▁may ▁not ▁increase ▁a ▁penalty ▁on ▁the ▁grounds ▁that ▁the ▁conv icted ▁person ▁is ▁a ▁non - res ident . ▁ ▁It ▁also ▁establish es ▁extr ad ition ▁between ▁the ▁states , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁lay ing ▁down ▁a ▁legal ▁basis ▁for ▁freedom ▁of ▁movement ▁and ▁travel ▁amongst ▁the ▁states . ▁Today , ▁this ▁provision ▁is ▁sometimes ▁taken ▁for ▁granted , ▁but ▁in ▁the ▁days ▁of ▁the ▁Articles ▁of ▁Confeder ation , ▁crossing ▁state ▁lines ▁was ▁often ▁ar du ous ▁and ▁cost ly . ▁The ▁Territ orial ▁Cla use ▁gives ▁Congress ▁the ▁power ▁to ▁make ▁rules ▁for ▁dispos ing ▁of ▁federal ▁property ▁and ▁gover ning ▁non - state ▁territ ories ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁Finally , ▁the ▁fourth ▁section ▁of ▁Article ▁Four ▁requires ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁to ▁guarantee ▁to ▁each ▁state ▁a ▁republic an ▁form ▁of ▁government , ▁and ▁to ▁protect ▁them ▁from ▁invasion ▁and ▁violence . ▁ ▁Article ▁Five ▁Article ▁Five ▁out lines ▁the ▁process ▁for ▁am ending ▁the ▁Constitution . ▁E ight ▁state ▁constitution s ▁in ▁effect ▁in ▁ 1 7 8 7 ▁included ▁an ▁am end ment ▁mechanism . ▁Am end ment ▁making ▁power ▁rest ed ▁with ▁the ▁legisl ature ▁in ▁three ▁of ▁the ▁states ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁other ▁five ▁it ▁was ▁given ▁to ▁spe cially ▁elected ▁convent ions . ▁The ▁Articles ▁of ▁Confeder ation ▁provided ▁that ▁am end ments ▁were ▁to ▁be ▁proposed ▁by ▁Congress ▁and ▁rat ified ▁by ▁the ▁un anim ous ▁vote ▁of ▁all ▁th ir teen ▁state ▁legisl atures . ▁This ▁proved ▁to ▁be