▁perce ived ▁itself ▁as ▁the ▁guard ian ▁of ▁K em al ism , ▁and ▁it ▁has ▁interven ed ▁in ▁Turkish ▁politics ▁to ▁that ▁end ▁on ▁several ▁occasions , ▁including ▁the ▁over throw ▁of ▁civil ian ▁govern ments ▁by ▁coup ▁d ' état . ▁While ▁this ▁may ▁seem ▁contrary ▁to ▁dem ocr atic ▁ide als , ▁it ▁was ▁argued ▁by ▁military ▁authorities ▁and ▁sec ular ists ▁as ▁necessary ▁in ▁the ▁light ▁of ▁Turkish ▁history , ▁on going ▁efforts ▁to ▁maintain ▁sec ular ▁government , ▁and ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁the ▁re forms ▁were ▁implemented ▁at ▁a ▁time ▁when ▁the ▁military ▁occupied ▁ 1 6 . 9 % ▁of ▁the ▁professional ▁job ▁positions ▁( the ▁corresponding ▁figure ▁today ▁is ▁only ▁ 3 %). ▁ ▁Mil est ones ▁▁ 1 9 2 0 s ▁▁ ▁Political : ▁November ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 9 2 2 : ▁Ab ol ition ▁of ▁the ▁office ▁of ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Sultan ate ▁ ▁Political : ▁October ▁ 2 9 , ▁ 1 9 2 3 : ▁Pro clam ation ▁of ▁the ▁Republic ▁– ▁Republic ▁of ▁Turkey ▁ ▁Political : ▁March ▁ 3 , ▁ 1 9 2 4 : ▁Ab ol ition ▁of ▁the ▁office ▁of ▁C ali ph ate ▁held ▁by ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁C ali ph ate ▁ ▁Econom ic : ▁July ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 1 9 2 3 : ▁Ab ol ition ▁of ▁the ▁capit ulations ▁with ▁the ▁Tre aty ▁of ▁La us anne ▁ ▁Edu c ational : ▁ ▁March ▁ 3 , ▁