▁the ▁whole ▁region ▁under ▁one ▁r uler ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁since ▁the ▁reign ▁of ▁the ▁Abb as id ▁cal i ph s ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 0 th ▁century , ▁and ▁they ▁kept ▁control ▁of ▁it ▁for ▁ 4 0 0 ▁years , ▁despite ▁brief ▁inter m issions ▁created ▁by ▁the ▁Iran ian ▁Saf av ids ▁and ▁Af sh ar ids . ▁By ▁this ▁time ▁the ▁Ott om ans ▁also ▁held ▁Greece , ▁the ▁B alk ans , ▁and ▁most ▁of ▁Hung ary , ▁setting ▁the ▁new ▁front ier ▁between ▁east ▁and ▁west ▁far ▁to ▁the ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁Dan ube . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁west , ▁Europe ▁was ▁rapidly ▁expand ing , ▁dem ograph ically , ▁econom ically , ▁and ▁cult ur ally . ▁By ▁ 1 7 0 0 , ▁the ▁Ott om ans ▁had ▁been ▁driven ▁out ▁of ▁Hung ary . ▁Although ▁some ▁areas ▁of ▁Ott oman ▁Europe , ▁such ▁as ▁Alban ia ▁and ▁Bos nia , ▁saw ▁many ▁convers ions ▁to ▁Islam , ▁the ▁area ▁was ▁never ▁cult ur ally ▁absor bed ▁into ▁the ▁Muslim ▁world . ▁From ▁ 1 7 6 8 ▁to ▁ 1 9 1 8 , ▁the ▁Ott om ans ▁gradually ▁lost ▁territory . ▁By ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century , ▁Europe ▁had ▁over t aken ▁the ▁Muslim ▁world ▁in ▁wealth , ▁population , ▁and — most ▁important ly — techn ology . ▁The ▁industrial ▁revolution ▁fue led ▁a ▁bo om ▁that ▁laid ▁the ▁found ations ▁for ▁the ▁growth ▁of ▁capital ism .