▁applied ▁voltage . ▁Studies ▁using ▁these ▁set ups ▁have ▁been ▁able ▁to ▁study ▁dynam ical ▁phen omena ▁like ▁elect rop oration ▁of ▁memb ran es ▁and ▁ion ▁trans location ▁by ▁channels . ▁ ▁The ▁benefit ▁of ▁such ▁methods ▁is ▁the ▁high ▁level ▁of ▁detail ▁of ▁the ▁active ▁condu ction ▁mechanism , ▁given ▁by ▁the ▁inher ently ▁high ▁resolution ▁and ▁data ▁density ▁that ▁atom istic ▁simulation ▁aff ords . ▁There ▁are ▁significant ▁draw back s , ▁given ▁by ▁the ▁uncertainty ▁of ▁the ▁legit im acy ▁of ▁the ▁model ▁and ▁the ▁computational ▁cost ▁of ▁model ing ▁systems ▁that ▁are ▁large ▁enough ▁and ▁over ▁sufficient ▁times cal es ▁to ▁be ▁considered ▁reprodu cing ▁the ▁macro scop ic ▁properties ▁of ▁the ▁systems ▁themselves . ▁While ▁atom istic ▁simulations ▁may ▁access ▁times cal es ▁close ▁to , ▁or ▁into ▁the ▁micro second ▁domain , ▁this ▁is ▁still ▁several ▁orders ▁of ▁magnitude ▁lower ▁than ▁even ▁the ▁resolution ▁of ▁experimental ▁methods ▁such ▁as ▁patch - cl amp ing . ▁ ▁C lin ical ▁electro phys i ology ▁ ▁C lin ical ▁electro phys i ology ▁is ▁the ▁study ▁of ▁how ▁electro phys i ological ▁principles ▁and ▁techn ologies ▁can ▁be ▁applied ▁to ▁human ▁health . ▁For ▁example , ▁clin ical ▁card iac ▁electro phys i ology ▁is ▁the ▁study ▁of ▁the ▁elect rical ▁properties ▁which ▁govern ▁heart ▁rh ythm ▁and ▁activity . ▁Card iac ▁electro phys i ology ▁can ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁observe ▁and ▁treat ▁dis orders ▁such ▁as ▁arr h ythm ia ▁( ir regular ▁heart be at ).