len z ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 3 th ▁and ▁ 1 4 th ▁century ▁that ▁had ▁city ▁rights ▁and ▁similar ▁fre ed oms . ▁ ▁Not ▁all ▁of ▁those ▁city ▁rights ▁have ▁resulted ▁in ▁effective ▁urban ▁development , ▁but ▁in ▁almost ▁all ▁these ▁places ▁more ▁or ▁less ▁extensive ▁rem n ants ▁of ▁the ▁fort ifications ▁remain ▁to ▁this ▁day . ▁ ▁Bo pp ard ▁and ▁Ober w es el ▁resist ed ▁of ▁integration ▁into ▁a ▁modern ▁territorial ▁state ▁for ▁a ▁long ▁time . ▁ ▁Bo pp ard ▁fought ▁batt les ▁for ▁the ▁freedom ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁in ▁ 1 3 2 7 ▁and ▁ 1 4 9 7 . ▁ ▁The ▁grave ▁stone ▁in ▁the ▁popular ▁" wide - track ▁bul ly " ▁type ▁in ▁the ▁Car mel ite ▁church ▁of ▁Bo pp ard ▁of ▁the ▁kn ight ▁S if rid ▁of ▁Schw al bach , ▁who ▁fell ▁in ▁ 1 4 9 7 , ▁is ▁a ▁testim ony ▁to ▁this ▁struggle ▁for ▁local ▁libert ies ▁which ▁er upt ed ▁for ▁the ▁last ▁time ▁in ▁the ▁Pal at ine ▁Pe as ants ' ▁War ▁of ▁ 1 5 2 5 . ▁ ▁The ▁City ▁Castle ▁of ▁Bo pp ard , ▁built ▁by ▁Bald win ▁of ▁T rier ▁in ▁ 1 3 4 0 , ▁however , ▁is ▁a ▁monument ▁of ▁the ▁supp ression ▁of ▁urban ▁aut onomy ▁by ▁territorial ▁princes . ▁ ▁Since ▁the ▁territ ories ▁of ▁the ▁four ▁R hen ish ▁elect ors ▁lie ▁close ▁together ▁on ▁the ▁Middle ▁Rh ine ,