Wrongly imprisoned 'find it harder to appeal convictions'
People claiming wrongful imprisonment are finding it harder to overturn convictions because the burden of proof is too high, a former appeal court judge says.
By Mark DalyBBC Scotland and Panorama Former Lord Justice Sir Anthony Hooper said the challenge to establish innocence is tougher than ever before. The claim comes in a BBC Panorama programme which reveals fresh evidence in two notorious cases. The programme looked at the cases of two convicted murderers. Eddie Gilfoyle and Kevin Lane each served nearly 20 years in prison for crimes they insist they did not commit. The cases had previously been turned down by the Criminal Cases Review Commission (CCRC), the body which investigates wrongful convictions. Sir Anthony said he believed the CCRC had become more cautious of how cases were being treated by the Court of Appeal - which can overturn decisions made in criminal court - meaning the CCRC was referring fewer cases. He said: "It's become much more difficult for an appellant to succeed… and, therefore that will no doubt influence [the CCRC] on what cases they send through." Lawyers working in criminal appeals also said the CCRC had become timid in the face of criticism from the court over cases it referred, and was failing to properly investigate cases because it had become "moribund and deskbound". Eddie Gilfoyle spent 18 years in jail after being convicted of killing his heavily pregnant wife Paula in 1992, and faking her suicide. Mrs Gilfoyle was eight-and-a-half months pregnant when she was found hanged in the garage of the couple's home in Upton, Wirral. Her husband, now aged 56, always claimed to be innocent but was only released in 2010 on parole. Diaries written by Paula Gilfoyle formed part of Mr Gilfoyle's last submissions to the CCRC, which also considered letters giving an insight into Paula Gilfoyle's state of mind shortly before her death. It still rejected the case. Pregnancy mental health expert Dr Trudi Seneviratne, from the Royal College of Psychiatrists, was asked by Panorama to examine the diaries and she said they showed "someone who had an exceptionally difficult time". "We also know that she had a history of taking an overdose, when she was a teenager… so that's really relevant." Dr Seneviratne said if Mrs Gilfoyle had been asked routine mental health questions asked of pregnant women today, it could have identified risk factors for depression and suicide. Eddie Gilfoyle's lawyer Matt Foot said Dr Seneviratne's evidence was "incredibly significant" and that her assessment of Paula Gilfoyle was "the complete opposite of how she was presented at trial by the prosecution [in 1993]". The CCRC said Mr Gilfoyle was welcome to submit a new application. Gangland hit Kevin Lane spent almost 20 years in prison for the gangland murder of Robert Magill in 1994 after his palm print was found alongside a single particle of gunshot residue in a pipe inside a car linked to the shooting. But experts Panorama spoke to think the gunshot evidence is now worthless. Angela Shaw, of Forensic Firearms Consultancy, said: "In today's terms there would be no evidential strength placed on the finding of a single particle. "I certainly wouldn't have concluded that a gun had been placed within the pipe." Mr Lane now intends to submit a new application the CCRC. What role does the CCRC play in the legal process? The CCRC has the power to refer cases in England, Wales and Northern Ireland back to the Court of Appeal, but can only do so if it believes there is a real possibility the court will quash the conviction. Scotland has a separate commission, with a significantly higher referral rate than in the rest of the UK. There were 12 referrals by the CCRC out of more than 1,563 cases (0.77%) between 2016-17, down from 33 out of 1,797 (1.84%) between 2015-16. Is it facing other pressures? Internal board minutes going back three years, passed to Panorama by the Centre for Criminal Appeals - a charity working with alleged miscarriage cases - revealed that: And what does the CCRC say? The CCRC, a public body with a budget of around £5m annually, said: "The board [minutes] show… we share our concerns within the organisation and take them seriously. "Our workload has increased in recent years and budgets have not. "We've taken all the steps we can to make sure the quality of our investigations and…decision making has not been adversely affected. "Our relationship with [the Court of Appeal]... is central to our role… so we are bound to carefully consider the tone and content of its judgements." Panorama - Last Chance For Justice will be shown on Wednesday 30th May at 19:30 on BBC One.