▁phen omena ▁such ▁as ▁super position ▁and ▁ent ang lement ▁to ▁perform ▁computation . ▁Comput ers ▁that ▁perform ▁quantum ▁computation ▁are ▁known ▁as ▁a ▁quantum ▁computers . ▁Quant um ▁computers ▁are ▁believed ▁to ▁be ▁able ▁to ▁solve ▁certain ▁computational ▁problems , ▁such ▁as ▁integer ▁factor ization ▁( which ▁under lies ▁R SA ▁encryption ), ▁significantly ▁faster ▁than ▁classical ▁computers . ▁The ▁study ▁of ▁quantum ▁computing ▁is ▁a ▁sub field ▁of ▁quantum ▁information ▁science . ▁ ▁Quant um ▁computing ▁began ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 8 0 s , ▁when ▁phys ic ist ▁Paul ▁Ben io ff ▁proposed ▁a ▁quantum ▁mechanical ▁model ▁of ▁the ▁T uring ▁machine .   Rich ard ▁Fe yn man   and   Y uri ▁Man in   l ater ▁suggested ▁that ▁a ▁quantum ▁computer ▁had ▁the ▁potential ▁to ▁simulate ▁things ▁that ▁a ▁classical ▁computer ▁could ▁not . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 4 , ▁Peter ▁Sh or ▁developed ▁a ▁quantum ▁algorithm ▁for ▁factor ing ▁integers ▁that ▁had ▁the ▁potential ▁to ▁dec rypt ▁R SA - enc rypted ▁communic ations . ▁Despite ▁on going ▁experimental ▁progress ▁since ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 9 0 s , ▁most ▁research ers ▁believe ▁that ▁" fault - tol er ant ▁quantum ▁computing ▁[ is ] ▁still ▁a ▁rather ▁distant ▁dream ". ▁In ▁recent ▁years , ▁invest ment ▁into ▁quantum ▁computing ▁research ▁has ▁increased ▁in ▁both ▁the ▁public ▁and ▁private ▁sector . ▁On ▁ 2 3 ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁Google ▁A I , ▁in ▁partners hip ▁with ▁the