▁first ▁British ▁colon ies ▁to ▁secure ▁their ▁independence ▁in ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁American ▁national ism . ▁ ▁There ▁is ▁a ▁large ▁literature ▁on ▁the ▁Indian ▁Reb ell ion ▁of ▁ 1 8 5 7 , ▁which ▁saw ▁a ▁very ▁large ▁scale ▁revol t ▁in ▁India , ▁involving ▁the ▁mut iny ▁of ▁many ▁native ▁troops . ▁It ▁was ▁suppress ed ▁by ▁the ▁British ▁Army ▁after ▁much ▁blood sh ed . ▁ ▁The ▁Indians ▁organ ised ▁under ▁Mah at ma ▁Gand hi ▁and ▁J aw ah ar l al ▁Ne h ru ▁and ▁finally ▁achieved ▁independence ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 7 . ▁They ▁wanted ▁one ▁India ▁but ▁the ▁Muslim s ▁were ▁organized ▁by ▁Muhammad ▁Ali ▁J inn ah ▁and ▁created ▁their ▁own ▁nation , ▁Pakistan , ▁in ▁a ▁process ▁that ▁still ▁is ▁he ated ly ▁deb ated ▁by ▁sch ol ars . ▁ ▁Independ ence ▁came ▁in ▁the ▁midst ▁of ▁religious ▁commun al ▁violence , ▁chief ly ▁between ▁H ind us ▁and ▁Muslim s ▁in ▁border ▁areas . ▁Mill ions ▁died ▁and ▁millions ▁more ▁were ▁disp la ced ▁as ▁the ▁conflic ting ▁mem ories ▁and ▁gr iev ances ▁still ▁shape ▁sub cont inent ▁t ensions , ▁as ▁J ish a ▁Men on ▁arg ues . ▁ ▁Histor ians ▁of ▁the ▁emp ire ▁have ▁recently ▁paid ▁close ▁attention ▁to ▁ 2 0 th - century ▁native ▁voices ▁in ▁many ▁colon ies ▁who ▁demanded ▁independence . ▁ ▁The ▁African ▁colon ies ▁became ▁independent ▁mostly ▁in ▁peace ful ▁fashion . ▁Ken ya ▁saw ▁severe ▁violence ▁on ▁both