▁( E BU ) ▁as ▁the ▁standard ▁for ▁all ▁DB S . ▁ ▁By ▁ 1 9 8 6 , ▁despite ▁there ▁being ▁two ▁standards , ▁D - MA C ▁and ▁D 2 - MA C , ▁fav oured ▁by ▁different ▁countries ▁in ▁Europe , ▁an ▁EU ▁Direct ive ▁im posed ▁MAC ▁on ▁the ▁national ▁DB S ▁broad c aster s , ▁to ▁provide ▁a ▁ste pping ▁stone ▁from ▁analog ue ▁P AL ▁and ▁SE C AM ▁formats ▁to ▁the ▁event ual ▁high ▁definition ▁and ▁digital ▁television ▁of ▁the ▁future , ▁with ▁European ▁TV ▁manufact ur ers ▁in ▁a ▁privile ged ▁position ▁to ▁provide ▁the ▁equipment ▁required . ▁ ▁However , ▁the ▁A stra ▁satellite ▁system ▁was ▁also ▁starting ▁up ▁at ▁this ▁time ▁( the ▁first ▁satellite , ▁A stra ▁ 1 A ▁was ▁launched ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 ) ▁and ▁that ▁operated ▁outside ▁of ▁the ▁EU ’ s ▁MAC ▁requirements , ▁due ▁to ▁being ▁a ▁non - DB S ▁satellite . ▁Despite ▁further ▁pressure ▁from ▁the ▁EU ▁( including ▁a ▁further ▁Direct ive ▁originally ▁intended ▁to ▁make ▁MAC ▁provision ▁comp uls ory ▁in ▁TV ▁sets , ▁and ▁a ▁subs id y ▁to ▁broad c aster s ▁to ▁use ▁the ▁MAC ▁format ), ▁most ▁broad c aster s ▁outside ▁Sc and in avia ▁preferred ▁the ▁lower ▁cost ▁of ▁P AL ▁transmission ▁and ▁receiving ▁equipment . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 0 s , ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁D - MA C ▁and ▁D 2 - MA C ▁ceased ▁when ▁the