) ▁was ▁an ▁Italian ▁journalist , ▁intellectual ▁and ▁radical ▁liberal ▁and ▁anti - f asc ist . ▁He ▁was ▁an ▁exception ally ▁active ▁campaign er ▁and ▁critic ▁in ▁the ▁crisis ▁years ▁in ▁Italy ▁after ▁the ▁First ▁World ▁War ▁and ▁into ▁the ▁early ▁years ▁of ▁F asc ist ▁rule . ▁ ▁Biography ▁ ▁A ▁student ▁of ▁law ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Tur in , ▁he ▁set ▁up ▁his ▁own ▁review ▁Ener gie ▁N ove ▁(' New ▁Ener g ies ') ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 8 . ▁There ▁he ▁promoted ▁the ▁cause ▁of ▁radical ▁cultural ▁and ▁political ▁renew al , ▁align ing ▁himself ▁with ▁the ▁many ▁critics ▁of ▁liberal ▁parliament ary ▁politics . ▁Draw ing ▁upon ▁the ▁ideal ist ▁philosophy ▁of ▁Bened etto ▁Cro ce , ▁G ob etti ▁identified ▁cultural ▁change ▁with ▁a ▁spiritual ▁transformation ▁that ▁would ▁un ite ▁public ▁and ▁private ▁life . ▁He ▁also ▁attached ▁himself ▁to ▁causes ▁such ▁as ▁educational ▁reform ▁and ▁votes ▁for ▁women ▁led ▁by ▁the ▁independent ▁deput y , ▁Ga et ano ▁Salv em ini . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 2 0 , ▁G ob etti ▁was ▁influenced ▁by ▁Antonio ▁Gr ams ci , ▁fellow ▁ex - student ▁and ▁Commun ist ▁editor ▁of ▁the ▁L ' Ord ine ▁Nu ovo ▁(' New ▁Order '). ▁Gr ams ci ▁was ▁the ▁leading ▁intellectual ▁during ▁the ▁pro let arian ▁un rest ▁in ▁Tur in ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 9 – 1 9 2 0 ▁which ▁led ▁to ▁the ▁factory ▁occup ations ▁in ▁September ▁ 1 9 2 0