▁National ▁Conserv ative ▁Political ▁Action ▁Committee , ▁the ▁Council ▁for ▁National ▁Def ense , ▁Young ▁Americans ▁for ▁Fre edom , ▁the ▁Council ▁for ▁Inter - American ▁Security , ▁and ▁the ▁Camp us ▁Republican ▁Action ▁Organ ization . ▁ ▁l t ogether , ▁twenty ▁organizations ▁coordin ated ▁their ▁attacks ▁using ▁two ▁um bre lla ▁groups : ▁the ▁Committee ▁to ▁Save ▁the ▁Pan ama ▁Canal ▁and ▁the ▁Emer gency ▁Co al ition ▁to ▁Save ▁the ▁Pan ama ▁Canal . ▁This ▁enabled ▁the ▁opposition ▁to ▁plan ▁strategy ▁and ▁coordinate ▁tact ics ▁while ▁div iding ▁tasks , ▁sharing ▁new ▁information ▁and ▁pool ing ▁resources . ▁ ▁In ▁contrast , ▁the ▁supp or ters ▁were ▁not ▁coordin ated . ▁ ▁During ▁its ▁rat ification ▁debate , ▁the ▁Senate ▁added ▁am end ments ▁that ▁granted ▁the ▁U . S . ▁the ▁right ▁to ▁interven e ▁militar ily ▁to ▁keep ▁the ▁canal ▁open , ▁which ▁the ▁Pan am ani ans ▁ass ented ▁to ▁after ▁further ▁negoti ations . ▁In ▁March ▁ 1 9 7 8 , ▁the ▁Senate ▁rat ified ▁both ▁treat ies ▁by ▁a ▁margin ▁of ▁ 6 8 - to - 3 2 . ▁The ▁Canal ▁Zone ▁and ▁all ▁its ▁facilities ▁were ▁turned ▁over ▁to ▁Pan ama ▁on ▁ 3 1 ▁December ▁ 1 9 9 9 . M ary ▁C . ▁Sw illing , ▁" The ▁Business ▁of ▁the ▁Canal : ▁The ▁Econom ics ▁and ▁Polit ics ▁of ▁the ▁Carter ▁Administration ’ s ▁Pan ama ▁Canal ▁Zone ▁In iti ative , ▁ 1 9 7 8 ."