▁nor ▁exclude ▁large ▁groups ▁of ▁potential ▁contrib utors . ▁ ▁Sh ir ky ▁states ▁that ▁since ▁many ▁social ▁systems ▁follow ▁the ▁P are to ▁principle ▁where in ▁ 2 0 % ▁of ▁contrib utors ▁account ▁for ▁ 8 0 % ▁of ▁contributions , ▁traditional ▁institutions ▁lose ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁long ▁tail ▁of ▁contrib utors ▁by ▁turning ▁only ▁the ▁few ▁that ▁domin ate ▁the ▁distribution ▁into ▁employees . ▁The ▁co oper ative ▁infrastr ucture ▁model ▁esc apes ▁having ▁to ▁lose ▁this ▁resource . ▁Sh ir ky ▁presents ▁an ▁institution ▁as ▁en ab ler ▁and ▁institution ▁as ▁obst acle ▁concept . ▁The ▁relatively ▁small ▁number ▁of ▁high - volume ▁contrib utors ▁can ▁be ▁assim il ated , ▁as ▁employees , ▁into ▁the ▁old - style ▁corpor ate ▁model ▁and ▁thus ▁can ▁live ▁in ▁an ▁" inst itution - as - en ab ler ▁world ". ▁The ▁long ▁tail ▁of ▁contrib utors , ▁however , ▁who ▁make ▁few ▁and ▁inf re quent ▁contributions , ▁see ▁institutions ▁as ▁an ▁obst acle ▁as ▁they ▁would ▁never ▁have ▁been ▁h ired , ▁therefore , ▁dis enf ranch ised . ▁Sh ir ky ▁arg ues ▁that ▁an ▁idea ▁or ▁contribution ▁may ▁be ▁inf re quent ▁and ▁significant . ▁Furthermore , ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁long ▁tail ▁contrib utors , ▁taken ▁in ▁aggregate , ▁can ▁be ▁substantial . ▁ ▁One ▁pit fall ▁of ▁the ▁" mass ▁am ateurs " ▁creating ▁their ▁own ▁groups ▁is ▁that ▁not ▁all ▁nich es ▁that ▁are ▁filled ▁will ▁be ▁positive ▁ones ; ▁Sh ir ky ▁presents ▁pro