". ▁ ▁" F ud ging ", ▁" mass aging ", ▁or ▁out right ▁manufact ure ▁of ▁experimental ▁data . ▁ ▁Some ▁forms ▁of ▁un intent ional ▁academic ▁in comp et ence ▁or ▁mal p ract ice ▁can ▁be ▁difficult ▁to ▁distinguish ▁from ▁intent ional ▁fabric ation . ▁Ex amples ▁of ▁this ▁include ▁the ▁failure ▁to ▁account ▁for ▁measurement ▁error , ▁or ▁the ▁failure ▁to ▁ade qu ately ▁control ▁experiments ▁for ▁any ▁parameters ▁being ▁measured . ▁ ▁Fab ric ation ▁can ▁also ▁occur ▁in ▁the ▁context ▁of ▁under grad uate ▁or ▁gradu ate ▁studies ▁where in ▁a ▁student ▁fabric ates ▁a ▁labor atory ▁or ▁home work ▁assignment . ▁Such ▁che ating , ▁when ▁discovered , ▁is ▁usually ▁handled ▁within ▁the ▁institution , ▁and ▁does ▁not ▁become ▁a ▁sc andal ▁within ▁the ▁larger ▁academic ▁community ▁( as ▁che ating ▁by ▁students ▁s eld om ▁has ▁any ▁academic ▁significance ). ▁ ▁Con sequ ences ▁ ▁A ▁finding ▁that ▁a ▁scient ist ▁engaged ▁in ▁fabric ation ▁will ▁often ▁mean ▁the ▁end ▁to ▁his ▁or ▁her ▁career ▁as ▁a ▁research er . ▁Scient ific ▁mis con duct ▁is ▁grounds ▁for ▁dismiss al ▁of ▁ten ured ▁fac ulty , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁for ▁for fe iture ▁of ▁research ▁gr ants . ▁Given ▁the ▁tight - kn it ▁nature ▁of ▁many ▁academic ▁communities , ▁and ▁the ▁high ▁st akes ▁involved , ▁research ers ▁who ▁are ▁found ▁to ▁have ▁committed ▁fabric ation ▁are ▁often ▁effectively ▁( and ▁perman ently ) ▁black list ed ▁from ▁the ▁profession , ▁with ▁re put