▁vehicle ▁and ▁engine ▁production ▁by ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁On ▁ 2 0 ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁the ▁last ▁existing ▁vehicle ▁plant , ▁located ▁in ▁Elizabeth , ▁was ▁closed ▁as ▁the ▁production ▁of ▁the ▁Hold en ▁Com mod ore ▁ended . ▁On ▁ 1 7 ▁February ▁ 2 0 2 0 , ▁General ▁Mot ors ▁announced ▁that ▁the ▁Hold en ▁brand ▁would ▁be ▁retired ▁by ▁ 2 0 2 1 . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Early ▁history ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 5 2 , ▁James ▁Alexander ▁Hold en ▁em igr ated ▁to ▁South ▁Australia ▁from ▁W als all , ▁England , ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 6 ▁established ▁J . A . ▁Hold en ▁& ▁Co ., ▁a ▁s add l ery ▁business ▁in ▁Ad ela ide . ▁In ▁ 1 8 7 9 ▁J ▁A ▁Hold en ' s ▁el dest ▁son ▁Henry ▁James ▁( H J ) ▁Hold en , ▁became ▁a ▁partner ▁and ▁effectively ▁managed ▁the ▁company . ▁In ▁ 1 8 8 5 , ▁German - born ▁H . ▁A . ▁F rost ▁joined ▁the ▁business ▁as ▁a ▁junior ▁partner ▁and ▁J . A . ▁Hold en ▁& ▁Co ▁became ▁Hold en ▁& ▁F rost ▁Ltd . ▁Edward ▁Hold en , ▁James ' ▁grand son , ▁joined ▁the ▁firm ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 5 ▁with ▁an ▁interest ▁in ▁autom ob iles . ▁From ▁there , ▁the ▁firm ▁evol ved ▁through ▁various ▁partners hips , ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 9