, ▁etc . ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁being ▁focused ▁on ▁upper ▁case , ▁lower ▁case ▁or ▁processes ▁such ▁as ▁configuration ▁management ▁that ▁span ▁the ▁complete ▁life - cycle . ▁ ▁En viron ments ▁ ▁An ▁environment ▁is ▁a ▁collection ▁of ▁CASE ▁tools ▁or ▁work ben ches ▁that ▁attempts ▁to ▁support ▁the ▁complete ▁software ▁process . ▁This ▁contrast s ▁with ▁tools ▁that ▁focus ▁on ▁one ▁specific ▁task ▁or ▁a ▁specific ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁life - cycle . ▁CASE ▁environments ▁are ▁class ified ▁by ▁F ug get ta ▁as ▁follows : ▁Tool k its . ▁Lo os ely ▁couple d ▁collections ▁of ▁tools . ▁These ▁typically ▁build ▁on ▁operating ▁system ▁work ben ches ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Unix ▁Program mer ' s ▁Work ben ch ▁or ▁the ▁V MS ▁V AX ▁set . ▁They ▁typically ▁perform ▁integration ▁via ▁pip ing ▁or ▁some ▁other ▁basic ▁mechanism ▁to ▁share ▁data ▁and ▁pass ▁control . ▁The ▁strength ▁of ▁easy ▁integration ▁is ▁also ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁draw back s . ▁Simple ▁passing ▁of ▁parameters ▁via ▁techn ologies ▁such ▁as ▁shell ▁script ing ▁can ' t ▁provide ▁the ▁kind ▁of ▁s oph istic ated ▁integration ▁that ▁a ▁common ▁repository ▁database ▁can . ▁ ▁Four th ▁generation . ▁These ▁environments ▁are ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁ 4 GL ▁standing ▁for ▁fourth ▁generation ▁language ▁environments ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁the ▁early ▁environments ▁were ▁designed ▁around ▁specific ▁languages ▁such ▁as ▁Visual ▁Basic . ▁They ▁were ▁the ▁first ▁environments ▁to ▁provide ▁deep ▁integration ▁of ▁multiple ▁tools . ▁Typ ically ▁these ▁environments ▁were ▁focused ▁on ▁specific ▁types