Imyaka 50 nyuma yaho, ukuri ku makuru yuko Amerika yahimbye ko yageze ku kwezi
Inkuru yo kugera ku kwezi bwa mbere kuri iyi tariki mu kwezi kwa karindwi mu mwaka wa 1969, yarebwe n'abantu babarirwa muri za miliyoni ku isi hose.
Icyogajuru Apollo 11 ubwo cyiteguraga kugwa ku kwezi. Kuri bamwe, iki gikorwa bagifata nk'"igihimbano" Ariko haracyari abantu n'ubu bashimangira ko inyoko-muntu itarigera ikandagira ku kwezi. Ikigo cya Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika cyiga ku isanzure ("univers") n'ibyogajuru kizwi nka NASA, gitangaza ko amakusanyabitekerezo atandukanye yakomeje kugenda ashyira ku kigero cya 5 ku ijana (5%) umubare w'abaturage b'Amerika bemeza ko ibyo kugera ku kwezi ari inkuru z'ibinyoma. Icyo kigero kigaragara nk'umubare muto, ariko uwo urahagije kugira ngo utume hakomeza kubaho ibitekerezo bisobanura ukundi iyi ngingo yo kugera ku kwezi. Abemeza ko kugera ku kwezi ari 'igihuha' Bill Kaysing, wapfuye mu mwaka wa 2005, abonwa nk'uwashinze umutwe w'abemeza ko kugera ku kwezi ari 'igihuha' Impamvu y'ingenzi y'abemeza ko kugera ku kwezi ari "igihuha", ni uko mu myaka ya 1960, ikigo NASA nta koranabuhanga cyari gifite ryatuma gishobora gukora igikorwa cyo kujya ku kwezi kikagenda neza. Iyi mpamvu batanga yatumye bavuga ko bishoboka ko NASA, imaze kubona ko ibyo bidashoboka, yaba yarahimbye inkuru zuko kugera ku kwezi kugira ngo ihigike icyahoze ari Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Abasoviyeti (Uburusiya bwa none) byari bihanganye mu nkundura yo kugera ku kwezi. Icyo gihe Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Abasoviyeti zikaba zari ziri imbere y'Amerika, ndetse zikaba zari zaramaze kohereza ubutumwa bw'igenzura ku buso bw'ukwezi nubwo bwahakoreye impanuka. Inkuru zigaragaza ukudashira amakenga umwimereri w'amagambo yamamaye ya Neil Armstrong y'"intambwe nto ku mugabo, intambwe nini ku nyoko-muntu", zatangiye gukwirakwira hafi neza na neza ubwo icyogajuru Apollo 11 cyari gisubiye mu rugo kivuye muri ubwo butumwa. Ariko zarushijeho kumvikana ubwo hasohokaga igitabo 'We Never Went to the Moon: America's Thirty Billion Dollar Swindle', cyangwa, ucishirije mu Kinyarwanda, ko Amerika itigeze na rimwe yohereza umuntu ku kwezi, ko icyo ari ikinyoma gikomeye. Ni igitabo cyasohotse mu mwaka wa 1976 cyanditswe na Bill Kaysing, umunyamakuru wari warahawe akazi n'urwego rwo kwamamaza rwo mu kigo cy'uwahoze akora mu kigo NASA. Icyo gitabo cyavomwemo ibitekerezo bikomeye nyuma byaje kwifashishwa na benshi mu bahakana ko kugera ku kwezi byabayeho. 'Ukwizunguza' kw'ibendera ry'Amerika 'ahantu hatarangwa umuyaga' Abahanga muri siyansi bavuga ko ibendera ry'Amerika ryashinzwe na Armstrong na Aldrin ripfunyaritse kubera guhura kw'impera yaryo n'ubutaka bwo ku kwezi Urutonde rurimo "ibimenyetso" bishingiye ku mafoto - nko kuba nta nyenyeri zigaragara inyuma ku ifoto igaragaza ubutaka bwo ku kwezi ndetse n'ikivugwa ko ari ukwizunguza kw'ibendera ry'Amerika "ahantu hatarangwa umuyaga". Michael Rich, umushakashatsi mu bumenyi bw'ibijyanye n'isanzure kuri Kaminuza ya California muri Amerika, avuga ko hari gihamya ya siyansi yo guhinyuza iyo mitekerereze. Avuga ko ibendera ryapfunyaraye kubera imbaraga zakoreshejwe na Armstrong na mugenzi we Buzz Aldrin bagerageza gushinga impera yaryo mu butaka. Avuga ko ryagumanye iyo foroma kubera ko imbaraga za rukuruzi ('gravity') zo ku kwezi ziri ku gipimo cyo hasi ho inshuro esheshatu ugereranyije n'izo ku isi. Ikirere 'kitarangwamo inyenyeri' Amafoto y'ikirere cyijimye cyo ku kwezi aterwa nuko urumuri rw'izuba rukubita ku buso bw'ukwezi Ikindi kigaragarira amaso abahakana ingendo zo ku kwezi bavuga, ni uko amafoto agaragaza kugera ku kwezi agaragaza ikirere kitarangwamo inyenyeri. Ifoto ikagira icyo ihuriyeho cyo kugaragaza urubusane hagati y'umwijima mwinshi n'urumuri. Kubera iki? Brian Koberlein, umwarimu wigisha ibijyanye n'imiterere y'ibigize isanzure kuri Kaminuza ya Rochester Institute of Technology muri Amerika, asobanura ko ibyo biterwa nuko ubuso bw'ukwezi bugarura urumuri rw'izuba, ko ari yo mpamvu bigaragarira mu mafoto acyeye cyane. Uko gushashagirana gusa nk'ugupfukirana urumuri muri rusange rudafite imbaraga rw'inyenyeri. Ni yo mpamvu tudashobora kubona inyenyeri mu mafoto y'ubutumwa bwo ku kwezi bw'icyogajuru Apollo 11 - urumuri rw'inyenyeri rufite imbaraga nke cyane. Igihe 'camera' yamaze ifotora nacyo cyakagombye kuba cyarabaye kirekire kurushaho. 'Ahanyuzwe n'ibirenge h'ibinyoma' Kuba nta gifuniko cy'imyuka gitwikiriye isi - kizwi nka 'atmosphère' - kiba ku kwezi, byafashije mu kubungabunga ahanyuze ibirenge bya Neil Armstrong n'abandi bahanga mu bumenyi bw'isanzure bari kumwe na we Ahaciye ibirenge by'abagabo bagiye ku kwezi hasigaye hagaragara, nayo ni indi ngingo yibasirwa n'abahakana igera ku kwezi. Bavuga ko kuba nta buhehere buri ku kwezi byari gutuma bidashoboka gufata amafoto yamamaye arimo nk'igaragaza ahanyuze ibirenge bya Aldrin. Ariko Porofeseri Mark Robinson wigisha kuri Kaminuza ya Arizona State University muri Amerika, atanga igisobanuro cyabyo gishingire ku bumenyi bwa siyansi. Ubutaka bwo ku kwezi butwikiriwe n'igice kigizwe n'amabuye n'umukungugu cyitwa "regolith". Iki gice kirorohereye cyane kandi kimera nk'igitebeye byoroshye iyo gihonyoweho. Kubera ko ibice bito bigize ubwo butaka bifite ukuntu biteranye, ibice by'ikirenge kibunyuzeho biguma bigaragara n'iyo urukweto wambaye rwamaze gutambuka. Robinson avuga ko uko kwishushanya kw'ibirenge kuzaguma kugaragara ku kwezi mu gihe cy'imyaka ibarirwa muri miliyoni kuko nta 'atmosphère' iba ku kwezi - ku bw'ibyo hakaba nta n'umuyaga uhaba. 'Ingufu zari kuba zarishe abo bahanga mu bumenyi bw'isanzure' Kimwe mu bivugwa cyane n'abahakana kugera ku kwezi ni uko ingufu zari kuba zarishe abo bahanga mu bumenyi bw'isanzure Dore kimwe mu bivugwa cyane n'abahakana kugera ku kwezi - ni uko ingufu zikikije isi zari kuba zarishe abo bahanga mu bumenyi bw'isanzure. Izo ngufu zizwi ku izina rya 'Van Allen belts', zikaba zituruka ku guhura k'umuyaga wo ku zuba ndetse n'ingufu z'isi. Mu bihe bya mbere byo guhatanira kujya ku kwezi, izo ngufu ni kimwe mu byateraga impungenge abahanga mu bumenyi bwa siyansi, kuko bari bafite ubwoba ko abahanga mu bumenyi bw'isanzure bashoboraga gukorwaho n'ikigero cyazo gishobora kubica. Ariko nkuko bivugwa n'ikigo NASA, abari mu cyogajuru Apollo 11 bamaze gusa amasaha atageze kuri abiri bari mu gice cy'izo ngufu mu gihe cyabo cy'urugendo rwerekeza ku kwezi - kandi babaye bakabije baba baramaze iminota itanu gusa aho izo ngufu ziba ziri ku gipimo cyo hejuru cyane - bivuze ko batahamaze igihe gihagije cyo kuba bagirwaho ingaruka n'izo ngufu. Ibimenyetso bishingiye ku mafoto byasigayeyo bihinyuza abahakana kugera ku kwezi Nanone ni ingenzi kuvuga ko urukurikirane rw'amafoto yafashwe na 'robot' y'ikigo NASA kandi akaza gutangazwa n'iki kigo agaragaza abaheruka gufotora mu bihe bya vuba ahantu hatandukanye icyogajuru Apollo cyageze. Amafoto yatangajwe n'ikigo NASA mu mwaka wa 2012 agaragaza ibisigazwa by'ibyifashishijwe n'icyogajuru Apollo 11 ndetse n'ibindi bikoresho bya siyansi byasigaye ku buso bw'ukwezi Ayo mafoto yatanzwe n'iperereza ryazengurutse ukwezi guhera mu mwaka wa 2009, agaragaza ibimenyetso bikomeye byuko rwose kugera ku kwezi byabayeho. Imwe muri ayo mafoto ni igaragaza aho icyogajuru Apollo 11 cyageze, ukaba ushobora kuyibonaho ukuntu hari ibyo cyasize ku butaka ndetse n'ibisigazwa by'ibyo cyifashishije. Birimo nk'amabendera agihagaze bwuma yashinzwe n'abantu batandatu bari bakirimo - ndetse iryo perereza ryagaragaje n'ibicucu byabo ku buso bw'ukwezi. Hanyuma na nyuma, niba kugera ku kwezi bitarabayeho koko... kuki Abarusiya bo batifatanyije n'ababihakana? Abarusiya ntibigeze na rimwe bahakana ko kugera ku kwezi byabayeho - nubwo bwose batsinzwe mu nkundura yo guhatanira kuba ari bo bagerayo bwa mbere Nubwo ayo mahame yo guhakana ko kugera ku kwezi byabayeho yamaze guhinyuzwa aho ruguru, aracyariho cyane kandi yasakaye mu bice bitandukanye by'isi. Ariko ukuri ni uko hari ibimenyetso bihagije bishingiye ku buhanga bwa siyansi bigaragaza ko ku itariki ya 20 y'ukwezi nk'uku kwa karindwi mu mwaka wa 1969, Neil Armstrong rwose yakandagiye ku kwezi. Ikibazo kimwe gikunze kubazwa ababihakana ni, niba byari ikinyoma, kuki Uburusiya, icyo gihe bwari mu ntambara yiswe iy'ubutita buhanganye n'Amerika kandi nabwo buri no muri gahunda y'ibanga yo kohereza abantu ku kwezi, nabwo bwemera ko habayeho kugera ku kwezi? Robert Launius, wahoze ari umunyamateka mukuru w'ikigo NASA, agira ati: "Niba tutarigeze tugera ku kwezi tukaba turi kubeshya, Abarusiya bari bafite ubushobozi ndetse n'ubushake bwo kubihinyuza..." "None nta n'ijambo na rimwe bigeze bavuga. Ibyo ku bwanjye mbona ari ikintu gikomeye".