San ▁Luis ▁Ob is po , ▁Michael ▁L . ▁Mar low , ▁def ended ▁" to b acco - sp ons ored " ▁studies ▁arg uing ▁that ▁all ▁studies ▁mer ited ▁" scr ut iny ▁and ▁a ▁degree ▁of ▁ske ptic ism ", ▁ir res pective ▁of ▁their ▁fund ing . ▁He ▁wished ▁for ▁the ▁basic ▁assumption ▁that ▁every ▁author ▁were ▁" f air ▁mind ed ▁and ▁trust worth y , ▁and ▁deser ves ▁being ▁heard ▁out " ▁and ▁for ▁less ▁attention ▁to ▁research ▁fund ing ▁when ▁evalu ating ▁the ▁results ▁of ▁a ▁study . ▁Mar low ▁suggests ▁that ▁studies ▁fund ed ▁by ▁to b acco ▁companies ▁are ▁viewed ▁and ▁dismiss ed ▁as ▁" de ce it ful ", ▁i . e . ▁as ▁being ▁driven ▁by ▁( cons cious ) ▁bad ▁intention . ▁ ▁Altern atives ▁to ▁smoke - free ▁laws ▁ ▁In cent ives ▁for ▁volunt arily ▁smoke - free ▁establish ments ▁During ▁the ▁deb ates ▁over ▁the ▁Washington , ▁DC , ▁smoke - free ▁law , ▁city ▁council ▁member ▁Carol ▁Schw art z ▁proposed ▁legisl ation ▁that ▁would ▁have ▁en act ed ▁either ▁a ▁substantial ▁tax ▁credit ▁for ▁business es ▁that ▁chose ▁to ▁volunt arily ▁restrict ▁sm oking ▁or ▁a ▁quad ru pling ▁of ▁the ▁annual ▁business ▁license ▁fee ▁for ▁bars , ▁restaur ants ▁and ▁clubs ▁that ▁wished ▁to ▁allow ▁sm oking . ▁Additionally , ▁locations ▁allowing ▁sm oking ▁would ▁have ▁been ▁required ▁to ▁install ▁specified ▁high - per formance ▁vent ilation ▁systems . ▁ ▁Vent ilation ▁Crit ics ▁of