▁ 1 8 6 7 . ▁Constitution al ▁scholar ▁Peter ▁Hog g ▁has ▁called ▁section ▁ 3 1 ▁a ▁" ca ution ary ▁provision ." ▁ ▁He ▁specifically ▁notes ▁that ▁section ▁ 3 1 ▁den ies ▁the ▁federal ▁Parliament ▁of ▁Canada ▁any ▁additional ▁powers . ▁Indeed , ▁section ▁ 3 1 ▁is ▁a ▁departure ▁from ▁the ▁educational ▁rights ▁in ▁the ▁Constitution ▁Act , ▁ 1 8 6 7 . ▁ ▁Section ▁ 9 3 ( 4 ) ▁of ▁that ▁Act ▁gives ▁the ▁federal ▁Parliament ▁the ▁power ▁to ▁interven e ▁if ▁a ▁provincial ▁government ▁fails ▁to ▁respect ▁certain ▁rights . ▁ ▁The ▁federal ▁government ▁could ▁then ▁pass ▁and ▁en force ▁laws ▁that ▁would ▁u ph old ▁the ▁rights . ▁ ▁The ▁ad option ▁of ▁section ▁ 3 1 ▁was ▁probably ▁meant ▁to ▁avoid ▁an ▁unf av ou rable ▁reaction ▁against ▁the ▁Char ter ▁from ▁the ▁provinces . ▁ ▁The ▁provinces ▁had ▁opposed ▁the ▁Char ter ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁potential ▁limits ▁on ▁their ▁powers , ▁but ▁the ▁opposition ▁would ▁have ▁been ▁stronger ▁had ▁Parliament ▁been ▁able ▁to ▁ex ert ▁its ▁authority ▁over ▁the ▁provinces . ▁ ▁As ▁Hog g ▁notes , ▁section ▁ 3 1 ▁also ▁distingu ishes ▁the ▁Char ter ▁from ▁various ▁rights ▁in ▁the ▁am end ments ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Constitution . ▁In ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁the ▁federal ▁Congress ▁has ▁the ▁authority ▁to ▁en force ▁various ▁rights , ▁including ▁those ▁in ▁the ▁Th ir teenth ▁Am end ment , ▁which ▁prohib its ▁sla very , ▁the ▁Four teenth ▁Am end ment