▁T ian cha o ▁continues ▁to ▁see ▁use ▁on ▁Chinese ▁internet ▁discussion ▁bo ards , ▁in ▁reference ▁to ▁China . ▁ ▁The ▁phrase ▁T ian cha o ▁was ▁first ▁translated ▁into ▁English ▁and ▁French ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 th ▁century , ▁appearing ▁in ▁foreign ▁public ans ▁and ▁diplom atic ▁correspond ences , ▁with ▁the ▁translated ▁phrase ▁" C el est ial ▁Empire " ▁occasionally ▁used ▁to ▁refer ▁to ▁China . ▁During ▁this ▁period , ▁the ▁term ▁cel est ial ▁was ▁used ▁by ▁some ▁to ▁refer ▁to ▁the ▁subjects ▁of ▁the ▁Q ing ▁dynast y ▁in ▁a ▁non - pre jud icial ▁manner , ▁derived ▁from ▁the ▁term ▁" C el est ial ▁Empire ". ▁However , ▁the ▁term ▁cel est ial ▁was ▁also ▁used ▁in ▁a ▁pe jor ative ▁manner ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century , ▁in ▁reference ▁to ▁Chinese ▁imm igr ants ▁in ▁Austral asia ▁and ▁North ▁America . ▁The ▁translated ▁phrase ▁has ▁largely ▁fallen ▁into ▁dis use ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁century . ▁ ▁Trans l ations ▁for ▁T ian x ia ▁include : ▁ ▁Russian : ▁Под не бе с ная ▁( Pod ne b és n aya ; ▁lit . ▁" under ▁the ▁heaven ") ▁ ▁Ji ang sh an ▁ ▁Ji ang sh an ▁( ; ▁) ▁literally ▁means ▁" ri vers ▁and ▁mountains ". ▁This ▁term ▁is ▁quite ▁similar ▁in ▁usage ▁to ▁T ian x ia , ▁and ▁simply ▁refers ▁to ▁the ▁entire ▁world , ▁and ▁here ▁the ▁most ▁prominent ▁features