Ubuzima bwo mu mutwe: Ihungabana, jenoside n'uburwayi bwanjye butagaragara
Mfite ikibazo cy'ubuzima kitagaragarira amaso kandi akenshi kitavugwaho.
Victoria yavukiye mu Rwanda mu 1981 akurira mu murwa mukuru Kigali Ubu ni bwo bwa mbere mvuze ku kibazo cyanjye, kijyanye nanjye ubwanjye cyane kandi cyakomeje kwihisha inshuti zanjye nyinshi n'abo dukorana mu myaka ishize. Ariko, ukuri ni uko mu gihe kinini cy'ubuzima bwanjye ntigeze menya ko mfite iki kibazo cy'ubuzima cyangwa ngo menye uko cyitwa. None ubu namenye ko nyuma yo kuba muri jenoside ndi umwana wari urimo gukurira mu Rwanda ndetse na nyuma yo kunyura mu bindi bintu bibi, mfite ikibazo cy'ihungabana riturutse ku byo nabayemo, kizwi nka 'post-traumatic stress disorder' (PTSD). Gituma hari ubwo ngira ubwoba bwinshi bushobora kuza igihe icyo ari cyo cyose bugatuma ngorwa no guhumeka. Akenshi mbira icyuya gicye gikonje iyo ibyo bibaye, mu gihe mba ndwana no kongera gusubira kuba jyewe "usanzwe". Nsubije amaso inyuma, nari umwana usanzwe yishimye, mbere ubwo nakuriraga mu muryango muto ariko unyitayeho mu myaka ya 1980, mu murwa mukuru w'u Rwanda, Kigali. Victoria yarezwe na mama we, ariko kuri iyi foto agaragara ari kumwe n'ababyeyi be bombi Ahanini, yari jyewe, mama na musaza wanjye Junior. Ariko aka kamarayika ntikigeze kabaho ngo kagere ku kwizihiza isabukuru w'umwaka umwe w'amavuko, ndetse urupfu rwako, rwabaye mfite imyaka ibiri, kazize indwara y'inkorora y'igikatu, rwabaye ikintu cya mbere cyanyumvishije bya nyabyo icyo kubura uwawe bivuze. Ntabwo nashoboraga gusobanukirwa icyuho numvaga nifitemo, kuko nari nkiri umwana, ariko uko igihe cyagendaga gishira nagezeho mbona ibi nk'icyaba cyarabaye intangiriro y'urugendo rwanjye, intandaro y'uburwayi bwanjye bwa PTSD. Ikindi kintu cyanshegeshe bikomeye cyabaye ubwo napfushaga mama wanjye azize uburwayi, habura amezi abiri ngo nuzuze imyaka 10. Ndacyibuka ubwo nari ndyamanye na we mu bitaro, nshaka kumuba hafi kubera ukuntu nakundaga uko yahumuraga nk'akayaga gahehereye. Ariko ubwo nakoraga ku mubiri we, wari wumagaye cyane. Byari nkaho nta kintu na kimwe gisigaye kuri we kuko yari yaratakaje ibiro byinshi cyane. Nyuma yuko apfuye, isi yanjye nkuko nari nyizi kugeza icyo gihe yararangiye, ariko sinagize igihe cyo gukora ikiriyo kuko nagombaga gukomezanya n'ubuzima. Njya kubana na mamawacu - ubu nita mama wanjye - na babyara banjye batanu, bose banyitayeho cyane. Victoria yari afite imyaka icyenda ubwo mama we, uboneka kuri iyi foto, yapfaga, akajya kubana na nyinawabo n'umuryango we Nuko, mu kwezi kwa kane mu 1994, mfite imyaka 12, ubuzima bwanjye buhindurwa burundu na jenoside. Mu minsi 100, abantu 800,000 bicwa n'Abahutu b'abahezanguni, abahigwaga ni Abatutsi n'abandi bose batari bashyigikiye politiki y'ivangura n'ubwicanyi. Ubwo twumvaga urusaku rw'amasasu twahunze Kigali twerekeza ku Gisenyi, umujyi uri hafi y'umupaka na Repubulika ya Demokarasi ya Congo. Ariko ibikorwa by'urugomo byaradukurikiye, ubwo twabaga tugendagenda mu bice bikikije Gisenyi akenshi twahagarikwaga kuri za bariyeri n'intagondwa. Hari igihe zashikanuje umuvandimwe wanjye muto, Nelly, ariko mama wanjye ashobora kuzivugisha ukuntu zireka kumwica. Icyo gihe nagize ubwoba, ubwo nabonaga ko aba bantu - bagaragaraga ko basinze byo guta umutwe - bashoboraga kudukoraho icyo bashatse icyo ari cyo cyose. Bamwe bari bakiri bato cyane, ariko bari bafite imihoro, bari bafite impiri zikoze mu biti kandi zimwe muri zo zari ziriho amaraso. Iki ni ikintu kizaguma muri jyewe iteka ryose. Izindi nkuru ushobora gusoma kuri jenoside yo mu Rwanda: Nuko twambuka umupaka tuba impunzi mu mujyi wa Goma wo muri DR Congo (icyo gihe yitwaga Zaïre). Aho nahaboneye urupfu kurushaho kuko abantu barimo bapfa bazize kolera (cholera) na macinya, ndetse imirambo yabo yabaga irunze ku nkengero y'umuhanda. Muri iki gihe cyose n'ubwo twimukiraga muri Kenya na nyuma yaho, mfite imyaka 16, tukimukira muri Norvège (Norway), nari mbayeho mu buzima bwo kugira ubwoba. Icyo ni icyiciro cyo mu mitekerereze no mu myitwarire ya muntu gituma abantu bahangana n'umuhangayiko, ariko iyo ubanye na wo igihe kirekire cyane ushobora kukugiraho ingaruka zikomeye. Nyamara ariko, ngeze muri Norvège, ntangiye kumva nduhutse kurushaho, kugira ubwoba byaratangiye, nuko umuhanga mu mitekerere n'imyitwarire ya muntu (psychologist/psychologue) asanga ndwaye PTSD. Birumvikana ko atari jye jyenyine ibi byabayeho. Abarenze umuntu umwe muri buri bantu batanu banyuze mu ntambara mu myaka icumi ishize, byibazwa ko bafite ubwoko runaka bw'uburwayi bwo mu mutwe, burimo na PTSD, nkuko ubushakashatsi bw'ishami ry'umuryango w'abibumbye ryita ku buzima (OMS/WHO) bwabitahuye. Kandi ubwo burwayi bushobora guterwa n'ubwoko bwinshi butandukanye bw'ibyo umuntu yaciyemo byamuhungabanyije. Nkuko bitangazwa n'ikinyamakuru cy'ubushakashatsi mu buvuzi bw'abantu cya Public Library Of Science, abantu batuye munsi y'ubutayu bwa Sahara bahura n'ihungabana riri ku kigero kidasanzwe ndetse bashobora guhura n'ibyago biri hejuru bya PTSD. Ariko mu bihugu byinshi, kuvura abafite ikibazo cy'ubuzima bwo mu mutwe no kubafasha akenshi ntibikorwa cyangwa bigakorwa ku kigero kiri hasi cyane. Nyuma cyane amaze gukura Victoria yamenye ko ihungabana rye ryatangiye akiri muto Nk'urugero, ighugu cya Sierra Leone, cyanyuze muri byinshi cyane - intambara yamaze imyaka 10, ibiza byishe abantu babarirwa mu magana n'indwara ya Ebola mu 2015 yahitanye abagera hafi ku 4,000. OMS igereranya ko 10% by'abaturage miliyoni zirindwi batuye icyo gihugu bafite ibibazo by'ubuzima bwo mu mutwe, ariko ko ijanisha rito cyane ryabo ari bo bashobora kubona serivisi zo kubitaho. Dr Rebecca Esliker, wigisha kuvura ibibazo by'ubuzima bwo mu mutwe kuri Kaminuza ya Makeni mu ntara yo mu majyaruguru ya Sierra Leone, yagize ati: "[Intambara irangiye] havugwaga cyane ubwiyunge, no kubaka igihugu". "Ariko ntabwo twacyemuye ibibazo byo mu mutwe abantu benshi bari bafite, ibintu abantu banyuzemo byabahungabanyije, n'ubwicanyi ndengakamere abantu banyuzemo, ndetse n'ibyasigaye mu mitwe yabo". Avugana n'ikiganiro The Comb podcast cya BBC, Dr Esliker yongeyeho ko nyuma gato y'intambara, imiryango itegamiye kuri leta n'indi miryango mpuzamahanga yagiye muri Sierra Leone ikora akazi k'ibyumweru bibiri cyangwa bitatu by'icyo yise "amasomo ya vuba vuba" yo guhugura abantu ku kwita ku bagize ihungabana. Avuga ko ibyo bitari bihagije mu gufasha abaturage ba Sierra Leone guhangana n'ihungabana banyuzemo. Ngo ni yo mpamvu icyo gihugu gikomeje guhura n'ingaruka ziturutse kuri iryo hungabana ritavuwe, no kugeza kuri uyu munsi. Ati: "Turimo kubona abantu bagerageza kubyikuramo, cyane cyane abari bakiri bato mu gihe cy'intambara". "Turimo kubona abantu benshi bahanganye n'ibibazo bikomeye byo mu mutwe, rimwe na rimwe bigeza ku gushotorana cyane, kurwana ndetse n'ihohoterwa ryo mu rugo". Umunyamakuru wa BBC Victoria Uwonkunda mu biro bikuru bya BBC i London Iyo numvise ibi ntekereza ko ndi umunyamahirwe. Ntabwo nagaragaje ibimenyetso nko muri ubwo buryo Dr Esliker avuga, ariko nzi benshi bagaragaza ibimenyetso nk'ibyo. Kandi ndi n'umwe mu bagize amahirwe yo kuba mu bihugu aho ubuvuzi ku buzima bwo mu mutwe bushobora kuboneka byoroshye ndetse rimwe na rimwe butanahenze. Ariko no mu bihugu bikize cyane, henshi haracyari ipfunwe ku bibazo by'ubuzima bwo mu mutwe. Mu bushakashatsi bwo mu mwaka wa 2015, mu Bwongereza hafi abantu icyenda muri buri bantu 10 bafite ibibazo by'ubuzima bwo mu mutwe bavuze ko ipfunwe byabateye ryagize ingaruka ku buzima bwabo. Ibi akenshi bituma abantu babana n'uburwayi bwo mu mutwe bagira isoni zo gushaka ubufasha bacyeneye. Tugomba rwose kureka kwita "abasazi" abantu bafite ibibazo by'ubuzima bwo mu mutwe. Byamfashe imyaka irenga 30 kugira ngo mbe nshoboye kuvuga ndanguruye kandi ku mugaragaro ko mfite ihungabana rivuye ku byo nanyuzemo, cyangwa PTSD, kandi iyo mba ntabikubwiye, ntiwari kubimenya. Ni ingenzi kuvuga kuri ibi bintu mu kuri kandi nta kumva biteye ikimwaro. Bityo wenda abandi bantu na bo bazashaka ubufasha bacyeneye.