▁The ▁displays ▁focused ▁on ▁five ▁areas : ▁( 1 ) ▁Med ieval ▁Mon astic ism , ▁Spirit ual ity , ▁and ▁S cri bal ▁Culture , ▁A . D . ▁ 1 2 0 0 – 1 5 0 0 ; ▁( 2 ) ▁Early ▁Print ing ▁and ▁the ▁Mon astic ▁Sch olar ly ▁Trad ition , ▁ca . ▁ 1 4 5 0 – 1 6 0 0 ; ▁( 3 ) ▁Early ▁modern ▁Mon astic ▁Print ing ▁and ▁Sch olar ly ▁Publishing , ▁A . D . ▁ 1 6 5 0 – 1 8 0 0 ; ▁( 4 ) ▁Modern ▁Sur viv als : ▁Mon astic ▁Script oria , ▁Private ▁Press es , ▁and ▁Academ ic ▁Publishing , ▁ 1 8 0 0 – 1 9 8 0 . ▁ ▁The ▁earliest ▁descript ive ▁references ▁to ▁private ▁press es ▁were ▁by ▁Bernard us ▁A . ▁Mall in ck rod t ▁of ▁Main z , ▁Germany , ▁in ▁ ▁( C ologne , ▁ 1 6 3 9 ). ▁The ▁earliest ▁in - depth ▁writing ▁about ▁private ▁press es ▁was ▁by ▁Adam ▁Heinrich ▁L ack mann ▁( de ) ▁( 1 6 9 4 – 1 7 5 4 ) ▁in ▁ ▁( H amb urg , ▁ 1 7 4 0 ). ▁ ▁Private ▁press ▁movement ▁ ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁The ▁term ▁" private ▁press " ▁is ▁often ▁used ▁to ▁refer ▁to ▁a ▁movement ▁in ▁book ▁production ▁which ▁fl our ished ▁around ▁the ▁turn ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 th