▁Ott oman ▁royal ty ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁women ▁of ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire <0x0A> </s> ▁Pan ▁T ade usz : ▁The ▁Last ▁For ay ▁in ▁Lith u ania ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁Polish ▁film ▁directed ▁by ▁And r zej ▁W aj da . ▁It ▁is ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁e pon ym ous ▁ep ic ▁poem ▁by ▁Polish ▁poet , ▁writer ▁and ▁phil os opher ▁Adam ▁M ick iew icz ▁( 1 7 9 8 – 1 8 5 5 ). ▁As ▁in ▁the ▁poem , ▁conflict ▁between ▁the ▁S op lica ▁and ▁H ores z ko ▁families ▁serves ▁as ▁a ▁back drop ▁for ▁discussion ▁of ▁issues ▁of ▁Polish ▁national ▁unity ▁and ▁the ▁struggle ▁for ▁independence . ▁ ▁Historical ▁background ▁For ▁ 4 0 0 ▁years , ▁Lith u ania ▁and ▁Poland ▁were ▁un ited ▁in ▁the ▁Polish – L ith uan ian ▁Commonwealth , ▁until ▁Poland ▁was ▁partition ed ▁in ▁ 1 7 9 5 ▁by ▁three ▁nations ▁at ▁its ▁borders : ▁the ▁Russian ▁Empire , ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Pr uss ia , ▁and ▁the ▁H abs burg ▁Mon archy ▁( see ▁Part itions ▁of ▁Poland ). ▁At ▁that ▁point ▁Poland , ▁a ▁formerly ▁powerful ▁state , ▁simply ▁ceased ▁to ▁exist . ▁Yet ▁one ▁hope ▁remained ▁for ▁the ▁patri otic ▁Pol es ▁year ning ▁for ▁aut onomy ▁– ▁the ▁First ▁French ▁Empire . ▁Napoleon ▁promised ▁to ▁restore ▁the ▁Polish ▁hom eland ▁if ▁Pol es , ▁in ▁turn , ▁helped ▁him ▁defeat ▁the ▁Russian ▁Empire . ▁Th