ation ▁of ▁these ▁ 1 0 0 ▁men , ▁he ▁treated ▁them ▁with ▁est ro gen ▁h orm one ▁ther apy , ▁which ▁was ▁later ▁proven ▁to ▁be ▁in effect ive ▁and ▁det r iment al . ▁The ▁h orm one ▁ther apy ▁put ▁the ▁patients ▁at ▁risk ▁for ▁heart ▁disease ▁and ▁stroke ▁and ▁caused ▁a ▁loss ▁in ▁mus cle ▁tone ▁and ▁overall ▁stam ina . ▁In ▁a ▁summar izing ▁study , ▁Hudson ▁reported ▁that ▁out ▁of ▁ 6 8 6 ▁patients ▁tested , ▁the ▁mort ality ▁rate ▁for ▁men ▁with ▁negative ▁bi ops ies ▁was ▁ 2 0 % ▁and ▁the ▁mort ality ▁rate ▁for ▁men ▁with ▁positive ▁bi ops ies ▁followed ▁by ▁rig orous ▁treatment ▁was ▁ 3 0 %. ▁Hudson ▁did ▁not ▁publish ▁results ▁for ▁a ▁control ▁group ▁or ▁a ▁group ▁with ▁bi ops ies ▁done ▁without ▁h orm one ▁treatment ▁so ▁the ▁value ▁of ▁these ▁results ▁are ▁unclear . ▁ ▁Eth ics ▁The ▁eth ical ▁integrity ▁of ▁the ▁tact ics ▁that ▁Hudson ▁used ▁to ▁rec ruit ▁volunte ers ▁for ▁his ▁experiment ▁has ▁been ▁question ed . ▁Some ▁of ▁his ▁methods ▁explo ited ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁his ▁volunte ers ▁were ▁mostly ▁hom eless ▁men . ▁For ▁example , ▁Hudson ▁would ▁offer ▁his ▁volunte ers ▁compens ation ▁in ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁me al ▁tick ets ▁and ▁temporary ▁shelter ▁in ▁a ▁hospital ▁room . ▁Then , ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁ensure ▁participation , ▁authorities ▁would ▁only ▁present ▁the ▁me al ▁ticket ▁to ▁a ▁volunte er ▁once ▁he ▁showed ▁up ▁for ▁the ▁study .