▁modern ▁nation - state , ▁implemented ▁under ▁the ▁leadership ▁of ▁Must af a ▁K em al ▁At at ür k ▁in ▁accord ance ▁with ▁the ▁K em al ist ▁ide ology . ▁Central ▁to ▁the ▁re forms ▁was ▁the ▁belief ▁that ▁Turkish ▁society ▁would ▁have ▁to ▁" West ern ize " ▁( mod ern ization ▁achieved ▁by ▁adopt ing ▁Western ▁culture ▁in ▁areas ▁such ▁as ▁politics ▁( polit ical ▁re forms ), ▁econom ics ▁( e conom ic ▁re forms ), ▁l ifest yle ▁( social ▁re forms ), ▁law ▁( legal ▁re forms ), ▁alphabet ▁( ed uc ational ▁re forms ). .. ) ▁itself ▁both ▁polit ically ▁and ▁cult ur ally ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁advance . ▁The ▁re forms ▁involved ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁fundamental ▁institution al ▁changes ▁that ▁brought ▁and ▁end ▁to ▁many ▁trad itions , ▁and ▁followed ▁a ▁carefully - pl anned ▁program ▁to ▁un ra vel ▁the ▁complex ▁system ▁that ▁had ▁developed ▁over ▁previous ▁centuries . ▁ ▁The ▁re forms ▁began ▁with ▁the ▁modern ization ▁of ▁the ▁constitution , ▁including ▁en act ing ▁the ▁new ▁ ▁Constitution ▁of ▁ 1 9 2 4 ▁to ▁replace ▁the ▁Constitution ▁of ▁ 1 9 2 1 , ▁and ▁the ▁adaptation ▁of ▁European ▁laws ▁and ▁juris pr ud ence ▁to ▁the ▁needs ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁republic . ▁That ▁was ▁followed ▁by ▁a ▁thorough ▁sec ular ization ▁and ▁modern ization ▁of ▁the ▁administration , ▁with ▁particular ▁focus ▁on ▁the ▁education ▁system . ▁ ▁Histor ically , ▁At at ür k ' s ▁re forms