▁the ▁course ▁of ▁time , ▁developed ▁to ▁the ▁title ▁of ▁Am ir ▁Arab ▁al - Sh am ". ▁ ▁A yy ub id ▁era ▁During ▁the ▁Z eng id ▁period ▁in ▁Sy ria ▁( 1 1 2 8 – 1 1 8 2 ), ▁some ▁Bed ou in ▁ch ie ft ains ▁were ▁accord ed ▁i q ta ʿ at , ▁paid ▁ ʿ id ā d ▁( liv est ock ▁tax ), ▁and ▁performed ▁military ▁duties . ▁However , ▁the ▁ground work ▁for ▁reg ulating ▁Bed ou in ▁affairs ▁in ▁Sy ria ▁was ▁first ▁laid ▁by ▁Sal adin ▁( r . ▁ 1 1 7 1 – 1 1 9 3 ), ▁founder ▁of ▁the ▁A yy ub id ▁Sultan ate ; ▁in ▁ 1 1 8 2 , ▁Sal adin ▁entr usted ▁the ▁governor ▁of ▁Dam asc us , ▁I bn ▁al - M u q add am , ▁as ▁the ▁mu ḥ ak kim ▁( ar bitr ator ) ▁and ▁over se er ▁of ▁" all ▁the ▁Arab s " ▁who ▁was ▁" respons ible ▁for ▁... ▁making ▁the ▁custom ary ▁pay ments ▁to ▁them ▁and ▁collect ing ▁the ▁custom ary ▁dues ▁from ▁them ". ▁According ▁to ▁historian ▁Must af a ▁A . ▁Hi y ari , ▁Sal adin ' s ▁brother ▁and ▁successor , ▁Sultan ▁al - Ad il ▁( r . ▁ 1 2 0 0 – 1 2 1 8 ), ▁founded ▁the ▁formal ▁institution ▁of ▁the ▁im ar at ▁al - ʿ arab ▁( em ir