▁order ▁for ▁each ▁be e : ▁the ▁CS + , ▁the ▁CS − , ▁and ▁three ▁novel ▁od ours ▁composed ▁of ▁r ati os ▁intermediate ▁between ▁the ▁two ▁learned ▁mi xt ures . ▁Sh aken ▁h oney be es ▁were ▁more ▁likely ▁to ▁with hold ▁their ▁mouth parts ▁from ▁the ▁CS − ▁and ▁from ▁the ▁most ▁similar ▁novel ▁od our . ▁Therefore , ▁ag itated ▁h oney be es ▁display ▁an ▁increased ▁expectation ▁of ▁bad ▁out comes ▁similar ▁to ▁a ▁verte br ate - like ▁emot ional ▁state . ▁ ▁The ▁research ers ▁of ▁the ▁study ▁stated ▁that , ▁" Al though ▁our ▁results ▁do ▁not ▁allow ▁us ▁to ▁make ▁any ▁claims ▁about ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁negative ▁subject ive ▁feelings ▁in ▁h oney be es , ▁they ▁call ▁into ▁question ▁how ▁we ▁identify ▁emot ions ▁in ▁any ▁non - human ▁animal . ▁It ▁is ▁log ically ▁incons istent ▁to ▁claim ▁that ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁p ess im istic ▁cogn itive ▁bi ases ▁should ▁be ▁taken ▁as ▁confirm ation ▁that ▁dogs ▁or ▁r ats ▁are ▁anxious ▁but ▁to ▁den y ▁the ▁same ▁conclusion ▁in ▁the ▁case ▁of ▁h oney be es ." ▁ ▁C ray fish ▁ ▁C ray fish ▁naturally ▁explore ▁new ▁environments ▁but ▁display ▁a ▁general ▁preference ▁for ▁dark ▁places . ▁A ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁study ▁on ▁the ▁fresh water ▁c ray fish ▁Pro c amb arus ▁cl ark ii ▁tested ▁their ▁responses ▁in ▁a ▁fear ▁parad ig m , ▁the ▁elev ated ▁plus ▁ma ze ▁in ▁which ▁animals ▁choose