▁for ▁high ▁schools . ▁Act ing ▁on ▁these ▁figures , ▁ 7 0 ▁single - sex ▁middle ▁schools ▁were ▁converted ▁to ▁co ed uc ational ▁schools ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 7 – 2 8 ▁and ▁new ▁co ed uc ational ▁middle ▁schools ▁were ▁established . ▁This ▁was ▁despite ▁the ▁opposition ▁of ▁Kö pr ül ü za de ▁Fu at ▁Bey , ▁the ▁Under secret ary ▁for ▁Education . ▁Wh ilst ▁the ▁policy ▁was ▁transition ▁to ▁co ed uc ational ▁high ▁schools ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁success ▁in ▁middle ▁schools ▁from ▁ 1 9 2 8 – 2 9 ▁on wards ▁this ▁policy ▁could ▁only ▁be ▁implemented ▁effectively ▁from ▁ 1 9 3 4 – 3 5 ▁on wards . ▁ ▁High er ▁education ▁ ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁corner stone ▁of ▁educational ▁institutions , ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Ist an bul , ▁accepted ▁German ▁and ▁Aust rian ▁scient ists ▁whom ▁the ▁National ▁Social ist ▁regime ▁in ▁Germany ▁had ▁considered ▁' ra cially ' ▁or ▁polit ically ▁und es irable . ▁This ▁political ▁decision ▁( accept ing ▁the ▁German ▁and ▁Aust rian ▁scient ists ) ▁established ▁the ▁nucle us ▁of ▁science ▁and ▁modern ▁[ high er ▁education ] ▁institutions ▁in ▁Turkey . ▁The ▁reform ▁aim ed ▁to ▁break ▁away ▁the ▁traditional ▁dependency ▁[ since ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire ] ▁ ▁on ▁the ▁transfer ▁of ▁science ▁and ▁technology ▁by ▁foreign ▁exper ts . ▁ ▁Relig ious ▁education ▁ ▁First , ▁all ▁med res es ▁and ▁schools ▁admin ister ed ▁by ▁private ▁found ations ▁or ▁the ▁Di yan