ath y ▁in ▁humans . ▁B eta - c aten in ▁up reg ulation ▁of ▁expression ▁has ▁generally ▁been ▁observed ▁in ▁patients ▁with ▁dil ated ▁card iom y op ath y . ▁In ▁a ▁particular ▁study , ▁patients ▁with ▁end - stage ▁dil ated ▁card iom y op ath y ▁showed ▁almost ▁double d ▁est ro gen ▁re ceptor ▁alpha ▁( ER - alpha ) ▁m R NA ▁and ▁protein ▁levels , ▁and ▁the ▁ER - alpha / beta - c aten in ▁interaction , ▁present ▁at ▁inter cal ated ▁disc s ▁of ▁control , ▁non - d ise ased ▁human ▁hearts ▁was ▁lost , ▁suggesting ▁that ▁the ▁loss ▁of ▁this ▁interaction ▁at ▁the ▁inter cal ated ▁disc ▁may ▁play ▁a ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁pro gression ▁of ▁heart ▁failure . ▁ ▁In vol vement ▁in ▁cancer ▁▁ ▁B eta - c aten in ▁is ▁a ▁proto - onc ogene . ▁Mut ations ▁of ▁this ▁gene ▁are ▁commonly ▁found ▁in ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁can cers : ▁in ▁primary ▁he pat oc ell ular ▁car cin oma , ▁col ore ct al ▁cancer , ▁o var ian ▁car cin oma , ▁breast ▁cancer , ▁lung ▁cancer ▁and ▁gli ob last oma . ▁It ▁has ▁been ▁estimated ▁that ▁approximately ▁ 1 0 % ▁of ▁all ▁t issue ▁samples ▁sequ enced ▁from ▁all ▁can cers ▁display ▁mut ations ▁in ▁the ▁CT NN B 1 ▁gene . ▁Most ▁of ▁these ▁mut ations ▁cluster ▁on ▁a ▁tiny ▁area ▁of ▁the ▁N - term inal ▁segment ▁of ▁ β -