▁pl asma ▁during ▁exercise ▁is ▁posit ively ▁correl ated ▁with ▁exercise ▁intensity ▁and ▁duration . ▁ ▁V EG F ▁signal ing ▁▁ ▁is ▁a ▁ne uro t roph ic ▁and ▁ang i ogen ic ▁( i . e ., ▁blood ▁vessel ▁growth - prom oting ) ▁signal ing ▁protein ▁that ▁bind s ▁to ▁two ▁re ceptor ▁ty ros ine ▁kin ases , ▁V EG FR 1 ▁and ▁V EG FR 2 , ▁ ▁which ▁are ▁expressed ▁in ▁neur ons ▁and ▁gli al ▁cells ▁in ▁the ▁brain . ▁Hy po x ia , ▁or ▁in ade qu ate ▁cell ular ▁o xygen ▁supply , ▁strongly ▁up reg ul ates ▁V EG F ▁expression ▁and ▁V EG F ▁ex ert s ▁a ▁ne uro prote ct ive ▁effect ▁in ▁hy po xic ▁neur ons . ▁Like ▁ ▁and ▁, ▁aer ob ic ▁exercise ▁has ▁been ▁shown ▁to ▁increase ▁V EG F ▁b ios yn thesis ▁in ▁peri pher al ▁t issue ▁which ▁subsequently ▁cross es ▁the ▁blood – bra in ▁bar rier ▁and ▁prom otes ▁ne uro gen esis ▁and ▁blood ▁vessel ▁formation ▁in ▁the ▁central ▁nerv ous ▁system . ▁Ex erc ise - indu ced ▁increases ▁in ▁V EG F ▁signal ing ▁have ▁been ▁shown ▁to ▁improve ▁c ere br al ▁blood ▁volume ▁and ▁contribute ▁to ▁exercise - indu ced ▁ne uro gen esis ▁in ▁the ▁hi pp oc amp us . ▁ ▁Short - term ▁effects ▁ ▁Trans ient ▁effects ▁on ▁cogn ition ▁ ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁the ▁persistent ▁effects ▁on ▁cogn ition