ctu ated ▁equilibrium ▁ ▁E cos ystem ▁Theory ▁provides ▁a ▁concept ual ▁framework ▁that ▁helps ▁design ers ▁and ▁others ▁understand ▁the ▁mechan isms ▁under pin ning ▁product ▁innov ation ▁in ▁a ▁tang ible ▁and ▁visual ▁way . ▁▁▁ ▁Technology ▁change ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁environmental ▁variables ▁that ▁provide ▁both ▁opportunity ▁and ▁threat ▁for ▁products ▁in ▁much ▁the ▁same ▁way ▁that ▁environmental ▁variables ▁such ▁as ▁climate ▁provide ▁opportunity ▁and ▁threat ▁for ▁species . ▁E valu ating ▁designed ▁products ▁from ▁this ▁perspective ▁is ▁useful ▁as ▁it ▁shows ▁that ▁the ▁value ▁of ▁a ▁product ▁is ▁not ▁contained ▁entirely ▁within ▁the ▁product ▁itself . ▁Value ▁is ▁also ▁obtained ▁from ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁e cos ystem . ▁ ▁History ▁and ▁usage ▁of ▁the ▁term ▁▁ ▁The ▁term ▁was ▁first ▁used ▁in ▁this ▁context ▁by ▁Tim ▁Williams ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁in ▁a ▁paper ▁he ▁wrote ▁with ▁Marian ella ▁Cham or ro - K oc . ▁This ▁paper ▁proposed ▁a ▁method ology ▁for ▁understanding ▁the ▁difficulties ▁of ▁implementation ▁for ▁dis rupt ive ▁innov ation ▁based ▁on ▁a ▁case ▁study ▁of ▁the ▁M IT ▁City ▁Car . ▁The ▁term ▁has ▁been ▁used ▁non - specific ally ▁prior ▁to ▁this ▁on ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁occasions . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Man ufact ured ▁goods <0x0A> </s> ▁E ye ▁of ▁God ▁usually ▁refers ▁to ▁the ▁Hel ix ▁Neb ula , ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁NGC ▁ 7 2 9 3 . ▁ ▁E ye ▁of ▁God ▁may ▁also ▁refer ▁to : ▁▁ ▁E ye ▁of ▁God ▁( film ),