▁countries , ▁and ▁govern ments . ▁▁ ▁Black ▁separ at ism ▁( also ▁known ▁as ▁black ▁national ism ) ▁is ▁the ▁most ▁prominent ▁wave ▁adv ancing ▁the ▁concepts ▁of ▁" Black ▁ra cial ▁identity " ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁has ▁been ▁advanced ▁by ▁black ▁leaders ▁like ▁Marcus ▁Gar vey ▁and ▁organizations ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Nation ▁of ▁Islam . ▁Crit ical ▁race ▁the or ists ▁like ▁New ▁York ▁University ' s ▁Der rick ▁Bell ▁and ▁University ▁of ▁Colorado ' s ▁Richard ▁Del g ado ▁argue ▁that ▁US ▁legal , ▁education ▁and ▁political ▁systems ▁are ▁r ife ▁with ▁bl at ant ▁rac ism . ▁They ▁support ▁efforts ▁like ▁" all - black " ▁schools ▁and ▁d orm s ▁and ▁question ▁the ▁effic acy ▁and ▁mer it ▁of ▁government - en for ced ▁integration . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁statements ▁by ▁Bar ack ▁Ob ama ' s ▁former ▁past or ▁Jer em iah ▁Wright , ▁Jr ., ▁rev ived ▁the ▁issue ▁of ▁the ▁current ▁relev ance ▁of ▁black ▁separ at ism . ▁ ▁Latin ▁American ▁concepts ▁of ▁ra cial ▁identity ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁bronze ▁race ▁and ▁La ▁R aza ▁C ó sm ica ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁small ▁separ at ist ▁R aza ▁Un ida ▁Party . ▁The ▁Ch icano ▁Mov ement ▁( or ▁Ch icano ▁nation ) ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁sought ▁to ▁re create ▁A zt lán , ▁the ▁myth ical ▁hom eland ▁of ▁the ▁Az te cs ▁compr ising ▁the ▁South western ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁White ▁separ at ism ▁in