▁generated ▁by ▁a ▁super n ova ▁were ▁observed ▁in ▁the ▁case ▁of ▁Super n ova ▁ 1 9 8 7 A , ▁leading ▁ast ro phys ic ists ▁to ▁conclude ▁that ▁the ▁core ▁collapse ▁picture ▁is ▁basically ▁correct . ▁The ▁water - based ▁K ami ok ande ▁II ▁and ▁I MB ▁instruments ▁detected ▁ant ine ut r inos ▁of ▁thermal ▁origin , ▁while ▁the ▁ ▁gal li um - 7 1 - based ▁B aks an ▁instrument ▁detected ▁neut r inos ▁( le pton ▁number ▁= ▁ 1 ) ▁of ▁either ▁thermal ▁or ▁electron - capt ure ▁origin . ▁ ▁When ▁the ▁pro gen itor ▁star ▁is ▁below ▁about ▁ ▁– ▁depending ▁on ▁the ▁strength ▁of ▁the ▁explos ion ▁and ▁the ▁amount ▁of ▁material ▁that ▁falls ▁back ▁– ▁the ▁deg ener ate ▁rem nant ▁of ▁a ▁core ▁collapse ▁is ▁a ▁neut ron ▁star . ▁A bove ▁this ▁mass , ▁the ▁rem nant ▁col laps es ▁to ▁form ▁a ▁black ▁hole . ▁The ▁theoretical ▁limit ing ▁mass ▁for ▁this ▁type ▁of ▁core ▁collapse ▁scenario ▁is ▁about ▁. ▁A bove ▁that ▁mass , ▁a ▁star ▁is ▁believed ▁to ▁collapse ▁directly ▁into ▁a ▁black ▁hole ▁without ▁forming ▁a ▁super n ova ▁explos ion , ▁although ▁un cert aint ies ▁in ▁models ▁of ▁super n ova ▁collapse ▁make ▁calculation ▁of ▁these ▁limits ▁uncertain . ▁ ▁The oret ical ▁models ▁The ▁Standard ▁Model ▁of ▁particle ▁physics ▁is ▁a ▁theory ▁which ▁describes ▁three ▁of ▁the ▁four ▁known ▁fundamental ▁interactions ▁between ▁the ▁elementary ▁particles ▁that ▁make ▁up ▁all ▁matter .