▁Minister ▁of ▁Foreign ▁Affairs ▁of ▁Al ger ia ▁from ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁to ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁and ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁Constitution al ▁Council ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁to ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁professor ▁of ▁letters ▁and ▁human ▁sciences ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Al gi ers . ▁ ▁Career ▁ ▁Born ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 0 ▁in ▁El ▁Bay ad h , ▁he ▁joined ▁the ▁ma quis ▁in ▁early ▁ 1 9 5 7 ▁and ▁occupied ▁important ▁functions ▁in ▁the ▁ranks ▁of ▁the ▁armed ▁revolution . ▁He ▁was ▁among ▁the ▁found ers ▁of ▁the ▁Al ger ian ▁secret ▁services , ▁led ▁the ▁section ▁of ▁esp ion age ▁based ▁in ▁Tri pol i , ▁and ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁general ▁secret ariat ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Council ▁of ▁the ▁Al ger ian ▁Revolution ▁from ▁ 1 9 5 9 ▁to ▁ 1 9 6 2 . ▁ ▁After ▁independence , ▁he ▁served ▁as ▁amb assador ▁in ▁several ▁European ▁and ▁Arab ▁capit als ▁( B ern , ▁the ▁V at ican , ▁C airo , ▁K uw ait ▁City , ▁Rab at ). ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 1 , ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁as ▁Secretary - General ▁of ▁the ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Foreign ▁Affairs . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 9 , ▁he ▁joined ▁the ▁government ▁and ▁held ▁several ▁minister ial ▁positions . ▁He ▁was ▁appointed ▁success ively ▁as ▁Minister ▁of ▁Information , ▁Minister ▁of ▁Post ▁and ▁Tele communic ations , ▁Minister ▁of ▁Culture