3 5 ), ▁often ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁John ▁Re ed ▁Club ▁or ▁J RC , ▁were ▁an ▁American ▁feder ation ▁of ▁local ▁organizations ▁target ed ▁towards ▁Marx ist ▁writers , ▁artists , ▁and ▁intellect uals , ▁named ▁after ▁the ▁American ▁journalist ▁and ▁activ ist ▁John ▁Re ed . ▁Est ab lished ▁in ▁the ▁fall ▁of ▁ 1 9 2 9 , ▁the ▁John ▁Re ed ▁Club s ▁were ▁a ▁mass ▁organization ▁of ▁the ▁Commun ist ▁Party ▁USA ▁which ▁sought ▁to ▁expand ▁its ▁influence ▁among ▁radical ▁and ▁liberal ▁intellect uals . ▁The ▁organization ▁was ▁terminated ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 5 . ▁ ▁History ▁▁ 1 9 2 9 ▁ ▁In ▁October ▁ 1 9 2 9 , ▁the ▁John ▁Re ed ▁Club ▁was ▁founded ▁by ▁eight ▁staff ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁Mass es ▁magazine ▁to ▁support ▁left ist ▁and ▁Marx ist ▁artists ▁and ▁writers . ▁ ▁They ▁included : ▁Mike ▁Gold , ▁W alt ▁Car mon , ▁William ▁Gro pper , ▁Ke ene ▁Wall is , ▁Hugo ▁G ell ert , ▁Morris ▁Pass , ▁and ▁Joseph ▁Pass . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁Alan ▁M . ▁Wald , ▁The ▁John ▁Re ed ▁Club s ▁were ▁not ▁founded ▁by ▁the ▁Commun ist ▁Party . ▁New ▁Mass es ▁man aging ▁editor ▁W alt ▁Car mon ▁became ▁fr ustr ated ▁with ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁young ▁writers ▁who ▁were ▁h anging ▁out ▁in ▁the ▁office ▁and ▁getting ▁in ▁his ▁way . ▁He ▁told ▁them ▁to ▁" go ▁out ▁and ▁form ▁a ▁club " ▁and ▁" call ▁it ▁the ▁John