▁federal ▁stat utes ▁that ▁prohib it ▁race ▁or ▁gender ▁disc rim ination ▁in ▁housing ▁or ▁employ ment . ▁Import antly , ▁this ▁am end ment ▁guarante es ▁the ▁right ▁to ▁a ▁j ury ▁trial ▁only ▁in ▁federal ▁court , ▁not ▁in ▁state ▁court . ▁ ▁The ▁E ighth ▁Am end ment ▁( 1 7 9 1 ) ▁protect s ▁people ▁from ▁having ▁b ail ▁or ▁fin es ▁set ▁at ▁an ▁amount ▁so ▁high ▁that ▁it ▁would ▁be ▁impossible ▁for ▁all ▁but ▁the ▁rich est ▁defend ants ▁to ▁pay ▁and ▁also ▁protect s ▁people ▁from ▁being ▁subject ed ▁to ▁cruel ▁and ▁unusual ▁pun ishment . ▁Although ▁this ▁phrase ▁originally ▁was ▁intended ▁to ▁out law ▁certain ▁gru esome ▁methods ▁of ▁pun ishment , ▁it ▁has ▁been ▁bro aden ed ▁over ▁the ▁years ▁to ▁protect ▁against ▁pun ish ments ▁that ▁are ▁gross ly ▁dis pro port ion ate ▁to ▁or ▁too ▁har sh ▁for ▁the ▁particular ▁crime . ▁This ▁provision ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁used ▁to ▁challenge ▁prison ▁conditions ▁such ▁as ▁extremely ▁uns an it ary ▁cells , ▁over c row ding , ▁ins u fficient ▁medical ▁care ▁and ▁deliber ate ▁failure ▁by ▁officials ▁to ▁protect ▁in m ates ▁from ▁one ▁another . ▁ ▁Un en umer ated ▁rights ▁and ▁reserved ▁powers ▁( Am end ments ▁ 9 ▁and ▁ 1 0 ) ▁ ▁The ▁N inth ▁Am end ment ▁( 1 7 9 1 ) ▁decl ares ▁that ▁individuals ▁have ▁other ▁fundamental ▁rights , ▁in ▁addition ▁to ▁those ▁stated ▁in ▁the ▁Constitution . ▁During ▁the ▁Constitution