. ▁The ▁large - scale ▁use ▁of ▁credit ▁economy ▁to ▁ac quire ▁goods ▁and ▁services ▁produced ▁elsewhere , ▁without ▁corresponding ▁increases ▁in ▁local ▁production ▁occurr ing . ▁Non - market ▁allocation ▁of ▁resources , ▁including ▁g ifts ▁and ▁gr ants . ▁C ounter tra de ▁( forms ▁of ▁bar ter ). ▁Acc um ulation ▁of ▁fict it ious ▁capital ▁( b ubble ▁econom ies ). ▁D ump ing ▁of ▁sur plus ▁goods ▁at ▁dump ing ▁prices . ▁Wars ▁and ▁dis aster s ▁which ▁create ▁ab normal ▁scarc ities ▁and ▁dem ands ▁for ▁goods ▁and ▁services . ▁Il legal ▁( c riminal ) ▁or ▁" gre y " ▁transactions ▁( including ▁pir ated ▁and ▁counter fe ited ▁goods ). ▁ ▁All ▁of ▁these ▁phen omena ▁occur ▁to ▁some ▁degree ▁or ▁other ▁in ▁any ▁real ▁economy . ▁Hence ▁the ▁effect ▁of ▁the ▁law ▁of ▁value ▁would ▁usually ▁be ▁medi ated ▁by ▁them , ▁and ▁would ▁manifest ▁itself ▁only ▁as ▁a ▁t endency , ▁or ▁as ▁a ▁law ▁of ▁" grand ▁aver ages ". ▁ ▁Nevertheless , ▁price - value ▁diver gen ces ▁are ▁typically ▁quant it atively ▁limited . ▁Although ▁the ▁real ▁cost ▁structure ▁of ▁production ▁can ▁be ▁dist orted ▁by ▁all ▁kinds ▁of ▁extr aneous ▁factors , ▁the ▁law ▁of ▁value ▁places ▁limits ▁on ▁the ▁amount ▁of ▁the ▁dist ort ion . ▁Even ▁if ▁goods ▁sell ▁at ▁an ▁ab norm ally ▁low ▁or ▁high ▁prices , ▁that ▁ab normal ity ▁rel ates ▁to ▁a ▁" normal " ▁refer ent ▁price , ▁and ▁it ▁is