ation ▁when ▁mate ▁selection ▁or ▁bre eding ▁take ▁place ▁under ▁constraints . ▁According ▁to ▁Pat ric ia ▁Ada ir ▁G ow aty , ▁“ The ▁re product ive ▁compens ation ▁hypothesis ▁says ▁that ▁individuals ▁const rained ▁by ▁e colog ical ▁or ▁social ▁forces ▁to ▁reproduce ▁with ▁partners ▁they ▁do ▁not ▁prefer ▁compens ate ▁for ▁likely ▁off spring ▁vi ability ▁def ic its .” ▁In ▁human ▁soci eties , ▁such ▁constraints ▁include ▁the ▁manip ulation ▁of ▁female ▁m ating ▁options , ▁forced ▁cop ulation , ▁arranged ▁mar ri ages , ▁ass ort ative ▁m ating , ▁and ▁the ▁trad ing ▁of ▁cop ulation ▁for ▁access ▁to ▁resources . ▁ ▁Where as ▁heter o zy g ote ▁advantage ▁can ▁explain ▁the ▁pers istence ▁of ▁high ▁car rier ▁rates ▁of ▁le th al ▁alle les ▁in ▁certain ▁regions ▁( e . g . ▁sick le - cell ▁disease ▁in ▁Central ▁and ▁West ▁Africa ), ▁Johan ▁Ko es lag ▁and ▁Stephen ▁Sch ach ▁ ▁have ▁suggested ▁that ▁re product ive ▁compens ation ▁might ▁explain ▁why ▁different ▁communities ▁have ▁high ▁car rier ▁rates ▁for ▁differ ing ▁le th al ▁alle les , ▁despite ▁living ▁in ▁similar ▁or ▁sometimes ▁the ▁same ▁environment . ▁Ex amples ▁are ▁T ay – S ach s ▁disease ▁amongst ▁Ash ken azi ▁Jews , ▁c yst ic ▁fib ros is ▁amongst ▁people ▁of ▁West ▁European ▁origin , ▁and ▁phen yl ket on uria ▁among ▁persons ▁from ▁Ireland . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Aut os om al ▁re cess ive ▁dis orders <0x0A> </s>