▁dis charge . ▁Adv ances ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 th ▁century ▁included ▁Daniel ▁Bern oul li ' s ▁pie z ometer ▁and ▁Bern oul li ' s ▁equation ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁Pit ot ▁t ube ▁by ▁Henri ▁Pit ot . ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century , ▁ground water ▁hydro log y ▁was ▁further ed ▁by ▁Dar cy ' s ▁law , ▁the ▁Dup uit - Th iem ▁well ▁formula , ▁and ▁the ▁H agen - Po ise u ille ▁equation ▁for ▁flows ▁through ▁pip es . ▁Phys ical ▁Geography ▁of ▁the ▁Sea , ▁the ▁first ▁text book ▁of ▁ocean ography , ▁was ▁written ▁by ▁Matthew ▁Font aine ▁Ma ury ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 5 . ▁ ▁The ▁therm os cope , ▁or ▁Gal ile o ▁therm ometer , ▁was ▁constructed ▁by ▁Gal ile o ▁Gal ile i ▁in ▁ 1 6 0 7 . ▁In ▁ 1 6 4 3 , ▁Evangel ista ▁Tor ric elli ▁invent ed ▁the ▁mer cur y ▁bar ometer . ▁Bla ise ▁Pascal ▁( in ▁ 1 6 4 8 ) ▁redis cover ed ▁that ▁atmos pher ic ▁pressure ▁decre ases ▁with ▁height , ▁and ▁dedu ced ▁that ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁vac u um ▁above ▁the ▁atmosphere . ▁ ▁Emer gence ▁as ▁a ▁discipline ▁The ▁first ▁known ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁word ▁ge oph ys ics ▁was ▁by ▁Julius ▁Fr ö bel ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 4 ▁( in ▁German ). ▁It ▁was ▁used ▁occasionally ▁in ▁the ▁next ▁few ▁dec ades , ▁but