. ▁ ▁Connect ors ▁may ▁be ▁fast ened ▁to ▁cold - formed ▁steel ▁members ▁and ▁primary ▁structure ▁using ▁w eld s , ▁bol ts , ▁or ▁self - dr illing ▁sc rew s . ▁ ▁These ▁fast ening ▁methods ▁are ▁recognized ▁in ▁the ▁American ▁Iron ▁and ▁Ste el ▁Institute ▁( A IS I ) ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁North ▁American ▁Spec ification ▁for ▁the ▁Design ▁of ▁Cold - Form ed ▁Ste el ▁Struct ural ▁M embers , ▁Chapter ▁E . ▁ ▁Other ▁fast ening ▁methods , ▁such ▁as ▁cl inch ing , ▁power ▁actu ated ▁fast en ers ▁( P AF ), ▁mechanical ▁anch ors , ▁ad hes ive ▁anch ors ▁and ▁struct ural ▁gl ue , ▁are ▁used ▁based ▁on ▁manufact urer ' s ▁performance - based ▁tests . ▁▁ ▁Hot - rolled ▁versus ▁cold - rolled ▁steel ▁and ▁the ▁influence ▁of ▁an ne aling ▁▁ ▁Anne aling , ▁also ▁described ▁in ▁the ▁earlier ▁section , ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁manufact uring ▁process ▁of ▁cold - formed ▁steel ▁sheet . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁heat ▁treatment ▁technique ▁that ▁al ters ▁the ▁micro structure ▁of ▁the ▁cold - redu cing ▁steel ▁to ▁recover ▁its ▁du ct ility . ▁ ▁Altern ative ▁design ▁methods ▁ ▁The ▁Direct ▁Str ength ▁Method ▁( DS M ) ▁is ▁an ▁alternative ▁method ▁of ▁design ▁located ▁in ▁Append ix ▁ 1 ▁of ▁the ▁North ▁American ▁Spec ification ▁for ▁the ▁Design ▁of ▁Cold - formed ▁Ste el ▁Struct ural ▁M embers '' ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁( A IS