ilia ▁go ▁well ▁beyond ▁Arist ot le . ▁Other ▁ancient ▁sources ▁which ▁could ▁suggest ▁the ▁li ar ▁par ado x , ▁including ▁Saint ▁August ine , ▁Cic ero , ▁and ▁the ▁quot ation ▁of ▁Ep imen ides ▁appearing ▁in ▁the ▁Ep ist le ▁to ▁Tit us , ▁were ▁not ▁c ited ▁in ▁discuss ions ▁of ▁ins ol ub ilia . ▁ ▁Adam ▁of ▁Bal sh am ▁mentioned , ▁in ▁passing , ▁some ▁par ado x ical ▁statements ▁( dated ▁to ▁ 1 1 3 2 ), ▁but ▁he ▁did ▁not ▁dwell ▁on ▁the ▁difficulties ▁raised ▁by ▁these ▁statements . ▁Alexander ▁Ne ck ham , ▁writing ▁later ▁in ▁the ▁tw elf th ▁century , ▁explicitly ▁recognized ▁the ▁par ado x ical ▁nature ▁of ▁ins ol ub ilia , ▁but ▁did ▁not ▁attempt ▁to ▁resolve ▁the ▁incons istent ▁imp lications ▁of ▁the ▁par ado x . ▁The ▁first ▁resolution ▁was ▁given ▁by ▁an ▁anonymous ▁author ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁tw elf th ▁or ▁beginning ▁of ▁the ▁th ir teenth ▁century . ▁There ▁was ▁an ▁established ▁literature ▁on ▁the ▁topic ▁by ▁about ▁ 1 3 2 0 , ▁when ▁Thomas ▁Brad ward ine ▁pre fac ed ▁his ▁own ▁discussion ▁of ▁ins ol ub ilia ▁with ▁nine ▁views ▁then ▁current . ▁Interest ▁in ▁ins ol ub ilia ▁continued ▁throughout ▁the ▁four teenth ▁century , ▁especially ▁by ▁Jean ▁Bur idan . ▁ ▁The ▁medieval ▁ins ol ub ilia ▁literature ▁seems ▁to ▁treat ▁these ▁par ado xes ▁as ▁difficult ▁but ▁not ▁truly ▁" ins ol ub le ",