5 ▁the ▁house ▁and ▁the ▁surrounding ▁neighborhood ▁were ▁p aved ▁over ▁by ▁the ▁city ▁to ▁make ▁way ▁for ▁public ▁housing ▁complex es ▁designated ▁exclus ively ▁for ▁African - Amer icans . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Civil ▁rights ▁movement ▁( 1 8 6 5 – 1 8 9 6 ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁B iles , ▁Roger . ▁" Ro bert ▁R . ▁Church , ▁Jr . ▁of ▁M emph is : ▁Black ▁Republican ▁Le ader ▁in ▁the ▁Age ▁of ▁Democratic ▁As c end ancy , ▁ 1 9 2 8 - 1 9 4 0 ." ▁Tennessee ▁Historical ▁Qu arter ly ▁ 4 2 . 4 ▁( 1 9 8 3 ): ▁ 3 6 2 - 3 8 2 . ▁in ▁J ST OR ▁ ▁Church , ▁An net te ▁E ., ▁and ▁Ro berta ▁Church , ▁The ▁Robert ▁R . ▁Church es ▁of ▁M emph is : ▁A ▁Father ▁and ▁Son ▁Who ▁Ach ieved ▁in ▁Sp ite ▁of ▁Race ▁( M emph is : ▁A . ▁E . ▁Church , ▁ 1 9 7 4 ) ▁ ▁Ing ham , ▁John ▁N ., ▁and ▁Lyn ne ▁B . ▁Feld man , ▁African - American ▁Business ▁Le aders : ▁A ▁Bi ographical ▁Dictionary , ▁Green wood ▁Publishing ▁Group , ▁ 1 9 9 4 , ▁▁▁▁ ▁Mel ton , ▁Gl oria ▁B . ▁Black s ▁in ▁M emph is , ▁Tennessee , ▁ 1 9 2 0 - 1 9 5 5 : ▁A ▁Historical ▁Study ▁( Ph .