▁mark ing ▁on ▁the ▁verb . ▁ ▁Western ▁Aust ron esian ▁languages ▁are ▁typically ▁sub div ided ▁into ▁Philipp ine - type ▁and ▁Indones ian - type ▁languages ▁on ▁the ▁basis ▁of ▁the ▁voice ▁system : ▁ ▁The ▁voice ▁altern ations ▁in ▁S ama – B aj aw ▁languages ▁have ▁some ▁characteristics ▁of ▁Philipp ine - type ▁languages ▁and ▁some ▁characteristics ▁of ▁Indones ian - type ▁languages . ▁ ▁Miller ▁( 2 0 1 4 ) ▁says ▁that ▁there ▁are ▁three ▁main ▁voice ▁altern ations ▁in ▁S ama - B aj aw : ▁ ▁An ▁A ctor ▁Vo ice ▁( AV ) ▁construction ▁marked ▁with ▁a ▁nas al ▁prefix ▁ ▁A ▁trans itive ▁non - AV ▁construction ▁with ▁the ▁bare ▁verb ▁ ▁Another ▁non - AV ▁construction ▁with ▁morph ological ▁mark ing ▁on ▁the ▁verb ▁and ▁case ▁mark ing ▁on ▁the ▁agent ▁In ▁many ▁Philipp ine ▁languages , ▁the ▁U V ▁construction ▁is ▁said ▁to ▁be ▁basic . ▁This ▁has ▁led ▁people ▁to ▁analy se ▁the ▁languages ▁as ▁s ynt act ically ▁erg ative . ▁This ▁analysis ▁has ▁been ▁proposed ▁for ▁S ama ▁Southern ▁( Tr ick ▁ 2 0 0 6 ); ▁Y ak an ▁( Brain ard ▁& ▁Be hr ens ▁ 2 0 0 2 ); ▁S ama ▁B anging i ’ ▁( G ault ▁ 1 9 9 9 ) ▁and ▁S ama ▁P ang ut aran ▁( W al ton ▁ 1 9 8 6 ). ▁These ▁languages ▁are ▁said ▁to ▁have ▁Philipp ine - type ▁voice ▁systems