▁the ▁Lower ▁Pale ol ith ic ▁period , ▁Ne ander th als ▁first ▁entered ▁the ▁I ber ian ▁Pen ins ula . ▁Ar ound ▁ 7 0 , 0 0 0 ▁B P , ▁during ▁the ▁Middle ▁Pale ol ith ic ▁period , ▁the ▁last ▁gla cial ▁event ▁began ▁and ▁the ▁Ne ander th al ▁Mou ster ian ▁culture ▁was ▁established . ▁Ar ound ▁ 3 7 , 0 0 0 ▁B P , ▁during ▁the ▁Upper ▁Pale ol ith ic , ▁the ▁Ne ander th al ▁Ch ât el per ron ian ▁cultural ▁period ▁began . ▁E man ating ▁from ▁Southern ▁France , ▁this ▁culture ▁extended ▁into ▁the ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁pen ins ula . ▁It ▁continued ▁to ▁exist ▁until ▁around ▁ 3 0 , 0 0 0 ▁B P , ▁when ▁Ne ander th al ▁man ▁faced ▁ext inction . ▁ ▁About ▁ 4 0 , 0 0 0 ▁years ▁ago , ▁an atom ically ▁modern ▁humans ▁entered ▁the ▁I ber ian ▁Pen ins ula ▁from ▁Southern ▁France . ▁Here , ▁this ▁gen et ically ▁hom ogeneous ▁population ▁( character ized ▁by ▁the ▁M 1 7 3 ▁mut ation ▁in ▁the ▁Y ▁chrom os ome ), ▁developed ▁the ▁M 3 4 3 ▁mut ation , ▁giving ▁rise ▁to ▁H ap lo group ▁R 1 b , ▁still ▁the ▁most ▁common ▁in ▁modern ▁Portuguese ▁and ▁Spanish ▁males . ▁ ▁On ▁the ▁I ber ian ▁Pen ins ula , ▁modern ▁humans ▁developed ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁different ▁cult ures , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Aur