As ▁origin ating ▁from ▁random - sequence ▁R N As . ▁Some ▁of ▁the ▁synth etic ▁rib oz ym es ▁that ▁were ▁produced ▁had ▁novel ▁structures , ▁while ▁some ▁were ▁similar ▁to ▁the ▁naturally ▁occurr ing ▁ham mer head ▁rib oz yme . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁research ers ▁at ▁North western ▁University ▁and ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Illinois ▁at ▁Chicago ▁have ▁engine ered ▁a ▁t ether ed ▁rib os ome ▁that ▁works ▁nearly ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁authentic ▁cell ular ▁component ▁that ▁produces ▁all ▁the ▁prote ins ▁and ▁en zym es ▁within ▁the ▁cell . ▁Cal led ▁Rib os ome - T , ▁or ▁Rib o - T , ▁the ▁artificial ▁rib os ome ▁was ▁created ▁by ▁Michael ▁Jew ett ▁and ▁Alexander ▁M ank in . ▁The ▁techniques ▁used ▁to ▁create ▁artificial ▁rib oz ym es ▁involve ▁directed ▁evolution . ▁This ▁approach ▁takes ▁advantage ▁of ▁R NA ' s ▁dual ▁nature ▁as ▁both ▁a ▁catal yst ▁and ▁an ▁inform ational ▁polym er , ▁making ▁it ▁easy ▁for ▁an ▁investig ator ▁to ▁produce ▁vast ▁populations ▁of ▁R NA ▁catal yst s ▁using ▁polym er ase ▁en zym es . ▁The ▁rib oz ym es ▁are ▁mut ated ▁by ▁reverse ▁trans cri bing ▁them ▁with ▁reverse ▁trans cript ase ▁into ▁various ▁c D NA ▁and ▁ampl ified ▁with ▁error - pr one ▁PC R . ▁The ▁selection ▁parameters ▁in ▁these ▁experiments ▁often ▁differ . ▁One ▁approach ▁for ▁selecting ▁a ▁lig ase ▁rib oz yme ▁involves ▁using ▁bi ot in ▁tags , ▁which