▁Krist ín ▁Lo ft sd ó tt ir , ▁has ▁found ▁that ▁many ▁I cel and ers ▁exhib it ▁anti - imm igr ant ▁disc ourses ▁linked ▁with ▁Islam oph ob ia ▁in ▁ways ▁parallel ▁those ▁in ▁other ▁European ▁countries , ▁despite ▁I cel and ▁having ▁an ▁often ▁completely ▁different ▁history ▁of ▁contact ▁with ▁Islam ic ▁cult ures . ▁Many ▁public ▁expressions ▁of ▁Islam oph ob ia ▁have ▁in ▁the ▁second ▁de cade ▁of ▁the ▁twenty - first ▁century ▁been ▁focused ▁on ▁opposition ▁to ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁a ▁purpose - built ▁Re yk jav ík ▁mos que . ▁O pp osition ▁to ▁Islam ▁is ▁often ▁presented ▁in ▁terms ▁of ▁support ▁for ▁gender ▁equality , ▁a ▁disc ourse ▁which ▁in ▁Krist ín ' s ▁assess ment ▁is ▁' used ▁as ▁a ▁way ▁to ▁dwell ▁on ▁the ▁criticism ▁of ▁Muslim s ▁in ▁general , ▁and ▁to ▁the ▁glory ▁of ▁European ▁soci eties '. ▁Ó tt ar ▁M . ▁Nor ð f jör ð ' s ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁novel ▁Ö rv it inn ▁e ð a ; ▁H ugs j ón ama ð ur inn ▁sat ir ises ▁Islam oph ob ic ▁att itudes . ▁ ▁Many ▁I cel and ic ▁Muslim s ▁prefer ▁not ▁to ▁join ▁a ▁formal ▁organisation , ▁considering ▁their ▁relationship ▁with ▁God ▁a ▁personal ▁one . ▁ ▁Relig ious ▁organisation ▁affili ation ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Religion ▁in ▁I cel and ▁Islam ▁in ▁Europe ▁Islam ▁by ▁country ▁European ▁Islam ▁Bah á ' í ▁Fa ith ▁in ▁I cel and ▁I