▁T anz ania , ▁U g anda ▁Airlines ▁and ▁the ▁govern ments ▁of ▁U g anda ▁and ▁T anz ania ▁as ▁share hold ers . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁large ▁al liance ▁began ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁when ▁North west ▁Airlines ▁and ▁K LM ▁agreed ▁to ▁large - scale ▁codes h aring . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 2 , ▁the ▁Netherlands ▁signed ▁the ▁first ▁open ▁sk ies ▁agreement ▁with ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁in ▁spite ▁of ▁ob jections ▁from ▁the ▁European ▁Union , ▁which ▁gave ▁both ▁countries ▁un rest rict ed ▁landing ▁rights ▁on ▁the ▁other ' s ▁soil . ▁Norm ally ▁landing ▁rights ▁are ▁granted ▁for ▁a ▁fixed ▁number ▁of ▁fl ights ▁per ▁week ▁to ▁a ▁fixed ▁destination . ▁Each ▁adjust ment ▁requires ▁negoti ations , ▁often ▁between ▁govern ments ▁rather ▁than ▁between ▁the ▁companies ▁involved . ▁In ▁return , ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁granted ▁ant it rust ▁imm unity ▁to ▁the ▁al liance ▁between ▁North west ▁Airlines ▁and ▁K LM . ▁Other ▁al li ances ▁would ▁struggle ▁for ▁years ▁to ▁overcome ▁the ▁trans n ational ▁bar riers ▁and ▁lack ▁of ▁ant it rust ▁imm unity , ▁and ▁still ▁do ▁so . ▁ ▁Star ▁Alliance ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 , ▁which ▁brought ▁compet ing ▁air lines ▁to ▁form ▁O new orld ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁and ▁Sky Team ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Richard ▁Br anson , ▁chairman ▁of ▁the ▁Virgin ▁Group , ▁announced ▁his