mark ▁book , ▁it ▁spark ed ▁interest ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁in ▁quant itative ▁methods , ▁census ▁sources , ▁ ▁" bottom - up " ▁history , ▁and ▁the ▁measurement ▁of ▁up ward ▁social ▁mob ility ▁by ▁different ▁eth nic ▁groups . ▁ ▁R ather ▁than ▁being ▁strictly ▁areas ▁of ▁ge ographical ▁segment ation , ▁spatial ▁patterns ▁and ▁concepts ▁of ▁place ▁reve al ▁the ▁strugg les ▁for ▁power ▁of ▁various ▁social ▁groups , ▁including ▁gender , ▁class , ▁race , ▁and ▁eth nic ▁identity . ▁The ▁spatial ▁patterns ▁of ▁resident ial ▁and ▁business ▁areas ▁give ▁individual ▁cities ▁their ▁distinct ▁ident ities ▁and , ▁considering ▁the ▁social ▁aspects ▁att endant ▁to ▁the ▁patterns , ▁create ▁a ▁more ▁complete ▁picture ▁of ▁how ▁those ▁cities ▁evol ved , ▁sh aping ▁the ▁lives ▁of ▁their ▁citizens . ▁ ▁Rec ent ▁techniques ▁include ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁historical ▁G IS ▁ ▁data . ▁ ▁Te aching ▁The ▁great ▁majority ▁of ▁leading ▁sch ol ars ▁have ▁been ▁teachers ▁at ▁univers ities ▁and ▁colleg es . ▁However , ▁professional ization ▁and ▁the ▁academic ▁adv ancement ▁system ▁gives ▁priority ▁to ▁gradu ate - level ▁research ▁and ▁publication , ▁and ▁to ▁the ▁teaching ▁of ▁advanced ▁gradu ate ▁students . ▁Iss ues ▁regarding ▁the ▁teaching ▁at ▁the ▁under grad uate ▁level ▁or ▁below ▁have ▁been ▁promoted ▁by ▁the ▁associations , ▁but ▁have ▁not ▁become ▁main ▁them es .< ref > Rich ard ▁S . ▁Kirk end all , ▁ed ., ▁The ▁Organ ization