▁scient ists ▁created ▁a ▁new ▁thin film ▁super l attice ▁material ▁that ▁uses ▁the ▁therm oe lect ric ▁effect ▁to ▁cool ▁micro process ors . ▁A ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁study ▁by ▁R TI ▁and ▁the ▁Cent ers ▁for ▁D ise ase ▁Control ▁and ▁Pre vention ▁published ▁in ▁Health ▁Affairs ▁estimated ▁that ▁ob es ity ▁in ▁the ▁US ▁caused ▁$ 1 4 7 ▁billion ▁in ▁increased ▁medical ▁care ▁costs ▁ann ually . ▁ ▁R TI ▁also ▁developed ▁a ▁reading ▁skill ▁measurement ▁program , ▁the ▁Early ▁Gra de ▁Reading ▁Ass ess ment ▁( EG RA ), ▁for ▁the ▁USA ID ▁and ▁the ▁World ▁Bank . ▁The ▁E G RA ▁has ▁been ▁used ▁in ▁ 7 0 ▁languages ▁and ▁ 5 0 ▁countries . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s , ▁R TI ▁created ▁and ▁distributed ▁the ▁Architecture ▁Design ▁and ▁Ass ess ment ▁System , ▁a ▁set ▁of ▁software ▁programs ▁that ▁helped ▁model ▁intr icate ▁systems . ▁The ▁AD AS ▁programs ▁were ▁produced ▁until ▁the ▁mid - 1 9 9 0 s . ▁ ▁R TI ▁began ▁working ▁for ▁the ▁US ▁Agency ▁for ▁International ▁Development ▁( USA ID ) ▁after ▁the ▁conflict ▁between ▁Ira q ▁and ▁the ▁US ▁began ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁USA ID ▁work ▁represented ▁ 3 5 ▁percent ▁of ▁R TI ' s ▁re venue ▁by ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁Under ▁Ira q ’ s ▁previous , ▁highly ▁central ized ▁regime , ▁citizens ▁had ▁almost ▁no ▁experience ▁with ▁local ▁govern ance ▁or ▁active