▁La us anne ▁( 1 9 2 3 ), ▁specifically ▁by ▁Article ▁ 2 8 . ▁During ▁the ▁Paris ▁Conference ▁of ▁ 1 9 2 5 , ▁Reform er ' s ▁paid ▁ 6 2 % ▁of ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire ' s ▁pre - 1 9 1 2 ▁deb t , ▁and ▁ 7 7 % ▁of ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire ' s ▁post - 1 9 1 2 ▁deb t . ▁With ▁the ▁Paris ▁Tre aty ▁of ▁ 1 9 3 3 , ▁Turkey ▁decre ased ▁this ▁amount ▁to ▁its ▁favor ▁and ▁agreed ▁to ▁pay ▁ 8 4 . 6 ▁million ▁l iras ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁remaining ▁total ▁of ▁ 1 6 1 . 3 ▁million ▁l iras ▁of ▁Ott oman ▁deb t . ▁The ▁last ▁payment ▁of ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁deb t ▁was ▁made ▁by ▁Turkey ▁on ▁ 2 5 ▁May ▁ 1 9 5 4 . ▁ ▁Analysis ▁ ▁Arg uments ▁over ▁origin ▁ ▁The ▁re forms ▁were ▁gu ided ▁by ▁educational ▁and ▁scientific ▁progress , ▁and ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁principles ▁of ▁posit iv ist ▁and ▁rational ist ▁en light en ment . ▁M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Republican ▁People ' s ▁Party , ▁mostly ▁gradu ates ▁of ▁the ▁' mod ern ▁schools ' ▁that ▁were ▁established ▁during ▁T anz imat ▁era , ▁applied ▁their ▁western - in sp ired ▁modern ization ▁to ▁all ▁areas ▁of ▁government . ▁ ▁Arg uments ▁over ▁effect iveness ▁ ▁Some ▁people ▁thought ▁that ▁the ▁pace ▁of ▁change ▁under ▁At at ür k ▁was ▁too