al ▁Sh a iva ▁tant ra . ▁ ▁R ase ś var a , ▁the ▁mer cur ial ▁school ▁ ▁P ā ṇ ini ▁Dar ś ana , ▁the ▁grammar ian ▁school ▁( which ▁clar ifies ▁the ▁theory ▁of ▁S ph o ṭ a ) ▁ ▁H eter odox ▁or ▁Ś rama ṇ ic ▁schools ▁ ▁The ▁n ā st ika ▁or ▁heter odox ▁schools ▁are ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁non - ved ic ▁Ś rama ṇ ic ▁trad itions ▁that ▁existed ▁in ▁India ▁since ▁before ▁the ▁ 6 th ▁century ▁B CE . ▁The ▁Ś rama ṇ a ▁movement ▁gave ▁rise ▁to ▁diverse ▁range ▁of ▁non - ved ic ▁ideas , ▁r anging ▁from ▁accepting ▁or ▁den ying ▁the ▁concepts ▁of ▁at man , ▁atom ism , ▁material ism , ▁at he ism , ▁ag nost ic ism , ▁fatal ism ▁to ▁free ▁will , ▁extreme ▁asc etic ism , ▁strict ▁ah im sa ▁( non - vi ol ence ) ▁and ▁veget arian ism . ▁Notable ▁philosoph ies ▁that ▁arose ▁from ▁Ś rama ṇ ic ▁movement ▁were ▁J ain ism , ▁early ▁Buddh ism , ▁C ā rv ā ka , ▁A j ñ ana ▁and ▁ Ā j ī v ika . ▁ ▁J ain ▁philosophy ▁J ain ▁philosophy ▁de als ▁extens ively ▁with ▁the ▁problems ▁of ▁met aph ys ics , ▁reality , ▁cosm ology , ▁ont ology , ▁ep ist em ology ▁and ▁div inity . ▁J ain ism ▁is ▁essentially ▁a ▁tr anst he istic ▁religion ▁of ▁ancient