▁de formed ▁by ▁b ending ▁or ▁working . ▁The ▁yield ▁stress ▁can ▁be ▁assumed ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁increased ▁by ▁ 1 5 % ▁or ▁more ▁for ▁design ▁purposes . ▁The ▁yield ▁stress ▁value ▁of ▁cold - formed ▁steel ▁is ▁usually ▁between ▁ 3 3 k si ▁and ▁ 8 0 k si . ▁The ▁measured ▁values ▁of ▁Mod ulus ▁of ▁El astic ity ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁standard ▁methods ▁usually ▁range ▁from ▁ 2 9 , 0 0 0 ▁to ▁ 3 0 , 0 0 0 ▁ksi ▁( 2 0 0 ▁to ▁ 2 0 7 ▁G Pa ). ▁A ▁value ▁of ▁ 2 9 , 5 0 0 ▁ksi ▁( 2 0 3 ▁G Pa ) ▁is ▁recommended ▁by ▁A IS I ▁in ▁its ▁specification ▁for ▁design ▁purposes . ▁The ▁ult imate ▁tens ile ▁strength ▁of ▁steel ▁sheets ▁in ▁the ▁sections ▁has ▁little ▁direct ▁relationship ▁to ▁the ▁design ▁of ▁those ▁members . ▁The ▁load - car ry ing ▁capac ities ▁of ▁cold - formed ▁steel ▁flex ural ▁and ▁compression ▁members ▁are ▁usually ▁limited ▁by ▁yield ▁point ▁or ▁bu ck ling ▁str esses ▁that ▁are ▁less ▁than ▁the ▁yield ▁point ▁of ▁steel , ▁particularly ▁for ▁those ▁compression ▁elements ▁having ▁relatively ▁large ▁flat - width ▁r ati os ▁and ▁for ▁compression ▁members ▁having ▁relatively ▁large ▁sl end ern ess ▁r ati os . ▁The ▁exceptions ▁are ▁bol ted ▁and ▁w eld ed ▁connections , ▁the ▁strength ▁of ▁which ▁depends ▁not ▁only ▁on ▁the ▁yield ▁point ▁but ▁also ▁on ▁the ▁ult imate ▁tens ile ▁strength