ese ▁and ▁other ▁studies ▁show ▁that ▁in ▁addition ▁to ▁the ▁ir rit ants ▁being ▁in h aled , ▁expos ure ▁to ▁the ▁ind oor ▁cook ing ▁units ▁actually ▁changes ▁children ' s ▁pul mon ary ▁response ▁to ▁the ▁ir rit ants ▁with ▁a ▁more ▁re active ▁and ▁infl am mat ory ▁response ▁that ▁may ▁last ▁well ▁into ▁ad ul th ood . ▁Given ▁that ▁ind oor ▁cook ing ▁units ▁are ▁in ▁use ▁in ▁the ▁most ▁rural ▁and ▁remote ▁communities , ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁ast h ma ▁by ▁a ▁child ▁can ▁create ▁a ▁significant ▁bur den ▁in ▁a ▁family ▁and ▁pose ▁a ▁significant ▁risk ▁for ▁death ▁if ▁children ▁are ▁subject ▁to ▁an ▁ast h ma ▁attack ▁and ▁are ▁without ▁access ▁to ▁rescue ▁in hal er ▁or ▁emer gency ▁medical ▁care ▁ ▁Three - stone ▁cook ing ▁fire ▁▁ ▁The ▁traditional ▁method ▁of ▁cook ing ▁is ▁on ▁a ▁three - stone ▁cook ing ▁fire ▁or ▁on ▁a ▁mud ▁st ove . ▁The ▁three - stone ▁fire ▁is ▁the ▁che apest ▁st ove ▁to ▁produce , ▁requiring ▁only ▁three ▁suitable ▁stones ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁height ▁on ▁which ▁a ▁cook ing ▁pot ▁can ▁be ▁bal anced ▁over ▁a ▁fire . ▁However , ▁this ▁cook ing ▁method ▁also ▁has ▁problems : ▁ ▁Sm oke ▁is ▁vent ed ▁into ▁the ▁home , ▁instead ▁of ▁out do ors , ▁causing ▁health ▁problems . ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁World ▁Health ▁Organ ization , ▁" 4 . 3 ▁million ▁people ▁a ▁year ▁die ▁prem ature ly ▁from ▁ill ness ▁att rib utable ▁to