, ▁T ick ner ▁argued ▁against ▁this ▁assertion , ▁claim ing ▁that ▁it ▁misunder stood ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁prem ises ▁of ▁femin ist ▁IR . ▁Most ▁femin ist ▁IR ▁theory ▁takes ▁a ▁strongly ▁de construct iv ist ▁approach ▁to ▁knowledge , ▁arg uing ▁that ▁theories ▁reflect ▁the ▁gender ed ▁social ▁position ing ▁of ▁their ▁authors ; ▁they ▁therefore ▁question ed ▁posit iv ist ▁(" s cient ific ") ▁methods ▁for ▁obsc uring ▁the ▁gender ed ▁politics ▁of ▁knowledge ▁construction . ▁She ▁fav ors ▁a ▁social , ▁" bottom - up " ▁method ▁of ▁analysis ▁that ▁makes ▁the ▁role ▁of ▁women ▁in ▁IR ▁visible , ▁as ▁opposed ▁to ▁the ▁usual ▁scientific ▁method ologies ▁that ▁are ▁" top - down " ▁and ▁focus ▁on ▁tradition ally ▁mascul in ist ▁subjects , ▁including ▁men , ▁money , ▁and ▁war . ▁ ▁T ick ner ▁was ▁married ▁to ▁Hay ward ▁Al ker ▁until ▁his ▁death ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁ ▁Fem in ist ▁approaches ▁to ▁international ▁relations ▁are ▁a ▁phenomen on ▁of ▁the ▁post – C old ▁War ▁period . ▁Fem in ist ▁scholar ly ▁research ▁began ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁in ▁various ▁academic ▁discipl ines , ▁from ▁literature ▁to ▁psych ology ▁to ▁history . ▁ ▁Pub lished ▁works ▁▁ ▁Fem in ism ▁and ▁International ▁Rel ations : ▁Con vers ations ▁about ▁the ▁Past , ▁Pres ent ▁and ▁Future , ▁ed . ▁with ▁Laura ▁S jo berg ▁( Rout ledge , ▁ 2 0 1 1 ). ▁ ▁G ender