▁control ▁would ▁eventually ▁be ▁called ▁the ▁Kal my k ▁Khan ate . ▁ ▁Within ▁twenty - five ▁years ▁of ▁sett ling ▁in ▁the ▁lower ▁Vol ga ▁region , ▁the ▁Kal my ks ▁became ▁subjects ▁of ▁the ▁Ts ar . ▁In ▁exchange ▁for ▁protect ing ▁Russia ' s ▁southern ▁border , ▁the ▁Kal my ks ▁were ▁promised ▁an ▁annual ▁allow ance ▁and ▁access ▁to ▁the ▁mark ets ▁of ▁Russian ▁border ▁settlement s . ▁The ▁open ▁access ▁to ▁Russian ▁mark ets ▁was ▁supposed ▁to ▁disc ou rage ▁mut ual ▁ra iding ▁on ▁the ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Kal my ks ▁and ▁of ▁the ▁Rus si ans ▁and ▁Bash k irs , ▁a ▁Russian - domin ated ▁Turk ic ▁people , ▁but ▁this ▁was ▁not ▁often ▁the ▁practice . ▁In ▁addition , ▁Kal my k ▁alleg iance ▁was ▁often ▁nom inal , ▁as ▁the ▁Kal my k ▁Kh ans ▁pract iced ▁self - g overn ment , ▁based ▁on ▁a ▁set ▁of ▁laws ▁they ▁called ▁the ▁Great ▁Code ▁of ▁the ▁Nom ads ▁( I ki ▁T sa ad z hin ▁B ich ig ). ▁ ▁The ▁Kal my k ▁Khan ate ▁reached ▁its ▁peak ▁of ▁military ▁and ▁political ▁power ▁under ▁Ay uka ▁Khan ▁( 1 6 6 9 – 1 7 2 4 ). ▁During ▁his ▁era , ▁the ▁Kal my k ▁Khan ate ▁ful filled ▁its ▁responsibility ▁to ▁protect ▁the ▁southern ▁borders ▁of ▁Russia ▁and ▁conducted ▁many ▁military ▁exped itions ▁against ▁its ▁Turk ic - spe aking ▁neighb ors . ▁Success ful ▁military ▁exped itions ▁were