▁and ▁systems . ▁Many ▁fact ories ▁and ▁plants ▁have ▁central ▁control ▁systems ▁that ▁cannot ▁afford ▁to ▁wait ▁for ▁certain ▁information ▁or ▁updates . ▁For ▁example , ▁control ▁systems ▁in ▁chemical ▁plants ▁and ▁react ors ▁cannot ▁wait ▁for ▁correction al ▁signals ▁from ▁target ▁systems ▁to ▁make ▁alter ations ▁to ▁chemical ▁and ▁material ▁distribution ▁and ▁flow , ▁thus ▁accurate ▁a ▁pri ori ▁predictions ▁are ▁made . ▁ ▁Rob ot ics ▁ ▁Em ulator - like ▁programming ▁has ▁already ▁been ▁applied ▁to ▁many ▁A I . ▁systems . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁Bart lett ▁Mel ▁created ▁a ▁robot ▁he ▁named ▁Mur phy . ▁Mur phy ▁was ▁a ▁robot ▁arm ▁with ▁three ▁joint s ▁and ▁whose ▁main ▁objective ▁was ▁to ▁reach ▁out ▁and ▁grasp ▁an ▁object ▁while ▁avoid ing ▁contact ▁with ▁several ▁objects ▁in ▁the ▁way . ▁The ▁robot ▁could ▁operate ▁under ▁two ▁modes . ▁Under ▁the ▁first ▁mode , ▁Mur phy ▁would ▁simply ▁move ▁its ▁arm ▁around ▁the ▁work space ▁until ▁it ▁found ▁a ▁path ▁of ▁un ob struct ed ▁movement ▁to ▁the ▁intended ▁object . ▁After ▁enough ▁of ▁these ▁runs , ▁Mur phy ▁lear ns ▁to ▁associate ▁a ▁motor ▁command ▁with ▁a ▁future ▁visual ▁output . ▁This ▁leads ▁to ▁its ▁second ▁mode ▁of ▁operation . ▁Similar ▁to ▁an ▁emulator , ▁Mur phy ▁can ▁solve ▁the ▁navigation ▁problem ▁off line . ▁Rece iving ▁visual ▁imag ery ▁of ▁the ▁work space , ▁Mur phy ▁can ▁manipulate ▁an ▁internal ▁visual ▁grid ▁with ▁e f ference ▁copies . ▁Con sequently , ▁the ▁robot ▁can ▁navigate ▁through ▁the