▁moth ers ▁while ▁l ick ing ▁and ▁n urs ing ▁their ▁l amb s . ▁ ▁Ne uro log ical ▁ ▁Neu ros cient ific ▁studies ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁instinct ual , ▁emot ional ▁action ▁t endencies ▁of ▁non - human ▁animals ▁accompanied ▁by ▁the ▁bra ins ▁ne uro chem ical ▁and ▁elect rical ▁changes ▁are ▁de emed ▁to ▁best ▁monitor ▁relative ▁primary ▁process ▁emot ional / aff ect ive ▁states . ▁Pred ict ions ▁based ▁off ▁the ▁research ▁conducted ▁on ▁animals ▁is ▁what ▁leads ▁analysis ▁of ▁the ▁neural ▁infrastr ucture ▁relevant ▁in ▁humans . ▁Ps y cho - ne uro - eth ological ▁tri ang ulation ▁with ▁both ▁humans ▁and ▁animals ▁allows ▁for ▁further ▁experiment ation ▁into ▁animal ▁emot ions . ▁Util izing ▁specific ▁animals ▁that ▁exhib it ▁indic ators ▁of ▁emot ional ▁states ▁to ▁decode ▁underlying ▁neural ▁systems ▁a ids ▁in ▁the ▁discovery ▁of ▁critical ▁brain ▁variables ▁that ▁reg ulate ▁animal ▁emot ional ▁expressions . ▁Compar ing ▁the ▁results ▁of ▁the ▁animals ▁con verse ▁experiments ▁occur ▁predict ing ▁the ▁affect ive ▁changes ▁that ▁should ▁result ▁in ▁humans . ▁Specific ▁studies ▁where ▁there ▁is ▁an ▁increase ▁or ▁decrease ▁of ▁play ful ness ▁or ▁separation ▁dist ress ▁vocal izations ▁in ▁animals , ▁comparing ▁humans ▁that ▁exhib it ▁the ▁predicted ▁increases ▁or ▁decre ases ▁in ▁feelings ▁of ▁joy ▁or ▁sad ness , ▁the ▁weight ▁of ▁evidence ▁construct s ▁a ▁concrete ▁neural ▁hypothesis ▁concerning ▁the ▁nature ▁of ▁affect ▁supporting ▁all ▁relevant ▁species . ▁ ▁Crit ic ism ▁The ▁argument ▁that ▁animals ▁experience ▁emot ions ▁is