▁to ▁refer ▁to ▁Herbert ▁Ho over ' s ▁efforts ▁to ▁conv ince ▁employ ers ▁to ▁keep ▁w ages ▁high ▁as ▁prices ▁fell ▁during ▁the ▁Great ▁De pression . ▁ ▁While ▁Ho over ▁was ▁successful ▁in ▁obtain ing ▁such ▁agre ements , ▁they ▁did ▁little ▁to ▁alle vi ate ▁un emp loyment . ▁The ▁term ▁has ▁been ▁used ▁more ▁recently ▁in ▁other ▁context s . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁U . S . ▁President ial ▁E lection , ▁George ▁W . ▁Bush ▁critic ized ▁out going ▁president ▁Bill ▁Cl inton ▁for ▁not ▁attempting ▁to ▁lower ▁oil ▁prices ▁by ▁" j aw bon ing ▁O PE C " ▁to ▁increase ▁supply . ▁ ▁The ▁Canadian - American ▁econom ist ▁J . ▁K . ▁Gal bra ith ▁stated ▁that ▁" j aw bon ing " ▁was ▁first ▁used ▁to ▁describe ▁the ▁activities ▁of ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Office ▁of ▁Price ▁Administration ▁and ▁Civil ian ▁Supp ly , ▁formed ▁in ▁April ▁ 1 9 4 1 . ▁ ▁Ex amples ▁of ▁usage ▁▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁Sol utions ▁to ▁In fl ation , ▁by ▁David ▁C . ▁Col ander , ▁has ▁section ▁heading ▁" W age - Price ▁Control s , ▁Gu idel ines , ▁Guide posts , ▁J aw bon ing ▁and ▁such " ▁( p .   1 0 5 ). ▁▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁( Dec ) ▁George ▁W ▁Bush , ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁Republican ▁primary ▁debate , ▁said ▁President ▁Cl inton ▁“ must ▁j aw bone