▁French ▁colonial ▁govern ance , ▁and ▁that ▁the ▁per ception ▁of ▁indirect ▁rule ▁was ▁sometimes ▁promoted ▁to ▁justify ▁quite ▁direct ▁rule ▁structures . ▁ ▁Mah m ood ▁M amd ani ▁and ▁other ▁academ ics ▁have ▁discussed ▁extens ively ▁how ▁both ▁Direct ▁and ▁Ind irect ▁rule ▁were ▁attempts ▁to ▁implement ▁identical ▁goals ▁of ▁foreign ▁rule , ▁but ▁how ▁the ▁" Ind irect " ▁strategy ▁helped ▁to ▁create ▁eth nic ▁and ▁ra cial ▁cle av ages ▁within ▁ruled ▁soci eties ▁which ▁persist ▁in ▁host ile ▁commun al ▁relations ▁and ▁d ys function al ▁strateg ies ▁of ▁ ▁government . ▁M amd ani ▁himself ▁fam ously ▁described ▁indirect ▁rule ▁as ▁" de central ised ▁desp ot ism ". ▁ ▁Some ▁political ▁scient ists ▁have ▁even ▁expanded ▁the ▁debate ▁on ▁how ▁direct ▁versus ▁indirect ▁rule ▁experiences ▁continue ▁to ▁affect ▁contemporary ▁govern ance ▁into ▁how ▁govern ments ▁which ▁have ▁never ▁experienced ▁colonial ism ▁rule . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁B uss a ▁revol t ▁- ▁a ▁ 1 9 1 5 ▁u pr ising ▁against ▁indirect ▁rule ▁in ▁Northern ▁Niger ia ▁Direct ▁colonial ▁rule ▁Imp act ▁of ▁Western ▁European ▁colonial ism ▁and ▁colon isation ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁S ources ▁and ▁references ▁ ▁Michael ▁Crow der . ▁Ind irect ▁Rule : ▁French ▁and ▁British ▁Style . ▁Africa : ▁Journal ▁of ▁the ▁International ▁African ▁Institute , ▁Vol . ▁ 3 4 , ▁No . ▁ 3 . ▁( Jul ., ▁ 1 9 6 4 ), ▁pp .   1 9 7 – 2 0 5 . ▁ ▁Paul ▁Rich