▁so , ▁whether ▁de ception ▁can ▁be ▁infer red ▁from ▁this ▁stress . ▁Crit ics ▁have ▁argued ▁that — even ▁if ▁stress ▁could ▁reli ably ▁be ▁measured ▁from ▁the ▁voice — this ▁would ▁be ▁highly ▁similar ▁to ▁meas uring ▁stress ▁with ▁the ▁poly graph , ▁for ▁example , ▁and ▁that ▁all ▁crit iques ▁centered ▁on ▁poly graph ▁testing ▁apply ▁to ▁V SA ▁as ▁well . ▁A ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁review ▁of ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁the ▁art ▁conducted ▁for ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Department ▁of ▁Justice ▁found ▁several ▁technical ▁challeng es ▁to ▁the ▁technology , ▁including ▁the ▁same ▁problem ▁of ▁determ ining ▁de ception . ▁When ▁review ing ▁the ▁literature ▁on ▁the ▁effect iveness ▁of ▁V SA ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁the ▁National ▁Research ▁Council ▁concluded , ▁" Over all , ▁this ▁research ▁and ▁the ▁few ▁controlled ▁tests ▁conducted ▁over ▁the ▁past ▁de cade ▁offer ▁little ▁or ▁no ▁scientific ▁basis ▁for ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁computer ▁voice ▁stress ▁analy zer ▁or ▁similar ▁voice ▁measurement ▁instruments ". ▁A ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁paper ▁published ▁in ▁Pro ceed ings ▁of ▁Me et ings ▁on ▁Ac oust ics ▁review ed ▁the ▁" s cient ific ▁imp laus ibility " ▁of ▁its ▁principles ▁and ▁" un ground ed ▁claims ▁of ▁the ▁ag gress ive ▁propag anda ▁from ▁sell ers ▁of ▁voice ▁stress ▁analysis ▁g ad gets ". ▁ ▁Conf ession ▁made ▁following ▁a ▁voice ▁stress ▁exam ination ▁was ▁allowed ▁to ▁be ▁used ▁as ▁evidence ▁in ▁a ▁case ▁in ▁Wisconsin ▁in ▁ 2 0