aria . ▁The ▁Russian ▁public ▁felt ▁that ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁Congress ▁of ▁Berlin ▁thousands ▁of ▁Russian ▁soldiers ▁had ▁died ▁for ▁nothing . ▁ ▁The ▁military ▁of ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire ▁remained ▁an ▁effective ▁fighting ▁force ▁until ▁the ▁second ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁eigh teenth ▁century , ▁when ▁it ▁suffered ▁a ▁cat ast roph ic ▁defeat ▁against ▁Russia ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 7 6 8 - 7 4 ▁war . ▁Sel im ▁III ▁came ▁to ▁the ▁throne ▁with ▁an ▁am bit ious ▁effort ▁in ▁military ▁re forms ▁in ▁ 1 7 8 9 . ▁He ▁failed . ▁Sel im ▁III ▁was ▁replaced ▁by ▁Mah m ud ▁II ▁in ▁ 1 8 0 8 ▁who ▁established ▁mart ial ▁law ▁of ▁A lem dar ▁Must af a ▁P asha . ▁His ▁first ▁task ▁was ▁to ▁al ly ▁with ▁the ▁Jan iss aries ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁break ▁the ▁power ▁of ▁the ▁provincial ▁govern ors . ▁He ▁then ▁turned ▁on ▁the ▁Jan iss aries ▁and ▁removed ▁them ▁from ▁power ▁during ▁Aus p icious ▁Inc ident ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 6 . ▁E ff ort s ▁for ▁a ▁new ▁system ▁( 1 8 2 6 – 1 8 5 8 ) ▁began ▁following ▁the ▁Aus p icious ▁incident . ▁ ▁Econom ic ▁historian ▁Paul ▁B airo ch ▁arg ues ▁that ▁free ▁trade ▁contributed ▁to ▁de indust rial ization ▁in ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire . ▁In ▁contrast ▁to ▁the ▁protection ism ▁of ▁China , ▁Japan , ▁and ▁Spain , ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire ▁had ▁a ▁liberal ▁trade ▁policy ,