per ine al ▁opening ". ▁It ▁is ▁formed ▁either ▁during ▁cast ▁application ▁or ▁after ▁cast ▁application ▁by ▁cutting ▁the ▁hole ▁with ▁the ▁cast ▁saw . ▁The ▁opening ▁must ▁then ▁be ▁pet alled ▁or ▁l ined ▁to ▁keep ▁this ▁area ▁of ▁the ▁cast ▁clean ▁and ▁dry . ▁Because ▁the ▁h ips ▁cannot ▁b end , ▁using ▁a ▁to ile t ▁is ▁difficult , ▁if ▁not ▁impossible . ▁It ▁is ▁therefore ▁necessary ▁for ▁the ▁patient ▁to ▁either ▁use ▁a ▁dia per , ▁bed pan , ▁or ▁c ath eters ▁to ▁manage ▁bod ily ▁waste ▁elimin ations . ▁Bath ing ▁must ▁be ▁done ▁by ▁sp on ge ▁bath s . ▁H air ▁may ▁be ▁sh am po o ed ▁by ▁using ▁pl astic ▁was h ▁bas ins ▁under ▁the ▁head . ▁To ▁sh am po o ▁was h ▁the ▁hair ▁of ▁a ▁child , ▁the ▁child ▁can ▁be ▁lifted ▁and ▁placed ▁on ▁a ▁kitchen ▁counter ▁top ▁and ▁their ▁head ▁held ▁over ▁the ▁kitchen ▁sink . ▁ ▁Other ▁cast s ▁Other ▁body ▁cast s ▁which ▁were ▁used ▁in ▁dec ades ▁past ▁to ▁protect ▁an ▁injured ▁sp ine ▁or ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁treatment ▁for ▁a ▁sp inal ▁de form ity ▁( see ▁sc ol ios is ) ▁which ▁are ▁rarely ▁seen ▁today ▁include ▁the ▁Min erva ▁cast ▁and ▁Ris ser ▁cast . ▁The ▁Min erva ▁cast ▁includes ▁the ▁tr unk ▁of ▁the ▁body ▁( s ometimes ▁extending ▁down ▁only ▁so ▁far ▁as ▁the ▁rib ▁c age ) ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁patient ' s ▁head , ▁with