▁result ▁to ▁, ▁the ▁same ▁value ▁as ▁for ▁the ▁elect romagnet ic ▁mass ▁for ▁a ▁body ▁at ▁rest . ▁ ▁Ab solute ▁space ▁and ▁time ▁Some ▁scient ists ▁and ▁philosoph ers ▁of ▁science ▁were ▁critical ▁of ▁Newton ' s ▁definitions ▁of ▁absolute ▁space ▁and ▁time . ▁Ernst ▁Mach ▁( 1 8 8 3 ) ▁argued ▁that ▁absolute ▁time ▁and ▁space ▁are ▁essentially ▁met aph ys ical ▁concepts ▁and ▁thus ▁scientific ally ▁meaning less , ▁and ▁suggested ▁that ▁only ▁relative ▁motion ▁between ▁material ▁bodies ▁is ▁a ▁useful ▁concept ▁in ▁physics . ▁Mach ▁argued ▁that ▁even ▁effects ▁that ▁according ▁to ▁Newton ▁depend ▁on ▁acceler ated ▁motion ▁with ▁respect ▁to ▁absolute ▁space , ▁such ▁as ▁rotation , ▁could ▁be ▁described ▁purely ▁with ▁reference ▁to ▁material ▁bodies , ▁and ▁that ▁the ▁in ert ial ▁effects ▁c ited ▁by ▁Newton ▁in ▁support ▁of ▁absolute ▁space ▁might ▁instead ▁be ▁related ▁purely ▁to ▁acceleration ▁with ▁respect ▁to ▁the ▁fixed ▁stars . ▁Carl ▁Ne umann ▁( 1 8 7 0 ) ▁introduced ▁a ▁" Body ▁alpha ", ▁which ▁represents ▁some ▁sort ▁of ▁rig id ▁and ▁fixed ▁body ▁for ▁defining ▁in ert ial ▁motion . ▁Based ▁on ▁the ▁definition ▁of ▁Ne umann , ▁Heinrich ▁Stre int z ▁( 1 8 8 3 ) ▁argued ▁that ▁in ▁a ▁coordinate ▁system ▁where ▁gy ro scop es ▁don ' t ▁measure ▁any ▁signs ▁of ▁rotation ▁in ert ial ▁motion ▁is ▁related ▁to ▁a ▁" F und amental ▁body " ▁and ▁a ▁" F und amental ▁Co ordinate ▁System ". ▁Event ually , ▁Ludwig ▁L ange