▁all ▁phases ▁of ▁the ▁work ▁( all ▁off ▁design - build ) ▁and ▁were ▁also ▁were ▁required ▁to ▁award ▁construction ▁work ▁to ▁the ▁lowest ▁qualified ▁bid der . ▁The ▁political ▁assumption ▁was ▁that ▁the ▁low ▁l ump ▁sum ▁bid ▁demonstrated ▁a ▁pr udent ▁use ▁of ▁public ▁money , ▁and ▁open ▁compet itive ▁b idd ing ▁demonstrated ▁a ▁fair ▁selection ▁of ▁contract ors . ▁Since ▁compet itive ▁l ump - sum ▁b idd ing ▁required ▁complete ▁construction ▁draw ings ▁and ▁specific ations , ▁Fast - Track ▁as ▁used ▁in ▁Indust ry ▁was ▁un available ▁to ▁public ▁own ers . ▁ ▁However , ▁most ▁public ▁proc ure ment ▁reg ulations ▁allowed ▁proc ure ment ▁of ▁architect ural , ▁engineering ▁and ▁other ▁services ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁qual ifications ▁of ▁the ▁service ▁provider . ▁( See ▁the ▁Bro oks ▁Act ▁for ▁the ▁approach ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁federal ▁government .) ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s , ▁during ▁the ▁Vietnam ▁War , ▁students ▁en rolled ▁in ▁higher ▁education ▁were ▁de ferred ▁from ▁the ▁draft . ▁Con sequently , ▁colleg es ▁and ▁univers ities ▁expl oded . ▁The ▁crow ding ▁problems ▁were ▁ac ute ▁because ▁the ▁delivery ▁of ▁design ▁and ▁construction ▁for ▁academic ▁buildings ▁usually ▁took ▁ 4 ▁to ▁ 6 ▁years . ▁Meanwhile , ▁the ▁high ▁rate ▁of ▁infl ation ▁was ▁er oding ▁construction ▁bud gets . ▁ ▁A ▁ 4 - 5 ▁year ▁project ▁schedule ▁might ▁see ▁the ▁bu ying ▁power ▁of ▁appropri ated ▁funds ▁for ▁building ▁projects ▁reduced ▁significantly . ▁ ▁In ▁