uen ced ▁equivalent ▁for ▁" Ch ina ". ▁Li ang ▁and ▁Chinese ▁revolution aries , ▁such ▁as ▁Sun ▁Y at - sen , ▁who ▁both ▁lived ▁extensive ▁periods ▁in ▁Japan , ▁used ▁Sh ina ▁extens ively , ▁and ▁it ▁was ▁used ▁in ▁literature ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁by ▁ordinary ▁Chinese . ▁But ▁with ▁the ▁over throw ▁of ▁the ▁Q ing ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 1 , ▁most ▁Chinese ▁dropped ▁Sh ina ▁as ▁foreign ▁and ▁demanded ▁that ▁even ▁Japanese ▁replace ▁it ▁with ▁Zh ong h ua ▁m ingu o ▁or ▁simply ▁Zh ong gu o . ▁Li ang ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁argue ▁that ▁the ▁concept ▁of ▁t ian x ia ▁had ▁to ▁be ▁abandoned ▁in ▁favor ▁of ▁gu oj ia , ▁that ▁is , ▁" n ation ," ▁for ▁which ▁he ▁accepted ▁the ▁term ▁Zh ong gu o . ▁After ▁the ▁found ing ▁of ▁the ▁Chinese ▁Republic ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 2 , ▁Zh ong gu o ▁was ▁also ▁adopted ▁as ▁the ▁abbre viation ▁of ▁Zh ong h ua ▁m ingu o . ▁ ▁Q ing ▁official ▁Z hang ▁De yi ▁object ed ▁to ▁the ▁western ▁European ▁name ▁" Ch ina " ▁and ▁said ▁that ▁China ▁referred ▁to ▁itself ▁as ▁Zh ong h ua ▁in ▁response ▁to ▁a ▁European ▁who ▁asked ▁why ▁Chinese ▁used ▁the ▁term ▁gu izi ▁to ▁refer ▁to ▁all ▁Europe ans . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁century ▁after ▁the ▁May ▁Four th ▁Mov ement , ▁educated ▁students ▁began ▁to ▁spread ▁the ▁concept ▁of ▁Zh ō ng hu