il ient ▁network . ▁Def a un ation ▁results ▁in ▁a ▁highly ▁mod ular ▁network ▁in ▁which ▁special ized ▁f rug iv ores ▁instead ▁act ▁as ▁the ▁conne ctor ▁hub s . ▁ ▁E cos ystem ▁services ▁ ▁Ch anges ▁in ▁pred ation ▁dynamics , ▁seed ▁pred ation , ▁seed ▁dispers al , ▁car r ion ▁removal , ▁d ung ▁removal , ▁veget ation ▁tram pling , ▁and ▁other ▁e cos ystem ▁processes ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁def a un ation ▁can ▁affect ▁e cos ystem ▁supporting ▁and ▁regul atory ▁services , ▁such ▁as ▁nut ri ent ▁cy cling ▁and ▁decomposition , ▁c rop ▁pol lin ation , ▁p est ▁control , ▁and ▁water ▁quality . ▁ ▁Conserv ation ▁ ▁E ff ort s ▁against ▁def a un ation ▁include ▁wild life ▁over pass es ▁and ▁rip arian ▁cor rid ors . ▁Both ▁of ▁these ▁can ▁be ▁otherwise ▁known ▁as ▁wild life ▁crossing ▁mechan isms . ▁Wild life ▁over pass es ▁are ▁specifically ▁used ▁for ▁the ▁purpose ▁of ▁protect ing ▁many ▁animal ▁species ▁from ▁the ▁roads . ▁Many ▁countries ▁use ▁them ▁and ▁they ▁have ▁been ▁found ▁to ▁be ▁very ▁effective ▁in ▁protect ing ▁species ▁and ▁allowing ▁for ests ▁to ▁be ▁connected . ▁These ▁over pass es ▁look ▁like ▁brid ges ▁of ▁forest ▁that ▁cross ▁over ▁many ▁roads , ▁like ▁a ▁walk ▁bridge ▁for ▁humans , ▁allowing ▁animals ▁to ▁migr ate ▁from ▁one ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁forest ▁to ▁the ▁other ▁safely ▁since ▁the ▁road ▁cut ▁off ▁the ▁original ▁connect ivity . ▁It ▁was ▁concluded