▁the ▁right ▁to ▁particip ate ▁in ▁the ▁administration ▁of ▁the ▁island , ▁since ▁all ▁powers ▁were ▁reserved ▁to ▁the ▁High ▁Commission er ▁and ▁to ▁London . ▁ ▁Meanwhile , ▁the ▁fall ▁of ▁the ▁Ott om ans ▁and ▁the ▁partition ing ▁of ▁An atol ia ▁by ▁the ▁Al lies ▁led ▁to ▁resistance ▁by ▁the ▁Turkish ▁population , ▁under ▁the ▁Turkish ▁National ▁Mov ement ▁led ▁by ▁Must af a ▁K em al ▁At at ür k , ▁the ▁Turkish ▁victory ▁against ▁the ▁inv ading ▁powers ▁during ▁the ▁Turkish ▁War ▁of ▁Independ ence , ▁and ▁the ▁found ing ▁of ▁the ▁modern ▁Republic ▁of ▁Turkey ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 3 . ▁As ▁the ▁first ▁President ▁of ▁Turkey , ▁At at ür k ▁emb ark ed ▁on ▁a ▁program ▁of ▁modern isation ▁and ▁sec ular isation . ▁He ▁abol ished ▁the ▁cal i ph ate , ▁em an cip ated ▁women , ▁enfor ced ▁western ▁dress ▁and ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁a ▁new ▁Turkish ▁alphabet ▁based ▁on ▁Latin ▁script ▁in ▁place ▁of ▁the ▁Arab ic ▁alphabet , ▁and ▁abol ished ▁the ▁juris diction ▁of ▁the ▁Islam ic ▁courts . ▁In ▁effect , ▁Turkey , ▁having ▁given ▁up ▁rule ▁over ▁the ▁Arab ▁world , ▁was ▁now ▁determined ▁to ▁se ced e ▁from ▁the ▁Middle ▁East ▁and ▁become ▁cult ur ally ▁part ▁of ▁Europe . ▁ ▁Another ▁turning ▁point ▁came ▁when ▁oil ▁was ▁discovered , ▁first ▁in ▁Pers ia ▁( 1 9 0 8 ) ▁and ▁later ▁in ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia ▁( 1 9 3 8 ) ▁as ▁well