els . ▁ ▁Cart el ▁systems ▁theory , ▁general ▁cart el ▁theory ▁According ▁to ▁an ▁analysis ▁by ▁Hol m ▁Ar no ▁Leon hardt , ▁classical ▁cart el ▁theory ▁can ▁be ▁understood ▁( after ▁a ▁de construct ive ▁adjust ment ) ▁as ▁an ▁inter dis cipl inary ▁systems ▁theory ▁in ▁the ▁field ▁of ▁the ▁social ▁sciences . ▁Abstract ed ▁from ▁the ▁concrete ▁circumstances ▁of ▁the ▁individual ▁types ▁of ▁competition , ▁an ▁over arch ing ▁theory ▁of ▁the ▁social ▁system ▁' cart el ' ▁emer ges . ▁Leon hardt ▁defines ▁this ▁through ▁nine ▁basic ▁statements ▁on ▁the ▁factors ▁ar ena , ▁actors , ▁interactions , ▁structures , ▁functions , ▁equilibrium ▁condition , ▁driving ▁forces , ▁development ▁path ▁and ▁system ▁environment : ▁Gr oups ▁of ▁independent , ▁hom ogeneous ▁actors ▁are ▁on ▁certain ▁aren as ▁( action ▁fields ) ▁on ▁the ▁way . ▁Their ▁e go ism ▁leads ▁to ▁competition ▁and ▁conflict . ▁These ▁are ▁perce ived ▁as ▁disturb ing ▁or ▁threaten ing ▁and ▁lead ▁to ▁coll usion ▁on ▁fair ness ▁rules ▁and ▁recon c ili ation ▁of ▁interests , ▁e . g . ▁by ▁joint ▁vent ures . ▁The ▁adopted ▁standards , ▁agre ements ▁and ▁projects ▁need ▁to ▁be ▁enfor ced ▁and ▁monitor ed , ▁creating ▁multi - st ake holder ▁organizations ▁– ▁cart els . ▁The ▁equilibrium ▁condition ▁of ▁the ▁system ▁is ▁the ▁win - win ▁const ell ation : ▁all ▁members ▁of ▁a ▁group ▁want ▁to ▁benefit ▁from ▁it ▁as ▁well . ▁The ▁driving ▁force ▁that ▁leads ▁to ▁cart el ▁formation ▁and ▁success