▁simply ▁false . ▁ ▁The ▁author ▁crit iques ▁O ' Con nor ▁and ▁disco vers ▁the ▁par ado x ▁as ▁we ▁know ▁it ▁today . ▁ ▁The ▁author ▁claims ▁that ▁the ▁prisoner ' s ▁prem ises ▁are ▁self - refer ring . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁complete ▁formal ization ▁of ▁the ▁par ado x , ▁and ▁a ▁proposed ▁solution ▁to ▁it . ▁ ▁A ▁history ▁and ▁bibli ography ▁of ▁writ ings ▁on ▁the ▁par ado x ▁up ▁to ▁ 1 9 8 3 . ▁ ▁The ▁author ▁claims ▁that ▁the ▁prisoner ▁assumes , ▁f als ely , ▁that ▁if ▁he ▁knows ▁some ▁proposition , ▁then ▁he ▁also ▁knows ▁that ▁he ▁knows ▁it . ▁ ▁The ▁author ▁def ends ▁and ▁extends ▁Wright ▁and ▁Sud bury ' s ▁solution . ▁He ▁also ▁updates ▁the ▁history ▁and ▁bibli ography ▁of ▁Marg al it ▁and ▁Bar - H ille l ▁up ▁to ▁ 1 9 9 1 . ▁ ▁English ▁translation .</ small > ▁ ▁Comple t ely ▁analy zes ▁the ▁par ado x ▁and ▁introdu ces ▁other ▁situations ▁with ▁similar ▁logic . ▁ ▁</ small > ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁" The ▁Sur prise ▁Ex am ination ▁Par ado x ▁and ▁the ▁Second ▁In comple ten ess ▁Theorem " ▁by ▁Sh ira ▁Krit ch man ▁and ▁Ran ▁Raz , ▁at ▁am s . org ▁" The ▁Sur prise ▁Ex am ination ▁Par ado x : ▁A ▁review ▁of ▁two ▁so - called ▁solutions ▁in ▁dynamic ▁ep ist em ic ▁logic " ▁by ▁Alexand ru ▁Marco ci , ▁at