3 ) ▁Vir ch ow ' s ▁cell ular ▁theory ▁provided ▁the ▁supposed ▁basis ▁for ▁life , ▁without ▁explaining ▁it , ▁and ▁su pers eded ▁the ▁ancient , ▁and ▁by ▁now ▁den igr ated ▁hum oral ▁theory ▁( because ▁the ▁no etic ▁capacity ▁to ▁diagn ose ▁at ▁this ▁ ether ic ▁level ▁had ▁w an ed ). ▁As ▁such , ▁chem istry ▁and ▁physics ▁could ▁become ▁the ▁basis ▁for ▁medicine , ▁all ▁the ▁more ▁in ▁that ▁medicine ▁effectively ▁had ▁been ▁reduced ▁to ▁surg ery ▁and ▁chem istry , ▁the ▁latter ▁due ▁to ▁P aste ur ' s ▁‘ g erm ▁theory ’ ▁of ▁disease ▁( re ally ▁an ▁un pro ven ▁hypothesis ▁and ▁where ▁proven ▁according ▁to ▁strict ▁requirements ▁of ▁Koch ' s ▁post ul ates , ▁still ▁not ▁fully ▁explan atory ▁in ▁terms ▁of ▁the ▁concepts ▁and ▁reality ▁of ▁‘ s us cept ibility ’ ▁and ▁‘ imm unity ’ , ▁which ▁contempor aries ▁of ▁P aste ur , ▁such ▁as ▁B éch amp ▁and ▁Claude ▁Bernard , ▁sought ▁to ▁address ). ▁ ▁The ▁problem ▁of ▁life ▁was ▁to ▁be ▁‘ sol ved ’ ▁by ▁Vir ch ow ' s ▁cell ular ▁hypothesis ▁as ▁the ▁basis ▁of ▁life , ▁which ▁convenient ly ▁pos ited ▁life ▁within ▁medicine ▁without ▁having ▁to ▁explain ▁it . ▁Thus , ▁as ▁N . ▁Ts ou y op oul os ▁points ▁out , ▁Western ▁‘ med ic ine ’ ▁was ▁effectively ▁reduced ▁to ▁surg ery ▁and ▁emer gency ▁drug ▁treat ments , ▁possess ing ▁no ▁basis ▁to ▁deal