ine ▁forces ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁anti - S ar ac en ▁le agues ▁at ▁the ▁batt les ▁of ▁Lic osa ▁( 8 4 6 ) ▁and ▁Ost ia ▁( 8 4 9 ). ▁The ▁du chy ▁was ▁ruled ▁by ▁figures ▁elected ▁by ▁the ▁people , ▁which ▁received ▁honor ary ▁titles ▁from ▁the ▁By z antine ▁Emperor . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 0 3 5 ▁the ▁city ▁was ▁acquired ▁by ▁Gu a imar ▁IV ▁of ▁Sal erno , ▁who ▁gave ▁it ▁to ▁his ▁brother ▁Guy . ▁After ▁a ▁brief ▁return ▁under ▁the ▁Duch y ▁of ▁Nap les , ▁it ▁returned ▁in ▁Lomb ard ▁hands ▁with ▁G is ulf ▁II ▁of ▁Sal erno ; ▁when ▁the ▁latter ▁was ▁defeated ▁by ▁Robert ▁Gu is card , ▁Sor rent o ▁entered ▁the ▁Norman ▁sphere ▁of ▁influence : ▁any ▁resid ual ▁independence ▁was ▁ended ▁in ▁ 1 1 3 7 ▁when ▁it ▁was ▁conquer ed ▁by ▁Roger ▁II ▁of ▁Sic ily , ▁and ▁an nex ed ▁to ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Sic ily . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 3 ▁June ▁ 1 5 5 8 ▁it ▁was ▁s ack ed ▁by ▁elements ▁of ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁n avy ▁under ▁the ▁command ▁of ▁Drag ut ▁and ▁his ▁lieutenant ▁P iali , ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁struggle ▁between ▁the ▁Tur ks ▁and ▁Spain , ▁which ▁controlled ▁the ▁southern ▁half ▁of ▁Italy ▁at ▁that ▁time . ▁ 2 , 0 0 0 ▁capt ives ▁were ▁reported ly ▁taken ▁away . ▁This ▁struggle ▁was ▁w aged ▁throughout ▁the ▁Mediter rane an ▁and