9 0 9 – 1 9 7 9 ) ▁and ▁a ▁sister ▁Ol ga ▁( 1 9 1 2 – 1 9 9 2 ). ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 2 ▁he ▁started ▁working ▁at ▁the ▁X - ray ▁Labor atory ▁of ▁the ▁Moscow ▁Machine ▁Building ▁Institute . ▁Two ▁years ▁later ▁he ▁en rolled ▁to ▁the ▁Moscow ▁State ▁University , ▁gradu ating ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 6 . ▁Being ▁a ▁special ist ▁in ▁properties ▁of ▁met als ▁and ▁an ▁av iation ▁engineer , ▁he ▁was ▁sent ▁to ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Army ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 0 , ▁but ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 2 ▁re called ▁from ▁the ▁front ▁to ▁the ▁labor ator ies ▁of ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Academy ▁of ▁Sciences . ▁During ▁those ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁years ▁he ▁def ended ▁a ▁Ph D ▁( 1 9 4 3 ) ▁and ▁developed ▁a ▁p uls ed ▁X - ray ▁radi ography ▁method ▁for ▁real - time ▁analysis ▁of ▁damage ▁induced ▁by ▁a ▁project ile ▁to ▁the ▁tank ▁arm or , ▁receiving ▁the ▁State ▁Prize ▁for ▁this ▁work ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 6 . ▁The ▁same ▁year ▁he ▁was ▁assigned ▁to ▁the ▁Soviet ▁atomic ▁bomb ▁project . ▁Between ▁ 1 9 4 6 ▁and ▁ 1 9 6 9 ▁he ▁worked ▁at ▁the ▁Soviet ▁N uc lear ▁Center ▁Ar z am as - 1 6 ▁under ▁top ▁secret ▁conditions , ▁def ending ▁a ▁hab il itation ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 4 . ▁His ▁administrative ▁prom ot ions ▁were ▁ham per ed ▁by