▁include ▁the ▁tempor alis ▁fas cia ▁and ▁the ▁trag us . ▁The ▁surg ery ▁takes ▁ ½ ▁to ▁ 1 ▁hour ▁if ▁done ▁through ▁the ▁ear ▁canal ▁and ▁ 1 ▁and ▁a ▁half ▁to ▁two ▁hours ▁if ▁an ▁inc ision ▁is ▁needed . ▁It ▁is ▁done ▁under ▁local ▁or ▁general ▁an est hes ia . ▁It ▁is ▁done ▁on ▁an ▁in pat ient ▁or ▁day ▁case ▁basis ▁and ▁is ▁successful ▁ 8 5 - 9 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁time ▁. ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁recorded ▁attempt ▁at ▁repair ing ▁the ▁tym pan ic ▁memb rane ▁was ▁made ▁by ▁Marcus ▁Ban zer ▁in ▁ 1 6 4 0 ▁using ▁an ▁iv ory ▁t ube ▁covered ▁by ▁p ig ' s ▁bl ad der . ▁ ▁Art ific ial ▁tym pan ic ▁memb ran es ▁In ▁the ▁middle ▁of ▁the ▁nin ete enth ▁century ▁the ▁British ▁ot olog ists ▁James ▁Years ley ▁and ▁Joseph ▁To yn be e ▁each ▁developed ▁their ▁own ▁form ▁of ▁artificial ▁e ard rum . ▁Despite ▁initial ▁enthus ias m ▁for ▁these ▁devices , ▁experience ▁amongst ▁the ▁medical ▁profession ▁over ▁the ▁following ▁half ▁century ▁demonstrated ▁their ▁minimal ▁value ▁in ▁the ▁treatment ▁of ▁a ▁per for ated ▁e ard rum , ▁which ▁generally ▁he als ▁naturally . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁E ard rum ▁ ▁T ym pan ost omy ▁t ube ▁ ▁My ring op last y ▁ ▁My ring ot omy ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁C off ey , ▁Ch ., ▁Lee , ▁F .- S . ▁& ▁Lam