▁j um per ▁must ▁have .” ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 1 , ▁African - American ▁soci ologist ▁Harry ▁Edwards ▁wrote : ▁" The ▁myth ▁of ▁the ▁black ▁male ' s ▁ra cially ▁determined , ▁inher ent ▁physical ▁and ▁athlet ic ▁superior ity ▁over ▁the ▁white ▁male , ▁riv als ▁the ▁myth ▁of ▁black ▁sexual ▁superior ity ▁in ▁anti qu ity ." ▁Later ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁in ▁The ▁Journal ▁of ▁Black s ▁in ▁High er ▁Education , ▁the ▁J B HE ▁Foundation ▁published ▁an ▁article ▁where ▁they ▁pushed ▁back ▁against ▁this ▁idea ▁of ▁a ▁“ black ▁gene ” ▁leading ▁to ▁black ▁superior ity ▁in ▁athlet ics , ▁a ▁concept ▁referred ▁to ▁here ▁as ▁“ R ac ist ▁Theory ”. ▁The ▁J B HE ▁cont ended ▁that ▁“ If ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁“ black ▁gene ” ▁that ▁leads ▁to ▁athlet ic ▁pro w ess , ▁why ▁then ▁do ▁African ▁Americans , ▁ 9 0 ▁percent ▁of ▁whom ▁have ▁at ▁least ▁one ▁white ▁ancest or , ▁out perform ▁black s ▁from ▁African ▁nations ▁in ▁every ▁sport ▁except ▁long ▁distance ▁running ?” ▁  ▁ ▁John ▁Mil ton ▁H ober man , ▁a ▁historian ▁and ▁German ic ▁studies ▁professor ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Texas ▁at ▁Austin , ▁has ▁acknowled ged ▁that ▁dispar ities ▁in ▁certain ▁athlet ic ▁performances ▁exist . ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁an ▁author ▁to ▁many ▁articles ▁and ▁books , ▁mainly ▁stating ▁facts ▁about ▁the ▁impact ▁of ▁cult ures . ▁He ▁has ▁assert ed ▁that ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁evidence ▁to ▁confirm