▁African ▁Americans . ▁Any ▁disc rim ination ▁toward ▁African ▁Americans ▁was ▁performed ▁by ▁the ▁administr atives ▁enfor cing ▁the ▁law , ▁which ▁was ▁not ▁un const itu ional . ▁ ▁Background ▁ ▁The ▁ 1 8 9 0 ▁Mississippi ▁constitution ▁included ▁dis enf ranch is ement ▁cla uses , ▁including ▁a ▁poll ▁tax , ▁liter acy ▁tests , ▁a ▁grand father ▁clause , ▁and ▁a ▁vot er ▁registration ▁for ▁j ury ▁members . ▁The ▁poll ▁tax ▁and ▁liter acy ▁cla uses ▁dis pro port ion ately ▁affected ▁African ▁Americans , ▁who ▁t ended ▁to ▁be ▁less ▁wealth y ▁and ▁less ▁educated ▁than ▁whites ▁due ▁to ▁lack ▁of ▁resources . ▁The ▁grand father ▁clause , ▁which ▁allowed ▁vot ers ▁to ▁be ▁registered ▁automatically ▁if ▁their ▁grand father ▁had ▁voted , ▁The ▁grand father ▁clause , ▁which ▁allowed ▁vot ers ▁to ▁automatically ▁be ▁registered ▁if ▁their ▁grand father ▁had ▁voted , ▁effectively ▁ex empt ed ▁ill iter ate ▁whites , ▁but ▁not ▁black s , ▁from ▁the ▁liter acy ▁test . ▁Black s ▁received ▁the ▁right ▁to ▁vote ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 0 ▁under ▁the ▁Fif teenth ▁Am end ment , ▁so ▁almost ▁no ▁African ▁Americans ▁at ▁this ▁time ▁had ▁voting ▁grand f athers ▁because ▁they ▁were ▁among ▁the ▁first ▁gener ations ▁of ▁African ▁American ▁vot ers . ▁J ury ▁members ▁were ▁required ▁to ▁be ▁registered ▁vot ers , ▁which ▁meant ▁that ▁most ▁j ury ▁members ▁were ▁white , ▁since ▁there ▁were ▁so ▁many ▁obst acles ▁presented ▁to ▁African ▁Americans ▁to ▁keep ▁them ▁from