▁the ▁Y ild iz ▁Palace ▁to ▁demand ▁implementation ▁of ▁Article ▁ 6 1 ▁of ▁the ▁Tre aty ▁of ▁Berlin . ▁It ▁is ▁significant ▁that ▁this ▁mass acre , ▁in ▁which ▁ 6 0 0 0 ▁Armen ians ▁are ▁said ▁to ▁have ▁per ished , ▁was ▁not ▁the ▁result ▁of ▁a ▁general ▁rising ▁of ▁the ▁Muslim ▁population . ▁The ▁So ft as ▁took ▁no ▁part ▁in ▁it , ▁and ▁many ▁Armen ians ▁found ▁refuge ▁in ▁the ▁Muslim ▁sections ▁of ▁the ▁city . ▁ ▁Reform ▁program ▁▁ ▁The ▁Kur d ish ▁( force , ▁reb els , ▁band its ) ▁s ack ed ▁neighbor ing ▁towns ▁and ▁villages ▁with ▁imp unity . ▁ ▁The ▁central ▁assumption ▁of ▁the ▁Ham idi ye ▁system — K urd ish ▁tribes ▁( K urd ish ▁chief dom s ▁c ited ▁among ▁Armen ian ▁security ▁concerns ) ▁could ▁be ▁brought ▁under ▁military ▁discipline — pro ved ▁to ▁be ▁" U top ian ". ▁The ▁Pers ian ▁C oss ack ▁Brigade ▁later ▁proved ▁that ▁it ▁can ▁function ▁as ▁independent ▁unit , ▁but ▁Ott oman ▁example , ▁which ▁was ▁mode led ▁after , ▁never ▁replaced ▁the ▁trib al ▁loyal ty ▁to ▁Ott oman ▁Sultan ▁or ▁even ▁to ▁its ▁establish ing ▁unit . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 9 2 , ▁first ▁time ▁a ▁trained ▁and ▁organized ▁Kur d ish ▁force ▁encourag ed ▁by ▁the ▁Sultan ▁Abd ul ▁Ham id ▁II . ▁There ▁are ▁several ▁reasons ▁advanced ▁as ▁to ▁why ▁the ▁Ham idi ye ▁light ▁caval ry ▁was ▁created . ▁The ▁establishment ▁of