) ▁result ▁in ▁multiple ▁and ▁mut ually ▁une ven ▁str ands ▁of ▁hierarchy , ▁such ▁as ▁legisl ative , ▁executive ▁and ▁jud icial ▁str ands . ▁In ▁each ▁str and , ▁at ▁every ▁point ▁in ▁the ▁process ▁of ▁norm - cre ation , ▁many ▁types ▁of ▁extra - legal ▁factor ▁may ▁be ▁taken ▁into ▁account — m oral , ▁political , ▁economic ▁and ▁others . ▁K elsen ▁notes ▁that , ▁in ▁this ▁respect , ▁the ▁P ure ▁Theory ▁of ▁Law ▁has ▁an ▁aff inity ▁with ▁American ▁' legal ▁real ism '. ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁same ▁time , ▁the ▁' h ier archy ' ▁model ▁does ▁not ▁readily ▁fit ▁a ▁common - law ▁system . ▁It ▁takes ▁as ▁its ▁parad ig m ▁a ▁single ▁constitution al ▁document ▁under ▁which ▁codes ▁and ▁stat utes ▁are ▁en act ed , ▁with ▁both ▁administration ▁and ▁adj ud ic ation ▁in ▁sub ordinate ▁places . ▁However , ▁at ▁least ▁outside ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁common - law ▁systems ▁are ▁moving ▁in ▁the ▁direction ▁of ▁that ▁parad ig m . ▁The ▁' h ier archy ' ▁model ▁also ▁fits ▁public ▁law ▁more ▁readily ▁than ▁private ▁law . ▁It ▁is ▁difficult ▁to ▁be ▁convinced ▁by ▁K elsen ' s ▁cont ention ▁that , ▁in ▁private ▁transactions , ▁the ▁parties ▁are ▁exer cis ing ▁legal ▁author isation . ▁ ▁Basic ▁norm ▁( G rund norm ) ▁K elsen ▁assumes , ▁however , ▁that ▁the ▁scientific ▁representation ▁of ▁a ▁positive - legal ▁order , ▁as ▁a ▁hierarchy ▁of ▁legal ▁propos itions ,