ical ▁impression ▁nor ▁computer ▁models ▁were ▁able ▁to ▁ade qu ately ▁distinguish ▁organ ic ▁from ▁functional ▁disease . ▁ ▁In ▁a ▁recent ▁study , ▁patients ▁with ▁pe ptic ▁ul cer ▁disease ▁were ▁compared ▁with ▁patients ▁with ▁functional ▁d ys pe ps ia ▁in ▁an ▁age ▁and ▁sex - match ed ▁study . ▁Although ▁the ▁functional ▁d ys pe ps ia ▁group ▁reported ▁more ▁upper ▁ab dom inal ▁full ness , ▁n ause a , ▁and ▁overall ▁greater ▁dist ress ▁and ▁anx iety , ▁almost ▁all ▁the ▁same ▁sympt oms ▁were ▁seen ▁in ▁both ▁groups . ▁ ▁Therefore , ▁it ▁is ▁the ▁clin ician ’ s ▁challeng ing ▁task ▁to ▁separate ▁patients ▁who ▁may ▁have ▁an ▁organ ic ▁dis order , ▁and ▁thus ▁war rant ▁further ▁di agnostic ▁testing , ▁from ▁patients ▁who ▁have ▁functional ▁d ys pe ps ia , ▁who ▁are ▁given ▁empir ic ▁sympt om atic ▁treatment . ▁The ▁work up ▁should ▁be ▁target ed ▁to ▁identify ▁or ▁rule ▁out ▁specific ▁causes . ▁Trad itionally , ▁people ▁at ▁high - ris k ▁have ▁been ▁identified ▁by ▁" al arm " ▁features . ▁However , ▁the ▁utility ▁of ▁these ▁features ▁in ▁ident ifying ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁upper ▁cancer ▁of ▁the ▁es oph ag us ▁or ▁st om ach ▁has ▁been ▁deb ated . ▁A ▁meta ▁analysis ▁looking ▁at ▁the ▁sens itivity ▁and ▁specific ity ▁of ▁alarm ▁features ▁found ▁a ▁range ▁of ▁ 0 – 8 3 % ▁and ▁ 4 0 – 9 8 %, ▁respectively . ▁However , ▁there ▁was ▁high