0 5 , ▁about ▁ 1 / 3 ▁were ▁rev oked , ▁ 1 / 3 ▁were ▁maintained ▁in ▁an ▁am ended ▁form , ▁which ▁generally ▁means ▁" redu ced ▁in ▁scope ", ▁and ▁ 1 / 3 ▁were ▁maintained ▁as ▁granted , ▁that ▁is , ▁the ▁opposition ▁was ▁rejected . ▁The ▁same ▁figures ▁were ▁c ited ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁The ▁opposition ▁rate ▁( i . e . ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁oppos itions ▁file d ▁per ▁ 1 0 0 ▁granted ▁pat ents ) ▁before ▁the ▁E PO ▁is ▁consist ently ▁higher ▁in ▁the ▁closest ▁available ▁proxy ▁for ▁the ▁ph arma ce ut ical ▁sector ▁than ▁it ▁is ▁in ▁organ ic ▁chem istry ▁and ▁in ▁all ▁se ctors ▁( over all ▁E PO ▁average ). ▁The ▁success ▁rate ▁depends ▁however ▁on ▁the ▁technical ▁area ▁( i . e ., ▁on ▁the ▁IP C ▁classes ). ▁ ▁The ▁main ▁reasons ▁for ▁rev ocation ▁of ▁a ▁pat ent ▁in ▁opposition ▁are ▁a ▁lack ▁of ▁invent ive ▁step ▁( 4 3 % ), ▁a ▁lack ▁of ▁novel ty ▁( 2 2 %) ▁and ▁an ▁extension ▁beyond ▁the ▁content ▁of ▁the ▁application ▁as ▁file d ▁( 1 1 %). ▁ ▁Fil ing ▁an ▁opposition ▁before ▁the ▁E PO ▁is ▁reported ly ▁relatively ▁afford able , ▁" as ▁the ▁cost ▁var ies ▁between ▁€ 6 0 0 0 ▁and ▁€ 5 0 , 0 0 0 ▁( including ▁pat ent ▁law y ers ’ ▁fe es )" ▁( as ▁of ▁ 2 0 0