Africa na internet: ni ibihe bihugu vyayiciye,vyabikoze gute?
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Igitigiri c'ibihugu vyugara imihora ya internet kiguma kiduga Ivyo bimaze kuba ibintu bimenyerewe mu bihugu bimwe bimwe vya Afrika aho ama reta yagiye arugara ku kiringo runaka internet canke imbuga hwaniro. Uganda nico gihugu ca vuba kibikoze buca haba amatora ku wa 14 uku kwezi kwa mbere. Abaharanira uburenganzira bwo gukoresha ubuhinga bushasha bwo guhanahana ubutumwa bavuga ko ari ukubuza ubwisanzure, ariko ama reta yo avuga ko bifasha mu kwubahiriza umutekano. Ukuzibira imihora bigenda gute? Reta ishobora kuzibira imihora mu gutegeka ibigo bitanga internet ngo vyime inzira abanywanyi bavyo. Mu ntango, ibi bishobora gukora mu kwugara imbuga zisanze zikoreshwa cane. Ariko hari igihe hafatwa ingingo zikomeye gusumba aho reta itegeka ibigo bitanga internet kwugara amayira yose. Ikibanza c'itora muri Tanzania: amayira ya internet yarugawe mu gihe c'amatora Ibihugu bimaze kwugara internet ni ibihe? Igitigiri c'ibihugu bimaze kwugara internet kiguma kiduga. Uganda yategetse ibigo bitanga internet kwugara imbuga hwaniro zose hamwe n'uburyo bwo guhanahana ubutumwa. Abakoresha ubwo buryo bari basanzwe bidoga ko bagize iminsi bibagora gushikira bumwe muri ubwo buhinga n'imbuga zimwe zimwe. Tanzania yazibiye imihora ya internet mu matora aheruka mu kwezi kw'icumi. Mu kwa gatandatu mu mwaka uheze, Ethiopia yetegetse ko internet yugarwa mu kiringio camaze hafi ukwezi biturutse ku ruhagarara rwakurikiye iyicwa ry'umuririmvyi rurangiranwa w'umu Oromo anaharanira agateka ka zina muntu Hachalu Hundesa. Zimbabwe, Togo, Burundi, Chad, Mali na Guinea navyo nyene vyarazibiye internet canke imbuga hwaniro mu bihe bitandukanye mu mwaka uheze. Mu 2019 vyagaragaye ko habaye iyugarwa rya internet ku rugero canke burundu agashika 25 mu gihe kari 20 mu 2018 na 12 mu 2017, nk'uko bimenyeshwa na Access Now, ikigo cigenga kibikurikirana. Ico kigo kivuga ko mu 2019, ibihugu indwi muri 14 vyugaye internet bitari vyarabikoze mu myaka ibiri yari iheze. Ibihugu bishasha vyabaye Benin, Gabon, Eritrea, Liberia, Malawi, Mauritania na Zimbabwe. Ni ingendo yibonekeza n'ahandi kw'isi aho ibihugu vyugara imihora ya internet biguma biba vyinshi, mu gihe yugawe agashika 213 uyu mwaka mu 2017 kari 106 gusa. Ico kigo kivuga ko muri Africa akenshi iyugarwa riba ku gihugu cose aho kuba ku ntara zimwe zimwe canke ku migwi runaka y'abantu. Mu 2019, ku gashika 21 kuri 25 internet yugawe, ico kigo casanze vyakwiye igihugu cose canke ibice binini vyaco. Sudan na Ethiopia nivyo vyonyene vyugariye ibice runaka. Ingene bikora Mu gihugu kimwe kimwe, ikigo ca internet cose nico kimenya ingene gishira mu ngiro amabwirizwa yo kuzibira imihora. Bumwe mu buryo bikorwa n'ukuzibira gushikira ico bita URL. Ako ni nk'akayunguruzo kabuza gushikira urutonde rw'imbuga zimwe zimwe ziba zabujijwe. Uwarasanzwe azijako aronka ubutumwa butandukanye nk'ubuvuga ngo ''uru rubuga rwarugawe n'uwubijejwe''. Gushikira imihora ya internet vyaracungerewe cane mu gihe c'imyiyerekanoi muri Zimbabwe Ubundi buryo bwitwa ''throttling''(kuniga). Ubwo ni uburyo bwo kugabanya cane umuhora uja ku mbuga zimwe zimwe, bigatuma umengo ni internet yikwega, gutyo abantu bagacika intege zo kuja kuri izo mbuga. Ubwo buryo rero butuma bigora kumenya niba koko amayira yugawe canke niba ari internet iba itameze neza. Ingingo ya nyunma ishobota kuba iyo gutegeka abatanga internet kwugara ntihagire n'umwe ashobora gukora icarico cose. None abatanga internet barashobora kwanka? Ubushobozi bw'ama reta bwo guhagarika internet buvana n'ubushobozi aba afise bwo kugenzura ibigo vyo gutumatumanako. Bene ivyo bigo bihabwa impusha n'ama reta, bisigura ko bishobora gucibwa ihadabu canke gufutirwa amasezerano(contrat). Igitigiri c'abantu bafise telefone zigezweho (smartphones) kiguma ciyongera muri Afrika Ivyo bigo birashobora kwitwara mu ma sentare, ariko ni gake babikora. Ariko hari aho vyabaye. Mu 2019, ama sentare muri Zimbabwe yarategetse ko internet yugururwa n'aho reta yari yataze itegeko ko ihagarikwa. Ariko reta nayo yaciye ishirahako amategeko ayiha uburenganzira bwo kugenzura ikoreshwa rya internet. Hari n'aho vyoroshe gukora nko muri Ethiopia aho hari umuryango umwe gusa ujana ku muhora wa interenet, nawo ukaba uri mu minwe y'ikigo ca reta. Kwugara internet bisigaye bikorwa cane, nko muri RDC Ariko iyo internet itugawe burundu, haraba inzira zindi zo gucamwo. Uburyo buzwi cane n'ubwo bita VPNs(Virtual Private Networks). Izo nzira ntizorohera ibigo bitanga internet kuzugara. Reta zirashobora kwugara n'izo VPN ariko akenshi ntibihuta kubikora kuko bibangamira abaserukira ibihugu vyabo n'ibigo binini binini bazikoresha. Ibihugu bimwe bimwe vyo muri Africa vyitwaza ko hari amakuru y'ibinyoma aca ku mbuga hwaniro na internet mu gusigura iyugarwa ry'iyo mihora. Ariko bamwe mu bihweza ibintu n'ibindi n'abatavuga rumwe n'ama reta babona ko ico ari icitwazo co gucecekesha abanegura izo reta akenshi baheza bakabikorera ku mbuga nka Facebook. Bikorwa akenshi imbere n'inyuma y'amatora.