▁the ▁Mig ita – K os ug i – St ille ▁coupling . ▁ ▁St ille ▁subsequently ▁reported ▁the ▁coupling ▁of ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁alk yl ▁tin ▁re ag ents ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁with ▁numerous ▁ar yl ▁and ▁a cy l ▁hal ides ▁under ▁m ild ▁reaction ▁conditions ▁with ▁much ▁better ▁yields ▁( 7 6 % - 9 9 %). ▁ ▁St ille ▁continued ▁his ▁work ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁on ▁the ▁synth esis ▁of ▁a ▁mult itude ▁of ▁k et ones ▁using ▁this ▁broad ▁and ▁m ild ▁process ▁and ▁el uc id ated ▁a ▁mechanism ▁for ▁this ▁transformation . ▁ ▁By ▁the ▁mid - 1 9 8 0 s , ▁over ▁ 6 5 ▁papers ▁on ▁the ▁topic ▁of ▁coupling ▁re actions ▁involving ▁tin ▁had ▁been ▁published , ▁continu ing ▁to ▁explore ▁the ▁substr ate ▁scope ▁of ▁this ▁reaction . ▁ ▁While ▁initial ▁research ▁in ▁the ▁field ▁focused ▁on ▁the ▁coupling ▁of ▁alk yl ▁groups , ▁most ▁future ▁work ▁involved ▁the ▁much ▁more ▁synth et ically ▁useful ▁coupling ▁of ▁vin yl , ▁al ken yl , ▁ar yl , ▁and ▁al ly l ▁organ ost ann anes ▁to ▁hal ides . ▁ ▁Due ▁to ▁these ▁organ ot in ▁re agent ' s ▁stability ▁to ▁air ▁and ▁their ▁ease ▁of ▁synth esis , ▁the ▁St ille ▁reaction ▁became ▁common ▁in ▁organ ic ▁synth esis . ▁ ▁Mechan ism ▁The ▁mechanism ▁of ▁the ▁St ille ▁reaction ▁has ▁been ▁extens ively ▁studied . ▁ ▁The ▁catal yt ic