es , ▁such ▁as ▁those ▁with ▁vertical ▁h angers . ▁It ▁is ▁defined ▁by ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁h angers , ▁h anger ▁incl ination ▁and ▁h anger ▁distance . ▁A ▁radial ▁h anger ▁arrangement ▁provides ▁an ▁efficient ▁structure , ▁as ▁shown ▁by ▁Benjamin ▁Br unn ▁and ▁Frank ▁Sch an ack ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁In ▁the ▁radial ▁h anger ▁arrangement ▁the ▁distances ▁between ▁the ▁upper ▁h anger ▁nodes ▁and ▁the ▁angle ▁between ▁h angers ▁and ▁arch ▁remain ▁constant . ▁In ▁order ▁to ▁avoid ▁too ▁long ▁h angers ▁this ▁angle ▁may ▁be ▁increased ▁towards ▁the ▁bridge ▁ends . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁network ▁arch ▁idea ▁was ▁developed ▁by ▁the ▁Norwegian ▁engineer ▁ ▁in ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s . ▁ ▁Adv antages ▁Because ▁both ▁the ▁arch ▁and ▁the ▁tie ▁are ▁mainly ▁subject ▁to ▁ax ial ▁forces , ▁their ▁cross ▁sections ▁can ▁be ▁very ▁small . ▁Usually , ▁trans verse ▁b ending ▁in ▁the ▁deck ▁is ▁bigger ▁than ▁b ending ▁in ▁longitud inal ▁direction . ▁Therefore , ▁a ▁concrete ▁deck ▁that ▁sp ans ▁between ▁the ▁arch es ▁is ▁a ▁good ▁solution ▁for ▁brid ges ▁with ▁arch ▁distances ▁that ▁are ▁not ▁too ▁large . ▁The ▁concrete ▁deck ▁has ▁longitud inal ▁prest ress ing ▁tend ons ▁in ▁the ▁arch ▁plan es . ▁ ▁D ifference ▁to ▁N iel sen - L oh se - B rid ges ▁In ▁Japan , ▁tied ▁arch ▁brid ges ▁with ▁crossing ▁h angers ▁are ▁wrong ly ▁called ▁N iel sen - L oh se ▁bridge