. ▁National ▁Ren ew able ▁Energy ▁Labor atory ▁confirmed ▁ 1 3 . 8 % ▁module ▁efficiency ▁of ▁a ▁large - area ▁( meter - square ) ▁production ▁panel , ▁and ▁ 1 3 % ▁total - area ▁( and ▁ 1 4 . 2 % ▁a pert ure - area ) ▁efficiency ▁with ▁some ▁production ▁modules . ▁In ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁the ▁German ▁Man z ▁AG ▁presented ▁a ▁C IG S ▁solar ▁module ▁with ▁an ▁efficiency ▁of ▁ 1 4 . 6 % ▁on ▁total ▁module ▁surface ▁and ▁ 1 5 . 9 % ▁on ▁a pert ure , ▁which ▁was ▁produced ▁on ▁a ▁mass ▁production ▁facility . ▁M ia Sol é ▁obtained ▁a ▁cert ified ▁ 1 5 . 7 % ▁a pert ure - area ▁efficiency ▁on ▁a ▁ 1 m 2 ▁production ▁module , ▁and ▁Sol ar ▁Front ier ▁claimed ▁a ▁ 1 7 . 8 % ▁efficiency ▁on ▁a ▁ 9 0 0   cm 2 ▁module . ▁ ▁High er ▁effic ien cies ▁( around ▁ 3 0 %) ▁can ▁be ▁obtained ▁by ▁using ▁opt ics ▁to ▁concent rate ▁the ▁incident ▁light . ▁The ▁use ▁of ▁gal li um ▁increases ▁the ▁optical ▁band ▁gap ▁of ▁the ▁C IG S ▁layer ▁as ▁compared ▁to ▁pure ▁C IS , ▁thus ▁increasing ▁the ▁open - circ uit ▁voltage . ▁Gal li um ' s ▁relative ▁abund ance , ▁compared ▁to ▁ind ium , ▁low ers ▁costs . ▁ ▁Com parison ▁ ▁Con vent ional ▁cry st all