ion . ▁Reform ers ▁followed ▁the ▁European ▁model ▁( F rench ▁model ) ▁of ▁sec ular ization . ▁In ▁European ▁model ▁of ▁sec ular izing ; ▁states ▁typically ▁involves ▁grant ing ▁individual ▁religious ▁fre ed oms , ▁dis est ab lish ing ▁state ▁relig ions , ▁stopping ▁public ▁funds ▁to ▁be ▁used ▁for ▁a ▁religion , ▁free ing ▁the ▁legal ▁system ▁from ▁religious ▁control , ▁free ing ▁up ▁the ▁education ▁system , ▁toler ating ▁citizens ▁who ▁change ▁religion ▁or ▁ab st ain ▁from ▁religion , ▁and ▁allowing ▁political ▁leadership ▁to ▁come ▁to ▁power ▁regardless ▁of ▁religious ▁belief s . ▁In ▁establish ing ▁a ▁sec ular ▁state , ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁C ali ph ate , ▁held ▁by ▁the ▁Ott om ans ▁since ▁ 1 5 1 7 , ▁abol ished ▁and ▁to ▁medi ate ▁the ▁power ▁of ▁religion ▁in ▁the ▁public ▁sphere ▁( including ▁recognized ▁minor ity ▁relig ions ▁in ▁the ▁Tre aty ▁of ▁La us anne ) ▁left ▁to ▁the ▁Director ate ▁for ▁Relig ious ▁Affairs . ▁Under ▁the ▁re forms ▁official ▁recognition ▁of ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁mil lets ▁with dra wn . ▁Sh ar ’ iy ya ▁wa ▁Aw q af ▁Ministry ▁followed ▁the ▁Office ▁of ▁C ali ph ate . ▁This ▁office ▁was ▁replaced ▁by ▁the ▁Pres iden cy ▁of ▁Relig ious ▁Affairs . ▁ ▁The ▁abol ishing ▁of ▁the ▁position ▁of ▁C ali ph ate ▁and ▁She ikh ▁ul - I sl am ▁was ▁followed ▁by ▁a ▁common , ▁sec ular ▁authority . ▁Many ▁of ▁the ▁religious ▁communities ▁failed