▁of ▁the ▁o ath ▁through ▁a ▁case ▁brought ▁before ▁the ▁court ▁of ▁N î mes ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 7 . ▁Laz ard ▁Is idor , ▁as ▁ra bbi ▁of ▁Pf al zburg , ▁refused ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 9 ▁to ▁open ▁the ▁syn agog ue ▁for ▁such ▁an ▁o ath ; ▁pro sec uted ▁for ▁cont empt ▁of ▁court , ▁he ▁was ▁def ended ▁by ▁Cr ém ieux ▁and ▁acqu itted . ▁The ▁French ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁finally ▁declared ▁the ▁o ath ▁un const itution al ▁on ▁March ▁ 3 , ▁ 1 8 4 6 . ▁However , ▁as ▁late ▁as ▁ 1 9 0 2 , ▁a ▁court ▁in ▁Roman ia ▁u ph eld ▁that ▁country ' s ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁o ath . ▁ ▁References ▁Jewish ▁Encyclopedia ▁By ▁: ▁Got th ard ▁Deutsch ▁ ▁Category : 1 5 5 5 ▁in ▁law ▁Category : Christ ian ity ▁and ▁ant is emit ism ▁Category : J ew ish ▁o ath s ▁Category : Med ieval ▁Jewish ▁history ▁Category : Dis abilities ▁( J ew ish ) ▁in ▁Europe <0x0A> </s> ▁Matthew ▁A . ▁H ark ins ▁( Nov ember ▁ 1 7 , ▁ 1 8 4 5 ▁– ▁May ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 1 9 2 1 ) ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁pre late ▁of ▁the ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁Church . ▁He ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁second ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Prov idence ▁from ▁ 1 8 8 7 ▁until ▁his ▁death ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 1 . ▁ ▁Biography ▁Matthew