▁but ▁they ▁do ▁help ▁to ▁explain ▁why ▁the ▁mon archy ▁surv ived ▁only ▁a ▁few ▁days ▁after ▁it ▁had ▁broken ▁out . ▁ ▁Meanwhile , ▁Social ist ▁Revolution ary ▁leaders ▁in ▁ex ile , ▁many ▁of ▁them ▁living ▁in ▁Switzerland , ▁had ▁been ▁the ▁gl um ▁spect ators ▁of ▁the ▁collapse ▁of ▁international ▁social ist ▁solid ar ity . ▁French ▁and ▁German ▁Social ▁Democr ats ▁had ▁voted ▁in ▁favour ▁of ▁their ▁respective ▁govern ments ' ▁war ▁efforts . ▁Georg i ▁Ple k han ov ▁in ▁Paris ▁had ▁adopted ▁a ▁viol ently ▁anti - G erman ▁stand , ▁while ▁Alexander ▁Par v us ▁supported ▁the ▁German ▁war ▁effort ▁as ▁the ▁best ▁means ▁of ▁ens uring ▁a ▁revolution ▁in ▁Russia . ▁The ▁Mens he vik s ▁largely ▁maintained ▁that ▁Russia ▁had ▁the ▁right ▁to ▁defend ▁herself ▁against ▁Germany , ▁although ▁Julius ▁Mart ov ▁( a ▁prominent ▁Mens he vik ), ▁now ▁on ▁the ▁left ▁of ▁his ▁group , ▁demanded ▁an ▁end ▁to ▁the ▁war ▁and ▁a ▁settlement ▁on ▁the ▁basis ▁of ▁national ▁self - det erm ination , ▁with ▁no ▁an nex ations ▁or ▁in dem n ities . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁these ▁views ▁of ▁Mart ov ▁that ▁pre domin ated ▁in ▁a ▁manif esto ▁drawn ▁up ▁by ▁Leon ▁T rot sky ▁( at ▁the ▁time ▁a ▁Mens he vik ) ▁at ▁a ▁conference ▁in ▁Z immer wald , ▁attended ▁by ▁ 3 5 ▁Social ist ▁leaders ▁in ▁September ▁ 1 9 1 5 . ▁I ne v it ably ▁Vladimir ▁Len in , ▁supported