▁reaction follow ed ▁by ▁a ▁subsequent ▁Su zu ki ▁coupling . ▁ ▁Vari ations ▁ ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁performing ▁the ▁reaction ▁in ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁organ ic ▁sol vent s , ▁conditions ▁have ▁been ▁de vised ▁which ▁allow ▁for ▁a ▁broad ▁range ▁of ▁St ille ▁cou pl ings ▁in ▁a que ous ▁sol vent . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁Cu ( I ) ▁sal ts , ▁p all ad ium - on - car bon ▁has ▁been ▁shown ▁to ▁be ▁an ▁effective ▁catal yst . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁real m ▁of ▁green ▁chem istry ▁a ▁St ille ▁reaction ▁is ▁reported ▁taking ▁place ▁in ▁a ▁low ▁mel ting ▁and ▁highly ▁polar ▁mixture ▁of ▁a ▁sugar ▁such ▁as ▁man nit ol , ▁a ▁u rea ▁such ▁as ▁dim eth yl ure a ▁and ▁a ▁salt ▁such ▁as ▁am mon ium ▁ch lor ide ▁. ▁The ▁catal yst ▁system ▁is ▁tr is ( d iben zy l id ene ac et one ) d ip all ad ium ( 0 ) ▁with ▁tri phen yl ars ine : ▁ ▁St ille - Car b ony l ative ▁cross - cou pling ▁ ▁A ▁common ▁alter ation ▁to ▁the ▁St ille ▁coupling ▁is ▁the ▁incorpor ation ▁of ▁a ▁car b ony l ▁group ▁between ▁R 1 ▁and ▁R 2 , ▁serving ▁as ▁an ▁efficient ▁method ▁to ▁form ▁k et ones . ▁ ▁This ▁process ▁is ▁extremely ▁similar ▁to ▁the ▁initial ▁expl oration ▁by ▁Mig ita ▁and ▁St ille ▁( see ▁History ) ▁of ▁coupling ▁organ ost