▁side ▁walls . ▁ ▁Despite ▁significant ▁improvements ▁in ▁ag it ator ▁bla de ▁and ▁b aff le ▁design , ▁mixing ▁in ▁large ▁batch ▁react ors ▁is ▁ultimately ▁const rained ▁by ▁the ▁amount ▁of ▁energy ▁that ▁can ▁be ▁applied . ▁On ▁large ▁vessels , ▁mixing ▁energ ies ▁of ▁more ▁than ▁ 5 ▁W att s ▁per ▁lit re ▁can ▁put ▁an ▁un accept able ▁bur den ▁on ▁the ▁cool ing ▁system . ▁High ▁ag it ator ▁loads ▁can ▁also ▁create ▁sh aft ▁stability ▁problems . ▁Where ▁mixing ▁is ▁a ▁critical ▁parameter , ▁the ▁batch ▁re actor ▁is ▁not ▁the ▁ideal ▁solution . ▁Much ▁higher ▁mixing ▁rates ▁can ▁be ▁achieved ▁by ▁using ▁smaller ▁flow ing ▁systems ▁with ▁high ▁speed ▁ag it ators , ▁ul tr ason ic ▁mixing ▁or ▁static ▁mix ers . ▁ ▁He ating ▁and ▁cool ing ▁systems ▁ ▁Product s ▁within ▁batch ▁react ors ▁usually ▁liber ate ▁or ▁abs orb ▁heat ▁during ▁processing . ▁Even ▁the ▁action ▁of ▁stir ring ▁stored ▁liqu ids ▁generates ▁heat . ▁In ▁order ▁to ▁hold ▁the ▁re actor ▁contents ▁at ▁the ▁desired ▁temperature , ▁heat ▁has ▁to ▁be ▁added ▁or ▁removed ▁by ▁a ▁cool ing ▁jack et ▁or ▁cool ing ▁pipe . ▁He ating / co ol ing ▁co ils ▁or ▁external ▁jack ets ▁are ▁used ▁for ▁he ating ▁and ▁cool ing ▁batch ▁react ors . ▁He at ▁transfer ▁fluid ▁passes ▁through ▁the ▁jack et ▁or ▁co ils ▁to ▁add ▁or ▁remove ▁heat . ▁ ▁Within ▁the ▁chemical ▁and ▁ph arma ce ut ical ▁indust ries ,