▁stat ute ▁which ▁it ▁admin ister s ." ▁ 4 6 7 ▁U . S . ▁ 8 3 7 , ▁ 8 4 2 , ▁ 1 0 4 ▁S . C t . ▁ 2 7 7 8 , ▁ 8 1 ▁L . Ed . 2 d ▁ 6 9 4 ▁( 1 9 8 4 ). ▁If ▁Congress ▁has ▁" direct ly ▁spoken ▁to ▁the ▁precise ▁question ▁at ▁issue ," ▁we ▁said , ▁" that ▁is ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁matter ." ▁I bid . ▁A ▁contrary ▁ag ency ▁interpretation ▁must ▁give ▁way . ▁ ▁" It ▁is ▁em ph atically ▁the ▁province ▁and ▁duty ▁of ▁the ▁jud icial ▁department ▁to ▁say ▁what ▁the ▁law ▁is ." ▁Mar bury ▁v . ▁Mad ison , ▁ 1 ▁C ranch ▁ 1 3 7 , ▁ 1 7 7 , ▁ 2 ▁L . Ed . ▁ 6 0 ▁( 1 8 0 3 ). ▁The ▁rise ▁of ▁the ▁modern ▁administrative ▁state ▁has ▁not ▁changed ▁that ▁duty . ▁Indeed , ▁the ▁Administr ative ▁Pro cedure ▁Act , ▁gover ning ▁jud icial ▁review ▁of ▁most ▁ag ency ▁action , ▁instruct s ▁review ing ▁courts ▁to ▁decide ▁" all ▁relevant ▁questions ▁of ▁law ." ▁ 5 ▁U . S . C . ▁§ ▁ 7 0 6 . ▁ ▁Like wise ▁before ▁joining ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Supreme ▁Court , ▁ 1 0 th ▁Circ uit ▁Judge ▁G ors uch ▁in ▁his ▁conc urrence ▁in ▁Gut ierre z - B riz uela