▁on ▁the ▁tra iner ' s ▁methods ▁either ▁as ▁a ▁form ▁of ▁positive ▁pun ishment , ▁where ▁the ▁correction ▁is ▁applied ▁at ▁the ▁moment ▁an ▁und es ired ▁behavior ▁occurs ▁to ▁reduce ▁the ▁frequency ▁of ▁that ▁behavior — or ▁as ▁a ▁form ▁of ▁negative ▁rein for cement , ▁where ▁a ▁continuous ▁stim ulation ▁is ▁applied ▁until ▁the ▁moment ▁a ▁desired ▁behavior ▁occurs ▁to ▁increase ▁the ▁frequency ▁of ▁that ▁behavior . ▁ ▁Frame ▁of ▁reference ▁Elect rical ▁shock ▁is ▁the ▁phys i ological ▁reaction , ▁sens ation , ▁or ▁injury ▁caused ▁by ▁electric ▁current ▁passing ▁through ▁the ▁body . ▁It ▁occurs ▁upon ▁contact ▁of ▁a ▁body ▁part ▁with ▁any ▁source ▁of ▁electric ity ▁that ▁causes ▁a ▁sufficient ▁current ▁through ▁the ▁skin , ▁mus cles , ▁or ▁hair . ▁ ▁Comment ing ▁in ▁his ▁text book ▁on ▁training ▁and ▁behaviour , ▁Steven ▁L inds ay ▁wrote ▁about ▁the ▁public ▁per ception ▁of ▁the ▁term ▁" sh ock " ▁and ▁its ▁application ▁in ▁the ▁description ▁of ▁training ▁a ids ; ▁" At ▁low ▁levels , ▁the ▁term ▁shock ▁is ▁hardly ▁fitting ▁to ▁describe ▁the ▁effects ▁produced ▁by ▁electronic ▁training ▁coll ars , ▁since ▁there ▁is ▁virt ually ▁no ▁effect ▁beyond ▁a ▁pul sing ▁t ing ling ▁or ▁tick ling ▁sens ation ▁on ▁the ▁surface ▁of ▁the ▁skin ▁... ▁the ▁word ▁shock ▁is ▁loaded ▁with ▁bi ased ▁con not ations , ▁images ▁of ▁conv uls ive ▁sp as ms ▁and ▁burn s , ▁and ▁imp lications ▁associated ▁with ▁extreme ▁physical ▁pain , ▁emot ional ▁tra uma ,