▁using ▁mathematics ▁from ▁co oper ative ▁game ▁theory , ▁n ond iffer enti able ▁optimization , ▁and ▁combin atorial ▁games . ▁ ▁Robert ▁M . ▁Sol ow ▁concluded ▁that ▁mathematical ▁econom ics ▁was ▁the ▁core ▁" in frastr ucture " ▁of ▁contemporary ▁econom ics : ▁Econom ics ▁is ▁no ▁longer ▁a ▁fit ▁conversation ▁piece ▁for ▁ladies ▁and ▁gentlemen . ▁It ▁has ▁become ▁a ▁technical ▁subject . ▁Like ▁any ▁technical ▁subject ▁it ▁attract s ▁some ▁people ▁who ▁are ▁more ▁interested ▁in ▁the ▁technique ▁than ▁the ▁subject . ▁That ▁is ▁too ▁bad , ▁but ▁it ▁may ▁be ▁in ev itable . ▁In ▁any ▁case , ▁do ▁not ▁kid ▁yourself : ▁the ▁technical ▁core ▁of ▁econom ics ▁is ▁ind isp ens able ▁infrastr ucture ▁for ▁the ▁political ▁economy . ▁That ▁is ▁why , ▁if ▁you ▁consult ▁[ a ▁reference ▁in ▁contemporary ▁econom ics ] ▁ ▁looking ▁for ▁en light en ment ▁about ▁the ▁world ▁today , ▁you ▁will ▁be ▁led ▁to ▁technical ▁econom ics , ▁or ▁history , ▁or ▁nothing ▁at ▁all . ▁ ▁Mathemat ical ▁econom ists ▁Prom inent ▁mathematical ▁econom ists ▁include , ▁but ▁are ▁not ▁limited ▁to , ▁the ▁following ▁( by ▁century ▁of ▁birth ). ▁▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁▁ ▁En rico ▁Bar one ▁ ▁Antoine ▁August in ▁Cour not ▁▁ ▁Francis ▁Y s id ro ▁Ed gew orth ▁▁ ▁Ir ving ▁Fish er ▁▁ ▁William ▁Stanley ▁Je v ons ▁ ▁Lé on ▁Wal ras ▁▁ 2 0 th ▁century ▁▁ ▁Char al amb os ▁D . ▁Ali pr ant is