. ▁Ann ual ▁production ▁of ▁cy clic ▁carbon ates ▁was ▁estimated ▁at ▁ 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁t onnes ▁per ▁year ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁Indust ri ally , ▁eth yl ene ▁and ▁pro py l ene ▁ox ides ▁readily ▁react ▁with ▁carbon ▁dio x ide ▁to ▁give ▁eth yl ene ▁and ▁pro py l ene ▁carbon ates ▁( with ▁an ▁appropriate ▁catal yst ). ▁For ▁example : ▁▁ ▁C 2 H 4 O ▁+ ▁CO 2 ▁→ ▁C 2 H 4 O 2 CO ▁ ▁Catal yst s ▁for ▁this ▁reaction ▁have ▁been ▁review ed , ▁as ▁have ▁non - ep ox ide ▁routes ▁to ▁these ▁cy clic ▁carbon ates . ▁ ▁Car bon ate ▁trans ester ification ▁Car bon ate ▁est ers ▁can ▁be ▁converted ▁to ▁other ▁carbon ates ▁by ▁trans ester ification . ▁A ▁more ▁nucle oph il ic ▁alco hol ▁will ▁dis place ▁a ▁less ▁nucle oph il ic ▁alco hol . ▁In ▁other ▁words , ▁ali ph atic ▁alco h ols ▁will ▁dis place ▁phen ols ▁from ▁ar yl ▁carbon ates . ▁If ▁the ▁depart ing ▁alco hol ▁is ▁more ▁vol atile , ▁the ▁equilibrium ▁may ▁be ▁driven ▁by ▁dist illing ▁that ▁off . ▁ ▁From ▁u rea ▁with ▁alco h ols ▁Dim eth yl ▁carbon ate ▁can ▁be ▁made ▁from ▁the ▁reaction ▁of ▁m eth an ol ▁with ▁u rea . ▁Am mon ia ▁that ▁is ▁produced ▁can ▁be ▁rec yc led . ▁ ▁Effect ively ▁am mon ia ▁serves ▁as