▁alternative , ▁autonom ous ▁option ▁for ▁communication ▁and ▁services , ▁which ▁( 1 ) ▁ens ures ▁that ▁all ▁connected ▁devices ▁are ▁in ▁de ▁fact o ▁physical ▁proxim ity , ▁( 2 ) ▁offers ▁opportun ities ▁and ▁novel ▁capabilities ▁for ▁cre ative ▁combinations ▁of ▁virtual ▁and ▁physical ▁contact , ▁( 3 ) ▁enables ▁free , ▁anonymous ▁and ▁easy ▁access , ▁without ▁the ▁need ▁for ▁pre - installed ▁applications ▁or ▁any ▁credentials , ▁and ▁( 4 ) ▁can ▁create ▁feelings ▁of ▁ownership ▁and ▁independence , ▁and ▁lead ▁to ▁the ▁appropri ation ▁of ▁the ▁hy brid ▁space ▁in ▁the ▁long - run . ▁ ▁Di Y ▁networks ▁follow ▁the ▁Do - It - Your self ▁sub c ulture , ▁and ▁provide ▁the ▁techn ological ▁means ▁for ▁more ▁particip atory ▁processes , ▁benef iting ▁from ▁the ▁grass ro ots ▁eng agement ▁of ▁citizens ▁in ▁the ▁design ▁of ▁hy brid , ▁digital ▁and ▁physical , ▁space ▁through ▁novel ▁forms ▁of ▁social ▁networking , ▁crowd ▁s our cing , ▁and ▁citiz en ▁science . ▁But ▁for ▁these ▁possibilities ▁to ▁be ▁material ized ▁there ▁are ▁many ▁practical , ▁social , ▁political , ▁and ▁economic ▁challeng es ▁that ▁need ▁to ▁be ▁addressed . ▁ ▁Although ▁Di Y ▁could ▁be ▁also ▁used ▁for ▁illegal ▁purposes , ▁the ▁Di Y ▁concept ▁has ▁become ▁more ▁and ▁more ▁popular ▁in ▁the ▁main stream ▁academic ▁literature , ▁activ ism , ▁art , ▁popular ▁media , ▁and ▁every day ▁practice , ▁and ▁especially ▁in ▁the ▁case ▁of ▁communic ations ▁networks ▁there ▁are ▁more ▁and ▁more ▁related ▁scientific