8 6 5 ) ▁abol ished ▁sla very ▁and ▁invol unt ary ▁serv itude , ▁except ▁as ▁pun ishment ▁for ▁a ▁crime , ▁and ▁author ized ▁Congress ▁to ▁en force ▁abol ition . ▁Though ▁millions ▁of ▁slaves ▁had ▁been ▁declared ▁free ▁by ▁the ▁ 1 8 6 3 ▁E man cip ation ▁Pro clam ation , ▁their ▁post ▁Civil ▁War ▁status ▁was ▁unclear , ▁as ▁was ▁the ▁status ▁of ▁other ▁millions . ▁Congress ▁intended ▁the ▁Th ir teenth ▁Am end ment ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁pro clam ation ▁of ▁freedom ▁for ▁all ▁slaves ▁throughout ▁the ▁nation ▁and ▁to ▁take ▁the ▁question ▁of ▁em an cip ation ▁away ▁from ▁politics . ▁This ▁am end ment ▁rendered ▁in oper ative ▁or ▁mo ot ▁several ▁of ▁the ▁original ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁constitution . ▁ ▁The ▁Four teenth ▁Am end ment ▁( 1 8 6 8 ) ▁granted ▁United ▁States ▁citizens hip ▁to ▁former ▁slaves ▁and ▁to ▁all ▁persons ▁" subject ▁to ▁U . S . ▁juris diction ". ▁It ▁also ▁contained ▁three ▁new ▁limits ▁on ▁state ▁power : ▁a ▁state ▁shall ▁not ▁viol ate ▁a ▁citiz en ' s ▁privileges ▁or ▁imm un ities ; ▁shall ▁not ▁dep rive ▁any ▁person ▁of ▁life , ▁liberty , ▁or ▁property ▁without ▁due ▁process ▁of ▁law ; ▁and ▁must ▁guarantee ▁all ▁persons ▁equal ▁protection ▁of ▁the ▁laws . ▁These ▁limitations ▁dram atically ▁expanded ▁the ▁prote ctions ▁of ▁the ▁Constitution . ▁This ▁am end ment , ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁Supreme ▁Court ' s ▁Do ctrine ▁of ▁In cor por ation ,