▁of ▁broken ▁b ould ers ▁and ▁f iss ures ▁along ▁the ▁ground ▁after ▁light ning ▁storm s . ▁ ▁The ▁Esp ina ς o ▁Range ▁represents ▁a ▁typical ▁site ▁for ▁or ographic ▁th under st orm s , ▁which ▁develop ▁from ▁the ▁as cent ▁of ▁air ▁along ▁mountain ▁ranges . ▁These ▁storm s ▁have ▁the ▁highest ▁rate ▁of ▁light ning ▁occurrence ▁and ▁are ▁therefore ▁useful ▁for ▁studying ▁the ▁effects ▁of ▁such ▁atmos pher ic ▁dis charg es . ▁ ▁These ▁dis charg es ▁have ▁peculiar ▁features : ▁veloc ities ▁of ▁ ▁and ▁pl asma ▁temper atures ▁of ▁ ▁are ▁achieved ▁in ▁nan ose cond s ▁in ▁light ning ▁channels . ▁ ▁Ev id ences ▁of ▁the ▁effect ▁of ▁light ning ▁on ▁rock ▁are ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁beta - qu art z ▁( T ▁> ▁, ▁called ▁" flash st ones " ▁by ▁local ▁dig gers ), ▁m elt ed ▁bar bed ▁w ires ▁( T ▁> ▁); ▁fur rows ▁in ▁so ils ▁and ▁coll u vi um ▁up ▁to ▁ ▁long ▁with ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁crist ob al ite , ▁the ▁high - temper ature ▁modification ▁of ▁quart z ▁( ). ▁In ▁per me able ▁P rec amb rian ▁quart z ites , ▁the ▁instant aneous ▁shock ▁rise ▁of ▁temperature ▁from ▁, ▁or ▁higher , ▁results ▁in ▁an ▁extremely ▁severe ▁explos ion - like ▁expansion ▁of ▁water , ▁leading ▁to ▁the ▁formation ▁of ▁f iss ures ▁and ▁w iden ing ▁of ▁other ▁systems . ▁The ▁evidence ▁points ▁to ▁light ning ▁action , ▁since