▁queue ▁systems . ▁ ▁Oper ations , ▁see ▁Business ▁operations ▁ ▁Oper ations ▁Research ▁( OR ) ▁is ▁an ▁inter dis cipl inary ▁branch ▁of ▁applied ▁mathematics ▁and ▁formal ▁science ▁that ▁uses ▁methods ▁such ▁as ▁mathematical ▁model ing , ▁statistics , ▁and ▁algorithms ▁to ▁arrive ▁at ▁optimal ▁or ▁near ▁optimal ▁solutions ▁to ▁complex ▁problems . ▁ ▁Organ ization ▁is ▁a ▁social ▁arrangement ▁which ▁purs ues ▁collect ive ▁goals , ▁which ▁controls ▁its ▁own ▁performance , ▁and ▁which ▁has ▁a ▁boundary ▁separ ating ▁it ▁from ▁its ▁environment . ▁ ▁Organ ization ▁development ▁( OD ) ▁is ▁a ▁planned , ▁struct ured , ▁organization - wide ▁effort ▁to ▁increase ▁the ▁organization ' s ▁effect iveness ▁and ▁health . ▁ ▁P ▁▁▁ ▁Pl anning ▁in ▁organizations ▁and ▁public ▁policy ▁is ▁both ▁the ▁organiz ational ▁process ▁of ▁creating ▁and ▁maintain ing ▁a ▁plan ; ▁and ▁the ▁psych ological ▁process ▁of ▁thinking ▁about ▁the ▁activities ▁required ▁to ▁create ▁a ▁desired ▁goal ▁on ▁some ▁scale . ▁ ▁Port folio ▁in ▁fin ance ▁is ▁an ▁appropriate ▁mix ▁of ▁or ▁collection ▁of ▁invest ments ▁held ▁by ▁an ▁institution ▁or ▁a ▁private ▁individual . ▁ ▁PR IN CE 2 ▁: ▁PR IN CE 2 ▁is ▁a ▁project ▁management ▁method ology . ▁The ▁planning , ▁monitoring ▁and ▁control ▁of ▁all ▁aspects ▁of ▁the ▁project ▁and ▁the ▁motiv ation ▁of ▁all ▁those ▁involved ▁in ▁it ▁to ▁achieve ▁the ▁project ▁object ives ▁on ▁time ▁and ▁to ▁the ▁specified ▁cost , ▁quality ▁and ▁performance . ▁ ▁Process ▁is ▁an ▁on going ▁collection ▁of ▁activities , ▁with