▁the ▁gold ▁standard ▁for ▁surg ical ▁treatment ▁of ▁rect al ▁cancer . ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 6 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 4 7 ▁death s ▁Category : B rit ish ▁sur ge ons <0x0A> </s> ▁Independ ence ▁College ▁or ▁variation ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁▁ ▁Independ ence ▁Junior ▁College , ▁Independ ence ▁Village , ▁St ann ▁Creek ▁District , ▁Bel ize ; ▁a ▁t ert i ary ▁school ▁ ▁Independ ence ▁Community ▁College , ▁formerly ▁Independ ence ▁Community ▁Junior ▁College , ▁in ▁Independ ence , ▁Kansas , ▁USA ▁ ▁Independ ence ▁University , ▁formerly ▁California ▁College ▁for ▁Health ▁Sciences , ▁Salt ▁Lake ▁City , ▁Ut ah , ▁USA ; ▁an ▁online ▁university ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Independ ence ▁( disambiguation ) <0x0A> </s> ▁In ▁ 1 8 6 2 ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City , ▁" con cert ▁sal o ons " ▁were ▁the ▁fare ▁for ▁evening ▁entertain ment ▁for ▁the ▁male ▁population ▁of ▁the ▁th riv ing ▁metropol is . ▁To ▁cut ▁down ▁on ▁the ▁growing ▁dec ad ence ▁and ▁crime ▁that ▁came ▁with ▁it , ▁the ▁Con cert ▁Sal oon ▁Bill ▁was ▁passed ▁to ▁rein ▁in ▁loose ▁mor ality ▁in ▁the ▁city . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 6 2 ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁( state ) ▁Category : C ult ural ▁history ▁of ▁New ▁York ▁City <0x0A> </s> ▁Les lie ▁Thomas ▁Mans er , ▁V C ▁( 1 1 ▁May ▁ 1 9 2 2 ▁– ▁ 3 1 ▁May ▁