▁leading ▁a ▁common ▁life ." ▁Dur k heim ' s ▁definition ▁enc oun ters ▁problems ▁in ▁situations — such ▁as ▁the ▁r ites ▁performed ▁by ▁W ic c ans — in ▁which ▁acts ▁carried ▁out ▁commun ally ▁have ▁been ▁regarded , ▁either ▁by ▁pract ition ers ▁or ▁obser vers , ▁as ▁being ▁mag ical . ▁ ▁Sch ol ars ▁have ▁critic ized ▁the ▁idea ▁that ▁magic ▁and ▁religion ▁can ▁be ▁differenti ated ▁into ▁two ▁distinct , ▁separate ▁categories . ▁The ▁social ▁anth rop ologist ▁Alfred ▁Rad cl iffe - B rown ▁suggested ▁that ▁" a ▁simple ▁dich ot omy ▁between ▁magic ▁and ▁religion " ▁was ▁un help ful ▁and ▁thus ▁both ▁should ▁be ▁sub sum ed ▁under ▁the ▁bro ader ▁category ▁of ▁rit ual . ▁Many ▁later ▁anth rop olog ists ▁followed ▁his ▁example . ▁Nevertheless , ▁this ▁distinction ▁is ▁still ▁often ▁made ▁by ▁sch ol ars ▁discuss ing ▁this ▁topic . ▁ ▁Em ot ional ist ▁approach ▁ ▁The ▁emot ional ist ▁approach ▁to ▁magic ▁is ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁English ▁anth rop ologist ▁Robert ▁Ran ul ph ▁Mare tt , ▁the ▁Aust rian ▁Sig mund ▁Fre ud , ▁and ▁the ▁Polish ▁anth rop ologist ▁Bron is ław ▁Mal in owski . ▁ ▁Mare tt ▁viewed ▁magic ▁as ▁a ▁response ▁to ▁stress . ▁In ▁a ▁ 1 9 0 4 ▁article , ▁he ▁argued ▁that ▁magic ▁was ▁a ▁c ath art ic ▁or ▁stim ulating ▁practice ▁designed ▁to ▁rel ieve ▁feelings ▁of ▁t ension . ▁As ▁his ▁thought ▁developed , ▁he ▁increasing ly