s ense . ▁Man ▁st riv es ▁to ▁less en ▁his ▁gu ilt ▁by ▁the ▁la ud ation ▁of ▁himself ▁and ▁the ▁dispar agement ▁and ▁de grad ation ▁of ▁his ▁vict ims . Ph il osoph ers ▁such ▁as ▁Peter ▁S inger ▁and ▁David ▁Pear ce ▁have ▁argued ▁against ▁anth rop oc ent ric ▁eth ics , ▁instead ▁advoc ating ▁for ▁ant ispecies ist ▁eth ics , ▁which ▁rather ▁than ▁giving ▁more ▁value ▁to ▁humans ▁based ▁on ▁their ▁species ▁membership , ▁assert ▁that ▁" other ▁things ▁being ▁equal , ▁equally ▁strong ▁interests ▁should ▁count ▁equally ." ▁This ▁util itar ian ▁principle ▁is ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁dict um ▁" every body ▁to ▁count ▁for ▁one , ▁nobody ▁for ▁more ▁than ▁one " ▁attributed ▁to ▁Jer emy ▁Bent ham ▁by ▁John ▁Stuart ▁Mill ▁in ▁Util itar ian ism ▁( 1 8 7 6 ). ▁ ▁C ogn itive ▁psych ology ▁In ▁cogn itive ▁psych ology , ▁anth rop oc ent ric ▁thinking ▁can ▁be ▁defined ▁as ▁" the ▁t endency ▁to ▁reason ▁about ▁un famil iar ▁bi ological ▁species ▁or ▁processes ▁by ▁anal ogy ▁to ▁humans ." ▁Re ason ing ▁by ▁anal ogy ▁is ▁an ▁attract ive ▁thinking ▁strategy , ▁and ▁it ▁can ▁be ▁tempt ing ▁to ▁apply ▁our ▁own ▁experience ▁of ▁being ▁human ▁to ▁other ▁bi ological ▁systems . ▁For ▁example , ▁because ▁death ▁is ▁commonly ▁felt ▁to ▁be ▁und es irable , ▁it ▁may ▁be ▁tempt ing ▁to ▁form ▁the ▁mis con ception ▁that ▁death ▁at ▁a ▁cell ular ▁level ▁or ▁elsewhere ▁in