▁does , ▁however , ▁incorpor ate ▁crime ▁mapping ▁systems ▁and ▁a ▁commercial ▁or ▁internally ▁developed ▁database ▁collection ▁system . ▁In ▁some ▁cases , ▁police ▁depart ments ▁have ▁started ▁offering ▁information ▁to ▁the ▁public ▁through ▁their ▁own ▁websites . ▁In ▁other ▁cases , ▁police ▁depart ments ▁can ▁either ▁create ▁their ▁own ▁XML ▁feed ▁or ▁use ▁a ▁third ▁party ▁to ▁display ▁data ▁on ▁a ▁map . ▁The ▁largest ▁of ▁these ▁is ▁Crime Re ports . com , ▁used ▁by ▁thousands ▁of ▁ag encies ▁nation wide . ▁ ▁Crit ique ▁Some , ▁such ▁as ▁University ▁of ▁Chicago ▁econom ist ▁Steven ▁Lev itt , ▁have ▁argued ▁that ▁CO MP STAT ' s ▁crime - redu cing ▁effects ▁have ▁been ▁minor . ▁ ▁The ▁introduction ▁of ▁CO MP STAT ▁happened ▁alongside : ▁▁ ▁The ▁training ▁and ▁deployment ▁of ▁around ▁ 5 , 0 0 0 ▁new ▁better - ed uc ated ▁police ▁officers ▁ ▁The ▁integration ▁of ▁New ▁York ' s ▁housing ▁and ▁trans it ▁police ▁into ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁Police ▁Department ▁ ▁Police ▁decision - making ▁being ▁de vol ved ▁to ▁prec inct ▁level ▁ ▁The ▁clear ing ▁of ▁a ▁back log ▁of ▁ 5 0 , 0 0 0 ▁un ser ved ▁war r ants ▁ ▁Rob ust ▁" zero ▁toler ance " ▁campaign ▁against ▁pet ty ▁crime ▁and ▁anti - social ▁behavior ▁under ▁Mayor ▁Giul iani ▁and ▁Police ▁Commission er ▁Bill ▁Br at ton ▁ ▁W ides p read ▁removal ▁of ▁gra ff iti ▁ ▁Program s ▁that ▁moved ▁over ▁ 5 0 0 ,