, ▁neg lig ence , ▁intent ional ▁inf lic tion ▁of ▁emot ional ▁dist ress ; ▁and ▁su its ▁in ▁equ ity ▁such ▁as ▁un just ▁en rich ment ▁and ▁quantum ▁mer uit . ▁ ▁The ▁points ▁a ▁pla int iff ▁must ▁prove ▁to ▁win ▁a ▁given ▁type ▁of ▁case ▁are ▁called ▁the ▁" elements " ▁of ▁that ▁cause ▁of ▁action . ▁ ▁For ▁example , ▁for ▁a ▁claim ▁of ▁neg lig ence , ▁the ▁elements ▁are : ▁the ▁( ex istence ▁of ▁a ) ▁duty , ▁bre ach ▁( of ▁that ▁duty ), ▁proxim ate ▁cause ▁( by ▁that ▁bre ach ), ▁and ▁dam ages . ▁ ▁If ▁a ▁compla int ▁does ▁not ▁al lege ▁facts ▁sufficient ▁to ▁support ▁every ▁element ▁of ▁a ▁claim , ▁the ▁court , ▁upon ▁motion ▁by ▁the ▁oppos ing ▁party , ▁may ▁dismiss ▁the ▁compla int ▁for ▁failure ▁to ▁state ▁a ▁claim ▁for ▁which ▁relief ▁can ▁be ▁granted . ▁ ▁The ▁def endant ▁to ▁a ▁cause ▁of ▁action ▁must ▁file ▁an ▁" Answer " ▁to ▁the ▁compla int ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁claims ▁can ▁be ▁admitted ▁or ▁denied ▁( including ▁den ial ▁on ▁the ▁basis ▁of ▁ins u fficient ▁information ▁in ▁the ▁compla int ▁to ▁form ▁a ▁response ). ▁The ▁answer ▁may ▁also ▁contain ▁counter c laim s ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁" Counter c laim ▁Pla int iff " ▁states ▁its ▁own ▁causes ▁of ▁action . ▁Finally , ▁the ▁answer ▁may ▁contain ▁aff irm ative ▁def enses . ▁Most ▁def enses ▁must ▁be ▁raised ▁at ▁the ▁first ▁possible