. ▁ ▁The ▁French ▁invasion ▁introduced ▁the ▁Napole onic ▁code ▁in ▁Mexico . ▁ ▁The ▁code ▁does ▁not ▁mention ▁sod omy , ▁for ▁it ▁had ▁ceased ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁crime . ▁ ▁Nevertheless , ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 1 ▁the ▁new ▁Pen al ▁Code ▁introduced ▁" att ack ▁on ▁mor ality ▁and ▁proper ▁custom s ", ▁a ▁relatively ▁vague ▁concept ▁whose ▁interpretation ▁was ▁left ▁to ▁the ▁police ▁and ▁the ▁jud ges , ▁and ▁which ▁was ▁used ▁against ▁hom osex uals . ▁ ▁Thus , ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁a ▁hom osex ual ▁sub c ulture ▁had ▁already ▁formed ▁in ▁Mexico ▁City , ▁similar ▁to ▁that ▁existing ▁in ▁other ▁large ▁American ▁cities ▁such ▁as ▁Buenos ▁Aires , ▁Rio ▁de ▁Janeiro , ▁Hav ana , ▁New ▁York ▁City , ▁and ▁Toronto . ▁ ▁The ▁work ▁of ▁histor ians ▁like ▁Victor ▁M ▁. ▁Mac ías - G on zález , ▁Pablo ▁Pic atto , ▁and ▁Robert ▁Buff ington , ▁among ▁others , ▁has ▁identified ▁areas ▁such ▁as ▁gay ▁bath h ouses , ▁pr isons , ▁and ▁some ▁squares ▁and ▁a ven ues ▁of ▁the ▁capital . ▁The ▁work ▁of ▁cr imin ologist ▁Rou m agn ac , ▁for ▁example , ▁gives ▁details ▁of ▁hom osex ual ▁practices ▁in ▁the ▁country ' s ▁pr isons . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁spring ▁of ▁ 1 9 1 8 , ▁Manuel ▁Pala fox , ▁secretary ▁general ▁of ▁Emil iano ▁Z ap ata , ▁was ▁accused ▁by ▁political ▁enemies ▁within ▁the ▁Z apat ista ▁camp ▁of