▁The ▁ Ā j ī v ika ▁school ▁is ▁known ▁for ▁its ▁Ni y ati ▁doctrine ▁of ▁absolute ▁determin ism ▁( f ate ), ▁the ▁prem ise ▁that ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁free ▁will , ▁that ▁everything ▁that ▁has ▁happened , ▁is ▁happening ▁and ▁will ▁happen ▁is ▁entirely ▁pre ord ained ▁and ▁a ▁function ▁of ▁cos mic ▁principles . ▁ Ā j ī v ika ▁considered ▁the ▁kar ma ▁doctrine ▁as ▁a ▁f alla cy . ▁ Ā j ī vik as ▁were ▁at he ists ▁and ▁rejected ▁the ▁authority ▁of ▁the ▁V ed as , ▁but ▁they ▁believed ▁that ▁in ▁every ▁living ▁being ▁is ▁an ▁ ā t man ▁– ▁a ▁central ▁prem ise ▁of ▁H indu ism ▁and ▁J ain ism . ▁ ▁A j ñ ana ▁A j ñ ana ▁was ▁a ▁Ś rama ṇ a ▁school ▁of ▁radical ▁Indian ▁ske ptic ism ▁and ▁a ▁rival ▁of ▁early ▁Buddh ism ▁and ▁J ain ism . ▁They ▁held ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁impossible ▁to ▁obtain ▁knowledge ▁of ▁met aph ys ical ▁nature ▁or ▁as certain ▁the ▁truth ▁value ▁of ▁philosoph ical ▁propos itions ; ▁and ▁even ▁if ▁knowledge ▁was ▁possible , ▁it ▁was ▁useless ▁and ▁dis adv antage ous ▁for ▁final ▁salv ation . ▁They ▁were ▁seen ▁as ▁s oph ists ▁who ▁special ized ▁in ▁ref ut ation ▁without ▁propag ating ▁any ▁positive ▁doctrine ▁of ▁their ▁own . ▁Jay ar ā ś i ▁B ha ṭ ṭ a ▁( fl . ▁c . ▁ 8 0 0 ), ▁author ▁of ▁the ▁ske pt