▁the ▁national ▁hom eland ▁of ▁the ▁Jews ▁and ▁as ▁the ▁legit imate ▁focus ▁for ▁Jewish ▁national ▁self - det erm ination . ▁It ▁is ▁based ▁on ▁historical ▁t ies ▁and ▁religious ▁trad itions ▁linking ▁the ▁Jewish ▁people ▁to ▁the ▁Land ▁of ▁Israel . ▁Z ion ism ▁does ▁not ▁have ▁a ▁uniform ▁ide ology , ▁but ▁has ▁evol ved ▁in ▁a ▁dialog ue ▁among ▁a ▁ple th ora ▁of ▁ide ologies : ▁General ▁Z ion ism , ▁Relig ious ▁Z ion ism , ▁Labor ▁Z ion ism , ▁Re vision ist ▁Z ion ism , ▁Green ▁Z ion ism , ▁etc . ▁ ▁After ▁almost ▁two ▁mill enn ia ▁of ▁the ▁Jewish ▁di as por a ▁res iding ▁in ▁various ▁countries ▁without ▁a ▁national ▁state , ▁the ▁Z ion ist ▁movement ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁by ▁sec ular ▁Jews , ▁largely ▁as ▁a ▁response ▁by ▁Ash ken azi ▁Jews ▁to ▁rising ▁ant is emit ism ▁in ▁Europe , ▁exempl ified ▁by ▁the ▁D rey f us ▁affair ▁in ▁France ▁and ▁the ▁anti - J ew ish ▁pog rom s ▁in ▁the ▁Russian ▁Empire . ▁The ▁political ▁movement ▁was ▁formally ▁established ▁by ▁the ▁Aust ro - H ung arian ▁journalist ▁The odor ▁Herz l ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 7 ▁following ▁the ▁publication ▁of ▁his ▁book ▁Der ▁Jud en staat ▁( The ▁Jewish ▁State ). ▁At ▁that ▁time , ▁the ▁movement ▁sought ▁to ▁encou rage ▁Jewish ▁migration ▁to ▁Ott oman ▁Palest ine . ▁ ▁Although ▁initially ▁one ▁of ▁several