ks , ▁and ▁pers istence . ▁ ▁Activ ities ▁ ▁Activ ities ▁which ▁promote ▁diver gent ▁thinking ▁include ▁creating ▁lists ▁of ▁questions , ▁setting ▁aside ▁time ▁for ▁thinking ▁and ▁med itation , ▁bra inst orm ing , ▁subject ▁mapping , ▁b ubble ▁mapping , ▁keeping ▁a ▁journal , ▁playing ▁table top ▁role - play ing ▁games , ▁creating ▁art work , ▁and ▁free ▁writing . ▁In ▁free ▁writing , ▁a ▁person ▁will ▁focus ▁on ▁one ▁particular ▁topic ▁and ▁write ▁non - stop ▁about ▁it ▁for ▁a ▁short ▁period ▁of ▁time , ▁in ▁a ▁stream ▁of ▁conscious ness ▁fashion . ▁ ▁Play ful ness ▁ ▁Par alle ls ▁have ▁been ▁drawn ▁between ▁play ful ness ▁in ▁kind erg arten - aged ▁children ▁and ▁diver gent ▁thinking . ▁ ▁In ▁a ▁study ▁documented ▁by ▁Lie ber man , ▁the ▁relationship ▁between ▁these ▁two ▁tra its ▁was ▁exam ined , ▁with ▁play ful ness ▁being ▁" con cept ual ized ▁and ▁operation ally ▁defined ▁in ▁terms ▁of ▁five ▁tra its : ▁physical , ▁social ▁and ▁cogn itive ▁sp ont ane ity ; ▁manifest ▁joy ; ▁and ▁sense ▁of ▁hum our ". ▁▁ ▁The ▁author ▁noted ▁that ▁during ▁the ▁study , ▁while ▁obser ving ▁the ▁children ' s ▁behaviour ▁at ▁play , ▁they ▁" not ed ▁individual ▁differences ▁in ▁sp ont ane ity , ▁over ton es ▁of ▁joy , ▁and ▁sense ▁of ▁hum our ▁that ▁imply ▁a ▁relationship ▁between ▁the ▁for ego ing ▁qual ities ▁and ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁factors ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁intellectual ▁structure ▁of