▁ ▁" stone ", ▁ ▁" history ", ▁ ▁" te acher ", ▁ ▁" time ", ▁or ▁ ▁" sch olar " ▁– ▁but ▁hardly ▁ever ▁written ▁sh i ▁ ▁" cor pse ; ▁cer emon ial ▁' person ator ' ▁of ▁a ▁dead ▁person ". ▁Besides ▁Sh i ▁J iao , ▁there ▁are ▁few ▁examples ▁other ▁than ▁Sh i ▁Cong ▁ ▁and ▁Sh i ▁Bo ▁, ▁who ▁served ▁Y ong le ▁Emperor ▁( r . ▁ 1 4 0 2 – 1 4 2 4 ) ▁( H any u ▁Da ▁Z id ian ▁ 1 9 8 4 : 9 6 4 ). ▁The ▁given ▁name ▁J iao ▁or ▁X iao ▁ ▁can ▁be ▁pron ounced ▁ji ǎ o ▁" hand some ; ▁beautiful ; ▁excellent ", ▁ji ā o ▁" associ ate ; ▁have ▁inter course ▁with ", ▁or ▁x i á o ▁" im itate ; ▁false ". ▁Although ▁Tang ▁dynast y ▁scholar ▁S ima ▁Z hen ▁first ▁noted ▁the ▁ji ǎ o ▁ ▁in ▁Sh i ▁J iao ▁was ▁pron ounced ▁like ▁ji ǎ o ▁ ▁" tw isted " ▁( F ischer ▁ 2 0 1 2 : 3 3 8 0 ), ▁some ▁sources ▁( e . g ., ▁Make ham ▁ 1 9 9 4 : 2 6 3 ) ▁miss p ell ▁his ▁name ▁as ▁" Sh i ▁X iao ". ▁ ▁Text ual ▁history ▁The ▁Sh izi ▁has ▁had ▁a ▁long ▁and ▁dynamic ▁history . ▁The ▁twenty - chapter ▁text ▁was ▁written