▁that ▁measures ▁and ▁exam ines ▁it . ▁There ▁are ▁a ▁mult itude ▁of ▁reasons ▁c ited ▁for ▁this ▁scarc ity , ▁but ▁the ▁most ▁common ▁reason ▁involves ▁the ▁eth ical ▁concerns ▁raised ▁in ▁exam ining ▁negative ▁and ▁potentially ▁harm ful ▁phenomen on . ▁Specifically , ▁the ▁concern ▁ar ises ▁in ▁trying ▁to ▁oper ational ize ▁negative ▁expect an cies ▁in ▁individuals , ▁which ▁will ▁theoret ically ▁result ▁in ▁their ▁lower ▁performance . ▁The ▁worry ▁then ▁is ▁the ▁possible ▁harm ful , ▁ling ering ▁effects ▁on ▁research ▁participants ▁beyond ▁the ▁study ▁due ▁to ▁this ▁manip ulation . ▁These ▁effects ▁could ▁origin ate ▁either ▁from ▁the ▁particip ant ▁having ▁the ▁knowledge ▁that ▁they ▁performed ▁worse ▁than ▁others , ▁were ▁unw itting ly ▁manip ulated ▁to ▁perform ▁worse , ▁or ▁were ▁viewed ▁neg atively ▁by ▁a ▁superior ▁in ▁the ▁research ▁parad ig m ; ▁on ▁the ▁other ▁hand , ▁participants ▁in ▁a ▁position ▁of ▁superior ity ▁that ▁were ▁manip ulated ▁to ▁have ▁negative ▁expect an cies ▁may ▁feel ▁guilty ▁about ▁tre ating ▁others ▁differently ▁following ▁the ▁experiment . ▁Wh atever ▁the ▁exact ▁effect ▁may ▁be , ▁these ▁concerns ▁have ▁resulted ▁in ▁many ▁research ers ▁only ▁making ▁pass ive ▁mention ▁of ▁the ▁G ole m ▁effect ▁in ▁studies ▁or ▁ign oring ▁it ▁entirely . ▁ ▁However , ▁there ▁is ▁reason ▁to ▁believe ▁that ▁the ▁app reh ension ▁towards ▁conduct ing ▁G ole m ▁studies ▁may ▁not ▁be ▁entirely ▁well ▁founded , ▁as ▁ev iden ced ▁by ▁several ▁studies ▁that ▁have ▁successfully ▁set ▁out ▁to ▁measure ▁the ▁effect