. ▁ ▁C iting ▁studies ▁that ▁support ▁music ▁education ' s ▁invol vement ▁in ▁intellectual ▁development ▁and ▁academic ▁achiev ement , ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Congress ▁passed ▁a ▁resolution ▁declaring ▁that : ▁" Music ▁education ▁enh ances ▁intellectual ▁development ▁and ▁en rich es ▁the ▁academic ▁environment ▁for ▁children ▁of ▁all ▁ages ; ▁and ▁Music ▁educ ators ▁greatly ▁contribute ▁to ▁the ▁art istic , ▁intellectual ▁and ▁social ▁development ▁of ▁American ▁children ▁and ▁play ▁a ▁key ▁role ▁in ▁helping ▁children ▁to ▁succeed ▁in ▁school ." ▁ ▁Bob b ett ▁( 1 9 9 0 ) ▁suggests ▁that ▁most ▁public ▁school ▁music ▁programs ▁have ▁not ▁changed ▁since ▁their ▁in ception ▁at ▁the ▁turn ▁of ▁the ▁last ▁century . ▁" … the ▁educational ▁climate ▁is ▁not ▁condu ci ve ▁to ▁their ▁continu ance ▁as ▁histor ically ▁conce ived ▁and ▁the ▁social ▁needs ▁and ▁hab its ▁of ▁people ▁require ▁a ▁completely ▁different ▁kind ▁of ▁band ▁program ." ▁▁▁ ▁A ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁study ▁conducted ▁by ▁Kath le en ▁M . ▁Ker st etter ▁for ▁the ▁Journal ▁of ▁Band ▁Research ▁found ▁that ▁increased ▁non - mus ical ▁gradu ation ▁requirements , ▁block ▁sched uling , ▁increased ▁number ▁of ▁non - trad itional ▁programs ▁such ▁as ▁magnet ▁schools , ▁and ▁the ▁testing ▁em ph ases ▁created ▁by ▁the ▁No ▁Child ▁Left ▁Be hind ▁Act ▁are ▁only ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁concerns ▁facing ▁music ▁educ ators . ▁Both ▁teachers ▁and ▁students ▁are ▁under ▁increased ▁time ▁restrictions " ▁ ▁Dr . ▁Pat ric ia ▁Pow ers ▁states , ▁" It ▁is ▁not