▁multi - dis cipl inary ▁sources ▁with ▁movement ▁towards ▁a ▁un ified ▁view ▁between ▁the ▁natural ▁and ▁social ▁sciences . ▁There ▁remains ▁some ▁accus ation ▁of ▁bi ological ▁reduction ism , ▁as ▁opposed ▁to ▁cultural ▁natural ism , ▁and ▁scientific ▁efforts ▁are ▁often ▁mistaken ly ▁associated ▁with ▁Social ▁Dar win ism . ▁However , ▁some ▁useful ▁par alle ls ▁between ▁bi ological ▁and ▁social ▁evolution ▁still ▁appear ▁to ▁be ▁found . ▁ ▁Crit ic ism ▁of ▁historic ▁approaches ▁to ▁cultural ▁evolution ▁▁ ▁Cultural ▁evolution ▁has ▁been ▁critic ized ▁over ▁the ▁past ▁two ▁centuries ▁that ▁it ▁has ▁advanced ▁its ▁development ▁into ▁the ▁form ▁it ▁holds ▁today . ▁Morgan ' s ▁theory ▁of ▁evolution ▁implies ▁that ▁all ▁cult ures ▁follow ▁the ▁same ▁basic ▁pattern . ▁Human ▁culture ▁is ▁not ▁linear , ▁different ▁cult ures ▁develop ▁in ▁different ▁directions ▁and ▁at ▁differ ing ▁p aces , ▁and ▁it ▁is ▁not ▁satisf actory ▁or ▁product ive ▁to ▁assume ▁cult ures ▁develop ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁way . ▁ ▁A ▁further ▁key ▁critique ▁of ▁cultural ▁evolution ism ▁is ▁what ▁is ▁known ▁as ▁" arm ch air ▁anth rop ology ". ▁The ▁name ▁results ▁from ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁anth rop olog ists ▁adv ancing ▁theories ▁had ▁not ▁seen ▁first ▁hand ▁the ▁cult ures ▁they ▁were ▁studying . ▁The ▁research ▁and ▁data ▁collected ▁was ▁carried ▁out ▁by ▁expl or ers ▁and ▁mission aries ▁as ▁opposed ▁to ▁the ▁anth rop olog ists ▁themselves . ▁Edward ▁T yl or ▁was ▁the ▁ep it ome ▁of ▁that ▁and ▁did ▁very ▁little