▁M uda : ▁first ly , ▁the ▁Muham m adi y ah ▁movement ▁that ▁involved ▁conflicts ▁over ▁religious ▁texts ▁and ▁teach ings ▁and ▁second ly , ▁the ▁J ami at ul ▁Was li y ah ▁organization ▁which ▁shared ▁common ▁interests ▁with ▁Muhammad iah . ▁Even ▁though ▁the ▁Ku am ▁M uda ▁presented ▁themselves ▁as ▁“ non - polit ical ” ▁Islam ic ▁leaders , ▁the ▁ker aja an ▁still ▁regarded ▁those ▁organizations ▁with ▁host ility ▁and ▁decided ▁to ▁support ▁the ▁Ku am ▁T ua ▁instead . ▁Hence , ▁the ▁Malays ▁were ▁said ▁to ▁claim ▁domin ance ▁in ▁both ▁political ▁and ▁cultural ▁spher es , ▁which ▁led ▁to ▁res ent ment ▁of ▁the ▁Mal ay ▁arist ocr atic ▁class ▁and ▁Malays ▁in ▁general . ▁ ▁The ▁Political ▁Mov ement ▁During ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 3 0 s , ▁the ▁national ▁movements ▁led ▁by ▁the ▁per ger ak an ▁were ▁developing ▁rapidly ▁among ▁urban ▁and ▁educated ▁sections ▁of ▁the ▁Indones ian ▁community . ▁One ▁example ▁was ▁the ▁East ▁Sum atra ▁Association , ▁which ▁was ▁created ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 8 ▁by ▁Dutch - ed uc ated ▁Malays ▁and ▁was ▁later ▁led ▁by ▁Dr ▁T eng ku ▁Mans ur ▁( who ▁was ▁connected ▁to ▁the ▁As ah an ▁royal ▁family ). ▁The ▁political ▁association ▁aim ed ▁to ▁improve ▁the ▁social ▁status ▁of ▁East ▁Sum at ran ▁n atives , ▁including ▁S imal ung un ▁people ▁and ▁Kar o ▁people ▁( Ind ones ia ). ▁The ▁national ▁movement ▁then ▁slowly ▁reached ▁out ▁to ▁small ▁far