▁and ▁reality ▁of ▁any ▁given ▁stim ulation ▁from ▁the ▁world ▁outside . ▁ ▁Cris is ▁in ▁medicine ▁ ▁By ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 7 0 0 s , ▁medicine , ▁not ▁only ▁in ▁Germany , ▁but ▁throughout ▁Europe , ▁was ▁in ▁a ▁deep ▁crisis . ▁This ▁widely ▁acknowled ged ▁crisis ▁was ▁brought ▁into ▁stark ▁relief ▁in ▁ 1 7 9 5 ▁in ▁a ▁famous ▁critical ▁ess ay ▁by ▁a ▁German ▁phys ician ▁and ▁phil os opher , ▁ ▁( 1 7 6 6 – 1 8 2 7 ), ▁in ▁the ▁‘ shot ’ ▁that ▁was ▁heard ▁around ▁the ▁medical ▁world . ▁" Er hard ' s ▁attack ▁focused ▁on ▁what ▁he ▁called ▁the ▁" unc ertain ty " ▁of ▁medical ▁knowledge ▁and ▁its ▁failure ▁to ▁measure ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁criteria ▁of ▁a ▁philosoph ical ▁Wissenschaft . ▁He ▁located ▁the ▁central ▁problem ▁in ▁do ctors ' ▁lack ▁of ▁a ▁clear ▁idea ▁either ▁of ▁ill ness ▁in ▁general ▁or ▁of ▁particular ▁dise ases ." ▁ ▁The ▁‘ elements ’ ▁of ▁a ▁new ▁system ▁ ▁Johann ▁B . ▁Er hard ’ s ▁ess ay , ▁couple d ▁with ▁the ▁earlier ▁introduction ▁of ▁the ▁Brun onian ▁system ▁into ▁German ▁medical ▁circles , ▁almost ▁immediately ▁triggered ▁a ▁remarkable ▁sur ge ▁of ▁writ ings ▁by ▁a ▁gradu ating ▁medical ▁student , ▁Andreas ▁Rö sch la ub . ▁Rö sch la ub ▁wrote ▁his ▁doctor al ▁dis sert ation ▁on ▁the ▁work ▁of ▁a ▁rather ▁obsc ure ▁and ▁then ▁little ▁known ▁Scottish ▁phys ician , ▁John ▁Brown