▁experiences , ▁these ▁actions ▁recogn izing ▁that ▁music ▁and ▁music - making ▁are ▁inher ent ▁to ▁human ▁culture ▁and ▁behavior , ▁distingu ishing ▁humans ▁from ▁other ▁species . ▁ ▁Ro le ▁of ▁women ▁ ▁While ▁music ▁critics ▁argued ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 8 0 s ▁that ▁"... w omen ▁[ compos ers ] ▁lack ed ▁the ▁inn ate ▁cre ativity ▁to ▁compose ▁good ▁music " ▁due ▁to ▁" bi ological ▁pre dis position ", ▁later , ▁it ▁was ▁accepted ▁that ▁women ▁would ▁have ▁a ▁role ▁in ▁music ▁education , ▁and ▁they ▁became ▁involved ▁in ▁this ▁field ▁"... to ▁such ▁a ▁degree ▁that ▁women ▁domin ated ▁music ▁education ▁during ▁the ▁later ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁and ▁well ▁into ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁century ." " Tr ad itional ▁accounts ▁of ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁music ▁education ▁[ in ▁the ▁US ] ▁have ▁often ▁neglect ed ▁the ▁contributions ▁of ▁women , ▁because ▁these ▁texts ▁have ▁emphas ized ▁bands ▁and ▁the ▁top ▁leaders ▁in ▁hier arch ical ▁music ▁organizations ." ▁ ▁When ▁looking ▁beyond ▁these ▁band le aders ▁and ▁top ▁leaders , ▁women ▁had ▁many ▁music ▁education ▁roles ▁in ▁the ▁"... home , ▁community , ▁churches , ▁public ▁schools , ▁and ▁teacher - training ▁institutions " ▁and ▁"... as ▁writers , ▁pat rons , ▁and ▁through ▁their ▁volunte er ▁work ▁in ▁organizations ." ▁▁ ▁Despite ▁the ▁limitations ▁im posed ▁on ▁women ' s ▁roles ▁in ▁music ▁education ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century , ▁women ▁were ▁accepted ▁as ▁kind erg