▁incident al ▁powers ▁upon ▁Congress , ▁which ▁no ▁other ▁clause ▁in ▁the ▁Constitution ▁does ▁so ▁by ▁itself . ▁ ▁The ▁draft ▁clause ▁prov oked ▁controvers y ▁during ▁discuss ions ▁on ▁the ▁proposed ▁constitution , ▁and ▁its ▁inclusion ▁became ▁a ▁foc al ▁point ▁of ▁criticism ▁for ▁those ▁opposed ▁to ▁rat ification ▁of ▁the ▁constitution . ▁Anti - F eder al ists ▁expressed ▁concern ▁that ▁the ▁clause ▁would ▁grant ▁the ▁federal ▁government ▁bound less ▁power , ▁but ▁Federal ists ▁argued ▁that ▁the ▁clause ▁would ▁permit ▁only ▁execution ▁of ▁powers ▁that ▁had ▁been ▁granted ▁by ▁the ▁constitution . ▁Alexander ▁Hamilton ▁spoke ▁vig or ously ▁for ▁the ▁second ▁interpretation ▁in ▁Federal ist ▁No . ▁ 3 3 . ▁At ▁the ▁time , ▁James ▁Mad ison ▁con cur red ▁with ▁Hamilton ▁and ▁argued ▁in ▁Federal ist ▁No . ▁ 4 4 ▁that ▁without ▁the ▁clause , ▁the ▁constitution ▁would ▁be ▁a ▁" de ad ▁letter ." ▁At ▁the ▁Virginia ▁Rat ifying ▁Convention , ▁Patrick ▁Henry ▁took ▁the ▁oppos ing ▁view ▁by ▁saying ▁that ▁the ▁clause ▁would ▁lead ▁to ▁limit less ▁federal ▁power , ▁which ▁would ▁in ev it ably ▁men ace ▁individual ▁liberty . ▁ ▁National ▁bank ▁For ▁several ▁dec ades ▁after ▁the ▁Constitution ▁was ▁rat ified , ▁interpretation ▁of ▁the ▁N ec ess ary ▁and ▁Pro per ▁Cla use ▁continued ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁powerful ▁b one ▁of ▁cont ention ▁between ▁the ▁Democratic - Rep ublic an ▁Party , ▁the ▁Federal ist ▁Party , ▁and ▁several ▁other ▁political ▁parties . ▁The ▁first ▁practical ▁example ▁of ▁that ▁cont ention