1 6 2 4 – 1 6 4 2 ) ▁who ▁had ▁taken ▁power ▁for ▁the ▁crown ▁from ▁great ▁territorial ▁nobles , ▁some ▁of ▁whom ▁became ▁leaders ▁of ▁the ▁F ron de . ▁When ▁Louis ▁XIV ▁became ▁king ▁in ▁ 1 6 4 3 , ▁he ▁was ▁only ▁a ▁child , ▁and ▁though ▁Rich el ieu ▁had ▁died ▁the ▁year ▁before , ▁his ▁policies ▁continued ▁to ▁domin ate ▁French ▁life ▁under ▁his ▁successor ▁Card inal ▁Maz arin . ▁Most ▁histor ians ▁consider ▁that ▁Louis ' s ▁later ▁ins istence ▁on ▁absol ut ist ▁rule ▁and ▁dep riv ing ▁the ▁nob ility ▁of ▁actual ▁power ▁was ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁these ▁events ▁in ▁his ▁child hood . ▁The ▁term ▁fr onde ur ▁was ▁later ▁used ▁to ▁refer ▁to ▁anyone ▁who ▁suggested ▁that ▁the ▁power ▁of ▁the ▁king ▁should ▁be ▁limited , ▁and ▁has ▁now ▁passed ▁into ▁conserv ative ▁French ▁usage ▁to ▁refer ▁to ▁anyone ▁who ▁will ▁show ▁in sub ord ination ▁or ▁eng age ▁in ▁criticism ▁of ▁the ▁powers ▁in ▁place . ▁ ▁First ▁F ron de , ▁the ▁Par lement ary ▁F ron de ▁( 1 6 4 8 – 1 6 4 9 ) ▁ ▁In ▁May ▁ 1 6 4 8 ▁a ▁tax ▁lev ied ▁on ▁jud icial ▁officers ▁of ▁the ▁Par lement ▁of ▁Paris ▁prov oked ▁not ▁merely ▁a ▁ref us al ▁to ▁pay ▁but ▁also ▁a ▁condem n ation ▁of ▁earlier ▁financial ▁ed ict s ▁and ▁a ▁demand ▁for ▁the ▁accept ance ▁of ▁a ▁scheme ▁of ▁constitution al ▁re forms