axis ▁model ▁was ▁created ▁by ▁Jerry ▁P ourn elle ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 3 ▁for ▁his ▁doctor al ▁dis sert ation ▁in ▁political ▁science . ▁The ▁P ourn elle ▁chart ▁has ▁liberty ▁on ▁one ▁axis , ▁with ▁those ▁on ▁the ▁left ▁seeking ▁freedom ▁from ▁control ▁or ▁prote ctions ▁for ▁social ▁dev iance ▁and ▁those ▁on ▁the ▁right ▁emphas izing ▁state ▁authority ▁or ▁prote ctions ▁for ▁norm ▁enfor cement ▁( far th est ▁right ▁being ▁state ▁worship , ▁far th est ▁left ▁being ▁the ▁idea ▁of ▁a ▁state ▁as ▁the ▁" ult imate ▁evil "). ▁ ▁The ▁other ▁axis ▁is ▁rational ism , ▁defined ▁here ▁as ▁the ▁belief ▁in ▁planned ▁social ▁progress , ▁with ▁those ▁higher ▁up ▁bel ieving ▁that ▁there ▁are ▁problems ▁with ▁society ▁that ▁can ▁be ▁r ation ally ▁solved ▁and ▁those ▁lower ▁down ▁ske pt ical ▁of ▁such ▁approaches . ▁ ▁Mitchell : ▁E ight ▁W ays ▁to ▁Run ▁the ▁Country ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁Brian ▁Patrick ▁Mitchell ▁identified ▁four ▁main ▁political ▁trad itions ▁in ▁Ang lo - American ▁history ▁based ▁on ▁their ▁regard ▁for ▁k rat os ▁( defined ▁as ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁force ) ▁and ▁arch ē ▁or ▁" archy " ▁( defined ▁as ▁the ▁recognition ▁of ▁rank ). ▁Mitchell ▁ground ed ▁the ▁distinction ▁of ▁arch y ▁and ▁k rat os ▁in ▁the ▁West ' s ▁historical ▁experience ▁of ▁church ▁and ▁state , ▁cred iting ▁the ▁collapse ▁of ▁the ▁Christian ▁cons ensus ▁on ▁church ▁and ▁state ▁with ▁the ▁appearance ▁of ▁four ▁main ▁diver gent