ian ▁that ▁he ▁should ▁yield ▁the ▁throne . ▁Emperor ▁X ian ▁did ▁so , ▁and ▁C ao ▁Pi ▁formally ▁decl ined ▁three ▁times ▁( a ▁model ▁that ▁would ▁be ▁followed ▁by ▁future ▁us ur pers ▁in ▁Chinese ▁history ), ▁and ▁then ▁finally ▁accepted , ▁establish ing ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁C ao ▁Wei . ▁This ▁event ▁marked ▁the ▁official ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁Han ▁dynast y ▁and ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁the ▁Three ▁Kingdom s ▁period . ▁The ▁d eth ron ed ▁Emperor ▁X ian ▁was ▁granted ▁the ▁title ▁" D u ke ▁of ▁Sh any ang " ▁( 山 陽 公 ). ▁C ao ▁Pi ▁granted ▁post hum ous ▁titles ▁of ▁em per ors ▁to ▁his ▁grand father ▁C ao ▁Song ▁and ▁his ▁father ▁C ao ▁C ao , ▁while ▁his ▁mother ▁Queen ▁Dow ager ▁Bian ▁became ▁em press ▁dow ager . ▁He ▁also ▁moved ▁the ▁imperial ▁capital ▁from ▁X uch ang ▁to ▁Lu oy ang . ▁ ▁Military ▁fail ures ▁against ▁Sun ▁Qu an ▁ ▁After ▁news ▁of ▁C ao ▁Pi ' s ▁asc ension ▁( and ▁an ▁accomp any ing ▁false ▁rum our ▁that ▁C ao ▁Pi ▁had ▁executed ▁Emperor ▁X ian ) ▁arrived ▁in ▁Li u ▁Bei ' s ▁domain ▁of ▁Y i ▁Province ▁( cover ing ▁present - day ▁S ich uan ▁and ▁Ch ong q ing ), ▁Li u ▁Bei ▁also ▁declared ▁himself ▁em peror ▁in ▁ 2 2 1 , ▁establish ing ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁Sh u ▁Han . ▁Sun ▁Qu an , ▁who ▁controlled ▁the ▁vast ▁majority ▁of