ous ing " ▁, ▁Sp are ▁Change ▁News , ▁Boston , ▁ 2 5 ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁ ▁Connection ▁to ▁D UI ▁fatal ities ▁In ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁research ▁published ▁by ▁Adams ▁and ▁C otti ▁in ▁the ▁Journal ▁of ▁Public ▁Econom ics ▁exam ined ▁statistics ▁of ▁d run ken - d riv ing ▁fatal ities ▁and ▁acc idents ▁in ▁areas ▁where ▁smoke - free ▁laws ▁have ▁been ▁implemented ▁in ▁bars ▁and ▁found ▁that ▁fatal ▁d run ken - d riv ing ▁acc idents ▁increased ▁by ▁about ▁ 1 3 %, ▁or ▁about ▁ 2 . 5 ▁such ▁acc idents ▁per ▁year ▁for ▁a ▁typical ▁county ▁of ▁ 6 8 0 , 0 0 0 . ▁They ▁spec ulate ▁this ▁could ▁be ▁caused ▁by ▁sm ok ers ▁driving ▁farther ▁away ▁to ▁juris dict ions ▁without ▁smoke - free ▁laws ▁or ▁where ▁enfor cement ▁is ▁la x . ▁▁ ▁Effect s ▁of ▁fund ing ▁on ▁research ▁literature ▁ ▁As ▁in ▁other ▁areas ▁of ▁research , ▁the ▁effect ▁of ▁fund ing ▁on ▁research ▁literature ▁has ▁been ▁discussed ▁with ▁respect ▁to ▁smoke - free ▁laws . ▁Most ▁commonly , ▁studies ▁which ▁found ▁few ▁or ▁no ▁positive ▁and / or ▁negative ▁effects ▁of ▁smoke - free ▁laws ▁and ▁which ▁were ▁fund ed ▁by ▁to b acco ▁companies ▁have ▁been ▁deleg it im ised ▁because ▁they ▁were ▁seen ▁as ▁bi ased ▁in ▁favor ▁of ▁their ▁fund ers . ▁ ▁Professor ▁of ▁Econom ics ▁at ▁the ▁California ▁State ▁Poly techn ic ▁University -