AM ▁offer ▁sub ▁part ▁per ▁tr ill ion ▁detection . ▁Non - MS ▁methods ▁using ▁GC s ▁and ▁L C s ▁having ▁universal ▁or ▁specific ▁detect ors ▁are ▁still ▁st ap les ▁in ▁the ▁ar sen al ▁of ▁available ▁analyt ical ▁tools . ▁ ▁Other ▁parameters ▁often ▁measured ▁in ▁environmental ▁chem istry ▁are ▁radio chem ical s . ▁These ▁are ▁poll ut ants ▁which ▁emit ▁radio active ▁materials , ▁such ▁as ▁alpha ▁and ▁beta ▁particles , ▁pos ing ▁danger ▁to ▁human ▁health ▁and ▁the ▁environment . ▁Part icle ▁coun ters ▁and ▁Sc int ill ation ▁coun ters ▁are ▁most ▁commonly ▁used ▁for ▁these ▁measurements . ▁Bio ass ays ▁and ▁imm uno ass ays ▁are ▁util ized ▁for ▁to x icity ▁evalu ations ▁of ▁chemical ▁effects ▁on ▁various ▁organ isms . ▁Pol ym er ase ▁Ch ain ▁Re action ▁PC R ▁is ▁able ▁to ▁identify ▁species ▁of ▁b acter ia ▁and ▁other ▁organ isms ▁through ▁specific ▁DNA ▁and ▁R NA ▁gene ▁isol ation ▁and ▁ampl ification ▁and ▁is ▁showing ▁promise ▁as ▁a ▁valuable ▁technique ▁for ▁ident ifying ▁environmental ▁micro b ial ▁cont am ination . ▁ ▁Pub lished ▁analyt ical ▁methods ▁Pe er - review ed ▁test ▁methods ▁have ▁been ▁published ▁by ▁government ▁ag encies ▁and ▁private ▁research ▁organizations . ▁Appro ved ▁published ▁methods ▁must ▁be ▁used ▁when ▁testing ▁to ▁demonstrate ▁comp liance ▁with ▁regul atory ▁requirements . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Environment al ▁monitoring ▁ ▁F resh water ▁environmental ▁quality ▁parameters ▁ ▁Green ▁chem istry ▁ ▁Green ▁Chem istry ▁Journal ▁ ▁Journal ▁of