▁equations , ▁frequency ▁is ▁denoted ▁by ▁ ▁and ▁w avel ength ▁by ▁. ▁The ▁larger ▁the ▁value ▁of ▁z , ▁the ▁more ▁red shift ed ▁the ▁light ▁and ▁the ▁farther ▁away ▁the ▁object ▁is ▁from ▁the ▁Earth . ▁As ▁of ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁the ▁largest ▁galax y ▁red shift ▁of ▁z ~ 1 2 ▁was ▁found ▁using ▁the ▁Hub ble ▁Ult ra - De ep ▁Field , ▁corresponding ▁to ▁an ▁age ▁of ▁over ▁ 1 3 ▁billion ▁years ▁( the ▁universe ▁is ▁approximately ▁ 1 3 . 8 2 ▁billion ▁years ▁old ). ▁ ▁The ▁Do pp ler ▁effect ▁and ▁Hub ble ' s ▁law ▁can ▁be ▁combined ▁to ▁form ▁the ▁equation ▁, ▁where ▁c ▁is ▁the ▁speed ▁of ▁light . ▁ ▁P ec uliar ▁motion ▁Object s ▁that ▁are ▁grav itation ally ▁bound ▁will ▁rotate ▁around ▁a ▁common ▁center ▁of ▁mass . ▁For ▁stell ar ▁bodies , ▁this ▁motion ▁is ▁known ▁as ▁peculiar ▁velocity , ▁and ▁can ▁alter ▁the ▁Hub ble ▁Flow . ▁ ▁Thus , ▁an ▁extra ▁term ▁for ▁the ▁peculiar ▁motion ▁needs ▁to ▁be ▁added ▁to ▁Hub ble ' s ▁law : ▁ ▁This ▁motion ▁can ▁cause ▁confusion ▁when ▁looking ▁at ▁a ▁solar ▁or ▁gal actic ▁spectrum , ▁because ▁the ▁expected ▁red shift ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁simple ▁Hub ble ▁law ▁will ▁be ▁obsc ured ▁by ▁the ▁peculiar ▁motion . ▁ ▁For ▁example , ▁the ▁shape ▁and ▁size ▁of ▁the ▁Vir go ▁Cl uster ▁has ▁been ▁a ▁matter ▁of ▁great ▁scientific ▁scr ut iny ▁due ▁to ▁the