▁predict ing ▁either ▁pun ishment ▁or ▁a ▁less ▁valuable ▁reward ▁( e . g ., ▁ 0 . 0 1 ▁M ▁qu in ine ▁solution ▁or ▁ 0 . 3 ▁M ▁suc rose ). ▁ ▁Im medi ately ▁after ▁training , ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁h oney be es ▁were ▁subject ed ▁to ▁vig orous ▁sh aking ▁for ▁ 6 0 ▁s ▁to ▁simulate ▁the ▁state ▁produced ▁by ▁a ▁pre dat ory ▁attack ▁on ▁a ▁conce aled ▁col ony . ▁This ▁sh aking ▁reduced ▁levels ▁of ▁oct op am ine , ▁dop am ine , ▁and ▁ser ot on in ▁in ▁the ▁hem ol ym ph ▁of ▁a ▁separate ▁group ▁of ▁h oney be es ▁at ▁a ▁time ▁point ▁corresponding ▁to ▁when ▁the ▁cogn itive ▁bias ▁tests ▁were ▁performed . ▁In ▁h oney be es , ▁oct op am ine ▁is ▁the ▁local ▁ne uro trans mit ter ▁that ▁functions ▁during ▁reward ▁learning , ▁whereas ▁dop am ine ▁medi ates ▁the ▁ability ▁to ▁learn ▁to ▁associate ▁od ours ▁with ▁qu in ine ▁pun ishment . ▁ ▁If ▁f lies ▁are ▁fed ▁ser ot on in , ▁they ▁are ▁more ▁ag gress ive ; ▁f lies ▁de ple ted ▁of ▁ser ot on in ▁still ▁exhib it ▁ag gression , ▁but ▁they ▁do ▁so ▁much ▁less ▁frequently . ▁ ▁Within ▁ 5 ▁minutes ▁of ▁the ▁sh aking , ▁all ▁the ▁trained ▁be es ▁began ▁a ▁sequence ▁of ▁un re in for ced ▁test ▁tri als ▁with ▁five ▁od our ▁stim uli ▁presented ▁in ▁a ▁random