ology ▁just ifying ▁the ▁benefits ▁of ▁international ▁trade , ▁not ▁as ▁an ▁accurate ▁description ▁of ▁that ▁trade ▁( some ▁econom ists ▁however ▁draw ▁subt le ▁dist in ctions ▁between ▁compar ative ▁" adv antages " ▁and ▁compar ative ▁" cost s ", ▁while ▁others ▁switch ▁to ▁the ▁concept ▁of ▁compet itive ▁advantage ). ▁Ult imately , ▁the ▁" com par ative ▁advantage " ▁ide ology ▁is ▁based ▁on ▁a ▁very ▁simple ▁ide ology ▁about ▁trade . ▁This ▁ide ology ▁says , ▁that ▁if ▁everybody ▁special izes ▁in ▁what ▁they ▁are ▁the ▁best ▁at ▁producing , ▁this ▁provides ▁the ▁greatest ▁amount ▁of ▁wealth ▁for ▁everybody , ▁because ▁then ▁everybody ▁will ▁be ▁operating ▁in ▁the ▁most ▁efficient ▁way . ▁But ▁this ▁ide ology ▁is ▁hop eless ly ▁na ive . ▁The ▁simple ▁reason ▁is ▁that , ▁even ▁if ▁products ▁are ▁produced ▁very ▁efficiently , ▁this ▁says ▁nothing ▁about ▁the ▁terms ▁on ▁which ▁products ▁will ▁be ▁trad ed , ▁and ▁the ▁in comes ▁which ▁produ cers ▁will ▁get ▁for ▁their ▁work . ▁They ▁might ▁work ▁very ▁efficiently , ▁but ▁get ▁very ▁little ▁money ▁for ▁their ▁effort . ▁ ▁The ▁operation ▁of ▁the ▁law ▁of ▁value ▁in ▁the ▁world ▁market ▁might ▁however ▁seem ▁rather ▁abstract , ▁in ▁view ▁of ▁the ▁phen omena ▁of ▁une qual ▁exchange , ▁differences ▁in ▁account ing ▁norm s , ▁protection ism , ▁deb t - dri ven ▁capital ▁accum ulation ▁and ▁gig antic ▁differences ▁in ▁currency ▁exchange ▁rates ▁between ▁rich ▁and ▁poor ▁countries . ▁These ▁phen omena ▁can ▁create ▁very ▁a ▁significant