▁and ▁P . ▁fal ci par um ), ▁the ▁preference ▁for ▁development ▁in ▁older ▁er yth ro cy tes ▁and ▁the ▁resulting ▁earlier ▁development ▁of ▁imm unity ▁by ▁the ▁human ▁host . ▁Another ▁defining ▁feature ▁of ▁P . ▁mal aria e ▁is ▁that ▁the ▁fe ver ▁manifest ations ▁of ▁the ▁par as ite ▁are ▁more ▁moder ate ▁relative ▁to ▁those ▁of ▁P . ▁fal ci par um ▁and ▁P . ▁viv ax ▁and ▁fe vers ▁show ▁quart an ▁period icity . ▁Al ong ▁with ▁b outs ▁of ▁fe ver ▁and ▁more ▁general ▁clin ical ▁sympt oms ▁such ▁as ▁ch ills ▁and ▁n ause a , ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁ed ema ▁and ▁the ▁ne ph rot ic ▁synd rome ▁has ▁been ▁documented ▁with ▁some ▁P . ▁mal aria e ▁in fe ctions . ▁It ▁has ▁been ▁suggested ▁that ▁imm une ▁complex es ▁may ▁cause ▁struct ural ▁gl omer ular ▁damage ▁and ▁that ▁ren al ▁disease ▁may ▁also ▁occur . ▁Although ▁P . ▁mal aria e ▁alone ▁has ▁a ▁low ▁mor bid ity ▁rate , ▁it ▁does ▁contribute ▁to ▁the ▁total ▁mor bid ity ▁caused ▁by ▁all ▁Pl as mod ium ▁species , ▁as ▁manif ested ▁in ▁the ▁inc id ences ▁of ▁an emia , ▁low ▁birth ▁rate ▁and ▁reduced ▁resistance ▁to ▁other ▁in fe ctions . ▁ ▁Due ▁to ▁a ▁similarity ▁in ▁the ▁appearances ▁of ▁the ▁path og ens , ▁P . ▁know les i ▁in fe ctions ▁are ▁often ▁mis di agn osed ▁as ▁P . ▁mal aria e ▁in fe ctions .