Sani Abacha - Guhiga miliyari zibwe n'uwahoze ategeka Nigeria
Ubwo Sani Abacha wategekaga Nigeria yapfaga asize adakoresheje miliyari nyinshi z'amadorari yibye, byatumye amahanga atangira gushakisha iyo mari mu myaka myinshi. Umugabo wahawe akazi ko kugarura ayo mafaranga yabwiye umunyamakuru wa BBC Clare Spencer uko uko gushakisha kwafashe ubuzima bwe bwose.
Sani Abacha yabaye perezida wa Nigeria nyuma ya coup d'eta ya gisirikare mu 1993 Mu kwezi kwa cyenda 1999, Enrico Monfrini umunyamategeko w'Umusuwisi yakiriye telephone yahinduye imyaka 20 ye yakurikiyeho. "Yarampamagaye hagati mu ijoro, ambaza niba naza kuri hotel aho ari, ko afite ikintu gikomeye. Ndavuga nti: 'Burije, ariko ntacyo.'" Uwari umuhamagaye yari umuntu umwe mu bakomeye muri leta ya Nigeria. 'Wabona ayo mafaranga?' Monfrini avuga ko uwo muntu yari yoherejwe i Geneva n'uwari perezida wa Nigeria icyo gihe, Olusegun Obasanjo, ngo amuhe ako kazi ko gushaka amafaranga yibwe na Abacha, wategetse kuva mu 1993 kugeza apfuye mu 1998. Nk'umunyamategeko, Monfrini yari afite abakiliya benshi muri Nigeria kuko yagiye ahakorera kuva mu myaka ya 1980. Umunyamategeko w'Umusuwisi Enrico Monfrini yahamagawe kuri telefone hagati mw'ijoro asabwa gukurikirana amafaranga ya Nigeria yibwe Akeka ko abakiliya be ari bo bamubereye umuranga. "Yarambajije ati: 'Wabona aho ayo mafaranga ari kandi ukayahagarika? Wakora uburyo ayo mafaranga asubizwa Nigeria?' "Naramusubije nti: 'Yego.' Ariko icyo gihe mu by'ukuri sinari nzi imiterere y'ako kazi. Nagombaga kubimenya vuba, nuko ndatangira." Mu gutangira, polisi ya Nigeria yamuhaye amakuru ya zimwe muri konti za banki zo mu Busuwisi zafunzwe, zisa n'izashyizweho amwe mu mafaranga Sani Abacha n'abakoranaga nawe bibye, nk'uko Monfrini yabyanditse mu gitabo cye 'Recovering Stolen Assets'. Yavuze ko iperereza ry'ibanze ryatangajwe na polisi mu kwa 11/1998 ryerekanye ko arenga miliyari $1.5 yibwe na Sani Abacha n'abakoranaga na we. 'Ibifurumba by'amadorari bitwarwa n'ikamyo' Bumwe mu buryo bwo kwigwizaho uyu mutungo bwari bukojeje isoni. Abacha yashoboraga gusaba umujyanama we kumusabira leta amafaranga y'ikintu cy'igihimbano kijyanye n'umutekano. Uyu agahita asinya ubusabe akabujyana kuri Banki nkuru y'igihugu, nayo yahitaga itanga amafaranga, kenshi muri cash. Umujyanama amafaranga yahitaga ayajyana ku rugo rwa Sani Abacha. Monfrini yandika ko amwe muri yo yabaga ari ibifurumba by'inoti z'amadorari "bashobora gutwara ku ikamyo". Ubu ni bumwe mu buryo Abacha n'abakorana nawe bibye amafaranga menshi cyane. Ubundi buryo burimo kuva ku guha amasoko ya leta inshuti ze ku biciro biri hejuru cyane, maze zikamuha ikinyuranyo, kugeza ku gusaba kompanyi zo mu mahanga kumwishyura amafaranga menshi ngo bazemerere gukorera muri Nigeria. Abacha yibye arenga miliyari y'amadorari harimo aho yabeshyaga ko amwe agenewe "umutekano we" Ibi byakomeje bityo mu gihe kigera ku myaka itatu kugeza ubwo ibintu byose bihindutse ubwo Abacha yapfuye urutunguranye afite imyaka 54, ku itariki 08/06/1998. Ntibizwi neza niba yarazize umutima cyangwa yararozwe kuko nta suzuma ku murambo ryakozwe, nk'uko umuganga we bwite yabibwiye BBC. Abacha yapfuye adakoresheje miliyari yibye ndetse n'amakuru amwe ya banki yari gufasha kumenya aho ayo mafaranga ari yarayajyanye. Enrico Monfrini ati: "Inyandiko nke ku byakozwe kuri konti nkeya zangejeje ku zindi konti." Amaze kubona amakuru ahagije, yajyanye ikibazo ku mushinjacyaha mukuru w'Ubusuwisi. Aha niho inzira yavuye. Monfrini yabashije kumvisha no kwemeza ubucamanza ko umuryango wa Abacha n'abakoranaga na we bari bagize igico cy'abagizi ba nabi. Ibi byari urufunguzo kuko byafunguye izindi nzira z'uburyo abategetsi bashobora gukurikirana izindi konti zitari zizwi. Sani Abacha yari inde? Umushinjacyaha mukuru yatanze impuruza kuri banki zose mu Busuwisi azisaba kuvuga konti zose zabayeho zafunguwe mu mazina ya Abacha cyangwa abantu be. "Mu masaha 48, 95% bya banki zose n'ibindi bigo by'imari byahise bitangaza ibyo bifite babona ko ari iby'uwo mugabo cyangwa umuryango we" Ibi byatumye n'izindi konti ziri muri banki zindi ahatandukanye ku isi zimenyekana. Monfrini yabwiye BBC ati: "Banki zahitaga ziha inyandiko umushinjacyaha i Geneva nanjye nkakora akazi k'umushinjacyaha kuko atari afite umwanya wo kubikora." 'Konti 'zivuga' cyane' Arakomeza ati: "Twashoboraga kubona kuri buri konti aho amafaranga yavuye cyangwa n'aho yagiye. "Ibyo byampaye amakuru aruseho ku yandi mafaranga yakiriwe avuye mu bindi bihugu n'ayoherejwe mu bindi bihugu. "Byari nk'umukino. Byatangiye ari konti nkeya cyane, biza kuba konti nyinshi rwose, kuko byarimo ihererekanya rigari mu bihugu byinshi. "Konti n'inyandiko zijyana nazo zavugaga byinshi. "Twari dufite ibimenyetso byinshi by'amafaranga yoherezwa hirya no hino, Bahamas, Nassau, ibirwa bya Cayman - n'ahandi." Ubunini bw'iyo mari ya Abacha n'abakoranye nawe byari bisobanuye akazi kenshi kuri Monfrini. "Bisa naho nta muntu wumvaga ako kazi. Nagombye kwishyura abantu benshi, abahanga benshi mu kubara imari, abandi banyamategeko benshi mu bihugu bitandukanye." Monfrini yari yemeye ko azahabwa 4% y'amafaranga azasubizwa Nigeria. Igihembo we avuga ko urebye ari "gito cyane." Hari byinshi bitaramenyekana n'ubu ku rupfu rutunguranye rwa Abacha Kubona ayo mafaranga urebye byarihuse cyane kurusha kuyasubiza muri Nigeria. Ati: "Abo kwa Abacha barwanaga nk'imbwa zasaze. Bajuririraga buri kintu cyose dukoze. Ibi byatindije icyo gikorwa mu gihe kirekire cyane." Gutinda kurushaho byabaye ubwo abanyapolitiki mu Busuwisi bajyaga impaka bibaza niba nasubizwa Nigeria atazongera akibwa. Amafaranga amwe yasubijwe avuye mu Busuwisi hashize imyaka itanu. Mu 2008, Monfrini yanditse ko miliyoni $508 z'abantu bo mu muryango wa Sani Abacha zabonetse muri banki nyinshi mu Busuwisi yoherejwe muri Nigeria hagati ya 2005 na 2007. Kugeza mu 2018, umubare w'amafaranga Ubusuwisi bwari bumaze gusubiza Nigeria yarengaga miliyari $1. Ibindi bihugu byagenze biguru ntege mu gusubiza izo 'cash'. "Urugero nka Liechtenstein, byari akaga. Byari biteye umujinya." Mu kwa gatandatu 2014, Liechtenstein amaherezo yoherereje Nigeria miliyoni $277. Hashize imyaka itandatu, mu kwa gatanu 2020, ikirwa cya Jersey cyoherereje Nigeria miliyoni $308. Ibi byabaye nyuma y'uko abategetsi ba Nigeria bemeye ko ayo mafaranga bazayakoresha by'umwihariko kubaka umuhanda mugari wa Lagos-Ibadan, n'umuhanda wa Abuja - Kano. Hari ibindi bihugu bitarasubiza amafaranga yibwe na Sani Abacha akayahishayo. Monfrini ategereje izindi miliyoni $30 zikiri mu Bwongereza, miliyoni $144 mu Bufaransa n'izindi miliyoni $18 ziri muri Jersey. Ubwo ngo bizaba birangiye, ariko ati: "nta n'uwamenya". Avuga ko akazi ke kabashije kubona yose hamwe arenga miliyari $2.4 Ati: "Kugeza ubu abantu bavuga ko Abacha yibye nibura hagati ya miliyari $4 na $5. Sintekereza ko ari byo. Nibaza gusa ko, menshi cyangwa macye, batwaye menshi cyane kuyo bari bafite." Yumvise ibihuha bivuga ko umuryango wa Abacha utagikize nka mbere. Cyangwa se nk'uko abivuga: "Ntabwo bacyoga mu noti nk'uko babikoraga hambere." Iyo arebye inyuma, yumva atewe ishema n'akazi yakoze. Ati: "Iyo mbwira abana banjye benshi iby'iki kirego, mbabwira ko nabonye ayo mafaranga nkayafatira, nkemeza abategetsi gukurikirana abo bantu no gusubiza ayo mafaranga ku neza y'abaturage ba Nigeria. "Twakoze akazi."