▁Princi ple ▁B , ▁and ▁Binding ▁Princi ple ▁C . ▁ ▁Princi ple ▁A : ▁an ▁an ap hor ▁( ref lex ive ▁or ▁reci pro cal , ▁such ▁as ▁" each ▁other ") ▁must ▁be ▁bound ▁in ▁its ▁gover ning ▁category ▁( rough ly , ▁the ▁clause ). ▁Since ▁" him self " ▁is ▁not ▁c - command ed ▁by ▁" John " ▁in ▁sentence ▁[ 3 ], ▁Princi ple ▁A ▁is ▁viol ated . ▁ ▁Princi ple ▁B : ▁ ▁a ▁pron oun ▁must ▁be ▁free ▁( i . e ., ▁not ▁bound ) ▁within ▁its ▁gover ning ▁category ▁( rough ly , ▁the ▁clause ). ▁In ▁sentence ▁[ 1 ], ▁" him " ▁is ▁bound ▁by ▁" John ", ▁viol ating ▁Princi ple ▁B . ▁ ▁Princi ple ▁C : ▁an ▁R - expression ▁must ▁be ▁free ▁( i . e ., ▁not ▁bound ). ▁R - express ions ▁( e . g . ▁" the ▁dog " ▁or ▁" John ") ▁are ▁refer ential ▁expressions : ▁unlike ▁pron oun s ▁and ▁an ap hora , ▁they ▁independently ▁refer , ▁i . e ., ▁pick ▁out ▁entities ▁in ▁the ▁world . ▁In ▁sentence ▁[ 4 ], ▁the ▁first ▁instance ▁of ▁" John " ▁bind s ▁the ▁second , ▁viol ating ▁Princi ple ▁C . ▁ ▁Note ▁that ▁Princi ples ▁A ▁and ▁B ▁refer ▁to ▁" g over ning ▁categories " — dom ains ▁which ▁limit ▁the ▁scope ▁of ▁binding . ▁The ▁definition ▁of ▁a ▁gover ning ▁category ▁laid ▁out ▁in