▁the ▁Netherlands , ▁among ▁other ▁countries . ▁Hospital ▁clients ▁can ▁no ▁longer ▁afford ▁to ▁let ▁short - term ▁functional ▁programs ▁drive ▁facilities ▁proc ure ment ▁methods ▁and ▁invest ment ▁dec isions . ▁They ▁demand ▁“ change - ready ” ▁facilities , ▁ass essed ▁by ▁their ▁accommod ation ▁capacity ▁over ▁time , ▁rather ▁than ▁short - term ▁functional ▁performance . ▁ ▁These ▁projects , ▁often ▁large ▁and ▁complex ▁and ▁providing ▁mixed - use ▁space ▁for ▁housing , ▁offices , ▁commerce , ▁health ▁care ▁and ▁other ▁uses , ▁are ▁recognized ▁as ▁having ▁the ▁system ic ▁properties ▁of ▁large ▁private ▁( or ▁public ) ▁infrastr uct ures . ▁They ▁involve ▁many ▁decision - making ▁bodies ▁and ▁users ▁over ▁long ▁time ▁periods ▁and ▁often ▁imp licate ▁numerous ▁territ ories . ▁As ▁such , ▁they ▁present ▁technical , ▁economic , ▁political ▁and ▁cultural ▁questions ▁that ▁go ▁beyond ▁the ▁architect ural ▁disc ourse ▁that ▁tends ▁to ▁emphas ize ▁the ▁special ▁case , ▁formal ▁g ymn ast ics , ▁and ▁the ▁self - expression ▁of ▁the ▁designer ▁or ▁client . ▁These ▁develop ments ▁toward ▁open ▁building ▁are ▁not ▁taking ▁place ▁for ▁their ▁ide ological ▁pur ity ▁but ▁for ▁p rag m atic ▁reasons . ▁ ▁Open ▁building ▁implementation ▁implies ▁a ▁new ▁approach ▁to ▁architect ural ▁education . ▁A ▁number ▁of ▁schools ▁of ▁architecture ▁around ▁the ▁world ▁( T U ▁Del ft , ▁Ball ▁State ▁University ▁in ▁the ▁US , ▁The ▁University ▁of ▁Hong ▁Kong , ▁S out heast ▁University ▁in ▁China , ▁National ▁Ch eng - k ung ▁University ▁in