▁to ▁self - g overn , ▁or ▁successfully ▁co oper ating ▁in ▁a ▁social ▁d ile m ma ▁depends ▁on ▁many ▁variables , ▁from ▁the ▁nature ▁of ▁the ▁resource ▁system , ▁to ▁the ▁nature ▁of ▁the ▁social ▁system ▁the ▁actors ▁are ▁a ▁part ▁of , ▁to ▁the ▁political ▁position ▁of ▁external ▁authorities , ▁to ▁the ▁ability ▁to ▁communicate ▁effectively , ▁to ▁the ▁rules - in - place ▁regarding ▁the ▁management ▁of ▁the ▁comm ons . ▁▁ ▁However , ▁sub - opt imal ▁or ▁failed ▁results ▁in ▁a ▁social ▁d ile m ma ▁( and ▁perhaps ▁the ▁need ▁for ▁priv at ization ▁or ▁an ▁external ▁authority ) ▁tend ▁to ▁occur ▁" when ▁resource ▁users ▁do ▁not ▁know ▁who ▁all ▁is ▁involved , ▁do ▁not ▁have ▁a ▁foundation ▁of ▁trust ▁and ▁reci pro city , ▁cannot ▁communicate , ▁have ▁no ▁established ▁rules , ▁and ▁lack ▁effective ▁monitoring ▁and ▁san ction ing ▁mechan isms ." ▁ ▁Con clus ions ▁ ▁Close ▁exam ination ▁reve als ▁that ▁social ▁d ile mm as ▁under lie ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁pressing ▁global ▁issues , ▁from ▁climate ▁change ▁to ▁conflict ▁es cal ation . ▁Their ▁w ides p read ▁importance ▁war r ants ▁w ides p read ▁understanding ▁of ▁the ▁main ▁types ▁of ▁d ile mm as ▁and ▁accomp any ing ▁parad ig ms . ▁Fort un ately , ▁the ▁literature ▁on ▁the ▁subject ▁is ▁expand ing ▁to ▁accommod ate ▁the ▁pressing ▁need ▁to ▁understand ▁social ▁d ile mm as ▁as ▁the ▁basis ▁for ▁real - world ▁problems . ▁