ing ▁on ▁Karl ▁Pol any i ' s ▁critique ▁of ▁la isse z - f aire ▁theories ▁in ▁The ▁Great ▁Trans formation , ▁argue ▁that ▁Pol any i ' s ▁analysis ▁helps ▁to ▁explain ▁why ▁the ▁rev ival ▁of ▁such ▁ideas ▁has ▁contributed ▁to ▁the ▁" pers istent ▁un emp loyment , ▁w iden ing ▁inequality , ▁and ▁the ▁severe ▁financial ▁cr ises ▁that ▁have ▁str essed ▁Western ▁econom ies ▁over ▁the ▁past ▁forty ▁years ." ▁John ▁Sch mitt ▁and ▁Ben ▁Z i pper er ▁of ▁the ▁Center ▁for ▁Econom ic ▁and ▁Policy ▁Research ▁also ▁point ▁to ▁economic ▁liberal ism ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁causes ▁of ▁income ▁inequality . ▁They ▁note ▁that ▁European ▁nations , ▁in ▁particular ▁the ▁social ▁dem oc ra cies ▁of ▁Northern ▁Europe ▁with ▁extensive ▁and ▁well ▁fund ed ▁w elf are ▁states , ▁have ▁lower ▁levels ▁of ▁income ▁inequality ▁and ▁social ▁ex clusion ▁than ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁C aus es ▁of ▁pover ty ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁ ▁Marg inal ▁re venue ▁product ivity ▁theory ▁of ▁w ages ▁We alth ▁inequality ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Corpor at ocracy # Un ited ▁States ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁▁ ▁We il , ▁David . ▁The ▁F iss ured ▁Work place : ▁Why ▁Work ▁B ec ame ▁So ▁Bad ▁for ▁So ▁Many ▁and ▁What ▁Can ▁Be ▁Done ▁to ▁Im pro ve ▁It . ▁Harvard ▁University ▁Press , ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁C BO - Tr ends ▁in ▁the ▁Distribution ▁of ▁House hold