▁port ▁product ivity , ▁and ▁required ▁fewer ▁labor ers ▁to ▁load ▁and ▁un load ▁cargo . ▁ ▁The ▁Mechan ization ▁and ▁Modern ization ▁contract s ▁( M & M ), ▁one ▁from ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁to ▁ 1 9 6 5 , ▁and ▁another ▁from ▁ 1 9 6 6 ▁to ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁respectively , ▁forced ▁lay - offs ▁and ▁took ▁rec ruit ment ▁power ▁away ▁from ▁the ▁local ▁un ions ▁at ▁each ▁port ▁and ▁gave ▁it ▁to ▁a ▁committee ▁of ▁top ▁union ▁and ▁P MA ▁officials . ▁Prior ▁to ▁the ▁first ▁agreement , ▁this ▁committee ▁introduced ▁non - union ▁labor ers ▁to ▁the ▁ports . ▁This ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁since ▁ 1 9 3 4 ▁that ▁workers ▁who ▁paid ▁union ▁dues ▁and ▁worked ▁under ▁IL W U ▁juris diction ▁were ▁allowed ▁to ▁have ▁full - time ▁employ ment ▁without ▁being ▁granted ▁membership ▁to ▁or ▁benefits ▁from ▁the ▁union . ▁Only ▁the ▁port ▁of ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁resist ed ▁the ▁employ ment ▁ag enda ▁early ▁on ▁with ▁organization , ▁but ▁their ▁efforts ▁were ▁squ ashed ▁as ▁the ▁cargo ▁ships ▁were ▁di vert ed ▁to ▁other ▁ports ▁( where ▁other ▁long sh orem en ▁who ▁were ▁una ware ▁of ▁the ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁port ' s ▁struggle ▁un loaded ▁the ▁ship ments , ▁which ▁were ▁then ▁delivered ▁by ▁tr uck ▁to ▁the ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁area ). ▁ ▁The ▁second ▁M & M ▁was ▁met ▁with ▁further , ▁much ▁larger - scale ▁opposition ▁by ▁labor ers . ▁Ste ad ily ▁through