▁Y is rael ▁be - Ṭ ur ḳ i ya , ▁bi ograph ies ▁of ▁Jewish ▁sch ol ars ▁in ▁the ▁Crime a ▁and ▁in ▁Turkey ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 4 th ▁and ▁ 1 5 th ▁centuries , ▁published ▁in ▁Ha - K arm el ▁( 1 8 6 1 ) ▁ ▁Saf ah ▁le - Ne ' eman im , ▁an ▁ess ay ▁on ▁the ▁value ▁and ▁significance ▁of ▁the ▁Heb rew ▁language ▁and ▁literature ▁in ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁culture ▁among ▁the ▁Russian ▁Jews , ▁Vil nius , ▁ 1 8 8 1 ▁ ▁Ha - Y er ush sh ah , ▁Heb rew ▁adaptation ▁of ▁Hon ig mann ' s ▁Die ▁Er b schaft , ▁i b . ▁ 1 8 8 4 ▁ ▁Ha - O ẓ ar , ▁a ▁Heb rew ▁and ▁Chal da ic ▁dictionary ▁giving ▁Russian ▁and ▁German ▁equival ents ▁for ▁the ▁words ▁of ▁the ▁Bible , ▁M ish nah , ▁and ▁Mid r ash im , ▁vol . ▁i . ▁( from ▁ א ▁to ▁ ו ), ▁Wars aw , ▁ 1 8 8 4 ▁ ▁Ken es et ▁Y is rael , ▁bi ographical ▁lex icon ▁of ▁Jewish ▁sch ol ars ▁and ▁other ▁prominent ▁men ▁arranged ▁in ▁alphabet ical ▁order , ▁vol . ▁i . ▁( from ▁ א ▁to ▁ ו ), ▁i b . ▁ 1 8 8 6 - 9 0 . ▁ ▁For ▁twenty - one ▁years ▁( 1 8 6 0 - 8 1 ) ▁Fu enn ▁directed