▁( such ▁as ▁vo ic eless ▁vs . ▁vo iced ). ▁Lé vi - St ra uss ▁included ▁this ▁in ▁his ▁concept ual ization ▁of ▁the ▁universal ▁structures ▁of ▁the ▁mind , ▁which ▁he ▁held ▁to ▁operate ▁based ▁on ▁pairs ▁of ▁binary ▁oppos itions ▁such ▁as ▁hot - c old , ▁male - f em ale , ▁culture - n ature , ▁cook ed - raw , ▁or ▁marriage able ▁vs . ▁tab oo ed ▁women . ▁ ▁A ▁third ▁influence ▁came ▁from ▁Marcel ▁M auss ▁( 1 8 7 2 – 1 9 5 0 ), ▁who ▁had ▁written ▁on ▁gift - exchange ▁systems . ▁Based ▁on ▁M auss , ▁for ▁instance , ▁Lé vi - St ra uss ▁argued ▁that ▁kin ship ▁systems ▁are ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁exchange ▁of ▁women ▁between ▁groups ▁( a ▁position ▁known ▁as ▁' al liance ▁theory ') ▁as ▁opposed ▁to ▁the ▁' des cent '- based ▁theory ▁described ▁by ▁Edward ▁Evans - P rit ch ard ▁and ▁Meyer ▁Fort es . ▁While ▁replacing ▁Marcel ▁M auss ▁at ▁his ▁E cole ▁Pr atique ▁des ▁Haut es ▁Et udes ▁chair , ▁Lé vi - St ra uss ' ▁writing ▁became ▁widely ▁popular ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁and ▁gave ▁rise ▁to ▁the ▁term ▁" struct ural ism " ▁itself . ▁ ▁In ▁Britain , ▁authors ▁such ▁as ▁Rod ney ▁Need ham ▁and ▁Edmund ▁Le ach ▁were ▁highly ▁influenced ▁by ▁struct ural ism . ▁Auth ors ▁such ▁as ▁Maurice