▁was ▁situated ▁within ▁the ▁evolution ary ▁models ▁which ▁under p inned ▁thinking ▁in ▁the ▁social ▁sciences ▁during ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 th ▁century . ▁The ▁first ▁social ▁scient ist ▁to ▁present ▁magic ▁as ▁something ▁that ▁pred ated ▁religion ▁in ▁an ▁evolution ary ▁development ▁was ▁Herbert ▁Sp encer ; ▁in ▁his ▁A ▁System ▁of ▁Syn th etic ▁Philosoph y , ▁he ▁used ▁the ▁term ▁magic ▁in ▁reference ▁to ▁sympath etic ▁magic . ▁Sp encer ▁regarded ▁both ▁magic ▁and ▁religion ▁as ▁being ▁root ed ▁in ▁false ▁spec ulation ▁about ▁the ▁nature ▁of ▁objects ▁and ▁their ▁relationship ▁to ▁other ▁things . ▁ ▁T yl or ' s ▁understanding ▁of ▁magic ▁was ▁linked ▁to ▁his ▁concept ▁of ▁anim ism . ▁In ▁his ▁ 1 8 7 1 ▁book ▁Prim itive ▁Culture , ▁T yl or ▁character ized ▁magic ▁as ▁belief s ▁based ▁on ▁" the ▁error ▁of ▁mist aking ▁ideal ▁anal ogy ▁for ▁real ▁anal ogy ". ▁ ▁In ▁T yl or ' s ▁view , ▁" prim itive ▁man , ▁having ▁come ▁to ▁associate ▁in ▁thought ▁those ▁things ▁which ▁he ▁found ▁by ▁experience ▁to ▁be ▁connected ▁in ▁fact , ▁proceeded ▁err one ously ▁to ▁invert ▁this ▁action , ▁and ▁to ▁conclude ▁that ▁association ▁in ▁thought ▁must ▁involve ▁similar ▁connection ▁in ▁reality . ▁He ▁thus ▁attempted ▁to ▁discover , ▁to ▁for et ell , ▁and ▁to ▁cause ▁events ▁by ▁means ▁of ▁processes ▁which ▁we ▁can ▁now ▁see ▁to ▁have ▁only ▁an ▁ideal ▁significance ". ▁T yl or ▁was ▁dismiss ive ▁of ▁magic , ▁describing ▁it ▁as