- pres erved ▁version ▁was ▁discovered ▁among ▁a ▁collection ▁of ▁pal m ▁leaf ▁manuscript s ▁in ▁Od ish a ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 7 . ▁ ▁The ▁Ath ar v av eda ▁is ▁sometimes ▁called ▁the ▁" V eda ▁of ▁mag ical ▁formulas ", ▁an ▁ep ith et ▁declared ▁to ▁be ▁incorrect ▁by ▁other ▁sch ol ars . ▁ ▁In ▁contrast ▁to ▁the ▁' h ier atic ▁religion ' ▁of ▁the ▁other ▁three ▁V ed as , ▁the ▁Ath ar v av eda ▁is ▁said ▁to ▁represent ▁a ▁' pop ular ▁religion ', ▁incorpor ating ▁not ▁only ▁ ▁formulas ▁for ▁magic , ▁but ▁also ▁the ▁daily ▁rit uals ▁for ▁init iation ▁into ▁learning ▁( up an ay ana ), ▁marriage ▁and ▁fun er als . ▁Royal ▁rit uals ▁and ▁the ▁duties ▁of ▁the ▁court ▁pri ests ▁are ▁also ▁included ▁in ▁the ▁Ath ar v av eda . ▁ ▁The ▁Ath ar v av eda ▁was ▁likely ▁compiled ▁as ▁a ▁V eda ▁contempor ane ously ▁with ▁Sam av eda ▁and ▁Y aj ur ved a , ▁or ▁about ▁ 1 2 0 0 ▁BC ▁- ▁ 1 0 0 0 ▁BC . ▁Al ong ▁with ▁the ▁Sam h ita ▁layer ▁of ▁text , ▁the ▁Ath ar v av eda ▁includes ▁a ▁Bra h mana ▁text , ▁and ▁a ▁final ▁layer ▁of ▁the ▁text ▁that ▁covers ▁philosoph ical ▁spec ulations . ▁The ▁latter ▁layer ▁of ▁Ath ar v av eda ▁text ▁includes ▁three ▁primary ▁Up an ish ads , ▁influ ential ▁to ▁various ▁schools