owned ▁est ates ▁could ▁produce ▁more ▁agricult ural ▁products ▁( es pecially ▁gra in ) ▁for ▁the ▁prof itable ▁export ▁market . ▁ ▁This ▁pattern ▁applied ▁in ▁Central ▁and ▁Eastern ▁European ▁countries , ▁including ▁Pr uss ia ▁( Pr uss ian ▁Ord in ances ▁of ▁ 1 5 2 5 ), ▁Austria , ▁Hung ary ▁( la ws ▁of ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 5 th ▁and ▁early ▁ 1 6 th ▁centuries ), ▁the ▁Polish - L ith uan ian ▁Commonwealth ▁( sz lach ta ▁privileges ▁of ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 6 th ▁century ) ▁and ▁the ▁Russian ▁Empire ▁( la ws ▁of ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 6 th ▁and ▁first ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 7 th ▁century ). ▁This ▁also ▁led ▁to ▁the ▁slower ▁industrial ▁development ▁and ▁urban isation ▁of ▁those ▁regions . ▁ ▁Gener ally , ▁this ▁process , ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁" second ▁ser f dom " ▁or ▁" export - led ▁ser f dom ", ▁pers isted ▁until ▁the ▁mid - 1 9 th ▁century ▁and ▁became ▁very ▁repr ess ive ▁and ▁substantial ly ▁limited ▁ser fs ' ▁rights . ▁Before ▁the ▁ 1 8 6 1 ▁abol ition ▁of ▁ser f dom ▁in ▁Russia , ▁a ▁land owner ' s ▁estate ▁was ▁often ▁measured ▁by ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁" s ou ls " ▁he ▁owned , ▁a ▁practice ▁made ▁famous ▁by ▁G og ol ' s ▁ 1 8 4 2 ▁novel ▁Dead ▁Sou ls . ▁ ▁Many ▁of ▁these ▁countries ▁abol ished ▁ser f dom ▁during