▁the ▁fe es ▁generated ▁by ▁radi ology ▁equipment — and ▁can ▁self - refer — the ir ▁use ▁of ▁imag ing ▁is ▁unnecess arily ▁higher . ▁The ▁majority ▁of ▁U . S . ▁growth ▁in ▁imag ing ▁use ▁( the ▁fast est - g row ing ▁phys ician ▁service ) ▁comes ▁from ▁self - refer ring ▁non rad i olog ists . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁this ▁over use ▁was ▁estimated ▁to ▁contribute ▁to ▁$ 1 6   b ill ion ▁of ▁annual ▁U . S . ▁health ▁care ▁costs . ▁ ▁As ▁of ▁a ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁review ▁evidence ▁of ▁over tre at ment ▁over med ical ization , ▁and ▁over di agn osis ▁in ▁Ped iat rics ▁have ▁been ▁use ▁of ▁commercial ▁re h yd r ation ▁solution , ▁ant ide press ants , ▁and ▁parent eral ▁nut r ition ; ▁over med ical ization ▁with ▁planned ▁early ▁deliver ies , ▁imm obil ization ▁of ▁an k le ▁inj uries , ▁use ▁of ▁hydro ly zed ▁infant ▁formula ; ▁and ▁over di agn osis ▁of ▁hy po x emia ▁among ▁children ▁recover ing ▁from ▁bron chi ol itis . ▁ ▁O thers ▁ ▁Hospital izations ▁for ▁those ▁with ▁chron ic ▁conditions ▁who ▁could ▁be ▁treated ▁as ▁out pat ients ▁Sur ger ies ▁in ▁Medic are ▁patients ▁in ▁their ▁last ▁year ▁of ▁life ; ▁regions ▁with ▁high ▁levels ▁had ▁higher ▁death ▁rates ▁Ant ib i otic ▁use ▁for ▁vir al ▁or ▁self - lim iting ▁in fe