▁the ▁question . ▁ ▁Effect s ▁of ▁the ▁belief ▁itself ▁ ▁Ba ume ister ▁and ▁colle agues ▁found ▁that ▁prov oking ▁dis bel ief ▁in ▁free ▁will ▁seems ▁to ▁cause ▁various ▁negative ▁effects . ▁The ▁authors ▁concluded , ▁in ▁their ▁paper , ▁that ▁it ▁is ▁belief ▁in ▁determin ism ▁that ▁causes ▁those ▁negative ▁effects . ▁After ▁research ers ▁prov oked ▁volunte ers ▁to ▁dis bel ieve ▁in ▁free ▁will , ▁participants ▁li ed , ▁che ated , ▁and ▁st ole ▁more . ▁Kath le en ▁V oh s ▁has ▁found ▁that ▁those ▁whose ▁belief ▁in ▁free ▁will ▁had ▁been ▁er oded ▁were ▁more ▁likely ▁to ▁che at . ▁In ▁a ▁study ▁conducted ▁by ▁Roy ▁Ba ume ister , ▁after ▁participants ▁read ▁an ▁article ▁arg uing ▁against ▁free ▁will , ▁they ▁were ▁more ▁likely ▁to ▁lie ▁about ▁their ▁performance ▁on ▁a ▁test ▁where ▁they ▁would ▁be ▁reward ed ▁with ▁c ash . ▁Prov oking ▁a ▁re jection ▁of ▁free ▁will ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁associated ▁with ▁increased ▁ag gression ▁and ▁less ▁helpful ▁behaviour . ▁However , ▁although ▁these ▁initial ▁studies ▁suggested ▁that ▁bel ieving ▁in ▁free ▁will ▁is ▁associated ▁with ▁more ▁mor ally ▁pra is ew orth y ▁behavior , ▁more ▁recent ▁studies ▁have ▁reported ▁contradict ory ▁find ings . ▁ ▁Moreover , ▁whether ▁or ▁not ▁these ▁experimental ▁find ings ▁are ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁actual ▁manip ulations ▁in ▁belief ▁in ▁free ▁will ▁is ▁a ▁matter ▁of ▁debate , ▁however . ▁First ▁of ▁all , ▁free ▁will ▁can ▁at ▁least ▁refer ▁to ▁either ▁libert arian ▁(