▁and ▁ins isted ▁on ▁being ▁recogn ised ▁as ▁such . ▁Much ▁the ▁same ▁occurred ▁in ▁other ▁countries ▁affected ▁by ▁the ▁Protest ant ▁Re formation . ▁ ▁Even ▁in ▁countries ▁where ▁there ▁was ▁no ▁formal ▁break ▁with ▁the ▁Holy ▁See , ▁various ▁so ver eign s ▁assumed ▁similar ▁authority . ▁An ▁example ▁is ▁Joseph ▁II , ▁Holy ▁Roman ▁Emperor , ▁whose ▁ecc les iast ical ▁policy ▁is ▁described ▁in ▁the ▁Catholic ▁Encyclopedia ▁( 1 9 1 3 ) ▁article ▁on ▁him . ▁ ▁Catholic ▁Church ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁title ▁ ▁When ▁T ert ul li an , ▁a ▁Mont an ist , ▁fur iously ▁applied ▁the ▁term ▁to ▁some ▁bishop ▁with ▁whom ▁he ▁was ▁at ▁odd s ▁( e ither ▁Pope ▁Cal li xt us ▁I ▁or ▁Ag ri pp inus ▁of ▁Car th age ), ▁c ▁ 2 2 0 , ▁over ▁a ▁relax ation ▁of ▁the ▁Church ' s ▁pen it ential ▁discipline ▁allowing ▁rep ent ant ▁ad ul ter ers ▁and ▁for nic ators ▁back ▁into ▁the ▁Church , ▁it ▁was ▁in ▁bitter ▁ir ony : ▁ ▁The ▁last ▁traces ▁of ▁Em per ors ▁being ▁at ▁the ▁same ▁time ▁chief ▁pont iffs ▁are ▁found ▁in ▁ins cri ptions ▁of ▁Val entin ian ▁I , ▁Val ens , ▁and ▁Gr at ian ▁( O rel li , ▁In script . ▁n 1 1 1 7 , ▁ 1 1 1 8 ). ▁From ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁The odos ius ▁I ▁( r ▁ 3 7 9 – 3 9 5 ), ▁the