, ▁given ▁, ▁ ▁Nature ▁ ▁selects ▁a ▁state ▁in ▁ ▁that ▁minim izes ▁ ▁over ▁. ▁ ▁Step ▁ 3 : ▁The ▁outcome ▁ ▁is ▁all otted ▁to ▁DM . ▁ ▁With ▁this ▁in ▁mind , ▁ ▁consider ▁now ▁info - g ap ' s ▁robust ness ▁and ▁opportun eness ▁models . ▁ ▁Info - g ap ' s ▁robust ness ▁model ▁▁ ▁From ▁a ▁classical ▁decision ▁the or etic ▁point ▁of ▁view ▁info - g ap ' s ▁robust ness ▁model ▁is ▁a ▁game ▁between ▁the ▁DM ▁and ▁Nature , ▁where ▁the ▁DM ▁selects ▁the ▁value ▁of ▁ ▁( a im ing ▁for ▁the ▁largest ▁possible ) ▁whereas ▁Nature ▁selects ▁the ▁worst ▁value ▁of ▁ ▁in ▁. ▁In ▁this ▁context ▁the ▁worst ▁value ▁of ▁ ▁per tain ing ▁to ▁a ▁given ▁ ▁pair ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁ ▁that ▁viol ates ▁the ▁performance ▁requirement ▁. ▁This ▁is ▁achieved ▁by ▁minim izing ▁ ▁over ▁. ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁various ▁ways ▁to ▁incorpor ate ▁the ▁DM ' s ▁objective ▁and ▁Nature ' s ▁ant agon istic ▁response ▁in ▁a ▁single ▁outcome . ▁For ▁instance , ▁one ▁can ▁use ▁the ▁following ▁characteristic ▁function ▁for ▁this ▁purpose : ▁ ▁Note ▁that , ▁as ▁desired , ▁for ▁any ▁triple t ▁ ▁of ▁interest ▁we ▁have ▁ ▁hence ▁from ▁the ▁DM ' s ▁point ▁of ▁view ▁satisf icing ▁the ▁performance ▁constraint ▁is ▁equivalent ▁to ▁maxim izing ▁  ▁. ▁ ▁In ▁short , ▁▁▁ ▁Step ▁ 1 : ▁The ▁DM ▁selects ▁a ▁horizon ▁of ▁uncertainty ▁▁ ▁with ▁a ▁view