i . e ., ▁country ▁of ▁the ▁Hans ). ▁▁ ▁This ▁ex onym ▁for ▁the ▁Han ▁Chinese ▁is ▁also ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁D aur ▁language , ▁in ▁which ▁it ▁appears ▁as ▁N ia ken ▁( ▁or ▁). ▁As ▁in ▁the ▁case ▁of ▁the ▁Man ch u ▁language , ▁the ▁D aur ▁word ▁N ia ken ▁is ▁essentially ▁an ▁eth n onym , ▁and ▁the ▁proper ▁way ▁to ▁refer ▁to ▁the ▁country ▁of ▁the ▁Han ▁Chinese ▁( i . e ., ▁" Ch ina " ▁in ▁a ▁cultural ▁sense ) ▁is ▁N ia ken ▁g ur un , ▁while ▁n iak end aa ci - ▁is ▁a ▁verb ▁meaning ▁" to ▁talk ▁in ▁Chinese ." ▁ ▁K ara ▁Japanese : ▁K ara ▁( ; ▁various ly ▁written ▁in ▁kan ji ▁as ▁ ▁or ▁). ▁An ▁identical ▁name ▁was ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁ancient ▁and ▁medieval ▁Japanese ▁to ▁refer ▁to ▁the ▁country ▁that ▁is ▁now ▁known ▁as ▁Korea , ▁and ▁many ▁Japanese ▁histor ians ▁and ▁lingu ists ▁believe ▁that ▁the ▁word ▁" K ara " ▁referring ▁to ▁China ▁and / or ▁Korea ▁may ▁have ▁derived ▁from ▁a ▁met onym ic ▁extension ▁of ▁the ▁app ell ation ▁of ▁the ▁ancient ▁city - states ▁of ▁G aya . ▁ ▁The ▁Japanese ▁word ▁kar ate ▁( , ▁lit . ▁" empty ▁hand ") ▁is ▁derived ▁from ▁the ▁Ok ina wan ▁word ▁kar ati i ▁( , ▁lit . ▁" T ang / Ch inese ▁hand ") ▁and ▁refers ▁to ▁Ok ina wan ▁mart ial ▁arts ; ▁the ▁character ▁for