1 8 5 7 ); ▁establishment ▁of ▁the ▁School ▁of ▁Econom ical ▁and ▁Political ▁Sciences ▁( M ek te b - i ▁M ül ki ye , ▁ 1 8 5 9 ). ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 5 5 ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁te legraph ▁network ▁became ▁oper ational ▁and ▁the ▁Te legraph ▁Administration ▁was ▁established . ▁ ▁Crime an ▁War , ▁ 1 8 5 3 – 1 8 5 6 ▁ ▁The ▁Crime an ▁War ▁( 1 8 5 3 – 1 8 5 6 ) ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁long - running ▁contest ▁between ▁the ▁major ▁European ▁powers ▁for ▁influence ▁over ▁territ ories ▁of ▁the ▁decl ining ▁Ott oman ▁Empire . ▁Britain ▁and ▁France ▁successfully ▁def ended ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire ▁against ▁Russia . ▁ ▁Most ▁of ▁the ▁fighting ▁took ▁place ▁when ▁the ▁al lies ▁land ed ▁on ▁Russia ' s ▁Crime an ▁Pen ins ula ▁to ▁gain ▁control ▁of ▁the ▁Black ▁Sea . ▁There ▁were ▁smaller ▁campaign s ▁in ▁western ▁An atol ia , ▁the ▁C au cas us , ▁the ▁Balt ic ▁Sea , ▁the ▁Pacific ▁Ocean ▁and ▁the ▁White ▁Sea . ▁It ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁" mod ern " ▁wars , ▁as ▁it ▁introduced ▁new ▁techn ologies ▁to ▁war fare , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁first ▁tact ical ▁use ▁of ▁rail ways ▁and ▁the ▁te legraph . ▁ ▁The ▁subsequent ▁Tre aty ▁of ▁Paris ▁( 1 8 5 6 ) ▁secured ▁Ott oman ▁control ▁over ▁the ▁B alk an ▁Pen ins ula ▁and ▁the ▁Black ▁Sea