by ▁the ▁M aml uk ▁Egypt ians ) ▁during ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Ain ▁J al ut ▁in ▁ 1 2 6 0 . ▁Iss ues ▁began ▁to ▁arise ▁when ▁the ▁Mong ols ▁grew ▁increasing ly ▁unable ▁to ▁reach ▁a ▁cons ensus ▁as ▁to ▁whom ▁to ▁elect ▁k h agan . ▁Additionally , ▁soci etal ▁cl ash ing ▁occurred ▁between ▁traditional ists ▁who ▁wished ▁to ▁retain ▁their ▁nom adic ▁culture ▁and ▁Mong ols ▁moving ▁towards ▁sed ent ary ▁agricult ure . ▁All ▁of ▁this ▁led ▁to ▁the ▁fragment ation ▁of ▁the ▁emp ire ▁in ▁ 1 2 6 0 . ▁H ule gu ▁car ved ▁out ▁his ▁Middle ▁Eastern ▁territory ▁into ▁the ▁independent ▁Il k han ate , ▁which ▁included ▁most ▁of ▁Armen ia , ▁An atol ia , ▁A zer ba ij an , ▁Mes op ot am ia , ▁and ▁Iran . ▁ ▁The ▁Mong ols ▁eventually ▁retre ated ▁in ▁ 1 3 3 5 , ▁but ▁the ▁cha os ▁that ▁en su ed ▁throughout ▁the ▁emp ire ▁de posed ▁the ▁Sel ju q ▁Tur ks . ▁In ▁ 1 4 0 1 , ▁the ▁region ▁was ▁further ▁pl ag ued ▁by ▁the ▁Tur ko - M ong ol , ▁Tim ur , ▁and ▁his ▁f ero cious ▁ra ids . ▁By ▁then , ▁another ▁group ▁of ▁Tur ks ▁had ▁ar isen ▁as ▁well , ▁the ▁Ott om ans . ▁Based ▁in ▁An atol ia , ▁by ▁ 1 5 6 6 ▁they ▁would ▁conquer ▁the ▁Ira q - I ran ▁region