▁were ▁subject ed ▁to ▁disc rim ination ▁in ▁two ▁areas : ▁the ▁German isation ▁under ▁Pr uss ian ▁and ▁later ▁German ▁rule , ▁and ▁Russ ification ▁in ▁the ▁territ ories ▁an nex ed ▁by ▁Imperial ▁Russia . ▁ ▁Being ▁a ▁P ole ▁under ▁the ▁Russian ▁occupation ▁was ▁in ▁itself ▁almost ▁cul p able ▁– ▁wrote ▁Russian ▁historian ▁Li ud m ila ▁G at ag ova . ▁– ▁" P ract ically ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁Russian ▁government , ▁b ureau c racy , ▁and ▁society ▁were ▁un ited ▁in ▁one ▁out bur st ▁against ▁the ▁Pol es ." ▁– ▁" R um or ▁m ong ers ▁informed ▁the ▁population ▁about ▁an ▁order ▁that ▁had ▁supposed ly ▁been ▁given ▁to ▁kill ▁[...] ▁and ▁take ▁away ▁their ▁land ." ▁Polish ▁culture ▁and ▁religion ▁were ▁seen ▁as ▁thre ats ▁to ▁Russian ▁imperial ▁amb itions . ▁Ts ar ist ▁Nam est nik s ▁suppress ed ▁them ▁on ▁Polish ▁lands ▁by ▁force . ▁The ▁Russian ▁anti - Pol ish ▁campaign , ▁which ▁included ▁conf is cation ▁of ▁Polish ▁nobles ' ▁property , ▁was ▁w aged ▁in ▁the ▁areas ▁of ▁education , ▁religion ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁language . ▁Polish ▁schools ▁and ▁univers ities ▁were ▁closed ▁in ▁a ▁stepped - up ▁campaign ▁of ▁russ ification . ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁execution s ▁and ▁mass ▁deport ations ▁of ▁Pol es ▁to ▁Kat org a ▁cam ps , ▁Ts ar ▁Nicholas ▁I ▁established ▁an ▁occupation ▁army ▁at ▁Poland ' s ▁exp ense . ▁ ▁The ▁fact ▁that ▁Pol es , ▁unlike ▁the ▁Rus si