▁at ▁And over , ▁and ▁major ed ▁in ▁history ▁and ▁literature ▁at ▁Harvard ▁University . ▁During ▁the ▁studying ▁( 1 9 6 7 – 1 9 7 1 ) ▁he ▁also ▁worked ▁as ▁research ▁assistant ▁for ▁Roger ▁Re vel le ▁at ▁Harvard ▁University ▁Center ▁for ▁Population ▁Studies . ▁ ▁From ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁to ▁ 1 9 8 2 , ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁gradu ate ▁student ▁in ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁Soci ology ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Chicago . ▁He ▁def ended ▁his ▁dis sert ation ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 2 , ▁written ▁under ▁the ▁super vision ▁of ▁Morris ▁Jan ow itz . ▁The ▁dis sert ation , ▁never ▁published , ▁was ▁a ▁study ▁of ▁the ▁emer gence ▁of ▁psych iat ry ▁as ▁a ▁profession . ▁ ▁During ▁ 1 9 7 3 - 1 9 7 8 ▁worked ▁at ▁Research ▁and ▁E valu ation ▁Department , ▁Mant eno ▁State ▁Hospital . ▁ ▁From ▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁to ▁ 1 9 9 1 , ▁he ▁was ▁on ▁the ▁fac ulty ▁at ▁R ut gers ▁University ▁and ▁became ▁an ▁instruct or ▁to ▁associate ▁professor ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 6 . ▁He ▁then ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Chicago , ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁professor ▁of ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁Soci ology ▁and ▁the ▁college ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁to ▁ 1 9 9 7 , ▁then ▁became ▁Ralph ▁Lewis ▁Professor ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 , ▁continu ing ▁up ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁ ▁Abb