▁ 4 6 ▁percent ▁of ▁all ▁private ▁property ▁in ▁Ukraine ▁west ▁of ▁the ▁D n ip ro ▁River . ▁▁ ▁Until ▁the ▁mid - 1 8 th ▁century ▁K iev ▁( Pol ish ▁K ij ów ) ▁was ▁Polish ▁in ▁culture . ▁although ▁Pol es ▁made ▁up ▁no ▁more ▁than ▁ten ▁percent ▁of ▁K iev ' s ▁population ▁and ▁ 2 5 % ▁of ▁its ▁vot ers . ▁During ▁the ▁ 1 8 3 0 s ▁Polish ▁was ▁the ▁language ▁of ▁K iev ' s ▁educational ▁system , ▁and ▁until ▁Polish ▁en roll ment ▁in ▁K iev ' s ▁university ▁of ▁St . ▁Vladimir ▁was ▁restricted ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 6 0 s ▁they ▁made ▁up ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁that ▁school ' s ▁student ▁body . ▁The ▁Russian ▁government ' s ▁can cellation ▁of ▁K iev ▁city ' s ▁aut onomy ▁and ▁its ▁pla cement ▁under ▁the ▁rule ▁of ▁b ureau cr ats ▁appointed ▁from ▁St . ▁Petersburg ▁was ▁largely ▁motiv ated ▁by ▁fear ▁of ▁Polish ▁ins urre ction ▁in ▁the ▁city . ▁ ▁Wars aw ▁fact ories ▁and ▁fine ▁Wars aw ▁sh ops ▁had ▁branches ▁in ▁K iev . ▁Jó zef ▁Z aw ad z ki , ▁founder ▁of ▁K iev ' s ▁stock ▁exchange , ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁city ' s ▁mayor ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 9 0 s . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 0 9 , ▁ 9 . 8 ▁percent ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁K iev ' s ▁population ▁( 4 4 , 4 0 0