ified ▁ever ▁since ▁the ▁attacks . ▁The ▁media ▁port ray s ▁Is l ams ▁as ▁a ▁race ▁of ▁people ▁directly ▁associated ▁with ▁violence . ▁In ▁public ▁discuss ions ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁media , ▁Muslim s ▁are ▁mostly ▁port rayed ▁as ▁a ▁mon ol ith ic ▁b loc , ▁a ▁closed ▁and ▁un ited ▁group ▁of ▁people ▁who ▁are ▁totally ▁different ▁from ▁or ▁even ▁int im id ating ▁and ▁host ile ▁to ▁a ▁like wise ▁closed ▁" West ," ▁which ▁is ▁Christian , ▁sec ular , ▁liberal , ▁and ▁dem ocr atic . ▁The ▁description ▁of ▁the ▁Muslim s ▁and ▁Western ▁world s ▁as ▁two ▁contrast ing ▁and ▁contradict ory ▁pol es ▁leads ▁to ▁a ▁dual istic ▁understanding ▁of ▁relations , ▁dis reg arding ▁many ▁fine ▁dist in ctions ▁and ▁exceptions . ▁The ▁so ▁called ▁risk ▁of ▁Arab s ▁has ▁been ▁hyp ed ▁throughout ▁by ▁the ▁media ▁channels ▁to ▁an ▁extent ▁that ▁now ▁Western ers ▁see ▁Muslim s ▁only ▁in ▁the ▁context ▁of ▁somebody ▁who ▁is ▁an ▁advers ary ▁of ▁the ▁dem ocr atic ▁world ▁order ▁and ▁modern ization . ▁ ▁Arab oph ob ia ▁stats ▁ ▁When ▁Muslim s ▁and ▁Islam ▁are ▁discussed ▁on ▁news ▁networks , ▁it ▁is ▁often ▁regarding ▁the ▁" W ar ▁on ▁T error ." ▁ ▁Response ▁ ▁Some ▁media ▁out lets ▁are ▁working ▁explicitly ▁against ▁Islam oph ob ia , ▁and ▁sometimes , ▁the ▁government ▁is ▁accused ▁of ▁consp iring . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁Fair ness ▁and ▁Acc ur acy ▁in ▁Report ing ▁("