Activates Opioid U-receptors in CNS to reduce neuronal excitability.
Blunts response to hypoxia and hypercapnia in the medulla.
Inhibit the Na+/K+/2Cl- transporter on the descending loop of Henle to reduce absorption and therefore water absorption.
Blocks Na+/Ca2+/K+ channels along with antagonism of alpha and beta adrenergic receptors which reduces spontaneous depolarisation, slows conduction velocity and increases resistance to AV node depolarisation.
Inhibit 3-hydroxy-3methyl-glutaryl co-enzyme A reductase which is used in making cholesterol. Also decrease hepatic production and increase clearance from the blood of LDL.
B2 receptors are in smooth muscle of bronchi, GI tract, Uterus and blood vessels - stimulation causes smooth muscle relaxation.
Inhibits the enzyme responsible for the breakdown of acetylcholine which causes an increase in availability in the synapses of the brain allowing for greater conduction and brain activity.