  ... ▁[ and ] ▁not ▁subject ▁to ▁jud icial ▁intr usion ▁or ▁inqu iry ." ▁ ▁Crit ics ▁of ▁the ▁Court ▁object ▁in ▁two ▁principal ▁ways ▁to ▁self - rest raint ▁in ▁jud icial ▁review , ▁de fer ring ▁as ▁it ▁does ▁as ▁a ▁matter ▁of ▁doctrine ▁to ▁Act s ▁of ▁Congress ▁and ▁President ial ▁actions . ▁ ▁Its ▁in action ▁is ▁said ▁to ▁allow ▁" a ▁flo od ▁of ▁legisl ative ▁appropri ations " ▁which ▁perman ently ▁create ▁an ▁im bal ance ▁between ▁the ▁states ▁and ▁federal ▁government . ▁ ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁de ference ▁to ▁Congress ▁and ▁the ▁executive ▁comprom ises ▁American ▁protection ▁of ▁civil ▁rights , ▁political ▁minor ity ▁groups ▁and ▁al iens . ▁ ▁Sub sequ ent ▁Cour ts ▁ ▁Supreme ▁Cour ts ▁under ▁the ▁leadership ▁of ▁subsequent ▁Chief ▁Just ices ▁have ▁also ▁used ▁jud icial ▁review ▁to ▁interpret ▁the ▁Constitution ▁among ▁individuals , ▁states ▁and ▁federal ▁branches . ▁Notable ▁contributions ▁were ▁made ▁by ▁the ▁Ch ase ▁Court , ▁the ▁T aft ▁Court , ▁the ▁Warren ▁Court , ▁and ▁the ▁Re hn qu ist ▁Court . ▁ ▁Sal mon ▁P . ▁Ch ase ▁was ▁a ▁Lincoln ▁app o inte e , ▁serving ▁as ▁Chief ▁Justice ▁from ▁ 1 8 6 4 ▁to ▁ 1 8 7 3 . ▁His ▁career ▁en comp ass ed ▁service ▁as ▁a ▁U . S . ▁sen ator ▁and ▁Governor ▁of ▁Ohio . ▁He ▁co ined ▁the ▁s log an , ▁" Free ▁soil , ▁free ▁Labor , ▁free ▁men ." ▁One ▁of ▁Lincoln