▁shadow ▁prices ▁and ▁mapping ▁of ▁external ities ▁first ▁arose ▁and ▁began ▁to ▁develop . ▁Al beit ▁the ▁contribution ▁of ▁this ▁period ▁was ▁notable ▁for ▁extensive ▁develop ments ▁in ▁the ▁field ▁of ▁social ▁aud it , ▁the ▁method ology ▁was ▁nearly ▁identical ▁with ▁the ▁historical ▁financial ▁account ing ▁reports . ▁At ▁this ▁time ▁neither ▁financial ▁account ing ▁standards ▁nor ▁regul atory ▁frameworks ▁had ▁been ▁developed ▁to ▁any ▁extent . ▁The ▁empir ical ▁studies ▁and ▁research ▁were ▁mainly ▁descript ive . ▁Although ▁several ▁models ▁and ▁similar ▁norm ative ▁statements ▁were ▁en hanced , ▁the ▁philosoph ical ▁debate ▁was ▁not ▁w ides p read . ▁▁ 1 9 8 1 – 1 9 9 0 ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁de cade ▁showed ▁increased ▁s oph istic ation ▁within ▁the ▁social ▁account ing ▁area ▁and ▁the ▁second ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁de cade ▁saw ▁an ▁apparent ▁trans ference ▁of ▁interest ▁to ▁environmental ▁account ing , ▁with ▁increasing ▁signs ▁of ▁special isation ▁in ▁literature . ▁Emp ir ical ▁research ▁was ▁more ▁analyt ical . ▁Conc ern s ▁of ▁social ▁dis clos ures ▁have ▁been ▁replaced ▁by ▁a ▁concentration ▁on ▁environmental ▁dis clos ures ▁and ▁reg ulation ▁as ▁an ▁alternative ▁means ▁of ▁reducing ▁environmental ▁damage . ▁Norm ative ▁statements ▁and ▁model ▁building ▁began ▁to ▁fost er ▁the ▁environmental ▁ar ena . ▁During ▁this ▁period , ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁teaching ▁program mes ▁about ▁social ▁and ▁environmental ▁account ing ▁issues ▁began . ▁Despite ▁an ▁increasing ▁use ▁of ▁concept ual ▁frameworks , ▁account ing ▁standards , ▁and ▁legal ▁prov isions ▁to