th man ▁I bn ▁Aff an , ▁continued ▁during ▁the ▁cal i ph ate ▁of ▁Ali , ▁and ▁was ▁ended , ▁on ▁the ▁whole , ▁by ▁Mu aw iy ah ' s ▁assumption ▁of ▁the ▁cal i ph ate . ▁This ▁civil ▁war ▁is ▁often ▁called ▁the ▁F it na , ▁and ▁reg rett ed ▁as ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁early ▁unity ▁of ▁the ▁Islam ic ▁um ma h ▁( n ation ). ▁Ali ▁was ▁first ▁opposed ▁by ▁a ▁fa ction ▁led ▁by ▁Tal h ah , ▁Al - Z ub ay r ▁and ▁Muhammad ' s ▁wife , ▁A ish a ▁b int ▁Ab u ▁Bak r . ▁This ▁group ▁was ▁known ▁as ▁dis ob ed ients ▁( N ak ith in ) ▁by ▁their ▁enemies . ▁First ▁they ▁gathered ▁in ▁Me cca ▁then ▁moved ▁to ▁Bas ra ▁with ▁the ▁expectation ▁of ▁finding ▁the ▁necessary ▁forces ▁and ▁resources ▁to ▁mobil ize ▁people ▁in ▁what ▁is ▁now ▁Ira q . ▁The ▁reb els ▁occupied ▁Bas ra , ▁killing ▁many ▁people . ▁When ▁Ali ▁asked ▁them ▁for ▁ob ed ience ▁and ▁a ▁p ledge ▁of ▁alleg iance , ▁they ▁refused . ▁The ▁two ▁parties ▁met ▁at ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Bass or ah ▁( B attle ▁of ▁the ▁Cam el ) ▁in ▁ 6 5 6 , ▁where ▁Ali ▁emer ged ▁vict orious . ▁ ▁Then ▁he ▁appointed ▁I bn ▁Abb as ▁governor ▁of ▁Bas ra ▁and ▁moved ▁his ▁capital ▁to ▁K uf a . ▁Later ▁he ▁was ▁challeng ed ▁by ▁Mu aw iy ah