▁at ▁the ▁Government ▁Code ▁and ▁Cy pher ▁School ▁( GC & CS ) ▁at ▁B let ch ley ▁Park ▁ ▁during ▁the ▁Second ▁World ▁War ▁to ▁de ci pher ▁German ▁encrypted ▁messages , ▁worked ▁at ▁the ▁National ▁Phys ical ▁Labor atory ▁from ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁to ▁ 1 9 4 7 . ▁He ▁designed ▁there ▁the ▁A CE ▁( Autom atic ▁Comput ing ▁Engine ), ▁which ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁designs ▁for ▁a ▁stored - program ▁computer . ▁Dr ▁Cl iff ord ▁H odge ▁also ▁worked ▁there ▁and ▁was ▁engaged ▁in ▁research ▁on ▁sem icon duct ors . ▁O thers ▁who ▁have ▁spent ▁time ▁at ▁N PL ▁include ▁Robert ▁Watson - W att , ▁generally ▁considered ▁the ▁invent or ▁of ▁rad ar , ▁O sw ald ▁Kub as ch ew ski , ▁the ▁father ▁of ▁computational ▁materials ▁therm od ynam ics ▁and ▁the ▁numerical ▁anal yst ▁James ▁Wil kin son . ▁ ▁Research ▁N PL ▁research ▁has ▁contributed ▁to ▁physical ▁science , ▁materials ▁science , ▁computing , ▁and ▁b ios cience . ▁App lications ▁have ▁been ▁found ▁in ▁ship ▁design , ▁aircraft ▁development , ▁rad ar , ▁computer ▁networking ▁and ▁global ▁position ing . ▁ ▁At omic ▁clock s ▁The ▁first ▁accurate ▁atomic ▁clock , ▁a ▁ca es ium ▁standard ▁based ▁on ▁a ▁certain ▁transition ▁of ▁the ▁ca es ium - 1 3 3 ▁atom , ▁was ▁built ▁by ▁Louis ▁Ess en ▁and ▁Jack ▁Par ry ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 5 ▁at ▁N PL . ▁Cal ibration ▁of ▁the