Ibiharuro: n'ikigereranyo c'ibiriho canke biriho koko?
Iyumvire nka Neptune. Kuber'iki? Kuko ku jisho uwo mubumbe ntuboneka.
Ibiharuro n'ibintu bifadika? Ndetse n'aho hokoreshwa icuma kigagamisha gikomeye ca 'telescope'. Uwo mubumbe ugira umunani mu rukukirikirane rw'imibumbe n'ibindi binyenyeri bizengurukwa n'izuba co kimwe n'isi, mu kirere kimwe bita 'Systeme Solaire', uri ku birometero bigera kuri miliyaridi 4.3 kure y'isi, aho Jupiter ugaragara nk'akadomo gatoyi mu kirere cacu. Niyo mpamvu imibumbe n'ibinyenyeri bitwegereye nka Venus na Mars, vyakaka mu kirere mw'ijoro, vyatangaje kiremwa-muntu kuva kera ubushakashatsi butaratera imbere. Bitandukanye na Neptune, kuko yamenyekanye ko iriho vuba mu kinjana ca 19. Ariko rero kumenyekana kwawo kwazanye ibintu bibiri. Uranus na Neptune Ntikwabaye kuvumbura umubumbe musha mu kirere cacu gusa, ahubwo Neptune niwo wabaye nk'ibuye ry'ifatizo ry'intango y'ubushakashatsi ku biba mu kirere kuko kuwubona vyasavye ko harinda gukoreshwa Telescope, yatumye abashakashatsi batangura kuhamenyera n'ibindi vyinshi. Ivyo bivugwa na Lucie Green, umuhinga mu bushakashatsi bw'ibiba mu kirere 'astrophysicienne' wo mu kigo c'ubushakashatsi ca Mullard muri University College London. Neptune ntiwavumbuwe mu kurabisha amaso, ahubwo ni ibiharuro Neptune wabonetse hakoreshejwe ibiharuro. Mu kinjana ca 19, abantu bari bamaze gutahura neza ihame (principe) ryatowe n'umushakashatsi Isaac Newton, ari naryo bashingirako mu gusobanukirwa uburyo imibumbe itandukanye yo mu kirere ishobora kuzenguruka izuba. Kiretse Uranus yonyene, ikinyenyeri basanze gisa n'igihusha inzira y'umuzunguruko bibaza ko cari gufata. Ico gihe, niwo mubumbe wari kure y'izuba gusumba iyindi yose bari bazi, kandi bibaza ko ihame rya Newton ridakora ku binyenyeri n'imibumbe biri kure ikirere nk'ico cose. Ariko abandi bisunze ibiharuro, ari naco catumye bibaza ko habwirizwa kuba hari ikindi kintu gihushisha inzira ico kinyenyeri Uranus cari gucamwo ku muzunguruko w'izuba. 'Baharuye uko bimeze, aho biherereye n'impamvu imibumbe n'ibinyenyeri bikurikira umuzunguruko kanaka, baca batumbereza icuma rugagamisha ca telescope aho ibiharuro batoye biberetse, baca baratora uwo mubumbe', uko niko Lucie Green abisobanura. Abahinga mu kwiga ibinyenyeri /Astronomie, babonye uwundi mubumbe bakoresheje ibiharuro bakurikiye umurongo w'umuzunguruko wa Uranus Kuvumbura Neptune vyatumye abahinga bamenya ko ibiharuro atari ibintu biri mu vyiyumviro gusa, ahubwo bibaho mu buzima bwa minsi yose. Ibi ni vyo vyatumye Sergio Huarcaya wo muri Peru, umwe mu bakunzi ba BBC mu kiganiro CrowdScience, abaza ati: "Kuva kuri Galilee, yashobora kumenya umurindi w'umupira utembegara ku kamano, gushika ku kuvumbura inguvu za Higgs boson, nazo ubwazo abahinga mu biharuro bari baravuze ko zibaho imbere y'uko zigaragazwa, ubwo bushobozi bwo kumenya ibintu bitaraboneka buratangaje. "None ibiharuro ni akarorero, ingereranyo y'ibintu ...bibaho, canke ibiharuro ni ibintu ubwavyo bisanzwe biriho bifadika?" Sergio siwe wenyene yiyumvira gutyo. Hari n'abandi bahinga karuhariwe mu gusobanura no mu kuyobora ivyiyumviro/philosophie, bamaze imyaka ibihumbi bavyiyumvirako. Kandi kugez'ubu ico kibazo abahinga ntibakivugako rumwe. Nta wutanga ico adafise Birazwi nka neza ko kiremwa muntu yatanguye kwifashisha ibiharuro kuva kera, kandi kubera imvo zizwi n'isi yose, nko guharura canke gupima, duhereye no kuri ivyo. Akarorero dufate nk'umutsima. Urafise umutsima, canke ntugira na mba Ibiharuro bishobora kutwereka ikintu ico arico cose kuri uyu mutsima, ubwaguke bwawo, uburemere, uko ushobora kuwugabana, kandi vyose mu buryo bugaragara. Kandi uwo mutsima nawo utwereka ko ibiharuro bishobora kutwereka ibitagaragarira amaso yacu. Iyo uriye ica gatatu, usigarana ibice bibiri bingana n'ico wakuyeko. Iyo ukuyeko ikindi ca gatatu, ugakwirikiza ikindi kimanyu kingana nk'ico, umutsima wawe uba urangiye, ntaco usigarana na mba. Umwanditsi w'ibitabo vy'ibiharuro Alex Bellos avuga ati: "Aha tuvuga ibiharuro ubwenge bw'umuntu wa kera bwashobora kwiyumvira" Avuga ko kera bakoresha ibiboneka mu guharura no gupima, ariko batagera ku biri munsi y'ubusa. Umuzo w'amafaranga watumye twiyumvira ku biharuro biri munsi ya zero bitagoranye Niba ivyo wemera ko biriho ari ivyo ushobora guharura canke gupima gusa, n'ukuvuga ko bikugora kwiyumvira igitigiri ico arico cose kiri munsi ya zero. Amadeni ni ibiza imbere ya zero Umaze kwegeranya utuvunguka tw'umutsima, uba urangiye nta mutsima uri munsi y'ubusa /zero ubaho. Ariko Bellos avuga ko hari igihe usanga uriko urakoresha ibiharuro biza imbere ya zero kandi ugasanga ari ibisanzwe mu vyiyumviro. Aha atanga akarorero ku mafaranga. Agira ati: "Urashobora kuba ufise amafaranga, ariko kandi ushobora kugira n'umwenda. "Ikoreshwa rya mbere ry'ibiharuro biri munsi ya zero ryabaye mu guharura amafranga y'amadeni n'ayo ku ma konte." Niba hari uwo uheraniye 5 $, nkaguha 5$, n'ukuvuga ko atayo ufise /ufise zero. Ico ni kimwe mu bintu bigaragara bifatiye ku biharuro biri imbere ya zero. Uyu munsi biragoye kwiyumvira ibiharuro, udashizemwo n'ivyo biri munsi ya zero, ndetse n'ubwo atoba ari ku bijanye n'amadeni. Kugeza ubu turacashingira ku bibonekera amaso. Ariko hari ibintu vyinshi biba iyo ufatiye ku biharuro biri munsi ya zero. Amayobera akomeye Iyo ugwije ibiharuro bibiri biri munsi ya zero, bitanga igiharuro kiri hejuru ya zero. N'ukuvuga ko: -1x-1 =1, ibi rero bikeneye gusobanurwa. "Iyo utanguye gukoresha ibiharuro birimwo ibiri hejuru ya zero n'ibindi biri munsi yayo usanga: Iki giharuro gifise ikinyegezwa Bellos yagize ati: "None ivyo ni ibiki, woshobora gutora gute, igiharuro cikuvye ingerane, usanga kingana na rimwe munsi ya zero?" Ntibishoboka ko kiba igiharuro kiri hejuru ya zero kuko iyo ubirwijije, canke vyikuvye ingerane, inyishu utora aba ari igitigiri kiri hejuru ya zero. Ni nk'uko kidashobora kuba ari igitigiri kiri munsi ya zero, ku mpamvu nk'izo za mbere. "Igihe babona ivyo ubwa mbere, abantu batanguye kwibaza ko bitumvikana" "Ariko, buke buke, abahinga mu biharuro bagiye basobanura bati: bemera ko ubiravye bitumvikana, ariko iyo babikoresheje mu bikorwa vyabo inyishu batora bagasanga ni yo. Niho bagira bati: Ni ukubihebera abahinga mu gusesangura ivyiyumviro vyihishe/philosophes, bakazobisuzuma bakaraba ivyo ari vyo. Abahinga mu biharuro bo bavuga ko baba bironderera inyishu kandi inzira yose ishobora kuzibashikanako, iba ari nziza. Aha rero ivyo gukorera mu bigaragarira amaso biba bihavuye. Ariko uko biri kwose, ibiharuro ni vyo bifasha gusobanura ibigaragararira amaso. Gufatira ku vyiyumviro vy'ibitagaragara Bellos agira ati: " -1 coba cavuye mu gitigiri carwijwe ingerane, bafashe ko ari igitigiri kitabaho /nombre imaginaire, ariko ukuntu bacise biragoye kuko bituma umuntu yibaza ko ibiharuro vyafatwa nk'ibintu biboneka bibaho, noneho biciye bihinduka ivyo abantu bishiriyeho mu vyiyumviro vyabo gusa. Ariko avuga ko kuva mu ntango ibiharuro vyamye ari ikintu kidafadika kiri mu vyiyumviro kuva kera. Ku bwiwe ngo dushobora gufata ibimanyu bitatu vy'umutsima, ariko ico tuboina ni umutsima si gatatu, gatatu kari mu vyiyumviro gusa nti kaboneka. Hari ijambo gatatu hakaba n'ikimenyetso 3, ariko igiharuro ubwaco, co kimwe n'ibinndi vyose, nti kigaragara. "Nico kimwe n'ivyo biharuro vy'urufatiro bitabaho. Bisa nk'aho umengo nta ciyumviro kizima kirimwo, ni ibintu vy'ubusazi, ariko utanguye gutahura uko bikora, usanga vyoroshe gusobanura. Kandi kuva ku biharuro vyumvikana, co kimwe n'ivyo biri mu vyiyumviro gusa, tukaja ku vyo twita ibiharuro vyinshi bikomeye/ nombres complexes, ni imvugo yo kugereranya ibintu n'ibindi bishobora gusubirirwa". Muri kino gihe, igiharuro cikuvye ingerane gitanga -1, ni igiharuro kizwi, n'ubwo ubwacu kugitahura bitugora nk'uko abasokuru bacu vyabagora kwumva ko igitigiri kiri munsi ya zero (-1) kibaho. Ntutangare N'ubwo woba udasobanukiwe, komeza usome, vyose biraja mu muco ubitahure mu kanya. Ivyo bita 'nombres complexes' bituma abantu bashobora gutorera inyishu ibibazo mu bisanzwe bitotorerwa inyishu hakoreshejwe ibiharuro bisanzwe. Birafasha cane kandi gutahura ibibazo vyo mu buzima bwa minsi yose, no gukora ku bintu vyose birimwo ibigenda bisubirira ibindi canke ibihinduranya ikibanza. Ibi birakoreshwa mu buhinga bwo kurwiza umuyagankuba/ amashanyarazi, canke amashusho akoreshwa kwa muganga. Bishobora gukoreshwa kandi mu nzira yo gutahura uko uduce duto duto cane tugize utundi duce turi mu kintu ico arico cose bita 'atomes' twitwara. None bigenda gute ngo ikintu kiri mu vyiyumviro gusa, giteye bwa ndoto, gishobore kuba kirumara mu buzima bwa minsi yose? Kuri bamwe, nka Eugene Wigner, umunya Hongiriya yanonosoye icigwa ca 'Physique' mu kunjana ca 20, ni nk'igitangaza. Wigner yifashishije ibiharuro bikomeye bise 'nombres complexes' mu cigwa ciwe yanditse mu 1960, yise: "The unreasonable effectiveness of mathematics in the physical sciences"., umuntu yogereranya n'akamaro kagoye gutegera k'ibiharuro mu buhinga bwa Physique. Nimba ibiharuro bidufasha gutahura ibintu bibaho, kuki bidutangaza iyo bishitse? Akamaro kagoye gutahura, ndetse ntivyumvikana None nimba ibiharuro vyashizweho mu ntumbero yo gusobanura ibintu bigaragara, si ibisanzwe? Kuki vyofatwa nk'ibitumvikana? Reka twifashishe Eleanor Know, umuhinga afise ubumenyi mu biharuro/mathematiques, no mu gusobanura ivyiyumviro binyegeje/ Philolophie. Avuga ko nimba ibiharuro vyifashishwa mu gusobanura ibintu biboneka, ni ibisanzwe ko bifasha muri ubwo buryo, ariko avuga ko ibiharuro bitakomeje muri iyo nzira mu gukoreshwa. Kubwa Eleanor Knox ngo hari igihe ibiharuro vyakoreshejwe kubera ari ibiharuro gusa, bitari mu ntumbero yo gusobanura ibintu bifadika, ariko ugasanga mu nyuma vyari bikenewe kugirango bifashe gusobanura ibintu bishasha bavumbuye muri physique. Akarorero ka mbere atanga ni ico abahinga bise 'geometrie non-euclidienne', igisata c'ibiharuro bita geometrie abahinga bakozeko mu mpera z'ikinjana ca 19, kubera amazinda yabo gusa. Knox agira ati: "Ico gihe bibaza ko ibintu vyose isi nzima bishobora gusobanurwa hakoreshejwe 'geometrie euclidienne', irya yigishwa mu mashure. Amahame y'infuruka igororotse, ko infuruka z'inyabutatu uziteranije zose zingana na degre 180, n'ibindi nk'ivyo". Abahinga mu biharuro mu myaka ya 1800 ntibari mu ntumbero yo kumenya ibijanye na geometrie euclidienne. Ahubwo bariko barihweza utuntu n'utundi mu nyuma baja kugwa kuri ivyo biharuro bisobanura imero y'ibiboneka nk'infuruka z'amazu n'ibindi. Geometrie non-euclidienne, ni ibiharuro bidufasha kubona ibitaboneka, kera vyari mu bwenge bw'abahanga mu biharuro gusa -nk'ibiboneka mu mero zine, zitanu canke zitandatu zungikanyeko bwa bitutu, (4, 5 , 6 dimensions) Knox avuga ko 'mu kinjana ca 20, Albert Einstein, yari akeneye iciyumviro ashingirako mu gusobanura ibijanye n'amahame yise 'theorie de la relativité', yerekena isano riri hagati y'igihe n'ikirere. Ku bwa Knox ngo iyo ataba geometrie non-euclidienne, Albert Einstein ntiyari gushika kuri ayo mahame. Uwo muhinga mu gusobanura ivyiyumviro aremeza ko iyo abahinga batari gutangura gukora ivyo biharuro, n'ubwo batari bazi ico bizofasha, uyu munsi isi ntiyari kuba izi ko ivyo izi uyu munsi bifatiye kuri geometrie. Avuga ko ibintu nk'ivyo bifasha kwiyumvira ko isano riri hagati y'ibiharuro n'ibintu biboneka vyo mu buzima bwa minsi yose, nimba atari amayobera, ari ibintu bitangaje. Amahame shingiro Uko ubuhinga bwa Phyisique bukomeza gutera imbere, biragoye kuri twebwe nk'abantu basanzwe gusobanukirwa ibiharuro bigoye cane gutahura bushingirako, n'ukugene bisobanura ibintu vyo mu buzima bwa minsi yose. Ariko ku rundi ruhande ntibitangaje: nta mpamvu ikirere n'ibirimwo vyogengwa n'amahame amwe n'ayagenga n'ivyo tubonesha amaso yacu mu buzima bwa minsi yose. Igitangaje ku biharuro n'uko bidushoboza gusobanukirwa ivyo amaso yacu, canke izindi ngingo zidufasha kumenya ibidukikije, nko kwuymva no gukabakaba, zidushoboza. Mugabo rero hari ikibazo umuntu ashobora kwibaza; ko kiremwa muntu akomeza gushaka kumenya amahame shingiro ibintu vyose bigenderako akoresheje ibiharuro, birashoboka ko ivyo biharuro bizogera ku rugero rwa nyuma ntarengwa rwo kubimushoboza? Knox avuga ko mu kinjana ca mirongo ibiri, isi yabonye ibintu bibiri bikomeye mu mahame ya physique: 'mechanique quantique', ihame abahinga bisunga mu gusobanura uko uduce duto duto cane dufatwa nk'urugingo-fatiro rwa buri kintu cose bita 'atomes', ndetse n'uduce tw'izo 'atomes' bita 'particules sub-atomiques', twitwara. Irindi hamwe ni irya relativité generale, n'ukuvuga irisobanura isano hagati y'ikintu n'ikindi, nk'ikirere n'igihe. Ariko uwo muhinga mubiharuro na philosophie, avuga ko bigoye guhuza ayo mahame yompi ya 'mechanique quantique' na 'relativité generale' mu gusobanura ikintu kimwe. Ibiharuro bidufasha kumenya ivyo ingingo z'imibiri yacu zidashobora kudutahuza Eleanor Knox avuga ko kugeza ubu ata gifasha abahinga gutahura uburyo ayo mahame abiri ( Physique quantique na relativite) ashobora gukorana, n'ingene ashobora guhuzwa mu gusobanura ikintu kimwe. Ati: ubwirizwa kugira ubushobozi bukomeye bwo gutahura urusobangane rw'ibintu, n'ubwo muri kino gihe bitarakunda guhuza ukwo kubitahura no kubikoresha canke kubigerageza/ experimenter. Ariko rero yibutsa ko vyinshi vyatanguye gutyo no muri kahise, abahinga bagikora ubushakashatsi bwo gukoresha ibikiri mu vyiyumviro vyabo, mu buzima bwa minsi yose. Aragera aho yibaza ariko nimba ubwo bushakashatsi butaja bwarageze ku rugero ntarengwa, bukananirwa. Knox agira ati 'kumbure dukwiye gushima ko twagize amahirwe cane ko ibiharuro vyadushoboje gusobanura isi, ikirere n'ibiyikikije'. Ati ikindi umuntu ashobora kwibaza n'uko ibiharuro bidushoboza gusobanura ibintu vyinshi kw'isi ariko atari vyose. Ati canke tugatahura ko gusobanukirwa isi n'ivyayo vyose, ari ibintu bigoye cane. Ikindi avuga n'uko ibiharuro ari ikintu dushobora gufata nk'ikigoye kuri benshi cane muri twebwe, canke ikintu tutarashobora gutahura, kumbure kubitahura bizoza mu nyuma. Itandukaniro rikomeye Kumbure ntivyari bikwiye kudutangaza ko bigoye guhuza amahame y'ibiharuro n'ayagenga ivyo tubonesha amaso yacu. Uko biri kwose bisanzwe ari n'ibintu bitandukanye. Nk'uko Einstein abivuga: "amahame y'ibiharuro agenda agora gusobanura, uko yegereza ku bijanye no gusobanura ibintu bigaragara, ariko iyo atisunga ibigaragarira amaso niko ayo mahame y'ibiharuro agenda yoroha kwumva". 1 + 1 ni 2 kandi nta gukekeranya kuri ivyo ... Knox arasobanura ko: "Ibiharuro bifise ico vyisangije; ni vyo canke si vyo. Iyo ikintu gisobanuwe mu biharuro, kiba kibaye co ntawukigirako amadidane". Agira ati: "Ariko amahame ya physique yo s'uko ameze. "Iryo niryo tandukaniro rya mbere rikuru". Uwo mushakashatsi avuga ati: "Akenshi twagiye twihenda ku mahame yacu, amahame yavumbuwe na Newton ni meza cane, araryoshe gukoresha kandi muri bimwe bimwe arafasha, ariko siko yose ari ayo ukuri". Knox arakeka ko no muri kazoza bishobora gushoboka, kuzosanga amahame ya Einstein nayo atari yo ijana kw'ijana. Vyaravumbuwe canke vyaremwe n'ivyiyumviro vy'umuntu? Ibiharuro biva hehe? Iki ni ikibazo cobazwa umuhinga mu biharuro nyene. Abakera mu Misiri bari bafise 'imana y'ibiharuro' yitwa Seshat Eugenia Cheng ni umwigisha wo muri kaminuza ya Chicago. Arashobora kwishura nimba ibiharuro ari ikintu caremwe n'ivyiyumviro vy'abantu canke bakimenye cari gisanzwe kibaho. Agira ati: "Numva vy'ukuri hari ibintu mvumbura, nkarema n'uburyo bwo kubisobanukirwa. "Iyo ndiko nkora ubushakashatsi budashingiye ku bintu biboneka, mba nsa nk'aho ndiko nditembereza mw'ishamba ry'ibintu bitagaragarira amaso, nshakashaka uburyo bwo kubivuga no kubishingira amahame, ku buryo nshobora gutunganya neza ivyiyumviro vyanje nkabishira ku murongo, gutyo ngashobora kubisobanura." Cheng akora mu gisata bita 'Theorie des categories' (ni amahame akoreshwa mu gusobanura ikoreshwa ry'ibiharuro mu biharuro nyene) gikunze gukoreshwa mu kuroranisha ibisata bitandukanye vy'ibiharuro. "None ibigaragara ni iki ubundi bwo?" Biragoye kwiyumvira ikindi kintu coba kitagaragara nk'ivyo biharuro Cheng yanonosoye, ku buryo iyo umubajije niba ivyo biharuro akorako ubushakashatsi navyo abona ko hari aho bihuriye n'ibintu bigaragarira amaso, nawe akubaza ico wita ikigaragara ico ari co. Avuga ko 'ivyo abantu bita ko ari ibigaragara, ari ivyo twishizemwo ko bigaragara kuko nyene twese tubibona mu buryo bumwe'. Avuga ati 'abantu bavuga ko ibiharuro bitagaragara, kuko atawushobora kubikabakaba n'intoke'. Ariko asobanura ko hari ibintu vyinshi bibaho mu buryo bugaragara n'ubwo atawushobora kubikozako intoke, nk'inzara, Ikintu kidafadika mu buryo bugaragara si ukuvuga ko kitabaho Avuga ko ariyo mpamvu "akunda kuvuga ku bintu biboneka- ivyo dushobora gukabakaba canke tukagirana imigenderanire iboneka amaso mu yandi, hamwe rero n'ibitagaragarira amaso yacu, ariko bikagirana imigenderanire n'ubwenge bwacu". Cheng yemera ko ibiharuro ari ikintu kidafadika, ariko ko n'ibidafadika bishobora kuba ari ibintu bibaho ukuri kwamye nk'ibindi vyose tubonesha amaso. N'ibihe bintu twita ko bibaho muburyo bugaragara? Ku ruhande rumwe, umuntu ashobora kwemeza ko ibiharuro ari ikintu kigaragara. Umuntu ahereye kwiyumvira nko ku bumenyi bw'ibinyabuzima/biologie, bishingiye ahanini kuri chimie/ubutabire, nayo ubwayo ikaba ishingiye ku mahame ya physique ... gutyo bikatugeza ku biharuro. Ibiharuro vyihishe inyuma y'ibiri mubuzima bwacu bwa minsi yose Canke umuntu afatiye kw'ijuru risa n'ubururu, aho usanga iryo bara rituruka ku mishwarara y'umuco w'izuba ikubita ku mazi yo kw'isi igasubira mu kirere... ivyo vyose ni ibiharuro. Birashoboka y'uko umuntu akomeje gushakashaka, yohava asanga ibintu bigaragara bishobora gusobanurwa bishizwe mu biharuro. Ariko rero uko biboneka, ibiharuro ntibishobora kwifashishwa mu gusobanura na kimwe mu bibazo Sergio Huarcaya wo muri Peru yarungikiye BBC. Ubu dushobora kwemeza ko tudashobora kubibonera inyishu, ariko kugerageza vyari ngombwa.