8 5 7 - 1 9 1 4 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Russian ▁phil os opher , ▁histor i ograph er , ▁educ ator , ▁journalist ▁and ▁women ' s ▁rights ▁activ ist . ▁She ▁was ▁" the ▁first ▁among ▁Russian ▁women ▁to ▁receive ▁training ▁in ▁philosophy ". ▁ ▁Life ▁Maria ▁Bez ob raz ova ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Saint ▁Petersburg : ▁her ▁father ▁was ▁an ▁econom ist , ▁and ▁her ▁mother ▁was ▁a ▁writer . ▁She ▁was ▁a ▁found ing ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Russian ▁Women ' s ▁Mut ual ▁Phil anth rop ic ▁Society , ▁taking ▁lecture ▁courses ▁for ▁women ▁from ▁academ ics ▁including ▁the ▁chem ist ▁Dim it ri ▁M ende le ev ▁and ▁the ▁botan ist ▁And rei ▁Bek et ov . ▁She ▁then ▁studied ▁philosophy ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Leipzig ▁and ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Zur ich , ▁gain ing ▁her ▁doctor ate ▁from ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Ber ne ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 1 . ▁In fl uen ced ▁by ▁Tol sto y , ▁she ▁advoc ated ▁an ▁' eth ical ▁ideal ism '. ▁▁ ▁Bez ob raz ova ▁wrote ▁for ▁femin ist ▁publications , ▁and ▁was ▁active ▁in ▁the ▁Russian ▁women ' s ▁rights ▁movement ▁throughout ▁her ▁life . ▁She ▁rejected ▁traditional ▁ideas ▁of ▁gender ▁identity ▁and ▁marriage : ▁ ▁Bez ob raz ova ▁died ▁in ▁Moscow ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 4 . ▁ ▁Works ▁ ▁Über ▁Plot in ’ s ▁Gl ück sel ig ke its le hre ▁[ Plot inus ' ▁teaching ▁on ▁happiness ]. ▁Leipzig ,