▁contrast ▁to ▁sub c ategor ization : ▁pred ic ates ▁both ▁select ▁and ▁sub c ategor ize ▁for ▁their ▁complement ▁arguments , ▁whereas ▁they ▁only ▁select ▁their ▁subject ▁arguments . ▁Selection ▁is ▁a ▁semantic ▁concept , ▁whereas ▁sub c ategor ization ▁is ▁a ▁s ynt actic ▁one . ▁Selection ▁is ▁closely ▁related ▁to ▁val ency , ▁a ▁term ▁used ▁in ▁other ▁gr amm ars ▁than ▁the ▁Ch om sk ian ▁gener ative ▁grammar , ▁for ▁a ▁similar ▁phenomen on . ▁ ▁Ex amples ▁The ▁following ▁pairs ▁of ▁sentences ▁will ▁illustrate ▁the ▁concept ▁of ▁selection : ▁ ▁a . ▁The ▁plant ▁is ▁wil ting . ▁b . ▁# The ▁building ▁is ▁wil ting . ▁- ▁The ▁argument ▁the ▁building ▁viol ates ▁the ▁selection al ▁restrictions ▁of ▁the ▁predicate ▁is ▁wil ting . ▁ ▁a . ▁Sam ▁d rank ▁a ▁coffee . ▁b . ▁# Sam ▁d rank ▁a ▁car . ▁- ▁The ▁argument ▁a ▁car ▁contradict s ▁the ▁selection al ▁restrictions ▁of ▁the ▁predicate ▁d rank . ▁ ▁The ▁# ▁indicates ▁semantic ▁dev iance . ▁The ▁predicate ▁is ▁wil ting ▁selects ▁a ▁subject ▁argument ▁that ▁is ▁a ▁plant ▁or ▁is ▁plant - like . ▁Similarly , ▁the ▁predicate ▁d rank ▁selects ▁an ▁object ▁argument ▁that ▁is ▁a ▁liquid ▁or ▁is ▁liquid - like . ▁A ▁building ▁cannot ▁normally ▁be ▁understood ▁as ▁wil ting , ▁just ▁as ▁a ▁car ▁cannot ▁normally ▁be ▁interpreted ▁as ▁a ▁liquid . ▁The ▁b - sent ences ▁are ▁possible ▁only ▁given ▁an ▁unusual ▁context ▁that ▁establish es ▁appropriate ▁met ap