  – ▁By z antine ▁Emperor , ▁ 6 1 0 ▁to ▁ 6 4 1 ▁Kh os ra u ▁II ▁of ▁Pers ia   – ▁king ▁of ▁Pers ia , ▁ 5 9 0 ▁to ▁ 6 2 8 ▁al - M und h ir ▁bin ▁S awa   – ▁r uler ▁of ▁Bah rain ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Arab ian ▁tribes ▁that ▁interact ed ▁with ▁Muhammad ▁Jewish ▁tribes ▁of ▁Arab ia ▁Sah aba ▁Sal af ▁Emperor ▁Ga oz ong ▁of ▁Tang ▁- ▁built ▁China ' s ▁first ▁mos que ▁and ▁spoke ▁with ▁an ▁en voy ▁head ed ▁by ▁Sa ` ad ▁ibn ▁Ab i ▁Wa qq as ▁ ▁References <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁following ▁outline ▁is ▁provided ▁as ▁an ▁over view ▁of ▁and ▁top ical ▁guide ▁to ▁Turkey : ▁ ▁Turkey ▁– ▁so ver eign ▁E uras ian ▁country ▁that ▁st ret ches ▁across ▁the ▁An atol ian ▁pen ins ula ▁in ▁South west ▁Asia ▁and ▁Th race ▁( R um elia ) ▁at ▁the ▁sout he astern ▁tip ▁of ▁the ▁B alk an ▁Pen ins ula ▁in ▁Southern ▁Europe . ▁Turkey ▁is ▁a ▁dem ocr atic , ▁sec ular , ▁unit ary , ▁constitution al ▁republic ▁whose ▁political ▁system ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 3 ▁under ▁the ▁leadership ▁of ▁Must af a ▁K em al ▁At at ür k , ▁following ▁the ▁fall ▁of ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire ▁in ▁the ▁after math ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁I . ▁ ▁General ▁reference ▁▁ ▁Pr on unci ation : ▁▁ ▁Common ▁English ▁country