▁for ▁critical ▁analysis ▁led ▁sole ly ▁by ▁reason . ▁Tur ret in ▁believed ▁that ▁the ▁Bible ▁could ▁be ▁considered ▁author itative ▁even ▁if ▁it ▁was ▁not ▁considered ▁in err ant . ▁This ▁has ▁become ▁a ▁common ▁modern ▁J ude o - Christ ian ▁view . ▁Johann ▁Sal omo ▁Sem ler ▁( 1 7 2 5 – 1 7 9 1 ) ▁argued ▁for ▁an ▁end ▁to ▁all ▁do ctr inal ▁assumptions , ▁giving ▁historical ▁criticism ▁its ▁non - sect arian ▁nature . ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁Sem ler ▁is ▁often ▁called {{ by ▁whom ? }] ▁the ▁father ▁of ▁ ▁historical - crit ical ▁research . ▁ ▁Sem ler ▁distinguished ▁between ▁" in ward " ▁and ▁" out ward " ▁religion , ▁the ▁idea ▁that , ▁for ▁some ▁people , ▁their ▁religion ▁is ▁their ▁highest ▁inner ▁purpose , ▁while ▁for ▁others , ▁religion ▁is ▁a ▁more ▁exterior ▁practice : ▁a ▁tool ▁to ▁accomplish ▁other ▁purposes ▁more ▁important ▁to ▁the ▁individual ▁- ▁such ▁as ▁political ▁or ▁economic ▁goals . ▁ ▁Modern ▁psych ology ▁recogn izes ▁this ▁concept . ▁ ▁Communic ations ▁scholar ▁James ▁A . ▁Her rick ▁( 1 9 5 4 ▁- ▁) ▁says ▁even ▁though ▁most ▁sch ol ars ▁agree ▁that ▁bib lic al ▁criticism ▁evol ved ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁German ▁En light en ment , ▁there ▁are ▁also ▁histor ies ▁of ▁bib lic al ▁scholar ship ▁that ▁have ▁found ▁" strong ▁direct ▁links " ▁with ▁British ▁de ism . ▁Her rick ▁references ▁the ▁German ▁the olog ian ▁Hen ning ▁Graf ▁Re