▁needs ▁to ▁replace ▁old : ▁' the ▁satisfaction ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁need ▁( the ▁action ▁of ▁satisfying , ▁and ▁the ▁instrument ▁of ▁satisfaction ▁which ▁has ▁been ▁acquired ) ▁leads ▁to ▁new ▁needs '. ▁ ▁Human ▁nature , ▁Marx ' s ▁eth ical ▁thought ▁and ▁al ien ation ▁Ger as ▁says ▁of ▁Marx ' s ▁work ▁that : ▁' Wh atever ▁else ▁it ▁is , ▁theory ▁and ▁so cio - histor ical ▁explanation , ▁and ▁scientific ▁as ▁it ▁may ▁be , ▁that ▁work ▁is ▁a ▁moral ▁ind ict ment ▁rest ing ▁on ▁the ▁conception ▁of ▁essential ▁human ▁needs , ▁an ▁eth ical ▁stand point , ▁in ▁other ▁words , ▁in ▁which ▁a ▁view ▁of ▁human ▁nature ▁is ▁involved ' ▁( 1 9 8 3 , ▁pp .   8 3 – 8 4 ). ▁ ▁Ali en ation ▁For ▁the ▁main ▁article ▁on ▁this ▁topic , ▁see ▁Marx ' s ▁theory ▁of ▁al ien ation ▁Ali en ation , ▁for ▁Marx , ▁is ▁the ▁est r ang ement ▁of ▁humans ▁from ▁aspects ▁of ▁their ▁human ▁nature . ▁Since ▁– ▁as ▁we ▁have ▁seen ▁– ▁human ▁nature ▁consists ▁in ▁a ▁particular ▁set ▁of ▁vital ▁drives ▁and ▁t endencies , ▁whose ▁exercise ▁constit utes ▁fl our ishing , ▁al ien ation ▁is ▁a ▁condition ▁where in ▁these ▁drives ▁and ▁t endencies ▁are ▁st unted . ▁ ▁For ▁essential ▁powers , ▁al ien ation ▁subst it utes ▁dis emp ower ment ; ▁for ▁making ▁one ' s ▁own ▁life ▁one ' s ▁object , ▁one ' s