▁to ▁inform ▁design ers ▁about ▁the ▁most ▁effective ▁ways ▁for ▁individuals ▁to ▁naturally ▁interact ▁with ▁their ▁interfaces . ▁ ▁Pen ▁interfaces ▁ ▁The ▁effect iveness ▁of ▁pen ▁interfaces ▁on ▁a ▁student ’ s ▁ability ▁to ▁learn ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁O vi att ’ s ▁major ▁areas ▁of ▁research . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁she ▁co - author ed ▁a ▁paper ▁on ▁“ The ▁impact ▁of ▁interface ▁afford ances ▁on ▁human ▁ide ation , ▁problem ▁solving , ▁and ▁infer ential ▁reasoning ” ▁which ▁found ▁that ▁student ▁who ▁used ▁a ▁pen ▁used ▁ 5 6 % ▁more ▁diag rams , ▁symbols ▁and ▁other ▁p ict orial ▁representations ▁compared ▁to ▁those ▁who ▁used ▁a ▁keyboard . ▁  This ▁correspond ed ▁to ▁a ▁ 3 8 . 5 % ▁increase ▁in ▁these ▁students ' ▁ability ▁to ▁express ▁scientific ▁ideas . ▁The ▁research ers ▁found ▁that ▁digital ▁pen ▁inputs ▁allowed ▁students ▁even ▁more ▁accuracy ▁when ▁it ▁came ▁to ▁their ▁diag rams , ▁and ▁further ▁reduced ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁vague ▁general izations ▁students ▁had ▁to ▁make ▁while ▁taking ▁notes . ▁ ▁In ▁another ▁paper ▁entitled ▁“ T ow ard ▁High - Per formance ▁Communic ations ▁Inter faces ▁for ▁Science ▁Problem ▁Sol ving ”, ▁O vi att ▁and ▁her ▁co - author ▁Adri enne ▁C ohen ▁found ▁that ▁low - perform ing ▁students ▁performed ▁better ▁using ▁of ▁a ▁pen ▁and ▁paper ▁compared ▁with ▁a ▁table t ▁and ▁pen , ▁graph ical ▁interface , ▁or ▁digital ▁paper ▁and ▁pen . ▁ ▁Spe ech ▁Inter faces ▁ ▁O vi att