. ▁These ▁authors ▁are ▁referring ▁to ▁the ▁very ▁real ▁" double ▁bur den " ▁hypothesis . ▁In ▁addition , ▁women , ▁on ▁average , ▁ear n ▁less ▁than ▁their ▁male ▁counter parts . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁a ▁recent ▁report ▁by ▁the ▁European ▁Union ▁( E U ), ▁in ▁the ▁EU ▁and ▁affili ated ▁countries ▁the ▁skills ▁gap ▁between ▁men ▁and ▁women ▁has ▁narrow ed ▁in ▁the ▁ten ▁years ▁preceding ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁However , ▁EU ▁men ▁ear n ▁substantial ly ▁more ▁than ▁EU ▁women , ▁which ▁is ▁partly ▁due ▁to ▁differences ▁in ▁working ▁hours . ▁ ▁C aus es ▁of ▁occup ational ▁stress ▁Job ▁stress ▁results ▁from ▁the ▁interaction ▁of ▁the ▁worker ▁and ▁the ▁conditions ▁of ▁work . ▁C aus es ▁include ▁work load ▁( quant itative ▁work load , ▁qual itative ▁work load , ▁and ▁under load ), ▁reduced ▁aut onomy ▁and ▁low ▁levels ▁of ▁support ▁( see ▁the ▁demand - control - support ▁model ▁above ), ▁pay ▁and ▁recognition ▁in comm ens ur ate ▁with ▁effort ▁( see ▁the ▁effort - re ward ▁im bal ance ▁model ▁above ), ▁number ▁of ▁hours ▁worked , ▁occup ational ▁status , ▁bul lying , ▁sexual ▁har ass ment , ▁work place ▁conflict , ▁lack ▁of ▁work - life ▁balance , ▁and ▁status . ▁ ▁General ▁working ▁conditions ▁ ▁Although ▁the ▁importance ▁of ▁individual ▁differences ▁cannot ▁be ▁ignored , ▁scientific ▁evidence ▁suggests ▁that ▁certain ▁working ▁conditions ▁are ▁stress ful ▁to ▁most ▁people . ▁Such ▁evidence ▁arg ues ▁for ▁a ▁greater ▁emphas is