▁false ▁belief ▁about ▁the ▁conditions ▁that ▁may ▁promote ▁peace ." ▁▁ ▁Despite ▁the ▁scr ut iny , ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁long - h eld ▁position ▁that ▁economic ▁inter dep end ence ▁has ▁a ▁pac ifying ▁effect ▁on ▁inter state ▁relations , ▁ev iden ced ▁by ▁research ▁conducted ▁by ▁One al ▁& ▁Rus sett ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁ ▁and ▁X i ang ▁et ▁al . ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁liberal ▁view , ▁the ▁cost ly ▁nature ▁of ▁conflict ▁is ▁central ▁to ▁contemporary ▁b arg aining ▁theory . ▁ ▁Ke oh ane ▁& ▁N ye ▁( 1 9 8 7 ) ▁put ▁forth ▁four ▁conditions ▁that ▁make ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁force ▁by ▁large ▁states ▁cost ly : ▁▁ ▁Ris ks ▁of ▁nuclear ▁es cal ation ▁ ▁Res istance ▁by ▁people ▁in ▁poor ▁or ▁weak ▁countries ▁ ▁Un certain ▁and ▁possibly ▁negative ▁effects ▁on ▁the ▁achiev ement ▁of ▁economic ▁goals ▁ ▁Dom estic ▁opinion ▁opposed ▁to ▁the ▁human ▁costs ▁of ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁force ▁ ▁Development ▁policy ▁ ▁Liberal ▁trade ▁encourag es ▁export ▁led ▁growth ▁( EL G ), ▁leaving ▁trad ers ▁and ▁consum ers ▁dependent ▁on ▁foreign ▁mark ets . ▁Liber als ▁argue ▁that ▁these ▁actors ▁have ▁an ▁in cent ive ▁to ▁avoid ▁host ilities ▁with ▁their ▁trad ing ▁partners , ▁since ▁any ▁dis ruption ▁in ▁commercial ▁relations ▁would ▁be ▁cost ly . ▁ ▁International ▁institutions ▁ ▁International ▁institutions ▁are ▁a ▁key ▁feature ▁of ▁the ▁liberal ▁peace , ▁because ▁they ▁represent ▁cred ible ▁signals ▁of ▁resolve ▁to