▁by ▁Ott oman ▁authorities ▁to ▁organ ize ▁his ▁own ▁army , ▁and ▁reached ▁its ▁peak ▁with ▁F ak hr - al - D in ▁II ▁( 1 5 7 2 – 1 6 3 5 ). ▁F ak hr ▁ad ▁Din ▁II ' s ▁rule ▁extended ▁" from ▁Ant io ch ▁in ▁the ▁north ▁to ▁T sf at ▁( S af ed ) ▁in ▁the ▁south ." ▁Although ▁F ak hr - al - D in ▁II ' s ▁asp ir ations ▁toward ▁complete ▁independence ▁for ▁Leb anon ▁ended ▁in ▁his ▁execution ▁by ▁Ott oman ▁authorities , ▁he ▁greatly ▁en hanced ▁Leb anon ' s ▁military ▁and ▁economic ▁development . ▁Not ed ▁for ▁religious ▁toler ance , ▁F ak hr ▁ad ▁Din ▁attempted ▁to ▁merge ▁the ▁country ' s ▁different ▁religious ▁groups ▁into ▁one ▁Leb an ese ▁community . ▁The ▁dynast y ' s ▁rule ▁as ▁Dru ze ▁leaders ▁in ▁the ▁Leb anon ▁Mountains ▁last ed ▁from ▁ 1 5 1 7 ▁to ▁ 1 6 9 7 . ▁ ▁Orig ins ▁The ▁Ma ' an ▁family ▁under ▁orders ▁from ▁the ▁governor ▁of ▁Dam asc us , ▁came ▁to ▁Leb anon ▁in ▁ 1 1 2 0 ▁from ▁Had ram aut ▁in ▁southern ▁Y emen ▁to ▁defend ▁the ▁Lev ant ▁against ▁the ▁inv ading ▁Cr us aders . ▁It ▁is ▁not ▁entirely ▁clear ▁if ▁the ▁Ma ' an ▁tribe , ▁which ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁large ▁K ahl ani ▁trib al ▁feder ation ▁were ▁already ▁pract icing ▁some ▁sort ▁of ▁Is mai '