▁voltage ▁at ▁the ▁active ▁surface ▁of ▁the ▁recording ▁electro de ▁in ▁a ▁process ▁known ▁as ▁" sc anning ". ▁Because ▁certain ▁brain ▁chemical s ▁lose ▁or ▁gain ▁electrons ▁at ▁characteristic ▁volt ages , ▁individual ▁species ▁can ▁be ▁identified . ▁Am per ometry ▁has ▁been ▁used ▁for ▁studying ▁ex oc yt osis ▁in ▁the ▁nerv ous ▁and ▁end ocr ine ▁systems . ▁Many ▁mon o am ine ▁ne uro trans mit ters ; ▁e . g ., ▁n ore pine phr ine ▁( nor ad ren alin ), ▁dop am ine , ▁and ▁ser ot on in ▁( 5 - HT ) ▁are ▁ox id izable . ▁The ▁method ▁can ▁also ▁be ▁used ▁with ▁cells ▁that ▁do ▁not ▁se crete ▁ox id izable ▁ne uro trans mit ters ▁by ▁" loading " ▁them ▁with ▁ 5 - HT ▁or ▁dop am ine . ▁ ▁Plan ar ▁patch ▁cl amp ▁Plan ar ▁patch ▁cl amp ▁is ▁a ▁novel ▁method ▁developed ▁for ▁high ▁through put ▁electro phys i ology . ▁Instead ▁of ▁position ing ▁a ▁pip ette ▁on ▁an ▁ad her ent ▁cell , ▁cell ▁susp ension ▁is ▁pip ett ed ▁on ▁a ▁chip ▁containing ▁a ▁micro struct ured ▁a pert ure . ▁A ▁single ▁cell ▁is ▁then ▁position ed ▁on ▁the ▁hole ▁by ▁su ction ▁and ▁a ▁tight ▁connection ▁( G ig ase al ) ▁is ▁formed . ▁The ▁plan ar ▁geometry ▁offers ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁advantages ▁compared ▁to ▁the ▁classical ▁experiment : ▁It ▁allows ▁for ▁integration ▁of ▁micro fl uid ics , ▁which ▁enables