me chan ical ", ▁" pos it iv istic ", ▁" anti - ind ividual istic ", ▁" anti - vol unt ar istic ", ▁and ▁" de - human izing " ▁by ▁the ▁she er ▁nature ▁of ▁its ▁intr insic ▁theoretical ▁context . ▁ ▁By ▁the ▁same ▁token , ▁his ▁evolution ary ▁theory ▁was ▁regarded ▁as ▁" uni - linear ", ▁" me chan ical ", ▁" bi olog istic ", ▁an ▁o de ▁to ▁world ▁system ▁status ▁qu o , ▁or ▁simply ▁an ▁ill - con ce aled ▁instruction ▁manual ▁for ▁" the ▁capital ist ▁nation - state ". ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁manifest ations ▁of ▁that ▁branch ▁of ▁criticism ▁would ▁be ▁intellect uals ▁like ▁Lewis ▁Cos er , ▁R alf ▁D ahr endorf , ▁David ▁Lock wood , ▁John ▁R ex , ▁C . ▁Wright ▁M ills , ▁Tom ▁B ottom ore ▁and ▁Al vin ▁G ould ner . ▁ ▁Dem ocrat ▁supp orter ▁Par s ons ▁supported ▁John ▁F . ▁Kennedy ▁on ▁November ▁ 8 , ▁ 1 9 6 0 ; ▁from ▁ 1 9 2 3 , ▁with ▁one ▁exception , ▁Par s ons ▁voted ▁for ▁Democr ats ▁all ▁his ▁life . ▁He ▁discussed ▁the ▁Kennedy ▁election ▁widely ▁in ▁his ▁correspond ence ▁at ▁the ▁time . ▁Par s ons ▁was ▁especially ▁interested ▁in ▁the ▁symbol ic ▁imp lications ▁involved ▁in ▁the ▁fact ▁of ▁Kennedy ' s ▁Catholic ▁background ▁for ▁the ▁imp lications ▁for ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁as ▁an ▁integral ▁community . ▁( It ▁was ▁the ▁only ▁time ▁a