le ▁Min ck , ▁Louise ▁Michel , ▁El iska ▁Vincent , ▁É lie ▁Rec lus ▁and ▁his ▁wife ▁No ém ie , ▁M me ▁Jules ▁Simon ▁and ▁Caroline ▁de ▁Bar ra u . ▁Maria ▁D era ism es ▁also ▁participated . ▁Because ▁of ▁the ▁broad ▁range ▁of ▁opinions , ▁the ▁group ▁decided ▁to ▁focus ▁on ▁the ▁subject ▁of ▁impro ving ▁girls ' ▁education . ▁Caroline ▁de ▁Bar ra u ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Association ▁internationale ▁des ▁femmes ▁( A IF ) ▁formed ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 8 . ▁By ▁ 1 8 7 2 ▁the ▁A IF ▁was ▁viewed ▁with ▁susp icion , ▁since ▁the ▁word ▁" Intern ational " ▁was ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁Paris ▁Comm une , ▁and ▁was ▁divided ▁over ▁the ▁leadership ▁of ▁Marie ▁Go eg g . ▁In ▁June ▁ 1 8 7 2 ▁Caroline ▁de ▁Bar ra u ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁sign ator ies ▁of ▁a ▁commun iqu é ▁calling ▁for ▁a ▁meeting ▁at ▁the ▁home ▁of ▁Jul ie ▁von ▁May ▁von ▁R ued ▁in ▁Bern ▁to ▁organ ize ▁a ▁new ▁association ▁called ▁Sol id ar ité : ▁Association ▁pour ▁la ▁déf ense ▁des ▁dro its ▁de ▁la ▁femme ▁( Sol id ar ity : ▁Association ▁for ▁the ▁Def ense ▁of ▁Women ' s ▁Rights ). ▁Other ▁sign ator ies ▁included ▁Joseph ine ▁Butler , ▁Christ ine ▁L azz ati , ▁Ros al ie ▁Schön w asser , ▁Marian ne ▁M enz zer ▁and ▁Jul ie ▁K üh ne . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁ 1 8