▁common ▁theme , ▁along ▁with ▁a ▁strong ▁pre jud ice ▁against ▁Jews ▁and ▁J uda ism , ▁in ▁ ▁Her der ▁( 1 7 4 4 - 1 8 0 3 ), ▁ ▁Sch le ier m acher ▁( 1 7 6 8 - 1 8 3 4 ), ▁de ▁W ette ▁( 1 7 8 0 - 1 8 4 9 ), ▁ ▁Ba ur ▁( 1 7 9 2 - 1 8 6 0 ), ▁ ▁Stra uss ▁( 1 8 0 8 - 1 8 7 4 ), ▁ ▁R itsch l ▁( 1 8 2 2 - 1 8 8 9 ), ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁relig ions ▁school ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 8 9 0 s , ▁and ▁on ▁into ▁the ▁ ▁form ▁critics ▁of ▁the ▁tw enti eth ▁century ▁until ▁World ▁War ▁II . ▁ ▁Bib lic al ▁criticism ▁was ▁divided ▁into ▁higher ▁criticism ▁and ▁lower ▁criticism ▁during ▁this ▁century . ▁High er ▁criticism ▁focus es ▁on ▁the ▁Bible ' s ▁composition ▁and ▁history , ▁while ▁lower ▁criticism ▁is ▁concerned ▁with ▁interpre ting ▁its ▁meaning ▁for ▁its ▁readers . ▁Later ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century , ▁the ▁discovery ▁of ▁ancient ▁manuscript s ▁revolution ized ▁text ual ▁criticism ▁and ▁translation . ▁ ▁During ▁this ▁period , ▁Bible ▁scholar ▁H . ▁J . ▁Hol tz mann ▁( 1 8 3 2 - 1 9 1 0 ) ▁developed ▁a ▁listing ▁of ▁the ▁chron ological ▁order ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁Testament ▁texts . ▁ ▁The ▁height ▁of ▁bib lic al