: H ouses ▁in ▁Lanc aster ▁County , ▁Virginia ▁Category : National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁Lanc aster ▁County , ▁Virginia ▁Category : 1 8 5 5 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Virginia <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁mac ab re ▁constant ▁is ▁a ▁the or ized ▁bias ▁in ▁educational ▁assess ment ▁that ▁happens ▁when ▁a ▁professor ▁un cons ci ously ▁spl its ▁students ▁into ▁three ▁subject ive ▁categories — good , ▁average ▁and ▁poor — reg ard less ▁of ▁their ▁actual ▁objective ▁scholar ly ▁level . ▁It ▁was ▁first ▁proposed ▁by ▁the ▁educational ▁research er ▁André ▁Ant ib i , ▁appearing ▁in ▁his ▁book ▁" Const ante ▁mac ab re " ▁published ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁and ▁then ▁in ▁a ▁subsequent ▁book ▁" P our ▁en ▁fin ir ▁avec ▁la ▁const ante ▁mac ab re " ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁Although ▁the ▁mac ab re ▁constant ▁is ▁a ▁so cio ed uc ational ▁concept , ▁interested ▁in ▁both ▁describing ▁the ▁roots ▁and ▁the ▁consequences , ▁a ▁similar ▁concept ▁of ▁gr ades ▁standard ization ▁was ▁described ▁as ▁norm - refer enced ▁test ▁or ▁cur ved ▁grad ing . ▁ ▁Description ▁ ▁The ▁mac ab re ▁constant ▁is ▁a ▁theoretical ▁explanation ▁of ▁the ▁supposed ly ▁pre val ent ▁fact ▁( part icular ly ▁in ▁the ▁French ▁educational ▁system ) ▁that ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁constant ▁percentage ▁of ▁poor ▁gr ades , ▁of ▁medium ▁gr ades ▁and ▁of ▁high ▁gr ades ▁in ▁the ▁educational ▁system , ▁no ▁matter ▁the ▁actual ▁academic ▁level ▁of