▁for ▁further ▁studies ▁that ▁have ▁defined ▁not ▁only ▁many ▁alco hol - indu ced ▁flush ▁re actions ▁but ▁also ▁many ▁alco hol - indu ced ▁resp ir atory ▁re actions ▁as ▁due ▁to ▁ra cially ▁associated ▁gen etic ▁differences ▁in ▁alco hol - met abol izing ▁en zym es . ▁ ▁In ▁A si ans ▁ ▁Al co hol - indu ced ▁ast h ma ▁re actions ▁among ▁A si ans ▁has ▁been ▁most ▁thoroughly ▁studied ▁in ▁those ▁of ▁native ▁Japanese ▁descent . ▁ ▁In ▁such ▁individuals , ▁the ▁ing estion ▁of ▁virt ually ▁any ▁alco hol ic ▁be verage ▁or ▁pure ▁eth an ol ▁and , ▁in ▁some ▁cases , ▁the ▁sm elling ▁eth an ol ▁f umes ▁may ▁be ▁followed , ▁typically ▁within ▁ 1 – 3 0 ▁minutes , ▁by ▁one ▁or ▁more ▁of ▁the ▁following ▁sympt oms : ▁an ▁alco hol ▁flush ▁reaction ▁( i . e . ▁the ▁" orient al ▁fl ushing ▁synd rome "), ▁rapid ▁heart ▁rate , ▁d izz iness , ▁light - head ed ness , ▁u rt ic aria , ▁system ic ▁der mat itis , ▁rh init is , ▁and , ▁in ▁~ 5 0 % ▁of ▁individuals ▁with ▁a ▁history ▁of ▁ast h ma , ▁ex ac erb ation ▁of ▁ast hm atic ▁bron cho con str iction ▁and ▁related ▁sympt oms , ▁In ▁extremely ▁rare ▁instances , ▁ast hm atic ▁sympt oms ▁in ▁response ▁to ▁alco hol ic ▁be ver ages ▁may ▁occur ▁in ▁the ▁absence ▁of ▁a ▁history ▁of