av als ▁initi ated ▁political ▁titles ▁to ▁their ▁V ass als ▁and ▁mixed ▁and ▁merged ▁the ▁eth nic ▁titles ▁of ▁their ▁subjects ▁as ▁per ▁their ▁needs . ▁ ▁Under development ▁▁ ▁After ▁un ification ▁of ▁Nep al ▁coming ▁Sh aha ▁king , ▁official ▁neglect , ▁under development ▁and ▁pover ty ▁essentially ▁continued ▁through ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁and ▁ 2 0 th ▁centuries . ▁The ▁main ▁export ▁was ▁man power ▁as ▁mer cen aries ▁to ▁the ▁British ▁and ▁Indian ▁arm ies , ▁or ▁whatever ▁other ▁employ ment ▁opportun ities ▁could ▁be ▁found ▁for ▁largely ▁un ed uc ated ▁and ▁un sk illed ▁labor . ▁Western ▁mag ar ▁also ▁practice ▁trans hum ance ▁by ▁gra zing ▁cattle , ▁sheep ▁and ▁go ats ▁in ▁summer ▁past ures ▁in ▁sub al pine ▁and ▁al pine ▁past ures ▁to ▁the ▁north , ▁working ▁their ▁way ▁down ▁to ▁winter ▁past ures ▁in ▁the ▁D ang - De uk h uri ▁valle ys . ▁Despite ▁un ending ▁to il , ▁food ▁short ages ▁have ▁become ▁a ▁growing ▁problem ▁that ▁still ▁pers ists . ▁Food ▁def ic its ▁were ▁histor ically ▁addressed ▁by ▁gra in ▁imports ▁bought ▁dear ly ▁with ▁distant ▁work ▁at ▁low ▁w ages . ▁ ▁As ▁some ▁cor rupted ▁development ▁brought ▁schools , ▁electric ity , ▁motor ▁roads , ▁hosp it als ▁and ▁some ▁range ▁of ▁consumer ▁goods ▁to ▁specific ▁surrounding ▁areas , ▁few ▁benefits ▁trick led ▁up ▁into ▁the ▁high lands ▁and ▁contrast s ▁became ▁even ▁more ▁inv id ious . ▁Development ▁introduced ▁motor ▁transport