g ic ▁N erv ous ▁System ▁( Spring er , ▁New ▁York , ▁ 2 0 0 7 ) ▁reviews ▁the ▁past ▁and ▁the ▁present ▁status ▁of ▁central ▁ch ol iner g icity , ▁its ▁phys i ology , ▁ph arm ac ology ▁and ▁bio chem istry , ▁its ▁ont ogen y ▁and ▁ph y log en esis , ▁and ▁its ▁role ▁in ▁functions , ▁behav iors ▁( including ▁cogn ition ), ▁the ▁" self " ▁and ▁such ▁disease ▁states ▁as ▁sch iz op hren ia ▁and ▁Al z heimer ' s ▁D ise ase ; ▁also , ▁this ▁text ▁describes ▁his ▁own ▁studies ▁of ▁these ▁subjects . ▁ ▁His ▁scientific ▁contributions ▁are ▁as ▁follows . ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 0 s ▁Kar cz mar ▁proposed ▁the ▁existence ▁of ▁a ▁n erve ▁growth ▁factor ▁on ▁the ▁basis ▁of ▁his ▁demonstr ation ▁of ▁the ▁quant itative ▁effects ▁of ▁partial ▁ab l ations ▁of ▁the ▁u ro de le ▁lim b ▁inner v ations ▁on ▁their ▁post - am putation ▁reg ener ation ▁( Kar cz mar , ▁ 1 9 4 6 ). ▁Begin ning ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 0 s ▁Kar cz mar ▁pione ered ▁the ▁studies ▁of ▁ant ich olin ester ase ▁agents ▁( anti Che ' s ), ▁discover ing ▁( with ▁The odore ▁Ko pp any i ; ▁see ▁Ko pp any i ▁and ▁Kar cz mar , ▁ 1 9 5 1 ) ▁the ▁direct ▁syn apt ic ▁effects ▁of ▁organ oph osph orus ▁(