, ▁ 7 , ▁ 2 8 9 . ▁ ▁Pan ag ia , ▁N . ▁et ▁al . ▁ 1 9 9 1 , ▁Ap . ▁J ., ▁ 3 8 0 , ▁L 2 3 . ▁ ▁Row an - Rob inson , ▁M . ▁ 1 9 8 5 , ▁' The ▁Cos m ological ▁Dist ance ▁Lad der ', ▁( New ▁York : ▁Fre eman ). ▁p .   1 5 3 . ▁Sand age , ▁A . ▁and ▁Tam mann , ▁G . ▁A . ▁ 1 9 8 1 , ▁A ▁Re vised ▁Sh ap ley - A mes ▁Catalog ▁of ▁Bright ▁Gal ax ies , ▁( C arn eg ie ▁Institute ▁of ▁Washington , ▁Washington , ▁D . C .) ▁( R SA ) ▁ ▁Tul ly , ▁R . B . ▁ 1 9 8 8 , ▁Near by ▁Gal ax ies ▁Catalog , ▁( C amb ridge ▁University ▁Press , ▁Cambridge ). ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Mess ier ▁object ▁( M ) ▁New ▁General ▁Catalogue ▁( N GC ) ▁Atlas ▁of ▁P ec uliar ▁Gal ax ies ▁( Ar p ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁The ▁Mult iw avel ength ▁Mil ky ▁Way ▁NGC ▁ 3 0 0 ▁research ▁summary ▁and ▁slide ▁set ▁NGC ▁ 1 3 1 6 ▁research ▁summary ▁and ▁slide ▁set ▁NGC ▁ 3 0 3 1 / M ▁ 8 1 ▁research ▁summary ▁and ▁slide ▁set ▁NGC ▁ 4 6 7 6 ▁research ▁summary ▁and ▁slide ▁set ▁NGC