▁the ▁Ak h b ari ▁and ▁Us uli ▁schools ▁of ▁Sh ia ▁Islam . ▁ ▁Br ief ly , ▁the ▁Ak h b ari ▁believed ▁that ▁the ▁sole ▁sources ▁of ▁law ▁were ▁the ▁Q ur ' an ▁and ▁the ▁Had ith , ▁in ▁particular ▁the ▁Four ▁Books ▁accepted ▁by ▁the ▁Sh ia : ▁everything ▁in ▁these ▁sources ▁was ▁in ▁principle ▁reliable , ▁and ▁outside ▁them ▁there ▁was ▁no ▁authority ▁compet ent ▁to ▁en act ▁or ▁dedu ce ▁further ▁legal ▁rules . ▁ ▁The ▁Us uli ▁believed ▁that ▁the ▁Had ith ▁collections ▁contained ▁trad itions ▁of ▁very ▁varying ▁degrees ▁of ▁reli ability , ▁and ▁that ▁critical ▁analysis ▁was ▁necessary ▁to ▁assess ▁their ▁authority . ▁ ▁On ▁this ▁view , ▁the ▁task ▁of ▁the ▁legal ▁scholar ▁is ▁to ▁establish ▁intellectual ▁principles ▁of ▁general ▁application ▁( Us ul ▁al - fi q h ), ▁from ▁which ▁particular ▁rules ▁may ▁be ▁derived ▁by ▁way ▁of ▁dedu ction : ▁accordingly , ▁legal ▁scholar ship ▁has ▁the ▁tools ▁in ▁principle ▁for ▁resol ving ▁any ▁situation , ▁whether ▁or ▁not ▁it ▁is ▁specifically ▁addressed ▁in ▁Q ur an ▁or ▁Had ith ▁( see ▁I j ti had ). ▁ ▁Trad itionally ▁these ▁intellectual ▁principles ▁were ▁anal ys ed ▁through ▁the ▁procedures ▁of ▁Arist ot elian ▁logic . ▁ ▁The ▁Ak h b ari ▁scholar ▁Muhammad ▁A min ▁al - A ster ab adi ▁critic ised ▁this ▁approach , ▁arg uing ▁that ▁since ▁the ▁alleg ed ▁general ▁principles ▁were ▁arrived ▁at ▁by ▁way ▁of ▁general isation ▁from ▁the ▁existing ▁practical ▁rules