er ▁Han ▁( 2 0 6 ▁B CE   – ▁ 8 ▁CE ), ▁there ▁was ▁a ▁distinction ▁between ▁no - holds - bar red ▁weapon less ▁fighting , ▁which ▁it ▁calls ▁sh ǒ ub ó ▁( ), ▁for ▁which ▁training ▁manual s ▁had ▁already ▁been ▁written , ▁and ▁sport ive ▁wrest ling , ▁then ▁known ▁as ▁ju él ì ▁( ). ▁Wrestling ▁is ▁also ▁documented ▁in ▁the ▁Sh ǐ ▁J ì , ▁Records ▁of ▁the ▁Grand ▁Histor ian , ▁written ▁by ▁S ima ▁Q ian ▁( ca . ▁ 1 0 0 ▁B CE ). ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁Tang ▁D ynast y , ▁descri ptions ▁of ▁sword ▁d ances ▁were ▁imm ort al ized ▁in ▁po ems ▁by ▁Li ▁B ai . ▁In ▁the ▁Song ▁and ▁Y uan ▁dynast ies , ▁x i ang pu ▁cont ests ▁were ▁spons ored ▁by ▁the ▁imperial ▁courts . ▁The ▁modern ▁concepts ▁of ▁w ush u ▁were ▁fully ▁developed ▁by ▁the ▁M ing ▁and ▁Q ing ▁dynast ies . ▁ ▁Philosoph ical ▁influ ences ▁The ▁ideas ▁associated ▁with ▁Chinese ▁mart ial ▁arts ▁changed ▁with ▁the ▁evolution ▁of ▁Chinese ▁society ▁and ▁over ▁time ▁acquired ▁some ▁philosoph ical ▁bases : ▁ ▁Pass ages ▁in ▁the ▁Z hu ang zi ▁( 庄 子 ), ▁a ▁D ao ist ▁text , ▁per tain ▁to ▁the ▁psych ology ▁and ▁practice ▁of ▁mart ial ▁arts . ▁Z hu ang zi , ▁its ▁e pon ym ous ▁author , ▁is ▁believed ▁to ▁have ▁lived ▁in ▁the ▁ 4 th ▁century ▁B CE .