ency ▁seats ▁and ▁ 5 0 % ▁of ▁its ▁ 5 4 ▁proportion ally ▁elected ▁seats . ▁However , ▁" ne ither ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁major ▁political ▁parties ▁has ▁thus ▁far ▁nominated ▁women ▁to ▁more ▁than ▁ 1 0 ▁percent ▁of ▁the ▁single - member ▁district ▁seats ," ▁resulting ▁in ▁women ▁const itut ing ▁ 1 5 . 7 % ▁of ▁National ▁Assembly ▁members . ▁This ▁situation ▁is ▁largely ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁candidate ▁selection ▁process ▁of ▁South ▁Korean ▁political ▁parties , ▁whose ▁" rules ▁gover ning ▁candidate ▁selection ▁lack ▁rout in ization ," ▁allowing ▁party ▁leaders ▁to ▁have ▁significant ▁influence ▁regarding ▁candidates ▁and ▁the ▁ability ▁to ▁circum vent ▁gender ▁quot as . ▁ ▁Crit ic isms ▁ ▁All - w omen ▁short lists ▁and ▁similar ▁policies ▁have ▁largely ▁drawn ▁the ▁same ▁critic isms ▁as ▁the ▁gender ▁quot as ▁of ▁which ▁they ▁represent ▁a ▁subset . ▁One ▁category ▁of ▁criticism ▁as ser ts ▁that ▁gender ▁quot as ▁represent ▁a ▁positive ▁step , ▁but ▁do ▁not ▁accomplish ▁enough . ▁Some ▁criticism ▁in ▁this ▁ve in ▁as ser ts ▁that ▁quot as ▁should ▁include ▁pen alt ies ▁for ▁groups ▁who ▁do ▁not ▁follow ▁them . ▁Similarly , ▁some ▁critics ▁argue ▁that ▁quot as ▁in ▁corpor ations ▁in ▁addition ▁to ▁those ▁in ▁gover ning ▁bodies , ▁should ▁be ▁instit uted ▁among ▁other ▁measures ▁to ▁improve ▁public ▁and ▁private ▁sector ▁career ▁opportun ities ▁for ▁women . ▁ ▁However , ▁other ▁critics ▁believe ▁that ▁gender ▁qu ota ▁policies , ▁like ▁those ▁of ▁which ▁all - w omen ▁short lists