▁increasing ly ▁prominent ▁in ▁recent ▁years . ▁The ▁country ▁was ▁subject ▁to ▁social ist - in sp ired ▁economic ▁policies ▁d ating ▁from ▁independence ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁until ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s . ▁Over - reg ulation , ▁protection ism , ▁and ▁government ▁ownership ▁of ▁industry ▁led ▁to ▁slow ▁economic ▁growth , ▁high ▁un emp loyment , ▁and ▁w ides p read ▁pover ty . ▁This ▁system ▁of ▁b ureau cr atic ▁control ▁by ▁government ▁is ▁called ▁the ▁License ▁Raj ▁and ▁lies ▁at ▁the ▁core ▁of ▁en demic ▁cor ruption . ▁ ▁The ▁V oh ra ▁Report ▁of ▁ 1 9 9 3 , ▁submitted ▁by ▁the ▁former ▁Indian ▁Union ▁Home ▁Secretary ▁Nar inder ▁N ath ▁V oh ra , ▁studied ▁the ▁issue ▁of ▁the ▁criminal isation ▁of ▁politics . ▁The ▁report ▁contained ▁several ▁observations ▁made ▁by ▁official ▁ag encies ▁on ▁the ▁criminal ▁network ▁which ▁was ▁virt ually ▁running ▁a ▁parallel ▁government . ▁It ▁also ▁discussed ▁criminal ▁gang s ▁who ▁enjoyed ▁the ▁patron age ▁of ▁polit icians ▁and ▁the ▁protection ▁of ▁government ▁function aries . ▁It ▁revealed ▁that ▁political ▁leaders ▁had ▁become ▁leaders ▁of ▁street ▁gang s ▁and ▁ro gue ▁elements ▁in ▁the ▁military . ▁Over ▁the ▁years , ▁crim inals ▁had ▁been ▁elected ▁to ▁local ▁bodies , ▁State ▁Ass emb lies , ▁and ▁the ▁Parliament . ▁ ▁The ▁Right ▁to ▁Information ▁Act ▁( RT I ) ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁helped ▁civ ili ans ▁work ▁effectively ▁towards ▁tack ling ▁cor ruption . ▁It ▁allows