hav i ▁K ale ▁of ▁Bry n ▁M aw r ▁College , ▁writing ▁in ▁Social ▁History , ▁also ▁felt ▁that ▁the ▁history ▁took ▁a ▁traditional ▁approach ▁to ▁the ▁histor i ography ▁of ▁the ▁emp ire ▁and ▁placed ▁the ▁English , ▁and ▁to ▁a ▁less er ▁extent ▁the ▁Scottish , ▁Irish ▁and ▁Wel sh ▁at ▁the ▁centre ▁of ▁the ▁account , ▁rather ▁than ▁the ▁subject ▁pe op les ▁of ▁the ▁emp ire . ▁K ale ▁sum med ▁up ▁her ▁review ▁of ▁volumes ▁III - V ▁of ▁the ▁history ▁by ▁saying ▁it ▁represented ▁" a ▁disturb ingly ▁revision ist ▁project ▁that ▁see ks ▁to ▁neutral ize   ... ▁the ▁massive ▁political ▁and ▁military ▁brut ality ▁and ▁repr ession " ▁of ▁the ▁emp ire . ▁ ▁Post mod ern ▁and ▁post colon ial ▁approaches ▁A ▁major ▁unexpected ▁development ▁came ▁after ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁with ▁a ▁flo od ▁of ▁fresh ▁and ▁innov ative ▁books ▁and ▁articles ▁from ▁sch ol ars ▁trained ▁in ▁non - B rit ish ▁pers pect ives . ▁Many ▁had ▁studied ▁Africa , ▁South ▁Asia , ▁the ▁Car ib bean , ▁and ▁the ▁domin ions . ▁ ▁The ▁new ▁perspective ▁strength ened ▁the ▁field ▁rather ▁than ▁destroy ing ▁it . ▁ ▁Further ▁imag in ative ▁approaches , ▁which ▁occasion ed ▁sharp ▁deb ates , ▁came ▁from ▁literary ▁sch ol ars ▁especially ▁Edward ▁Sa id ▁and ▁Hom i ▁K . ▁B hab ha , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁anth rop olog ists , ▁femin ists , ▁and ▁other ▁new com ers . ▁ ▁Long