▁in ▁host ile ▁territory ▁had ▁re lied ▁on ▁wireless ▁communication ▁to ▁a ▁far ▁greater ▁extent ▁than ▁anticip ated , ▁having ▁expected ▁to ▁use ▁te legraph , ▁tele ph ones ▁and ▁dispatch ▁rid ers . ▁None ▁of ▁the ▁arm ies ▁had ▁established ▁crypt ographic ▁systems ▁sufficient ▁to ▁prevent ▁e aves dro pping ▁and ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁arm ies ▁sent ▁messages ▁containing ▁vital ▁information ▁in ▁plain ▁language . ▁From ▁September – Nov ember , ▁the ▁British ▁and ▁French ▁intercept ed ▁ ▁messages , ▁which ▁showed ▁the ▁dis organisation ▁of ▁the ▁German ▁command ▁in ▁mid - Se ptember ▁and ▁the ▁gap ▁between ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁and ▁ 2 nd ▁arm ies ▁on ▁the ▁e ve ▁of ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁the ▁Mar ne . ▁Similar ▁plain ▁language ▁messages ▁and ▁the ▁reading ▁of ▁cr ud ely ▁c oded ▁German ▁messages , ▁gave ▁warnings ▁to ▁the ▁British ▁of ▁the ▁times , ▁places ▁and ▁strength s ▁of ▁eight ▁attacks ▁by ▁four ▁German ▁corps ▁or ▁more , ▁during ▁the ▁Race ▁to ▁the ▁Sea ▁and ▁the ▁batt les ▁in ▁Fland ers . ▁ ▁Cas ual ties ▁By ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁batt les ▁at ▁Y pres , ▁German ▁army ▁cas ual ties ▁in ▁the ▁west ▁were ▁ ▁including ▁ ▁The ▁French ▁army ▁cas ual ty ▁total ▁from ▁ ▁was ▁ ▁which , ▁with ▁losses ▁of ▁ ▁from ▁ ▁gave ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ ▁by ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁year . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁Stra chan ▁recorded ▁ ▁German ▁cas ual ties ▁at ▁Y pres , ▁ ▁cas