ers , ▁commonly ▁called ▁the ▁Black ▁Fri ars ), ▁founded ▁ 1 2 1 5 ▁ ▁August ini ans ▁( H erm its ▁of ▁St . ▁August ine , ▁commonly ▁called ▁the ▁Austin ▁Fri ars ), ▁founded ▁ 1 2 5 6 ▁ ▁Her et ical ▁movements ▁Christian ▁her es ies ▁existed ▁in ▁Europe ▁before ▁the ▁ 1 1 th ▁century ▁but ▁only ▁in ▁small ▁numbers ▁and ▁of ▁local ▁character : ▁in ▁most ▁cases , ▁a ▁ro gue ▁priest , ▁or ▁a ▁village ▁returning ▁to ▁pag an ▁trad itions . ▁Begin ning ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 1 th ▁century , ▁however ▁mass - mov ement ▁her es ies ▁appeared . ▁The ▁roots ▁of ▁this ▁can ▁be ▁partially ▁sought ▁in ▁the ▁rise ▁of ▁urban ▁cities , ▁free ▁mer ch ants , ▁and ▁a ▁new ▁money - based ▁economy . ▁The ▁rural ▁values ▁of ▁mon astic ism ▁held ▁little ▁appeal ▁to ▁urban ▁people ▁who ▁began ▁to ▁form ▁sect s ▁more ▁in ▁t une ▁with ▁urban ▁culture . ▁The ▁first ▁large - scale ▁her et ical ▁movements ▁in ▁Western ▁Europe ▁origin ated ▁in ▁the ▁newly ▁urban ized ▁areas ▁such ▁as ▁southern ▁France ▁and ▁northern ▁Italy ▁and ▁were ▁probably ▁influenced ▁by ▁the ▁Bog om ils ▁and ▁other ▁dual ist ▁movements . ▁These ▁her es ies ▁were ▁on ▁a ▁scale ▁the ▁Catholic ▁Church ▁had ▁never ▁seen ▁before ; ▁the ▁response ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁elim ination ▁for ▁some ▁( such ▁as ▁the ▁C ath ars ), ▁and ▁accept ance ▁and ▁integration ▁of ▁others ▁( such ▁as ▁the ▁v ener