▁by ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁Computer ▁Fra ud ▁and ▁Ab use ▁Act ▁( C FA A ), ▁which ▁was ▁der ided ▁to ▁be ▁" po or ly ▁draft ed ▁and ▁arbitr arily ▁enfor ced " ▁by ▁en abling ▁pro sec ution ▁of ▁useful ▁information ▁security ▁research ▁methods ▁such ▁as ▁N map ▁or ▁Sh od an . ▁As ▁even ▁the ▁needed ▁services ▁fall ▁into ▁prohib ition , ▁top - level ▁information ▁security ▁exper ts ▁find ▁it ▁challeng ing ▁to ▁improve ▁the ▁infrastr ucture ▁of ▁cy ber def ense . ▁ ▁Cy ber att ack ▁as ▁an ▁act ▁of ▁war ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁The ▁White ▁House ▁published ▁an ▁" Intern ational ▁Str ategy ▁for ▁Cy bers pace " ▁that ▁reserved ▁the ▁right ▁to ▁use ▁military ▁force ▁in ▁response ▁to ▁a ▁cy ber att ack : ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁the ▁Def ense ▁Science ▁Board , ▁an ▁independent ▁advis ory ▁committee ▁to ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Secretary ▁of ▁Def ense , ▁went ▁further , ▁stating ▁that ▁" The ▁cy ber ▁threat ▁is ▁serious , ▁with ▁potential ▁consequences ▁similar ▁in ▁some ▁ways ▁to ▁the ▁nuclear ▁threat ▁of ▁the ▁Cold ▁War ," ▁and ▁recomm ending , ▁in ▁response ▁to ▁the ▁" most ▁extreme ▁case " ▁( des cribed ▁as ▁a ▁" cat ast roph ic ▁full ▁spectrum ▁cy ber ▁attack "), ▁that ▁" N uc lear ▁weapons ▁would ▁remain ▁the ▁ult imate ▁response ▁and ▁anchor ▁the ▁d eter rence ▁lad der ." ▁ ▁Att acks ▁on ▁other ▁nations