▁clear ▁exactly ▁how ▁many ▁Western ers ▁stayed ▁behind ▁and ▁who ▁they ▁were . ▁The ▁number ▁reported ▁ranges ▁from ▁ 2 0 ▁to ▁ 3 0 . ▁David ▁As ke w ▁has ▁analyz ed ▁various ▁sources ▁who ▁provide ▁differ ing ▁numbers ▁of ▁foreign ers ▁remaining ▁in ▁the ▁city ▁on ▁different ▁dates . ▁According ▁to ▁As ke w , ▁the ▁best ▁estimate ▁seems ▁to ▁be ▁that ▁there ▁were ▁ 2 7 ▁foreign ers ▁in ▁the ▁city , ▁five ▁of ▁whom ▁were ▁journal ists ▁who ▁left ▁the ▁city ▁on ▁December ▁ 1 6 , ▁a ▁few ▁days ▁after ▁it ▁fell ▁to ▁the ▁Japanese ▁army . ▁ ▁Other ▁than ▁these ▁five ▁journal ists , ▁the ▁other ▁Western ers ▁who ▁remained ▁in ▁N ank ing ▁were ▁business men , ▁phys icians ▁and ▁mission aries . ▁Al most ▁all ▁of ▁these ▁were ▁members ▁of ▁either ▁the ▁International ▁Committee ▁for ▁the ▁N ank ing ▁Saf ety ▁Zone ▁or ▁the ▁International ▁Red ▁Cross ▁Committee ▁of ▁N ank ing . ▁ ▁Est ab lish ment ▁The ▁Western ers ▁who ▁remained ▁behind ▁established ▁the ▁N ank ing ▁Saf ety ▁Zone , ▁which ▁was ▁composed ▁of ▁a ▁score ▁of ▁refuge e ▁cam ps ▁that ▁occupied ▁an ▁area ▁of ▁about ▁ 3 . 4   m iles 2 ▁( 8 . 6   km 2 ). ▁The ▁Saf ety ▁Zone ▁was ▁border ed ▁by ▁roads ▁on ▁all ▁four ▁sides , ▁and ▁had ▁an ▁area ▁of ▁approximately ▁ 3 . 8 6   km 2 , ▁with ▁ 2 5 ▁refuge e ▁cam ps ▁centered ▁around