▁W . ▁Ken ner ▁and ▁his ▁group ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Liverpool ▁in ▁England . ▁This ▁was ▁finally ▁achieved ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁by ▁Thomas ▁D ure k ▁in ▁Steve ▁Kent ' s ▁lab ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Chicago ▁who ▁made ▁a ▁synth etic ▁functional ▁ly so zym e ▁mole c ule . ▁ ▁Other ▁applications ▁ ▁Ly so zym e ▁cry st als ▁have ▁been ▁used ▁to ▁grow ▁other ▁functional ▁materials ▁for ▁catal ysis ▁and ▁bi omed ical ▁applications . ▁Ly so zym e ▁is ▁a ▁commonly ▁used ▁en zym e ▁for ▁l ys ing ▁gram ▁positive ▁b acter ia . ▁Due ▁to ▁the ▁unique ▁function ▁of ▁ly so zym e ▁in ▁which ▁it ▁can ▁dig est ▁the ▁cell ▁wall ▁and ▁causes ▁os m otic ▁shock ▁( bur st ▁the ▁cell ▁by ▁suddenly ▁changing ▁sol ute ▁concentration ▁around ▁the ▁cell ▁and ▁thus ▁the ▁os m otic ▁pressure ), ▁ly so zym e ▁is ▁commonly ▁used ▁in ▁lab ▁setting ▁to ▁release ▁prote ins ▁from ▁b acter ium ▁peri pl asm ▁while ▁the ▁inner ▁memb rane ▁remains ▁se aled ▁as ▁ves icles ▁called ▁the ▁spher op last . ▁ ▁For ▁example , ▁E . ▁col i ▁can ▁be ▁l ys ed ▁using ▁ly so zym e ▁to ▁free ▁the ▁contents ▁of ▁the ▁peri pl asm ic ▁space . ▁It ▁is ▁especially ▁useful ▁in ▁lab ▁setting ▁for ▁trying ▁to ▁collect ▁the ▁contents ▁of ▁the ▁peri pl asm . ▁ ▁Ly so zym e ▁treatment ▁is ▁optimal ▁at ▁particular ▁temper atures , ▁p H