▁by ▁Paul ▁G . ▁Cass ell , ▁Dec . ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁Ron ald ▁N . ▁Boy ce ▁President ial ▁Professor ▁of ▁C riminal ▁Law , ▁S . J . ▁Qu in ney ▁College ▁of ▁Law ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Ut ah . ▁The ▁Gu ilty ▁and ▁the ▁' In noc ent ': ▁An ▁Ex am ination ▁of ▁Al leg ed ▁C ases ▁of ▁W rong ful ▁Con v iction ▁from ▁False ▁Conf essions . ▁Harvard ▁Journal ▁of ▁Law ▁and ▁Public ▁Policy , ▁Vol . ▁ 2 2 , ▁Spring ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁What ▁C aused ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁Chicago ▁Hom ic ide ▁S pi ke ? ▁An ▁Emp ir ical ▁Ex am ination ▁of ▁the ▁" AC L U ▁Effect " ▁and ▁the ▁Ro le ▁of ▁Stop ▁and ▁F ris ks ▁in ▁Pre vent ing ▁Gun ▁Vi ol ence . ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁University ▁of ▁Illinois ▁Law ▁Review , ▁forth coming . ▁Still ▁Hand c uff ing ▁the ▁C ops ? ▁A ▁Review ▁of ▁Fif ty ▁Years ▁of ▁Emp ir ical ▁Ev idence ▁of ▁Mir anda ' s ▁Harm ful ▁Effect s ▁on ▁Law ▁En for cement . ▁ 9 7 ▁B ost . ▁U . L . ▁Rev . ▁ 6 8 5 ▁( 2 0 1 7 ). ▁Mir anda ’ s ▁Social ▁Cost s : ▁An ▁Emp ir ical ▁Re ass ess ment . ▁North western ▁University ▁Law ▁Review , ▁Vol . ▁ 9 0 , ▁No .