nu ŋ , ▁and ▁the ▁instrument al ▁case ▁- ŋ a . ▁▁ ▁The ▁absol utive ▁marks ▁subjects ▁of ▁in trans itive ▁ver bs ▁and ▁objects ▁of ▁trans itive ▁ver bs . ▁In ▁some ▁verb ▁classes ▁( in ▁the ▁sense ▁of ▁val ency ▁classes ), ▁objects ▁are ▁marked ▁with ▁a ▁loc ative ▁or ▁an ▁instrument al . ▁The ▁erg ative ▁marks ▁the ▁agents ▁of ▁trans itive ▁ver bs ▁except ▁for ▁first ▁and ▁second ▁person ▁pron oun s , ▁which ▁are ▁in ▁the ▁un mark ed ▁nomin ative . ▁Ex amples ▁for ▁absol utive ▁and ▁erg ative ▁case ▁( over t ▁arguments ▁are ▁often ▁omitted ▁in ▁natural ▁disc ourse , ▁but ▁the ▁examples ▁contain ▁them ▁to ▁illustrate ▁the ▁case ): ▁ ▁ka ▁k h eme ŋ na ▁" I ▁go " ▁ ▁u ŋ - ŋ a ▁u ŋ ▁t und w ana ▁" he ▁understand s ▁him " ▁▁ ▁As ▁in ▁many ▁other ▁Kir anti ▁languages , ▁there ▁is ▁an ▁erg ative - inst rument al ▁syn cret ism , ▁as ▁both ▁cases ▁are ▁marked ▁by ▁- ŋ a . ▁The ▁instrument al ▁is ▁used ▁to ▁mark ▁instruments ▁in ▁a ▁broad ▁sense , ▁and ▁also ▁for ▁temporal ▁reference : ▁ ▁lu ŋ kh w ak - ŋ a ▁" with / by ▁means ▁of ▁a ▁stone " ▁( stone - IN S ) ▁ ▁k hi ŋ - b ela ʔ - ŋ a ▁" thes ed ays " ▁( this - time - IN S ) ▁▁ ▁The ▁gen itive , ▁marked