As he ▁and ▁O ’ Con nor ▁ 2 0 1 2 ). ▁M ales ▁of ▁the ▁former ▁sub gen us ▁are ▁character ized ▁by ▁possess ing ▁an ▁extremely ▁long ▁vir ga ▁with ▁need le - like ▁s cler ot ization , ▁species ▁of ▁the ▁later ▁character ized ▁by ▁a ▁short ▁vir ga ▁and ▁a ▁weak ly ▁developed ▁crist a ▁d ors alis ▁in ▁the ▁adult ▁male ▁hyp opy g ium ▁( St ur ▁and ▁Ek rem ▁ 2 0 1 5 ). ▁ ▁References ▁As he ▁P , ▁O ’ Con nor ▁J . P . ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁A ▁world ▁catalog ue ▁of ▁Ch ir onom idae ▁( D ip tera ). ▁Part ▁ 2 . ▁Orth oc lad i inae . ▁Irish ▁Bi oge ographical ▁Society ▁& ▁National ▁Museum ▁of ▁Ireland , ▁Dublin , ▁ 9 6 8 ▁pp . ▁ ▁Go et g he bu er ▁M . ▁ 1 9 3 2 . ▁Di pt ères . ▁Ch ir onom idae ▁IV . ▁( Or th oc lad i inae , ▁C ory none ur inae , ▁Cl union inae , ▁Di ames inae ). ▁Fa une ▁de ▁France ▁ 2 3 : ▁ 1 – 2 0 4 . ▁ ▁S æ ther ▁O . A . ▁ 1 9 8 3 . ▁A ▁review ▁of ▁Hol ar ctic ▁G ymn omet ri oc nem us ▁Go et g he bu er , ▁ 1 9 3 2 , ▁with ▁the ▁description ▁of ▁R