▁with ▁national ism ▁from ▁both ▁within ▁and ▁beyond ▁its ▁borders . ▁The ▁number ▁of ▁revolution ary , ▁secret ▁soci eties ▁which ▁turned ▁into ▁political ▁parties ▁during ▁the ▁next ▁period ▁rose ▁dram atically . ▁U pr is ings ▁in ▁Ott oman ▁territory ▁had ▁many ▁far - re aching ▁consequences ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁and ▁determined ▁much ▁of ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁policy ▁during ▁the ▁early ▁ 2 0 th ▁century . ▁Many ▁Ott oman ▁r uling ▁el ite ▁question ed ▁whether ▁the ▁policies ▁of ▁the ▁state ▁were ▁to ▁bl ame : ▁some ▁felt ▁that ▁the ▁sources ▁of ▁eth nic ▁conflict ▁were ▁external , ▁and ▁un related ▁to ▁issues ▁of ▁govern ance . ▁While ▁this ▁era ▁was ▁not ▁without ▁some ▁success es , ▁the ▁ability ▁of ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁state ▁to ▁have ▁any ▁effect ▁on ▁eth nic ▁u pr is ings ▁was ▁seriously ▁called ▁into ▁question . ▁ ▁The ▁Russian ▁extension ▁in ▁this ▁century ▁developed ▁with ▁the ▁main ▁theme ▁of ▁supporting ▁independence ▁of ▁Ott om ans ' ▁former ▁provinces ▁and ▁then ▁bringing ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁S lav ▁pe op les ▁of ▁the ▁B alk ans ▁under ▁Bulg aria ▁or ▁using ▁Armen ians ▁in ▁the ▁east ▁sets ▁the ▁stage . ▁At ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁century ▁from ▁Russian ▁perspective ; ▁Roman ia , ▁Ser bia ▁and ▁Mont en eg ro ▁and ▁aut onomy ▁of ▁Bulg aria ▁was ▁achieved . ▁That ▁al ar med ▁the ▁Great ▁Pow ers . ▁After ▁the ▁Congress ▁of ▁Berlin ▁the ▁Russian ▁expansion ▁was ▁controlled ▁through ▁stopping ▁the ▁expansion ▁of ▁Bulg