▁from ▁the ▁Is les ▁of ▁the ▁B less ed ▁( around ▁the ▁Can aries ) ▁to ▁Sh era ▁( Ch ina ). ▁Mar inus ▁also ▁co ined ▁the ▁term ▁Ant ar ctic , ▁referring ▁to ▁the ▁opposite ▁of ▁the ▁Ar ctic ▁Circle . ▁ ▁P to le my ▁ ▁P to le my ▁( 9 0 – 1 6 8 ), ▁a ▁H ellen ized ▁Egypt ian , Ge orge ▁S art on ▁( 1 9 3 6 ). ▁" The ▁Unity ▁and ▁D iversity ▁of ▁the ▁Mediter rane an ▁World ", ▁Os ir is ▁ 2 , ▁p . ▁ 4 0 6 – 4 6 3 ▁[ 4 2 9 ]. ▁thought ▁that , ▁with ▁the ▁aid ▁of ▁astronom y ▁and ▁mathematics , ▁the ▁earth ▁could ▁be ▁mapped ▁very ▁accur ately . ▁P to le my ▁revolution ized ▁the ▁dep iction ▁of ▁the ▁spher ical ▁earth ▁on ▁a ▁map ▁by ▁using ▁perspective ▁projection , ▁and ▁suggested ▁precise ▁methods ▁for ▁fixing ▁the ▁position ▁of ▁ge ographic ▁features ▁on ▁its ▁surface ▁using ▁a ▁coordinate ▁system ▁with ▁par alle ls ▁of ▁latitude ▁and ▁mer id ians ▁of ▁longitude . ▁ ▁P to le my ' s ▁eight - volume ▁at las ▁Ge ograph ia ▁is ▁a ▁prototype ▁of ▁modern ▁mapping ▁and ▁G IS . ▁It ▁included ▁an ▁index ▁of ▁place - names , ▁with ▁the ▁latitude ▁and ▁longitude ▁of ▁each ▁place ▁to ▁guide ▁the ▁search , ▁scale , ▁conventional ▁signs ▁with ▁leg ends , ▁and ▁the ▁practice ▁of ▁orient ing ▁maps ▁so ▁that ▁north