▁of ▁the ▁Italian ▁Renaissance ▁and ▁Ott oman ▁Empire . ▁ ▁In ▁Asia , ▁T amer lane ▁( Tim ur ), ▁established ▁the ▁Tim ur id ▁Empire , ▁history ' s ▁third ▁largest ▁emp ire ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁ever ▁established ▁by ▁a ▁single ▁conquer or . ▁Sch ol ars ▁estimate ▁that ▁Tim ur ' s ▁military ▁campaign s ▁caused ▁the ▁death s ▁of ▁ 1 7 ▁million ▁people , ▁amount ing ▁to ▁about ▁ 5 % ▁of ▁the ▁world ▁population ▁at ▁the ▁time . ▁S ynchron ously , ▁the ▁Tim ur id ▁Renaissance ▁emer ged . ▁In ▁the ▁Arab ▁world , ▁historian ▁and ▁political ▁scient ist ▁I bn ▁Kh ald un ▁and ▁expl orer ▁I bn ▁Batt uta ▁made ▁significant ▁contributions . ▁In ▁India , ▁the ▁Beng al ▁Sultan ate ▁got ▁divided ▁from ▁the ▁Del hi ▁Sultan ate , ▁a ▁major ▁trad ing ▁nation ▁in ▁the ▁world . ▁The ▁s ultan ate ▁described ▁by ▁the ▁Europe ans ▁as ▁the ▁rich est ▁country ▁to ▁trade ▁with . ▁The ▁Mong ol ▁court ▁was ▁driven ▁out ▁of ▁China ▁and ▁retre ated ▁to ▁Mong olia , ▁the ▁Il k han ate ▁col lapsed , ▁the ▁Ch ag hat ay id ▁dissol ved ▁and ▁broke ▁into ▁two ▁parts , ▁and ▁the ▁Golden ▁Hor de ▁lost ▁its ▁position ▁as ▁a ▁great ▁power ▁in ▁Eastern ▁Europe . ▁ ▁In ▁Africa , ▁the ▁wealth y ▁M ali ▁Empire , ▁a ▁global ▁leader ▁of ▁gold ▁production , ▁reached ▁its ▁territorial ▁and ▁economic ▁height ▁under ▁the ▁reign ▁of ▁Mans a ▁Mus a ▁I ▁of