▁of ▁DNA ▁transfer ▁from ▁the ▁mit och ond ria ▁to ▁the ▁nucle us ▁was ▁estimated ▁as ▁ 2 ▁x ▁ 1 0 - 5 ▁per ▁cell ▁per ▁generation ▁while ▁the ▁opposite , ▁in ▁the ▁case ▁of ▁co x 2 ▁mut ant , ▁the ▁rate ▁of ▁the ▁transfer ▁of ▁pl as mid ▁from ▁the ▁nucle us ▁to ▁the ▁mit och ond ria ▁is ▁apparently ▁at ▁least ▁ 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁times ▁less . ▁Many ▁factors ▁control ▁the ▁rate ▁of ▁m t D NA ▁esc apes ▁from ▁mit och ond ria ▁to ▁the ▁nucle us . ▁The ▁higher ▁rate ▁of ▁mut ation ▁in ▁m t D NA ▁in ▁comparison ▁with ▁n D NA ▁in ▁the ▁cells ▁of ▁many ▁organ isms ▁is ▁an ▁important ▁factor ▁prom oting ▁the ▁transfer ▁of ▁mit och ond rial ▁gen es ▁into ▁the ▁nuclear ▁gen ome . ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁inter gen ic ▁factors ▁results ▁in ▁the ▁higher ▁destruction ▁rate ▁of ▁mit och ond rial ▁mac rom ole cules , ▁including ▁m t D NA , ▁is ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁high ▁level ▁of ▁re active ▁o xygen ▁species ▁( RO S ), ▁generated ▁in ▁mit och ond ria ▁as ▁the ▁by - products ▁in ▁ATP ▁synth esis ▁mechanism . ▁Some ▁other ▁factors ▁influen cing ▁the ▁escape ▁of ▁m t D NA ▁from ▁mit och ond ria ▁include ▁the ▁action ▁of ▁mut agen ic ▁agents ▁and ▁other ▁forms ▁of ▁cell ular ▁stress ▁that ▁can ▁damage ▁mit och ond ria ▁or ▁their ▁memb ran es , ▁which ▁proves ▁that