▁follow ▁the ▁T anz im ât ▁(" re organ ization ") ▁period ▁of ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire , ▁that ▁began ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 9 ▁and ▁ended ▁with ▁the ▁First ▁Constitution al ▁Era ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 6 , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁various ▁efforts ▁to ▁sec ular ize , ▁dem ocrat ize , ▁and ▁modern ize ▁the ▁emp ire ▁during ▁the ▁Second ▁Constitution al ▁Era ▁from ▁ 1 9 0 8 ▁to ▁ 1 9 1 3 . ▁ ▁Go als ▁ ▁The ▁goal ▁of ▁At at ür k ' s ▁re forms ▁was ▁to ▁maintain ▁the ▁independence ▁of ▁Turkey ▁from ▁the ▁direct ▁rule ▁of ▁external ▁forces ▁( West ern ▁countries ). ▁The ▁process ▁was ▁not ▁u top ian ▁( in ▁the ▁sense ▁that ▁it ▁is ▁not ▁one ▁leader ' s ▁idea ▁of ▁how ▁a ▁perfect ▁society ▁should ▁be , ▁but ▁it ▁is ▁a ▁un ifying ▁force ▁of ▁a ▁nation ), ▁in ▁that ▁At at ür k ▁un ited ▁the ▁Turkish ▁Muslim ▁majority ▁from ▁ 1 9 1 9 ▁to ▁ 1 9 2 2 ▁in ▁the ▁Turkish ▁War ▁of ▁Independ ence , ▁and ▁over th rew ▁foreign ▁forces ▁occup ying ▁what ▁the ▁Turkish ▁National ▁Mov ement ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁Turkish ▁hom eland . ▁That ▁fighting ▁spirit ▁became ▁the ▁un ifying ▁force ▁which ▁established ▁the ▁identity ▁of ▁a ▁new ▁state , ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 3 , ▁the ▁Tre aty ▁of ▁La us anne ▁was ▁signed , ▁ending ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire ▁and ▁intern ation ally ▁recogn izing