section_heading: Zdravstveni problemi i rizici
paragraph_text: Velik broj istraživanja ukazuje na to da je povećana učestalost psihijatrijskih poremećaja, pokušaja samoubojstva,<ref>McAndrew S., Warne T.Ignoring the evidence dictating the practice: sexual orientation, suicidality and the dichotomy of the mental health nurse. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15255917 J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs. kolovoz 2004. ;11(4):428-34. kao i povećano konzumiranje cigareta<ref>Blosnich JR, Jarrett T, Horn K.Racial and ethnic differences in current use of cigarettes, cigars, and hookahs among lesbian, gay, and bisexual young adults. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21330283 Nicotine Tob Res. lipanj 2011.;13(6):487-91. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntq261.<ref>Blosnich JR, Horn K. Associations of discrimination and violence with smoking among emerging adults: differences by gender and sexual orientation. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21994344 Nicotine Tob Res. prosinac 2011.;13(12):1284-95. i opojnih sredstava,<ref>Hughes T, McCabe SE, Wilsnack SC, West BT, Boyd CJ. Victimization and substance use disorders in a national sample of heterosexual and sexual minority women and men. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20840174 Addiction. prosinac 2010.;105(12):2130-40. te pretilost<ref>Helen A. Smith, Ph.D.,1 Nina Markovic; Sexual Abuse, Sexual Orientation, and Obesity in Women http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2941402/ J Womens Health (Larchmt). kolovoz 2010.; 19(8): 1525–1532. i zdravstvene posljedice vezane uz pretilost (kardiovaskularne bolesti, rak) kod LGBT osoba razmjerna stupnju psihičkog i fizičkog maltretiranja i drugih oblika socijalnog pritiska kojeg su zbog svoje seksualne orijentacije doživjele u djetinjstvu, mladosti ili odrasloj dobi.<ref>McLaughlin KA, Hatzenbuehler ML, Xuan Z, Conron KJ.D isproportionate exposure to early-life adversity and sexual orientation disparities in psychiatric morbidity. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22964371 Child Abuse Negl. rujan 2012.;36(9):645-655. Od uklanjanja homoseksualnosti s popisa mentalnih bolesti 1973. posvećena je veća pažnja proučavanju utjecaja društvenih generatora stresa kao uzročnika duševnih bolesti kod LGBT osoba.<ref>Schlager, Neil, ed. (1998). Gay & Lesbian Almanac. St. James Press. ISBN 1-55862-358-2, str. 152. Dugogodišnje studije dokazale su da faktori koji utječu na povećanu učestalost navedenih zdravstvenih problema LGBT osoba jesu odbijanje i osuda od strane roditelja u djetinjstvu i mladosti,<ref>Ryan C1, Huebner D, Diaz RM, Sanchez J. Family rejection as a predictor of negative health outcomes in white and Latino lesbian, gay, and bisexual young adults. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19117902 Pediatrics. siječanj 2009.;123(1):346-52. stigmatizacija, diskriminacija, maltretiranje i osuda sredine,<ref>Coker TR, Austin SB, Schuster MA. The health and health care of lesbian, gay, and bisexual adolescents. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20070195 Annu Rev Public Health. 2010.;31:457-77. pogotovo u doba školovanja,<ref>Bontempo DE, D'Augelli AR. Effects of at-school victimization and sexual orientation on lesbian, gay, or bisexual youths' health risk behavior. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11996785 J Adolesc Health. 2002 May;30(5):364-74.<ref>Birkett M, Espelage DL, Koenig B. LGB and questioning students in schools: the moderating effects of homophobic bullying and school climate on negative outcomes. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19636741 J Youth Adolesc. 2009 Aug;38(7):989-1000.<ref>Chesir-Teran D1, Hughes D. Heterosexism in high school and victimization among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and questioning students. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19636739 J Youth Adolesc. kolovoz 2009.;38(7):963-75. te doživljeno fizičko ili seksualno nasilje.<ref>Concetta P. Pelullo, Gabriella Di Giuseppe, Italo F. Angelillo Frequency of Discrimination, Harassment, and Violence in Lesbian, Gay Men, and Bisexual in Italy http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3749994/ PLoS One. 2013; 8(8): e74446.<ref>Balsam KF, Rothblum ED, Beauchaine TP. Victimization over the life span: a comparison of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and heterosexual siblings. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15982145 J Consult Clin Psychol. lipanj 2005.;73(3):477-87.<ref>D'Augelli AR, Grossman AH, Starks MT. Childhood gender atypicality, victimization, and PTSD among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17057162 J Interpers Violence. 2006 Nov;21(11):1462-82. Ne postoje dokazi da homoseksualna i biseksualna orijentacija sama po sebi povećava učestalost duševnih bolesti kod LGBT osoba, već da njihove uzroke valja potražiti u negativnom utjecaju sredine (stigmatizacija, diskriminacija i nasilje).<ref>Meyer IH.Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: conceptual issues and research evidence. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12956539 Psychol Bull. 2003 Sep;129(5):674-97. Dokazano je i da liberalizacija stavova u korist LGBT osoba u zadnjim desetljećima smanjuje razinu rizika pojave duševnih bolesti kod mlađih generacija LGBT osoba.<ref>