izes ▁the ▁most ▁efficient ▁means ▁to ▁effectively ▁diagn ose ▁a ▁condition ▁and ▁treat ▁a ▁patient ." ▁ ▁In ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Ber wick , ▁from ▁the ▁Institute ▁for ▁Health care ▁Im prov ement , ▁and ▁Andrew ▁H ack bar th ▁from ▁the ▁R AND ▁Corporation ▁defined ▁over tre at ment ▁as ▁" subject ing ▁patients ▁to ▁care ▁that , ▁according ▁to ▁sound ▁science ▁and ▁the ▁patients ' ▁own ▁prefer ences , ▁cannot ▁possibly ▁help ▁them ▁— ▁care ▁root ed ▁in ▁out mod ed ▁hab its , ▁supply - dri ven ▁behav iors , ▁and ▁ign oring ▁science ." ▁They ▁wrote ▁that ▁trying ▁to ▁do ▁something ▁( tre at ment ▁or ▁testing ) ▁for ▁all ▁patients ▁who ▁might ▁need ▁it ▁in ev it ably ▁ent ails ▁doing ▁that ▁same ▁thing ▁for ▁some ▁patients ▁who ▁might ▁not ▁need ▁it ." ▁In ▁uncertain ▁situations , ▁" some ▁non - ben ef icial ▁care ▁was ▁the ▁necessary ▁by product ▁of ▁optimal ▁clin ical ▁decision ▁making ." ▁ ▁In ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁two ▁ped iat r icians ▁said ▁that ▁considering ▁" over tre at ment ▁as ▁an ▁eth ical ▁viol ation " ▁could ▁help ▁see ▁the ▁conflic ting ▁in cent ives ▁of ▁health ▁care ▁workers ▁for ▁treatment ▁or ▁n ont re at ment . ▁ ▁Cost ▁In ▁the ▁US , ▁the ▁country ▁which ▁sp ends ▁the ▁most ▁on ▁health ▁care ▁per ▁person ▁glob ally , ▁patients ▁have ▁fewer ▁doctor ▁vis its ▁and ▁fewer ▁days ▁in ▁hosp it als ▁than ▁people