▁reaction ▁to ▁behavior istic ▁theory ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁to ▁she er ▁material istic ▁approaches ▁der ives ▁from ▁the ▁attempt ▁of ▁the ▁theoretical ▁positions ▁to ▁eliminate ▁ends , ▁purpose , ▁and ▁ide als ▁as ▁factors ▁of ▁analysis . ▁Par s ons , ▁in ▁his ▁term ▁papers ▁at ▁Am her st , ▁was ▁already ▁critic izing ▁attempts ▁to ▁reduce ▁human ▁life ▁to ▁psych ological , ▁bi ological , ▁or ▁material ist ▁forces . ▁What ▁was ▁essential ▁in ▁human ▁life , ▁Par s ons ▁maintained , ▁was ▁how ▁the ▁factor ▁of ▁culture ▁was ▁cod ified . ▁Culture , ▁however , ▁was ▁to ▁Par s ons ▁an ▁independent ▁variable ▁in ▁that ▁it ▁could ▁not ▁be ▁" d edu cted " ▁from ▁any ▁other ▁factor ▁of ▁the ▁social ▁system . ▁That ▁method ological ▁intention ▁is ▁given ▁the ▁most ▁elaborate ▁presentation ▁in ▁The ▁Str ucture ▁of ▁Social ▁Action , ▁which ▁was ▁Par s ons ' ▁first ▁basic ▁discussion ▁of ▁the ▁method ological ▁foundation ▁of ▁the ▁social ▁sciences . ▁ ▁Some ▁of ▁the ▁them es ▁in ▁The ▁Str ucture ▁of ▁Social ▁Action ▁had ▁been ▁presented ▁in ▁a ▁comp elling ▁ess ay ▁two ▁years ▁earlier ▁in ▁" The ▁Place ▁of ▁Ult imate ▁Val ues ▁in ▁Soci ological ▁Theory ". ▁ ▁Rel ations ▁to ▁cy ber net ics ▁and ▁system ▁theory ▁Par s ons ▁developed ▁his ▁ideas ▁during ▁a ▁period ▁when ▁systems ▁theory ▁and ▁cy ber net ics ▁were ▁very ▁much ▁on ▁the ▁front ▁burn er ▁of ▁social ▁and ▁behavior al ▁science . ▁In ▁using ▁systems ▁thinking , ▁he ▁post ulated ▁that