▁of ▁G ole m ▁effects : ▁absolute ▁and ▁relative . ▁ ▁The ▁absolute ▁G ole m ▁effect ▁occurs ▁when ▁the ▁individuals ▁who ▁are ▁identified ▁as ▁the ▁low ▁tier ▁of ▁their ▁group ▁are ▁in ▁fact ▁under qual ified ▁for ▁their ▁group . ▁ ▁For ▁any ▁given ▁normal ▁distribution ▁of ▁students ▁or ▁employees , ▁this ▁may ▁be ▁the ▁case ; ▁there ▁will ▁be ▁some ▁individuals ▁who ▁do ▁not ▁meet ▁the ▁performance ▁standards ▁of ▁the ▁group . ▁ ▁However , ▁the ▁more ▁potentially ▁dangerous ▁type ▁of ▁effect ▁is ▁the ▁relative ▁G ole m ▁effect . ▁ ▁In ▁this ▁case , ▁the ▁entire ▁population ▁is ▁qualified ▁to ▁be ▁in ▁the ▁group . ▁ ▁However , ▁because ▁there ▁will ▁always ▁be ▁a ▁" lower ▁tier " ▁even ▁for ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁individuals ▁who ▁meet ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁performance ▁standards ▁of ▁the ▁group , ▁the ▁G ole m ▁effect ▁could ▁potentially ▁deg rade ▁the ▁performance ▁of ▁even ▁highly ▁sk illed ▁individuals . ▁ ▁David son ▁and ▁E den ▁suggested ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁" de - G ole m ization " ▁efforts ▁such ▁as ▁convin cing ▁the ▁group ▁that ▁the ▁initial ▁performance ▁measures ▁under est imate ▁true ▁potential ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁reduce ▁this ▁threat . ▁ ▁Psych ological ▁mechan isms ▁ ▁Although ▁the ▁consequences ▁of ▁the ▁P yg mal ion / G ole m ▁effects ▁are ▁well ▁documented , ▁the ▁mechan isms ▁behind ▁them ▁are ▁more ▁disput ed ▁among ▁research ers . ▁Both ▁effects ▁have ▁been ▁argued ▁to ▁stem ▁from ▁Victor ▁V room ' s ▁expect ancy ▁theory . ▁