i ography . ▁What ▁was ▁once ▁the ▁grand est ▁house ▁in ▁the ▁province ▁is ▁now ▁a ▁rav aged ▁surv ival . ▁ ▁However ▁the ▁Wisconsin ▁School ▁of ▁diplom atic ▁history ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁adopted ▁a ▁ne o - Be ard ian ▁model , ▁as ▁expressed ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Wisconsin ▁by ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁sch ol ars , ▁most ▁not ably ▁ ▁William ▁Apple man ▁Williams ▁in ▁The ▁T rag edy ▁of ▁American ▁Diplom acy ▁( 1 9 5 9 ) ▁but ▁also ▁Walter ▁La Fe ber ▁in ▁The ▁New ▁Empire ▁( 1 9 6 3 ). ▁ ▁The ▁idea ▁was ▁that ▁material ▁advantage , ▁especially ▁foreign ▁mark ets ▁for ▁sur plus ▁goods , ▁was ▁more ▁of ▁a ▁motiv ating ▁force ▁among ▁American ▁decision - m akers ▁in ▁foreign ▁affairs ▁than ▁was ▁spread ing ▁liberty ▁to ▁the ▁world . ▁ ▁Wisconsin ▁School ▁histor ians ▁generally ▁thought ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁possible ▁to ▁correct ▁this ▁decision - making ▁emphas is ▁on ▁mark ets ▁and ▁doing ▁so ▁would ▁make ▁for ▁a ▁more ▁effective ▁American ▁diplom acy . ▁ ▁A ▁different ▁stra in ▁of ▁historical ▁thought ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁was ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁New ▁Left ▁and ▁incorpor ated ▁more ▁radical ▁interpret ations ▁of ▁American ▁diplom atic ▁history . ▁ ▁These ▁sch ol ars ▁included ▁Marx ists ▁such ▁as ▁Gabriel ▁Kol ko , ▁who ▁generally ▁felt ▁that ▁there ▁were ▁fundamental ▁struct ural ▁causes , ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁needs ▁of ▁American ▁capital ism , ▁behind ▁American ▁foreign ▁policy ▁and