ical ▁and ▁concrete ▁cases . ▁According ▁to ▁K ury łow icz , ▁the ▁case ▁is ▁a ▁s ynt actic ▁or ▁semantic ▁relation ▁expressed ▁by ▁the ▁appropriate ▁inf lect ed ▁form ▁or ▁by ▁linking ▁the ▁pre position ▁with ▁a ▁n oun , ▁so ▁it ▁is ▁the ▁category ▁based ▁on ▁a ▁relation ▁inside ▁the ▁sentence ▁or ▁a ▁relation ▁between ▁two ▁sentences . ▁ ▁The ▁category ▁of ▁case ▁covers ▁two ▁basic ▁case ▁groups : ▁Gram mat ical ▁cases : ▁their ▁primary ▁function ▁is ▁s ynt actic , ▁the ▁semantic ▁function ▁is ▁secondary . ▁If ▁we ▁take ▁the ▁sentence : ▁‘ The ▁boy ▁sat ▁down ’ ▁( F is iak ▁ 1 9 7 5 : ▁ 5 9 ) ▁with ▁an ▁in trans itive ▁verb ▁‘ s it ’ , ▁we ▁may ▁notice ▁that ▁the ▁sentence ▁can ▁be ▁changed ▁into ▁caus ative ▁construction : ▁‘ ’ He ▁made ▁the ▁boy ▁sit ▁down ’ ’ ▁( ib id ), ▁where ▁the ▁word ▁‘ boy ’ ▁is ▁changed ▁from ▁nomin ative ▁into ▁accus ative , ▁with ▁the ▁superior ▁position ▁of ▁nomin ative . ▁( N omin ativ us , ▁accus ativ us ) ▁Con crete ▁cases : ▁they ▁include ▁instrument alis , ▁loc ativ us ▁and ▁ab l ativ us , ▁whose ▁primary ▁function ▁is ▁the ▁ad verb ial ▁semantic ▁function . ▁They ▁answer ▁the ▁questions : ▁with ▁whom ?, ▁where ?, ▁from ▁where ?. ▁The ▁s ynt actic ▁function ▁of ▁concrete ▁cases ▁is ▁secondary . ▁These ▁cases ▁are ▁govern ed ▁by ▁sem ant ically ▁determined ▁ver bs