ging ▁Holy ▁Roman ▁Empire , ▁to ▁enter ▁the ▁region . ▁In ▁ 1 0 9 5 , ▁Pope ▁Urban ▁II ▁respond ed ▁to ▁ple as ▁from ▁the ▁flag ging ▁By z antine ▁Empire ▁and ▁sum mon ed ▁the ▁European ▁arist ocracy ▁to ▁re capt ure ▁the ▁Holy ▁Land ▁for ▁Christian ity . ▁In ▁ 1 0 9 9 ▁the ▁kn ights ▁of ▁the ▁First ▁Cr us ade ▁captured ▁Jerusalem ▁and ▁founded ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Jerusalem , ▁which ▁surv ived ▁until ▁ 1 1 8 7 , ▁when ▁Sal adin ▁re to ok ▁the ▁city . ▁Sm aller ▁cr us ader ▁f ief dom s ▁surv ived ▁until ▁ 1 2 9 1 . ▁ ▁Mong ol ▁rule ▁ ▁The ▁con quest ▁of ▁Bag hd ad ▁and ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁the ▁cal i ph ▁in ▁ 1 2 5 8 ▁offici ated ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁Abb as id ▁C ali ph ate ▁and ▁an nex ed ▁its ▁territ ories ▁to ▁the ▁Mong ol ▁Empire , ▁ex cluding ▁M aml uk ▁Egypt ▁and ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁Arab ia . ▁When ▁the ▁Kh agan ▁( or ▁Great ▁Khan ) ▁of ▁the ▁Mong ol ▁Empire , ▁M ö ng ke ▁Khan , ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 2 5 9 , ▁any ▁further ▁expansion ▁by ▁H ule gu ▁was ▁halt ed , ▁as ▁he ▁had ▁to ▁return ▁to ▁the ▁Mong ol ▁capital ▁Kar ak orum ▁for ▁the ▁election ▁of ▁a ▁new ▁k h agan . ▁His ▁absence ▁resulted ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁defeat ▁of ▁the ▁Mong ols ▁(