8 5 3 – 1 9 2 1 ) ▁who ▁translated ▁various ▁Western ▁philosoph ical ▁works ▁including ▁Smith ' s ▁The ▁We alth ▁of ▁Nations ▁and ▁Mill ' s ▁On ▁Liber ty . ▁There ▁were ▁also ▁attempts ▁to ▁incorpor ate ▁Western ▁ideas ▁of ▁dem ocracy , ▁and ▁republic an ism ▁into ▁Chinese ▁political ▁philosophy , ▁not ably ▁by ▁Sun ▁Y at - S en ▁( 1 8 6 6 – 1 9 2 5 ) ▁at ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁century . ▁Another ▁influ ential ▁modern ▁Chinese ▁phil os opher ▁was ▁Hu ▁Sh ih , ▁who ▁was ▁a ▁student ▁of ▁John ▁De we y ▁at ▁Columbia ▁University ▁and ▁who ▁promoted ▁a ▁form ▁of ▁p rag mat ism . ▁ ▁The ▁traditional ists ▁mean while ▁sought ▁to ▁rev ive ▁and ▁fort ify ▁traditional ▁Chinese ▁philosoph ical ▁schools . ▁Chinese ▁Buddh ist ▁thought ▁was ▁promoted ▁by ▁think ers ▁like ▁Yang ▁R ens an ▁and ▁O u - Y ang ▁J ing w u ▁while ▁another ▁influ ential ▁movement ▁is ▁New ▁Conf u cian ism ▁( Ch inese : ▁ 新 <0xE5> <0x84> <0x92> 家 ; ▁p iny in : ▁x ī n ▁r ú ▁ji ā ). ▁New ▁Conf u cian ism ▁is ▁a ▁traditional ist ▁rev ival ▁of ▁Conf u cian ▁thought ▁in ▁China ▁beginning ▁in ▁ 2 0 th ▁century ▁Republican ▁China ▁which ▁is ▁also ▁associated ▁with ▁New ▁Conserv at ism . ▁Key ▁New ▁Conf u ci ans ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁generation ▁are ▁X ion g ▁Sh ili ▁and