▁or ▁friends ▁who ▁share ▁an ▁interest , ▁activity , ▁h obb ies , ▁or ▁achiev ement . ▁The ▁word ▁is ▁sometimes ▁translated ▁into ▁English ▁as ▁cli que , ▁f andom , ▁cot erie , ▁society , ▁or ▁circle ▁( as ▁in ▁" se wing ▁circle "). ▁ ▁In ▁Japan , ▁the ▁term ▁is ▁used ▁to ▁refer ▁to ▁amateur ▁self - pub lished ▁works , ▁including ▁m anga , ▁nov els , ▁fan ▁gu ides , ▁art ▁collections , ▁music , ▁an ime ▁and ▁video ▁games . ▁Some ▁professional ▁artists ▁particip ate ▁as ▁a ▁way ▁to ▁publish ▁material ▁outside ▁the ▁regular ▁publishing ▁industry . ▁ ▁Ann ual ▁research ▁by ▁the ▁research ▁ag ency ▁Media ▁Create ▁indicated ▁that ▁of ▁the ▁$ 1 . 6 5 ▁billion ▁of ▁the ▁ot aku ▁industry ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁d ō jin ▁sales ▁made ▁up ▁ 4 8 % ▁($ 7 9 2 ▁million ). ▁ ▁Liter ary ▁soci eties ▁Liter ary ▁circles ▁first ▁appeared ▁in ▁the ▁Me iji ▁period ▁when ▁groups ▁of ▁like - mind ed ▁w aka ▁writers , ▁po ets ▁and ▁novel ists ▁met ▁and ▁published ▁literary ▁mag az ines ▁( many ▁of ▁which ▁are ▁still ▁publishing ▁today ). ▁Many ▁modern ▁writers ▁in ▁Japan ▁came ▁from ▁these ▁literary ▁circles . ▁One ▁famous ▁example ▁is ▁O z aki ▁Ko yo , ▁who ▁led ▁the ▁Ken y ush a ▁society ▁of ▁literary ▁writers ▁that ▁first ▁published ▁collected ▁works ▁in ▁magazine ▁form ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 5 . ▁ ▁M anga ▁circles ▁After ▁World ▁War