ming ▁are ▁critical ▁to ▁understanding ▁climate ▁sens itivity . ▁ ▁Ocean ▁circul ation ▁It ▁has ▁been ▁estimated ▁that ▁ 7 0 % ▁of ▁global ▁wind ▁energy ▁is ▁transferred ▁to ▁the ▁ocean ▁and ▁takes ▁place ▁within ▁the ▁Ant ar ctic ▁Circ ump olar ▁Current ▁( AC C ). ▁Event ually , ▁up well ing ▁due ▁to ▁wind - str ess ▁trans ports ▁cold ▁Ant ar ctic ▁waters ▁through ▁the ▁Atlantic ▁surface ▁current , ▁while ▁war ming ▁them ▁over ▁the ▁equ ator , ▁and ▁into ▁the ▁Ar ctic ▁environment . ▁Thus , ▁war ming ▁in ▁the ▁Ar ctic ▁depends ▁on ▁the ▁efficiency ▁of ▁the ▁global ▁ocean ▁transport ▁and ▁plays ▁a ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁polar ▁see - s aw ▁effect . ▁ ▁Dec re ased ▁o xygen ▁and ▁low - p H ▁during ▁La ▁Ni ña ▁are ▁processes ▁that ▁correlate ▁with ▁decre ased ▁primary ▁production ▁and ▁a ▁more ▁pron ounced ▁pole ward ▁flow ▁of ▁ocean ▁curr ents . ▁It ▁has ▁been ▁proposed ▁that ▁the ▁mechanism ▁of ▁increased ▁Ar ctic ▁surface ▁air ▁temperature ▁anom al ies ▁during ▁La ▁Ni ña ▁periods ▁of ▁E NS O ▁may ▁be ▁attributed ▁to ▁the ▁Trop ically ▁Ex c ited ▁Ar ctic ▁W arm ing ▁Mechan ism ▁( TE AM ), ▁when ▁Ross by ▁waves ▁propag ate ▁more ▁pole ward , ▁leading ▁to ▁wave ▁dynamics ▁and ▁an ▁increase ▁in ▁down ward ▁inf ra red ▁radiation . ▁ ▁Am pl ification ▁factor ▁Pol ar ▁ampl ification ▁is ▁quant ified ▁in ▁terms ▁of ▁a ▁polar ▁ampl ification ▁factor , ▁generally ▁defined ▁as ▁the ▁ratio