▁hand ). ▁Most ▁of ▁the ▁initial ▁opening ▁b ids ▁describe ▁this ▁range , ▁while ▁strong ▁( 1 3 + ▁H CP ) ▁hands ▁( 2 8 % ▁of ▁the ▁hands ) ▁start ▁with ▁PA SS , ▁the ▁lowest ▁available ▁bid . ▁We ak ▁( 0 - 7 ▁H CP ) ▁hands ▁are ▁opened ▁with ▁one ▁other ▁bid , ▁often ▁ 1 . ▁Of ▁course ▁partner ▁in ▁ 3 rd ▁or ▁ 4 th ▁place ▁will ▁never ▁pass ▁a ▁strong ▁PA SS ▁" open ing ", ▁thus ▁ 3 rd ▁and ▁ 4 th ▁place ▁" open ings " ▁are ▁different . ▁Str ong ▁pass ▁systems ▁were ▁popular ▁in ▁Poland ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 7 0 s , ▁before ▁the ▁restrictions . ▁These ▁systems ▁are ▁often ▁relay - based , ▁but ▁it ▁is ▁not ▁a ▁necessity , ▁their ▁main ▁advantage ▁is ▁that ▁they ▁initi ate ▁with ▁the ▁most ▁frequent ▁intermediate ▁hands ▁and ▁rob ▁some ▁b idd ing ▁space ▁with ▁the ▁weak ▁ones . Str ong ▁pass ▁systems ▁are ▁mostly ▁b anned ▁by ▁World ▁Bridge ▁Federation ▁and ▁other ▁gover ning ▁organizations ▁from ▁all ▁compet itions ▁except ▁the ▁highest - level ▁ones , ▁because ▁oppon ents ▁cannot ▁be ▁reason ably ▁expected ▁to ▁co pe ▁with ▁such ▁an ▁unusual ▁approach . ▁See : ▁High ly ▁unusual ▁method ▁Rel ay ▁systems ▁are ▁based ▁on ▁relay ▁b ids ▁– ▁the ▁artificial ▁b ids ▁where ▁one ▁partner ▁just ▁b ids ▁the ▁che apest ▁den om ination ▁( rel ay ▁bid ) ▁and