. ▁The ▁end ▁results ▁of ▁re fl ux ▁ne ph rop ath y ▁can ▁include ▁high ▁blood ▁pressure , ▁excess ive ▁protein ▁loss ▁in ▁the ▁ur ine , ▁and ▁eventually ▁kid ney ▁failure . ▁ ▁When ▁re fl ux ▁ne ph rop ath y ▁is ▁sus pected ▁as ▁a ▁cause ▁of ▁kid ney ▁disease , ▁other ▁conditions ▁to ▁consider ▁include ▁chron ic ▁py el one ph rit is , ▁ob struct ive ▁u rop ath y , ▁and ▁anal ges ic ▁over use . ▁ ▁The ▁term ▁" ref l ux ▁ne ph rop ath y " ▁was ▁introduced ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 3 . ▁ ▁Sign s ▁and ▁sympt oms ▁The ▁sympt oms ▁of ▁re fl ux ▁ne ph rop ath y ▁are ▁compar able ▁to ▁ne ph rot ic ▁synd rome ▁and ▁in fection ▁of ▁the ▁ur inary ▁tract , ▁though ▁some ▁individuals ▁may ▁not ▁exhib it ▁any ▁evidence ▁( sym pt om ) ▁of ▁re fl ux ▁ne ph rop ath y . ▁ ▁C ause ▁The ▁ab normal ▁retro grade ▁flow ▁of ▁ur ine ▁from ▁the ▁bl ad der ▁into ▁one ▁or ▁both ▁the ▁u re ters ▁leads ▁to ▁ves ic oure ter al ▁re fl ux ▁( V UR ), ▁which ▁is ▁a ▁direct ▁consequence ▁of ▁in comp et ent ▁and ▁mis located ▁u re ter ov es ical ▁val ves . ▁Re fl ux ▁ne ph rop ath y ▁is ▁a ▁direct ▁consequence ▁of ▁V UR ▁or ▁other ▁u ro logic ▁con gen ital ▁anom al