2 ▁nan om eters ▁were ▁com pressed ▁at ▁ 1 . 4 ▁G Pa ▁and ▁s inter ed ▁at ▁ 2 0 0   ° C . ▁▁ ▁The ▁result ▁was ▁a ▁gra in ▁hard ness ▁of ▁about ▁ 2 . 2 ▁times ▁greater ▁than ▁that ▁of ▁gra ins ▁of ▁tit an ium ▁dio x ide ▁with ▁an ▁average ▁size ▁of ▁ 1 . 3 ▁mic rom eters ▁at ▁the ▁same ▁temperature ▁and ▁pressure . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁same ▁experiment , ▁the ▁du ct ility ▁of ▁tit an ium ▁dio x ide ▁was ▁measured . ▁ ▁The ▁stra in ▁rate ▁sens itivity ▁of ▁a ▁ 2 5 0 ▁nan ometer ▁gra in ▁of ▁tit an ium ▁dio x ide ▁was ▁about ▁ 0 . 0 1 7 5 , ▁while ▁a ▁gra in ▁with ▁size ▁of ▁about ▁ 2 0 ▁nan om eters ▁had ▁a ▁stra in ▁rate ▁sens itivity ▁of ▁approximately ▁. 0 3 7 ; ▁a ▁significant ▁increase . ▁ ▁Process ing ▁of ▁Nan oph ase ▁Cer am ics ▁Nan oph ase ▁cer am ics ▁can ▁be ▁processed ▁from ▁atomic , ▁mole cular , ▁or ▁bulk ▁prec urs ors . ▁ ▁Gas ▁cond ens ation , ▁chemical ▁precip itation , ▁a eros ol ▁re actions , ▁bi ological ▁tem pl ating , ▁chemical ▁v apor ▁de position , ▁and ▁physical ▁v apor ▁de position ▁are ▁techniques ▁used ▁to ▁synth esis ▁nan oph ase ▁cer am ics ▁from ▁mole cular ▁or ▁atomic ▁prec urs ors . ▁ ▁To ▁process ▁nan oph ase