▁Conference , ▁which , ▁held ▁in ▁Philadelphia ▁in ▁October ▁ 1 9 0 8 , ▁led ▁to ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁The ▁Anti - V acc ination ▁League ▁of ▁America . ▁When ▁the ▁league ▁organized ▁later ▁that ▁month , ▁members ▁chose ▁Pit ca ir n ▁as ▁their ▁first ▁president . ▁ ▁On ▁December ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 9 1 1 , ▁Pit ca ir n ▁was ▁appointed ▁by ▁Pennsylvania ▁Governor ▁John ▁K . ▁T ener ▁to ▁the ▁Pennsylvania ▁State ▁V acc ination ▁Commission , ▁and ▁subsequently ▁author ed ▁a ▁detailed ▁report ▁strongly ▁oppos ing ▁the ▁commission ' s ▁conclus ions . ▁He ▁remained ▁a ▁sta unch ▁oppon ent ▁of ▁v acc ination ▁until ▁his ▁death ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 6 . ▁ ▁Brazil ▁In ▁November ▁ 1 9 0 4 , ▁in ▁response ▁to ▁years ▁of ▁in ade qu ate ▁san itation ▁and ▁disease , ▁followed ▁by ▁a ▁poor ly ▁explained ▁public ▁health ▁campaign ▁led ▁by ▁the ▁ren owned ▁Brazil ian ▁public ▁health ▁official ▁O sw al do ▁Cruz , ▁citizens ▁and ▁military ▁cad ets ▁in ▁Rio ▁de ▁Janeiro ▁arose ▁in ▁a ▁Revol ta ▁da ▁V ac ina , ▁or ▁V acc ine ▁Revol t . ▁Ri ots ▁broke ▁out ▁on ▁the ▁day ▁a ▁v acc ination ▁law ▁took ▁effect ; ▁v acc ination ▁symbol ized ▁the ▁most ▁fe ared ▁and ▁most ▁tang ible ▁aspect ▁of ▁a ▁public ▁health ▁plan ▁that ▁included ▁other ▁features , ▁such ▁as ▁urban ▁renew al , ▁that ▁many ▁had ▁opposed ▁for ▁years . ▁ ▁Later ▁v acc