▁identified ▁with ▁the ▁left , ▁which ▁helped ▁to ▁explain ▁why ▁The ▁Three ▁F aces ▁of ▁F asc ism , ▁by ▁prom oting ▁a ▁non - Mar x ist ▁theory ▁of ▁generic ▁fasc ism ▁over ▁the ▁previously ▁dominant ▁total itar ian ism ▁parad ig m ▁( the ▁only ▁alternative ▁for ▁the or ists ▁of ▁fasc ism ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s ▁had ▁been ▁the ▁Marx ist - in sp ired ▁" R age ▁of ▁the ▁Lower ▁Middle ▁Class " ▁th esis ), ▁was ▁much ▁wel com ed ▁in ▁general ▁by ▁the ▁non - Mar x ist ▁left . ▁T ogether ▁with ▁the ▁work ▁of ▁Eugen ▁We ber , ▁The ▁Three ▁F aces ▁of ▁F asc ism ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁books ▁to ▁furn ish ▁an ▁extensive ▁study ▁of ▁the ▁ult ra - n ational ist ▁and ▁anti - S emit ic ▁Action ▁Fran çaise ▁movement ▁of ▁France , ▁but ▁many ▁have ▁question ed ▁N ol te ’ s ▁claim ▁that ▁the ▁Action ▁Fran çaise ▁was ▁a ▁fasc ist ▁movement , ▁or ▁in ▁the ▁case ▁of ▁John ▁L uk acs , ▁that ▁such ▁a ▁thing ▁as ▁generic ▁fasc ism ▁ever ▁existed . ▁Answer ing ▁the ▁criticism ▁that ▁generic ▁fasc ism ▁was ▁an ▁invalid ▁concept ▁because ▁no ▁other ▁fasc ist ▁movement ▁produced ▁anything ▁equivalent ▁to ▁the ▁Hol oca ust , ▁N ol te ▁argued ▁that ▁National ▁Social ism ▁was ▁" rad ical ▁fasc ism ". ▁ ▁As ▁a ▁professor ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Mar burg ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 6