▁installation ▁of ▁snow ▁ch ains . ▁Autom akers ▁have ▁also ▁experiment ed ▁with ▁integral ▁front ▁wheel ▁f ender ▁sk ir ts , ▁as ▁on ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 9 – 1 9 5 4 ▁Nash ▁" A ir fly te " ▁models ▁and ▁the ▁compact ▁ 1 9 5 0 – 1 9 5 4 ▁Nash ▁R amb ler , ▁but ▁with ▁success ▁limited ▁by ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁the ▁front ▁whe els ▁must ▁pivot ▁for ▁ste ering , ▁extending ▁out ▁from ▁the ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁vehicle ▁slightly . ▁The ▁ 1 9 5 5 ▁Ford ▁Th under bird ▁introduced ▁rear ▁" f ender ▁shield s " ▁as ▁a ▁type ▁of ▁f ender ▁sk ir ts ▁with ▁an ▁edge ▁m old ing ▁and ▁a ▁gra vel ▁shield . ▁In ▁G M ▁parts ▁access ories ▁books , ▁f ender ▁sk ir ts ▁are ▁known ▁as ▁f ender ▁shield s . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁First ▁described ▁as ▁" p ants ", ▁they ▁were ▁used ▁for ▁the ▁stream lin ing ▁effect ▁by ▁Frank ▁Lock hart ▁on ▁a ▁ 1 9 2 8 ▁St utz ▁land ▁speed ▁record ▁attempt ▁car . ▁Factory ▁production ▁of ▁f ender ▁sk ir ts ▁began ▁with ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 2 ▁Graham - Pa ige . ▁A est het ically ▁stream lined ▁designs ▁were ▁copied ▁to ▁mass - produ ced ▁models . ▁The ▁innov ations ▁introduced ▁by ▁Am os ▁North up , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁V ' d ▁radi ators , ▁f ender ▁sk ir ts , ▁and ▁s lop ing