▁five ▁h eg em onic ▁long ▁cycles ▁have ▁taken ▁place , ▁each ▁strongly ▁correl ating ▁to ▁economic ▁K ond rat ie ff ▁W aves ▁( or ▁K - W aves ). ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁h eg emon ▁would ▁have ▁been ▁Portugal ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 6 th ▁century , ▁then ▁the ▁Netherlands ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 7 th ▁century . ▁ ▁Next , ▁Great ▁Britain ▁served ▁twice , ▁first ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 8 th ▁century , ▁then ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century . ▁ ▁The ▁United ▁States ▁has ▁been ▁serving ▁as ▁h eg emon ▁since ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁II . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 8 , ▁Josh ua ▁S ▁Gold stein ▁advanced ▁the ▁concept ▁of ▁the ▁political ▁mid life ▁crisis ▁in ▁his ▁book ▁on ▁" long ▁cycle ▁theory ", ▁Long ▁Cy cles : ▁ ▁Pro s per ity ▁and ▁War ▁in ▁the ▁Modern ▁Age , ▁which ▁offers ▁four ▁examples ▁of ▁the ▁process : ▁ ▁The ▁British ▁Empire ▁and ▁the ▁Crime an ▁War ▁( 1 8 5 3 – 1 8 5 6 ): ▁A ▁century ▁after ▁Britain ' s ▁successful ▁launch ▁of ▁the ▁Indust rial ▁Revolution , ▁and ▁following ▁the ▁subsequent ▁British ▁railway ▁bo om ▁of ▁ 1 8 1 5 – 1 8 5 3 , ▁Britain , ▁in ▁the ▁Crime an ▁War , ▁attacked ▁the ▁Russian ▁Empire , ▁which ▁was ▁perce ived ▁as ▁a ▁threat ▁to ▁British ▁India ▁and ▁to ▁eastern ▁Mediter rane an ▁trade ▁routes ▁to ▁India . ▁The ▁Crime an ▁War ▁highlight