▁open ▁to ▁foreign ▁imports . ▁This ▁has ▁orig ins ▁in ▁capit ulations ▁of ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire , ▁d ating ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁first ▁commercial ▁treat ies ▁signed ▁with ▁France ▁in ▁ 1 5 3 6 ▁and ▁taken ▁further ▁with ▁capit ulations ▁in ▁ 1 6 7 3 ▁and ▁ 1 7 4 0 , ▁which ▁lower ed ▁duties ▁to ▁ 3 % ▁for ▁imports ▁and ▁exports . ▁The ▁liberal ▁Ott oman ▁policies ▁were ▁pra ised ▁by ▁British ▁econom ists ▁such ▁as ▁John ▁R ams ay ▁McC ul lo ch ▁in ▁his ▁Dictionary ▁of ▁Com merce ▁( 1 8 3 4 ), ▁but ▁later ▁critic ized ▁by ▁British ▁polit icians ▁such ▁as ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁Benjamin ▁Dis ra eli , ▁who ▁c ited ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire ▁as ▁" an ▁instance ▁of ▁the ▁injury ▁done ▁by ▁un rest rained ▁competition " ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 4 6 ▁Corn ▁La ws ▁debate : ▁ ▁The ▁st agn ation ▁and ▁reform ▁of ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire ▁( 1 6 8 3 – 1 8 2 7 ) ▁ended ▁with ▁the ▁dis member ment ▁of ▁Ott oman ▁Class ical ▁Army . ▁The ▁issue ▁during ▁the ▁decl ine ▁and ▁modern ization ▁of ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire ▁( 1 8 2 8 – 1 9 0 8 ) ▁was ▁to ▁create ▁a ▁military ▁( a ▁security ▁appar atus ) ▁that ▁could ▁win ▁wars ▁and ▁bring ▁security ▁to ▁its ▁subjects . ▁That ▁goal ▁took ▁multiple ▁S ult ans ▁with ▁multiple ▁re organ izations ▁during ▁this ▁period . ▁At ▁the