▁climate ). ▁The ▁communication , ▁management ▁style , ▁and ▁extent ▁of ▁worker ▁participation ▁in ▁decision - making ▁are ▁factors ▁that ▁contribute ▁to ▁one ▁or ▁another ▁type ▁of ▁organiz ational ▁climate . ▁ ▁Neg ative ▁health ▁and ▁other ▁effects ▁ ▁Occ up ational ▁stress ▁can ▁lead ▁to ▁three ▁types ▁of ▁stra ins : ▁behavior al ▁( e . g ., ▁abs ente e ism ), ▁physical ▁( e . g ., ▁head aches ), ▁and ▁psych ological ▁( e . g ., ▁de pressed ▁m ood ). ▁Job ▁stress ▁has ▁been ▁linked ▁to ▁a ▁broad ▁array ▁of ▁conditions , ▁including ▁psych ological ▁dis orders ▁( e . g ., ▁de pression , ▁anx iety , ▁post - tra um atic ▁stress ▁dis order ), ▁job ▁diss atisf action , ▁mal ada pt ive ▁behav iors ▁( e . g ., ▁subst ance ▁ab use ), ▁card i ov asc ular ▁disease , ▁and ▁mus cul os ke let al ▁dis orders . ▁Str ess ful ▁job ▁conditions ▁can ▁also ▁lead ▁to ▁poor ▁work ▁performance , ▁counter product ive ▁work ▁behavior , ▁higher ▁abs ente e ism , ▁and ▁injury . ▁Chron ically ▁high ▁levels ▁of ▁job ▁stress ▁dimin ish ▁a ▁worker ' s ▁quality ▁of ▁life ▁and ▁increase ▁the ▁cost ▁of ▁the ▁health ▁benefits ▁the ▁employ er ▁provides . ▁A ▁study ▁of ▁short ▁ha ul ▁tr uck ers ▁found ▁that ▁high ▁levels ▁of ▁job ▁stress ▁were ▁related ▁to ▁increased ▁risk ▁of ▁occup ational ▁injury . ▁Research ▁conducted ▁in ▁Japan ▁showed ▁a ▁more ▁than ▁two