▁generally ▁were ▁imp ract ic able ▁in ▁dealing ▁with ▁the ▁wider ▁concept ▁of ▁social ▁systems . ▁In ▁ 1 8 4 1 ▁a ▁criminal ▁code ▁was ▁drawn ▁up ▁in ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire . ▁When ▁the ▁Empire ▁dissol ved , ▁there ▁was ▁still ▁no ▁legisl ation ▁with ▁regard ▁to ▁family ▁and ▁mar ital ▁relationships . ▁ ▁Pol yg amy ▁has ▁not ▁been ▁pract iced ▁by ▁law - ab iding ▁citizens ▁of ▁Turkey ▁after ▁At at ür k ' s ▁re forms , ▁in ▁contrast ▁to ▁the ▁former ▁rules ▁of ▁the ▁Meg elle . ▁There ▁were ▁thousands ▁of ▁articles ▁in ▁the ▁Meg elle ▁which ▁were ▁not ▁used ▁due ▁to ▁their ▁in app lic ability . ▁ ▁Civil ▁code ▁▁ ▁The ▁adaptation ▁of ▁laws ▁rel ating ▁to ▁family ▁and ▁mar ital ▁relationships ▁is ▁an ▁important ▁step ▁which ▁is ▁attributed ▁to ▁Must af a ▁K em al . ▁The ▁re forms ▁also ▁instit uted ▁legal ▁equality ▁and ▁full ▁political ▁rights ▁for ▁both ▁sex es ▁December ▁ 5 , ▁ 1 9 3 4 , ▁well ▁before ▁several ▁other ▁European ▁nations . ▁ ▁Pen al ▁code ▁▁ ▁A ▁pen al ▁code ▁based ▁on ▁that ▁of ▁Italy ▁( original ▁one ▁cod ified ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 5 ) ▁passed ▁between ▁ 1 9 2 4 – 3 7 . ▁ ▁Edu c ational ▁re forms ▁ ▁Edu c ational ▁systems ▁( school ing ) ▁involve ▁institution al ized ▁teaching ▁and ▁learning ▁in ▁relation ▁to ▁a ▁curr icul um , ▁which ▁was ▁established ▁according ▁to ▁a ▁pred et