such ▁as ▁pass ive , ▁active , ▁or ▁interactive ▁approaches ). ▁T M IM ’ s ▁image ▁of ▁information ▁man agers ▁is ▁consistent ▁with ▁these ▁find ings . ▁However , ▁in ▁cases ▁in ▁which ▁individuals ▁determine ▁that ▁seeking ▁information ▁is ▁too ▁cost ly , ▁anx iety ▁reduction ▁is ▁unlikely , ▁or ▁is ▁otherwise ▁likely ▁to ▁be ▁un product ive , ▁they ▁will ▁likely ▁resort ▁to ▁other ▁strateg ies . ▁▁ 2 . ▁A void ▁Re levant ▁information ▁: ▁ ▁R ather ▁than ▁seeking ▁information , ▁individuals ▁may ▁sometimes ▁choose ▁to ▁avoid ▁relevant ▁information . ▁T M IM ▁hypoth es izes ▁that ▁individuals ▁are ▁most ▁likely ▁to ▁avoid ▁information ▁if ▁they ▁consider ▁information ▁seeking ▁ris ky ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁outcome , ▁effic acy ▁belief s ▁or ▁both . ▁Some ▁individuals ▁would ▁also ▁avoid ▁situations ▁or ▁people ▁who ▁may ▁offer ▁relevant ▁information . ▁This ▁response ▁is ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁‘ active ▁avoid ance ’ ▁and ▁essentially , ▁the ▁individual ▁dec ides ▁that ▁“ the ▁reduction ▁of ▁the ▁uncertainty ▁related ▁anx iety ▁is ▁likely ▁to ▁be ▁more ▁dam aging ▁than ▁benef icial ”. ▁▁ 3 . ▁C ogn itive ▁re app rais al : ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁T M IM , ▁individuals ▁can ▁also ▁reduce ▁the ▁anx iety ▁or ▁em otion ▁that ▁activ ated ▁the ▁need ▁for ▁uncertainty ▁management ▁by ▁changing ▁their ▁mind set ▁( c ogn itive ▁alter ation ). ▁Therefore , ▁the ▁individual ▁re app ra ises ▁“ the ▁perce ived ▁level ▁of ▁issue ▁importance , ▁the ▁desired ▁level ▁of ▁uncertainty , ▁of ▁the