r ational ist ▁approach ▁to ▁human ▁affairs , ▁for ▁Hay ek , ▁was ▁the ▁same ▁which ▁gu ided ▁Scottish ▁en light en ment ▁think ers , ▁such ▁as ▁Adam ▁Smith , ▁David ▁H ume ▁and ▁Adam ▁Fer g us on , ▁to ▁make ▁their ▁case ▁for ▁liberty . ▁For ▁them , ▁no ▁one ▁can ▁have ▁the ▁knowledge ▁necessary ▁to ▁plan ▁society , ▁and ▁this ▁" natural " ▁or ▁" sp ont aneous " ▁order ▁of ▁society ▁shows ▁how ▁it ▁can ▁efficiently ▁" plan " ▁bottom - up . ▁Also , ▁the ▁idea ▁that ▁law ▁is ▁just ▁a ▁product ▁of ▁deliber ate ▁design , ▁denied ▁by ▁natural ▁law ▁and ▁linked ▁to ▁legal ▁posit iv ism , ▁can ▁easily ▁generate ▁total itar ian ism : ▁" If ▁law ▁is ▁wh olly ▁the ▁product ▁of ▁deliber ate ▁design , ▁whatever ▁the ▁designer ▁decre es ▁to ▁be ▁law ▁is ▁just ▁by ▁definition ▁and ▁un just ▁law ▁becomes ▁a ▁contradiction ▁in ▁terms . ▁The ▁will ▁of ▁the ▁d uly ▁author ized ▁legisl ator ▁is ▁then ▁wh olly ▁unf etter ed ▁and ▁gu ided ▁sole ly ▁by ▁his ▁concrete ▁interests ". ▁This ▁idea ▁is ▁wrong ▁because ▁law ▁cannot ▁be ▁just ▁a ▁product ▁of ▁" reason ": ▁" no ▁system ▁of ▁art ic ulated ▁law ▁can ▁be ▁applied ▁except ▁within ▁a ▁framework ▁of ▁generally ▁recognized ▁but ▁often ▁un art ic ulated ▁rules ▁of ▁justice ". ▁ ▁However , ▁a ▁sec ular ▁critique ▁of ▁the ▁natural ▁law ▁doctrine ▁was ▁stated ▁by ▁Pierre ▁Char ron ▁in ▁his ▁De ▁la ▁s ages se