▁has ▁received ▁criticism ▁for ▁El it ism . ▁ ▁The ▁Marx ists ▁have ▁focused ▁on ▁studies ▁of ▁economic ▁development , ▁land own ership , ▁and ▁class ▁conflict ▁in ▁pre colon ial ▁India ▁and ▁of ▁de indust rial isation ▁during ▁the ▁colonial ▁period . ▁The ▁Marx ists ▁port rayed ▁Gand hi ' s ▁movement ▁as ▁a ▁device ▁of ▁the ▁b our ge ois ▁el ite ▁to ▁har ness ▁popular , ▁potentially ▁revolution ary ▁forces ▁for ▁its ▁own ▁ends . ▁Again , ▁the ▁Marx ists ▁are ▁accused ▁of ▁being ▁" to o ▁much " ▁ide olog ically ▁influenced . ▁ ▁The ▁" sub altern ▁school ", ▁was ▁begun ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁by ▁Ran aj it ▁Gu ha ▁and ▁G yan ▁P rak ash . ▁It ▁focus es ▁attention ▁away ▁from ▁the ▁el ites ▁and ▁polit icians ▁to ▁" history ▁from ▁below ", ▁looking ▁at ▁the ▁pe as ants ▁using ▁fol kl ore , ▁poetry , ▁r idd les , ▁pro ver bs , ▁songs , ▁or al ▁history ▁and ▁methods ▁inspired ▁by ▁anth rop ology . ▁It ▁focus es ▁on ▁the ▁colonial ▁era ▁before ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁and ▁typically ▁emphas ises ▁cas te ▁and ▁down plays ▁class , ▁to ▁the ▁anno y ance ▁of ▁the ▁Marx ist ▁school . ▁ ▁More ▁recently , ▁H indu ▁national ists ▁have ▁created ▁a ▁version ▁of ▁history ▁to ▁support ▁their ▁dem ands ▁for ▁" H ind ut va " ▁(" H ind un ess ") ▁in ▁Indian ▁society . ▁This ▁school ▁of