▁the ▁Re con qu ista , ▁and ▁the ▁By z antine ▁world ▁and ▁Muslim ▁Lev ant ▁during ▁the ▁Cr us ades , ▁allowed ▁Europe ans ▁access ▁to ▁scientific ▁Arab ic ▁and ▁Greek ▁texts , ▁including ▁the ▁works ▁of ▁Arist ot le , ▁Al h az en , ▁and ▁A ver ro es . ▁The ▁European ▁univers ities ▁a ided ▁material ly ▁in ▁the ▁translation ▁and ▁propag ation ▁of ▁these ▁texts ▁and ▁started ▁a ▁new ▁infrastr ucture ▁which ▁was ▁needed ▁for ▁scientific ▁communities . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 3 th ▁century ▁there ▁were ▁reason ably ▁accurate ▁Latin ▁transl ations ▁of ▁the ▁main ▁works ▁of ▁almost ▁all ▁the ▁intellect ually ▁cru cial ▁ancient ▁authors , ▁allowing ▁a ▁sound ▁transfer ▁of ▁scientific ▁ideas ▁via ▁both ▁the ▁univers ities ▁and ▁the ▁monaster ies . ▁By ▁then , ▁the ▁natural ▁science ▁contained ▁in ▁these ▁texts ▁began ▁to ▁be ▁extended ▁by ▁notable ▁sch ol ast ics ▁such ▁as ▁Robert ▁Gros set este , ▁Roger ▁Ba con , ▁Albert us ▁Magn us ▁and ▁D uns ▁Scot us . ▁P rec urs ors ▁of ▁the ▁modern ▁scientific ▁method ▁can ▁be ▁seen ▁already ▁in ▁Gros set este ' s ▁emphas is ▁on ▁mathematics ▁as ▁a ▁way ▁to ▁understand ▁nature , ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁empir ical ▁approach ▁adm ired ▁by ▁Ba con , ▁particularly ▁in ▁his ▁Op us ▁Maj us . ▁ ▁Technology ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁ 1 2 th ▁and ▁ 1 3 th ▁century ▁in ▁Europe ▁there ▁was ▁a ▁radical ▁change ▁in ▁the ▁rate ▁of ▁new ▁invent