▁ 4 . ▁given ▁the ▁previous ▁three ▁assumptions , ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁need ▁to ▁pay ▁" system atic ▁attention " ▁to ▁any ▁current ▁in equ ities . ▁They ▁argue ▁the ▁pre val ence ▁of ▁color - bl ind ness ▁is ▁partially ▁attributed ▁to ▁lack ▁of ▁knowledge ▁or ▁lack ▁of ▁expos ure . ▁Due ▁to ▁seg reg ation ▁that ▁exists ▁in ▁housing ▁and ▁education , ▁many ▁Americans ▁may ▁not ▁have ▁direct ▁contact ▁with ▁the ▁disc rim ination ▁that ▁still ▁exists . ▁ ▁Research ▁ ▁F ry er ▁et ▁al . ▁showed ▁that ▁color - bl ind ▁aff irm ative ▁action ▁is ▁about ▁as ▁efficient ▁as ▁race - cons cious ▁aff irm ative ▁action ▁in ▁the ▁short ▁run , ▁but ▁is ▁less ▁prof itable ▁in ▁the ▁long ▁term . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁Ap fel baum ▁et ▁al . ▁exposed ▁elementary ▁school ▁students ▁to ▁color - bl ind ▁ide ology ▁and ▁found ▁that ▁those ▁students ▁were ▁less ▁likely ▁to ▁detect ▁or ▁report ▁instances ▁of ▁over t ▁ra cial ▁disc rim ination . ▁The ▁authors ▁concluded ▁" Color - bl ind ▁messages ▁may ▁thus ▁appear ▁to ▁function ▁effectively ▁on ▁the ▁surface ▁even ▁as ▁they ▁allow ▁explicit ▁forms ▁of ▁bias ▁to ▁persist ." ▁ ▁Amy ▁Ans ell , ▁a ▁soci ologist ▁at ▁B ard ▁College , ▁has ▁compared ▁and ▁contrast ed ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁the ▁color - bl ind ness ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁South ▁Africa . ▁Given ▁that ▁whites ▁are ▁a ▁minor ity ▁population ▁in ▁South ▁Africa ▁and ▁a ▁majority ▁population