ments . ▁ ▁Administration ▁The ▁A yy ub ids ▁founded ▁the ▁im ar at ▁al - ʿ arab ▁( em ir ate ▁of ▁the ▁Bed ou ins ) ▁as ▁a ▁formal ▁state ▁institution . ▁However , ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁f ract ious ▁nature ▁of ▁the ▁A yy ub id ▁political ▁system , ▁the ▁appointed ▁am ir ▁al - ʿ arab ▁( pl . ▁um ara ▁al - ʿ arab ) ▁was ▁often ▁unable ▁to ▁maintain ▁authority ▁over ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁Bed ou in ▁ch ie ft ains , ▁who ▁generally ▁viewed ▁the ▁am ir ▁al - ʿ arab ▁as ▁their ▁equal ▁rather ▁than ▁their ▁superior . ▁Under ▁the ▁Mam lu ks , ▁the ▁am ir ▁al - ʿ arab ▁was ▁appointed ▁by ▁the ▁s ultan ▁in ▁Egypt ▁and ▁was ▁considered ▁a ▁state ▁official . ▁His ▁i q ta ʿ ▁( f ief ; ▁pl . ▁i q ta ʿ at ) ▁gr ants ▁were ▁given ▁to ▁him ▁in ▁a ▁di pl oma ▁delivered ▁by ▁the ▁s ultan ' s ▁ch anc ery ▁or ▁picked ▁up ▁by ▁the ▁am ir ▁al - ʿ arab ▁himself ▁if ▁he ▁was ▁visit ing ▁the ▁s ultan ' s ▁court ▁in ▁C airo . ▁In ▁the ▁M aml uk ▁provinces ▁of ▁Dam asc us , ▁Ale ppo ▁and ▁the ▁capital , ▁C airo , ▁a ▁department ▁called ▁the ▁mi hm and ā ri y ya ▁de alt ▁with ▁man aging ▁Bed ou in ▁affairs ▁and ▁receiving ▁the ▁am ir ▁al - ʿ arab . ▁The ▁am ir ▁al