). ▁ ▁Bi ological ▁function ▁▁ ▁G S ▁is ▁present ▁pre domin antly ▁in ▁the ▁brain , ▁kid ne ys , ▁and ▁li ver . ▁G S ▁in ▁the ▁brain ▁particip ates ▁in ▁the ▁met abol ic ▁reg ulation ▁of ▁gl ut am ate , ▁the ▁det ox ification ▁of ▁brain ▁am mon ia , ▁the ▁assim ilation ▁of ▁am mon ia , ▁rec y cl ization ▁of ▁ne uro trans mit ters , ▁and ▁term ination ▁of ▁ne uro trans mit ter ▁signals . ▁ ▁G S , ▁in ▁the ▁brain , ▁is ▁found ▁primarily ▁in ▁ast ro cy tes . ▁Ast ro cy tes ▁protect ▁neur ons ▁against ▁exc it ot ox icity ▁by ▁taking ▁up ▁excess ▁am mon ia ▁and ▁gl ut am ate . ▁In ▁hyper am mon em ic ▁environments ▁( high ▁levels ▁of ▁am mon ia ), ▁ast rog li al ▁sw elling ▁occurs . ▁D ifferent ▁pers pect ives ▁have ▁approached ▁the ▁problem ▁of ▁ast rog li al ▁sw elling . ▁One ▁study ▁shows ▁that ▁morph ological ▁changes ▁occur ▁that ▁increase ▁G S ▁expression ▁in ▁gl ut am ater g ic ▁areas ▁or ▁other ▁adapt ations ▁that ▁alle vi ates ▁high ▁levels ▁of ▁gl ut am ate ▁and ▁am mon ia . ▁Another ▁perspective ▁is ▁that ▁ast ro cy te ▁sw elling ▁is ▁due ▁to ▁gl ut am ine ▁accum ulation . ▁To ▁prevent ▁increased ▁levels ▁of ▁cort ical ▁gl ut am ate ▁and ▁cort ical ▁water ▁content , ▁a ▁study ▁has ▁been ▁conducted ▁to ▁prevent