▁two ▁kinds ▁of ▁memory : ▁epis od ic ▁and ▁semantic . ▁Tul ving ▁described ▁epis od ic ▁memory ▁as ▁a ▁memory ▁about ▁a ▁specific ▁event ▁that ▁occurred ▁at ▁a ▁particular ▁time ▁and ▁place , ▁for ▁example ▁what ▁you ▁got ▁for ▁your ▁ 1 0 th ▁birth day . ▁Sem antic ▁mem ories ▁are ▁abstract ▁words , ▁concepts , ▁and ▁rules ▁stored ▁in ▁long - term ▁memory . ▁ ▁Furthermore , ▁End el ▁Tul ving ▁de vised ▁the ▁encoding ▁specific ity ▁principle ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 3 , ▁which ▁explains ▁the ▁importance ▁of ▁the ▁relation ▁between ▁the ▁encoding ▁of ▁information ▁and ▁then ▁recall ing ▁that ▁information . ▁To ▁explain ▁further , ▁the ▁encoding ▁specific ity ▁principle ▁means ▁that ▁a ▁person ▁is ▁more ▁likely ▁to ▁recall ▁information ▁if ▁the ▁recall ▁c ues ▁match ▁or ▁are ▁similar ▁to ▁the ▁encoding ▁c ues . ▁ ▁The ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁also ▁saw ▁a ▁development ▁in ▁the ▁study ▁of ▁visual ▁imag ery ▁and ▁how ▁it ▁is ▁re called . ▁This ▁research ▁was ▁led ▁by ▁All an ▁Pa iv io , ▁who ▁found ▁that ▁the ▁more ▁image - ar ous ing ▁a ▁word ▁was ▁the ▁more ▁likely ▁it ▁would ▁be ▁re called ▁in ▁either ▁free ▁recall ▁or ▁pa ired ▁associ ates . ▁ ▁There ▁has ▁been ▁a ▁considerable ▁amount ▁of ▁research ▁into ▁the ▁work ings ▁of ▁memory , ▁and ▁specifically ▁recall ▁since ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s . ▁The ▁previously ▁mentioned ▁research ▁was ▁developed ▁and ▁improved ▁upon , ▁and ▁new ▁research ▁was ▁and ▁still