▁which ▁has ▁been ▁expl ored ▁as ▁a ▁possible ▁reason ▁for ▁memory ▁def ic its , ▁though ▁the ▁s tere ot ype ▁threat ▁has ▁been ▁critic ized . ▁ ▁On ▁the ▁other ▁hand , ▁when ▁el ders ▁show ▁larger ▁independence ▁and ▁control ▁in ▁their ▁lives , ▁def ying ▁age ist ▁assumptions , ▁they ▁are ▁more ▁likely ▁to ▁be ▁health ier , ▁both ▁ment ally ▁and ▁phys ically , ▁than ▁other ▁people ▁their ▁age . ▁ ▁Research ▁indicates ▁that ▁older ▁people ▁are ▁s tere ot yp ed ▁as ▁scoring ▁lower ▁on ▁measures ▁of ▁imp uls ivity , ▁activ ism , ▁ant agon ism ▁and ▁open ness ▁while ▁younger ▁people ▁are ▁s tere ot yp ed ▁as ▁scoring ▁higher ▁on ▁these ▁measures . ▁This ▁was ▁found ▁to ▁be ▁universal ▁across ▁cult ures ▁and ▁was ▁also ▁found ▁to ▁be ▁reason ably ▁accurate ▁( v ary ing ▁depending ▁on ▁how ▁the ▁accuracy ▁was ▁ass essed ▁and ▁the ▁type ▁of ▁s tere ot ype ), ▁though ▁differences ▁were ▁consist ently ▁ex agger ated . ▁Age ism ▁can ▁also ▁manifest s ▁itself ▁in ▁per ception s ▁of ▁how ▁date able ▁one ▁is ; ▁which ▁has ▁cul min ated ▁in ▁terms ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁sex p iration ▁date , ▁indicating ▁the ▁age ▁after ▁which ▁one ▁is ▁no ▁longer ▁appe aling . ▁ ▁Pre jud ice ▁Age ist ▁pre jud ice ▁is ▁a ▁type ▁of ▁em otion ▁which ▁is ▁often ▁linked ▁to ▁the ▁cogn itive ▁process ▁of ▁s tere ot yp ing . ▁It ▁can ▁involve ▁the ▁expression ▁of ▁der og atory