▁thought ▁that ▁the ▁function ▁of ▁the ▁male ▁od ors ▁is ▁to ▁signal ▁male ▁' gen etic ▁quality ' ▁to ▁females ▁ ▁, ▁because ▁great ▁effort ▁must ▁be ▁exp ended ▁by ▁males ▁to ▁collect ▁orch id ▁fra gr ances ▁and ▁thus ▁only ▁the ▁most ▁fit ▁males ▁could ▁gather ▁complex ▁od or ▁mix es . ▁This ▁would ▁const itute ▁an ▁unusual ▁example ▁of ▁Z ah avi ' s ▁hand ic ap ▁principle , ▁analog ous ▁to ▁the ▁male ▁pe ac ock ' s ▁tail ▁. ▁The ▁relationship ▁between ▁male ▁e ug loss ine ▁be es ▁and ▁vol atile ▁chemical s ▁is ▁essentially ▁unique ▁in ▁the ▁animal ▁kingdom . ▁▁ ▁Single ▁synth etic ▁comp ounds ▁are ▁commonly ▁used ▁as ▁b ait ▁to ▁attract ▁and ▁collect ▁males ▁for ▁study , ▁and ▁include ▁many ▁familiar ▁flav or ings ▁and ▁od ors ▁considered ▁appe aling ▁to ▁humans ▁( e . g ., ▁m eth yl ▁sal ic yl ate , ▁e ugen ol , ▁c ine ole , ▁ben zy l ▁ac et ate , ▁m eth yl ▁ben zo ate , ▁m eth yl ▁c inn am ate ), ▁and ▁others ▁which ▁are ▁not ▁( e . g ., ▁sk ato le ). ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁important ▁to ▁note ▁that ▁resource ▁' hot ▁sp ots ' ▁w ax ▁and ▁w ane ▁throughout ▁the ▁year ▁as ▁plants ▁blo om ▁and ▁die , ▁largely ▁due ▁to ▁temporal ▁changes , ▁particularly ▁between ▁the ▁changing ▁of ▁seasons . ▁This ▁often ▁sh ifts ▁e ug loss ine ▁be e ▁prefer ences ▁for