▁that ▁def ensive ▁medicine ▁is , ▁on ▁average , ▁harm ful ▁to ▁patients . ▁Mal p ract ice ▁su its ▁are ▁often ▁seen ▁as ▁a ▁mechanism ▁to ▁improve ▁the ▁quality ▁of ▁care , ▁but ▁with ▁custom - based ▁li ability , ▁they ▁actually ▁imp ede ▁the ▁translation ▁of ▁evidence ▁into ▁practice , ▁harm ing ▁patients ▁and ▁decre asing ▁the ▁quality ▁of ▁care . ▁T ort ▁law ▁in ▁many ▁countries ▁and ▁juris dict ions ▁not ▁only ▁disc ou rages ▁but ▁act ively ▁pen al izes ▁phys icians ▁who ▁practice ▁evidence - based ▁medicine . ▁ ▁Similar ▁phen omena ▁outside ▁health care ▁ ▁Def ensive ▁decision ▁making ▁do ▁not ▁only ▁occur ▁in ▁health ▁care ▁but ▁also ▁in ▁business ▁and ▁politics . ▁For ▁instance , ▁man agers ▁of ▁large ▁international ▁companies ▁report ▁making ▁def ensive ▁dec isions ▁in ▁one ▁third ▁to ▁half ▁of ▁all ▁cases , ▁on ▁average . ▁That ▁means , ▁these ▁man agers ▁purs ue ▁options ▁that ▁are ▁second ▁best ▁for ▁their ▁company ▁but ▁protect ▁themselves ▁in ▁case ▁something ▁goes ▁wrong . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : Med ical ▁mal p ract ice ▁Category : He alth ▁law ▁Category : He alth ▁care ▁quality ▁Category : Un necess ary ▁health ▁care <0x0A> </s> ▁Svens ka ▁A ero ▁AB ▁( SA AB ) ▁was ▁a ▁Swedish ▁aircraft ▁manufact urer ▁on ▁H äst hol men ▁in ▁L iding ö . ▁The ▁company ▁was ▁founded ▁September ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 1 9 2 1 , ▁to ▁license ▁build ▁Cas par - W er ke ▁and ▁He