▁the ▁fighting ▁on ▁the ▁Western ▁Front . ▁After ▁the ▁war ▁he ▁served ▁as ▁Super int endent ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Military ▁Academy , ▁and ▁as ▁Chief ▁of ▁Staff ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Army . ▁He ▁retired ▁from ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Army ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 7 , ▁and ▁became ▁a ▁field ▁mar shal ▁in ▁the ▁Philipp ine ▁Army . ▁ ▁Mac Ar thur ' s ▁job ▁was ▁to ▁advise ▁the ▁Philipp ine ▁government ▁on ▁defense ▁matters , ▁and ▁prepare ▁the ▁Philipp ine ▁defense ▁forces ▁when ▁the ▁Philippines ▁became ▁fully ▁independent , ▁which ▁was ▁to ▁be ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 6 . ▁The ▁Philipp ine ▁Army , ▁almost ▁entirely ▁man ned ▁and ▁officer ed ▁by ▁Filip inos ▁with ▁only ▁a ▁small ▁number ▁of ▁American ▁advis ors , ▁was ▁raised ▁by ▁cons cription , ▁with ▁two ▁classes ▁of ▁ 2 0 , 0 0 0 ▁men ▁being ▁trained ▁each ▁year , ▁starting ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 7 . ▁In ▁addition , ▁there ▁was ▁a ▁regular ▁U . S . ▁Army ▁g arrison ▁of ▁about ▁ 1 0 , 0 0 0 , ▁half ▁of ▁whom ▁were ▁Filip inos ▁serving ▁in ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Army ▁known ▁as ▁Philipp ine ▁Sc outs . ▁When ▁Mac Ar thur ▁was ▁re called ▁from ▁ret irement ▁in ▁July ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁to ▁become ▁commander ▁of ▁United ▁States ▁Army ▁Forces ▁in ▁the ▁Far ▁East ▁( USA FF E ) ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 6 1 , ▁he ▁un ited ▁the ▁Philipp ine ▁and