▁of ▁the ▁pred ic ates ▁is ▁wil ting ▁and ▁d rank ; ▁they ▁are , ▁rather , ▁well - formed ▁from ▁a ▁s ynt actic ▁point ▁of ▁view ▁( h ence ▁# , ▁not ▁* ), ▁for ▁the ▁arguments ▁the ▁building ▁and ▁a ▁car ▁satisfy ▁the ▁c - selection al ▁restrictions ▁of ▁their ▁respective ▁pred ic ates , ▁these ▁restrictions ▁requiring ▁their ▁arguments ▁to ▁be ▁n oun s ▁or ▁n oun ▁phr ases . ▁Just ▁the ▁s - selection al ▁restrictions ▁of ▁the ▁pred ic ates ▁is ▁wil ting ▁and ▁d rank ▁are ▁viol ated ▁in ▁the ▁b - sent ences . ▁ ▁C - selection ▁vs . ▁sub c ategor ization ▁The ▁concepts ▁of ▁c - selection ▁and ▁sub c ategor ization ▁overlap ▁in ▁meaning ▁and ▁use ▁to ▁a ▁significant ▁degree . ▁If ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁difference ▁between ▁these ▁concepts , ▁it ▁res ides ▁with ▁the ▁status ▁of ▁the ▁subject ▁argument . ▁Trad itionally , ▁pred ic ates ▁are ▁interpreted ▁as ▁NOT ▁sub c ategor izing ▁for ▁their ▁subject ▁argument ▁because ▁the ▁subject ▁argument ▁appears ▁outside ▁of ▁the ▁minimal ▁V P ▁containing ▁the ▁predicate . ▁Pred ic ates ▁do , ▁however , ▁c - select ▁their ▁subject ▁arguments , ▁e . g . ▁ ▁Fred ▁e ats ▁be ans . ▁ ▁The ▁predicate ▁e ats ▁c - select s ▁both ▁its ▁subject ▁argument ▁Fred ▁and ▁its ▁object ▁argument ▁be ans , ▁but ▁as ▁far ▁as ▁sub c ategor ization ▁is ▁concerned , ▁e ats ▁sub c ategor izes ▁for ▁its ▁object ▁argument