▁( E ll en , ▁ 1 9 9 3 ). ▁ ▁He ▁also ▁emphas ises ▁the ▁ind igen ous ▁knowledge ▁of ▁the ▁rain for est ▁in ▁pres erving ▁the ▁identity ▁and ▁culture ▁of ▁ind igen ous ▁people ▁whose ▁ways ▁of ▁life ▁are ▁threatened . ▁ ▁He ▁had ▁observed ▁that ▁histor ically ▁the ▁ind igen ous ▁people ▁have ▁perce ived ▁and ▁interact ed ▁with ▁the ▁rain for est ▁in ▁many ▁diverse ▁ways . ▁ ▁D iversity ▁has ▁been ▁obsc ured ▁with ▁the ▁process ▁of ▁global isation ▁and ▁the ▁undert aking ▁of ▁o vers impl ifying ▁the ▁relationships , ▁which ▁the ▁people ▁have ▁established ▁with ▁the ▁forest . ▁ ▁He ▁impl ores ▁conservation ists ▁to ▁take ▁ind igen ous ▁knowledge ▁into ▁account ▁and ▁form ▁a ▁judgment ▁based ▁on ▁evidence ▁for ▁that ▁particular ▁situation ▁and ▁not ▁general isation ▁( E ll en , ▁ 1 9 9 3 ). ▁Dr . ▁Ellen ▁recogn ises ▁that ▁individual ▁subs istence ▁techniques ▁differ ▁among ▁particular ▁populations ▁and ▁have ▁different ▁e colog ical ▁profiles ▁when ▁it ▁comes ▁to ▁energy ▁transfer , ▁limit ing ▁factors , ▁and ▁carrying ▁capacity . ▁ ▁The ▁effect ▁on ▁the ▁landscape ▁is ▁varied ▁and ▁is ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁degree ▁of ▁human ▁effort ▁that ▁is ▁required . ▁Emp ir ical ▁knowledge ▁of ▁plants ▁and ▁animals ▁and ▁its ▁broad ▁understanding ▁allows ▁them ▁to ▁comfort ably ▁co - exist ▁together ▁and ▁gives ▁way ▁to ▁claims ▁of ▁mut ual ▁caus ation ▁that ▁gives ▁rise ▁to ▁a ▁complex ▁notion ▁of ▁nature ▁He ▁includes ▁that ▁although ▁un cut ▁forest ▁is ▁recogn