duct ory ▁management ▁course ▁were ▁led ▁to ▁believe ▁they ▁were ▁assigned ▁either ▁lower - perform ing ▁or ▁higher - perform ing ▁students ▁based ▁on ▁a ▁pre test , ▁although ▁the ▁actual ▁assignment ▁was ▁completely ▁random ▁and ▁arbitrary . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁able ▁to ▁demonstrate ▁the ▁G ole m ▁effect ▁from ▁this ▁manip ulation ▁on ▁a ▁post test ▁( in ▁which ▁the ▁" lower - perform ing " ▁students ▁actually ▁performed ▁worse , ▁and ▁the ▁" high er - perform ing ▁students " ▁performed ▁better ), ▁showing ▁that ▁it ▁is ▁very ▁feas ible ▁to ▁design ▁studies ▁that ▁measure ▁the ▁effect ▁in ▁a ▁more ▁direct ▁and ▁controlled ▁fashion ▁without ▁being ▁shut ▁down ▁by ▁regul atory ▁bodies . ▁However , ▁studies ▁such ▁as ▁this ▁are ▁reg rett ably ▁still ▁extremely ▁scar ce ▁in ▁current ▁G ole m ▁research . ▁ ▁P yg mal ion ▁effect ▁ ▁Comp ared ▁to ▁the ▁G ole m ▁effect , ▁the ▁P yg mal ion ▁effect ▁enjo ys ▁a ▁far ▁greater ▁body ▁of ▁literature ; ▁this ▁is ▁most ▁likely ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁this ▁research ▁is ▁free ▁from ▁the ▁eth ical ▁challeng es ▁of ▁exam ining ▁G ole m ▁effects . ▁More ▁specific ▁and ▁involved ▁discussion ▁of ▁the ▁P yg mal ion ▁effect ▁is ▁beyond ▁the ▁scope ▁of ▁this ▁article , ▁but ▁several ▁recent ▁studies ▁on ▁this ▁effect ▁are ▁worth ▁mention ing ▁in ▁regards ▁to ▁their ▁imp lications ▁for ▁the ▁G ole m ▁effect ▁and ▁future ▁research . ▁ ▁Although ▁the ▁P yg mal ion ▁effect ▁has ▁been ▁studied ▁in