▁this ▁example , ▁the ▁th ief ' s ▁responses ▁match ▁those ▁he ▁observed ▁only ▁because ▁the ▁numbers ▁are ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁location . ▁If ▁the ▁numbers ▁were ▁in ▁a ▁different ▁location — that ▁is , ▁if ▁the ▁numbers ▁on ▁the ▁AT M ' s ▁key pad ▁were ▁sc ram bled ▁with ▁every ▁attempt ▁to ▁enter ▁a ▁password — the ▁th ief ▁would , ▁non eth eless , ▁reproduce ▁the ▁target ▁password ▁because ▁they ▁learned ▁a ▁cogn itive ▁( i . e ., ▁an ▁abstract , ▁item - specific ▁serial ▁rule ), ▁rather ▁than ▁a ▁spatial ▁rule ▁( i . e ., ▁an ▁observable ▁motor - sp atial ▁pattern ). ▁ ▁In ▁r hes us ▁mon keys ▁▁ ▁The ▁term ▁" c ogn itive ▁im itation " ▁was ▁first ▁introduced ▁by ▁Sub ia ul ▁and ▁his ▁colle agues ▁( Sub ia ul , ▁Cant lon , ▁et ▁al ., ▁ 2 0 0 4 ), ▁defining ▁it ▁as ▁" a ▁type ▁of ▁observ ational ▁learning ▁in ▁which ▁a ▁na ï ve ▁student ▁copies ▁an ▁expert ' s ▁use ▁of ▁a ▁rule ". ▁To ▁isol ate ▁cogn itive ▁from ▁motor ▁im itation , ▁Sub ia ul ▁and ▁colle agues ▁trained ▁two ▁r hes us ▁mac a ques ▁to ▁respond , ▁in ▁a ▁pres cribed ▁order , ▁to ▁different ▁sets ▁of ▁photograph s ▁that ▁were ▁displayed ▁simultaneously ▁on ▁a ▁touch - sens itive ▁monitor . ▁Because ▁the ▁position ▁of ▁the ▁photograph s ▁varied ▁randomly ▁from ▁trial ▁to ▁trial , ▁sequences ▁could ▁not ▁be ▁learned ▁by ▁motor