▁against ▁Lib ya ' s ▁population . ▁Ott oman ▁Turkey ▁surrender ed ▁its ▁control ▁of ▁Lib ya ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 1 2 ▁Tre aty ▁of ▁La us anne , ▁but ▁fier ce ▁resistance ▁to ▁the ▁It ali ans ▁continued ▁from ▁the ▁Sen us si ▁political - rel ig ious ▁order , ▁a ▁strongly ▁national istic ▁group ▁of ▁Sun ni ▁Muslim s . ▁This ▁group , ▁first ▁under ▁the ▁leadership ▁of ▁O mar ▁Al ▁M uk ht ar ▁and ▁centered ▁in ▁the ▁J eb el ▁Ak hd ar ▁Mountains ▁of ▁Cy ren a ica , ▁led ▁the ▁Lib yan ▁resistance ▁movement ▁against ▁Italian ▁settlement ▁in ▁Lib ya . ▁Italian ▁forces ▁under ▁the ▁Gener als ▁Pietro ▁Bad og lio ▁and ▁Rod ol fo ▁Gra z iani ▁w aged ▁pun itive ▁pac ification ▁campaign s ▁using ▁chemical ▁weapons , ▁mass ▁execution s ▁of ▁soldiers ▁and ▁civ ili ans ▁and ▁concentration ▁cam ps . ▁One - qu arter ▁of ▁Cy ren a ica ' s ▁population ▁of ▁ 2 2 5 , 0 0 0 ▁people ▁died ▁during ▁the ▁conflict . ▁After ▁nearly ▁two ▁dec ades ▁of ▁supp ression ▁campaign s ▁the ▁Italian ▁colonial ▁forces ▁claimed ▁victory . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 0 s , ▁the ▁policy ▁of ▁Italian ▁F asc ism ▁toward ▁Lib ya ▁began ▁to ▁change , ▁and ▁both ▁Italian ▁Cy ren a ica ▁and ▁Tri polit ania , ▁along ▁with ▁Fe zz an , ▁were ▁merged ▁into ▁Italian ▁Lib ya ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 4 . ▁ ▁Territ