▁ 2 . 0 , ▁respectively . ▁ ▁L ifecycle ▁completion ▁time ▁also ▁correspond ed ▁with ▁temperature , ▁decre asing ▁as ▁the ▁temperature ▁increased , ▁ 4 6 ▁days ▁at ▁ 1 7   ° C ▁and ▁ 2 2 ▁days ▁at ▁ 3 0   ° C . ▁ ▁Finally , ▁ju ven ile ▁mort ality ▁rates ▁were ▁higher ▁at ▁when ▁the ▁temperature ▁was ▁lower ▁than ▁ 2 5   ° C ▁around ▁ 5 0 . 4 % ▁and ▁higher ▁than ▁ 2 7   ° C ▁around ▁ 5 8 . 4 %. ▁ ▁Between ▁▁ 2 5   ° C ▁and ▁ 2 7   ° C ▁it ▁is ▁ 3 4 . 6 ▁and ▁ 3 7 . 6 % ▁respectively . ▁ ▁However , ▁with ▁all ▁of ▁these ▁factors ▁taken ▁into ▁consideration ▁it ▁was ▁found ▁that ▁P . ▁pen etr ans ▁reprodu ces ▁over ▁a ▁wide ▁range ▁of ▁temper atures . ▁ ▁Management / control ▁ ▁Initial ▁in oc ul um ▁ ▁The ▁best ▁way ▁to ▁prevent ▁disease ▁caused ▁by ▁Pr aty len chus ▁pen etr ans ▁is ▁to ▁prevent ▁the ▁initial ▁introduction ▁of ▁in oc ul um ▁into ▁the ▁field . ▁ ▁Without ▁n emat odes ▁in ▁the ▁field ▁disease ▁cannot ▁occur , ▁however ▁there ▁are ▁very ▁few ▁fields ▁that ▁are ▁not ▁inf ected ▁with ▁some ▁amount ▁of ▁root ▁les ion ▁n emat odes . ▁ ▁One ▁way ▁this ▁can ▁be ▁done ▁is ▁through ▁f um ig ation ▁of ▁the ▁field ▁prior ▁to ▁plant ing ▁to