▁the ▁outside ▁play ground ▁and ▁garden . ▁ ▁Mat ernal ▁schools ▁() ▁were ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁after ▁State ▁Law ▁n . ▁ 4 4 4 ▁and ▁are ▁a ▁full ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁official ▁Italian ▁education ▁system , ▁though ▁attend ance ▁is ▁not ▁comp uls ory . ▁Like ▁ ▁( n ur ser y ▁schools ), ▁mat ernal ▁schools ▁may ▁be ▁held ▁either ▁by ▁public ▁or ▁private ▁institutions . ▁ ▁Japan ▁ ▁Early ▁child hood ▁education ▁begins ▁at ▁home , ▁and ▁there ▁are ▁numerous ▁books ▁and ▁television ▁shows ▁aim ed ▁at ▁helping ▁moth ers ▁and ▁f athers ▁of ▁pr esch ool ▁children ▁to ▁educ ate ▁their ▁children ▁and ▁to ▁parent ▁more ▁effectively . ▁Much ▁of ▁the ▁home ▁training ▁is ▁devoted ▁to ▁teaching ▁man ners , ▁proper ▁social ▁behavior , ▁and ▁struct ured ▁play , ▁although ▁ver bal ▁and ▁number ▁skills ▁are ▁also ▁popular ▁them es . ▁Par ents ▁are ▁strongly ▁committed ▁to ▁early ▁education ▁and ▁frequently ▁en roll ▁their ▁children ▁in ▁pr esch ools . ▁Kinder gart ens ▁( <0xE5> <0xB9> <0xBC> <0xE7> <0xA8> <0x9A> 園 ▁y ō ch ien ), ▁pre domin antly ▁staff ed ▁by ▁young ▁female ▁junior ▁college ▁gradu ates , ▁are ▁super vised ▁by ▁the ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Education ▁but ▁are ▁not ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁official ▁education ▁system . ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁kind er gart ens , ▁there ▁exists ▁a ▁well - develop ed ▁system ▁of ▁government - super vised ▁nur ser y ▁schools ▁( 保 育 園 ▁ho ik uen ), ▁super vised ▁by ▁the ▁Ministry