, ▁reduced ▁in ▁a ▁H 2 / N 2 ▁atmosphere . ▁Following ▁de h yd r ation , ▁the ▁remaining ▁por ous ▁film ▁is ▁s inter ed ▁and ▁s elen ized ▁at ▁temper atures ▁greater ▁than ▁ 4 0 0   ° C . ▁ ▁N anos olar ▁and ▁International ▁Sol ar ▁Electric ▁Technology ▁( I SET ) ▁un success fully ▁attempted ▁to ▁scale ▁up ▁this ▁process . ▁I SET ▁uses ▁ox ide ▁particles , ▁while ▁N anos olar ▁did ▁not ▁discuss ▁its ▁in k . ▁The ▁advantages ▁of ▁this ▁process ▁include ▁uniform ity ▁over ▁large ▁areas , ▁non - v acu um ▁or ▁low - v acu um ▁equipment ▁and ▁adapt ability ▁to ▁roll - to - roll ▁manufact uring . ▁When ▁compared ▁to ▁l amin ar ▁metal ▁prec ursor ▁layers , ▁s inter ed ▁nan op articles ▁s elen ize ▁more ▁rapidly . ▁The ▁increased ▁rate ▁is ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁the ▁greater ▁surface ▁area ▁associated ▁with ▁por os ity . ▁Por os ity ▁produces ▁rough er ▁absor ber ▁surfaces . ▁Use ▁of ▁partic ulate ▁prec urs ors ▁allows ▁for ▁printing ▁on ▁a ▁large ▁variety ▁of ▁substr ates ▁with ▁materials ▁util ization ▁of ▁ 9 0 % ▁or ▁more . ▁Little ▁research ▁and ▁development ▁supported ▁this ▁technique . ▁ <0x09> ▁N anos olar ▁reported ▁a ▁cell ▁( not ▁module ) ▁efficiency ▁of ▁ 1 4 %, ▁however ▁this ▁was ▁not ▁verified ▁by ▁any ▁national ▁labor atory ▁testing , ▁nor ▁did ▁they ▁allow ▁on site ▁ins pe ctions . ▁In ▁independent ▁testing ▁I