▁have ▁started ▁cultiv ating ▁their ▁cal or ic ▁st ap les ▁will ingly .' " ▁Finally , ▁Scott ▁also ▁points ▁out ▁that ▁early ▁states ▁were ▁bes et ▁by ▁z oon oses , ▁i . e . ▁disease ▁spread ▁from ▁animals ▁to ▁humans , ▁that ▁results ▁in ▁high ▁mor bid ity ▁rates . ▁ ▁Chapter ▁ 4 . ▁Ag ro - E col ogy ▁of ▁the ▁Early ▁State ▁▁ ▁Scott ▁explains ▁in ▁this ▁chapter ▁that ▁many ▁apparent ▁achiev ements ▁attributed ▁to ▁the ▁state ▁were ▁actually ▁present ▁before ▁state ▁formation . ▁Scott ▁states ▁that ▁" If ▁civil ization ▁is ▁jud ged ▁an ▁achiev ement ▁of ▁the ▁state , ▁and ▁if ▁arch a ic ▁civil ization ▁means ▁sed ent ism , ▁far ming , ▁the ▁dom us , ▁ir rig ation , ▁and ▁towns , ▁then ▁there ▁is ▁something ▁rad ically ▁wrong ▁with ▁the ▁historical ▁order . ▁All ▁of ▁these ▁human ▁achiev ements ▁of ▁the ▁Ne ol ith ic ▁were ▁in ▁place ▁well ▁before ▁we ▁encounter ▁anything ▁like ▁a ▁state ▁in ▁Mes op ot am ia ." ▁Scott ▁then ▁gives ▁his ▁definition ▁of ▁a ▁state , ▁emphas izing ▁the ▁indic ators ▁" that ▁point ▁to ▁territorial ity ▁and ▁a ▁special ized ▁state ▁appar atus : ▁walls , ▁tax ▁collection , ▁and ▁officials ." ▁The ▁S umer ian ▁city ▁of ▁U ru k ▁is ▁an ▁example . ▁Scott ▁c ites ▁that ▁in ▁U ru k , ▁early ▁agricult ure ▁required ▁a ▁very ▁difficult ▁l ifest yle . ▁Many ▁people ▁had ▁to ▁be ▁forced ▁by ▁the ▁state ▁to