1 9 4 5 ▁in ▁his ▁book , ▁Art ▁Vers us ▁Ill ness . ▁ ▁The ▁artist ▁Edward ▁Adam son , ▁dem obil ised ▁after ▁W W 2 , ▁joined ▁Ad rian ▁Hill ▁to ▁extend ▁Hill ' s ▁work ▁to ▁the ▁British ▁long ▁stay ▁mental ▁hosp it als . ▁ ▁Other ▁early ▁pro ponents ▁of ▁art ▁ther apy ▁in ▁Britain ▁include ▁E . ▁M . ▁Ly dd i att , ▁Michael ▁Edwards , ▁D iana ▁Rap ha el - H all iday ▁and ▁R ita ▁Simon . ▁The ▁British ▁Association ▁of ▁Art ▁Ther ap ists ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 4 . ▁ ▁U . S . ▁art ▁ther apy ▁pione ers ▁Margaret ▁Na um burg ▁and ▁Ed ith ▁K ram er ▁began ▁pract icing ▁at ▁around ▁the ▁same ▁time ▁as ▁Hill . ▁Na um burg , ▁an ▁educ ator , ▁assert ed ▁that ▁" art ▁ther apy ▁is ▁ps y cho anal yt ically ▁orient ed " ▁and ▁that ▁free ▁art ▁expression ▁" be comes ▁a ▁form ▁of ▁symbol ic ▁speech ▁which … le ads ▁to ▁an ▁increase ▁in ▁ver bal ization ▁in ▁the ▁course ▁of ▁ther apy ." ▁Ed ith ▁K ram er , ▁an ▁artist , ▁pointed ▁out ▁the ▁importance ▁of ▁the ▁cre ative ▁process , ▁psych ological ▁def enses , ▁and ▁art istic ▁quality , ▁writing ▁that ▁" sub lim ation ▁is ▁att ained ▁when ▁forms ▁are ▁created ▁that ▁successfully ▁contain … anger , ▁anx iety , ▁or ▁pain ." ▁ ▁Other ▁early ▁pro ponents ▁of ▁art