▁leading ▁to ▁phen ot yp ic ▁variation , ▁also ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁development al ▁pl astic ity . ▁ ▁As ▁in ▁all ▁insect s , ▁environmental ▁factors ▁can ▁influence ▁several ▁aspects ▁of ▁development ▁in ▁D ros oph ila ▁mel an og aster . ▁F ruit ▁f lies ▁re ared ▁under ▁a ▁hy po x ia ▁treatment ▁experience ▁decre ased ▁thor ax ▁length , ▁while ▁hyper ox ia ▁produces ▁smaller ▁flight ▁mus cles , ▁suggesting ▁negative ▁development al ▁effects ▁of ▁extreme ▁o xygen ▁levels . ▁Circ ad ian ▁rh yth ms ▁are ▁also ▁subject ▁to ▁development al ▁pl astic ity . ▁Light ▁conditions ▁during ▁development ▁affect ▁daily ▁activity ▁patterns ▁in ▁D ros oph ila ▁mel an og aster , ▁where ▁f lies ▁raised ▁under ▁constant ▁dark ▁or ▁light ▁are ▁less ▁active ▁as ▁adult s ▁than ▁those ▁raised ▁under ▁a ▁ 1 2 ▁hour ▁light / dark ▁cycle . ▁▁ ▁Tem per ature ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁per vas ive ▁factors ▁influen cing ▁ar th rop od ▁development . ▁In ▁D ros oph ila ▁mel an og aster ▁temperature - indu ced ▁development al ▁pl astic ity ▁can ▁be ▁benef icial ▁and / or ▁det r iment al . ▁Most ▁often ▁lower ▁development al ▁temper atures ▁reduce ▁growth ▁rates ▁which ▁influence ▁many ▁other ▁phys i ological ▁factors . ▁For ▁example , ▁development ▁at ▁ 2 5   ° C ▁increases ▁walking ▁speed , ▁thermal ▁performance ▁bread th , ▁and ▁territorial ▁success , ▁while ▁development ▁at ▁ 1 8   ° C ▁increases ▁body ▁mass