▁give ▁these ▁treat ments ▁or ▁services ▁rather ▁than ▁attempting ▁the ▁potentially ▁more ▁un ple asant ▁task ▁of ▁convin cing ▁the ▁patient ▁what ▁they ▁have ▁requested ▁is ▁not ▁needed , ▁or ▁is ▁likely ▁to ▁cause ▁more ▁harm ▁than ▁good . ▁ ▁Phys ician ▁pre dis pos itions ▁▁ ▁D art mouth ▁Medical ▁School ▁professor ▁Gilbert ▁Wel ch ▁argued ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁that ▁certain ▁pre dis pos itions ▁by ▁phys icians ▁and ▁the ▁general ▁public ▁may ▁lead ▁to ▁unnecessary ▁health ▁care , ▁including : ▁ ▁Att empt ing ▁to ▁mit ig ate ▁a ▁risk ▁without ▁considering ▁how ▁small ▁or ▁unlikely ▁the ▁potential ▁benefit ▁is ▁ ▁Att empt ing ▁to ▁fix ▁an ▁underlying ▁problem , ▁instead ▁of ▁using ▁a ▁less - ris ky ▁monitoring ▁or ▁cop ing ▁strategy ▁ ▁Act ing ▁too ▁quickly , ▁when ▁waiting ▁for ▁more ▁information ▁might ▁be ▁w iser ▁ ▁Act ing ▁without ▁considering ▁the ▁benefits ▁of ▁doing ▁nothing ▁ ▁Dis count ing ▁down s ides ▁of ▁di agnostic ▁testing ▁ ▁Pre fer ring ▁newer ▁over ▁older ▁treat ments ▁without ▁considering ▁the ▁cost ▁of ▁new ▁treat ments ▁or ▁the ▁effect iveness ▁of ▁older ▁ones ▁ ▁Tre ating ▁patients ▁with ▁terminal ▁ill ness ▁to ▁maxim ize ▁life ▁span ▁over ▁quality ▁of ▁life , ▁without ▁prob ing ▁a ▁patient ' s ▁prefer ences ▁ ▁Ex amples ▁ ▁Im aging ▁Over use ▁of ▁di agnostic ▁imag ing , ▁such ▁as ▁X - ray s ▁and ▁CT ▁sc ans , ▁is ▁defined ▁as ▁any ▁application ▁unlikely ▁to ▁improve ▁patient ▁care . ▁Fact ors ▁that