▁of ▁his ▁own ▁research . ▁Cultural ▁evolution ▁is ▁also ▁critic ized ▁for ▁being ▁eth noc ent ric , ▁cult ures ▁are ▁still ▁seen ▁to ▁be ▁attempting ▁to ▁em ulate ▁western ▁civil ization . ▁Under ▁eth noc ent ric ity , ▁primitive ▁soci eties ▁are ▁said ▁to ▁be ▁not ▁yet ▁at ▁the ▁cultural ▁levels ▁of ▁other ▁western ▁soci eties . ▁ ▁Much ▁of ▁the ▁criticism ▁aim ed ▁at ▁cultural ▁evolution ▁is ▁focused ▁on ▁the ▁un il ine ar ▁approach ▁to ▁social ▁change . ▁Broad ly ▁speaking ▁in ▁the ▁second ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁century ▁the ▁critic isms ▁of ▁cultural ▁evolution ▁have ▁been ▁answered ▁by ▁the ▁mult il ine ar ▁theory . ▁Eth noc ent ric ity , ▁for ▁example , ▁is ▁more ▁pre val ent ▁under ▁the ▁un il ine ar ▁theory . ▁ ▁Some ▁recent ▁approaches , ▁such ▁as ▁dual ▁inheritance ▁theory , ▁make ▁use ▁of ▁empir ical ▁methods ▁including ▁psych ological ▁and ▁animal ▁studies , ▁field ▁site ▁research , ▁and ▁computational ▁models . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Be havior al ▁e col ogy ▁ ▁C li od ynam ics ▁ ▁C ogn itive ▁e col ogy ▁ ▁Cultural ▁group ▁selection ▁ ▁Cultural ▁selection ▁theory ▁ ▁Gene - c ulture ▁co e volution ▁ ▁Sp atial ▁e col ogy ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁Early ▁found ational ▁books ▁ ▁Modern ▁review ▁books ▁▁ ▁Mes oud i , ▁A ▁( 2 0 1 1 ). ▁Cultural ▁evolution : ▁how ▁Dar win ian ▁theory ▁can ▁explain ▁human ▁culture ▁and