▁Organ ization ▁for ▁the ▁Ad van cement ▁of ▁Struct ured ▁Information ▁Stand ards ▁( O AS IS ) ▁Common ▁Alert ing ▁Pro tocol ▁( C AP ) ▁v 1 . 1 ▁Organ ization ▁for ▁the ▁Ad van cement ▁of ▁Struct ured ▁Information ▁Stand ards ▁( O AS IS ) ▁Emer gency ▁Data ▁Exchange ▁Language ▁( ED X L ) ▁Distribution ▁Element ▁v 1 . 0 ▁ ▁Cris is ▁and ▁emer gency ▁model ing ▁and ▁simulation ▁Software ▁simulation ▁is ▁mainly ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁prepared ness ▁phase ▁of ▁the ▁emer gency ▁management ▁process . ▁Sim ulation ▁can ▁be ▁performed ▁both ▁to ▁analyze ▁possible ▁emer gency ▁scenarios , ▁to ▁evaluate ▁recovery ▁strateg ies ▁and ▁to ▁train ▁institution al ▁or ▁private ▁operators ▁in ▁better ▁facing ▁a ▁crisis . ▁Sim ulations ▁can ▁deal ▁with ▁weather ▁and ▁climate ▁forec ast ing , ▁land sl ides , ▁ash ▁clouds ▁propag ation , ▁earth qu ake ▁impact , ▁cy ber ▁attacks , ▁people ▁behavior , ▁and ▁critical ▁infrastr uct ures . ▁Pre condition ▁to ▁simulation ▁is ▁model ing . ▁Furthermore , ▁an ▁increasing ▁interest ▁is ▁in ▁sim ulating ▁so cio - techn ical ▁systems ▁where ▁the ▁impact ▁of ▁an ▁emer gency ▁( e . g ., ▁due ▁to ▁a ▁natural ▁dis aster ) ▁should ▁be ▁considered ▁on ▁both ▁infrastr uct ures ▁and ▁population . ▁For ▁this ▁purpose , ▁a ▁novel ▁approach ▁is ▁to ▁adopt ▁domain - specific ▁model ing ▁techniques ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁support ▁representation ▁of ▁a ▁crisis ▁scenario ▁as ▁an ▁executable ▁model . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Emer gency ▁management ▁Emer