– 1 9 3 1 ). ▁ ▁A ▁civil ▁law ▁not ary ▁Manuel ▁A za ña ▁and ▁a ▁special ist ▁in ▁Chem istry , ▁Prof . ▁of ▁Chem istry ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Sal aman ca ▁José ▁G iral ▁were ▁found ing ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁group ▁Republican ▁Action ▁Spain ▁from ▁the ▁P act ▁of ▁San ▁Sebast i án . ▁ ▁While ▁Infantry ▁officers ▁won ▁quick ▁prom ot ions ▁to ▁General ▁through ▁the ▁Mor oc co ▁actions ▁and ▁arist ocr atic ▁Caval ry ▁Offic ers ▁also ▁progress ed ▁fairly ▁rapidly , ▁Engineering ▁and ▁Art illery ▁Offic ers ▁did ▁not ▁fl our ish . ▁Str ong ▁t ensions , ▁emer ged ▁between ▁the ▁groups . ▁ ▁Minister ▁of ▁War ▁Manuel ▁A za ña ▁closed ▁access ▁to ▁the ▁General ▁Military ▁Academy ▁at ▁Zar ago za ▁on ▁ 3 0 ▁June ▁ 1 9 3 1 . ▁The ▁Director ▁of ▁the ▁Institution ▁at ▁this ▁time ▁was ▁" A fr ican ist " ▁ ▁General ▁Francisco ▁Franco . ▁The ▁r uling ▁military ▁was ▁critical ▁of ▁this ▁decision . ▁ ▁References ▁▁▁ ▁B . ▁H . ▁L idd ell ▁Hart , ▁ ▁The ▁Other ▁Side ▁of ▁the ▁Hill . ▁Germany ' s ▁Gener als . ▁Their ▁R ise ▁and ▁Fall , ▁with ▁their ▁own ▁Account ▁of ▁Military ▁Events ▁ 1 9 3 9 – 1 9 4 5 , ▁London : ▁Cass el , ▁ 1 9 4 8 ; ▁en larg ed ▁and ▁re vised ▁edition , ▁Del hi : ▁Army ▁Publish ers , ▁ 1 9