▁legisl ative ▁process ▁of ▁national ▁proposal , ▁then ▁state ▁rat ification . ▁The ▁powers ▁of ▁all ▁depart ments ▁are ▁limited ▁to ▁enumer ated ▁gr ants ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁Constitution . ▁Cour ts ▁are ▁expected ▁( a ) ▁to ▁en force ▁prov isions ▁of ▁the ▁Constitution ▁as ▁the ▁supre me ▁law ▁of ▁the ▁land , ▁and ▁( b ) ▁to ▁refuse ▁to ▁en force ▁anything ▁in ▁conflict ▁with ▁it . ▁ ▁In ▁Convention . ▁As ▁to ▁jud icial ▁review ▁and ▁the ▁Congress , ▁the ▁first ▁propos als ▁by ▁Mad ison ▁( V a ) ▁and ▁Wilson ▁( Pa ) ▁called ▁for ▁a ▁supre me ▁court ▁v eto ▁over ▁national ▁legisl ation . ▁In ▁this ▁it ▁res emble d ▁the ▁system ▁in ▁New ▁York , ▁where ▁the ▁Constitution ▁of ▁ 1 7 7 7 ▁called ▁for ▁a ▁" C oun cil ▁of ▁Re vision " ▁by ▁the ▁Governor ▁and ▁Just ices ▁of ▁the ▁state ▁supre me ▁court . ▁The ▁Council ▁would ▁review ▁and ▁in ▁a ▁way , ▁v eto ▁any ▁passed ▁legisl ation ▁viol ating ▁the ▁spirit ▁of ▁the ▁Constitution ▁before ▁it ▁went ▁into ▁effect . ▁The ▁national ist ' s ▁proposal ▁in ▁Convention ▁was ▁defeated ▁three ▁times , ▁and ▁replaced ▁by ▁a ▁president ial ▁v eto ▁with ▁Cong r essional ▁over - ride . ▁Jud icial ▁review ▁re lies ▁on ▁the ▁juris dict ional ▁authority ▁in ▁Article ▁III , ▁and ▁the ▁Sup rem acy ▁Cla use . ▁ ▁The ▁just ification ▁for ▁jud icial ▁review ▁is ▁to ▁be ▁explicitly ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁open ▁rat