0 6 , ▁which ▁described ▁” a ▁need ▁to ▁replace ▁dec ades ▁worth ▁of ▁top - down ▁market ing ▁tact ics ▁ ▁with ▁bottom - up , ▁grass - ro ots ▁approaches ”. ▁ ▁Many ▁use ▁ 2 d ▁bar ▁codes ▁to ▁make ▁off line ▁print ▁material ▁more ▁interactive ▁with ▁their ▁mobile ▁device . ▁This ▁has ▁been ▁proven ▁to ▁be ▁successful ▁in ▁Japan , ▁UK , ▁Philippines ▁and ▁has ▁been ▁catch ing ▁on ▁in ▁Northern ▁America . ▁ ▁Mobile ▁device ▁issues ▁ ▁Co inc ident ally , ▁however , ▁mobile ▁devices ▁are ▁encounter ing ▁techn ological ▁bott l ene cks ▁in ▁terms ▁of ▁battery ▁life , ▁formats , ▁and ▁safety ▁issues . ▁ ▁In ▁a ▁broad ▁sense , ▁mobile ▁devices ▁are ▁categor ically ▁broken ▁down ▁into ▁port able ▁and ▁station ary ▁equipment . ▁Techn ically , ▁mobile ▁devices ▁are ▁categor ized ▁as ▁below : ▁ ▁Hand h eld ▁[ port able ] ▁ ▁La ptop , ▁including ▁ult ra port able ▁[ port able ] ▁ ▁Das ht op , ▁including ▁G PS ▁navigation , ▁satellite ▁radio , ▁and ▁Wi MAX - enabled ▁das ht op ▁mobile ▁payment ▁platforms ▁[ fixed ▁on ▁dash boards ] ▁ ▁The ▁battery ▁life ▁and ▁safety ▁issues ▁will ▁perhaps ▁combine ▁to ▁eventually ▁push ▁mobile ▁equipment ' s ▁in ro ads ▁into ▁vehicle ▁das ht ops . ▁However , ▁satellite - based ▁G PS ▁navigation ▁and ▁satellite ▁radio ▁may ▁already ▁hit ▁a ▁sn ag ▁because ▁of ▁their ▁part - time ▁usage ▁and ▁techn ological ▁hierarchy . ▁Put ▁differently ,