▁great ▁detail ▁using ▁experimental ▁and ▁quasi - ex perimental ▁designs , ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁method ological ▁issues ▁surrounding ▁the ▁G ole m ▁effect , ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁conclus ions ▁drawn ▁on ▁the ▁G ole m ▁effect ▁have ▁been ▁from ▁correl ational ▁data ▁from ▁P yg mal ion ▁studies . ▁ ▁Cross - c ult ural ▁effects ▁ ▁Rec ent ▁research ▁has ▁expl ored ▁the ▁P yg mal ion ▁effect ▁in ▁cultural ▁settings ▁not ▁previously ▁studied . ▁For ▁example , ▁a ▁recent ▁study ▁exam ined ▁how ▁Japanese ▁human itar ian ▁aid ▁workers ▁station ed ▁in ▁different ▁countries ▁across ▁the ▁world ▁perce ived ▁and ▁interact ed ▁with ▁the ▁local ▁organizations ▁that ▁they ▁consult ed ▁with . ▁The ▁research ers ▁found ▁support ▁for ▁the ▁notion ▁that ▁when ▁the ▁aid ▁workers ▁held ▁more ▁positive ▁per ception s ▁of ▁their ▁local ▁colle agues , ▁higher ▁levels ▁of ▁organiz ational ▁performance ▁were ▁observed . ▁Such ▁find ings ▁raise ▁the ▁question ▁of ▁whether ▁G ole m ▁effects ▁would ▁also ▁be ▁observed ▁in ▁such ▁mult icult ural ▁settings ▁and ▁provides ▁am ple ▁opportunity ▁for ▁future ▁research ▁inqu iry . ▁ ▁G ole m ▁in ▁reverse ▁ ▁Many ▁modern ▁organizations ▁are ▁starting ▁to ▁face ▁a ▁new ▁challenge ▁in ▁superior / sub ordinate ▁relationships : ▁the ▁older ▁employee ▁reporting ▁to ▁a ▁younger ▁super visor . ▁This ▁particular ▁situation ▁is ▁expected ▁to ▁occur ▁more ▁and ▁more ▁as ▁the ▁baby ▁bo omer ▁generation ▁reaches ▁ret irement ▁age . ▁As ▁such , ▁there ▁is ▁great ▁opportunity ▁for ▁research ▁in ▁exam ining ▁the ▁effects ▁of ▁older ▁employees