▁ ▁Background ▁ ▁Bas ics ▁ ▁Every ▁person ▁has ▁a ▁unique ▁variation ▁of ▁the ▁human ▁gen ome . ▁Although ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁variation ▁between ▁individuals ▁has ▁no ▁effect ▁on ▁health , ▁an ▁individual ' s ▁health ▁st ems ▁from ▁gen etic ▁variation ▁with ▁behav iors ▁and ▁influ ences ▁from ▁the ▁environment . ▁ ▁Modern ▁adv ances ▁in ▁personal ized ▁medicine ▁rely ▁on ▁technology ▁that ▁confir ms ▁a ▁patient ' s ▁fundamental ▁bi ology , ▁DNA , ▁R NA , ▁or ▁protein , ▁which ▁ultimately ▁leads ▁to ▁confirm ing ▁disease . ▁For ▁example , ▁personal ised ▁techniques ▁such ▁as ▁gen ome ▁sequ encing ▁can ▁reve al ▁mut ations ▁in ▁DNA ▁that ▁influence ▁dise ases ▁r anging ▁from ▁c yst ic ▁fib ros is ▁to ▁cancer . ▁Another ▁method , ▁called ▁R NA - seq , ▁can ▁show ▁which ▁R NA ▁mole cules ▁are ▁involved ▁with ▁specific ▁dise ases . ▁Un like ▁DNA , ▁levels ▁of ▁R NA ▁can ▁change ▁in ▁response ▁to ▁the ▁environment . ▁Therefore , ▁sequ encing ▁R NA ▁can ▁provide ▁a ▁bro ader ▁understanding ▁of ▁a ▁person ' s ▁state ▁of ▁health . ▁Rec ent ▁studies ▁have ▁linked ▁gen etic ▁differences ▁between ▁individuals ▁to ▁R NA ▁expression , ▁translation , ▁and ▁protein ▁levels . ▁ ▁The ▁concepts ▁of ▁personal ised ▁medicine ▁can ▁be ▁applied ▁to ▁new ▁and ▁transform ative ▁approaches ▁to ▁health ▁care . ▁ ▁Personal ised ▁health ▁care ▁is ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁dynamics ▁of ▁systems ▁bi ology ▁and ▁uses ▁predict ive ▁tools ▁to ▁evaluate ▁health ▁ris ks ▁and ▁to ▁design