▁end ▁of ▁this ▁period , ▁with ▁the ▁Second ▁Constitution al ▁Era ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 8 , ▁- with ▁a ▁degree ▁of - ▁Ott oman ▁military ▁became ▁modern ized ▁and ▁professional ized ▁in ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁European ▁Arm ies . ▁ ▁Modern ization ▁ 1 8 0 8 – 1 8 3 9 ▁▁ 1 8 0 8 – 1 8 3 9 ▁Mah m ud ▁II ▁▁ ▁Mah m ud ▁II ▁had ▁to ▁deal ▁with ▁multiple ▁issues ▁inherited ▁from ▁gener ations ▁past . ▁These ▁issues ▁last ed ▁all ▁through ▁his ▁reign . ▁Short ly , ▁the ▁Eastern ▁Question ▁with ▁Russia , ▁England , ▁and ▁France , ▁and ▁military ▁problems ▁ar ising ▁from ▁mut in ous ▁Jan iss aries ▁and ▁fact ious ▁U lem as . ▁He ▁also ▁faced ▁numerous ▁internal ▁conflicts ▁with ▁Egypt ians , ▁W ah abb is , ▁Ser bi ans , ▁Alban ians , ▁Gree ks ▁and ▁Sy ri ans , ▁and ▁had ▁administrative ▁problems ▁from ▁reb elli ous ▁P ash as , ▁who ▁would ▁f ain ▁have ▁founded ▁new ▁kingdom s ▁on ▁the ▁ru ins ▁of ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Os man . ▁ ▁Mah m ud ▁understood ▁the ▁growing ▁problems ▁of ▁the ▁state ▁and ▁the ▁approaching ▁over throw ▁of ▁the ▁mon archy , ▁and ▁began ▁to ▁deal ▁with ▁the ▁problems ▁as ▁he ▁saw ▁them . ▁For ▁example , ▁he ▁closed ▁the ▁Court ▁of ▁Conf isc ations , ▁and ▁took ▁away ▁much ▁of ▁the ▁power ▁of ▁the ▁p ash as . ▁He ▁personally ▁set ▁an ▁example ▁of ▁reform