▁in ▁the ▁tests ▁failing ▁and ▁del ays ▁in ▁treat ments . ▁Pat ients ▁are ▁not ▁being ▁re imb urs ed ▁for ▁these ▁del ays ▁which ▁results ▁in ▁tests ▁not ▁being ▁ordered . ▁Ult imately , ▁this ▁leads ▁to ▁patients ▁having ▁to ▁pay ▁out - of - po cket ▁for ▁treat ments ▁because ▁ins urance ▁companies ▁do ▁not ▁want ▁to ▁accept ▁the ▁ris ks ▁involved . ▁ ▁Pat ient ▁priv acy ▁and ▁confident ial ity ▁Perhaps ▁the ▁most ▁critical ▁issue ▁with ▁the ▁commercial ization ▁of ▁personal ised ▁medicine ▁is ▁the ▁protection ▁of ▁patients . ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁largest ▁issues ▁is ▁the ▁fear ▁and ▁potential ▁consequences ▁for ▁patients ▁who ▁are ▁pre dis posed ▁after ▁gen etic ▁testing ▁or ▁found ▁to ▁be ▁non - respons ive ▁towards ▁certain ▁treat ments . ▁This ▁includes ▁the ▁psych ological ▁effects ▁on ▁patients ▁due ▁to ▁gen etic ▁testing ▁results . ▁The ▁right ▁of ▁family ▁members ▁who ▁do ▁not ▁directly ▁consent ▁is ▁another ▁issue , ▁considering ▁that ▁gen etic ▁pre dis pos itions ▁and ▁ris ks ▁are ▁inher itable . ▁The ▁imp lications ▁for ▁certain ▁eth nic ▁groups ▁and ▁presence ▁of ▁a ▁common ▁alle le ▁would ▁also ▁have ▁to ▁be ▁considered . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁the ▁Gen etic ▁Information ▁N ond isc rim ination ▁Act ▁( G IN A ) ▁was ▁passed ▁in ▁an ▁effort ▁to ▁minim ize ▁the ▁fear ▁of ▁patients ▁particip ating ▁in ▁gen etic ▁research ▁by ▁ens uring ▁that ▁their ▁gen etic ▁information ▁will ▁not ▁be ▁mis used ▁by ▁employ ers ▁or ▁ins