▁enter prise ▁information ▁systems ▁provides ▁the ▁institution ▁with ▁a ▁vast ▁array ▁of ▁useful ▁information ▁that ▁can ▁be ▁har v ested ▁to ▁gain ▁a ▁compet itive ▁edge ▁( D aw son ▁& ▁Mc Will iam , ▁ 2 0 0 8 ; ▁Gold stein , ▁ 2 0 0 5 ; ▁He ath co ate ▁& ▁Daw son , ▁ 2 0 0 5 ). ▁ ▁In ▁order ▁to ▁retrieve ▁meaning ful ▁information ▁from ▁institution ▁sources ▁i . e . ▁L MS , ▁the ▁information ▁has ▁to ▁be ▁correctly ▁interpreted ▁against ▁a ▁basis ▁of ▁educational ▁efficiency , ▁and ▁this ▁action ▁requires ▁analysis ▁from ▁people ▁with ▁learning ▁and ▁teaching ▁skills . ▁Therefore , ▁a ▁collabor ative ▁approach ▁is ▁required ▁from ▁both ▁the ▁people ▁guard ing ▁the ▁data ▁and ▁those ▁who ▁will ▁interpret ▁it , ▁otherwise ▁the ▁data ▁will ▁remain ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁total ▁waste ▁( B ae pler ▁& ▁Mur do ch , ▁ 2 0 1 0 ). ▁Dec ision ▁making ▁at ▁its ▁most ▁basic ▁level ▁is ▁based ▁on ▁pres umption ▁or ▁intu ition ▁( a ▁person ▁can ▁make ▁conclus ions ▁and ▁dec isions ▁based ▁on ▁experience ▁without ▁having ▁to ▁do ▁data ▁analysis ) ▁( S iem ens ▁& ▁Long , ▁ 2 0 1 1 ). ▁However , ▁a ▁lot ▁of ▁dec isions ▁made ▁at ▁institutions ▁of ▁higher ▁learning ▁are ▁too ▁vital ▁to ▁be ▁based ▁on ▁an ec d ote , ▁pres umption ▁or ▁intu ition ▁since ▁significant ▁dec isions ▁need ▁to ▁be ▁back ed ▁by ▁data ▁and ▁facts . ▁ ▁Anal ytics