▁Un like ▁Johnson - For est , ▁Cl iff ▁form ulated ▁a ▁theory ▁of ▁state ▁capital ism ▁that ▁would ▁enable ▁his ▁group ▁to ▁remain ▁T rot sky ists , ▁al beit ▁heter odox ▁ones . ▁A ▁relatively ▁recent ▁text ▁by ▁Stephen ▁Res nick ▁and ▁Richard ▁D . ▁Wol ff , ▁Class ▁Theory ▁and ▁History , ▁expl ores ▁what ▁they ▁term ▁state ▁capital ism ▁in ▁the ▁former ▁Soviet ▁Union , ▁continu ing ▁a ▁theme ▁that ▁has ▁been ▁deb ated ▁within ▁T rot sky ist ▁theory ▁for ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁past ▁century . ▁ ▁Other ▁left - wing ▁theories ▁regarding ▁Soviet - style ▁soci eties ▁include ▁b ureau cr atic ▁collect iv ism , ▁de formed ▁workers ' ▁states , ▁deg ener ated ▁workers ' ▁states ▁and ▁new ▁class . ▁ ▁Use ▁by ▁later ▁left ▁commun ists ▁and ▁council ▁commun ists ▁ ▁The ▁left ▁commun ist ▁and ▁council ▁commun ist ▁trad itions ▁outside ▁Russia ▁consider ▁the ▁Soviet ▁system ▁as ▁state ▁capital ist . ▁Otto ▁R ühle , ▁a ▁major ▁German ▁left ▁commun ist , ▁developed ▁this ▁idea ▁from ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 0 s ▁and ▁it ▁was ▁later ▁art ic ulated ▁by ▁Dutch ▁council ▁commun ist ▁Anton ▁Pan ne ko ek , ▁for ▁instance ▁in ▁" State ▁Capital ism ▁and ▁D ict ator ship " ▁( 1 9 3 6 ). ▁ ▁Use ▁by ▁Ma o ists ▁and ▁anti - re vision ists ▁ ▁From ▁ 1 9 5 6 ▁to ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 7 0 s , ▁the ▁Commun ist ▁Party