opol itan ism ▁or ▁International ism ; ▁so vere ig nt y ▁vs . ▁global ▁govern ance . ▁ ▁Op enn ess : ▁closed ▁( c ultur ally ▁conserv ative ▁and ▁protection ist ) ▁vs . ▁open ▁( soci ally ▁liberal ▁and ▁global ist ). ▁Popular ised ▁as ▁a ▁concept ▁by ▁Tony ▁Bla ir ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁and ▁increasing ly ▁dominant ▁in ▁ 2 1 st ▁century ▁European ▁and ▁North ▁American ▁politics . ▁ ▁Political - spect rum - based ▁forec asts ▁ ▁As ▁shown ▁by ▁Russian ▁political ▁scient ist ▁Ste pan ▁S . ▁Sul ak sh in , ▁political ▁spect ra ▁can ▁be ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁forec ast ing ▁tool . ▁Sul ak sh in ▁offered ▁mathematical ▁evidence ▁that ▁stable ▁development ▁( pos itive ▁dynamics ▁of ▁the ▁vast ▁number ▁of ▁stat istic ▁indices ) ▁depends ▁on ▁the ▁width ▁of ▁the ▁political ▁spectrum : ▁if ▁it ▁is ▁too ▁narrow ▁or ▁too ▁wide , ▁st agn ation ▁or ▁political ▁dis aster s ▁will ▁result . ▁Sul ak sh in ▁also ▁showed ▁that ▁in ▁the ▁short ▁run ▁the ▁political ▁spectrum ▁determ ines ▁the ▁stat istic ▁indices ▁dynamic ▁and ▁not ▁vice ▁vers a . ▁ ▁Bi ological ▁variables ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁▁ ▁Cle av age ▁( polit ics ) ▁ ▁H ors es ho e ▁theory ▁ ▁Index ▁of ▁politics ▁articles ▁ ▁Left – right ▁politics ▁ ▁Nation St ates ▁ ▁The ▁Political ▁Com pass ▁ ▁Pse ph ology ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Ide alog ▁( E ducation + Qu iz