▁University ▁of ▁California , ▁Ber keley . ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁cultural ▁ge ography ▁was ▁long ▁domin ated ▁by ▁American ▁writers . ▁ ▁S auer ▁defined ▁the ▁landscape ▁as ▁the ▁defining ▁unit ▁of ▁ge ographic ▁study . ▁He ▁saw ▁that ▁cult ures ▁and ▁soci eties ▁both ▁developed ▁out ▁of ▁their ▁landscape , ▁but ▁also ▁sh aped ▁them ▁too . ▁This ▁interaction ▁between ▁the ▁natural ▁landscape ▁and ▁humans ▁creates ▁the ▁cultural ▁landscape . ▁S auer ' s ▁work ▁was ▁highly ▁qual itative ▁and ▁descript ive ▁and ▁was ▁challeng ed ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 0 s ▁by ▁the ▁regional ▁ge ography ▁of ▁Richard ▁Hart sh or ne . ▁Hart sh or ne ▁called ▁for ▁system atic ▁analysis ▁of ▁the ▁elements ▁that ▁varied ▁from ▁place ▁to ▁place , ▁a ▁project ▁taken ▁up ▁by ▁the ▁quant itative ▁revolution . ▁Cultural ▁ge ography ▁was ▁s idel ined ▁by ▁the ▁posit iv ist ▁t endencies ▁of ▁this ▁effort ▁to ▁make ▁ge ography ▁into ▁a ▁hard ▁science ▁although ▁writers ▁such ▁as ▁David ▁Low ent hal ▁continued ▁to ▁write ▁about ▁the ▁more ▁subject ive , ▁qual itative ▁aspects ▁of ▁landscape . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s , ▁new ▁kind ▁of ▁critique ▁of ▁posit iv ism ▁in ▁ge ography ▁directly ▁challeng ed ▁the ▁determin istic ▁and ▁abstract ▁ideas ▁of ▁quant itative ▁ge ography . ▁A ▁rev ital ized ▁cultural ▁ge ography ▁manif ested ▁itself ▁in ▁the ▁eng agement ▁of ▁ge ograph ers ▁such ▁as ▁Y i - F u ▁T uan ▁and ▁Edward ▁Rel ph ▁and