▁and ▁other ▁gen etic , ▁auto imm une ▁or ▁r he um atic ▁causes . ▁ ▁Di agn osis ▁ ▁ES US ▁is ▁a ▁diagn osis ▁of ▁ex clusion ▁based ▁on ▁radi ological ▁and ▁card i ological ▁exam in ations . ▁For ▁ex clusion ▁of ▁ha emor rh ag ic ▁or ▁lac un ar ▁stro kes ▁CT ▁or ▁M RI ▁imag ing ▁is ▁needed . ▁Both ▁procedures ▁also ▁allow ▁detection ▁of ▁em bol ic ▁pattern ▁of ▁is chem ic ▁les ions . ▁ 1 2 - le ad ▁E CG ▁and ▁card iac ▁monitoring ▁for ▁at ▁least ▁ 2 4 ▁h ▁with ▁autom ated ▁rh ythm ▁detection ▁are ▁mand ated ▁to ▁exclude ▁at rial ▁f ibr ill ation ; ▁e ch oc ardi ography ▁( T TE ▁and / or ▁TE E ) ▁is ▁used ▁to ▁detect ▁other ▁major - ris k ▁card io emb ol ic ▁sources ▁( e . g ., ▁int rac ard iac ▁th rom bi , ▁or ▁e jection ▁fraction ▁< 3 0 %). ▁For ▁imag ing ▁of ▁both ▁the ▁ext rac ran ial ▁and ▁int rac ran ial ▁ar ter ies ▁supp lying ▁the ▁area ▁of ▁brain ▁is cha emia , ▁exam ination ▁methods ▁like ▁c ath eter , ▁MR / CT ▁ang i ography ▁or ▁cer v ical ▁du plex ▁plus ▁trans c ran ial ▁Do pp ler ▁ul tr ason ography ▁are ▁required . ▁They ▁allow ▁an ▁ex clusion ▁of ▁large ▁vessel ▁st en osis ▁( ≥ ▁ 5 0 %). ▁ ▁C rypt ogen