▁independence ▁on ▁ 1 ▁January ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁with ▁A hm ad ou ▁Ah id jo ▁its ▁president . ▁Under ▁his ▁rule , ▁SO DE C OT ON ▁was ▁set ▁up , ▁as ▁was ▁the ▁Société ▁de ▁Dé vel opp ement ▁et ▁d ' Exp lo itation ▁des ▁Production ▁Anim ales ▁( SO DE PA ) ▁set ▁up ▁to ▁improve ▁ran ch ing ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 4 . ▁Another ▁was ▁SE M RY ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 1 . ▁Upon ▁Paul ▁Bi ya ' s ▁acc ession ▁to ▁the ▁presiden cy , ▁M ous sa ▁Y aya ▁was ▁accused ▁of ▁stir ring ▁up ▁the ▁l am idos ▁against ▁him . ▁The ▁U ND P ▁is ▁a ▁Ful ani - based ▁party , ▁but ▁the ▁CP DM ▁is ▁careful ▁to ▁support ▁their ▁interests . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 3 , ▁the ▁Grand ▁North ▁was ▁split ▁into ▁three ▁provinces . ▁ ▁Border ▁areas ▁of ▁the ▁Far ▁North ▁have ▁been ▁affected ▁by ▁the ▁B oko ▁Har am ▁ins ur gency ▁sp illing ▁into ▁Cam ero on ▁from ▁neighbor ing ▁Niger ia , ▁resulting ▁in ▁the ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Cam ero on ▁cl ash es . ▁In ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁many ▁schools ▁in ▁the ▁Far ▁North ▁did ▁not ▁re - open ▁after ▁the ▁Christmas ▁vac ation , ▁and ▁it ▁was ▁reported ▁that ▁" Th ous ands ▁of ▁teachers , ▁students ▁and ▁pup ils ▁have ▁fled ▁schools ▁located ▁along ▁the ▁border ▁due ▁to ▁blo ody