▁young ▁engineer ▁named ▁Albert ▁Marsh , ▁who ▁designed ▁an ▁al loy ▁of ▁nick el ▁and ▁chrom ium , ▁which ▁came ▁to ▁be ▁known ▁as ▁Nich rome . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁US ▁pat ent ▁application ▁for ▁an ▁electric ▁to aster ▁was ▁file d ▁by ▁George ▁Schne ider ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Elect rical ▁He ater ▁Company ▁of ▁Detroit ▁in ▁collaboration ▁with ▁Marsh . ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁applications ▁that ▁the ▁H os kins ▁company ▁had ▁considered ▁for ▁its ▁Ch rom el ▁wire ▁was ▁for ▁use ▁in ▁to aster s , ▁but ▁the ▁company ▁eventually ▁abandoned ▁such ▁efforts , ▁to ▁focus ▁on ▁making ▁just ▁the ▁wire ▁itself . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁commer cially ▁successful ▁electric ▁to aster ▁was ▁introduced ▁by ▁General ▁Electric ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 9 ▁for ▁the ▁G E ▁model ▁D - 1 2 . ▁ ▁D ual - side ▁to ast ing ▁and ▁autom ated ▁pop - up ▁techn ologies ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 1 3 , ▁Lloyd ▁Gro ff ▁Cop eman ▁and ▁his ▁wife ▁Haz el ▁Ber ger ▁Cop eman ▁applied ▁for ▁various ▁to aster ▁pat ents , ▁and ▁in ▁that ▁same ▁year , ▁the ▁Cop eman ▁Electric ▁Sto ve ▁Company ▁introduced ▁a ▁to aster ▁with ▁an ▁automatic ▁bread ▁turn er . ▁Before ▁this , ▁electric ▁to aster s ▁cook ed ▁bread ▁on ▁one ▁side , ▁meaning ▁the ▁bread ▁needed ▁to ▁be ▁f li pped ▁by ▁hand ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁cook ▁both ▁sides . ▁Cop eman ' s ▁to aster ▁turned ▁the ▁bread ▁around ▁without ▁having ▁to ▁touch ▁it .