1 9 7 3 . ▁The ▁decision ▁of ▁the ▁court ▁was ▁that ▁it ▁ultimately ▁was ▁the ▁woman ' s ▁choice ▁in ▁reprodu ction . ▁However , ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁National ▁Organ ization ▁for ▁Women , ▁dec isions ▁following ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁land mark ▁case ▁had ▁substantial ly ▁limited ▁this ▁right , ▁which ▁cul min ated ▁their ▁response ▁to ▁encou rage ▁the ▁Fre edom ▁of ▁Cho ice ▁Act . ▁The ▁controvers y ▁over ▁the ▁land mark ▁case ▁r uling ▁was ▁initi ated ▁in ▁the ▁two ▁cases , ▁Gonz ales ▁v . ▁Pl anned ▁Parent hood ▁and ▁Gonz ales ▁v . ▁Car hart . ▁These ▁two ▁cases ▁consequ ently ▁b anned ▁abort ion ▁methods ▁after ▁ 1 2 ▁weeks ▁of ▁pre gn ancy . ▁ ▁Gonz ale z ▁v . ▁Pl anned ▁Parent hood ▁and ▁Gonz ale z ▁v . ▁Car hart ▁both ▁de alt ▁with ▁the ▁question ▁of ▁whether ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁Part ial - B irth ▁Ab ort ion ▁Ban ▁Act ▁was ▁un const itution al ▁by ▁viol ating ▁the ▁Due ▁Process ▁Cla use ▁of ▁the ▁Fif th ▁Am end ment ▁expressed ▁in ▁the ▁Ro e ▁v . ▁W ade ▁case . ▁This ▁act ▁ultimately ▁meant ▁that ▁the ▁" con cept ▁of ▁partial - b irth ▁abort ion ▁as ▁defined ▁in ▁the ▁Act ▁as ▁any ▁abort ion ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁the ▁fet us ▁occurs ▁when ▁" the ▁entire ▁f etal ▁head ▁[...] ▁or ▁[...] ▁any ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁f etal ▁tr unk ▁past ▁the ▁nav