▁conduct ▁cu ed ▁recall , ▁the ▁study - test ▁method ▁and ▁the ▁anticip ation ▁method . ▁In ▁the ▁study - test ▁method ▁participants ▁study ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁word ▁pairs ▁presented ▁individually . ▁Im medi ately ▁after ▁or ▁after ▁a ▁time ▁delay , ▁participants ▁are ▁tested ▁in ▁the ▁study ▁phase ▁of ▁the ▁experiment ▁on ▁the ▁word ▁pairs ▁just ▁previously ▁studied . ▁One ▁word ▁of ▁each ▁pair ▁is ▁presented ▁in ▁a ▁random ▁order ▁and ▁the ▁particip ant ▁is ▁asked ▁to ▁recall ▁the ▁item ▁with ▁which ▁it ▁was ▁originally ▁pa ired . ▁The ▁particip ant ▁can ▁be ▁tested ▁for ▁either ▁forward ▁recall , ▁A i ▁is ▁presented ▁as ▁a ▁c ue ▁for ▁Bi , ▁or ▁back ward ▁recall , ▁Bi ▁is ▁presented ▁as ▁a ▁c ue ▁for ▁A i . ▁In ▁the ▁anticip ation ▁method , ▁participants ▁are ▁shown ▁A i ▁and ▁are ▁asked ▁to ▁anticip ate ▁the ▁word ▁pa ired ▁with ▁it , ▁Bi . ▁If ▁the ▁particip ant ▁cannot ▁recall ▁the ▁word , ▁the ▁answer ▁is ▁revealed . ▁During ▁an ▁experiment ▁using ▁the ▁anticip ation ▁method , ▁the ▁list ▁of ▁words ▁is ▁repeated ▁until ▁a ▁certain ▁percentage ▁of ▁Bi ▁words ▁are ▁re called . ▁ ▁The ▁learning ▁curve ▁for ▁cu ed ▁recall ▁increases ▁system atically ▁with ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁tri als ▁completed . ▁This ▁result ▁has ▁caused ▁a ▁debate ▁about ▁whether ▁or ▁not ▁learning ▁is ▁all - or - none . ▁One ▁theory ▁is ▁that ▁learning ▁is ▁increment al ▁and ▁that ▁the ▁recall ▁of ▁each ▁word ▁pair ▁is ▁strength ened ▁with ▁repet ition .