, ▁Muhammad ▁Ali ▁declared ▁war ▁and ▁managed ▁to ▁take ▁control ▁of ▁Sy ria ▁and ▁Arab ia ▁by ▁the ▁war ' s ▁end ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 3 . ▁In ▁ 1 8 3 9 , ▁Mah m ud ▁res umed ▁the ▁war , ▁hoping ▁to ▁recover ▁his ▁losses , ▁but ▁he ▁died ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁news ▁was ▁on ▁its ▁way ▁to ▁Constantin ople ▁that ▁the ▁Empire ' s ▁army ▁had ▁been ▁sign ally ▁defeated ▁at ▁Ne z ib ▁by ▁an ▁Egypt ian ▁army ▁led ▁by ▁Muhammad ▁Ali ' s ▁son , ▁I bra him ▁P asha . ▁ ▁Econom y ▁▁ ▁In ▁his ▁time ▁the ▁financial ▁situation ▁of ▁the ▁Empire ▁was ▁dire , ▁and ▁certain ▁social ▁classes ▁had ▁long ▁been ▁opp ress ed ▁by ▁bur dens ome ▁tax es . ▁In ▁dealing ▁with ▁the ▁complicated ▁questions ▁that ▁arose , ▁Mah m ud ▁II ▁is ▁considered ▁to ▁have ▁demonstrated ▁the ▁best ▁spirit ▁of ▁the ▁best ▁of ▁the ▁Kö pr ül üs . ▁A ▁Fir man ▁of ▁ 2 2 ▁February ▁ 1 8 3 4 ▁abol ished ▁the ▁v ex ati ous ▁charges ▁which ▁public ▁function aries , ▁when ▁travers ing ▁the ▁provinces , ▁had ▁long ▁been ▁acc ustom ed ▁to ▁take ▁from ▁the ▁inhabitants . ▁By ▁the ▁same ▁ed ict ▁all ▁collection ▁of ▁money , ▁except ▁for ▁the ▁two ▁regular ▁half - year ly ▁periods , ▁was ▁den ounced ▁as ▁an ▁ab use . ▁" No ▁one ▁is ▁ignor ant ," ▁said ▁Sultan ▁Mah m ud ▁II ▁in ▁this ▁document , ▁"