). ▁ ▁When ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁broke ▁out ▁Raf ał ▁managed ▁to ▁escape , ▁thanks ▁to ▁help ▁from ▁his ▁former ▁students , ▁to ▁Roman ia . ▁From ▁there ▁he ▁made ▁his ▁way ▁to ▁France ▁where ▁he ▁became ▁de an ▁of ▁Roman ▁Law ▁at ▁the ▁A ix - Mar se ille ▁University ▁in ▁A ix - en - Pro v ence ▁until ▁the ▁surrender ▁of ▁France ▁to ▁Naz i ▁Germany ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 0 . ▁Sub sequently ▁he ▁made ▁his ▁way ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁where ▁with ▁help ▁from ▁the ▁Rock ef eller ▁Foundation ▁he ▁obtained ▁positions ▁at ▁the ▁New ▁School ▁of ▁Social ▁Research ▁( between ▁ 1 9 4 0 ▁and ▁ 1 9 4 2 ) ▁and ▁Columbia ▁( until ▁ 1 9 4 7 ). ▁While ▁in ▁United ▁States ▁where ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁co - found er ▁of ▁the ▁Polish ▁Institute ▁of ▁Arts ▁and ▁Sciences ▁of ▁America . ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁he ▁returned ▁to ▁Poland ▁where ▁he ▁became ▁the ▁Chair ▁of ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁An cient ▁Law ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Wars aw ▁( U W ), ▁as ▁well , ▁together ▁with ▁Jer zy ▁M ante uff el ▁( one ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁Polish ▁Pap y ro log ists ) ▁of ▁the ▁Pap y ro log y ▁Program ▁in ▁the ▁History ▁Department ▁of ▁U W . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 4 ▁he ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁Commander ' s ▁Cross ▁with ▁Star . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 8 , ▁due ▁to ▁advanced ▁gla