Pamela Taylor is at Ofgem's "grid edge". She runs the regulator's Innovation Link, a service for innovators that gives them feedback on energy and power ideas. It also gives them space to pilot projects in the "regulatory sandbox" – an idea that is being expanded to other industry bodies. But when I speak to Taylor, she says the Link is as important to Ofgem as it is to the innovators.
"We are always hearing that there are regulatory barriers, but if you ask somebody what they are, a lot of the time people find it hard to articulate… It really started with the idea of saying we need to try to understand what some of these barriers are." The regulator wants to be on the "front foot" as the industry changes, and innovators' enquiries are an important signpost.
Innovation link invites anyone to come to the regulator with their ideas. Taylor says initial research revealed that "it was very important to people that they have one place to go – they don't have to go to talk to this team or that team". That in turn led to the sandbox, because some innovators with well-developed proposals wanted to be able to do trials.
Electricity has been a mainstay of decarbonisation so far. But it is just a part of the challenge of decarbonising the whole energy system. For a decade after 2000, electricity, and renewables, were the main focus of government policy, but in the past few years policymakers have started grappling with the larger challenge of heat and transport needs.
This is the among the aims of the Sustainable Energy Association (SEA), which wants to place buildings at the heart of delivering UK energy policy goals. That means producing energy directly from low-carbon and renewable sources and reducing energy waste by upgrading buildings.
That agenda will touch customers directly in a way the switch to renewable electricity has not, because it will require different behaviours from consumers and, in determining the future of domestic gas supply and the gas network, potential changes inside domestic properties.
It's clearly an area that will require innovation. But what is not clear, until we have a routemap on heat decarbonisation, is the framework within which that innovation will happen. So when I ask SEA chief executive Lesley Rudd about evolving the industry, she first talks about "no regrets" options. That means energy efficiency – building it in from the start, and bringing existing buildings up to scratch.
There is no reason why we can't do it, she says. "We are building lots of new homes and lots of new connections to the system, and when you are doing that the obvious thing to do is to try to decrease the amount of energy consumers use." She ticks off the goals it helps achieve: decarbonisation, security of supply, managing a stressed network more efficiently, and reducing fuel poverty.
It's not always easy to make policy decisions that will have an effect at the level of householders. I ask what has been the most successful government measure in her experience and she says it was the decision, which took effect in 2005, to mandate condensing boilers. "That made a huge difference," she says. What disappoints her is that the next measure she can point to is 13 years later – a new 'Boiler Plus' regulation that takes effect from April this year. She says the gap was too long.
Baxter thinks te falling cost of renewables and the upswing in installation will present its own sustainability challenges. "We need to store [the power], we need to be sure that we can access additional electricity when we need it." Offshore wind, she says, "will involve some form of storage and we haven't worked out exactly how that will work either".
With these plant – and gas – filling the gap, "the question is how we respond". That is where she thinks the energy industry has to think about the fundamentals.
She is concerned about the environmental cost and employment practices in mining the raw materials. "I don't think we are really having that conversation. The battery has no tail emissions, so therefore it helps to meet carbon budgets, but we are not addressing the wider sustainability." She suggests that some years ago the question was about "sustainability, it was about human rights and ethics across the world. We have now become entirely focused it seems on carbon dioxide emissions, which means we get a bit blinded by that. We don't necessarily always look at the wider questions. I think that battery technology is one example where we really need to take a step back" to look at other options such as hydrogen.
Lucy came into the energy industry because she wanted to use lessons she had learnt about consumer power. She had previously worked on campaigns with TV personality Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall and says energy was an obvious place to use those lessons: "[The campaigns] were hugely successful in terms of what we did with supermarkets and that type of retail business. Once you can see the power and success of that approach it makes you wonder what other industries it could be used in. Energy is an obvious one.
She thinks it's an opportunity that is being missed: "Being a supplier-led programme, it's not surprising that smart meters are seen as something owned and controlled by energy suppliers rather than being something that you own.Customers are unlikely to know that they own this [data] asset. The big six aren't going to tell them. We have given them all this data, now we need to give them a way to access it.
At the National Infrastructure Commission, digital, energy and transport come as a package and they are all under the aegis of Katie Black. What is the dividing line between energy and digital?
"Where it all comes together is in the home," Black says. "You have a smart meter and smart heating controls and everything starts becoming much more digitally connected. Then it starts to interface with your communications, so it is on your smartphone.
"There is potentially much more space for more people to participate in the energy industry. So people talk about tech companies providing energy services, as opposed to your typical energy retailer. Then you start thinking about electric vehicles. What does that look like and who are the people who are selling that to you? You could end up having a supplier for your electric vehicle and one for your house. I think there is a lot of thinking to do about how we open up these industries so consumers are able to make the most of all these opportunities and get the best experience and deals.
"Something that we are trying to work out is what the mix [between centralised and decentralised] might look like. This move to decentralisation may not make sense from a system perspective. It may not optimise the way we decarbonise and therefore we should think about where you are encouraging [generation] on the system.
Does that mean limiting the choices of those who want to invest? She says no, but if your choice is going to make things more expensive, "then everyone else shouldn't pay for that – you should; that's the principle we set out".
Sian Baldwin came fresh to the energy sector when she joined Xoserve as a non-executive director.Baldwin says the industry needs overarching governance of its data architecture and assets.
tive strategy that naturally gravitates us towards the end state." It doesn't have to be a big bang, she says, but over time costs in the centre of the markets can be reduced by having a strategy that gradually heads toward a simpler environment.
"Maybe we need an architectural strategy for the industry. We bring all the top architects together with Ofgem." I suggest that is the kind of working group that would be used for other aspects of the industry's evolution. Baldwin notes that: "For some reason the technologists are not engaged in the centre. If you took all of the companies it is the commercial person, the regulatory person, that is engaged in the middle.
"Technology people are nowhere. But they exist in all the different companies".
Electron uses blockchain technologies to design more efficient, resilient and flexible systems for the energy sector. Jo-Jo Hubbard says it wants entry to the procurement process for Ofgem's faster switching programme.
"Building a faster switching service that is only for switching is 100% going to be a regret spend. it cannot possibly be future proof. It flies completely in the face of what Ofgem says about getting rid of the supplier hub model as well.
Hubbard suggests the industry has not thought enough about what it means to be able to offer granular service propositions for different types of people. When it comes to energy, "some enthusiasts would like to be able to trade their own energy and some would like the house to operate like a hotel, and there are millions of different approaches between them".
She notes that one supplier splits its customers into one of six different types. But, "Amazon has hundreds of thousands".
In most new housing, utility connections are provided not by incumbent network companies but by independents. Their numbers have been growing. Vicki Spiers is the current chair of the industry bodies for those providing gas and electricity connections. She sees big changes ahead for utility connections in new housing developments, as more are built with generation behind the meter and electric vehicle charging.
Are developers asking for home energy storage? She says it seldom arises at the moment, but in her view, "as soon as they can crack a home battery and use it with the electric cars, that has real game-changing implications". And are housebuilders still installing renewables? She says: "It has peaked but there are still developments going on.
As a consultant, Lisa Waters represents a variety of companies on industry bodies and works with them on industry issues. They are typically businesses with a single focus – merchant generators, independent suppliers and other electricity players that are not vertically integrated.
There are a lot of current industry issues that affect them, but what is the most important? Waters has a "big picture" answer, saying it is "this idea of a level playing field and how you create that".
The subsidy regime is the background to any investment decision, yet it does not provide any certainty about the future of the market, she says. "Unless you do have a subsidy it's hard to see any investors investing. You couldn't build a merchant plant based on just getting wholesale prices in the electricity market because you don't know how much they are going to run.
Nicola Waters identifies the two biggest technical issues for developers as freeing up capacity on the network and managing assets connected to the network.
Managing existing assets that are connected to the network is an important topic in the distributed generation community and is perhaps "the single biggest thing that everyone in the DG community asks me." Connection offers, and the connection agreements that follow, broadly explain that there may be interruptions or constraints to export and import connections. Often these agreements make reference to certain circuits on the DNO or transmission networks, but the frequency and duration of interruptions and constraints are not fully explained. Also, Waters notes, if you are able to carry out a network study, "these are out of date very quickly, because it is an ever changing situation, you don't know what new assets are going to be connected to the network in future".
Unison the union has 1.3 million members working in the public services, which include private contractors providing public services and utility companies. In covering energy, its policy officer Allison Roche balances support for members who are workers in the energy industry with those who are simply customers.
Roche is concerned that there is little public understanding and discussion of energy, and as a result no opportunity to build a strategy.
"The problem is that there needs to be lots of new infrastructure and no-one is willing to pay for it. But no-one talks about that and it's not just frustrating for unions. It annoys the big six just as much, because they don't feel there is a clear strategy," Roche says. She wants to see a committee that would bring together BEIS, civil servants, representatives from construction and the energy industry, trade union representatives etc. "The idea is to pull policy together and report back to the minister," says Roche.
Although Roche welcomes the so-called 'municipalisation of energy' and local authority suppliers, she doesn't see them as the solution to this problem.
"Municipal supply of energy is really too small. It can all sound great, but for us as a trade union there are issues that are important for people as well. The larger employers have really good terms and conditions, skilling programmes and apprenticeships. Hinkley Point C, for example, works very well to provide engineering jobs.
"Smaller local organisations won't have those high skills – so they are not the total solution to providing a highly skilled green economy." In fact, she is concerned that overall, a shift from a few large energy companies to a large number of small ones may result in a de-skilled and less well-protected workforce. Some small companies may not recognise unions, for example.
Gillian Cooper has been a consumer advocate in the energy sector for more than ten years, working in a number of watchdog organisations.
Her other example is heat, where she says "it is important to keep regulatory protections under review because they are quite different. As it grows in importance you need to have far more consumer protection in there".
Sharon Darcy is leading Sustainability First's New Energy and Water Public Interest Network (New-Pin) work on resilience. She says energy suppliers should be talking to customers now. That is because: "In a competitive market you might have shorter-term relationships. In a more disaggregated market the more potential you have for weak links at the boundary.
"There is less of a relationship and there are new energy suppliers who may not be thinking this is part of their responsibility – [they] assume the wires and power are always there." But she says that's not good enough, because "if they come into this market they have to be absolutely signed up to what they are delivering: this is an essential service that people rely on to power their lives and homes and at the most basic keep them alive.
"To get the social licence to operate in this market, whether you are a supplier or a DNO or a generator, you have to realise there are social and environmental externalities you have to be sensitive to.
"Just providing good customer service and billing on its own isn't enough. You might be able to get round it by forming joint ventures and relationships with other companies who can bring in that experience. But in a market system, that flexibility is really important when you are trying to bring in resilience and at the same time drive down costs.
Mary Teuton expects people joining the industry now will have a very different view of it, compared to people who have been around for decades.
Catherine Mitchell thinks Electricity Market Reform needs to be rethought, and the industry restructured. Mitchell does not believe the energy industry can face its current transformation at arms length from government – and with a regulator that is also at arms length from policymaking.
"Great Britain has for many years provided international leadership in tackling climate change, and Claire Perry MP's recent announcement of the Powering Past Coal Alliance at COP23 is reflective of this. As positive as this global alliance and international leadership is, there remain lost opportunities – for both the environment and the consumer – much closer to home. The least cost low-carbon technologies still lack a route to market and the rollout of energy-efficiency measures is lacking in the ambition set out in the 25 Year Environmental Plan.
Storage is the hot topic in the UK electricity industry at present. The benefits that the broad range of technologies can offer a variety of industry participants, from system and network operators to individual consumers, have been widely discussed and recognised. However, challenges remain for new-build storage projects.
There is no specific revenue support available for energy storage in the UK, although limited research and development funding is available from a number of authorities. As a result, developing a viable business case is more complex than has been the case for renewable generation technologies. This can require "stacking" of revenue streams, such as ancillary services revenues, capacity market payments, Triad benefits and other embedded benefits. However, some of the available revenue streams prevent the provision of multiple services simultaneously, thereby making the raising of the initial capital more challenging. Further, a number of benefits that energy storage projects can offer, such as the deferral of network reinforcement, are not yet formally monetised.