▁contrast ▁between ▁the ▁apost les ▁ ▁Peter ▁and ▁Paul . ▁Since ▁then , ▁this ▁concept ▁has ▁occasion ed ▁w ides p read ▁debate ▁within ▁topics ▁such ▁as ▁Paul ine ▁and ▁New ▁Testament ▁studies , ▁early - ch urch ▁studies , ▁Jewish ▁Law , ▁the ▁the ology ▁of ▁grace , ▁and ▁the ▁doctrine ▁of ▁just ification . ▁ ▁Found ations ▁of ▁anti - J ew ish ▁bias ▁were ▁also ▁established ▁in ▁the ▁field ▁at ▁this ▁time ▁under ▁the ▁gu ise ▁of ▁scholar ly ▁object ivity . ▁The ▁first ▁En light en ment ▁Protest ant ▁to ▁call ▁for ▁the ▁" de - J uda izing " ▁of ▁Christian ity ▁was ▁Johann ▁Sem ler . ▁The ▁" eman cip ation ▁of ▁reason " ▁from ▁the ▁Word ▁of ▁God ▁was ▁a ▁primary ▁goal ▁of ▁Sem ler ▁and ▁the ▁En light en ment ▁ex eg etes , ▁yet ▁the ▁picture ▁of ▁the ▁Jews ▁and ▁J uda ism ▁found ▁in ▁bib lic al ▁criticism ▁of ▁this ▁period ▁is ▁colored ▁by ▁classic ▁anti - J ew ish ▁s tere ot ypes ▁" des p ite ▁the ▁tradition ' s ▁lip - service ▁to ▁em an cip ation ". ▁He ▁took ▁a ▁stand ▁against ▁disc rim ination ▁in ▁society ▁while ▁at ▁the ▁same ▁time ▁writing ▁the ology ▁that ▁was ▁strongly ▁negative ▁toward ▁the ▁Jews ▁and ▁J uda ism . ▁He ▁saw ▁Christian ity ▁as ▁something ▁new ▁and ▁universal ▁that ▁su pers eded ▁all ▁that ▁came ▁before ▁it . ▁ ▁This ▁stark ▁contrast ▁between ▁J uda ism ▁and ▁Christian ity ▁became ▁a