) ▁ever ▁delivered ▁by ▁a ▁Turkish ▁head ▁of ▁state ▁was ▁given ▁by ▁At at ür k ; ▁this ▁took ▁place ▁at ▁a ▁mos que ▁in ▁Bal ı kes ir ▁during ▁the ▁election ▁campaign . ▁The ▁reform ers ▁said ▁that ▁" to ▁repeat ▁the ▁ser m ons ▁[ by ▁a ▁politician ▁in ▁the ▁parliament ] ▁of ▁a ▁thousand ▁years ▁ago ▁was ▁to ▁preserve ▁back ward ness ▁and ▁promote ▁n es cience ." ▁ ▁Relig ious ▁organizations ▁▁ ▁The ▁abol ishment ▁of ▁C ali ph ate ▁removed ▁the ▁highest ▁religious - polit ical ▁position . ▁This ▁act ▁left ▁the ▁Muslim ▁brother hood s ▁( Mus lim ▁associations ▁working ▁as ▁a ▁society ▁of ▁Muslim ▁bel ie vers ▁for ▁any ▁purpose ) ▁who ▁were ▁institution al ized ▁( rel ig ious - polit ical ▁representation ) ▁under ▁the ▁convent s ▁and ▁the ▁der v ish ▁lod ges ▁without ▁higher ▁organ izing ▁structure . ▁ ▁The ▁reform ers ▁assumed ▁that ▁the ▁original ▁sources , ▁now ▁available ▁in ▁Turkish , ▁would ▁render ▁the ▁orth odox ▁religious ▁establishment ▁( the ▁‘ ul am ā ’ ) ▁and ▁the ▁ Ṣ ū f ī ▁ ṭ ar ī q as ▁ob sole te , ▁and ▁thus ▁help ▁to ▁priv at ize ▁religion ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁produce ▁a ▁reform ed ▁Islam ▁( T urk ish ▁Re formation ▁= ▁Turk ified ). ▁In ▁ 1 9 2 5 ▁institutions ▁of ▁religious ▁c oven ants ▁and ▁der v ish ▁lod ges ▁were ▁declared ▁illegal . ▁ ▁The ▁reform ers ▁imag ined ▁that ▁the ▁elim