▁still ▁pending ▁before ▁the ▁states . ▁ ▁Although ▁Mad ison ' s ▁proposed ▁am end ments ▁included ▁a ▁provision ▁to ▁extend ▁the ▁protection ▁of ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁Bill ▁of ▁Rights ▁to ▁the ▁states , ▁the ▁am end ments ▁that ▁were ▁finally ▁submitted ▁for ▁rat ification ▁applied ▁only ▁to ▁the ▁federal ▁government . ▁The ▁door ▁for ▁their ▁application ▁upon ▁state ▁govern ments ▁was ▁opened ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 6 0 s , ▁following ▁rat ification ▁of ▁the ▁Four teenth ▁Am end ment . ▁Since ▁the ▁early ▁ 2 0 th ▁century ▁both ▁federal ▁and ▁state ▁courts ▁have ▁used ▁the ▁Four teenth ▁Am end ment ▁to ▁apply ▁port ions ▁of ▁the ▁Bill ▁of ▁Rights ▁to ▁state ▁and ▁local ▁govern ments . ▁The ▁process ▁is ▁known ▁as ▁incorpor ation . ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁several ▁original ▁eng ross ed ▁copies ▁of ▁the ▁Bill ▁of ▁Rights ▁still ▁in ▁existence . ▁One ▁of ▁these ▁is ▁on ▁permanent ▁public ▁display ▁at ▁the ▁National ▁Archives ▁in ▁Washington , ▁D . C . ▁ ▁Background ▁ ▁Philadelphia ▁Convention ▁ ▁Prior ▁to ▁the ▁rat ification ▁and ▁implementation ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Constitution , ▁the ▁th ir teen ▁so ver eign ▁states ▁followed ▁the ▁Articles ▁of ▁Confeder ation , ▁created ▁by ▁the ▁Second ▁Cont inental ▁Congress ▁and ▁rat ified ▁in ▁ 1 7 8 1 . ▁However , ▁the ▁national ▁government ▁that ▁operated ▁under ▁the ▁Articles ▁of ▁Confeder ation ▁was ▁too ▁weak ▁to ▁ade qu ately ▁reg ulate ▁the ▁various ▁conflicts ▁that ▁arose ▁between ▁the ▁states . ▁The ▁Philadelphia ▁Convention ▁set ▁out ▁to