▁society " ▁and ▁especially ▁to ▁the ▁idea ▁of ▁an ▁America ▁suff oc ated ▁in ▁social ▁conform ity . ▁R ies man ▁had ▁essentially ▁argued ▁that ▁at ▁the ▁emer ging ▁of ▁highly ▁advanced ▁capital ism , ▁the ▁America ▁basic ▁value ▁system ▁and ▁its ▁social izing ▁roles ▁had ▁change ▁from ▁an ▁" inner - direct ed " ▁toward ▁an ▁" other - direct ed " ▁pattern ▁of ▁value - orientation . ▁Par s ons ▁and ▁White ▁challeng ed ▁R ies man ' s ▁idea ▁and ▁argued ▁that ▁there ▁had ▁been ▁no ▁change ▁away ▁from ▁an ▁inner - direct ed ▁person ality ▁structure . ▁The ▁said ▁that ▁R ies man ' s ▁" other - direct ness " ▁looked ▁like ▁a ▁car ic ature ▁of ▁Charles ▁Co ole y ' s ▁looking - glass ▁self , ▁and ▁they ▁argued ▁that ▁the ▁framework ▁of ▁" inst itution al ▁individual ism " ▁as ▁the ▁basic ▁code - structure ▁of ▁America ' s ▁norm ative ▁system ▁had ▁essentially ▁not ▁changed . ▁What ▁had ▁happen , ▁however , ▁was ▁that ▁the ▁industrial ized ▁process ▁and ▁its ▁increased ▁pattern ▁of ▁soci etal ▁different iation ▁had ▁changed ▁the ▁family ' s ▁generalized ▁symbol ic ▁function ▁in ▁society ▁and ▁had ▁allowed ▁for ▁a ▁greater ▁perm iss iveness ▁in ▁the ▁way ▁the ▁child ▁related ▁to ▁his ▁parents . ▁Par s ons ▁and ▁White ▁argued ▁that ▁was ▁not ▁the ▁pre l ude ▁to ▁greater ▁" other direct ness " ▁but ▁a ▁more ▁complicated ▁way ▁by ▁which ▁inner - direct ed ▁pattern ▁situated ▁itself ▁in ▁the