▁collect ive ▁action ▁among ▁domestic ▁coal itions ▁who ▁lo bb y ▁for ▁policy ▁out comes ▁supporting ▁their ▁collect ive ▁interests .” ▁Zwe ig , ▁however , ▁does ▁not ▁find ▁the ▁el ite ▁in ▁rural ▁coast al ▁China ▁lo bb ying ▁for ▁more ▁trade ▁in ▁a ▁time ▁when ▁their ▁own ▁compar ative ▁advantage ▁in ▁foreign ▁trade ▁increased . ▁What ▁he ▁found ▁instead ▁was ▁the ▁effects ▁of ▁state ▁initi atives ▁from ▁central ▁level ▁in ▁the ▁pen etr ation ▁of ▁foreign ▁direct ▁invest ment ▁into ▁rural ▁China . ▁He ▁ident ifies ▁two ▁reasons ▁for ▁the ▁phenomen on : ▁ 1 ) ▁the ▁far mers ▁and ▁man agers ▁of ▁town ship ▁and ▁village ▁enter pr ises ▁either ▁had ▁to ▁pay ▁too ▁high ▁a ▁cost ▁to ▁lo bb y ▁for ▁their ▁interests ▁or ▁had ▁no ▁formal ▁channel ▁to ▁influence ▁policy - making ; ▁and ▁ 2 ) ▁they ▁lack ▁the ▁in cent ives ▁to ▁eng age ▁in ▁foreign ▁trade ▁because ▁of ▁state ▁mon opol y ▁over ▁external ▁interactions ▁and ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁foreign ▁exchange . ▁Only ▁after ▁the ▁state ▁lo os ened ▁the ▁control ▁over ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁foreign ▁currency ▁earned ▁through ▁export ▁did ▁the ▁rural ▁el ite ▁make ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁low ▁labor ▁cost ▁in ▁the ▁coun tr ys ide , ▁increase ▁the ▁amount ▁of ▁export , ▁and ▁import ▁technology ▁to ▁improve ▁the ▁quality ▁of ▁production . ▁ ▁Development ▁▁ ▁As ▁seen ▁from ▁the ▁above ▁table , ▁the ▁initial ▁increase ▁in ▁foreign ▁direct ▁invest ment ▁was ▁slow ▁after ▁Chinese ▁government ▁passed ▁several ▁laws ▁in ▁the ▁late