▁in ▁the ▁three ▁patients ▁evaluated ▁by ▁pul mon ary ▁function ▁tests . ▁ ▁The ▁study ▁suggested ▁that ▁these ▁re actions ▁were ▁induced ▁by ▁non - al co hol ic ▁all erg ens ▁that ▁were ▁contained ▁in ▁or ▁cont amin ated ▁the ▁be ver ages . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁a ▁non - as thm atic ▁female ▁of ▁Japanese ▁descent ▁with ▁a ▁history ▁of ▁moder ately ▁severe ▁bron cho con str iction ▁responses ▁to ▁various ▁alco hol ic ▁be ver ages ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁an ▁ast hm atic ▁Japanese ▁male ▁with ▁a ▁similar ▁history ▁be er ▁or ▁ 9 5 % ▁pure ▁eth an ol ▁were ▁studied ▁and ▁found ▁to ▁develop ▁bron cho con str iction ▁after ▁drink ing ▁apple ▁ju ice ▁but ▁not ▁after ▁drink ing ▁apple ▁ju ice ▁per ▁se ; ▁int ra ven ous ▁inf usion ▁or ▁in hal ation ▁of ▁eth an ol ▁also ▁caused ▁bron ch osp asm ▁responses ▁in ▁the ▁male ▁subject . ▁ ▁These ▁studies ▁suggested ▁that ▁alco hol ▁itself ▁caused ▁the ▁ast hm atic ▁sympt oms ▁triggered ▁by ▁alco hol ic ▁be ver ages . ▁ ▁A ▁subsequent ▁study ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁found ▁that ▁ 9 ▁of ▁ 1 8 ▁patients ▁with ▁a ▁history ▁of ▁red ▁wine - indu ced ▁ast h ma ▁sympt oms ▁showed ▁bron cho con str iction ▁in ▁response ▁to ▁ing est ing ▁red ▁wine ; ▁the ▁response ▁correl ated ▁posit ively ▁with ▁the ▁amount ▁of ▁sul fur ▁dio x ide ▁contained