▁Victor ious . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 6 ▁she ▁was ▁awarded ▁a ▁John ▁G ug gen heim ▁Memorial ▁Fellow ship ▁for ▁Soci ology . ▁Ab u - L ugh od ▁has ▁received ▁over ▁a ▁dozen ▁pr estig ious ▁national ▁government ▁fellow ships ▁and ▁gr ants ▁to ▁research ▁in ▁the ▁areas ▁of ▁dem ography , ▁urban ▁soci ology , ▁urban ▁planning , ▁economic ▁and ▁social ▁development , ▁world ▁systems , ▁and ▁urban ization ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁the ▁Middle ▁East ▁and ▁the ▁Third ▁World . ▁ ▁She ▁was ▁especially ▁famous ▁for ▁her ▁mon ograph ▁Before ▁European ▁H eg em ony : ▁The ▁World ▁System ▁A . D . ▁ 1 2 5 0 - 1 3 5 0 ▁ ▁where ▁she ▁argued ▁that ▁a ▁pre - mod ern ▁world ▁system ▁extending ▁across ▁E uras ia ▁existed ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 3 th ▁Century , ▁prior ▁to ▁the ▁formation ▁of ▁the ▁modern ▁world - system ▁identified ▁by ▁Im manuel ▁W aller stein . ▁In ▁addition , ▁she ▁argued ▁that ▁the ▁" r ise ▁of ▁the ▁West ," ▁beginning ▁with ▁the ▁intr usion ▁of ▁armed ▁Portuguese ▁ships ▁into ▁the ▁relatively ▁peace ful ▁trade ▁networks ▁of ▁the ▁Indian ▁Ocean ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 6 th ▁century , ▁was ▁not ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁features ▁internal ▁to ▁Europe , ▁but ▁was ▁made ▁possible ▁by ▁a ▁collapse ▁in ▁the ▁previous ▁world ▁system . ▁ ▁Ab u - L ugh od ▁in ▁her ▁works ▁approaches ▁the ▁social ▁and ▁economic ▁development ▁of ▁global ▁cities ▁with ▁the ▁commit ment ▁to