▁sometimes ▁rejected ▁due ▁to ▁a ▁lack ▁of ▁higher ▁quality ▁evidence , ▁and ▁those ▁who ▁do ▁not ▁believe ▁in ▁the ▁idea ▁of ▁animal ▁intelligence , ▁often ▁argue ▁that ▁anth rop omorphism ▁plays ▁a ▁role ▁in ▁individuals ' ▁pers pect ives . ▁Those ▁who ▁reject ▁that ▁animals ▁have ▁the ▁capacity ▁to ▁experience ▁em otion ▁do ▁so ▁mainly ▁by ▁referring ▁to ▁incons isten cies ▁in ▁studies ▁that ▁have ▁end ors ed ▁the ▁belief ▁emot ions ▁exist . ▁Having ▁no ▁lingu istic ▁means ▁to ▁communicate ▁em otion ▁beyond ▁behavior al ▁response ▁interpretation , ▁the ▁difficulty ▁of ▁providing ▁an ▁account ▁of ▁em otion ▁in ▁animals ▁re lies ▁heavily ▁on ▁interpret ive ▁experiment ation , ▁that ▁re lies ▁on ▁results ▁from ▁human ▁subjects . ▁ ▁Some ▁people ▁opp ose ▁the ▁concept ▁of ▁animal ▁emot ions ▁and ▁suggest ▁that ▁emot ions ▁are ▁not ▁universal , ▁including ▁in ▁humans . ▁If ▁emot ions ▁are ▁not ▁universal , ▁this ▁indicates ▁that ▁there ▁is ▁not ▁a ▁ph y log en etic ▁relationship ▁between ▁human ▁and ▁non - human ▁em otion . ▁The ▁relationship ▁drawn ▁by ▁pro ponents ▁of ▁animal ▁em otion , ▁then , ▁would ▁be ▁merely ▁a ▁suggestion ▁of ▁mechan istic ▁features ▁that ▁promote ▁adapt ivity , ▁but ▁lack ▁the ▁complexity ▁of ▁human ▁emot ional ▁construct s . ▁Thus , ▁a ▁social ▁life - style ▁may ▁play ▁a ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁process ▁of ▁basic ▁emot ions ▁developing ▁into ▁more ▁complex ▁emot ions . ▁ ▁Dar win ▁concluded , ▁through ▁a ▁survey , ▁that ▁humans ▁share ▁universal ▁emot ive ▁expressions ▁and ▁suggested ▁that