▁( to ▁a ▁less er ▁degree ▁in ▁A lava ▁and ▁Navar re ), ▁and ▁people ▁killed , ▁tort ured ▁and ▁imprison ed ▁for ▁their ▁political ▁belief s . ▁Although ▁repr ession ▁in ▁the ▁Bas que ▁Country ▁was ▁consider ably ▁less ▁violent ▁than ▁in ▁other ▁parts ▁of ▁Spain , ▁thousands ▁of ▁Bas ques ▁were ▁forced ▁to ▁go ▁into ▁ex ile , ▁usually ▁to ▁Latin ▁America ▁or ▁France . ▁ ▁In fl uen ced ▁by ▁wars ▁of ▁national ▁liber ation ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Al ger ian ▁War ▁or ▁by ▁conflicts ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Cub an ▁Revolution , ▁and ▁disappoint ed ▁with ▁the ▁weak ▁opposition ▁of ▁the ▁P N V ▁against ▁Franco ' s ▁regime , ▁a ▁young ▁group ▁of ▁students ▁formed ▁E TA ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 9 . ▁It ▁first ▁started ▁as ▁an ▁organization ▁demand ing ▁the ▁independence ▁of ▁the ▁Bas que ▁Country , ▁from ▁a ▁social ist ▁position , ▁and ▁it ▁soon ▁started ▁its ▁armed ▁campaign . ▁According ▁to ▁X os é ▁M ano el ▁N ú ñ ez ▁Se ix as , ▁E TA ▁became ▁a ▁social ist ▁and ▁revolution ary ▁organization ▁using ▁violence ▁after ▁inner ▁strugg les ▁related ▁both ▁to ▁the ▁difficulties ▁found ▁in ▁applying ▁a ▁Third ▁World ▁model ▁of ▁national ▁liber ation ▁in ▁an ▁already ▁industrial ized ▁territory ▁and ▁the ▁division ▁between ▁purely ▁national ist ▁st ances ▁( such ▁as ▁the ▁Bran ka ▁spl inter ▁group ) ▁and ▁the ▁revolution ary ▁ones . ▁ ▁E TA ▁has ▁instruct ed ▁their ▁milit ants ▁to ▁system atically ▁den ounce ▁tort ure