- off ▁date ▁in ▁a ▁range ▁of ▁leadership ▁positions . ▁Such ▁an ▁over - re presentation ▁starts ▁in ▁high - school ▁leadership ▁activities ▁such ▁as ▁sports ▁team ▁captain ▁or ▁club ▁president . ▁In ▁the ▁adult ▁life , ▁this ▁over - re presentation ▁has ▁been ▁observed ▁in ▁top ▁manager ial ▁positions ▁( CE Os ▁of ▁S & P ▁ 5 0 0 ▁companies ), ▁and ▁in ▁top ▁political ▁positions , ▁both ▁in ▁the ▁USA ▁( sen ators ▁and ▁represent atives ), ▁and ▁in ▁Finland ▁( MP s ). ▁ ▁In ▁other ▁spher es ▁ ▁Wh ilst ▁an ▁over - re presentation ▁of ▁early - born ▁participation ▁is ▁evident ▁in ▁the ▁asp ir ational ▁fields ▁of ▁el ite ▁sport ▁and ▁education ▁there ▁is ▁also ▁evidence ▁of ▁a ▁corresponding ▁dis pro port ion ate ▁over - re presentation ▁of ▁late - born ▁children ▁in ▁ep ide mi olog ically ▁defined ▁coh ort s ▁exhib iting ▁conditions ▁such ▁as ▁AD HD , ▁sch iz op hren ia ▁and ▁ob es ity . ▁One ▁study ▁finds ▁" that ▁higher ▁school ▁starting ▁age ▁low ers ▁the ▁prop ens ity ▁to ▁commit ▁crime ▁at ▁young ▁ages ." ▁However , ▁other ▁studies ▁failed ▁to ▁rep licate ▁relative ▁age ▁effects ▁on ▁temper ament , ▁m ood , ▁or ▁physical ▁development . ▁ ▁Lex icon ▁ ▁Ab ility ▁grouping ▁– ▁coh ort ▁selection ▁by ▁ability ▁rather ▁than ▁chron ological ▁age . ▁ ▁Correct ive ▁Rel ative ▁Age ▁Ad just ments ▁– ▁calculated ▁adjust ments ▁to ▁compet itive ▁out comes ▁designed ▁to ▁compens ate