umes ▁is ▁reliable ▁knowledge ▁and ▁appropriate ▁but ▁feels ▁no ▁oblig ation ▁to ▁accept ▁or ▁obey ; ▁in ▁contrast , ▁an ▁employ er ▁has ▁de ont ic ▁authority ▁in ▁the ▁act ▁of ▁issu ing ▁an ▁order ▁that ▁the ▁employee ▁is ▁obliged ▁to ▁accept ▁and ▁obey ▁regardless ▁of ▁its ▁reli ability ▁or ▁appropri aten ess . ▁ ▁Sc rut on , ▁in ▁his ▁book ▁On ▁Human ▁Nature , ▁is ▁critical ▁of ▁consequ ential ism ▁and ▁similar ▁eth ical ▁theories , ▁such ▁as ▁h ed on ism ▁and ▁util itar ian ism , ▁and ▁instead ▁propos es ▁a ▁de ont ological ▁eth ical ▁approach . ▁He ▁implies ▁that ▁proportional ▁duty ▁and ▁oblig ation ▁are ▁essential ▁components ▁of ▁the ▁ways ▁in ▁which ▁we ▁decide ▁to ▁act , ▁and ▁he ▁def ends ▁natural ▁law ▁against ▁oppos ing ▁theories . ▁He ▁also ▁express es ▁adm iration ▁for ▁virtue ▁eth ics , ▁and ▁bel ieves ▁that ▁the ▁two ▁eth ical ▁theories ▁are ▁not , ▁as ▁is ▁frequently ▁port rayed , ▁mut ually ▁exclusive . ▁ ▁De ont ology ▁and ▁consequ ential ism ▁ ▁Frances ▁K amm ' s ▁" Pr inci ple ▁of ▁Perm iss ible ▁Harm " ▁( 1 9 9 6 ) ▁is ▁an ▁effort ▁to ▁derive ▁a ▁de ont ological ▁constraint ▁which ▁coh eres ▁with ▁our ▁considered ▁case ▁jud g ments ▁while ▁also ▁re lying ▁heavily ▁on ▁Kant ' s ▁categor ical ▁imper ative . ▁The ▁Princi ple ▁states ▁that ▁one ▁may ▁harm ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁save ▁more ▁if ▁and ▁only ▁if ▁the ▁harm ▁is ▁an ▁effect