l / ▁and ▁/ w / ▁( res pect ively ) ▁followed ▁by ▁a ▁nas al ized ▁v owel . ▁/ b / ▁and ▁/ ŋ / ▁occur ▁only ▁in ▁loan words . ▁Asp ir ated ▁stops ▁contrast ▁with ▁un asp ir ated ▁stops ▁only ▁before ▁v ow els . ▁ ▁All ▁con son ants ▁may ▁be ▁found ▁stem - initial ly , ▁except ▁/ h /, ▁which ▁is ▁interpreted ▁as ▁zero . ▁/ h / ▁has ▁the ▁allo phone ▁[ h ] ▁only ▁word - initial ly ▁or ▁directly ▁following ▁a ▁v owel . ▁ ▁V ow els ▁ ▁{ | class =" wik itable " ▁style = text - align : center ▁| - ▁! ▁ ▁! ▁Front ▁! ▁Central ▁! ▁Back ▁| - ▁! ▁Close ▁| ▁i ▁ ▁| ▁ ▁| ▁u ▁ ▁| - ▁! ▁Mid ▁| ▁e ▁ ▁/ ▁ ɛ ▁ ▁| ▁A ▁ ▁| ▁ ɔ ▁ ▁| - ▁! ▁Open ▁| ▁ æ ▁ ▁| ▁a ▁ ▁| ▁ ▁| } ▁ ▁In ▁Kra uss ' s ▁termin ology , ▁v ow els ▁can ▁be ▁or al ▁or ▁nas al , ▁with ▁further ▁modification ▁by ▁gl ott al ization , ▁asp iration , ▁length , ▁or ▁a ▁combination ▁of ▁gl ott al ization ▁and ▁length . ▁The ▁only ▁un mod ified ▁v ow els ▁are ▁/ i /, ▁/ A / ▁and ▁/ u /. ▁Un mod ified ▁/ A / ▁var ies ▁morph oph on em ically ▁between ▁[ æ ] ▁and ▁[ e