▁research er ▁James ▁Old s , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁found ers ▁of ▁neu ros cience ▁and ▁whose ▁ 1 9 5 5 ▁book ▁on ▁learning ▁and ▁motiv ation ▁was ▁strongly ▁influenced ▁from ▁his ▁convers ations ▁with ▁Par s ons . ▁Some ▁of ▁the ▁ideas ▁in ▁the ▁book ▁had ▁been ▁submitted ▁by ▁Par s ons ▁in ▁an ▁intellectual ▁bra inst orm ▁in ▁an ▁inform al ▁" work ▁group " ▁which ▁he ▁had ▁organized ▁with ▁Joseph ▁Ber ger , ▁William ▁Ca ud ill , ▁Frank ▁E . ▁Jones , ▁Kas par ▁D . ▁Na eg ele , ▁The odore ▁M . ▁M ills , ▁Beng t ▁G . ▁Rund bl ad , ▁and ▁others . ▁Albert ▁J . ▁Re iss ▁from ▁V ander b ilt ▁University ▁had ▁submitted ▁his ▁critical ▁comment ary . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁mid - 1 9 5 0 s , ▁Par s ons ▁also ▁had ▁extensive ▁discuss ions ▁with ▁Old s ▁about ▁the ▁motiv ational ▁structure ▁of ▁psych os om atic ▁problems , ▁and ▁at ▁this ▁time ▁Par s ons ' ▁concept ▁of ▁psych os om atic ▁problems ▁was ▁strongly ▁influenced ▁by ▁read ings ▁and ▁direct ▁convers ations ▁with ▁Franz ▁Alexander ▁( a ▁ps y cho anal yst ▁( origin ally ▁associated ▁with ▁Berlin ▁Ps y cho anal yt ic ▁Institute ) ▁who ▁was ▁a ▁pione er ▁of ▁psych os om atic ▁medicine ), ▁Gr ink er ▁and ▁John ▁Sp iegel . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 5 , ▁François ▁Bour rica ud ▁was ▁prepar ing ▁a ▁reader ▁of ▁some