▁further ▁ 1 1 3 ▁cases ▁of ▁par al yt ic ▁pol io ▁and ▁another ▁five ▁death s . ▁It ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁worst ▁ph arma ce ut ical ▁dis aster s ▁in ▁US ▁history . ▁ ▁Later ▁ 2 0 th - century ▁events ▁included ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁broadcast ▁of ▁D PT : ▁V acc ine ▁Rou lette , ▁which ▁spark ed ▁debate ▁over ▁the ▁D PT ▁v acc ine , ▁and ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁publication ▁of ▁a ▁fra ud ul ent ▁academic ▁article ▁by ▁Andrew ▁W ake field ▁which ▁spark ed ▁the ▁M MR ▁v acc ine ▁controvers y . ▁Also ▁recently , ▁the ▁H P V ▁v acc ine ▁has ▁become ▁controvers ial ▁due ▁to ▁concerns ▁that ▁it ▁may ▁encou rage ▁prom is cu ity ▁when ▁given ▁to ▁ 1 1 - ▁and ▁ 1 2 - year - old ▁girls . ▁ ▁Arg uments ▁against ▁v acc ines ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 1 st ▁century ▁are ▁often ▁similar ▁to ▁those ▁of ▁ 1 9 th - century ▁anti - v acc ination ists . ▁ ▁Ep ide mi ology ▁V acc ine ▁hes it ancy ▁is ▁becoming ▁an ▁increasing ▁concern , ▁particularly ▁in ▁industrial ized ▁nations . ▁For ▁example , ▁one ▁study ▁surve ying ▁parents ▁in ▁Europe ▁found ▁that ▁ 1 2 – 2 8 % ▁of ▁survey ed ▁parents ▁expressed ▁doub ts ▁about ▁v acc in ating ▁their ▁children . ▁Several ▁studies ▁have ▁ass essed ▁so cio e conom ic ▁and