▁that ▁were , ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 8 0 s , ▁demand ing ▁higher ▁quality ▁co pper . ▁ ▁The ▁development ▁of ▁the ▁Isa ▁Process ▁tank ▁house ▁technology ▁at ▁C RL ▁elimin ated ▁the ▁whole ▁process ▁and ▁cost ▁of ▁producing ▁the ▁st arter ▁sheets ▁by ▁using ▁st ain less - ste el ▁permanent ▁c ath odes . ▁It ▁also ▁included ▁substantial ▁autom ation ▁of ▁the ▁process ▁of ▁inserting ▁the ▁permanent ▁c ath odes ▁into ▁the ▁electro ly t ic ▁cells ▁and ▁their ▁subsequent ▁removal ▁and ▁stri pping ▁of ▁the ▁sheets ▁of ▁depos ited ▁c ath ode ▁co pper . ▁The ▁labour ▁force ▁required ▁to ▁operate ▁a ▁ref in ery ▁using ▁the ▁Isa K idd ▁technology ▁has ▁been ▁estimated ▁at ▁ 6 0 – 7 0 % ▁less ▁of ▁that ▁required ▁for ▁ref iner ies ▁using ▁st arter ▁sheets . ▁ ▁M IM ▁Hold ings ▁began ▁market ing ▁the ▁Isa ▁Process ▁technology ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 0 , ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁demand ▁from ▁other ▁ref in ery ▁operators . ▁ ▁Fal con bridge ▁subsequently ▁independently ▁developed ▁a ▁similar ▁process ▁to ▁improve ▁operations ▁at ▁its ▁K idd ▁Creek ▁co pper ▁ref in ery , ▁near ▁T imm ins , ▁Ontario . ▁The ▁initial ▁development ▁of ▁permanent ▁c ath odes ▁was ▁for ▁internal ▁use , ▁but ▁market ing ▁of ▁the ▁K idd ▁Process ▁was ▁initi ated ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁after ▁requests ▁from ▁other ▁ref in ery ▁operators . ▁ ▁The ▁two ▁techn ologies