ENA: The elite French school that trains presidents
For France's intellectual crème de la crème a place at the elite Ecole Nationale d'Administration (ENA) is coveted above all others.
By Alice CuddyBBC News The school has long selected and trained leaders, including former presidents François Hollande and Jacques Chirac, Orange CEO Stéphane Richard and foreign presidents. Many try repeatedly to pass the ENA's notoriously tough entrance exams, so desperate are they to get in. But the Strasbourg school's most powerful ex-pupil is reportedly turning against it. Determined to quell the gilets jaunes ("yellow vest") protest movement, President Emmanuel Macron has proposed abolishing the ENA, according to the text of an upcoming speech leaked to French media. "If we want to build a society of equal opportunity and national excellence, we must reset the rules for recruitment, careers and access to the upper echelons of the civil service," he is quoted as saying. "That's why we will change the system of training, selection and career development by getting rid of the ENA and several other institutions." The president's office has declined to comment on the leaked text. French media say it was to be in his address to the nation marking the conclusion of a two-month great debate. But the speech was postponed because of the Notre-Dame fire. What is the ENA? It was established in 1945 by then French President Charles de Gaulle, in the immediate aftermath of World War Two. It was created "with a spirit of reconstructing France and renovating the state", said anthropologist Irène Bellier of France's National Centre for Scientific Research. "The ideology was you'd raise a group of people capable of acting in the public interest." Prior to its creation, each ministry had its own hiring process and standards, resulting in closed networks that almost exclusively favoured the upper class. The ENA hoped to attract "more people from the provinces, fewer Parisians, fewer bourgeois - social democratisation", explained Prof Jean-Michel Eymeri-Douzans, a political scientist who has studied the ENA extensively and now works with it. But while designed as a meritocracy, research shows that ENA students' parents are often senior civil servants themselves or CEOs. Very few come from working-class backgrounds. "It's the school of the elite," Mr Eymeri-Douzans said. You may also be interested in Who attends the school? They tend to be in their mid- to late-20s, with previous qualifications from other higher-education institutes, including other elite French "grandes écoles". Some students enter the ENA as postgraduates, while others come from lower-level civil service jobs or from other professions. According to experts, less than a third of its intake are women. "So many ministers, presidents, prime ministers of France are graduates. Many of the CEOs of major French companies are also alumni, even though it wasn't meant for that," said Mr Eymeri-Douzans. He stressed that wealth is not the defining trope of ENA students. "The problem is culture... It is a small world of bourgeois families. If you are new money, full of money but with no culture, no education, you won't be there." So how do you get in? Aspiring students have to pass notoriously difficult entrance exams. Hundreds apply each year, but only around 10% make the final cut, according to Mr Eymeri-Douzans. The three-part admissions system has both written and oral components that test candidates on their knowledge of issues including economy, law and international relations. The most dreaded of the exams is the "grand oral"- a test in front of a jury, in which candidates are asked to talk about a particular topic, which could be anything from technology or politics to a genre of film. "That is one of the most intense moments of this process… They have to acquire a lot of knowledge, a lot, a lot, a lot," said Ms Bellier. "You need to show yourself, it's kind of performing, but they are not actors. The tension is very high." People often train for years for the exams. What happens next? Those who make it through the exams split their time between training and internships. At the end of the course, they are given a ranking which dictates which jobs they are able to apply for. Those with top marks can look at coveted positions in France's Council of State, Financial Inspectorate and Court of Auditors, while the less outstanding students enter less prestigious civil service jobs. While some say the rigorous training system puts the most qualified people in positions of power, others say it is an archaic institution that keeps ordinary people out of power. For now, its fate rests in the hands of its former pupil.