▁food ▁reward ▁with ▁a ▁specific ▁vocal ▁signal . ▁In ▁the ▁test , ▁dogs ▁were ▁walked ▁past ▁a ▁" prov oc ateur " ▁who ▁attempted ▁to ▁ta unt ▁the ▁dog ▁into ▁a ▁reaction . ▁If ▁the ▁dog ▁react ed , ▁it ▁was ▁pun ished , ▁and ▁if ▁it ▁failed ▁to ▁react ▁on ▁subsequent ▁provoc ations ▁then ▁the ▁pun ishment ▁was ▁de emed ▁to ▁have ▁had ▁a ▁learning ▁effect . ▁The ▁study ▁is ▁therefore ▁a ▁comparison ▁of ▁negative ▁and ▁positive ▁pun ishment ▁methods , ▁and ▁not ▁a ▁comparison ▁of ▁pun ishment ▁with ▁positive ▁rein for cement . ▁Learning ▁effect ▁was ▁measured ▁by ▁assess ing ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁dogs ▁that ▁learned ▁to ▁quit ▁a ▁behaviour ▁after ▁application ▁of ▁the ▁pun ishing ▁stim ulus . ▁There ▁was ▁no ▁statistical ▁difference ▁in ▁learning ▁effect ▁between ▁the ▁pin ch ▁and ▁shock ▁col lar , ▁but ▁the ▁qu itting ▁signal ▁produced ▁a ▁significantly ▁poor er ▁learning ▁effect ▁compared ▁to ▁shock ▁or ▁pin ch ▁coll ars ▁( p ▁< ▁ 0 . 0 1 ▁in ▁both ▁cases ). ▁" Al though ▁the ▁pin ch ▁col lar ▁caused ▁more ▁behavior al ▁re actions , ▁in ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁dist ress , ▁than ▁the ▁electronic ▁training ▁col lar , ▁the ▁electronic ▁training ▁col lar ▁el ic its ▁more ▁vocal ▁re actions ▁in ▁dogs ▁than ▁the ▁pin ch ▁coll ars "; ▁the ▁explanation ▁for ▁increased ▁vocal isation ▁in ▁the ▁shock ▁col lar ▁group ▁was ▁that ▁this ▁was ▁due ▁to ▁a ▁start le ▁response ▁rather ▁than ▁pain ▁re actions . ▁ ▁Sal iv ary ▁cort