▁bank ▁was ▁ph ased ▁out . ▁Later ▁special ized ▁banks ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Sü mer bank ▁( 1 9 3 2 ) ▁and ▁the ▁Et ib ank ▁( 1 9 3 5 ) ▁were ▁founded . ▁ ▁International ▁deb t / cap it ulations ▁▁ ▁The ▁Ott oman ▁Public ▁Deb t ▁Administration ▁( OP DA ) ▁was ▁a ▁European - control led ▁organization ▁that ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 1 ▁to ▁collect ▁the ▁pay ments ▁which ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire ▁ow ed ▁to ▁European ▁companies ▁in ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁public ▁deb t . ▁The ▁OP DA ▁became ▁a ▁vast , ▁essentially ▁independent ▁b ureau c racy ▁within ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁b ureau c racy , ▁run ▁by ▁the ▁credit ors . ▁It ▁employed ▁ 5 , 0 0 0 ▁officials ▁who ▁collected ▁tax es ▁that ▁were ▁then ▁turned ▁over ▁to ▁the ▁European ▁credit ors . ▁ ▁Capit ulations ▁of ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire ▁( ah dn ames ) ▁were ▁generally ▁bil ater al ▁acts ▁where by ▁definite ▁arrang ements ▁were ▁entered ▁into ▁by ▁each ▁contract ing ▁party ▁towards ▁the ▁other , ▁not ▁mere ▁con cess ions , ▁gr ants ▁made ▁by ▁success ive ▁S ult ans ▁to ▁Christian ▁nations , ▁confer ring ▁rights ▁and ▁privileges ▁in ▁favor ▁of ▁their ▁subjects ▁( Christ ians / Min or ities ) ▁resident ▁or ▁trad ing ▁in ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁domin ions , ▁to ▁establish ▁the ▁policy ▁towards ▁European ▁states . ▁ ▁Capit ulations ▁of ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire ▁removed ▁by ▁the ▁Tre aty ▁of