▁and ▁rational ized , ▁exer cis ing ▁a ▁greater ▁degree ▁of ▁influence ▁over ▁its ▁population ▁than ▁in ▁any ▁previous ▁era . ▁The ▁process ▁of ▁reform ▁and ▁modern ization ▁in ▁the ▁emp ire ▁began ▁with ▁the ▁declaration ▁of ▁the ▁N iz am - I ▁C ed id ▁( New ▁Order ) ▁during ▁the ▁reign ▁of ▁Sultan ▁Sel im ▁III ▁ ▁and ▁was ▁pun ctu ated ▁by ▁several ▁reform ▁decre es , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁H att - ı ▁ Ş er if ▁of ▁G ül h ane ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 9 ▁and ▁the ▁H att - ı ▁H ü may un ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 6 . ▁At ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁this ▁period , ▁marked ▁with ▁ 1 9 0 8 , ▁to ▁a ▁degree ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁military ▁became ▁modern ized ▁and ▁professional ized ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁model ▁of ▁Western ▁European ▁Arm ies . ▁The ▁period ▁was ▁followed ▁by ▁the ▁defeat ▁and ▁dissol ution ▁of ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire ▁( 1 9 0 8 – 1 9 2 2 ). ▁ ▁Main ▁issues ▁of ▁the ▁period ▁▁ ▁The ▁rise ▁of ▁national ism ▁swe pt ▁through ▁many ▁countries ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century , ▁and ▁it ▁affected ▁territ ories ▁within ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire . ▁A ▁bur geon ing ▁national ▁conscious ness , ▁together ▁with ▁a ▁growing ▁sense ▁of ▁eth nic ▁national ism , ▁made ▁national istic ▁thought ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁significant ▁Western ▁ideas ▁imported ▁to ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire . ▁The ▁emp ire ▁was ▁forced ▁to ▁deal