ary ▁and ▁Pro per ▁Cla use , ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁El astic ▁Cla use , ▁express ly ▁conf ers ▁incident al ▁powers ▁upon ▁Congress ▁without ▁the ▁Articles ' ▁requirement ▁for ▁express ▁deleg ation ▁for ▁each ▁and ▁every ▁power . ▁Article ▁I , ▁Section ▁ 9 ▁lists ▁eight ▁specific ▁limits ▁on ▁con gression al ▁power . ▁ ▁The ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁has ▁sometimes ▁broad ly ▁interpreted ▁the ▁Com merce ▁Cla use ▁and ▁the ▁N ec ess ary ▁and ▁Pro per ▁Cla use ▁in ▁Article ▁One ▁to ▁allow ▁Congress ▁to ▁en act ▁legisl ation ▁that ▁is ▁neither ▁express ly ▁allowed ▁by ▁the ▁enumer ated ▁powers ▁nor ▁express ly ▁denied ▁in ▁the ▁limitations ▁on ▁Congress . ▁In ▁McC ul lo ch ▁v . ▁Maryland ▁( 1 8 1 9 ), ▁the ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁read ▁the ▁N ec ess ary ▁and ▁Pro per ▁Cla use ▁to ▁permit ▁the ▁federal ▁government ▁to ▁take ▁action ▁that ▁would ▁" enable ▁[ it ] ▁to ▁perform ▁the ▁high ▁duties ▁assigned ▁to ▁it ▁[ by ▁the ▁Constitution ] ▁in ▁the ▁manner ▁most ▁benef icial ▁to ▁the ▁people ", ▁even ▁if ▁that ▁action ▁is ▁not ▁itself ▁within ▁the ▁enumer ated ▁powers . ▁Chief ▁Justice ▁Marshall ▁clar ified : ▁" Let ▁the ▁end ▁be ▁legit imate , ▁let ▁it ▁be ▁within ▁the ▁scope ▁of ▁the ▁Constitution , ▁and ▁all ▁means ▁which ▁are ▁appropriate , ▁which ▁are ▁plain ly ▁adapted ▁to ▁that ▁end , ▁which ▁are ▁not ▁prohib ited , ▁but ▁consist ▁with ▁the ▁letter ▁and ▁spirit ▁of ▁the ▁Constitution , ▁are ▁Constitution al ."