▁sub system ▁with ▁another ▁sub system ▁which ▁provides ▁similar ▁functionality ▁but ▁exports ▁different ▁interfaces , ▁all ▁this ▁completely ▁transparent ▁for ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁sub system s . ▁The ▁only ▁action ▁required ▁is ▁to ▁implement ▁the ▁new ▁interface ▁between ▁the ▁E SB ▁and ▁the ▁new ▁sub system . ▁ ▁The ▁horizontal ▁scheme ▁can ▁be ▁mis leading , ▁however , ▁if ▁it ▁is ▁thought ▁that ▁the ▁cost ▁of ▁intermediate ▁data ▁transformation ▁or ▁the ▁cost ▁of ▁sh ifting ▁responsibility ▁over ▁business ▁logic ▁can ▁be ▁avoided . ▁ ▁A ▁common ▁data ▁format ▁is ▁an ▁integration ▁method ▁to ▁avoid ▁every ▁adapter ▁having ▁to ▁convert ▁data ▁to / from ▁every ▁other ▁applications ' ▁formats , ▁Enter prise ▁application ▁integration ▁( E AI ) ▁systems ▁usually ▁st ip ulate ▁an ▁application - in dependent ▁( or ▁common ) ▁data ▁format . ▁The ▁E AI ▁system ▁usually ▁provides ▁a ▁data ▁transformation ▁service ▁as ▁well ▁to ▁help ▁convert ▁between ▁application - specific ▁and ▁common ▁formats . ▁This ▁is ▁done ▁in ▁two ▁steps : ▁the ▁adapter ▁converts ▁information ▁from ▁the ▁application ' s ▁format ▁to ▁the ▁bus ' ▁common ▁format . ▁Then , ▁semantic ▁transformations ▁are ▁applied ▁on ▁this ▁( con ver ting ▁zip ▁codes ▁to ▁city ▁names , ▁splitting / mer ging ▁objects ▁from ▁one ▁application ▁into ▁objects ▁in ▁the ▁other ▁applications , ▁and ▁so ▁on ). ▁ ▁Ch alleng es ▁of ▁integration ▁System ▁integration ▁can ▁be ▁challeng ing ▁for ▁organizations ▁and ▁these ▁challeng es ▁can ▁dimin ish ▁their ▁overall ▁return ▁on ▁invest ment ▁after ▁implementing ▁new ▁software ▁solutions . ▁Some