, ▁We h ler ▁critic izes ▁Fou ca ult ' s ▁" fran c oc entr ism " ▁because ▁he ▁did ▁not ▁take ▁into ▁consideration ▁major ▁German - spe aking ▁the or ists ▁of ▁social ▁sciences ▁like ▁Max ▁We ber ▁and ▁Nor bert ▁E lias . ▁In ▁all , ▁We h ler ▁con cludes ▁that ▁Fou ca ult ▁is ▁" because ▁of ▁the ▁end less ▁series ▁of ▁fla ws ▁in ▁his ▁so - called ▁empir ical ▁studies ▁... ▁an ▁intellect ually ▁d ish on est , ▁empir ically ▁absolutely ▁un re li able , ▁c rypto - norm ativ ist ▁sed uc er ▁of ▁Post mod ern ism ". ▁ ▁Fem in ist ▁crit iques ▁Though ▁American ▁femin ists ▁have ▁built ▁on ▁Fou ca ult ' s ▁crit iques ▁of ▁the ▁historical ▁construction ▁of ▁gender ▁roles ▁and ▁sexual ity , ▁some ▁femin ists ▁note ▁the ▁limitations ▁of ▁the ▁mascul in ist ▁subject ivity ▁and ▁eth ical ▁orientation ▁that ▁he ▁describes . ▁ ▁Sex ual ity ▁The ▁phil os opher ▁Roger ▁Sc rut on ▁arg ues ▁in ▁Sex ual ▁Des ire ▁( 1 9 8 6 ) ▁that ▁Fou ca ult ▁was ▁incorrect ▁to ▁claim , ▁in ▁The ▁History ▁of ▁Sex ual ity , ▁that ▁sexual ▁mor ality ▁is ▁cult ur ally ▁relative . ▁He ▁critic izes ▁Fou ca ult ▁for ▁assuming ▁that ▁there ▁could ▁be ▁soci eties ▁in ▁which ▁a ▁" problem at isation " ▁of ▁the ▁sexual ▁did ▁not ▁occur , ▁con cluding ▁that , ▁" No ▁history ▁of ▁thought ▁could ▁show