▁it ▁does , ▁the ▁Court ▁will ▁choose ▁a ▁constitution al ▁construction ▁of ▁an ▁Act ▁of ▁Congress , ▁even ▁if ▁its ▁constitution ality ▁is ▁seriously ▁in ▁doubt . ▁▁ ▁Like wise ▁with ▁the ▁Executive ▁Department , ▁Ed win ▁Cor win ▁observed ▁that ▁the ▁Court ▁does ▁sometimes ▁re buff ▁president ial ▁pret ensions , ▁but ▁it ▁more ▁often ▁tries ▁to ▁rational ize ▁them . ▁Again st ▁Congress , ▁an ▁Act ▁is ▁merely ▁" dis allowed ". ▁In ▁the ▁executive ▁case , ▁exer cis ing ▁jud icial ▁review ▁produces ▁" some ▁change ▁in ▁the ▁external ▁world " ▁beyond ▁the ▁ordinary ▁jud icial ▁sphere . ▁The ▁" polit ical ▁question " ▁doctrine ▁especially ▁applies ▁to ▁questions ▁which ▁present ▁a ▁difficult ▁enfor cement ▁issue . ▁Chief ▁Justice ▁Charles ▁Evans ▁Hugh es ▁addressed ▁the ▁Court ' s ▁limitation ▁when ▁political ▁process ▁allowed ▁future ▁policy ▁change , ▁but ▁a ▁jud icial ▁r uling ▁would ▁" attribute ▁final ity ". ▁Political ▁questions ▁lack ▁" s atisf actory ▁criteria ▁for ▁a ▁jud icial ▁determ ination ". ▁ ▁John ▁Marshall ▁recognized ▁that ▁the ▁president ▁holds ▁" important ▁political ▁powers " ▁which ▁as ▁Executive ▁privile ge ▁allows ▁great ▁dis cret ion . ▁This ▁doctrine ▁was ▁applied ▁in ▁Court ▁r ul ings ▁on ▁President ▁Grant ' s ▁duty ▁to ▁en force ▁the ▁law ▁during ▁Re const ruction . ▁It ▁extends ▁to ▁the ▁sphere ▁of ▁foreign ▁affairs . ▁Justice ▁Robert ▁Jackson ▁explained , ▁Foreign ▁affairs ▁are ▁inher ently ▁political , ▁" wh olly ▁conf ided ▁by ▁our ▁Constitution ▁to ▁the ▁political ▁depart ments ▁of ▁the ▁government