als ▁were ▁built ▁or ▁completed ▁around ▁this ▁period . ▁ ▁The ▁Cris is ▁of ▁the ▁Late ▁Middle ▁A ges ▁began ▁at ▁the ▁start ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 4 th ▁century ▁and ▁marked ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁period . ▁ ▁Historical ▁events ▁and ▁politics ▁ ▁Great ▁Britain ▁and ▁Ireland ▁ ▁In ▁England , ▁the ▁Norman ▁Con quest ▁of ▁ 1 0 6 6 ▁resulted ▁in ▁a ▁kingdom ▁ruled ▁by ▁a ▁Franc oph one ▁nob ility . ▁The ▁Norm ans ▁inv aded ▁Ireland ▁by ▁force ▁in ▁ 1 1 6 9 ▁and ▁soon ▁established ▁themselves ▁throughout ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁country , ▁although ▁their ▁strong hold ▁was ▁the ▁sout heast . ▁Like wise , ▁Scotland ▁and ▁Wales ▁were ▁sub du ed ▁to ▁v ass al age ▁at ▁about ▁the ▁same ▁time , ▁though ▁Scotland ▁later ▁assert ed ▁its ▁independence ▁and ▁Wales ▁remained ▁largely ▁under ▁the ▁rule ▁of ▁independent ▁native ▁princes ▁until ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁L ly w ely n ▁ap ▁Gru ff y dd ▁in ▁ 1 2 8 2 . ▁The ▁Ex che quer ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 2 th ▁century ▁under ▁King ▁Henry ▁I , ▁and ▁the ▁first ▁parliament s ▁were ▁conven ed . ▁In ▁ 1 2 1 5 , ▁after ▁the ▁loss ▁of ▁Norm andy , ▁King ▁John ▁signed ▁the ▁Mag na ▁Cart a ▁into ▁law , ▁which ▁limited ▁the ▁power ▁of ▁English ▁monarch s . ▁ ▁Spain , ▁Portugal , ▁and ▁Italy ▁ ▁Much ▁of ▁the ▁I ber ian ▁pen ins ula ▁had ▁been ▁occupied ▁by ▁the ▁Mo ors