▁of ▁Chicago , ▁served ▁two ▁years ▁in ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Navy , ▁and ▁then ▁earned ▁a ▁b ach elor ' s ▁degree , ▁master ' s ▁degree , ▁and ▁Ph . D . ▁from ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Chicago , ▁all ▁in ▁physics , ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 9 , ▁ 1 9 5 1 , ▁and ▁ 1 9 5 5 ▁respectively . ▁His ▁doctor al ▁research , ▁super vised ▁by ▁Cy ril ▁Stanley ▁Smith , ▁concerned ▁the ▁motion ▁of ▁gra in ▁boundaries ▁in ▁b ism uth . ▁ ▁He ▁continued ▁his ▁work ▁on ▁metal ▁gra in ▁boundaries ▁in ▁his ▁first ▁job , ▁at ▁the ▁West ing house ▁Research ▁Labor ator ies ▁in ▁Pitts burgh , ▁from ▁ 1 9 5 5 ▁until ▁ 1 9 6 0 . ▁He ▁also ▁served ▁as ▁an ▁adj unct ▁professor ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Pitts burgh ▁in ▁this ▁time ▁period . ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 0 , ▁he ▁moved ▁to ▁the ▁Car neg ie ▁Institute ▁of ▁Technology ▁as ▁an ▁associate ▁professor ; ▁his ▁research ▁there ▁included ▁work ▁on ▁surface ▁scratch ing , ▁cry stal ▁fac et ting , ▁inst abilities ▁in ▁shape ▁formation ▁of ▁precip it ates , ▁and ▁the ▁effect ▁of ▁cap ill ary ▁forces ▁on ▁shape ▁stability . ▁Later ▁in ▁his ▁career , ▁he ▁branch ed ▁out ▁to ▁other ▁topics ▁beyond ▁material ▁science , ▁including ▁the ▁distribution ▁of ▁lun ar ▁cr aters ▁and ▁optical ▁ca ust ics ▁caused ▁by ▁the ▁diff raction ▁of ▁light ▁through ▁moving ▁water . ▁ ▁At