ris i ' s ▁at las , ▁originally ▁called ▁the ▁N uz hat ▁in ▁Arab ic , ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁major ▁tool ▁for ▁Italian , ▁Dutch ▁and ▁French ▁map m akers ▁from ▁the ▁ 1 6 th ▁century ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 8 th ▁century . ▁ ▁Pi ri ▁Re is ▁map ▁of ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire ▁ ▁The ▁Ott oman ▁cart ograph er ▁Pi ri ▁Re is ▁published ▁navig ational ▁maps ▁in ▁his ▁Kit ab - ı ▁Bah ri ye . ▁The ▁work ▁includes ▁an ▁at las ▁of ▁charts ▁for ▁small ▁segments ▁of ▁the ▁med iter rane an , ▁accompanied ▁by ▁sail ing ▁instructions ▁covering ▁the ▁sea . ▁In ▁the ▁second ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁work , ▁he ▁included ▁a ▁map ▁of ▁the ▁Amer icas . ▁The ▁Pi ri ▁Re is ▁map ▁drawn ▁by ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁cart ograph er ▁Pi ri ▁Re is ▁in ▁ 1 5 1 3 , ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁oldest ▁surv iving ▁maps ▁to ▁show ▁the ▁Amer icas . ▁ ▁Pol yn esian ▁stick ▁charts ▁ ▁The ▁Pol yn esian ▁pe op les ▁who ▁expl ored ▁and ▁settled ▁the ▁Pacific ▁islands ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁two ▁mill enn ia ▁AD ▁used ▁maps ▁to ▁navigate ▁across ▁large ▁distances . ▁A ▁surv iving ▁map ▁from ▁the ▁Marshall ▁Islands ▁uses ▁st icks ▁tied ▁in ▁a ▁grid ▁with ▁pal m ▁stri ps ▁representing ▁wave ▁and ▁wind ▁patterns , ▁with ▁shell s ▁attached ▁to ▁show ▁the ▁location ▁of ▁islands . ▁Other ▁maps ▁were ▁created ▁as ▁needed ▁using ▁temporary ▁arrang ements ▁of ▁stones ▁or