5 0 , ▁( 1 9 8 7 ) ▁ ▁Smith , ▁Tim othy ▁L . ▁Rev ival ism ▁and ▁Social ▁Reform : ▁American ▁Protest ant ism ▁on ▁the ▁E ve ▁of ▁the ▁Civil ▁War ▁( 1 9 5 7 ) ▁ ▁Histor i ography ▁ ▁Con fort i , ▁Joseph . ▁" The ▁In vention ▁of ▁the ▁Great ▁Aw ak ening , ▁ 1 7 9 5 – 1 8 4 2 ". ▁Early ▁American ▁Liter ature ▁( 1 9 9 1 ): ▁ 9 9 – 1 1 8 . ▁. ▁ ▁Griff in , ▁Cl iff ord ▁S . ▁ ▁" Rel ig ious ▁B ene vol ence ▁as ▁Social ▁Control , ▁ 1 8 1 5 – 1 8 6 0 ", ▁The ▁Mississippi ▁Valley ▁Historical ▁Review , ▁( 1 9 5 7 ) ▁ 4 4 # 3 ▁pp .   4 2 3 – 4 4 4 . ▁. ▁. ▁ ▁Mat he ws , ▁Donald ▁G . ▁" The ▁Second ▁Great ▁Aw ak ening ▁as ▁an ▁organ izing ▁process , ▁ 1 7 8 0 – 1 8 3 0 : ▁An ▁hypothesis ". ▁American ▁Qu arter ly ▁( 1 9 6 9 ): ▁ 2 3 – 4 3 . ▁. ▁. ▁ ▁Sh iels , ▁Richard ▁D . ▁" The ▁Second ▁Great ▁Aw ak ening ▁in ▁Connecticut : ▁Crit ique ▁of ▁the ▁Trad itional ▁Inter pret ation ", ▁Church ▁History ▁ 4 9 ▁( 1 9 8 0 ): ▁ 4 0 1 –