▁" pre y " ▁( a ▁rabb it ▁dummy ▁attached ▁to ▁a ▁motion ▁device ), ▁Group ▁H ▁(" here " ▁command ) ▁received ▁the ▁electric ▁shock ▁when ▁they ▁did ▁not ▁obey ▁a ▁previously ▁trained ▁recall ▁command ▁during ▁hunting , ▁and ▁Group ▁R ▁( random ) ▁received ▁random ▁shock s ▁that ▁were ▁un predict able ▁and ▁out ▁of ▁context . ▁Group ▁A ▁did ▁not ▁show ▁a ▁significant ▁rise ▁in ▁cort is ol ▁levels ; ▁the ▁other ▁two ▁groups ▁( R ▁& ▁H ) ▁did ▁show ▁a ▁significant ▁rise , ▁with ▁group ▁R ▁showing ▁the ▁highest ▁level ▁of ▁cort is ol . ▁Sal iv ary ▁cort is ol ▁was ▁measured , ▁as ▁this ▁procedure ▁is ▁less ▁likely ▁to ▁cause ▁stress ▁related ▁rise ▁in ▁cort is ol . ▁ ▁From ▁this ▁the ▁research ers ▁concluded ▁that ▁the ▁dogs ▁who ▁could ▁clearly ▁associate ▁the ▁shock ▁with ▁their ▁action ▁( i . e . ▁touch ing ▁the ▁pre y ) ▁and ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁were ▁able ▁to ▁predict ▁and ▁control ▁whether ▁they ▁received ▁a ▁shock , ▁did ▁not ▁show ▁considerable ▁or ▁persistent ▁stress . ▁The ▁evidence ▁of ▁increased ▁stress ▁in ▁the ▁other ▁groups ▁was ▁felt ▁to ▁support ▁earlier ▁find ings ▁that ▁poor ▁timing ▁and / or ▁in app ropri ate ▁use ▁of ▁a ▁shock ▁col lar ▁puts ▁the ▁dog ▁at ▁high ▁risk ▁of ▁severe ▁and ▁on going ▁stress . ▁They ▁conclude ▁that ▁" The ▁results ▁of ▁this ▁study ▁suggest ▁that ▁poor ▁timing ▁in ▁the ▁application ▁of ▁high ▁level ▁electric ▁p uls es , ▁such ▁as ▁those ▁used ▁in