, ▁ 1 9 2 3 , ▁the ▁inst itute ' s ▁Labor atory ▁Press ▁– ▁for ▁the ▁purpose ▁of ▁teaching ▁printing , ▁which ▁he ▁believed ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁private ▁press ▁devoted ▁sole ly ▁for ▁that ▁purpose . ▁The ▁press ▁closed ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 5 . ▁ ▁Selected ▁private ▁press es ▁United ▁States ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁ ▁Canada ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Ireland ▁▁▁ ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁France ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Asia - P ac ific ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Western ▁Asia ▁ ▁O pp on ents ▁of ▁the ▁private ▁press ▁movement ▁ ▁William ▁Add ison ▁D wig g ins ▁( 1 8 8 0 – 1 9 5 6 ), ▁a ▁commercial ▁artist , ▁is ▁la ud ed ▁for ▁high ▁quality ▁work , ▁namely ▁with ▁Alfred ▁Kn opf . ▁And , ▁in ▁contrast ▁to ▁many ▁first - rate ▁book ▁design ers ▁joining ▁private ▁press es , ▁he ▁refused . ▁ ▁Histor ian ▁Paul ▁Shaw ▁explained , ▁" He ▁had ▁no ▁p atience ▁with ▁those ▁who ▁ins isted ▁on ▁retain ing ▁hand ▁processes ▁in ▁printing ▁and ▁publishing ▁in ▁the ▁belief ▁that ▁they ▁were ▁inher ently ▁superior ▁to ▁machine ▁processes ." ▁D wig g ins ' s ▁" pr inci ple ▁concern ▁ultimately ▁centered ▁on ▁readers ▁and ▁their ▁reading ▁needs , ▁est h etic ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁financial . ▁[ H is ] ▁goal ▁was ▁to ▁make ▁books ▁that ▁were ▁beautiful , ▁functional , ▁and ▁in exp ensive ." ▁ ▁Gallery ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁▁▁ ▁Altern ative ▁media ▁ ▁Arts ▁and ▁C raft s ▁movement ▁ ▁Book binding ▁ ▁Fine