▁people ) ▁were ▁Pol es . ▁ ▁K ie ven ▁Pol es ▁t ended ▁to ▁be ▁friendly ▁towards ▁the ▁Ukrain ian ▁national ▁movement ▁in ▁the ▁city , ▁and ▁some ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁Ukrain ian ▁organizations . ▁Henry k ▁Jó zew ski , ▁a ▁P ole ▁from ▁K iev , ▁served ▁in ▁the ▁government ▁of ▁the ▁Ukrain ian ▁People ' s ▁Republic ▁under ▁his ▁friend ▁Sym on ▁Pet li ura ▁and ▁later ▁as ▁governor ▁of ▁Vol h yn ia ▁under ▁Poland . ▁ ▁Polish ▁assim ilation ▁ ▁Under ▁the ▁Russian ▁Empire , ▁Polish ▁society ▁t ended ▁to ▁strat ify . ▁ ▁The ▁Polish ▁magn ates ▁prosper ed ▁under ▁the ▁Russian ▁Empire , ▁at ▁the ▁exp ense ▁of ▁the ▁ser fs ▁and ▁of ▁the ▁poor er ▁Polish ▁nob ility ▁whom ▁they ▁pushed ▁from ▁the ▁land . ▁The ▁wealth y ▁magn ates ▁t ended ▁to ▁opp ose ▁the ▁Polish ▁ins urre ctions , ▁identified ▁with ▁their ▁Russian ▁land l ord ▁pe ers , ▁and ▁often ▁moved ▁to ▁St . ▁Petersburg . ▁The ▁Polish ▁national ▁movement ▁in ▁Ukrain ian ▁lands ▁thus ▁t ended ▁to ▁be ▁led ▁by ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁middle ▁and ▁poor er ▁gent ry , ▁who ▁formed ▁secret ▁soci eties ▁in ▁places ▁with ▁large ▁Polish ▁populations , ▁such ▁as ▁K iev , ▁Zh yt om ir ▁and ▁B erd ych iv . ▁ ▁As ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁an ▁anti - Russ ian ▁ins urre ction ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 0 , ▁the ▁Polish ▁middle ▁and ▁poor er ▁nob ility ▁were ▁stri pped ▁of ▁their