0 th ▁centuries , ▁Middle ▁Eastern ▁r ul ers ▁tried ▁to ▁modern ize ▁their ▁states ▁to ▁comp ete ▁more ▁effectively ▁with ▁Europe . ▁In ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire , ▁the ▁T anz imat ▁re forms ▁re - inv ig or ated ▁Ott oman ▁rule ▁and ▁were ▁further ed ▁by ▁the ▁Young ▁Ott om ans ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 th ▁century , ▁leading ▁to ▁the ▁First ▁Constitution al ▁Era ▁in ▁the ▁Empire ▁that ▁included ▁the ▁writing ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 8 7 6 ▁constitution ▁and ▁the ▁establishment ▁of ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Parliament . ▁The ▁authors ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 0 6 ▁revolution ▁in ▁Pers ia ▁all ▁sought ▁to ▁import ▁versions ▁of ▁the ▁western ▁model ▁of ▁constitution al ▁government , ▁civil ▁law , ▁sec ular ▁education , ▁and ▁industrial ▁development ▁into ▁their ▁countries . ▁Through out ▁the ▁region , ▁rail ways ▁and ▁te legraph ▁lines ▁were ▁constructed , ▁schools ▁and ▁univers ities ▁were ▁opened , ▁and ▁a ▁new ▁class ▁of ▁army ▁officers , ▁law y ers , ▁teachers , ▁and ▁administr ators ▁emer ged , ▁challeng ing ▁the ▁traditional ▁leadership ▁of ▁Islam ic ▁sch ol ars . ▁ ▁This ▁first ▁Ott oman ▁constitution al ▁experiment ▁ended ▁soon ▁after ▁it ▁began , ▁however , ▁when ▁the ▁aut ocr atic ▁Sultan ▁Abd ul ▁Ham id ▁II ▁abol ished ▁the ▁parliament ▁and ▁the ▁constitution ▁in ▁favor ▁of ▁personal ▁rule . ▁Abd ul ▁Ham id ▁ruled ▁by ▁dec ree ▁for ▁the ▁next ▁ 3 0 ▁years , ▁stir ring ▁dem ocr atic ▁res ent ment .