , ▁divers ity ▁and ▁re arr ang ement ▁of ▁human ▁ant ib ody ▁gen es , ▁which ▁defined ▁the ▁building ▁blocks ▁for ▁construction ▁of ▁th era pe ut ic ▁ant ib ody ▁re per to ires . ▁He ▁also ▁pione ered ▁ch ima er ic ▁ant ib od ies ▁( with ▁the ▁late ▁Michael ▁Ne uber ger ). ▁He ▁discovered ▁the ▁L MO ▁and ▁HO X 1 1 ▁chrom os om al ▁trans location ▁families ▁in ▁T ▁cell ▁le uka emia ▁and ▁the ▁first ▁fusion ▁gene ▁in ▁a ▁solid ▁tum our . ▁He ▁developed ▁the ▁first ▁knock - in ▁gene , ▁now ▁a ▁widely ▁employed ▁approach ▁in ▁gene ▁target ing ▁and ▁gene ▁editing . ▁He ▁also ▁pione ered ▁the ▁design ▁of ▁int rac ell ular ▁ant ib ody ▁single ▁domain ▁fragments ▁( i D Ab s ) ▁and ▁established ▁approaches ▁to ▁develop ▁these ▁mac rom ole cules ▁with ▁war head s ▁to ▁indu ce ▁cell ular ▁phen ot ypes ▁( that ▁he ▁dub bed ▁mac rod ru gs ) ▁methods ▁to ▁select ▁chemical ▁sur rog ates ▁of ▁single ▁domain ▁fragments ▁as ▁drug ▁leads . ▁ ▁Awards ▁& ▁Hon ours ▁He ▁is ▁a ▁Fellow ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Society , ▁a ▁Found er ▁Fellow ▁of