0 1 5 , ▁requires ▁U . S . ▁G - SI B s ▁to ▁hold ▁additional ▁capital ▁( Common ▁Equ ity ▁Tier ▁ 1 ▁( C ET 1 ) ▁as ▁a ▁percentage ▁of ▁R isk ▁We ight ed ▁As sets ▁( R WA )) ▁equal ▁to ▁the ▁greater ▁of ▁the ▁amount ▁calculated ▁under ▁two ▁methods . ▁The ▁first ▁method ▁is ▁consistent ▁with ▁BC BS ’ s ▁framework , ▁and ▁calcul ates ▁the ▁amount ▁of ▁extra ▁capital ▁to ▁be ▁held ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁G - SI B ’ s ▁size , ▁inter connected ness , ▁cross - j ur is dict ional ▁activity , ▁subst itut ability , ▁and ▁complexity . ▁The ▁second ▁method ▁is ▁introduced ▁by ▁the ▁U . S . ▁proposal , ▁and ▁uses ▁similar ▁inputs ▁but ▁rep laces ▁the ▁subst itut ability ▁element ▁with ▁a ▁measure ▁based ▁on ▁a ▁G - SI B ’ s ▁reli ance ▁on ▁short - term ▁wh oles ale ▁fund ing ▁( ST WF ). ▁ ▁Market - based ▁bank ▁capital ▁reg ulation ▁ER N s ▁Str ess ▁testing ▁has ▁limited ▁effect iveness ▁in ▁risk ▁management . ▁D ex ia ▁passed ▁the ▁European ▁stress ▁tests ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁Two ▁months ▁later ▁it ▁requested ▁a ▁€ 9 0 ▁billion ▁b ail out ▁guarantee . ▁Gold field , ▁a ▁former ▁Senior ▁Part ner ▁of ▁Gold man ▁Sach s ▁and ▁Econom ics ▁Prof ess ors , ▁Jer emy ▁Bul ow ▁at ▁Stan ford ▁and ▁Paul ▁K lem per er ▁at ▁Oxford , ▁argue ▁that