▁milit ant ▁voices ▁came ▁to ▁the ▁fore ▁to ▁ag gress ively ▁challenge ▁white ▁h eg em ony . ▁In cre asing ▁numbers ▁of ▁black ▁youth , ▁particularly , ▁rejected ▁their ▁el ders ' ▁moder ate ▁path ▁of ▁co operation , ▁ra cial ▁integration ▁and ▁assim ilation . ▁ ▁They ▁rejected ▁the ▁notion ▁of ▁appe aling ▁to ▁the ▁public ' s ▁conscience ▁and ▁religious ▁cre eds ▁and ▁took ▁the ▁tack ▁art ic ulated ▁by ▁another ▁black ▁activ ist ▁more ▁than ▁a ▁century ▁before , ▁abol ition ist ▁Frederick ▁Doug lass , ▁who ▁wrote : ▁ ▁Those ▁who ▁profess ▁to ▁favor ▁freedom , ▁and ▁yet ▁dep reci ate ▁ag itation , ▁are ▁men ▁who ▁want ▁cro ps ▁without ▁p low ing ▁up ▁the ▁ground . ▁They ▁want ▁rain ▁without ▁th under ▁and ▁light ning . ▁They ▁want ▁the ▁ocean ▁without ▁the ▁awful ▁ro ar ▁of ▁its ▁many ▁waters . ▁... ▁Power ▁conced es ▁nothing ▁without ▁demand . ▁It ▁never ▁did ▁and ▁it ▁never ▁will . ▁ ▁Most ▁early ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁civil ▁rights ▁leaders ▁did ▁not ▁believe ▁in ▁phys ically ▁violent ▁ret ali ation . ▁However , ▁much ▁of ▁the ▁African - American ▁rank - and - file , ▁especially ▁those ▁leaders ▁with ▁strong ▁working - class ▁t ies , ▁t ended ▁to ▁complement ▁non vi ol ent ▁action ▁with ▁armed ▁self - def ense . ▁For ▁instance , ▁prominent ▁non vi ol ent ▁activ ist ▁Fred ▁Sh utt les worth ▁of ▁the ▁Southern ▁Christian ▁Le ad ership ▁Conference ▁( and ▁a