▁make ▁it ▁clear ▁that ▁these ▁are ▁highly ▁difficult ▁to ▁meet . ▁ ▁Bad ▁faith ▁pro sec ution : ▁in ▁no ▁case ▁since ▁Young er ▁was ▁decided ▁has ▁the ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁found ▁there ▁to ▁exist ▁bad ▁faith ▁pro sec ution ▁sufficient ▁to ▁justify ▁a ▁federal ▁court ▁inj unction ▁against ▁state ▁court ▁proceed ings . ▁The ▁Court ▁has ▁specifically ▁decl ined ▁to ▁find ▁bad ▁faith ▁pro sec ution ▁even ▁in ▁circumstances ▁where ▁repeated ▁pro sec utions ▁had ▁occurred . ▁As ▁comment ator ▁Er win ▁Chem er in sky ▁states , ▁the ▁bad - fa ith ▁pro sec ution ▁exception ▁seems ▁narrow ly ▁limited ▁to ▁facts ▁like ▁those ▁in ▁D omb row ski . ▁▁ ▁Other ▁sch ol ars ▁have ▁even ▁assert ed ▁that ▁the ▁possible ▁range ▁of ▁cases ▁which ▁would ▁fit ▁the ▁D omb row ski ▁model ▁and ▁allow ▁an ▁exception ▁to ▁the ▁no - in j unction ▁rule ▁is ▁so ▁limited ▁as ▁to ▁be ▁an ▁" empty ▁universe ." ▁Pat ently ▁un const itution al ▁law : ▁in ▁no ▁case ▁since ▁Young er ▁was ▁decided ▁has ▁the ▁Supreme ▁court ▁found ▁there ▁to ▁exist ▁a ▁pat ently ▁un const itution al ▁law ▁sufficient ▁to ▁justify ▁a ▁federal ▁court ▁inj unction ▁against ▁state ▁court ▁proceed ings . ▁The ▁Court ▁has ▁specifically ▁decl ined ▁to ▁find ▁such ▁pat ent ▁un const itution ality ▁in ▁at ▁least ▁one ▁case ▁( Tra in or ▁v . ▁Hern ande z ) ▁ ▁In ade qu ate ▁state ▁forum : ▁the ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁has ▁found ▁the ▁state ▁forum ▁in ▁question ▁to