▁as ▁well ▁as ▁a ▁pl ur ality ▁in ▁southern ▁Russia ▁and ▁also ▁in ▁some ▁parts ▁of ▁Roman ia . ▁Most ▁of ▁these ▁lands ▁were ▁lost ▁with ▁time ▁by ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire ▁between ▁ 1 9 th ▁and ▁ 2 0 th ▁centuries . ▁By ▁ 1 9 2 3 , ▁only ▁An atol ia ▁and ▁eastern ▁Th race ▁remained ▁as ▁the ▁Muslim ▁land . ▁ ▁Ist ib dat ▁ 1 8 7 9 - 1 9 0 8 ▁▁ 1 8 7 9 – 1 9 0 8 ▁Abd ul ▁Ham id ▁II ▁ ▁Abd ul ▁Ham id ▁is ▁also ▁considered ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁last ▁s ult ans ▁to ▁have ▁full ▁control . ▁His ▁reign ▁strugg led ▁with ▁the ▁cul min ation ▁of ▁ 7 5 ▁years ▁of ▁change ▁throughout ▁the ▁emp ire ▁and ▁an ▁oppos ing ▁reaction ▁to ▁that ▁change . ▁He ▁was ▁particularly ▁concerned ▁with ▁the ▁central ization ▁of ▁the ▁emp ire . ▁His ▁efforts ▁to ▁central ize ▁the ▁Sub lime ▁Por te ▁were ▁not ▁un he ard ▁of ▁among ▁other ▁s ult ans . ▁The ▁Ott oman ▁Empire ’ s ▁local ▁provinces ▁had ▁more ▁control ▁over ▁their ▁areas ▁than ▁the ▁central ▁government . ▁Abd ul ▁Ham id ▁II ' s ▁foreign ▁relations ▁came ▁from ▁a ▁“ policy ▁of ▁non - commit ment ." ▁The ▁s ultan ▁understood ▁the ▁frag ility ▁of ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁military , ▁and ▁the ▁Empire ’ s ▁weak ness es ▁of ▁its ▁domestic ▁control . ▁Pan - I sl am ism ▁became ▁Abd ül ham