8 5 1 ▁and ▁ 1 8 5 6 ▁Comm itte es ▁of ▁V ig il ance , ▁which ▁us ur ped ▁civ ic ▁power ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁drive ▁out ▁the ▁Democratic ▁Party ▁machine ▁and ▁ost ens ibly ▁to ▁establish ▁law ▁and ▁order . ▁Under ▁Cole man , ▁these ▁comm itte es ▁ignored ▁habe as ▁cor pus , ▁conducted ▁secret ▁tri als , ▁l yn ch ings , ▁and ▁deport ations , ▁and ▁raised ▁a ▁milit ia . ▁The ▁ 1 8 5 6 ▁Committee ▁of ▁V ig il ance ▁dis band ed , ▁but ▁after ▁transfer ring ▁power ▁to ▁the ▁new ▁People ' s ▁Party , ▁which ▁soon ▁merged ▁with ▁the ▁Republican ▁Party ▁and ▁controlled ▁San ▁Francisco ▁until ▁ 1 8 6 7 . ▁ ▁Sh ipping ▁After ▁opening ▁a ▁branch ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City , ▁Cole man ▁established ▁a ▁steam ship ▁line ▁between ▁that ▁city ▁and ▁San ▁Francisco ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 6 . ▁In ▁ 1 8 5 7 ▁he ▁moved ▁to ▁New ▁York ▁and ▁conducted ▁his ▁business ▁from ▁that ▁city ▁until ▁ 1 8 6 4 . ▁ ▁One ▁of ▁Cole man ' s ▁most ▁not ew orth y ▁achiev ements ▁was ▁the ▁emb ell ishment ▁and ▁extension ▁of ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁San ▁Rafael , ▁California . ▁ ▁Committee ▁of ▁Saf ety ▁After ▁a ▁protest ▁in ▁sympathy ▁with ▁the ▁Great ▁Rail road ▁St rike ▁of ▁ 1 8 7 7 ▁turned ▁into ▁an ▁anti - As ian ▁ri ot , ▁Cole man ▁again ▁mobil ized ▁troops ▁to ▁qu