▁function ▁outside ▁the ▁regul atory ▁state . ▁For ▁everyone ▁except ▁officials ▁of ▁the ▁regul atory ▁state , ▁jud ges ▁do ▁not ▁de fer ▁to ▁anything ▁except ▁the ▁text ▁of ▁the ▁law ▁in ▁question ▁and ▁the ▁body ▁of ▁case ▁law ▁accomp any ing ▁it . ▁▁ ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁Justice ▁Neil ▁G ors uch ▁( son ▁of ▁Anne ▁G ors uch , ▁who ▁was ▁head ▁of ▁E PA ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁the ▁events ▁which ▁led ▁to ▁the ▁Che v ron ▁decision ) ▁has ▁also ▁written ▁opinions ▁against ▁Che v ron ▁de ference , ▁with ▁news ▁comment ators ▁bel ieving ▁that ▁G ors uch ▁may ▁rule ▁against ▁Che v ron ▁de ference ▁on ▁the ▁Supreme ▁Court . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁case ▁City ▁of ▁Ar ling ton , ▁Tex . ▁v . ▁F CC , ▁ ▁the ▁diss ent ▁by ▁Chief ▁Justice ▁Roberts ▁joined ▁by ▁Justice ▁Kennedy ▁and ▁Justice ▁Al ito ▁object ed ▁to ▁excess ive ▁Che v ron ▁de ference ▁to ▁ag encies : ▁ ▁My ▁disag re ement ▁with ▁the ▁Court ▁is ▁fundamental . ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁easily ▁expressed : ▁A ▁court ▁should ▁not ▁de fer ▁to ▁an ▁ag ency ▁until ▁the ▁court ▁dec ides , ▁on ▁its ▁own , ▁that ▁the ▁ag ency ▁is ▁entitled ▁to ▁de ference . ▁ ▁In ▁Che v ron ▁U . S . A . ▁Inc . ▁v . ▁Natural ▁Resources ▁Def ense ▁Council ▁Inc ., ▁we ▁established ▁a ▁test ▁for ▁review ing ▁" an ▁ag ency ' s ▁construction ▁of ▁the