▁Australia . ▁Community ▁leaders ▁protest ed ▁against ▁disc rimin atory ▁legisl ation ▁and ▁att itudes , ▁and ▁despite ▁the ▁passing ▁of ▁the ▁Im m igration ▁Rest riction ▁Act ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 1 , ▁Chinese ▁communities ▁around ▁Australia ▁participated ▁in ▁par ades ▁and ▁celebr ations ▁of ▁Australia ' s ▁Federation ▁and ▁the ▁visit ▁of ▁the ▁Duke ▁and ▁Duch ess ▁of ▁York . ▁ ▁Although ▁the ▁Chinese ▁communities ▁in ▁Australia ▁were ▁generally ▁peace ful ▁and ▁industri ous , ▁res ent ment ▁fla red ▁up ▁against ▁them ▁because ▁of ▁their ▁different ▁custom s ▁and ▁trad itions . ▁In ▁the ▁mid - 1 9 th ▁century , ▁terms ▁such ▁as ▁" dir ty , ▁disease ▁r idden , ▁[ and ] ▁insect - like " ▁were ▁used ▁in ▁Australia ▁and ▁New ▁Zealand ▁to ▁describe ▁the ▁Chinese . ▁ ▁A ▁poll ▁tax ▁was ▁passed ▁in ▁Victoria ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 5 ▁to ▁restrict ▁Chinese ▁imm igration . ▁New ▁South ▁Wales , ▁Queensland , ▁and ▁Western ▁Australia ▁followed ▁suit . ▁Such ▁legisl ation ▁did ▁not ▁distinguish ▁between ▁natural ised , ▁British ▁citizens , ▁Australian - born ▁and ▁Chinese - born ▁individuals . ▁The ▁tax ▁in ▁Victoria ▁and ▁New ▁South ▁Wales ▁was ▁repe aled ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 6 0 s , ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 8 7 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 8 8 0 s , ▁the ▁G row ing ▁trade ▁union ▁movement ▁began ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁protest s ▁against ▁foreign ▁labour . ▁Their ▁arguments ▁were ▁that ▁A si ans ▁and ▁Chinese ▁took