▁Mar bury ▁v . ▁Mad ison ▁case , ▁the ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁assert ed ▁its ▁authority ▁of ▁jud icial ▁review ▁over ▁Act s ▁of ▁Congress . ▁ ▁Its ▁find ings ▁were ▁that ▁Mar bury ▁and ▁the ▁others ▁had ▁a ▁right ▁to ▁their ▁comm issions ▁as ▁jud ges ▁in ▁the ▁District ▁of ▁Columbia . ▁ ▁Marshall , ▁writing ▁the ▁opinion ▁for ▁the ▁majority , ▁announced ▁his ▁discovered ▁conflict ▁between ▁Section ▁ 1 3 ▁of ▁the ▁Jud ici ary ▁Act ▁of ▁ 1 7 8 9 ▁and ▁Article ▁III . ▁In ▁this ▁case , ▁both ▁the ▁Constitution ▁and ▁the ▁stat ut ory ▁law ▁applied ▁to ▁the ▁particular s ▁at ▁the ▁same ▁time . ▁" The ▁very ▁ess ence ▁of ▁jud icial ▁duty " ▁according ▁to ▁Marshall ▁was ▁to ▁determine ▁which ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁conflic ting ▁rules ▁should ▁govern . ▁The ▁Constitution ▁enumer ates ▁powers ▁of ▁the ▁jud ici ary ▁to ▁extend ▁to ▁cases ▁ar ising ▁" under ▁the ▁Constitution ". ▁Further , ▁just ices ▁take ▁a ▁Constitution al ▁o ath ▁to ▁u ph old ▁it ▁as ▁" S up reme ▁law ▁of ▁the ▁land ". ▁Therefore , ▁since ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁government ▁as ▁created ▁by ▁the ▁Constitution ▁is ▁a ▁limited ▁government , ▁the ▁Federal ▁courts ▁were ▁required ▁to ▁choose ▁the ▁Constitution ▁over ▁Cong r essional ▁law ▁if ▁there ▁were ▁de emed ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁conflict . ▁ ▁" This ▁argument ▁has ▁been ▁rat ified ▁by ▁time ▁and ▁by ▁practice ..." ▁ ▁The ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁did ▁not ▁declare ▁another ▁Act ▁of ▁Congress ▁un const itution al ▁until