der ▁between ▁the ▁two ▁co pper ▁layers . ▁ ▁Th in - film ▁therm oe lect ric ▁technology ▁Th in ▁films ▁are ▁thin ▁material ▁layers ▁r anging ▁from ▁fra ctions ▁of ▁a ▁nan ometer ▁to ▁several ▁mic rom eters ▁in ▁thick ness . ▁Th in - film ▁therm oe lect ric ▁materials ▁are ▁grown ▁by ▁conventional ▁sem icon duct or ▁de position ▁methods ▁and ▁fabric ated ▁using ▁conventional ▁sem icon duct or ▁micro - fab ric ation ▁techniques . ▁ ▁Th in - film ▁therm oe lect rics ▁have ▁been ▁demonstrated ▁to ▁provide ▁high ▁heat ▁p ump ing ▁capacity ▁that ▁far ▁exceed s ▁the ▁capac ities ▁provided ▁by ▁traditional ▁bulk ▁pel let ▁TE ▁products . ▁ ▁The ▁benefit ▁of ▁thin - fil ms ▁versus ▁bulk ▁materials ▁for ▁therm oe lect ric ▁manufact uring ▁is ▁expressed ▁in ▁Equ ation ▁ 1 . ▁ ▁Here ▁the ▁Q max ▁( maxim um ▁heat ▁p ump ed ▁by ▁a ▁module ) ▁is ▁shown ▁to ▁be ▁in vers ely ▁proportional ▁to ▁the ▁thick ness ▁of ▁the ▁film , ▁L . ▁ ▁  ▁  ▁  ▁  ▁  Eq . ▁ 1 ▁ ▁As ▁such , ▁TE ▁cool ers ▁manufact ured ▁with ▁thin - fil ms ▁can ▁easily ▁have ▁ 1 0 x ▁– ▁ 2 0 x ▁higher ▁Q max ▁values ▁for ▁a ▁given ▁active ▁area ▁A . ▁This ▁makes ▁thin - film ▁T EC s ▁ide ally ▁su ited ▁for ▁applications ▁involving ▁high ▁heat - fl ux ▁flows . ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁the ▁increased ▁heat ▁p ump ing