▁as ▁closely ▁as ▁possible ▁to ▁the ▁citiz en ▁in ▁accord ance ▁with ▁the ▁principle ▁of ▁subs id iar ity .” ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 7 , ▁the ▁Tre aty ▁of ▁Amsterdam ▁propos es ▁a ▁Pro tocol ▁on ▁the ▁principles ▁of ▁subs id iar ity ▁and ▁proportional ity ▁establish ing ▁the ▁conditions ▁of ▁application ▁of ▁both ▁principles . ▁It ▁is ▁established ▁that ▁the ▁Union ▁wishes ▁that ▁“ de cis ions ▁are ▁taken ▁as ▁closely ▁as ▁possible ▁to ▁the ▁citizens ▁of ▁the ▁Union ” ▁and ▁that ▁“ the ▁overall ▁approach ▁to ▁the ▁application ▁of ▁the ▁subs id iar ity ▁principle ▁( … ) ▁will ▁continue ▁to ▁guide ▁the ▁actions ▁of ▁the ▁Union ’ s ▁institutions ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁the ▁application ▁of ▁the ▁principle ▁of ▁subs id iar ity ” ▁. ▁▁ ▁The ▁Tre aty ▁of ▁Lis bon ▁places ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁the ▁principle ▁of ▁subs id iar ity ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁fundamental ▁principles ▁of ▁the ▁European ▁Union . ▁The ▁article ▁ 3 b ▁states : ▁“ The ▁limits ▁of ▁Union ▁compet ences ▁are ▁govern ed ▁by ▁the ▁principle ▁of ▁confer ral . ▁The ▁use ▁of ▁Union ▁compet ences ▁is ▁govern ed ▁by ▁the ▁principles ▁of ▁subs id iar ity ▁and ▁proportional ity ” ▁ ▁The ▁principle ▁of ▁subs id iar ity ▁in ▁EU ▁govern ance ▁ ▁The ▁un pre ced ented ▁development ▁of ▁subs id iar ity ▁in ▁the ▁European ▁Union ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 s ▁was ▁caused ▁by ▁the ▁increased ▁of ▁EU