▁temper atures , ▁these ▁structures ▁will ▁develop ▁to ▁smaller ▁ult imate ▁sizes ▁and ▁decrease ▁a ▁female ' s ▁re product ive ▁output . ▁ ▁Early ▁f ec und ity ▁( total ▁eggs ▁laid ▁in ▁first ▁ 1 0 ▁days ▁post - ec los ion ) ▁is ▁maxim ized ▁when ▁re ared ▁at ▁ 2 5   ° C ▁( vers us ▁ 1 7   ° C ▁and ▁ 2 9   ° C ) ▁regardless ▁of ▁adult ▁temperature . ▁Ac ross ▁a ▁wide ▁range ▁of ▁development al ▁temper atures , ▁females ▁tend ▁to ▁have ▁greater ▁heat ▁toler ance ▁than ▁males . ▁ ▁M ales - ▁Str ess ful ▁development al ▁temper atures ▁will ▁cause ▁ster ility ▁in ▁D . ▁mel an og aster ▁males ; ▁although ▁the ▁upper ▁temperature ▁limit ▁can ▁be ▁increased ▁by ▁maintain ing ▁stra ins ▁at ▁high ▁temper atures ▁( See ▁acc lim ation ). ▁Male ▁ster ility ▁can ▁be ▁revers ible ▁if ▁adult s ▁are ▁returned ▁to ▁an ▁optimal ▁temperature ▁after ▁developing ▁at ▁stress ful ▁temper atures . ▁Male ▁f lies ▁are ▁smaller ▁and ▁more ▁successful ▁at ▁def ending ▁food / ov ip osition ▁sites ▁when ▁re ared ▁at ▁ 2 5   ° C ▁versus ▁ 1 8   ° C ; ▁thus ▁smaller ▁males ▁will ▁have ▁increased ▁m ating ▁success ▁and ▁re product ive ▁output . ▁ ▁Sex ▁determ ination ▁ ▁D ros oph ila ▁f lies ▁have ▁both ▁X ▁and ▁Y ▁chrom os om es , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁aut os om es . ▁Un