▁Gl ut ath ione ▁conjug ates ▁are ▁further ▁met abol ized ▁to ▁mer capt ur ic ▁ac ids ▁in ▁the ▁kid ney ▁and ▁are ▁ex cret ed ▁in ▁the ▁ur ine . ▁The ▁hydro x yl ated ▁met abol ites ▁of ▁the ▁PA H s ▁are ▁ex cret ed ▁in ▁human ▁ur ine ▁both ▁as ▁free ▁hydro x yl ated ▁met abol ites ▁and ▁as ▁hydro x yl ated ▁met abol ites ▁conjug ated ▁to ▁gl uc ur onic ▁acid ▁and ▁sul f ate . ▁ ▁Mechan ism ▁of ▁action ▁The ▁car cin ogen ic ▁met abol ites ▁of ▁ben zo [ c ] flu or ene ▁bind ▁to ▁DNA ▁which ▁involves ▁the ▁opening ▁of ▁the ▁epo x ide ▁ring ▁in ▁ben zo [ c ] flu or ene ▁anti - ▁and ▁syn - d io le po x ide . ▁The ▁ben zo [ c ] flu or ene ▁met abol ites ▁bind ▁in ▁a ▁yet ▁unknown ▁fashion ▁to ▁the ▁DNA . ▁ ▁When ▁a ▁DNA ▁ad duct ▁forms ▁at ▁a ▁site ▁critical ▁to ▁the ▁reg ulation ▁of ▁cell ▁different iation ▁or ▁growth ▁it ▁can ▁cause ▁cancer . ▁If ▁an ▁aber r ation ▁in ▁the ▁DNA ▁is ▁not ▁well ▁rep a ired ▁by ▁the ▁N ER , ▁a ▁mut ation ▁will ▁occur ▁during ▁cell ▁rep lication . ▁In ▁addition , ▁it ▁is ▁known ▁that ▁the ▁cells ▁affected ▁most ▁appear ▁to ▁be ▁those ▁with ▁rapid ▁rep lication , ▁such ▁as ▁b one ▁mar row , ▁skin , ▁and ▁lung ▁t issue , ▁whereas