alleng ing ▁the ▁convent ions ▁about ▁the ▁advent ▁of ▁modern ity , ▁Im manuel ▁W aller stein ▁pushed ▁back ▁the ▁orig ins ▁of ▁the ▁capital ist ▁modern ity ▁to ▁the ▁I ber ian ▁expansion ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 5 th ▁century . ▁During ▁the ▁ 1 6 th ▁century ▁Spain ▁created ▁a ▁vast ▁emp ire ▁in ▁the ▁Amer icas , ▁with ▁a ▁state ▁mon opol y ▁in ▁Se ville ▁becoming ▁the ▁center ▁of ▁the ▁en su ing ▁trans at l antic ▁trade , ▁based ▁on ▁b ull ion . ▁I ber ian ▁imperial ism , ▁starting ▁by ▁the ▁Portuguese ▁establishment ▁of ▁routes ▁to ▁Asia ▁and ▁the ▁posterior ▁trans at l antic ▁trade ▁with ▁the ▁New ▁World ▁by ▁Sp ani ards ▁and ▁Portuguese ▁( al ong ▁Dutch , ▁English ▁and ▁French ), ▁precip itated ▁the ▁economic ▁decl ine ▁of ▁the ▁Italian ▁pen ins ula . ▁The ▁ 1 6 th ▁century ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁population ▁growth ▁with ▁increased ▁pressure ▁over ▁resources ; ▁in ▁the ▁case ▁of ▁the ▁I ber ian ▁Pen ins ula ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁moved ▁to ▁the ▁Amer icas ▁mean while ▁Jews ▁and ▁Mor is cos ▁were ▁ban ished , ▁re loc ating ▁to ▁other ▁places ▁in ▁the ▁Mediter rane an ▁Bas in . ▁Most ▁of ▁the ▁Mor is cos ▁remained ▁in ▁Spain ▁after ▁the ▁Mor is co ▁revol t ▁in ▁Las ▁Al pu j arr as ▁during ▁the ▁mid - 1 6 th ▁century , ▁but ▁roughly ▁ 3 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁of ▁them ▁were ▁exp