▁A ver ro es , ▁Ros cel in , ▁Ab él ard , ▁Peter ▁Lomb ard , ▁and ▁Francisco ▁Su á rez . ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁main ▁questions ▁during ▁this ▁time ▁was ▁the ▁problem ▁of ▁univers als . ▁Prom inent ▁oppon ents ▁of ▁various ▁aspects ▁of ▁the ▁sch ol astic ▁main stream ▁included ▁D uns ▁Scot us , ▁William ▁of ▁O ck ham , ▁Peter ▁Dam ian , ▁Bernard ▁of ▁Cla ir v aux , ▁and ▁the ▁Victor ines . ▁ ▁Golden ▁age ▁of ▁mon astic ism ▁ ▁The ▁late ▁ 1 1 th ▁century / ear ly - mid ▁ 1 2 th ▁century ▁was ▁the ▁height ▁of ▁the ▁golden ▁age ▁of ▁Christian ▁mon astic ism ▁( 8 th - 1 2 th ▁centuries ). ▁ ▁Bened ict ine ▁Order ▁– ▁black - ro bed ▁mon ks ▁ ▁C ister cian ▁Order ▁– ▁white - ro bed ▁mon ks ▁ ▁Bernard ▁of ▁Cla ir v aux ▁ ▁M end ic ant ▁orders ▁ ▁The ▁ 1 3 th ▁century ▁saw ▁the ▁rise ▁of ▁the ▁M end ic ant ▁orders ▁such ▁as ▁the : ▁ ▁Francis c ans ▁( Fri ars ▁Minor , ▁commonly ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Grey ▁Fri ars ), ▁founded ▁ 1 2 0 9 ▁ ▁Car mel ites ▁( H erm its ▁of ▁the ▁B less ed ▁Virgin ▁Mary ▁of ▁Car mel , ▁commonly ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁White ▁Fri ars ), ▁founded ▁ 1 2 0 6 – 1 2 1 4 ▁ ▁Domin icans ▁( Order ▁of ▁Pre ach