▁runs ▁in ▁the ▁direction ▁of ▁super visor ' s ▁expectation ▁down ▁to ▁sub ordinates ' ▁behavior . ▁However , ▁more ▁research ▁is ▁clearly ▁needed ▁to ▁fully ▁and ▁rig or ously ▁test ▁such ▁spec ulation . ▁ ▁G ole m ▁in ▁group ▁settings ▁ ▁Last ly , ▁there ▁have ▁been ▁concerns ▁raised ▁about ▁the ▁P yg mal ion ▁effect ▁possibly ▁being ▁an ▁artifact ▁of ▁inter person al ▁contrast ▁effects ; ▁ ▁by ▁experiment ally ▁foc using ▁high ▁expect ations ▁on ▁a ▁treatment ▁group , ▁the ▁control ▁group ▁( which ▁typically ▁receives ▁no ▁manip ulation ▁in ▁P yg mal ion ▁studies ) ▁naturally ▁is ▁perce ived ▁with ▁lower ▁expect ations . ▁As ▁such , ▁the ▁perce ived ▁difference ▁between ▁individuals ▁becomes ▁the ▁driving ▁force ▁instead ▁of ▁high ▁expect ations ▁alone . ▁However , ▁E den ▁demonstrated ▁that ▁this ▁concern ▁was ▁not ▁supported ▁through ▁manip ulating ▁entire ▁groups ▁( in ▁this ▁case , ▁separate ▁military ▁squad s ▁randomly ▁receiving ▁P yg mal ion ▁versus ▁control ▁status ); ▁he ▁found ▁that ▁the ▁P yg mal ion ▁effect ▁was ▁still ▁observed ▁beyond ▁the ▁scope ▁of ▁any ▁contrast ▁effects ▁as ▁ev iden ced ▁by ▁higher ▁mean ▁performances ▁of ▁groups ▁with ▁leaders ▁that ▁received ▁P yg mal ion ▁manip ulation ▁when ▁compared ▁to ▁controls . ▁It ▁would ▁be ▁of ▁significant ▁value ▁to ▁the ▁G ole m ▁research ▁literature ▁to ▁see ▁whether ▁G ole m ▁effects ▁are ▁also ▁una ffect ed ▁by ▁inter person al ▁contrast ▁effects ▁through ▁similar ▁group ▁study ▁designs . ▁ ▁Imp lications ▁ ▁The ▁G ole m