. ▁This ▁t endency ▁reflect s ▁the ▁historical ▁need ▁for ▁children ▁to ▁be ▁involved ▁in ▁summer - time ▁agricult ural ▁work ▁with ▁school ▁starting ▁after ▁har vest ing . ▁ ▁A ▁relative ▁age ▁effect ▁in ▁academ ia ▁is ▁illustrated ▁in ▁the ▁third ▁graph ▁which ▁shows ▁the ▁percent ▁deviation ▁from ▁month ▁of ▁birth ▁profile ▁norm s ▁evident ▁in ▁gradu ations ▁from ▁Oxford ▁University ▁over ▁a ▁ 1 0 - year ▁period . ▁Academ ic ▁relative ▁age ▁effects ▁seem ▁to ▁be ▁moder ated ▁by ▁culture . ▁ ▁A ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁study ▁finds ▁that ▁relative ▁age ▁affect s ▁student ▁performance ▁and ▁has ▁long - last ing ▁effects ▁on ▁life ▁out comes . ▁The ▁authors ▁find ▁that ▁" the ▁young est ▁members ▁of ▁each ▁coh ort ▁score ▁ 4 – 1 2 ▁percent iles ▁lower ▁than ▁the ▁oldest ▁members ▁in ▁grade ▁four ▁and ▁ 2 – 9 ▁percent iles ▁lower ▁in ▁grade ▁eight … ▁data ▁from ▁Canada ▁and ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁show ▁that ▁the ▁young est ▁members ▁of ▁each ▁coh ort ▁are ▁even ▁less ▁likely ▁to ▁attend ▁university ." ▁ ▁A ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁study ▁finds ▁that ▁Italian ▁students ▁born ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁months ▁of ▁the ▁year ▁" are ▁more ▁likely ▁to ▁be ▁track ed ▁in ▁more ▁academic ▁schools ▁rather ▁than ▁in ▁voc ational ▁schools ." ▁ ▁In ▁leadership ▁positions ▁ ▁A ▁relative ▁age ▁effect ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁observed ▁in ▁the ▁context ▁of ▁leadership . ▁Studies ▁have ▁found ▁an ▁over - re presentation ▁of ▁people ▁born ▁just ▁after ▁the ▁school ▁entry ▁cut