▁lead ▁to ▁global ▁cool ing ▁for ▁years . ▁The ▁leading ▁idea , ▁based ▁on ▁vol can ic ▁er u ptions , ▁is ▁that ▁sul fur ▁dio x ide ▁released ▁from ▁vol cano es ▁has ▁a ▁major ▁effect ▁on ▁the ▁cool ing ▁of ▁the ▁atmosphere ▁following ▁the ▁er u ption . ▁ ▁Imp act s ▁from ▁large ▁cel est ial ▁bodies , ▁commonly ▁astero ids , ▁create ▁shock ▁waves ▁that ▁push ▁air ▁and ▁dist ribute ▁dust ▁into ▁the ▁atmosphere , ▁blocking ▁sun light . ▁ ▁This ▁causes ▁global ▁cool ing , ▁which ▁can ▁lead ▁to ▁the ▁death ▁and ▁possible ▁ext inction ▁of ▁many ▁species . ▁ ▁Indust rial ▁application ▁ ▁Indust rial ▁applications ▁of ▁ge oph ys ics ▁were ▁developed ▁by ▁demand ▁of ▁pet role um ▁expl oration ▁and ▁recovery ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 0 s . ▁Later , ▁pet role um , ▁min ing ▁and ▁ground water ▁ge oph ys ics ▁were ▁improved . ▁Earth qu ake ▁ha z ard ▁minim ization ▁and ▁soil / site ▁investig ations ▁for ▁earth qu ake - pr one ▁areas ▁were ▁new ▁applications ▁of ▁ge oph ys ical ▁engineering ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 s . ▁ ▁Se ism ology ▁is ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁min ing ▁industry ▁to ▁read ▁and ▁build ▁models ▁of ▁events ▁that ▁may ▁have ▁been ▁caused ▁or ▁contributed ▁to ▁by ▁the ▁process ▁of ▁min ing . ▁This ▁allows ▁scient ists ▁to ▁predict ▁the ▁ha z ards ▁associated ▁with ▁min ing ▁in ▁the ▁area . ▁ ▁Much ▁like ▁min ing ,