▁the ▁development ▁of ▁Indian ▁philosophy ▁has ▁been ▁significant . ▁J ain ▁philosoph ical ▁concepts ▁like ▁Ah im sa , ▁Kar ma , ▁M ok sa , ▁S ams ara ▁and ▁the ▁like ▁are ▁common ▁with ▁other ▁Indian ▁relig ions ▁like ▁H indu ism ▁and ▁Buddh ism ▁in ▁various ▁forms . ▁While ▁J ain ism ▁traces ▁its ▁philosophy ▁from ▁teach ings ▁of ▁Mah av ira ▁and ▁other ▁T irth ank ar as , ▁various ▁J ain ▁philosoph ers ▁from ▁K und ak unda ▁and ▁Um as v ati ▁in ▁ancient ▁times ▁to ▁Y as ov ij aya ▁and ▁S hr im ad ▁Raj ch andra ▁in ▁recent ▁times ▁have ▁contributed ▁to ▁Indian ▁philosoph ical ▁disc ourse ▁in ▁uniqu ely ▁J ain ▁ways . ▁ ▁C ā rv ā ka ▁C ā rv ā ka ▁or ▁Lok ā y ata ▁was ▁an ▁at he istic ▁philosophy ▁of ▁s cept ic ism ▁and ▁material ism , ▁who ▁rejected ▁the ▁V ed as ▁and ▁all ▁associated ▁super natural ▁do ctr ines . ▁C ā rv ā ka ▁philosoph ers ▁like ▁B ri h asp ati ▁were ▁extremely ▁critical ▁of ▁other ▁schools ▁of ▁philosophy ▁of ▁the ▁time . ▁C ā rv ā ka ▁de emed ▁the ▁V ed as ▁to ▁be ▁t aint ed ▁by ▁the ▁three ▁fault s ▁of ▁un tr uth , ▁self - contr ad iction , ▁and ▁t aut ology . ▁They ▁declared ▁the ▁V ed as ▁to ▁be ▁in co her ent ▁r haps od ies ▁invent ed ▁by ▁man ▁whose ▁only ▁useful