▁and ▁peri pher al , ▁and ▁its ▁autonom ic ▁and ▁mental ▁functions , ▁including ▁its ▁control ▁of ▁various ▁human ▁and ▁animal ▁behav iors . ▁From ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁he ▁expl ored ▁the ▁existence ▁and ▁the ▁nature ▁of ▁the ▁" self ". ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁Kar cz mar ▁was ▁born ▁on ▁May ▁ 9 , ▁ 1 9 1 7 , ▁in ▁Wars aw , ▁Poland . ▁His ▁parents ▁were ▁Stanis las ▁( S zm aya ) ▁Kar cz mar , ▁a ▁business man , ▁and ▁Hel ena ▁( H end la ) ▁Kar cz mar - B illa uer . ▁He ▁received ▁his ▁primary ▁education ▁at ▁Colleg ium ▁High ▁School , ▁Wars aw , ▁from ▁which ▁he ▁graduated ▁with ▁highest ▁hon ors ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 4 . ▁His ▁subsequent ▁studies ▁in ▁bi ological ▁and ▁medical ▁sciences ▁at ▁the ▁Jó zef ▁Pi ł s ud ski ▁University ▁of ▁Wars aw ▁were ▁interrupted ▁tempor arily ▁by ▁several ▁anti - S emit ic ▁out bur st s ▁and ▁ultimately , ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 9 , ▁by ▁World ▁War ▁II . ▁▁ ▁Kar cz mar ▁was ▁natural ized ▁as ▁an ▁American ▁citiz en ▁in ▁January ▁ 1 9 4 6 . ▁After ▁his ▁em igration ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁he ▁entered ▁Columbia ▁University , ▁New ▁York , ▁Gr adu ate ▁School , ▁where ▁he ▁earned ▁his ▁M . A . ▁degree ▁in ▁zo ology ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁and ▁his ▁Ph . D . ▁degree ▁in