▁In cent ives ▁▁ ▁Pay ing ▁people ▁for ▁optimal ▁behavior ▁through ▁bon uses ▁or ▁by ▁providing ▁disc ount s ▁( e . g ., ▁to ▁exercise , ▁to ▁take ▁their ▁medic ation , ▁to ▁trade ▁in ▁fuel ▁in efficient ▁vehicles ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁" c ash ▁for ▁cl unk ers " ▁program ). ▁ ▁Tax ing ▁people ▁for ▁sub opt imal ▁behavior ▁( e . g ., ▁drink ing ▁s oda , ▁sm oking ▁to b acco , ▁and ▁we ed ). ▁ ▁N ud ges ▁▁ ▁Using ▁default ▁effect ▁to ▁n ud ge ▁people ▁towards ▁dec isions ▁optimal ▁for ▁the ▁decision ▁mak er ▁or ▁society . ▁ ▁Comm it ment ▁devices ▁that ▁makes ▁it ▁more ▁cost ly ▁to ▁make ▁sub opt imal ▁dec isions ▁( e . g ., ▁Schw art z ▁et ▁al ., ▁ 2 0 1 4 ). ▁▁ ▁Re fr aming ▁choice ▁options ▁in ▁ways ▁that ▁make ▁important ▁attributes ▁sal ient . ▁Label ing ▁h amb urger ▁meat ▁ 2 5 % ▁fat , ▁for ▁example , ▁makes ▁people ▁more ▁sensitive ▁to ▁fat ▁content ▁than ▁label ing ▁it ▁ 7 5 % ▁lean . ▁▁ ▁Pres ent ing ▁information ▁in ▁formats ▁that ▁make ▁critical ▁information ▁easier ▁to ▁evaluate , ▁such ▁as ▁displaying ▁nut r itional ▁value ▁using ▁a ▁" tra ffic ▁light " ▁system . ▁ ▁Training ▁▁ ▁Prov iding ▁people ▁with ▁personal ized ▁feedback ▁regarding ▁the ▁direction ▁and ▁degree ▁to ▁which ▁they ▁exhib it ▁bias . ▁▁ ▁Te aching ▁a ▁" cons ider - the - altern