▁dogs . ▁During ▁training , ▁the ▁same ▁differences ▁were ▁found . ▁The ▁difference ▁between ▁the ▁groups ▁was ▁more ▁significant ▁when ▁training ▁took ▁place ▁on ▁the ▁familiar ▁training ▁ground , ▁indicating ▁a ▁context ual ▁effect . ▁The ▁presence ▁of ▁the ▁tra iner ▁was ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁part ▁of ▁this ▁context . ▁The ▁authors ▁concluded ▁" We ▁concluded ▁that ▁shock s ▁received ▁during ▁training ▁are ▁not ▁only ▁un ple asant ▁but ▁also ▁pain ful ▁and ▁fright ening ." ▁ ▁L inds ay ▁says ▁of ▁this ▁study , ▁" Sch ilder ▁and ▁Van ▁der ▁Borg ▁( 2 0 0 4 ) ▁have ▁published ▁a ▁report ▁of ▁disturb ing ▁find ings ▁regarding ▁the ▁short - term ▁and ▁long - ▁term ▁effects ▁of ▁shock ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁context ▁of ▁working ▁dogs ▁that ▁is ▁dest ined ▁to ▁become ▁a ▁source ▁of ▁significant ▁controvers y .... ▁The ▁absence ▁of ▁reduced ▁drive ▁or ▁behavior al ▁supp ression ▁with ▁respect ▁to ▁critical ▁activities ▁associated ▁with ▁shock ▁( e . g ., ▁b ite ▁work ) ▁makes ▁one ▁ske pt ical ▁about ▁the ▁last ing ▁ad verse ▁effects ▁the ▁authors ▁claim ▁to ▁document . ▁Although ▁they ▁offer ▁no ▁substant ive ▁evidence ▁of ▁tra uma ▁or ▁harm ▁to ▁dogs , ▁they ▁provide ▁loads ▁of ▁spec ulation , ▁an ec d otes , ▁ins inu ations ▁of ▁gender ▁and ▁educational ▁in ade qua cies , ▁and ▁der og atory ▁comments ▁regarding ▁the ▁motiv ation ▁and ▁compet ence ▁of ▁IP O ▁train ers ▁in ▁its ▁place ." ▁ ▁Ste iss ▁et ▁al . ▁study ▁( 2