." ▁D ifferent ▁prof essions ▁are ▁organized ▁differently . ▁For ▁example , ▁do ctors ▁desire ▁aut onomy ▁over ▁entrepr ene ur ship . ▁Prof essions ▁want ▁authority ▁because ▁of ▁their ▁expert ise . ▁Prof ession als ▁are ▁encourag ed ▁to ▁have ▁a ▁lifetime ▁commit ment ▁to ▁their ▁field ▁of ▁work . ▁ ▁Eli ot ▁Fre id son ▁( 1 9 2 3 – 2 0 0 5 ) ▁is ▁considered ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁found ers ▁of ▁the ▁soci ology ▁of ▁prof essions ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Very ▁few ▁prof essions ▁existed ▁before ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century , ▁although ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁soci eties ▁always ▁val ued ▁someone ▁who ▁was ▁compet ent ▁and ▁sk illed ▁in ▁a ▁particular ▁discipline . ▁The ▁government ▁was ▁especially ▁in ▁need ▁of ▁sk illed ▁people ▁to ▁complete ▁various ▁duties . ▁Professional ism ▁as ▁an ▁ide ology ▁only ▁started ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁in ▁North ▁America ▁and ▁Western ▁Europe . ▁ ▁Prof essions ▁began ▁to ▁emer ge ▁rapidly . ▁However , ▁a ▁person ▁who ▁wanted ▁to ▁become ▁a ▁professional ▁had ▁to ▁gain ▁the ▁appro val ▁of ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁existing ▁profession ▁before hand ▁and ▁only ▁they ▁could ▁judge ▁whether ▁he ▁or ▁she ▁had ▁reached ▁the ▁level ▁of ▁expert ise ▁needed ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁professional . ▁Official ▁associations ▁and ▁cred ential ing ▁bo ards ▁were ▁created ▁by ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century , ▁but ▁initially ▁membership ▁was ▁inform al . ▁A ▁person ▁was ▁a ▁professional ▁if ▁enough ▁people ▁said ▁they ▁were ▁a