▁authors ▁have ▁argued ▁that ▁hier arch ical ▁models ▁continue ▁to ▁domin ate ▁theory , ▁especially ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁of ▁market ing ▁communic ations ▁and ▁advert ising . ▁ ▁All ▁hierarchy ▁of ▁effects ▁models ▁exhib it ▁several ▁common ▁characteristics . ▁First ly , ▁they ▁are ▁all ▁linear , ▁sequ ential ▁models ▁built ▁on ▁an ▁assumption ▁that ▁consum ers ▁move ▁through ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁steps ▁or ▁stages ▁involving ▁cogn itive , ▁affect ive ▁and ▁behavior al ▁responses ▁that ▁cul min ate ▁in ▁a ▁purchase . ▁Second ly , ▁all ▁hierarchy ▁of ▁effects ▁models ▁can ▁be ▁reduced ▁to ▁three ▁broad ▁stages ▁- ▁C ogn itive → ▁A ffect ive ▁( em ot ions ) → Behavior al ▁( C AB ). ▁ ▁Three ▁broad ▁stages ▁implicit ▁in ▁all ▁hierarchy ▁of ▁effects ▁models : ▁▁ ▁C ogn ition ▁( A war eness ▁or ▁learning ) ▁ ↓ ▁ ▁A ffect ▁( Fe eling , ▁interest ▁or ▁desire ) ▁ ↓ ▁ ▁Be havior ▁( Action ) ▁ ▁Rec ent ▁modifications ▁of ▁the ▁A ID A ▁model ▁have ▁expanded ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁steps . ▁Some ▁of ▁these ▁modifications ▁have ▁been ▁designed ▁to ▁accommod ate ▁theoretical ▁develop ments , ▁by ▁including ▁customer ▁satisfaction ▁( e . g . ▁the ▁A ID AS ▁model ) ▁while ▁other ▁alternative ▁models ▁seek ▁to ▁accommod ate ▁changes ▁in ▁the ▁external ▁environment ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁rise ▁of ▁social ▁media ▁( e . g . ▁the ▁A IS D AL SL ove ▁model ). ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁A IS D AL SL ove ▁model ,