▁criminal ▁off ense . ▁ ▁Article ▁ 4 1 6 ▁of ▁the ▁Italian ▁Pen al ▁Code ▁that ▁has ▁its ▁orig ins ▁in ▁the ▁fasc ist ▁period ▁( 1 9 3 0 ), ▁defined ▁simple ▁organized ▁crime ▁on ▁the ▁basis ▁of ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁three ▁elements : ▁the ▁associ ative ▁bond , ▁the ▁organized ▁structure , ▁the ▁criminal ▁program . ▁Organ ized ▁crime ▁of ▁the ▁ma f ia - type ▁presents ▁additional ▁specific ▁characteristics : ▁the ▁associ ative ▁bond ▁has ▁such ▁an ▁int im id ating ▁capacity ▁to ▁cause ▁sub jection ▁and ▁om ert à . ▁It ▁is ▁at ▁such ▁a ▁level ▁that ▁it ▁may ▁be ▁considered ▁a ▁system , ▁an ▁absolute ▁rule ▁of ▁ob ed ience ▁and ▁a ▁law ▁of ▁silence ▁that ▁first ▁of ▁all ▁dem ands , ▁from ▁the ▁entire ▁population , ▁the ▁ref us al ▁to ▁collabor ate ▁with ▁law ▁enfor cement . ▁An ▁actual ▁submission ▁to ▁the ▁power ▁of ▁the ▁ma f ia . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁article ▁ 4 1 6 ▁bis , ▁introduced ▁by ▁the ▁new ▁law : ▁The ▁organization ▁is ▁of ▁the ▁ma f ia - type ▁when ▁its ▁components ▁use ▁int im id ation , ▁sub jection ▁and , ▁consequ entially , ▁silence ▁( om ert à ), ▁to ▁commit ▁cr imes , ▁directly ▁or ▁indirect ly ▁ac quire ▁the ▁management ▁or ▁the ▁control ▁of ▁business es , ▁con cess ions , ▁author izations , ▁public ▁contract s ▁and ▁public ▁services ▁to ▁obtain ▁either ▁un just ▁prof its ▁or ▁advantages ▁for ▁themselves ▁or ▁others . ▁