) ▁and , ▁occasionally , ▁cancer . ▁Hence , ▁un exp la ined ▁newly ▁on set ▁d ys pe ps ia ▁in ▁people ▁over ▁ 5 5 ▁or ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁other ▁alarm ing ▁sympt oms ▁may ▁require ▁further ▁investig ations . ▁ ▁In ▁those ▁who ▁are ▁older ▁or ▁with ▁wor ris ome ▁sympt oms ▁such ▁as ▁trouble ▁sw allow ing , ▁weight ▁loss , ▁or ▁blood ▁loss ▁end os copy ▁is ▁recommended . ▁Otherwise ▁testing ▁for ▁H . ▁p yl ori ▁followed ▁by ▁treatment ▁of ▁the ▁in fection ▁if ▁present ▁is ▁reasonable . ▁ ▁Ind ig estion ▁is ▁common . ▁Function al ▁ind ig estion ▁( pre viously ▁called ▁non ul cer ▁d ys pe ps ia ) ▁is ▁ind ig estion ▁without ▁evidence ▁of ▁underlying ▁disease . ▁Function al ▁ind ig estion ▁is ▁estimated ▁to ▁affect ▁about ▁ 1 5 % ▁of ▁the ▁general ▁population ▁in ▁western ▁countries . ▁ ▁Sign s ▁and ▁sympt oms ▁In ▁most ▁cases , ▁the ▁clin ical ▁history ▁is ▁of ▁limited ▁use ▁in ▁distingu ishing ▁between ▁organ ic ▁causes ▁and ▁functional ▁d ys pe ps ia . ▁A ▁large ▁system atic ▁review ▁of ▁the ▁literature ▁was ▁recently ▁performed ▁to ▁evaluate ▁the ▁effect iveness ▁of ▁diagn osing ▁organ ic ▁d ys pe ps ia ▁by ▁clin ical ▁opinion ▁versus ▁computer ▁models ▁in ▁patients ▁referred ▁for ▁upper ▁end os copy . ▁The ▁computer ▁models ▁were ▁based ▁on ▁patient ▁dem ograph ics , ▁risk ▁factors , ▁historical ▁items , ▁and ▁sympt oms . ▁The ▁study ▁showed ▁that ▁neither ▁clin