▁separ ations ▁vessels , ▁ret ort s , ▁certain ▁fuel ▁cells , ▁and ▁phot oc atal yt ic ▁surfaces . ▁The ▁issue ▁of ▁sol vent ▁effects ▁on ▁reaction ▁k inet ics ▁is ▁also ▁considered ▁as ▁an ▁integral ▁part . ▁ ▁Origin ▁of ▁chemical ▁reaction ▁engineering ▁Chem ical ▁reaction ▁engineering ▁as ▁a ▁discipline ▁started ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 5 0 s ▁under ▁the ▁imp ulse ▁of ▁research ers ▁at ▁the ▁Sh ell ▁Amsterdam ▁research ▁center ▁and ▁the ▁university ▁of ▁Del ft . ▁The ▁term ▁chemical ▁reaction ▁engineering ▁was ▁apparently ▁co ined ▁by ▁J . C . ▁V l ug ter ▁while ▁prepar ing ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁European ▁Sym pos ium ▁on ▁Chem ical ▁Re action ▁Engineering ▁which ▁was ▁held ▁in ▁Amsterdam ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 7 . ▁ ▁Dis cipl ine ▁Chem ical ▁reaction ▁engineering ▁a ims ▁at ▁studying ▁and ▁optim izing ▁chemical ▁re actions ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁define ▁the ▁best ▁re actor ▁design . ▁Hence , ▁the ▁interactions ▁of ▁flow ▁phen omena , ▁mass ▁transfer , ▁heat ▁transfer , ▁and ▁reaction ▁k inet ics ▁are ▁of ▁prime ▁importance ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁relate ▁re actor ▁performance ▁to ▁feed ▁composition ▁and ▁operating ▁conditions . ▁Although ▁originally ▁applied ▁to ▁the ▁pet role um ▁and ▁pet ro chem ical ▁indust ries , ▁its ▁general ▁method ology ▁combining ▁reaction ▁chem istry ▁and ▁chemical ▁engineering ▁concepts ▁allows ▁optimization ▁of ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁systems ▁where ▁model ing ▁or ▁engineering ▁of ▁re actions ▁is ▁needed . ▁Chem ical ▁reaction ▁engineering ▁approaches ▁are ▁indeed ▁tail ored ▁for ▁the