ch ants , ▁and ▁money - l enders . ▁A ▁significant ▁de ple tion ▁in ▁their ▁numbers ▁in ▁Western ▁Europe ▁began ▁to ▁take ▁place ▁with ▁the ▁rise ▁of ▁the ▁Cr us ades , ▁which ▁brought ▁about ▁many ▁pog rom s ▁and ▁success ive ▁exp ulsion ▁orders , ▁in ▁England ▁( 1 2 9 0 ), ▁France ▁( 1 4 th ▁century ) ▁and ▁Spain ▁( 1 4 9 2 ). ▁With ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁medieval ▁age , ▁a ▁similar ▁phenomen on ▁was ▁to ▁repeat ▁itself ▁in ▁the ▁Italian ▁pen ins ula ▁and ▁throughout ▁most ▁German ▁towns ▁and ▁principal ities ▁in ▁German - spe aking ▁lands ▁in ▁the ▁six teenth ▁century . ▁Lar ge ▁Y idd ish ▁speaking ▁populations ▁arose ▁over ▁these ▁same ▁centuries ▁in ▁Eastern ▁Europe . ▁By ▁the ▁ 1 7 th ▁century ▁a ▁trick le ▁back ▁process ▁began , ▁with ▁reverse ▁migration ▁back ▁to ▁central ▁and ▁western ▁Europe , ▁following ▁pog rom s ▁in ▁Ukraine ▁( 1 6 4 8 - 1 6 4 9 ). ▁ ▁From ▁the ▁fall ▁of ▁Rome ▁to ▁the ▁Late ▁Middle ▁A ges ▁( 5 0 0 - 1 5 0 0 ) ▁ ▁Fall ▁of ▁Rome ▁The ▁majority ▁of ▁arch ae ological ▁and ▁ep ig raph ical ▁evidence ▁of ▁the ▁Jews ▁in ▁Late ▁An cient ▁Rome ▁lies ▁in ▁fun er ary ▁sites , ▁making ▁it ▁difficult ▁to ▁un cover ▁a ▁historical ▁picture ▁of ▁their ▁daily ▁lives ▁or ▁their ▁interactions ▁with ▁out s iders . ▁After ▁the ▁decl ine ▁of ▁the ▁Roman ▁Empire , ▁the