▁to ▁indu ce ▁trans ient ▁effects ▁on ▁cogn ition ▁after ▁a ▁single ▁exercise ▁session ▁and ▁persistent ▁effects ▁on ▁cogn ition ▁following ▁regular ▁exercise ▁over ▁the ▁course ▁of ▁several ▁months . ▁People ▁who ▁regularly ▁perform ▁aer ob ic ▁exercise ▁( e . g ., ▁running , ▁jog ging , ▁br isk ▁walking , ▁sw imming , ▁and ▁cy cling ) ▁have ▁greater ▁scores ▁on ▁ne uro ps ych ological ▁function ▁and ▁performance ▁tests ▁that ▁measure ▁certain ▁cogn itive ▁functions , ▁such ▁as ▁att ent ional ▁control , ▁in hib itory ▁control , ▁cogn itive ▁flex ibility , ▁working ▁memory ▁updating ▁and ▁capacity , ▁declar ative ▁memory , ▁spatial ▁memory , ▁and ▁information ▁processing ▁speed . ▁The ▁trans ient ▁effects ▁of ▁exercise ▁on ▁cogn ition ▁include ▁improvements ▁in ▁most ▁executive ▁functions ▁( e . g ., ▁attention , ▁working ▁memory , ▁cogn itive ▁flex ibility , ▁in hib itory ▁control , ▁problem ▁solving , ▁and ▁decision ▁making ) ▁and ▁information ▁processing ▁speed ▁for ▁a ▁period ▁of ▁up ▁to ▁ 2   h ours ▁after ▁exer cis ing . ▁▁ ▁Aer ob ic ▁exercise ▁indu ces ▁short - ▁and ▁long - term ▁effects ▁on ▁m ood ▁and ▁emot ional ▁states ▁by ▁prom oting ▁positive ▁affect , ▁in hib iting ▁negative ▁affect , ▁and ▁decre asing ▁the ▁bi ological ▁response ▁to ▁ac ute ▁psych ological ▁stress . ▁Over ▁the ▁short - term , ▁aer ob ic ▁exercise ▁functions ▁as ▁both ▁an ▁ant ide press ant ▁and ▁eu ph ori ant , ▁whereas ▁consistent ▁exercise ▁produces ▁general ▁improvements