ice ▁to ▁several ▁press ▁organizations , ▁with ▁the ▁aim ▁of ▁restrict ing ▁their ▁ability ▁to ▁report ▁on ▁these ▁le aks . ▁That ▁same ▁month , ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Army ▁bar red ▁its ▁personnel ▁from ▁access ▁to ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁website ▁of ▁The ▁Guardian ▁after ▁that ▁site ' s ▁publication ▁of ▁Snow den ' s ▁le aks . ▁The ▁entire ▁Guardian ▁website ▁was ▁blocked ▁for ▁personnel ▁station ed ▁throughout ▁Afghan istan , ▁the ▁Middle ▁East , ▁and ▁South ▁Asia . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁a ▁survey ▁undert aken ▁by ▁the ▁human ▁rights ▁group ▁P EN ▁International , ▁these ▁dis clos ures ▁have ▁had ▁a ▁ch illing ▁effect ▁on ▁American ▁writers . ▁F ear ing ▁the ▁risk ▁of ▁being ▁target ed ▁by ▁government ▁surve ill ance , ▁ 2 8 % ▁of ▁P EN ' s ▁American ▁members ▁have ▁cur bed ▁their ▁usage ▁of ▁social ▁media , ▁and ▁ 1 6 % ▁have ▁self - c ens ored ▁themselves ▁by ▁avoid ing ▁controvers ial ▁topics ▁in ▁their ▁writ ings . ▁▁ ▁Det ention ▁without ▁charge ▁On ▁August ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁David ▁Mir anda , ▁partner ▁of ▁journalist ▁Gl enn ▁Green wald , ▁was ▁det ained ▁for ▁nine ▁hours ▁under ▁Sch edule ▁ 7 ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ' s ▁T error ism ▁Act ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁Mir anda ▁was ▁returning ▁from ▁Berlin , ▁carrying ▁ 5 8 , 0 0 0 ▁G CH Q ▁documents ▁on ▁a ▁single ▁computer ▁file ▁to ▁Green wald ▁in ▁Brazil