. ▁The ▁world ▁one ▁lives ▁in ▁requires ▁action ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁thought ; ▁our ▁world , ▁he ▁suggests , ▁is ▁impossible ▁without ▁vy av ah ara ▁( action ▁and ▁pl ur ality ). ▁The ▁world ▁is ▁inter connected , ▁one ▁object ▁works ▁on ▁another , ▁input ▁is ▁transformed ▁into ▁output , ▁change ▁is ▁continuous ▁and ▁everywhere . ▁M ok sha , ▁suggests ▁Sh ank ara , ▁is ▁that ▁final ▁perfect , ▁bl iss ful ▁state ▁where ▁there ▁can ▁be ▁no ▁change , ▁where ▁there ▁can ▁be ▁no ▁pl ur ality ▁of ▁states . ▁It ▁has ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁state ▁of ▁thought ▁and ▁conscious ness ▁that ▁ex cludes ▁action . ▁How ▁can ▁action - orient ed ▁techniques ▁by ▁which ▁we ▁att ain ▁the ▁first ▁three ▁goals ▁of ▁man ▁( k ama , ▁ar tha ▁and ▁d har ma ) ▁be ▁useful ▁to ▁att ain ▁the ▁last ▁goal , ▁namely ▁m ok sha ? ▁ ▁Sch ol ars ▁suggest ▁Sh ank ara ' s ▁challenge ▁to ▁the ▁concept ▁of ▁m ok sha ▁par alle ls ▁those ▁of ▁Plot inus ▁against ▁the ▁G nost ics , ▁with ▁one ▁important ▁difference : ▁Plot inus ▁accused ▁the ▁G nost ics ▁of ▁ex ch anging ▁an ▁anth rop oc ent ric ▁set ▁of ▁virt ues ▁with ▁a ▁the oc ent ric ▁set ▁in ▁purs uit ▁of ▁salv ation ; ▁Sh ank ara ▁challeng ed ▁that ▁the ▁concept ▁of ▁m ok sha ▁imp lied ▁an ▁exchange ▁of ▁anth rop oc ent ric ▁set ▁of ▁virt ues ▁( d har ma