▁to ▁a ▁ 1 9 2 4 ▁government ▁report . ▁A hm ad ▁Se y f ▁states ▁that ▁the ▁origin ▁of ▁ch ol era ▁out break ▁was ▁Russia , ▁and ▁It ▁was ▁not ▁severe . ▁ ▁Ty ph oid ▁and ▁Ty ph us ▁Ty ph oid ▁spread ▁in ▁many ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁country , ▁and ▁caused ▁enough ▁death s ▁that , ▁according ▁to ▁an ▁e y ew it ness , ▁" the ▁high ▁mort ality ▁in ▁Te h ran ▁was ▁not ▁due ▁to ▁fam ine , ▁but ▁rather ▁because ▁of ▁ty ph oid ▁and ▁ty ph us ". ▁ ▁C aus es ▁and ▁contrib uting ▁factors ▁According ▁to ▁T ou raj ▁At ab aki , ▁" success ive ▁season al ▁dr ought s ▁caused ▁w ides p read ▁fam ine ▁during ▁ 1 9 1 7 / 1 9 1 8 . ▁Re quisition ▁and ▁conf is cation ▁of ▁food st uff s ▁by ▁occup ying ▁arm ies ▁to ▁feed ▁their ▁soldiers ▁added ▁to ▁the ▁fam ine ". ▁In ▁The ▁Cambridge ▁History ▁of ▁Iran , ▁it ▁is ▁stated ▁that ▁spec ulation ▁and ▁ho arding ▁made ▁the ▁situation ▁worse . ▁Michael ▁Ax worth y ▁bel ieves ▁that ▁the ▁fam ine ▁was ▁" part ly ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁the ▁dis location ▁of ▁trade ▁and ▁agricult ural ▁production ▁caused ▁by ▁the ▁war ". ▁Tam my ▁M . ▁Pro ctor ▁comments ▁that ▁the ▁cause ▁for ▁food ▁short age ▁was ▁a ▁combination ▁of ▁army ▁requ is ition ing , ▁war ▁prof ite ering , ▁ho arding ▁and