▁introduced ▁swe eping ▁ne oli ber al ▁economic ▁policies ▁in ▁Mexico , ▁beginning ▁an ▁era ▁of ▁market - orient ed ▁pres idents ▁in ▁that ▁country . ▁His ▁administration ▁was ▁critic ized ▁for ▁its ▁slow ▁response ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁Mexico ▁City ▁earth qu ake , ▁and ▁the ▁handling ▁of ▁the ▁controvers ial ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁President ial ▁elections ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁P RI ▁candidate ▁Carlos ▁Sal inas ▁de ▁G ort ari ▁was ▁declared ▁winner , ▁amid ▁accus ations ▁of ▁elect oral ▁fra ud . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁and ▁education ▁Miguel ▁de ▁la ▁Madrid ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Col ima , ▁Col ima , ▁Mexico . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁Miguel ▁de ▁la ▁Madrid ▁Castro , ▁a ▁notable ▁lawyer ▁( who ▁was ▁assass in ated ▁when ▁his ▁son ▁was ▁only ▁two ), ▁and ▁A lic ia ▁H urt ado ▁Old en bourg . ▁His ▁grand father ▁was ▁En rique ▁Oct av io ▁de ▁la ▁Madrid , ▁the ▁governor ▁of ▁Col ima . ▁ ▁He ▁graduated ▁with ▁a ▁b ach elor ' s ▁degree ▁in ▁law ▁from ▁the ▁National ▁Aut onom ous ▁University ▁of ▁Mexico ▁( U NA M ) ▁and ▁received ▁a ▁master ' s ▁degree ▁in ▁Public ▁Administration ▁from ▁the ▁John ▁F . ▁Kennedy ▁School ▁of ▁Government ▁at ▁Harvard ▁University , ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁Early ▁career ▁He ▁worked ▁for ▁the ▁Bank ▁of ▁Mexico ▁and ▁lect ured ▁in ▁law ▁at ▁U NA M ▁before ▁he ▁got ▁a ▁position ▁at ▁the ▁Secret ariat ▁of