▁if ▁the ▁appearances ▁are ▁much ▁different . ▁In ▁the ▁case ▁of ▁trans ub st anti ation , ▁it ▁is ▁the ▁subst ance ▁that ▁changed ▁( from ▁real ▁bread ▁to ▁Jesus ▁Christ ) ▁while ▁the ▁appearances ▁( white , ▁cr unch y ▁and ▁sm elling ▁like ▁bread ) ▁remained ▁the ▁same . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁Catholic ▁Encyclopedia , ▁for ▁ten ▁centuries ▁this ▁doctrine ▁was ▁uno pp osed , ▁until ▁Ber eng arius ▁of ▁T ours ▁who ▁taught ▁in ▁ 1 0 4 7 ▁that ▁" the ▁body ▁and ▁blood ▁of ▁Christ ▁are ▁really ▁present ▁in ▁the ▁Holy ▁E uchar ist ; ▁but ▁this ▁presence ▁is ▁an ▁intellectual ▁or ▁spiritual ▁presence . ▁The ▁subst ance ▁of ▁the ▁bread ▁and ▁the ▁subst ance ▁of ▁the ▁wine ▁remain ▁un changed ." ▁Cont ro vers y ▁was ▁opened ▁by ▁the ▁Re formation ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 6 th ▁century . ▁Martin ▁Luther ▁taught ▁that ▁Christ ▁was ▁truly ▁present ▁in ▁the ▁E uchar ist , ▁with ▁his ▁doctrine ▁being ▁called ▁the ▁sacr amental ▁union . ▁He ▁was ▁diam etr ically ▁opposed ▁by ▁Zw ing li ▁who ▁said ▁the ▁E uchar ist ▁is ▁a ▁symbol ic ▁mem orial ▁of ▁Christ ' s ▁re dem pt ive ▁death . ▁John ▁Cal vin ' s ▁view ▁lay ▁somewhere ▁in ▁between : ▁instead ▁of ▁the ▁substantial ▁presence ▁or ▁the ▁merely ▁symbol ic ▁presence , ▁he ▁saw ▁the ▁presence ▁as ▁" dynamic ": ▁according ▁to ▁this ▁view , ▁at ▁the ▁moment ▁of ▁reception , ▁the ▁effic acy ▁of ▁Christ ' s ▁Body ▁and