▁a ▁commit ment ▁device . ▁Sho ppers , ▁for ▁example , ▁were ▁willing ▁to ▁for ego ▁a ▁c ash ▁back ▁reb ate ▁on ▁health y ▁food ▁items ▁if ▁they ▁did ▁not ▁increase ▁the ▁percentage ▁of ▁health y ▁food s ▁in ▁their ▁sho pping ▁b ask ets . ▁ ▁In cent ives ▁can ▁back fire ▁when ▁they ▁are ▁mis cal ibr ated ▁or ▁are ▁we aker ▁than ▁social ▁norm s ▁that ▁were ▁prevent ing ▁und es irable ▁behavior . ▁Lar ge ▁in cent ives ▁can ▁also ▁lead ▁people ▁to ▁cho ke ▁under ▁pressure . ▁ ▁N ud ges ▁ ▁N ud ges , ▁changes ▁in ▁information ▁presentation ▁or ▁the ▁manner ▁by ▁which ▁jud g ments ▁and ▁dec isions ▁are ▁el ic ited , ▁is ▁another ▁means ▁to ▁deb ias ing . ▁People ▁may ▁choose ▁health ier ▁food s ▁if ▁they ▁are ▁better ▁able ▁to ▁understand ▁their ▁nut r itional ▁contents , ▁and ▁may ▁choose ▁lower - cal orie ▁me als ▁if ▁they ▁are ▁explicitly ▁asked ▁if ▁they ▁would ▁like ▁to ▁down size ▁their ▁side ▁orders . ▁Other ▁examples ▁of ▁n ud ges ▁include ▁changing ▁which ▁option ▁is ▁the ▁default ▁option ▁to ▁which ▁people ▁will ▁be ▁assigned ▁if ▁they ▁do ▁not ▁choose ▁an ▁alternative ▁option , ▁placing ▁a ▁limit ▁on ▁the ▁serving ▁size ▁of ▁s oda , ▁or ▁automatically ▁en rolling ▁employees ▁in ▁a ▁ret irement ▁sav ings ▁program . ▁ ▁Training ▁ ▁Training ▁can ▁effectively ▁deb ias ▁decision ▁mak ers ▁over ▁the ▁long ▁term . ▁Training , ▁to ▁date , ▁has ▁received ▁less ▁attention