, ▁eth nic ▁fraction al ization , ▁European ▁settlement , ▁natural ▁resource ▁dependence , ▁and ▁dem ocracy . ▁ ▁Africa ' s ▁economy ▁only ▁began ▁to ▁take ▁off ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 2 0 0 0 s ▁as ▁the ▁political ▁situation ▁improved , ▁national ▁govern ments ▁began ▁to ▁crack ▁down ▁on ▁cor ruption ▁and ▁patron age , ▁macro e conom ic ▁growth ▁plans ▁aim ed ▁at ▁impro ving ▁living ▁conditions ▁began ▁to ▁be ▁implemented , ▁and ▁millions ▁of ▁Afr icans ▁continued ▁to ▁f lock ▁to ▁the ▁cities ▁in ▁search ▁of ▁jobs ▁and ▁other ▁amen ities . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Econom y ▁of ▁Africa ▁ ▁General : ▁ ▁History ▁of ▁Africa ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁A . ▁G . ▁Hop kins ▁( 2 0 1 9 ) ▁" F if ty ▁years ▁of ▁African ▁economic ▁history ." ▁Econom ic ▁History ▁of ▁Develop ing ▁Reg ions , ▁ 3 4 : 1 , ▁ 1 - 1 5 ▁Curt in , ▁Philip . ▁The ▁Atlantic ▁S lave ▁Trade : ▁A ▁Census . ▁Mad ison : ▁University ▁of ▁Wisconsin ▁Press , ▁ 1 9 6 9 . ▁ ▁Daniel s , ▁Rud olph . ▁" The ▁Nature ▁of ▁the ▁Agr arian ▁Land ▁Question ▁in ▁the ▁Republic ▁of ▁South ▁Africa ." ▁The ▁American ▁Journal ▁of ▁Econom ics , ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁pp .   1 – 1 6 ▁ ▁F age , ▁J . D . ▁A ▁History ▁of ▁Africa ▁( Rout ledge , ▁ 4 th ▁edition , ▁ 2