▁most ▁voc ifer ously ▁by ▁Russia ' s ▁liber als , ▁although ▁popul ists , ▁Marx ists , ▁and ▁an arch ists ▁also ▁claimed ▁to ▁support ▁dem ocr atic ▁re forms . ▁A ▁growing ▁opposition ▁movement ▁had ▁begun ▁to ▁challenge ▁the ▁Roman ov ▁mon archy ▁open ly ▁well ▁before ▁the ▁tur mo il ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁I . ▁ ▁D iss atisf action ▁with ▁Russian ▁aut ocracy ▁cul min ated ▁in ▁the ▁huge ▁national ▁up he aval ▁that ▁followed ▁the ▁Blo ody ▁Sunday ▁mass acre ▁of ▁January ▁ 1 9 0 5 , ▁in ▁which ▁hundreds ▁of ▁un ar med ▁protest ers ▁were ▁shot ▁by ▁the ▁Ts ar ' s ▁troops . ▁Work ers ▁respond ed ▁to ▁the ▁mass acre ▁with ▁a ▁cri pp ling ▁general ▁strike , ▁forcing ▁Nicholas ▁to ▁put ▁forth ▁the ▁October ▁Man if esto , ▁which ▁established ▁a ▁dem ocrat ically ▁elected ▁parliament ▁( the ▁State ▁D uma ). ▁Although ▁the ▁Ts ar ▁accepted ▁the ▁ 1 9 0 6 ▁Fund amental ▁State ▁La ws ▁one ▁year ▁later , ▁he ▁subsequently ▁dismiss ed ▁the ▁first ▁two ▁Dum as ▁when ▁they ▁proved ▁un co oper ative . ▁Un ful filled ▁hopes ▁of ▁dem ocracy ▁fue led ▁revolution ary ▁ideas ▁and ▁violent ▁out bur st s ▁target ed ▁at ▁the ▁mon archy . ▁ ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁Ts ar ' s ▁principal ▁rational es ▁for ▁risk ing ▁war ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 4 ▁was ▁his ▁desire ▁to ▁restore ▁the ▁prest ige ▁that ▁Russia ▁had ▁lost ▁amid ▁the ▁deb acles ▁of