ation , ▁crime , ▁enter prise , ▁and ▁govern ance ▁were ▁not ▁static ▁gang ▁activities ▁or ▁distinct ▁gang ▁types , ▁but ▁instead ▁sequ ential ▁" actual ization ▁stages " ▁in ▁the ▁lif ecycle ▁of ▁gang s . ▁D ens ley ' s ▁evolution ary ▁model ▁was ▁later ▁valid ated ▁by ▁studies ▁of ▁gang s ▁in ▁London , ▁England , ▁and ▁Glasgow , ▁Scotland . ▁ ▁D ens ley ▁also ▁studies ▁ill ic it ▁drug ▁dealing . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁he ▁war ned ▁about ▁the ▁county ▁lines ▁model ▁of ▁drug ▁distribution ▁in ▁which ▁drug ‐ s elling ▁gang s ▁from ▁the ▁major ▁urban ▁areas , ▁like ▁London , ▁send ▁vulner able ▁youth ▁to ▁explo it ▁mark ets ▁in ▁other ▁towns ▁and ▁areas : ▁“ M ost ▁young ers ▁are ▁employed ▁by ▁their ▁el ders ▁to ▁work ▁what ▁was ▁known ▁col lo qu ial ly ▁as ▁the ▁‘ dru gs ▁line ,’ ▁although ▁some ▁are ▁sent ▁out ▁‘ on ▁assignment ’ ▁to ▁explore ▁‘ new ▁mark ets ’ ▁in ▁areas ▁where ▁they ▁are ▁unknown ▁to ▁police ; ▁not ably ▁comm uter ▁cities ▁with ▁v ibr ant ▁night time ▁econom ies ”. ▁ ▁His ▁later ▁work ▁looked ▁at ▁deb t ▁bond age ▁and ▁child ▁explo itation ▁in ▁county ▁lines ▁drug ▁dealing , ▁and ▁how ▁express ive ▁uses ▁of ▁social ▁media ▁by ▁gang ▁members , ▁such ▁as ▁posting ▁rap ▁videos ▁to ▁YouTube , ▁helped ▁advance ▁gang ▁members ’ ▁material ▁interests ▁in ▁county ▁lines . ▁ ▁The ▁Vi ol ence ▁Project ▁ ▁In ▁