▁the ▁cogn itive ▁process ▁of ▁effect ing ▁change ▁in ▁a ▁frame ▁of ▁reference . ▁A ▁frame ▁of ▁reference ▁defines ▁our ▁view ▁of ▁the ▁world . ▁The ▁emot ions ▁are ▁often ▁involved . ▁Ad ult s ▁have ▁a ▁t endency ▁to ▁reject ▁any ▁ideas ▁that ▁do ▁not ▁correspond ▁to ▁their ▁particular ▁values , ▁associations ▁and ▁concepts . ▁ ▁Our ▁frames ▁of ▁reference ▁are ▁composed ▁of ▁two ▁dimensions : ▁hab its ▁of ▁mind ▁and ▁points ▁of ▁view . ▁ ▁Hab its ▁of ▁mind , ▁such ▁as ▁eth noc entr ism , ▁are ▁harder ▁to ▁change ▁than ▁points ▁of ▁view . ▁Hab its ▁of ▁mind ▁influence ▁our ▁point ▁of ▁view ▁and ▁the ▁resulting ▁thoughts ▁or ▁feelings ▁associated ▁with ▁them , ▁but ▁points ▁of ▁view ▁may ▁change ▁over ▁time ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁influ ences ▁such ▁as ▁reflection , ▁appropri ation ▁and ▁feedback . ▁Trans form ative ▁learning ▁takes ▁place ▁by ▁discuss ing ▁with ▁others ▁the ▁" re asons ▁presented ▁in ▁support ▁of ▁compet ing ▁interpret ations , ▁by ▁crit ically ▁exam ining ▁evidence , ▁arguments , ▁and ▁alternative ▁points ▁of ▁view ". ▁When ▁circumstances ▁permit , ▁transform ative ▁learn ers ▁move ▁toward ▁a ▁frame ▁of ▁reference ▁that ▁is ▁more ▁inclus ive , ▁disc rimin ating , ▁self - reflect ive , ▁and ▁integr ative ▁of ▁experience . ▁ ▁Edu c ational ▁neu ros cience ▁ ▁American ▁Univers ities ▁such ▁as ▁Harvard , ▁Joh ns ▁Hop kins , ▁and ▁University ▁of ▁Southern ▁California ▁began ▁offering ▁maj ors ▁and ▁degrees ▁dedicated ▁to ▁educational ▁neu ros cience ▁or ▁ne