▁Pr isons ▁as ▁They ▁Are ▁and ▁as ▁They ▁Should ▁Be ) ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 0 . ▁In ▁this ▁work ▁he ▁called ▁attention ▁to ▁the ▁un he alth y ▁conditions ▁of ▁the ▁pr isons ▁in ▁Paris . ▁He ▁out lined ▁several ▁components ▁of ▁the ▁prison ▁systems ▁that ▁he ▁believed ▁should ▁be ▁abol ished ▁including ▁tort ure , ▁ill ▁treatment , ▁cells , ▁and ▁une qual ▁treatment ▁of ▁prisoners ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁amount ▁of ▁money ▁men ▁are ▁able ▁to ▁give ▁up . ▁Vill erm é ▁ur ged ▁the ▁government ▁of ▁Paris ▁to ▁take ▁after ▁the ▁newly ▁reform ed ▁prison ▁systems ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁Russia . ▁His ▁goal ▁was ▁to ▁persu ade ▁officials ▁to ▁re evalu ate ▁the ▁un he alth y ▁living ▁environments ▁and ▁treat ments ▁of ▁men ▁in ▁pr isons ▁so ▁that ▁men ▁are ▁able ▁to ▁become ▁function ing ▁citizens ▁upon ▁their ▁release . ▁This ▁work ▁in ▁particular ▁reflect s ▁the ▁mult if ac et ed ▁approach ▁Vill erm é ▁took ▁in ▁his ▁research , ▁combining ▁knowledge ▁of ▁medicine , ▁data ▁analysis , ▁and ▁social ▁ep ide mi ology . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁year ▁ 1 8 2 6 , ▁he ▁conducted ▁a ▁study ▁connecting ▁mort ality ▁rates ▁with ▁wealth ▁and ▁pover ty ▁based ▁on ▁neighborhood s ▁in ▁Paris . ▁Louis - R en é ▁Vill erm é ▁is ▁also ▁account ed ▁as ▁the ▁author ▁of ▁the ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁life ▁expect ancy ▁tables ▁that ▁directly ▁linked ▁income ▁to ▁mort ality ▁rates ▁and ▁life ▁expect ancy . ▁He ▁concluded