▁kinds ▁of ▁popular ▁education , ▁but ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 8 0 s , ▁increased ▁har ass ment ▁from ▁the ▁security ▁forces ▁forced ▁him ▁and ▁his ▁wife ▁to ▁leave ▁South ▁Africa ▁and ▁move ▁first ▁to ▁London , ▁then ▁to ▁L us aka ▁in ▁Z amb ia , ▁where ▁he ▁worked ▁closely ▁with ▁Joe ▁Slo vo ▁for ▁the ▁AN C / S AC P ▁al liance . ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 s , ▁he ▁worked ▁in ▁the ▁S AC P ▁head ▁office ▁in ▁Johannes burg , ▁where ▁he ▁was ▁deput y ▁general ▁secretary ▁of ▁the ▁party . ▁He ▁became ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁parliament ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁His ▁inter views ▁with ▁Hel ena ▁She e han ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁met ▁with ▁a ▁storm ▁of ▁controvers y , ▁because ▁of ▁his ▁left ▁critique ▁of ▁the ▁AN C ▁during ▁the ▁presiden cy ▁of ▁Th ab o ▁M be ki . ▁He ▁was ▁forced ▁to ▁apolog ise ▁to ▁the ▁AN C ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁He ▁delivered ▁the ▁Chris ▁H ani ▁mem orial ▁lecture , ▁titled ▁Why ▁South ▁Africa ▁will ▁never ▁be ▁like ▁Z imb ab we , ▁in ▁Dur ban ▁on ▁ 4 ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁On ▁ 1 0 ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁President ▁Jacob ▁Z uma ▁appointed ▁him ▁Deput y ▁Minister ▁of ▁Transport , ▁and ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁he ▁moved ▁to ▁become ▁Deput y