
@article{abrahamDentalCalculus2005,
  title = {A Case Study of Elemental and Structural Composition of Dental Calculus during Several Stages of Maturation Using {{SRXRF}}},
  author = {<NAME>. and <NAME> <NAME>.},
  date = {2005},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A},
  volume = {75A},
  number = {3},
  pages = {623--628},
  issn = {1552-4965},
  doi = {10.1002/jbm.a.30484},
  url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jbm.a.30484},
  urldate = {2020-09-17},
  abstract = {This work presents a study of elemental composition and preponderant structure of human dental calculus, as they mature in the mouth for a period of 1 year. The synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence technique using a white beam was employed as an analytical method. The set of samples were extracted from different dental elements of the same subject, who did not require any other clinical care. By means of analyzing the Ca/P molar ratio an estimation of the main crystallographic structure was attained, by simple comparison with stoichiometric values of the several crystalline structures that compose the calculus. The results showed a slowly progressive transformation of the initial crystalline structures (brushite) into more stable structures (hydroxyapatite), passing through octacalcium phosphate and whitlockite. The concentrations of mayor components (Ca and P) as a function of time followed a sigmoid curve. The analysis of trace element concentratios versus time indicated a null or small correlation of concentration values with the kinetics of the crystallization process. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2005},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {dental calculus,maturation,SRXRF},
  annotation = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jbm.a.30484},
  file = {/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/HW9B7KA5/Abraham et al. - 2005 - A case study of elemental and structural compositi.pdf;/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/79IB6I9R/jbm.a.html}
}

@book{adamsHitchhikersGuide2002,
  title = {The {{Hitchhiker}}'s {{Guide}} to the {{Galaxy}}},
  author = {<NAME>},
  date = {2002},
  publisher = {{Picador}},
  location = {{London}}
}

@book{adamsRestaurantEnd2002,
  title = {The {{Restaurant}} at the {{End}} of the {{Universe}}},
  author = {<NAME>},
  date = {2002},
  publisher = {{Picador}},
  location = {{London}}
}

@article{adlerSequencingAncient2013,
  title = {Sequencing Ancient Calcified Dental Plaque Shows Changes in Oral Microbiota with Dietary Shifts of the {{Neolithic}} and {{Industrial}} Revolutions},
  author = {<NAME>. and <NAME>. and <NAME>. and <NAME>. and <NAME>. and <NAME>. and <NAME>. and <NAME>. and Soltysiak, A. and <NAME>. and <NAME>. and <NAME>.},
  date = {2013},
  journaltitle = {Nature Genetics},
  shortjournal = {Nat Genet},
  volume = {45},
  number = {4},
  pages = {450--5, 455e1},
  issn = {1546-1718 (Electronic) 1061-4036 (Linking)},
  doi = {10.1038/ng.2536},
  abstract = {The importance of commensal microbes for human health is increasingly recognized, yet the impacts of evolutionary changes in human diet and culture on commensal microbiota remain almost unknown. Two of the greatest dietary shifts in human evolution involved the adoption of carbohydrate-rich Neolithic (farming) diets (beginning approximately 10,000 years before the present) and the more recent advent of industrially processed flour and sugar (in approximately 1850). Here, we show that calcified dental plaque (dental calculus) on ancient teeth preserves a detailed genetic record throughout this period. Data from 34 early European skeletons indicate that the transition from hunter-gatherer to farming shifted the oral microbial community to a disease-associated configuration. The composition of oral microbiota remained unexpectedly constant between Neolithic and medieval times, after which (the now ubiquitous) cariogenic bacteria became dominant, apparently during the Industrial Revolution. Modern oral microbiotic ecosystems are markedly less diverse than historic populations, which might be contributing to chronic oral (and other) disease in postindustrial lifestyles.},
  pmcid = {PMC3996550},
  keywords = {*Archaeology,*Diet,*Industry,Biological Evolution,Dental Plaque/*genetics/microbiology,High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing,Humans,Metagenome/*genetics,Mouth Mucosa/*microbiology/pathology},
  file = {/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/Q3U8NHDE/Adler et al. - 2013 - Sequencing ancient calcified dental plaque shows c.pdf}
}

@article{akcaliDentalCalculus2018,
  title = {Dental Calculus: The Calcified Biofilm and Its Role in Disease Development},
  shorttitle = {Dental Calculus},
  author = {<NAME> Lang, <NAME>.},
  date = {2018},
  journaltitle = {Periodontology 2000},
  volume = {76},
  number = {1},
  pages = {109--115},
  issn = {1600-0757},
  doi = {10.1111/prd.12151},
  url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/prd.12151},
  urldate = {2021-06-07},
  abstract = {Dental calculus represents the first fossilized record of bacterial communities as a testimony of evolutionary biology. The development of dental calculus is a dynamic process that starts with a nonmineralized biofilm which eventually calcifies. Nonmineralized dental biofilm entraps particles from the oral cavity, including large amounts of oral bacteria, human proteins, viruses and food remnants, and preserves their DNA. The process of mineralization involves metabolic activities of the bacterial colonies and strengthens the attachment of nonmineralized biofilms to the tooth surface. From a clinical point of view, dental calculus always harbors a living, nonmineralized biofilm, jeopardizing the integrity of the dento-gingival or implanto-mucosal unit. This narrative review presents a brief historical overview of dental calculus formation and its clinical relevance in modern periodontal practice.},
  langid = {english},
  annotation = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/prd.12151},
  file = {/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/BWR9G623/Akcalı and Lang - 2018 - Dental calculus the calcified biofilm and its rol.pdf;/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/IH87S6DM/prd.html}
}

@article{armitageExtractionIdentification1975,
  title = {The {{Extraction}} and {{Identification}} of {{Opal Phytoliths}} from the {{Teeth}} of {{Ungulates}}},
  author = {<NAME>.},
  date = {1975},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Archaeological Science},
  shortjournal = {J Archaeol Sci},
  volume = {2},
  pages = {187--197},
  file = {/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/JUY4FMBH/Armitage - 1975 - The Extraction and Identification of Opal Phytolit.pdf}
}

@book{aufderheidePaleopathology1998,
  title = {The {{Cambridge}} Encyclopedia of Human Paleopathology},
  author = {<NAME> and <NAME> <NAME>},
  date = {1998},
  volume = {478},
  publisher = {{Cambridge University Press Cambridge}}
}

@article{balajiUnusualPresentation2019,
  title = {An Unusual Presentation of Dental Calculus},
  author = {<NAME> and <NAME> <NAME>},
  date = {2019},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology},
  shortjournal = {J Indian Soc Periodontol},
  volume = {23},
  number = {5},
  eprint = {31543623},
  eprinttype = {pmid},
  pages = {484--486},
  issn = {0972-124X},
  doi = {10.4103/jisp.jisp_680_18},
  url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6737844/},
  urldate = {2022-02-28},
  abstract = {Calculus is a mineralized bacterial plaque that is formed on natural teeth surfaces where there is constant supply of saliva. Dental calculus is commonly seen over the buccal surfaces of maxillary molars and lingual surfaces of mandibular anterior teeth where the salivary duct opens into the oral cavity. This case report presents an unusual presentation of a large hard calcified mass in the left side of retromolar region associated with partially erupted tooth; hard mass was excised and examined histochemically which suggested the presence of calculus. Elimination of such nidus shall prevent formation of such calculus in such unusual position. This can also be achieved with proper oral hygiene measures.},
  pmcid = {PMC6737844}
}

@article{bjarnsholtVivoBiofilm2013,
  title = {The in Vivo Biofilm},
  author = {Bjarnsholt, <NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME>. and Moser, <NAME>, <NAME> Jensen, <NAME> Høiby, Niels},
  date = {2013-09},
  journaltitle = {Trends in Microbiology},
  shortjournal = {Trends in Microbiology},
  volume = {21},
  number = {9},
  pages = {466--474},
  issn = {0966842X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.tim.2013.06.002},
  url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0966842X1300111X},
  urldate = {2020-06-18},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/6HNDI4KR/Bjarnsholt et al. - 2013 - The in vivo biofilm.pdf}
}

@book{brothwellDiggingBones1981,
  title = {Digging up {{Bones}}: {{The}} Excavation, Treatment and Study of Human Skeletal Remains},
  author = {<NAME>},
  date = {1981},
  edition = {3rd},
  publisher = {{British Museum (Natural History)}},
  location = {{London}}
}

@article{bucchiComparisonsMethods2019,
  title = {Comparisons between Methods for Analyzing Dental Calculus Samples from {{El Mirador}} Cave ({{Sierra}} de {{Atapuerca}}, {{Spain}})},
  author = {<NAME> <NAME> <NAME> <NAME>},
  date = {2019-11-01},
  journaltitle = {Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences},
  shortjournal = {Archaeol Anthropol Sci},
  volume = {11},
  number = {11},
  pages = {6305--6314},
  issn = {1866-9565},
  doi = {10.1007/s12520-019-00919-z},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-019-00919-z},
  urldate = {2022-03-18},
  abstract = {Microremains entrapped in dental calculus are being used as a source of information to address a number of archeological questions. However, current laboratory procedures may affect the recovery of microremains and this issue has not been thoroughly investigated. This study involved the analysis of dental calculus from five Chalcolithic individuals from El Mirador cave (Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain) from a methodological perspective. Two sample processing protocols published in the archeological literature were used for this purpose, and results were compared to the El Mirador archaeobotanical record published elsewhere. Analyzed as a whole, the microremains found in the dental calculus samples are consistent with a population immersed in a farming economy, although they are not representative of the richness of the archaeobotanical record of the site. Furthermore, the two protocols delivered different results, in terms of the number of microremains identified, the time required for analysis, and associated contamination problems. This data indicates that the method selected may affect the results. We recommend further research using a larger sample set to fully understand how methodological factors affect the preservation and observation of microremains embedded in dental calculus. We also call for a discussion on the role of dental calculus in archeological research.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/75CLPZHH/Bucchi et al. - 2019 - Comparisons between methods for analyzing dental c.pdf}
}

@article{buckleyDentalCalculus2014,
  title = {Dental {{Calculus Reveals Unique Insights}} into {{Food Items}}, {{Cooking}} and {{Plant Processing}} in {{Prehistoric Central Sudan}}},
  author = {<NAME> Usai, <NAME> <NAME>, <NAME> <NAME>},
  date = {2014-07-16},
  journaltitle = {PLOS ONE},
  shortjournal = {PLOS ONE},
  volume = {9},
  number = {7},
  pages = {e100808},
  publisher = {{Public Library of Science}},
  issn = {1932-6203},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0100808},
  url = {https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0100808},
  urldate = {2020-06-22},
  abstract = {Accessing information on plant consumption before the adoption of agriculture is challenging. However, there is growing evidence for use of locally available wild plants from an increasing number of pre-agrarian sites, suggesting broad ecological knowledge. The extraction of chemical compounds and microfossils from dental calculus removed from ancient teeth offers an entirely new perspective on dietary reconstruction, as it provides empirical results on material that is already in the mouth. Here we present a suite of results from the multi-period Central Sudanese site of Al Khiday. We demonstrate the ingestion in both pre-agricultural and agricultural periods of Cyperus rotundus tubers. This plant is a good source of carbohydrates and has many useful medicinal and aromatic qualities, though today it is considered to be the world's most costly weed. Its ability to inhibit Streptococcus mutans may have contributed to the unexpectedly low level of caries found in the agricultural population. Other evidence extracted from the dental calculus includes smoke inhalation, dry (roasting) and wet (heating in water) cooking, a second plant possibly from the Triticaceae tribe and plant fibres suggestive of raw material preparation through chewing.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Calculus,Microfossils,Neolithic period,Paleobotany,Paleozoology,Starches,Teeth,Tubers},
  file = {/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/8CQB3LHA/pone.0100808.pdf;/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/HPUWM829/Buckley et al. - 2014 - Dental Calculus Reveals Unique Insights into Food .pdf;/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/NPK7DY4J/article.html}
}

@article{chenStarchGrains2021,
  title = {Starch Grains from Human Teeth Reveal the Plant Consumption of Proto-{{Shang}} People (c. 2000–1600 {{BC}}) from {{Nancheng}} Site, {{Hebei}}, {{China}}},
  author = {<NAME> <NAME> <NAME> <NAME>.},
  date = {2021-08-20},
  journaltitle = {Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences},
  shortjournal = {Archaeol Anthropol Sci},
  volume = {13},
  number = {9},
  pages = {153},
  issn = {1866-9565},
  doi = {10.1007/s12520-021-01416-y},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-021-01416-y},
  urldate = {2021-09-26},
  abstract = {The founding processes of the first state of ancient China with a known written record, the Shang dynasty (3600–3046~cal BP), have been poorly understood. Recent discoveries of a host of archaeological sites dating to the proto-Shang culture (4000–3600~cal BP) have helped elucidate the transition to the Shang culture. Nevertheless, there are few investigations about the mode of subsistence and economy of the proto-Shang culture, and how this might have shaped the transition to statehood. In this present study, we analyzed the starch grains preserved in dental calculus and teeth surfaces from 16 samples from the site of Nancheng in order to gain a better understanding of the subsistence strategy and plant consumption of proto-Shang people. We also performed experiments to test how different cooking methods may lead to size changes in the starches of four Poaceae plants, in order to identify the processing methods used by the proto-Shang people. The results indicate that Triticum aestivum, Coix lacryma-jobi, Setaria italica and some yet-unidentified roots and tubers were consumed by these individuals. These data indicate a broader spectrum of plant consumption than that seen by previous archaeobotanical and stable isotope analyses. Such a broad spectrum of plant consumption provided a substantial economic base for proto-Shang people and might be one of the factors supporting the subsequent development of the Shang state culture.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/MEA4AWE6/Chen et al. - 2021 - Starch grains from human teeth reveal the plant co.pdf}
}

@article{ciochonOpalPhytoliths1990,
  title = {Opal Phytoliths Found on the Teeth of the Extinct Ape {{Gigantopithecus}} Blacki: Implications for Paleodietary Studies.},
  shorttitle = {Opal Phytoliths Found on the Teeth of the Extinct Ape {{Gigantopithecus}} Blacki},
  author = {<NAME> and <NAME> and <NAME>},
  date = {1990-10},
  journaltitle = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
  volume = {87},
  number = {20},
  pages = {8120--8124},
  publisher = {{Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}},
  doi = {10.1073/pnas.87.20.8120},
  url = {https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.87.20.8120},
  urldate = {2022-04-04},
  file = {/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/PXDMQLN3/Ciochon et al. - 1990 - Opal phytoliths found on the teeth of the extinct .pdf}
}

@article{collinsHomelessDental2007,
  title = {Homeless in {{North}} and {{West Belfast}}: An Oral Health Needs Assessment},
  shorttitle = {Homeless in {{North}} and {{West Belfast}}},
  author = {<NAME>. and <NAME>.},
  date = {2007-06},
  journaltitle = {British Dental Journal},
  shortjournal = {Br Dent J},
  volume = {202},
  number = {12},
  pages = {E31-E31},
  publisher = {{Nature Publishing Group}},
  issn = {1476-5373},
  doi = {10.1038/bdj.2007.473},
  url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/bdj.2007.473},
  urldate = {2022-02-25},
  abstract = {This is the first assessment of the oral health needs of single homeless adults in North and West Belfast.The study population had greater experience of dental caries and periodontal disease compared with adults in Northern Ireland (NI) who took part in the 1998 Adult Dental Health Survey.The widespread use of smoking and use and abuse of alcohol marked the study population as a high-risk group for oral cancer, with the increased risk calculated as 95 times greater than the NI population as a whole.Homeless people are not a homogeneous population, therefore social exclusion and psycho-social functioning should be considered when planning appropriate oral healthcare services for this diverse client group.},
  issue = {12},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Dentistry},
  file = {/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/VWD7CA2W/Collins and Freeman - 2007 - Homeless in North and West Belfast an oral health.pdf;/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/SG2NPBAT/bdj.2007.html}
}

@article{costertonBacterialBiofilmsNature1987,
  title = {Bacterial {{Biofilms}} in {{Nature}} and {{Disease}}},
  author = {<NAME> and Cheng, <NAME> Geesey, <NAME> <NAME> and Nickel, <NAME> and Dasgupta, M and <NAME>},
  date = {1987-10},
  journaltitle = {Annual Review of Microbiology},
  shortjournal = {Annu. Rev. Microbiol.},
  volume = {41},
  number = {1},
  pages = {435--464},
  issn = {0066-4227, 1545-3251},
  doi = {10.1146/annurev.mi.41.100187.002251},
  url = {https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.mi.41.100187.002251},
  urldate = {2022-02-04},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/VBKWCWSE/annurev.mi.41.100187.pdf}
}

@article{costertonMicrobialBiofilms1995,
  title = {Microbial {{Biofilms}}},
  author = {<NAME> Lewandowski, <NAME> Caldwell, <NAME>. and Korber, <NAME>. and Lappin-Scott, <NAME>.},
  date = {1995-10},
  journaltitle = {Annual Review of Microbiology},
  shortjournal = {Annu. Rev. Microbiol.},
  volume = {49},
  number = {1},
  pages = {711--745},
  issn = {0066-4227, 1545-3251},
  doi = {10.1146/annurev.mi.49.100195.003431},
  url = {https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.mi.49.100195.003431},
  urldate = {2022-03-08},
  langid = {english}
}

@online{daaDentalAnthropology,
  title = {Dental {{Anthropology Association}}},
  url = {http://www.dentalanthropology.org},
  urldate = {2022-03-14},
  abstract = {Dental Anthropology Association},
  langid = {american},
  organization = {{Dental Anthropology Association}},
  file = {/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/H4JA2Y9Q/www.dentalanthropology.org.html}
}

@article{damenSilicicAcid1989,
  title = {The {{Effect}} of {{Silicic Acid}} on {{Calcium Phosphate Precipitation}}},
  author = {<NAME>. and <NAME>.},
  date = {1989-09-01},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Dental Research},
  shortjournal = {J Dent Res},
  volume = {68},
  number = {9},
  pages = {1355--1359},
  publisher = {{SAGE Publications Inc}},
  issn = {0022-0345},
  doi = {10.1177/00220345890680091301},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/00220345890680091301},
  urldate = {2020-05-18},
  abstract = {So that a possible involvement in the mineralization of dental plaque could be investigated, the effects of silicic acid on calcium phosphate precipitation were assessed in vitro. By measuring the decrease in Ca2+ concentration (by means of ion-selective electrodes), we determined both spontaneous precipitation and seeded crystal growth from solutions that contained 1 mmol/L calcium, 7.5 mmol/L phosphate, 50 mmol/L Hepes pH 7.2, and various amounts of silicic acid. Polymerized silicic acid, but not its monomer, was found both to cause a 60\% reduction in the lag period that precedes spontaneous precipitation and to enhance the growth rate of seeded hydroxyapatite crystals. Silica suspensions showed effects similar to those of polysilicic acid. In all cases, the precipitated material was found to be hydroxyapatite. Whereas seeded brushite crystals grew slowly without silicic acid, hydroxyapatite was the only mineral detected after crystal growth in the presence of silicic acid. Apparently, polysilicic acid acted as a substrate for hydroxyapatite nucleation, inducing secondary nuclei on both hydroxyapatite and brushite crystals. The finding that polysilicic acid could overcome part of the inhibitory effect of a phosphoprotein on calcium phosphate precipitation gave additional support for the idea that polysilicic acid and silica may promote the formation of dental calculus.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/JXLEQWHV/Damen and Ten Cate - 1989 - The Effect of Silicic Acid on Calcium Phosphate Pr.pdf}
}

@article{delafuenteDNAHuman2013,
  title = {{{DNA From Human Ancient Bacteria}}: {{A}} Novel Source of Genetic Evidence from Archaeological Dental Calculus},
  shorttitle = {{{DNA FROM HUMAN ANCIENT BACTERIA}}},
  author = {<NAME>. and <NAME>. and <NAME>.},
  date = {2013-08},
  journaltitle = {Archaeometry},
  volume = {55},
  number = {4},
  pages = {767--778},
  issn = {0003813X},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1475-4754.2012.00707.x},
  url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1475-4754.2012.00707.x},
  urldate = {2021-07-09},
  abstract = {We report a molecular methodology to obtain and analyse ancient bacterial DNA from archaeological dental calculus. Recent and archaeological DNA samples, as old as 4000 BP, were successfully extracted and amplified with species-specific PCR primers. We propose this approach in order to: detect the presence of specific bacterial species infecting past human populations; compare the composition of ancient oral microbiomes among human populations; and analyse the genetic variability and covariation of bacteria and human host populations. Genomic analysis of bacteria from dental calculus is a promising source of evidence for palaeopathological and micro-evolutionary studies, focused either on micro-organisms or their human hosts.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/UWSNJ9FN/De La Fuente et al. - 2013 - DNA FROM HUMAN ANCIENT BACTERIA A NOVEL SOURCE OF.pdf}
}

@article{dibdinOralUrea1998,
  title = {A {{Mathematical Model}} of the {{Influence}} of {{Salivary Urea}} on the {{pH}} of {{Fasted Dental Plaque}} and on the {{Changes Occurring}} during a {{Cariogenic Challenge}}},
  author = {<NAME>. and <NAME>.},
  date = {1998},
  journaltitle = {Caries Research},
  shortjournal = {Caries Res},
  volume = {32},
  number = {1},
  pages = {70--74},
  issn = {0008-6568, 1421-976X},
  doi = {10.1159/000016432},
  url = {https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/16432},
  urldate = {2021-03-17},
  abstract = {Urea diffusing from saliva into dental plaque is converted to ammonia and carbon dioxide by bacterial ureases. The influence of normal salivary urea levels on the pH of fasted plaque and on the depth and duration of a Stephan curve is uncertain. A numerical model which simulates a cariogenic challenge (a 10\% sucrose rinse alone or one followed by use of chewing-gum with or without sugar) was modified to include salivary urea levels from 0 to 30 mmol/l. It incorporated: site-dependent exchange between bulk saliva and plaque surfaces via a salivary film; sugar and urea diffusion into plaque; pH-dependent rates of acid formation and urea breakdown; diffusion and dissociation of end-products and other buffers (acetate, lactate, phosphate, ammonia and carbonate); diffusion of protons and other ions; equilibration with fixed and mobile buffers; and chargecoupling between ionic flows. The Km (2.12 mmol/l) and Vmax (0.11 µmol urea/ min/mg dry weight) values for urease activity and the pH dependence of Vmax were taken from the literature. From the results, it is predicted that urea concentrations normally present in saliva (3–5 mmol/l) will increase the pH at the base of a 0.5-mm-thick fasted plaque by up to 1 pH unit, and raise the pH minimum after a sucrose rinse or sugar-containing chewing-gum by at least half a pH unit. The results suggest that plaque cariogenicity may be inversely related to salivary urea concentrations, not only when the latter are elevated because of disease, but even when they are in the normal range.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/VVQYDV7Z/Dibdin and Dawes - 1998 - A Mathematical Model of the Influence of Salivary .pdf}
}

@article{dobneyMethodEvaluating1987,
  title = {A Method for Evaluating the Amount of Dental Calculus on Teeth from Archaeological Sites},
  author = {<NAME> and <NAME>},
  date = {1987-07-01},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Archaeological Science},
  shortjournal = {J Archaeol Sci},
  volume = {14},
  number = {4},
  pages = {343--351},
  issn = {0305-4403},
  doi = {10.1016/0305-4403(87)90024-0},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0305440387900240},
  urldate = {2020-05-15},
  abstract = {A series of archaeological teeth, both human and animal, were scanned with a view to establishing a quick and reliable method of recording the extent and severity of dental calculus. The method involved allocating each dentition or tooth a general score, one of five grades: 0 (normal) to 4 (gross). Each tooth was then divided into morphological zones, depending upon species, and the percentage covering of calculus for each zone was recorded. Thickness was also assessed using a five-grade scoring system and was based on radiographs of affected teeth. This gave an idea of the severity of the calculus deposit.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {buttress,dental calculus,grade,infolding,involution,scoring,sub-gingival,supra-gingival},
  file = {/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/92WJMSQP/Dobney and Brothwell - 1987 - A method for evaluating the amount of dental calcu.pdf;/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/XZH4B633/0305440387900240.html}
}

@article{drewettExcavationOval1975,
  title = {The {{Excavation}} of an {{Oval Burial Mound}} of the {{Third Millennium}} Be at {{Alfriston}}, {{East Sussex}}, 1974},
  author = {<NAME>},
  date = {1975},
  pages = {38},
  abstract = {The small oval burial mound at Alfriston, East Sussex, being one of only twelve certain burial structures of the 3rd millennium be in Sussex, was totally excavated in 1974 prior to its final obliteration by ploughing. The barrow was found to consist of a simple dump mound derived from material out of flanking ditches. It covered a single burial pit containing the crouched skeleton of a young female. Information concerning the post-Neolithic land use of Alfriston Down was obtained from the ditch silts and expanded by an intensive field survey.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/YCJNL5VP/Drewett - The Excavation of an Oval Burial Mound of the Thir.pdf}
}

@article{dudgeonDietGeography2014,
  title = {Diet, {{Geography}} and {{Drinking Water}} in {{Polynesia}}: {{Microfossil Research}} from {{Archaeological Human Dental Calculus}}, {{Rapa Nui}} ({{Easter Island}})},
  shorttitle = {Diet, {{Geography}} and {{Drinking Water}} in {{Polynesia}}},
  author = {<NAME>. and Tromp, Monica},
  date = {2014},
  journaltitle = {International Journal of Osteoarchaeology},
  volume = {24},
  number = {5},
  pages = {634--648},
  issn = {1099-1212},
  doi = {10.1002/oa.2249},
  url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/oa.2249},
  urldate = {2021-03-15},
  abstract = {Microfossil analysis of human dental calculus provides consumption-specific and archaeologically relevant data for evaluating diet and subsistence in past populations. Calculus was extracted from 114 teeth representing 104 unique individuals from a late 16th to early 18th century skeletal series on Rapa Nui (Easter Island) to address questions of human–environment interactions and possible dietary preference. Scanning electron microscopy was used in lieu of optical microscopy for its superior depth of field and resolution of surface detail. The calculus microfossil recovery produced 16,377 total biogenic silica microfossils: 4733 phytoliths and 11,644 diatoms. The majority of phytoliths correspond with the Arecaceae or palm family (n = 4,456) and the minority corresponds to the Poaceae or grass family (n = 277). Because of the relatively large sample size, we were able to test hypotheses related to age cohort, sex, dental element and geographic region. Results indicate no significant difference in phytolith or diatom recovery based on age cohort or sex. The high frequency and proportion of Arecaceae phytoliths found in calculus extracted from the anterior dentition suggests consumption of soft or cooked foods containing palm phytoliths and the high frequency of diatoms recovered from the southern part of the island argue for different sources of drinking water. Copyright © 2012 <NAME> \& Sons, Ltd.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {dental calculus,diatoms,Easter Island,microfossils,phytoliths,Polynesia,Rapa Nui},
  annotation = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/oa.2249},
  file = {/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/MQTLSTTU/Dudgeon and Tromp - 2014 - Diet, Geography and Drinking Water in Polynesia M.pdf;/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/STQ72PEW/oa.html}
}

@article{fagernasMicrobialBiogeography2021,
  title = {Understanding the Microbial Biogeography of Ancient Human Dentitions to Guide Study Design and Interpretation},
  author = {<NAME>, <NAME> <NAME> <NAME> <NAME> <NAME>, <NAME> and <NAME>},
  date = {2021-01-01},
  journaltitle = {bioRxiv},
  pages = {2021.08.16.456492},
  doi = {10.1101/2021.08.16.456492},
  url = {http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2021/08/16/2021.08.16.456492.abstract},
  abstract = {The oral cavity is a heterogeneous environment, varying in factors such as pH, oxygen levels, and salivary flow. These factors affect the microbial community composition and distribution of species in dental plaque, but it is not known how well these patterns are reflected in archaeological dental calculus. In most archaeological studies, a single sample of dental calculus is studied per individual and is assumed to represent the entire oral cavity. However, it is not known if this sampling strategy introduces biases into studies of the ancient oral microbiome. Here, we present the results of a shotgun metagenomic study of a dense sampling of dental calculus from four Chalcolithic individuals from the southeast Iberian peninsula (ca. 4500-5000 BP). Inter-individual differences in microbial composition are found to be much larger than intra-individual differences, indicating that a single sample can indeed represent an individual in most cases. However, there are minor spatial patterns in species distribution within the oral cavity that should be taken into account when designing a study or interpreting results. Finally, we show that plant DNA identified in the samples may be of environmental origin, showing the importance of including environmental controls or several lines of biomolecular evidence.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.},
  file = {/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/TDQEBQIB/Fagernäs et al. - 2021 - Understanding the microbial biogeography of ancien.pdf}
}

@online{fdiOralHealth,
  title = {{{FDI}}’s Definition of Oral Health | {{FDI}}},
  url = {https://www.fdiworlddental.org/fdis-definition-oral-health},
  urldate = {2022-03-14},
  organization = {{FDI World Dental Federation}},
  file = {/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/QV4DXVCE/fdis-definition-oral-health.html}
}

@article{fehrVitroCalculus1960,
  title = {In Vitro Calculus Formation},
  author = {<NAME>, <NAME> <NAME>.},
  date = {1960-09/1960-10},
  journaltitle = {J Dent Res},
  volume = {39},
  pages = {1041--8},
  issn = {0022-0345 (Print) 0022-0345 (Linking)},
  doi = {10.1177/00220345600390050801},
  keywords = {*Calculi,*Teeth,*Tooth,Humans,In Vitro Techniques}
}

@article{fiorinCombiningDental2021,
  title = {Combining Dental Calculus with Isotope Analysis in the {{Alps}}: {{New}} Evidence from the {{Roman}} and Medieval Cemeteries of {{Lamon}}, Northern {{Italy}}},
  shorttitle = {Combining Dental Calculus with Isotope Analysis in the {{Alps}}},
  author = {<NAME> and Moore, Joanna and Montgomery, Janet and <NAME> and <NAME> and <NAME>},
  date = {2021-11-26},
  journaltitle = {Quaternary International},
  shortjournal = {Quaternary International},
  issn = {1040-6182},
  doi = {10.1016/j.quaint.2021.11.022},
  url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040618221005632},
  urldate = {2021-12-02},
  abstract = {This study presents the results of complementary isotopic and dental calculus analyses of a number of individuals buried in two cemeteries of Roman and medieval chronology in Lamon, northern Italy. Eleven individuals from the Roman cemetery of San Donato and six from the medieval cemetery of San Pietro are presented and discussed. The results suggest a distinctive stability of the two populations, with most of the analysed individuals showing a local or regional origin. Carbon and nitrogen isotopes are indicative of a diet based on a mixed C3/C4 plant consumption and rich in animal proteins, with no significant difference between the Roman and the medieval populations. The consumption of C4 plants, more resilient to the Alpine climate, is consistently documented both by isotopes and dental calculus. Dental calculus results permit the characterisation of the typology of the crop consumed, namely millet, barley/wheat and legumes and may also suggest differing cooking processes between the Roman and the medieval periods. Phytoliths, vascular elements, fungal spores and animal remains from dental calculus provide new insights into the diet of the analysed individuals but also, hypothetically, into possible medicinal treatments. The presence of birds such as fowls and ducks in the medieval diet of some individuals from San Pietro has also emerged. Overall, the results of this study open a new window into the biographies of the individuals analysed, their diet, mobility, habits, and environment, thus stimulating further and more systematic investigation on the populations occupying an Alpine sector which is still poorly understood from an archaeological perspective.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Alps,Dental calculus,Isotopes,Middle ages,Roman period},
  file = {/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/IRM8NVFQ/Fiorin et al. - 2021 - Combining dental calculus with isotope analysis in.pdf}
}

@article{flemmingBiofilmsEmergent2016,
  title = {Biofilms: An Emergent Form of Bacterial Life},
  shorttitle = {Biofilms},
  author = {<NAME> Wingender, <NAME> Szewzyk, <NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME>. and Kjelleberg, Staffan},
  date = {2016-09},
  journaltitle = {Nature Reviews Microbiology},
  shortjournal = {Nat Rev Microbiol},
  volume = {14},
  number = {9},
  pages = {563--575},
  issn = {1740-1526, 1740-1534},
  doi = {10.1038/nrmicro.2016.94},
  url = {http://www.nature.com/articles/nrmicro.2016.94},
  urldate = {2022-03-16},
  abstract = {Bacterial biofilms are formed by communities that are embedded in a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). Importantly, bacteria in biofilms exhibit a set of ‘emergent properties’ that differ substantially from free-living bacterial cells. In this Review, we consider the fundamental role of the biofilm matrix in establishing the emergent properties of biofilms, describing how the characteristic features of biofilms — such as social cooperation, resource capture and enhanced survival of exposure to antimicrobials — all rely on the structural and functional properties of the matrix. Finally, we highlight the value of an ecological perspective in the study of the emergent properties of biofilms, which enables an appreciation of the ecological success of biofilms as habitat formers and, more generally, as a bacterial lifestyle.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/5PHFJH6B/Flemming et al. - 2016 - Biofilms an emergent form of bacterial life.pdf}
}

@article{foxPhytolithCalculus1996,
  title = {Phytolith Analysis on Dental Calculus, Enamel Surface, and Burial Soil: {{Information}} about Diet and Paleoenvironment},
  author = {Fox, <NAME> and <NAME> and <NAME>.},
  date = {1996},
  journaltitle = {American Journal of Physical Anthropology},
  volume = {101},
  number = {1},
  pages = {101--113},
  issn = {1096-8644},
  doi = {10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199609)101:1<101::AID-AJPA7>3.0.CO;2-Y},
  abstract = {Silica phytoliths (microscopic remains originating in plant tissues) have been identified on the enamel surface and dental calculus of a sample of teeth selected from well preserved skeletons from a Late Roman necropolis in Tarragona (Spain). Phytoliths were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and their siliceous nature was confirmed by X-ray microanalysis. The phytoliths were compared to those of soil samples from both the areas of the tombs corresponding to the abdomen and the periphery of the skeletons, and were classified taxonomically by comparison with a large collection of silica particles from modern plants in the Mediterranean area. Most of the phytoliths identified on the enamel and the dental calculus belong to the family of Poaceae, while the phytoliths from the abdominal area belong to Poaceae, Leguminosae, Cyperaceae, and Chenopodiaceae. Results are concordant with archaeological, ecological, and historical data from the same site, and with the human Mediterranean diet. If done properly, the study of phytoliths can provide direct information about the vegetable diet of past human populations, and could be applied to the study of human fossils. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
  file = {/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/KV5KXBW5/Fox et al. - 1996 - Phytolith analysis on dental calculus, enamel surf.pdf}
}

@article{greeneQuantifyingCalculus2005,
  title = {Quantifying Calculus: {{A}} Suggested New Approach for Recording an Important Indicator of Diet and Dental Health},
  author = {<NAME>. and <NAME> <NAME>.},
  date = {2005},
  journaltitle = {HOMO - Journal of Comparative Human Biology},
  volume = {56},
  number = {2},
  pages = {119--132},
  issn = {0018442X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jchb.2005.02.002},
  file = {/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/GHRENJRC/Greene et al. - 2005 - Quantifying calculus A suggested new approach for.pdf}
}

@article{greeneSimplifiedOral1964,
  title = {The {{Simplified Oral Hygiene Index}}},
  author = {Greene, <NAME>. and Vermillion, <NAME>.},
  date = {1964-01-01},
  journaltitle = {The Journal of the American Dental Association},
  shortjournal = {The Journal of the American Dental Association},
  volume = {68},
  number = {1},
  pages = {7--13},
  issn = {0002-8177},
  doi = {10.14219/jada.archive.1964.0034},
  url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002817764810047},
  urldate = {2022-04-08},
  abstract = {Delayed-onset infection is defined as infectious swelling and trismus accompanied by pain or the presence of suppuration starting approximately 30 days after surgery. This study aimed to describe the occurrence and potential predisposing factors of delayed-onset infection. A retrospective case-control study of 223 lower third molar surgeries was performed. Participants were selected from among 1102 outpatients who underwent surgery between January 2013 and June 2018 at Semmelweis University. The inclusion criterion for the case group was inflammation of the operated area after suture removal. Patients in the control group were healthy nonsmokers {$<$}26 years old who healed without complication. Statistical analysis was performed using the Shapiro-Wilk test, the Mann-Whitney U test, and Fisher's exact test. Complications occurred only in patients {$<$}26 years old approximately 29.5 days after surgery. A significantly higher risk was observed for younger age, total soft tissue coverage, deeper impaction, lower Nolla stage (P {$<$} .001), mesioangular direction (P = .002), and full bone coverage (P {$<$} .05). Distal space was inversely correlated with complications (P {$<$} .001). Lower Nolla stage, total soft tissue coverage, lack of distal space, deeper impaction, or mesioangular tilt may promote delayed-onset infection. Follow-up of at-risk patients and the maintenance of oral hygiene are recommended. To investigate the effect of mogroside, palatinose, erythritol, and xylitol on the dental plaque pH of children and to compare the plaque pH change between caries-active and caries-free children caused by these sweeteners. Thirty-six children (mean age 6.2 ± 2.9-year-old), caries-active and caries-free, were included. After refraining from practicing oral hygiene, the accessible plaque was collected and equally divided for challenging with 6 different solutions: mogroside, palatinose, erythritol, xylitol, 10\% sucrose, and deionized water. The pH of each solution was measured using a digital pH meter at 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 min. Mogroside, erythritol, xylitol, and water did not significantly lower the dental plaque pH, however, palatinose reduced dental plaque pH comparable to sucrose (p {$<$} 0.05). Comparing the caries-active and caries-free groups, only sucrose produced significantly different pH value at min 5 and 10. Mogroside, erythritol, and xylitol did not lower the dental plaque pH in caries-active or caries-free children. However, palatinose affected the dental plaque pH similar to sucrose.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/IA6STUM6/S0002817764810047.html}
}

@article{hardyNeanderthalMedics2012,
  title = {Neanderthal Medics? {{Evidence}} for Food, Cooking, and Medicinal Plants Entrapped in Dental Calculus},
  shorttitle = {Neanderthal Medics?},
  author = {<NAME>, <NAME>. and Estalrrich, Almudena and Brothwell, <NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME> and <NAME>},
  options = {useprefix=true},
  date = {2012-08-01},
  journaltitle = {Naturwissenschaften},
  shortjournal = {Naturwissenschaften},
  volume = {99},
  number = {8},
  pages = {617--626},
  issn = {1432-1904},
  doi = {10.1007/s00114-012-0942-0},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-012-0942-0},
  urldate = {2021-07-16},
  abstract = {Neanderthals disappeared sometime between 30,000 and 24,000~years ago. Until recently, Neanderthals were understood to have been predominantly meat-eaters; however, a growing body of evidence suggests their diet also included plants. We present the results of a study, in which sequential thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS) and pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS) were combined with morphological analysis of plant microfossils, to identify material entrapped in dental calculus from five Neanderthal individuals from the north Spanish site of El Sidrón. Our results provide the first molecular evidence for inhalation of wood-fire smoke and bitumen or oil shale and ingestion of a range of cooked plant foods. We also offer the first evidence for the use of medicinal plants by a Neanderthal individual. The varied use of plants that we have identified suggests that the Neanderthal occupants of El Sidrón had a sophisticated knowledge of their natural surroundings which included the ability to select and use certain plants.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{hardyStarchGranulesDental2009,
  title = {Starch Granules, Dental Calculus and New Perspectives on Ancient Diet},
  author = {<NAME> <NAME>, <NAME> Kirkham, <NAME>, <NAME> Collins, Matthew},
  date = {2009},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Archaeological Science},
  volume = {36},
  number = {2},
  pages = {248--255},
  issn = {03054403},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jas.2008.09.015}
}

@article{hendyProteomicCalculus2018,
  title = {Proteomic Evidence of Dietary Sources in Ancient Dental Calculus},
  author = {<NAME> <NAME>, <NAME> Collins, <NAME> Fiddyment, <NAME> Fischer, <NAME> Hagan, <NAME>, <NAME> Holst, <NAME>, <NAME> Klaus, <NAME> <NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME>.},
  date = {2018-07-18},
  journaltitle = {Proceedings. Biological Sciences},
  shortjournal = {Proc Biol Sci},
  volume = {285},
  number = {1883},
  eprint = {30051838},
  eprinttype = {pmid},
  pages = {20180977},
  issn = {1471-2954},
  doi = {10.1098/rspb.2018.0977},
  abstract = {Archaeological dental calculus has emerged as a rich source of ancient biomolecules, including proteins. Previous analyses of proteins extracted from ancient dental calculus revealed the presence of the dietary milk protein β-lactoglobulin, providing direct evidence of dairy consumption in the archaeological record. However, the potential for calculus to preserve other food-related proteins has not yet been systematically explored. Here we analyse shotgun metaproteomic data from 100 archaeological dental calculus samples ranging from the Iron Age to the post-medieval period (eighth century BC to nineteenth century AD) in England, as well as 14 dental calculus samples from contemporary dental patients and recently deceased individuals, to characterize the range and extent of dietary proteins preserved in dental calculus. In addition to milk proteins, we detect proteomic evidence of foodstuffs such as cereals and plant products, as well as the digestive enzyme salivary amylase. We discuss the importance of optimized protein extraction methods, data analysis approaches and authentication strategies in the identification of dietary proteins from archaeological dental calculus. This study demonstrates that proteomic approaches can robustly identify foodstuffs in the archaeological record that are typically under-represented due to their poor macroscopic preservation.},
  langid = {english},
  pmcid = {PMC6083251},
  keywords = {Archaeology,dental calculus,Dental Calculus,Diet,dietary reconstruction,DNA; Ancient,England,History; 15th Century,History; 16th Century,History; 17th Century,History; 18th Century,History; 19th Century,History; Ancient,History; Medieval,mass spectrometry,Proteome,proteomics},
  file = {/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/9DS6ICZC/Hendy et al. - 2018 - Proteomic evidence of dietary sources in ancient d.pdf}
}

@article{henryCalculusSyria2008,
  title = {Using Plant Microfossils from Dental Calculus to Recover Human Diet: A Case Study from {{Tell}} al-{{Raqā}}'i, {{Syria}}},
  author = {Henry, <NAME>. and Piperno, <NAME>.},
  date = {2008},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Archaeological Science},
  volume = {35},
  number = {7},
  pages = {1943--1950},
  issn = {03054403},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jas.2007.12.005},
  file = {/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/S4T9XT39/Henry and Piperno - 2008 - Using plant microfossils from dental calculus to r.pdf}
}

@article{henryDietAustralopithecus2012,
  title = {The Diet of {{Australopithecus}} Sediba},
  author = {Henry, <NAME>. and Ungar, <NAME>. and Passey, <NAME>. and Sponheimer, <NAME> Rossouw, <NAME> Bamford, <NAME> Sandberg, <NAME>, <NAME>},
  options = {useprefix=true},
  date = {2012-07},
  journaltitle = {Nature},
  volume = {487},
  number = {7405},
  pages = {90--93},
  publisher = {{Nature Publishing Group}},
  issn = {1476-4687},
  doi = {10.1038/nature11185},
  url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/nature11185},
  urldate = {2022-04-20},
  abstract = {Phytolith, stable carbon isotope, and dental microwear texture data for two individuals of Au. sediba, 2-million-year-old hominins from South Africa, show that they consumed a mostly C3 diet that probably included harder foods, and both dicotyledons (for example, tree leaves, fruits, and wood or bark) and monocotyledons (for example, grasses and sedges); this diet contrasts with previously described diets of other early hominin species.},
  issue = {7405},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Archaeology},
  file = {/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/2564IA7Y/Henry et al. - 2012 - The diet of Australopithecus sediba.pdf;/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/A6JUUSMQ/nature11185.html}
}

@article{henryNeanderthalCalculus2014,
  title = {Plant Foods and the Dietary Ecology of {{Neanderthals}} and Early Modern Humans},
  author = {<NAME> Brooks, <NAME> Piperno, <NAME>.},
  date = {2014-04-01},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Human Evolution},
  shortjournal = {Journal of Human Evolution},
  volume = {69},
  pages = {44--54},
  issn = {0047-2484},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.12.014},
  url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248414000189},
  urldate = {2021-06-25},
  abstract = {One of the most important challenges in anthropology is understanding the disappearance of Neanderthals. Previous research suggests that Neanderthals had a narrower diet than early modern humans, in part because they lacked various social and technological advances that lead to greater dietary variety, such as a sexual division of labor and the use of complex projectile weapons. The wider diet of early modern humans would have provided more calories and nutrients, increasing fertility, decreasing mortality and supporting large population sizes, allowing them to out-compete Neanderthals. However, this model for Neanderthal dietary behavior is based on analysis of animal remains, stable isotopes, and other methods that provide evidence only of animal food in the diet. This model does not take into account the potential role of plant food. Here we present results from the first broad comparison of plant foods in the diets of Neanderthals and early modern humans from several populations in Europe, the Near East, and Africa. Our data comes from the analysis of plant microremains (starch grains and phytoliths) in dental calculus and on stone tools. Our results suggest that both species consumed a similarly wide array of plant foods, including foods that are often considered low-ranked, like underground storage organs and grass seeds. Plants were consumed across the entire range of individuals and sites we examined, and none of the expected predictors of variation (species, geographic region, or associated stone tool technology) had a strong influence on the number of plant species consumed. Our data suggest that Neanderthal dietary ecology was more complex than previously thought. This implies that the relationship between Neanderthal technology, social behavior, and food acquisition strategies must be better explored.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Dental calculus,Microfossil,Microremain,Neanderthal diet,Phytolith,Starch grain},
  file = {/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/8L2EV6WC/Henry et al. - 2014 - Plant foods and the dietary ecology of Neanderthal.pdf;/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/234UEDSM/S0047248414000189.html}
}

@article{hidakaDietCalculus2007,
  title = {An in Vitro Study of the Effect of Some Dietary Components on Calculus Formation: Regulation of Calcium Phosphate Precipitation},
  author = {<NAME>. and <NAME>.},
  date = {2007-05},
  journaltitle = {Oral Diseases},
  shortjournal = {Oral Dis},
  volume = {13},
  number = {3},
  pages = {296--302},
  issn = {1354-523X (Print) 1354-523X (Linking)},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1601-0825.2006.01283.x},
  abstract = {OBJECTIVE: We studied the effects of food components on the in vitro formation of calcium phosphate precipitates. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The effects of food components, such as starch, soybean flour, fish meal, rapeseed oil, and coconut oil, on calcium phosphate precipitation were studied using a pH drop method. RESULTS: Although the addition of starch had no effect on the rate of precipitation of amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP), it increased both the rate of transformation of ACP to hydroxyapatite (HAP) and the induction time (i.e. time for the initiation of transformation of ACP to HAP to occur); this was irrespective of the heat treatment of the starch. Amylopectin (insoluble constituent of starch) was effective in increasing the rate of HAP transformation, but amylose (soluble constituent of starch) was not. Oil specimen obtained from rapeseed (400 microl ml(-1)) increased the entire reaction of calcium phosphate precipitation, but that from coconut did not. Protein food, such as soybean flour and fish meal, decreased the rate of transformation of ACP to HAP and increased the induction time, while they had no effect on the rate of ACP precipitation. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that carbohydrate and oil (both are staple diets for the humans) enhance oral calcification (dental calculus formation or re-mineralization of tooth enamel), while side dishes of protein food would decrease it.},
  keywords = {Calcium Phosphates/chemistry,Chemical Precipitation,Dental Calculus/*metabolism,Dietary Carbohydrates/*metabolism,Dietary Fats/*metabolism,Dietary Proteins/adverse effects/*metabolism,Fish Products/adverse effects,Hydrogen-Ion Concentration,Hydroxyapatites/metabolism,Plant Oils/metabolism,Soybeans/adverse effects/metabolism,Starch/metabolism,Tooth Calcification/*physiology,Tooth Remineralization},
  file = {/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/72B4A5QV/Hidaka and Oishi - 2007 - An in vitro study of the effect of some dietary co.pdf}
}

@article{hidakaStarchRole2008,
  title = {The {{Possible Role}} of {{Starch}} in {{Oral Calcification}}: {{The In Vitro Formation}} of {{Hydroxyapatite}} Is {{Regulated}} by a {{Combination}} of {{Protein}} and {{Mineral Content}} in {{Dietary Starch Flour}}},
  shorttitle = {The {{Possible Role}} of {{Starch}} in {{Oral Calcification}}},
  author = {Hidaka, <NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME>, Akiko},
  date = {2008-04-18},
  journaltitle = {The Open Food Science Journal},
  shortjournal = {TOFSJ},
  volume = {2},
  number = {1},
  pages = {10--22},
  issn = {18742564},
  doi = {10.2174/1874256400802010010},
  url = {http://benthamopen.com/ABSTRACT/TOFSJ-2-10},
  urldate = {2022-02-28},
  abstract = {The effects of twelve kinds of dietary starch flour, i.e. rice (non-glutinous and glutinous), wheat (soft, medium, and hard), barley (roasted), buckwheat (inner layer and straight), corn, sweet potato, kudzu, and tapioca on in vitro calcium phosphate precipitation were investigated using the pH drop method. The induction time was elongated by the addition of all of the kinds of flour. Although the rate of amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) formation was not affected, the rate of transformation of ACP to hydroxyapatite (HAP) was either stimulated or inhibited by the different types of flour. The following observations were made: (1) When the lipid content below 0.2\% (w/w), any of the types of starch had a stimulatory effect on the transformation of ACP to HAP. (2) When the lipid content around or above 1.0\% (w/w), the value of the product of (protein content)   (mineral content) seems to determine the effect of starch.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/46B2249C/Hidaka et al. - 2008 - The Possible Role of Starch in Oral Calcification.pdf}
}

@book{hillsonDentalAnthropology1996,
  title = {Dental {{Anthropology}}},
  author = {<NAME>},
  date = {1996},
  publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}},
  location = {{Cambridge}},
  isbn = {978-1-107-07826-0}
}

@incollection{irishIntroductionDental2015,
  title = {Introduction to {{Dental Anthropology}}},
  booktitle = {A {{Companion}} to {{Dental Anthropology}}},
  author = {<NAME>. and <NAME>},
  editor = {Irish, <NAME>. and <NAME>},
  date = {2015},
  pages = {3--6},
  publisher = {{John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd}},
  location = {{Chichester}},
  doi = {10.1002/9781118845486.ch18},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118845486.ch18},
  urldate = {2021-04-21},
  isbn = {978-1-118-84548-6},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Arizona State University Dental Anthropology System,distance statistics,genetic relatedness,P henetic affinities,qualitative and quantitative analyses},
  annotation = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/9781118845486.ch18}
}

@article{jepsenCalculusRemoval2011,
  title = {Calculus Removal and the Prevention of Its Formation},
  author = {<NAME> and <NAME> <NAME> and <NAME> <NAME>},
  date = {2011},
  journaltitle = {Periodontology 2000},
  volume = {55},
  number = {1},
  pages = {167--188},
  issn = {1600-0757},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1600-0757.2010.00382.x},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1600-0757.2010.00382.x},
  urldate = {2020-06-24},
  langid = {english},
  annotation = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1600-0757.2010.00382.x},
  file = {/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/TJQPWTJW/j.1600-0757.2010.00382.x.pdf;/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/XD4LBVCE/Jepsen et al. - 2011 - Calculus removal and the prevention of its formati.pdf;/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/NJ9DXX75/j.1600-0757.2010.00382.html}
}

@article{jinSupragingivalCalculus2002,
  title = {Supragingival {{Calculus}}: {{Formation}} and {{Control}}:},
  shorttitle = {Supragingival {{Calculus}}},
  author = {<NAME> and <NAME>},
  date = {2002},
  journaltitle = {Critical Reviews in Oral Biology \& Medicine},
  publisher = {{SAGE Publications}},
  doi = {10.1177/154411130201300506},
  url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/154411130201300506},
  urldate = {2020-05-13},
  abstract = {Dental calculus is composed of inorganic components and organic matrix. Brushite, dicalcium phosphate dihydrate, octacalcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite, and whit...},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/2C2XJGP7/154411130201300506.pdf;/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/8RTJSIRS/Jin and Yip - 2016 - Supragingival Calculus Formation and Control.pdf;/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/8J2J92ND/154411130201300506.html}
}

@incollection{kinastonOrtnerDentition2019,
  title = {The {{Dentition}}: {{Development}}, {{Disturbances}}, {{Disease}}, {{Diet}}, and {{Chemistry}}},
  shorttitle = {Chapter 21 - {{The Dentition}}},
  booktitle = {Ortner's {{Identification}} of {{Pathological Conditions}} in {{Human Skeletal Remains}} ({{Third Edition}})},
  author = {<NAME> Willis, <NAME> Miszkiewicz, <NAME>. and Tromp, Monica and Oxenham, <NAME>.},
  editor = {<NAME>.},
  date = {2019-01-01},
  pages = {749--797},
  publisher = {{Academic Press}},
  location = {{San Diego}},
  doi = {10.1016/B978-0-12-809738-0.00021-1},
  url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128097380000211},
  urldate = {2022-02-23},
  abstract = {The chief focus of this chapter is the dentition, with reviews of associated structures where relevant. Dental development, including the dentin and enamel, is discussed in the first section, followed by disturbances in the dentin and enamel in the second section. The third section looks at the identification of oral disease, including caries, alveolar lesions, antemortem tooth loss (AMTL), and periodontal disease. The fourth section focuses on interpreting oral health, particularly in the context of sex differences and major demographic transitions. The fifth discusses dental chemistry in terms of paleodietary reconstruction, breastfeeding and weaning, stress and disease, and finally mobility and migration. The final section examines dental calculus in the context of microparticles and then chemical analyses of calculus, with aDNA and protein analyses of dental calculus also reviewed.},
  isbn = {978-0-12-809738-0},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {aDNA,alveolar lesions,antemortem tooth loss,breastfeeding and weaning,caries,dental calculus,dental chemistry,dental development,dentin,Dentition,enamel,interpreting oral health,migration,mobility,paleodietary reconstruction,periodontal disease},
  file = {/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/T3NAQGT4/B9780128097380000211.html}
}

@article{leonardDentalCalculus2015,
  title = {Plant Microremains in Dental Calculus as a Record of Plant Consumption: {{A}} Test with {{Twe}} Forager-Horticulturalists},
  shorttitle = {Plant Microremains in Dental Calculus as a Record of Plant Consumption},
  author = {<NAME> <NAME> O'Connell, <NAME> Henry, <NAME>.},
  date = {2015-06-01},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports},
  shortjournal = {J Archaeol Sci Rep},
  volume = {2},
  pages = {449--457},
  issn = {2352-409X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jasrep.2015.03.009},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352409X1500036X},
  urldate = {2021-01-19},
  abstract = {Starch granules and phytoliths trapped in dental calculus preserve a record of plant consumption. Analysis of these microscopic plant remains has increased in popularity in recent years, providing information on diet that complements dental microwear and stable isotope studies. However, it is unclear how accurately these microremains reflect plant consumption. This study examines how well starch granules and phytoliths in dental calculus from a living population (the Twe) with a well-documented diet capture the range and intensity of plant consumption. We find that plant microremains are a poor predictor of plant consumption on an individual level, but may provide a good signal of plant consumption across a population, as well as evidence for plant processing in the mouth. This is the first study to test how well plant microremains in dental calculus reflect plant consumption in a population with a known diet. Results from this project have implications for interpreting plant microremain data from archaeological dental calculus samples.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Dental calculus,Foragers,Phytolith,Plant foods,Starch},
  file = {/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/F8UX9BFB/1-s2.0-S2352409X1500036X-mmc2.xlsx;/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/FBD4BHF8/Leonard et al. - 2015 - Plant microremains in dental calculus as a record .pdf;/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/YYTU7FN9/1-s2.0-S2352409X1500036X-mmc1.docx;/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/KZLJ8KKK/S2352409X1500036X.html}
}

@article{lieverseDentalHealth2007,
  title = {Dental Health Indicators of Hunter–Gatherer Adaptation and Cultural Change in {{Siberia}}'s {{Cis-Baikal}}},
  author = {Lieverse, <NAME> Link, <NAME> Bazaliiskiy, <NAME> Goriunova, <NAME>, <NAME>.},
  date = {2007},
  journaltitle = {American Journal of Physical Anthropology},
  volume = {134},
  number = {3},
  pages = {323--339},
  issn = {1096-8644},
  doi = {10.1002/ajpa.20672},
  url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ajpa.20672},
  urldate = {2021-02-24},
  abstract = {This investigation of the Cis-Baikal dental record focuses on health and lifestyle reconstruction of the region's mid-Holocene foragers, with particular interest in an apparent fifth millennium BC biocultural hiatus. The four cemetery populations considered represent two distinct biological and cultural groups separated by an apparent 700-year hiatus: the late Mesolithic-early Neolithic Kitoi culture (6800–4900 BC) and the middle Neolithic-early Bronze Age Serovo–Glaskovo cultural complex (4200–1000 BC). Research focuses on the frequency and severity of seven dental health indicators: enamel hypoplasia, caries, alveolar defects, periodontitis, antemortem tooth loss, dental calculus, and dental attrition. Together, these seven indicators provide a basis not only for better understanding mid-Holocene lifeways in the Cis-Baikal but also for independently assessing the relative effectiveness of the different adaptive strategies employed by pre- and posthiatus peoples. Results reveal some discrepancies between the Kitoi and Serovo–Glaskovo, specifically in their relative vulnerability to physiological stress, providing evidence to support previous interpretations of their distinct adaptive regimes (namely the narrower resource base and decreased mobility of the former). Results also suggest that some of the differences observed among the four sites may reflect geographical or environmental factors rather than simply cultural ones. However, despite these distinctions, the overriding trend appears to be one of general continuity, social equality, and good health among all mid-Holocene occupants of the Cis-Baikal, pre- and posthiatus alike. Am J Phys Anthropol 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {alveolar defect,antemortem tooth loss,calculus,caries,dental attrition,enamel hypoplasia,forager,Middle Holocene,periodontitis},
  annotation = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/ajpa.20672},
  file = {/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/LCX4HYAB/Lieverse et al. - 2007 - Dental health indicators of hunter–gatherer adapta.pdf;/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/NDU8PANJ/ajpa.html}
}

@article{lieverseDietAetiology1999,
  title = {Diet and the Aetiology of Dental Calculus},
  author = {Lieverse, <NAME>.},
  date = {1999},
  journaltitle = {International Journal of Osteoarchaeology},
  volume = {9},
  number = {4},
  pages = {219--232},
  issn = {1099-1212},
  doi = {10.1002/(SICI)1099-1212(199907/08)9:4<219::AID-OA475>3.0.CO;2-V},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/%28SICI%291099-1212%28199907/08%299%3A4%3C219%3A%3AAID-OA475%3E3.0.CO%3B2-V},
  urldate = {2020-05-23},
  abstract = {The aetiology of dental calculus formation is not fully understood, but it is known that a number of factors play a role. Generally, anthropologists have overlooked the role of other causative factors in the formation of dental calculus, attributing it almost exclusively to diet, particularly protein consumption. Anthropologists have also oversimplified the role of diet in the formation of dental calculus. This may be due to a general paucity on research on dietary effects on calculus formation, as well as a lack of integration between anthropological and non-anthropological data. Copyright © 1999 <NAME> \& Sons, Ltd.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {dental calculus,dental plaque,mineralization,tartar},
  annotation = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/\%28SICI\%291099-1212\%28199907/08\%299\%3A4\%3C219\%3A\%3AAID-OA475\%3E3.0.CO\%3B2-V},
  file = {/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/YBEUBSVV/Lieverse - 1999 - Diet and the aetiology of dental calculus.pdf;/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/KAE8GKCR/08)94219AID-OA4753.0.html}
}

@article{marshDentalPlaque2005,
  title = {Dental Plaque: Biological Significance of a Biofilm and Community Life-Style},
  shorttitle = {Dental Plaque},
  author = {<NAME>.},
  date = {2005},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Clinical Periodontology},
  volume = {32},
  number = {s6},
  pages = {7--15},
  issn = {1600-051X},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1600-051X.2005.00790.x},
  url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1600-051X.2005.00790.x},
  urldate = {2022-03-08},
  abstract = {Background: Most microorganisms in nature attach to surfaces and form matrix-embedded biofilms. Biofilms are highly structured and spatially organized, and are often composed of consortia of interacting microorganisms, termed microbial communities, the properties of which are more than the sum of the component species. Microbial gene expression alters markedly in biofilms; organisms communicate by gene transfer and by secretion of diffusible signalling molecules. Cells in biofilms are less susceptible to antimicrobial agents. Aim and Materials \& Methods: To comprehensively review the literature to determine whether dental plaque displays properties consistent with those of a typical biofilm and microbial community. Results: Novel microscopic and molecular techniques have demonstrated that plaque has a structured architecture with an extracellular matrix, and a diverse composition (around 50\% of cells are unculturable). The constituent species communicate by gene transfer, by secreted peptides (Gram-positive bacteria) and autoinducer-2 (Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria). These organisms are functionally organized for increased metabolic efficiency, greater resistance to stress and for enhanced virulence. Plaque formation has direct and indirect effects on gene expression. Conclusion: Dental plaque displays properties that are typical of biofilms and microbial communities in general, a clinical consequence of which is a reduced susceptibility to antimicrobial agents as well as pathogenic synergism.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {antimicrobial resistance,biofilm,cell signalling,dental plaque,ecology,gene expression,gene transfer,microbial community,review},
  annotation = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1600-051X.2005.00790.x},
  file = {/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/MF3GLQGC/Marsh - 2005 - Dental plaque biological significance of a biofil.pdf;/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/VV7VBN7Q/j.1600-051X.2005.00790.html}
}

@article{marshDentalPlaque2006,
  title = {Dental Plaque as a Biofilm and a Microbial Community – Implications for Health and Disease},
  author = {<NAME>},
  date = {2006-06},
  journaltitle = {BMC Oral Health},
  shortjournal = {BMC Oral Health},
  volume = {6},
  number = {S1},
  pages = {S14},
  issn = {1472-6831},
  doi = {10.1186/1472-6831-6-S1-S14},
  url = {https://bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1472-6831-6-S1-S14},
  urldate = {2020-06-17},
  abstract = {Dental plaque is a structurally- and functionally-organized biofilm. Plaque forms in an ordered way and has a diverse microbial composition that, in health, remains relatively stable over time (microbial homeostasis). The predominant species from diseased sites are different from those found in healthy sites, although the putative pathogens can often be detected in low numbers at normal sites. In dental caries, there is a shift toward community dominance by acidogenic and acidtolerating species such as mutans streptococci and lactobacilli, although other species with relevant traits may be involved. Strategies to control caries could include inhibition of biofilm development (e.g. prevention of attachment of cariogenic bacteria, manipulation of cell signaling mechanisms, delivery of effective antimicrobials, etc.), or enhancement of the host defenses. Additionally, these more conventional approaches could be augmented by interference with the factors that enable the cariogenic bacteria to escape from the normal homeostatic mechanisms that restrict their growth in plaque and out compete the organisms associated with health. Evidence suggests that regular conditions of low pH in plaque select for mutans streptococci and lactobacilli. Therefore, the suppression of sugar catabolism and acid production by the use of metabolic inhibitors and nonfermentable artificial sweeteners in snacks, or the stimulation of saliva flow, could assist in the maintenance of homeostasis in plaque. Arguments will be presented that an appreciation of ecological principles will enable a more holistic approach to be taken in caries control.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/D6QHAXU6/Marsh - 2006 - Dental plaque as a biofilm and a microbial communi.pdf}
}

@incollection{marshDentalPlaque2016,
  title = {Dental {{Plaque}}},
  booktitle = {Marsh and {{Martin}}'s {{Oral Microbiology}}},
  author = {<NAME>. and Lewis, <NAME>. and <NAME> and Williams, <NAME>. and <NAME>},
  date = {2016-05-13},
  edition = {6th Edition},
  pages = {81--111},
  publisher = {{Elsevier Health Sciences}},
  abstract = {Now expanded with the latest information of relevance to current dental practice, Oral Microbiology retains its unique ecological approach to the subject which helps the reader determine whether an organism will have a pathogenic or commensal relationship at a given site.  In the new edition, greater emphasis is placed on the role of current molecular biology techniques in the understanding of oral microbes. The book also provides insight into current therapeutic and prophylactic antibiotic use, infection control, and the relationships between oral and general health.   Oral Microbiology provides comprehensive coverage of the subject which will be essential to readers with a specific interest in dentistry as well as those with a more general interest in host-microbe interactions and in microbial ecology. The book is suitable for undergraduate and postgraduate dental students, research workers, and a wide range of clinical dental professionals. Full coverage of the latest molecular biology techniques which have revolutionized our knowledge of oral microbes  Exploration of the biological and clinical significance of the oral microflora in the form of a biofilm on dental and mucosal surfaces  Contemporary views on therapeutic and prophylactic antibiotic use, infection control, and the relationships between oral and general health},
  isbn = {978-0-7020-6174-5},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Medical / Dentistry / General,Medical / Infectious Diseases}
}

@article{marshPhysiologicalApproaches1997,
  title = {Physiological {{Approaches}} to the {{Control}} of {{Oral Biofilms}}},
  author = {Marsh, <NAME>. and Bradshaw, <NAME>.},
  date = {1997-04-01},
  journaltitle = {Advances in Dental Research},
  shortjournal = {Adv Dent Res.},
  volume = {11},
  number = {1},
  pages = {176--185},
  publisher = {{SAGE Publications Inc}},
  issn = {0895-9374},
  doi = {10.1177/08959374970110010901},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/08959374970110010901},
  urldate = {2021-03-17},
  abstract = {Evidence that physiological strategies may be potential routes for oral biofilm control has come from (i) observations of the variations in the intra-oral distribution of members of the resident oral microflora, (ii) changes in plaque composition in health and disease, and (iii) data from laboratory model systems. Key physiological factors that were identified as significant in modulating the microflora included the local pH, redox potential (Eh), and nutrient availability. Increases in mutans streptococci and lactobacilli occur at sites with caries; growth of these species is selectively enhanced at low pH. In contrast, periodontal diseases are associated with plaque accumulation, followed by an inflammatory host response. The increases in Gram-negative, proteolytic, and obligately anaerobic bacteria reflect a low redox potential and a change in nutrient status due to the increased flow of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). Consequently, physiological strategies for oral biofilm control should focus on reducing the frequency of low pH in plaque by (i) inhibiting acid production, (ii) using sugar substitutes, and (iii) promoting alkali generation from arginine or urea supplements. Similarly, strategies to make the pocket environment less favorable to periodontopathogens include (i) anti-inflammatory agents to reduce the flow of (and hence nutrient supply by) GCF, (ii) bacterial protease inhibitors, and (iii) redox agents to raise the Ehh locally. Most laboratory and clinical findings support the concept of physiological control. However, some data suggest that the ordered structure and metabolically interactive organization of mature dental plaque could generate a community with a high level of homeostasis that is relatively resistant to deliberate external manipulation.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {antimicrobial agents,arginine,biofilm,ecology,fluoride,homeostasis.,pH,redox potential,urea},
  file = {/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/646GAGB9/08959374970110010901.pdf;/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/RHXNUA57/Marsh and Bradshaw - 1997 - Physiological Approaches to the Control of Oral Bi.pdf}
}

@article{mickleburghNewInsights2012,
  title = {New Insights into the Consumption of Maize and Other Food Plants in the Pre-{{Columbian Caribbean}} from Starch Grains Trapped in Human Dental Calculus},
  author = {Mickleburgh, <NAME>. and Pagán-Jiménez, <NAME>.},
  date = {2012},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Archaeological Science},
  volume = {39},
  number = {7},
  pages = {2468--2478},
  issn = {03054403},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jas.2012.02.020}
}

@article{middletonOpalPhytoliths1994,
  title = {Extraction of {{Opal Phytoliths}} from {{Herbivore Dental Calculus}}},
  author = {Middleton, <NAME>. and <NAME>},
  date = {1994-07-01},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Archaeological Science},
  shortjournal = {J Archaeol Sci},
  volume = {21},
  number = {4},
  pages = {469--473},
  issn = {0305-4403},
  doi = {10.1006/jasc.1994.1046},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440384710466},
  urldate = {2020-05-27},
  abstract = {Opal phytoliths can easily be extracted from herbivore dental calculus and examined to gain data for the reconstruction of prehistoric herbivore diet. The extraction process is a simple, quick and inexpensive three-step procedure. It consists of one or two distilled water washes to control and assess contamination and a final wash with dilute hydrochloric acid. A pilot study conducted on barnyard animals (cow, sheep and pig) from the American Colonial period site of Hampton, Virginia, demonstrates that dental calculus phytolith assemblages can provide data on herbivore diet that can be used to reconstruct livestock management practices and ecological change.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Dental Calculus,Palaeodiet,Phytoliths},
  file = {/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/FQ77HW3N/Middleton and Rovner - 1994 - Extraction of Opal Phytoliths from Herbivore Denta.pdf;/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/FX8A4CMT/S0305440384710466.html}
}

@article{middletonVitroCalculus1965,
  title = {Human Salivary Proteins and Artificial Calculus Formation in Vitro},
  author = {<NAME>.},
  date = {1965-03},
  journaltitle = {Archives of Oral Biology},
  shortjournal = {Archives of Oral Biology},
  volume = {10},
  number = {2},
  pages = {227--235},
  issn = {00039969},
  doi = {10.1016/0003-9969(65)90024-5},
  url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0003996965900245},
  urldate = {2021-03-04},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/W94ZX97L/Mlddleton - 1965 - Human salivary proteins and artificial calculus fo.pdf}
}

@article{nikitkovaStarchBiofilms2013,
  title = {Taking the {{Starch}} out of {{Oral Biofilm Formation}}: {{Molecular Basis}} and {{Functional Significance}} of {{Salivary}} α-{{Amylase Binding}} to {{Oral Streptococci}}},
  shorttitle = {Taking the {{Starch}} out of {{Oral Biofilm Formation}}},
  author = {Nikitkova, <NAME>. and Haase, <NAME>. and Scannapieco, <NAME>.},
  date = {2013-01-15},
  journaltitle = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
  shortjournal = {Appl. Environ. Microbiol.},
  volume = {79},
  number = {2},
  eprint = {23144140},
  eprinttype = {pmid},
  pages = {416--423},
  publisher = {{American Society for Microbiology}},
  issn = {0099-2240, 1098-5336},
  doi = {10.1128/AEM.02581-12},
  url = {https://aem.asm.org/content/79/2/416},
  urldate = {2021-04-03},
  abstract = {α-Amylase-binding streptococci (ABS) are a heterogeneous group of commensal oral bacterial species that comprise a significant proportion of dental plaque microfloras. Salivary α-amylase, one of the most abundant proteins in human saliva, binds to the surface of these bacteria via specific surface-exposed α-amylase-binding proteins. The functional significance of α-amylase-binding proteins in oral colonization by streptococci is important for understanding how salivary components influence oral biofilm formation by these important dental plaque species. This review summarizes the results of an extensive series of studies that have sought to define the molecular basis for α-amylase binding to the surface of the bacterium as well as the biological significance of this phenomenon in dental plaque biofilm formation.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/2XTQBQVK/Nikitkova et al. - 2013 - Taking the Starch out of Oral Biofilm Formation M.pdf;/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/7CXKNEX3/416.html}
}

@book{ortnerIdentificationPathological2003,
  title = {Identification of {{Pathological Conditions}} in {{Human Skeletal Remains}}},
  author = {<NAME>.},
  date = {2003},
  publisher = {{Academic Press}},
  location = {{London}}
}

@article{petersonViscoelasticityBiofilms2015,
  title = {Viscoelasticity of Biofilms and Their Recalcitrance to Mechanical and Chemical Challenges},
  author = {Peterson, <NAME>. and He, Yan and Ren, Yijin and Zerdoum, Aidan and Libera, <NAME>. and Sharma, <NAME>. and <NAME>, Arie-Jan and <NAME> and <NAME> and <NAME>, <NAME>. and Busscher, <NAME>.},
  options = {useprefix=true},
  date = {2015-03-01},
  journaltitle = {FEMS Microbiology Reviews},
  volume = {39},
  number = {2},
  pages = {234--245},
  issn = {1574-6976},
  doi = {10.1093/femsre/fuu008},
  url = {http://academic.oup.com/femsre/article/39/2/234/635745/Viscoelasticity-of-biofilms-and-their},
  urldate = {2020-11-04},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {biofilm,detachment,extracellular polymeric substances,structure},
  file = {/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/248Q8KCT/Peterson et al. - 2015 - Viscoelasticity of biofilms and their recalcitranc.pdf}
}

@article{pilloudOutliningDefinition2019,
  title = {Outlining a {{Definition}} of {{Oral Health}} within the {{Study}} of {{Human Skeletal Remains}}: {{Defining Oral Health}}},
  shorttitle = {Outlining a {{Definition}} of {{Oral Health}} within the {{Study}} of {{Human Skeletal Remains}}},
  author = {<NAME>. and <NAME>.},
  date = {2019-07-19},
  journaltitle = {Dental Anthropology Journal},
  volume = {32},
  number = {2},
  pages = {3--11},
  issn = {1096-9411},
  doi = {10.26575/daj.v32i2.297},
  url = {https://journal.dentalanthropology.org},
  urldate = {2021-12-08},
  abstract = {The term oral health is regularly used in bioarchaeological research to discuss a myriad of pathological conditions of the oral cavity. However, there is very little consensus on what conditions should be included in such a study, and some of the conditions are at odds with those in the clinical literature. \&nbsp;In this manuscript, we outline the clinical definition of oral health and develop a strategy in which bioarchaeology can address this type of research.\&nbsp; We argue that the terms dental disease and/or pathological conditions of the oral cavity should be used in lieu of oral health.\&nbsp; Various conditions that can be included in such research are outlined.\&nbsp; Finally, definitions, clinical etiologies, and recording schema for these conditions are discussed as relevant to bioarchaeological studies.},
  issue = {2},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {antemortem tooth loss,calculus,dental caries,hypercementosis,linear enamel hypoplasia,periapical lesions,periodontal disease},
  file = {/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/6JTDYDUN/Pilloud and Fancher - 2019 - Outlining a Definition of Oral Health within the S.pdf}
}

@article{pipernoStarchGrains2008,
  title = {Starch Grains on Human Teeth Reveal Early Broad Crop Diet in Northern {{Peru}}},
  author = {<NAME>. and <NAME>.},
  date = {2008-12-16},
  journaltitle = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
  shortjournal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
  volume = {105},
  number = {50},
  pages = {19622--19627},
  issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490},
  doi = {10.1073/pnas.0808752105},
  url = {http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.0808752105},
  urldate = {2021-07-19},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/K9NM4C93/Piperno and Dillehay - 2008 - Starch grains on human teeth reveal early broad cr.pdf}
}

@article{powerChimpCalculus2015,
  title = {Dental Calculus Evidence of {{Tai Forest Chimpanzee}} Plant Consumption and Life History Transitions},
  author = {<NAME>. and <NAME> <NAME> <NAME> <NAME>.},
  date = {2015-10-19},
  journaltitle = {Scientific Reports},
  shortjournal = {Sci Rep},
  volume = {5},
  pages = {15161},
  issn = {2045-2322 (Electronic) 2045-2322 (Linking)},
  doi = {10.1038/srep15161},
  abstract = {Dental calculus (calcified dental plaque) is a source of multiple types of data on life history. Recent research has targeted the plant microremains preserved in this mineralised deposit as a source of dietary and health information for recent and past populations. However, it is unclear to what extent we can interpret behaviour from microremains. Few studies to date have directly compared the microremain record from dental calculus to dietary records, and none with long-term observation dietary records, thus limiting how we can interpret diet, food acquisition and behaviour. Here we present a high-resolution analysis of calculus microremains from wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) of Tai National Park, Cote d'Ivoire. We test microremain assemblages against more than two decades of field behavioural observations to establish the ability of calculus to capture the composition of diet. Our results show that some microremain classes accumulate as long-lived dietary markers. Phytolith abundance in calculus can reflect the proportions of plants in the diet, yet this pattern is not true for starches. We also report microremains can record information about other dietary behaviours, such as the age of weaning and learned food processing techniques like nut-cracking.},
  pmcid = {PMC4611876},
  keywords = {*Dental Calculus,*Herbivory,*Pan troglodytes,Animal Feed,Animals,Behavior; Animal,Cote d'Ivoire,Female,Male,Models; Theoretical},
  file = {/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/FLN2SC5G/Power et al. - 2015 - Dental calculus evidence of Tai Forest Chimpanzee .pdf;/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/GQC34VD5/srep15161.pdf;/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/T4FAS23N/41598_2015_BFsrep15161_MOESM2_ESM.xls}
}

@article{powerRepresentativenessDental2021,
  title = {The Representativeness of the Dental Calculus Dietary Record: Insights from {{Taï}} Chimpanzee Faecal Phytoliths},
  shorttitle = {The Representativeness of the Dental Calculus Dietary Record},
  author = {Power, <NAME>. and <NAME>, <NAME>},
  date = {2021-05-29},
  journaltitle = {Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences},
  shortjournal = {Archaeol Anthropol Sci},
  volume = {13},
  number = {6},
  pages = {104},
  issn = {1866-9565},
  doi = {10.1007/s12520-021-01342-z},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-021-01342-z},
  urldate = {2021-06-01},
  abstract = {In recent years, new applications of microremain dietary analysis using dental calculus as a source of dietary data on ancient human subsistence and behaviours have accelerated. The dental calculus of contemporary human and non-human populations with known diets have been used as reference datasets, including the chimpanzees of Taï National Park (Côte d'Ivoire), but explaining the preservation mechanism involved is challenged by our incomplete knowledge of the microremain content within the diets of these reference populations and our rudimentary information on microremain incorporation into dental calculus. Here, we analyse phytoliths in faecal samples to assess to what extent plant phytoliths of a diet are reflected in the dental calculus as well as in the egested faeces. In this study, we identify and document the faecal phytolith assemblages as an indicator of plant consumption in two Western chimpanzees of the Taï National Park (Côte d'Ivoire) before (wet season), during (dry season) and after (dry season) a dust-rich period. Moreover, observational dietary records of these two individuals were compiled to improve the interpretability of this dental calculus phytolith dataset. The faecal phytolith assemblages vary significantly across samples in terms of abundance and diversity. The most common phytolith morphotypes were eudicot plates, single-cell and multi-cell tracheids, monocot rugulose and echinate spheroids and, to a lesser extent, unspecified thick and thin elongates. High loads of grit and other micro-remains (e.g. diatoms) are found during the dry period. Using observational dietary records as a starting point and our faecal results as a terminus, we consider how dental calculus can accumulate phytoliths. Our findings enable identification of the phytolith morphotypes that are under-represented in dental calculus, which is highly informative for future dental calculus research strategies.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/TKTTRR9R/Power et al. - 2021 - The representativeness of the dental calculus diet.pdf}
}

@article{radiniDirtyTeeth2022,
  title = {Beyond Dirty Teeth: {{Integrating}} Dental Calculus Studies with Osteoarchaeological Parameters},
  shorttitle = {Beyond Dirty Teeth},
  author = {<NAME> and <NAME>},
  date = {2022-03-18},
  journaltitle = {Quaternary International},
  shortjournal = {Quaternary International},
  issn = {1040-6182},
  doi = {10.1016/j.quaint.2022.03.003},
  url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040618222000726},
  urldate = {2022-03-18},
  abstract = {The study of ancient human dental calculus (mineralized dental plaque, also known as tartar) is becoming increasingly important in osteoarchaeology, human palaeoecology and environmental archaeology. Microremains of different origin (e.g. starch granules, pollen, phytoliths, feather barbules) as well as biomolecules and chemical compounds retrieved from its mineral matrix may represent an important link between past humans and their physical, biological and social environment, but they are rarely fully linked to the evidence from skeletal remains. This paper critically reviews the lines of evidence retrieved from dental calculus in relation to osteoarchaeological parameters, employing macroscopic, microscopic and biomolecular approaches, assessing synergy potential and limitations. The scope of this paper is also to contribute to the building of a much needed theoretical framework in this emerging subfield.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Dental calculus,Environment,Life history,Osteoarchaeology},
  file = {/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/VHKP55S8/Radini and Nikita - 2022 - Beyond dirty teeth Integrating dental calculus st.pdf;/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/RP8DC6DD/S1040618222000726.html}
}

@article{radiniFoodPathways2017,
  title = {Beyond Food: {{The}} Multiple Pathways for Inclusion of Materials into Ancient Dental Calculus},
  author = {<NAME>. and <NAME>. and <NAME>. and <NAME>. and <NAME>.},
  date = {2017-01},
  journaltitle = {American Journal of Physical Anthropology},
  shortjournal = {Am J Phys Anthropol},
  volume = {162},
  pages = {71--83},
  issn = {1096-8644 (Electronic) 0002-9483 (Linking)},
  doi = {10.1002/ajpa.23147},
  abstract = {Dental calculus (mineralized dental plaque) was first recognised as a potentially useful archaeological deposit in the 1970s, though interest in human dental calculus as a resource material has increased sharply in the past few years. The majority of recent research has focused on the retrieval of plant microfossils embedded in its matrix and interpretation of these finds as largely the result of deliberate consumption of plant-derived food. However, while most of the material described in published works does represent food, dental calculus is in fact a "depositional environment" as material can enter the mouth from a range of sources. In this respect, it therefore represents an archaeological deposit that can also contain extensive non-dietary debris. This can comprise a wide variety of cultural and environmental material which reaches the mouth and can become embedded in dental calculus through alternative pathways. Here, we explore the human behaviors and activities besides eating that can generate a flux of particles into the human mouth, the broad range of additional cultural and environmental information that can be obtained through the analysis and contextualisation of this material, and the implications of the additional pathways by which material can become embedded in dental calculus.},
  keywords = {*Dental Calculus,Archaeology,dental calculus,diet,Diet/*history,Environment,Food/*history,Fossils,History; Ancient,Humans,microfossils},
  file = {/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/8NXTX9PF/Radini et al. - 2017 - Beyond food The multiple pathways for inclusion o.pdf}
}

@incollection{robertsDentalDisease2007,
  title = {Dental {{Disease}}},
  booktitle = {The {{Archaeology}} of {{Disease}}},
  author = {<NAME> and <NAME>},
  date = {2007},
  edition = {3rd Edition},
  pages = {63--83},
  publisher = {{Cornell University Press}}
}

@article{sagneStudiesPeriodontal1977,
  title = {Studies of the {{Periodontal Status}} of a {{Medieval Population}}},
  author = {<NAME>. and <NAME>.},
  date = {1977-01},
  journaltitle = {Dentomaxillofacial Radiology},
  shortjournal = {Dentomaxillofacial Radiology},
  volume = {6},
  number = {1},
  pages = {46--52},
  issn = {0250-832X, 1476-542X},
  doi = {10.1259/dmfr.1977.0006},
  url = {http://www.birpublications.org/doi/10.1259/dmfr.1977.0006},
  urldate = {2022-04-04},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/5PNC6AFQ/Sagne and Olsson - 1977 - Studies of the Periodontal Status of a Medieval Po.pdf}
}

@incollection{scottBriefHistoryDental2015,
  title = {A {{Brief History}} of {{Dental Anthropology}}},
  booktitle = {A {{Companion}} to {{Dental Anthropology}}},
  author = {<NAME>},
  editor = {<NAME>. and <NAME>},
  date = {2015},
  pages = {7--17},
  publisher = {{John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd}},
  location = {{Chichester}},
  doi = {10.1002/9781118845486.ch18},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118845486.ch18},
  urldate = {2021-04-21},
  isbn = {978-1-118-84548-6},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Arizona State University Dental Anthropology System,distance statistics,genetic relatedness,P henetic affinities,qualitative and quantitative analyses},
  annotation = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/9781118845486.ch18}
}

@article{sissonsMultistationPlaque1991,
  title = {A {{Multi-station Dental Plaque Microcosm}} ({{Artificial Mouth}}) for the {{Study}} of {{Plaque Growth}}, {{Metabolism}}, {{pH}}, and {{Mineralization}}:},
  shorttitle = {A {{Multi-station Dental Plaque Microcosm}} ({{Artificial Mouth}}) for the {{Study}} of {{Plaque Growth}}, {{Metabolism}}, {{pH}}, and {{Mineralization}}},
  author = {<NAME>. and <NAME>. and <NAME>. and <NAME>.},
  date = {1991},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Dental Research},
  shortjournal = {J Dent Res},
  publisher = {{SAGE PublicationsSage CA: Los Angeles, CA}},
  doi = {10.1177/00220345910700110301},
  url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00220345910700110301},
  urldate = {2020-05-15},
  abstract = {A plaque growth chamber was developed for long-term growth of five separate plaques from the same plaque or saliva sample under identical conditions of temperat...},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/223FAUK9/Sissons et al. - 1991 - A Multi-station Dental Plaque Microcosm (Artificia.pdf;/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/42ZPNDRU/00220345910700110301.html}
}

@article{sotoStructuralCharacterization2019,
  title = {Structural Characterization and Decontamination of Dental Calculus for Ancient Starch Research},
  author = {<NAME>, Jamie and Clarke, Siobhán and Crowther, Alison and Covelli, Danielle and Favreau, Julien and Itambu, Makarius and Larter, Steve and Lee, Patrick and Lozano, Marina and Maley, Jason and Mwambwiga, Aloyce and Patalano, Robert and Sammynaiken, Ramaswami and Vergès, <NAME>. and Zhu, Jianfeng and Mercader, Julio},
  date = {2019-09-01},
  journaltitle = {Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences},
  shortjournal = {Archaeol Anthropol Sci},
  volume = {11},
  number = {9},
  pages = {4847--4872},
  issn = {1866-9565},
  doi = {10.1007/s12520-019-00830-7},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-019-00830-7},
  urldate = {2022-04-26},
  abstract = {Ancient dental calculus research currently relies on destructive techniques whereby archeological specimens are broken down to determine their contents. Two strategies that could partly remediate a permanent loss of the original sample and enhance future analysis and reproducibility include (1) structural surface characterization through spectroscopy along with crystallographic and spectroscopic analysis of its molecular structure, and (2) surface decontamination protocols in which the efficacy of cleaning dental calculus prior to extraction is demonstrated. Dental calculus provides ancient starch research a niche where granules may be adsorbed to minerals, coated, overgrown, entrapped, and/or protected from chemical degradation. While encapsulation offers protection from degradation, it does not shield the sample’s surface from contamination. The most common approach to retrieving microbotanical particles from archeological calculus has been the direct decalcification of the sample, after a cleaning stage variously consisting of immersion in water, acids, and mechanical dislodgment via gas, sonication, and/or toothbrushes. Little is known about the efficiency of these methods for a complete removal of sediment/soil and unrelated microbotanical matter. In this paper, controlled laboratory experimentation leads to chemical structural characterization and a decontamination protocol to eradicate starch granules. Several concentrations of acids, bases, and enzymes were tested at intervals to understand their potential to gelatinize and fully destroy starch granules; arriving at a procedure that effectively eradicates modern starch prior to dissolution without damaging the matrix or entrapped starch microremains. This is the first attempt at creating synthetic calculus to understand and systematically test effective decontamination protocols for ancient starch research.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Ancient dental calculus,Ancient starch research,Decontamination prior to decalcification,P-XRD,Raman,Starch contamination,Structural chemical characterization,XPS},
  file = {/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/DHK3F7JV/Soto et al. - 2019 - Structural characterization and decontamination of.pdf}
}

@incollection{squierOralMucosa1998,
  title = {Oral {{Mucosa}}},
  booktitle = {Oral {{Histology}}: {{Development}}, {{Structure}}, and {{Function}}},
  author = {<NAME>. and <NAME>.},
  editor = {<NAME>.},
  date = {1998},
  edition = {5},
  pages = {345--385},
  publisher = {{Mosby}},
  location = {{London}},
  isbn = {0-8151-2952-1},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{tanBacterialViability2004,
  title = {Study of {{Bacterial Viability}} within {{Human Supragingival Dental Calculus}}},
  author = {<NAME>. and <NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME>.},
  date = {2004},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Periodontology},
  volume = {75},
  number = {1},
  pages = {23--29},
  issn = {1943-3670},
  doi = {10.1902/jop.2004.75.1.23},
  url = {http://aap.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1902/jop.2004.75.1.23},
  urldate = {2020-06-24},
  abstract = {Background: There is evidence that supragingival calculus contains unmineralized channels and lacunae. The purpose of this study was to investigate the viability of bacteria within these areas. Methods: Supragingival calculus harvested from patients with moderate to severe chronic periodontitis was immediately frozen to –70°C. Six samples were cryosectioned, stained with a bacterial viability kit, and examined with fluorescence microscopy. Controls comprised heat treatment of cryosections prior to staining. Four additional samples were stained and examined whole a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). Nine additional samples were prepared for bacterial culture, after initial irradiation with ultraviolet light to kill viable organisms on the covering plaque layer. Test samples were crushed to expose internal bacteria, while two controls were used without crushing. Results: Viable bacteria, as identified using the bacterial viability stain, were found within cavities/lacunae in supragingival calculus cryosections. Similar results were obtained from whole calculus samples using CLSM. Of the nine experimental samples where bacterial culture was attempted, five provided positive bacterial culture under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions; one showed positive growth under aerobic conditions only; while one showed no bacterial growth. The controls showed no bacterial growth. Conclusions: From this study, it appears that viable aerobic and anaerobic bacteria may be present within supragingival calculus, specifically within the internal channels and lacunae. Clinically, this may be important, since incomplete removal of supragingival calculus may expose these reservoirs of possible pathogenic bacteria and be a factor in the recurrence of periodontal diseases after treatment. J Periodontol 2004;75:23-29.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {aerobic/growth,anaerobic/growth,bacteria,Bacteria,dental calculus,supragingival},
  annotation = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1902/jop.2004.75.1.23},
  file = {/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/A86UBYQB/Tan et al. - 2004 - Study of Bacterial Viability within Human Supragin.pdf;/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/GV7CZV99/jop.2004.75.1.23.pdf;/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/UPQBS8UE/jop.2004.75.1.html}
}

@article{tanCalculusUltrastructure2004,
  title = {A Preliminary Investigation into the Ultrastructure of Dental Calculus and Associated Bacteria},
  author = {Tan, <NAME>. and Gillam, <NAME>. and <NAME>. and <NAME>.},
  date = {2004},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Clinical Periodontology},
  shortjournal = {J Clin Periodontol},
  volume = {31},
  number = {5},
  pages = {364--369},
  issn = {1600-051X},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1600-051X.2004.00484.x},
  url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1600-051X.2004.00484.x},
  urldate = {2020-06-18},
  abstract = {Introduction: Though dental calculus is generally recognised as comprising mineralised bacteria, areas of non-mineralised bacteria may be present. Aim: To investigate the ultrastructure of non-decalcified young and mature supragingival calculus and subgingival calculus, and the possible presence of internal viable bacteria. Materials and methods: Supragingival calculus was harvested from five patients, 9–10 weeks after scaling and root debridement. Five samples of mature supragingival and subgingival calculus were taken from patients presenting with adult periodontitis. Specimens were fixed and embedded for transmission electron microscopy. Results: The ultrastructure of young and mature supragingival calculus was similar with various large and small crystal types. Non-mineralised channels were observed extending into the calculus, often joining extensive lacunae, both containing intact non-mineralised coccoid and rod-shaped microorganisms. Subgingival calculus possessed more uniform mineralisation without non-mineralised channels and lacunae. Conclusion: Supragingival calculus contains non-mineralised areas which contain bacteria and other debris. The viability of the bacteria, and their identification could not be determined in this preliminary investigation. As viable bacteria within these lacunae may provide a source of re-infection, further work needs to be done to identify the bacteria in the lacunae, and to determine their viability.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {bacteria,calculus,plaque,subgingival,supragingival},
  file = {/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/VIZ82QJA/Tan et al. - 2004 - A preliminary investigation into the ultrastructur.pdf;/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/PTJGMC84/Tan et al. - 2004 - A preliminary investigation into the ultrastructur.html}
}

@book{townsendDentalAnthropology2012,
  title = {New {{Directions}} in {{Dental Anthropology}}: {{Paradigms}}, {{Methodologies}} and {{Outcomes}}},
  shorttitle = {New {{Directions}} in {{Dental Anthropology}}},
  editor = {<NAME> <NAME> and <NAME>},
  date = {2012},
  publisher = {{The University of Adelaide Press}},
  doi = {10.1017/9780987171870},
  url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/new-directions-in-dental-anthropology/7D25DC7D6C4345F71FE7028D5DAC5EBF},
  urldate = {2022-02-04},
  abstract = {In recent years, migration, as well as increases and decreases in the size of different human populations, have been evident as a result of globalisation.  Dental features are also changing associated with changes in nutritional status, different economic or social circumstances, and intermarriage between peoples.  Dental anthropological studies have explored these changes with the use of advanced techniques and refined methodologies.  New paradigms are also evolving in the field of dental anthropology.},
  isbn = {978-0-9871718-8-7},
  keywords = {dental anthropology},
  file = {/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/4EP9EZG4/Townsend et al. - 2012 - New Directions in Dental Anthropology Paradigms, .pdf;/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/CC7RZN8X/7D25DC7D6C4345F71FE7028D5DAC5EBF.html}
}

@article{trompEDTACalculus2017,
  title = {{{EDTA}} Decalcification of Dental Calculus as an Alternate Means of Microparticle Extraction from Archaeological Samples},
  author = {<NAME> <NAME> <NAME> <NAME>},
  date = {2017-08-01},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports},
  shortjournal = {Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports},
  volume = {14},
  pages = {461--466},
  issn = {2352-409X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.06.035},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352409X17300998},
  urldate = {2021-01-28},
  abstract = {Dental calculus studies, though becoming more common for addressing a range of archaeological questions, are still in their infancy. Dental calculus is a mineralised biofilm that forms on the surface of teeth, with the potential to encase anything that comes into contact with the mouth. Dental calculus has provided information on the lifeways of past people including diet, health, disease, trade and fabrication. To extract this microarchaeological information from dental calculus it must first be processed, either mechanically (with a mortar and pestle) or chemically (generally with hydrochloric acid or HCl), in order to free the microparticles and biomolecular structures encased within. Until now, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) has not been used for microparticle extraction. Here we present data that demonstrate EDTA is an equally and potentially more effective decalcifying agent for extracting microparticles than previous methods using samples from the Southwest Pacific and Ireland. EDTA has the added benefit of being an appropriate for the first step in genomic and proteomic sample processing.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/MIUJTFJ3/Tromp et al. - 2017 - EDTA decalcification of dental calculus as an alte.pdf;/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/TWF8XDL3/S2352409X17300998.html}
}

@article{uzelMicrobialShifts2011,
  title = {Microbial Shifts during Dental Biofilm Re-Development in the Absence of Oral Hygiene in Periodontal Health and Disease},
  author = {<NAME>. and <NAME>. and <NAME>. and Song, <NAME>. and <NAME> Socransky, <NAME>. and <NAME>.},
  date = {2011},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Clinical Periodontology},
  volume = {38},
  number = {7},
  pages = {612--620},
  issn = {1600-051X},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1600-051X.2011.01730.x},
  url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1600-051X.2011.01730.x},
  urldate = {2022-03-08},
  abstract = {Uzel NG, Teles FR, Teles RP, <NAME>, <NAME>, Socransky SS, Haffajee AD. Microbial shifts during dental biofilm re-development in the absence of oral hygiene in periodontal health and disease. J Clin Peridontol 2011; doi: 10.1111/j.1600-051X.2011.01730.x. Abstract Aim: To monitor microbial shifts during dental biofilm re-development. Materials and methods: Supra- and subgingival plaque samples were taken separately from 28 teeth in 38 healthy and 17 periodontitis subjects at baseline and immediately after tooth cleaning. Samples were taken again from seven teeth in randomly selected quadrants during 1, 2, 4 and 7 days of no oral hygiene. Samples were analysed using checkerboard DNA–DNA hybridization. Species counts were averaged within subjects at each time point. Significant differences in the counts between healthy and periodontitis subjects were determined using the Mann–Whitney test. Results: The total supra- and subgingival counts were significantly higher in periodontitis on entry and reached or exceeded the baseline values after day 2. Supragingival counts of Veillonella parvula, Fusobacterium nucleatum ss vincentii and Neisseria mucosa increased from 2 to 7 days. Subgingival counts were greater for Actinomyces, green and orange complex species. Significant differences between groups in supragingival counts occurred for 17 of 41 species at entry, 0 at day 7; for subgingival plaque, these values were 39/41 taxa at entry, 17/41 at day 7. Conclusions: Supragingival plaque re-development was similar in periodontitis and health, but subgingival species recolonization was more marked in periodontitis.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {biofilms,health,oral bacteria,periodontal,periodontitis,subgingival,supragingival},
  annotation = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1600-051X.2011.01730.x},
  file = {/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/5DNXKRHQ/Uzel et al. - 2011 - Microbial shifts during dental biofilm re-developm.pdf;/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/6U6JGEL6/j.1600-051X.2011.01730.html}
}

@article{vandermeerschMiddlePaleolithic1994,
  title = {Middle {{Paleolithic Dental Bacteria From Kebara}}, {{Israel}}},
  author = {<NAME>. and <NAME>. and <NAME>. and <NAME>. and <NAME>. and <NAME>. and <NAME>.},
  date = {1994},
  journaltitle = {Comptes Rendus De L Academie Des Sciences Serie Ii},
  volume = {319},
  number = {6},
  pages = {727--731},
  url = {https://weizmann.esploro.exlibrisgroup.com/esploro/outputs/journalArticle/MIDDLE-PALEOLITHIC-DENTAL-BACTERIA-FROM-KEBARA/993266802803596},
  urldate = {2022-04-08},
  file = {/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/KHBTST24/993266802803596.html}
}

@article{velskoMicrobialDifferences2019,
  title = {Microbial Differences between Dental Plaque and Historic Dental Calculus Are Related to Oral Biofilm Maturation Stage},
  author = {<NAME>. and <NAME>, <NAME>. and <NAME> and Hagan, <NAME>. and Frantz, <NAME>. and <NAME> and <NAME> <NAME>},
  date = {2019-12},
  journaltitle = {Microbiome},
  shortjournal = {Microbiome},
  volume = {7},
  number = {1},
  pages = {102},
  issn = {2049-2618},
  doi = {10.1186/s40168-019-0717-3},
  url = {https://microbiomejournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40168-019-0717-3},
  urldate = {2021-08-30},
  abstract = {Background: Dental calculus, calcified oral plaque biofilm, contains microbial and host biomolecules that can be used to study historic microbiome communities and host responses. Dental calculus does not typically accumulate as much today as historically, and clinical oral microbiome research studies focus primarily on living dental plaque biofilm. However, plaque and calculus reflect different conditions of the oral biofilm, and the differences in microbial characteristics between the sample types have not yet been systematically explored. Here, we compare the microbial profiles of modern dental plaque, modern dental calculus, and historic dental calculus to establish expected differences between these substrates. Results: Metagenomic data was generated from modern and historic calculus samples, and dental plaque metagenomic data was downloaded from the Human Microbiome Project. Microbial composition and functional profile were assessed. Metaproteomic data was obtained from a subset of historic calculus samples. Comparisons between microbial, protein, and metabolomic profiles revealed distinct taxonomic and metabolic functional profiles between plaque, modern calculus, and historic calculus, but not between calculus collected from healthy teeth and periodontal disease-affected teeth. Species co-exclusion was related to biofilm environment. Proteomic profiling revealed that healthy tooth samples contain low levels of bacterial virulence proteins and a robust innate immune response. Correlations between proteomic and metabolomic profiles suggest co-preservation of bacterial lipid membranes and membrane-associated proteins. Conclusions: Overall, we find that there are systematic microbial differences between plaque and calculus related to biofilm physiology, and recognizing these differences is important for accurate data interpretation in studies comparing dental plaque and calculus.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/6ISX7GQS/Velsko et al. - 2019 - Microbial differences between dental plaque and hi.pdf;/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/HREZWT64/s40168-019-0717-3.pdf;/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/STQBSWRZ/s40168-019-0717-3.pdf}
}

@book{waldronPalaeopathology2020,
  title = {Palaeopathology},
  author = {<NAME>},
  date = {2020},
  publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}}
}

@article{warinnerEvidenceMilk2014,
  title = {Direct Evidence of Milk Consumption from Ancient Human Dental Calculus},
  author = {<NAME> <NAME>. and <NAME>. and <NAME>. and <NAME>. and <NAME>. and <NAME>. and <NAME>. and <NAME>. and <NAME>. and Fotakis, A. and Christensen, <NAME>. and <NAME>. and Liebert, A. and Montalva, N. and Fiddyment, S. and <NAME>. and Mackie, M. and Canci, A. and <NAME>. and <NAME>. and <NAME>. and <NAME>.},
  date = {2014-11-27},
  journaltitle = {Scientific Reports},
  shortjournal = {Sci Rep},
  volume = {4},
  pages = {7104},
  issn = {2045-2322 (Electronic) 2045-2322 (Linking)},
  doi = {10.1038/srep07104},
  abstract = {Milk is a major food of global economic importance, and its consumption is regarded as a classic example of gene-culture evolution. Humans have exploited animal milk as a food resource for at least 8500 years, but the origins, spread, and scale of dairying remain poorly understood. Indirect lines of evidence, such as lipid isotopic ratios of pottery residues, faunal mortality profiles, and lactase persistence allele frequencies, provide a partial picture of this process; however, in order to understand how, where, and when humans consumed milk products, it is necessary to link evidence of consumption directly to individuals and their dairy livestock. Here we report the first direct evidence of milk consumption, the whey protein beta-lactoglobulin (BLG), preserved in human dental calculus from the Bronze Age (ca. 3000 BCE) to the present day. Using protein tandem mass spectrometry, we demonstrate that BLG is a species-specific biomarker of dairy consumption, and we identify individuals consuming cattle, sheep, and goat milk products in the archaeological record. We then apply this method to human dental calculus from Greenland's medieval Norse colonies, and report a decline of this biomarker leading up to the abandonment of the Norse Greenland colonies in the 15(th) century CE.},
  pmcid = {PMC4245811},
  keywords = {Animals,Archaeology,Biological Evolution,Cattle,Dairy Products,Dental Calculus/*metabolism,Humans,Lactoglobulins/metabolism,Milk/*metabolism,Sheep,Tandem Mass Spectrometry},
  file = {/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/FBL7IB5L/Warinner et al. - 2014 - Direct evidence of milk consumption from ancient h.pdf}
}

@article{warinnerNewEra2015,
  title = {A New Era in Palaeomicrobiology: Prospects for Ancient Dental Calculus as a Long-Term Record of the Human Oral Microbiome},
  shorttitle = {A New Era in Palaeomicrobiology},
  author = {<NAME>, <NAME> Collins, <NAME>.},
  date = {2015-01-19},
  journaltitle = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
  volume = {370},
  number = {1660},
  pages = {20130376},
  publisher = {{Royal Society}},
  doi = {10.1098/rstb.2013.0376},
  url = {https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.2013.0376},
  urldate = {2022-04-26},
  abstract = {The field of palaeomicrobiology is dramatically expanding thanks to recent advances in high-throughput biomolecular sequencing, which allows unprecedented access to the evolutionary history and ecology of human-associated and environmental microbes. Recently, human dental calculus has been shown to be an abundant, nearly ubiquitous, and long-term reservoir of the ancient oral microbiome, preserving not only microbial and host biomolecules but also dietary and environmental debris. Modern investigations of native human microbiota have demonstrated that the human microbiome plays a central role in health and chronic disease, raising questions about changes in microbial ecology, diversity and function through time. This paper explores the current state of ancient oral microbiome research and discusses successful applications, methodological challenges and future possibilities in elucidating the intimate evolutionary relationship between humans and their microbes.},
  keywords = {ancient DNA,dental calculus,metagenomics,metaproteomics,oral microbiome,palaeomicrobiology},
  file = {/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/4BWQFDLC/Warinner et al. - 2015 - A new era in palaeomicrobiology prospects for anc.pdf}
}

@article{warinnerPathogensHost2014,
  title = {Pathogens and Host Immunity in the Ancient Human Oral Cavity},
  author = {<NAME> <NAME>. and <NAME> <NAME>.},
  options = {useprefix=true},
  date = {2014-04},
  journaltitle = {Nature Genetics},
  shortjournal = {Nat Genet},
  volume = {46},
  number = {4},
  pages = {336--44},
  issn = {1546-1718 (Electronic) 1061-4036 (Linking)},
  doi = {10.1038/ng.2906},
  abstract = {Calcified dental plaque (dental calculus) preserves for millennia and entraps biomolecules from all domains of life and viruses. We report the first, to our knowledge, high-resolution taxonomic and protein functional characterization of the ancient oral microbiome and demonstrate that the oral cavity has long served as a reservoir for bacteria implicated in both local and systemic disease. We characterize (i) the ancient oral microbiome in a diseased state, (ii) 40 opportunistic pathogens, (iii) ancient human-associated putative antibiotic resistance genes, (iv) a genome reconstruction of the periodontal pathogen Tannerella forsythia, (v) 239 bacterial and 43 human proteins, allowing confirmation of a long-term association between host immune factors, 'red complex' pathogens and periodontal disease, and (vi) DNA sequences matching dietary sources. Directly datable and nearly ubiquitous, dental calculus permits the simultaneous investigation of pathogen activity, host immunity and diet, thereby extending direct investigation of common diseases into the human evolutionary past.},
  pmcid = {PMC3969750},
  keywords = {Archaeology,Bacteroidetes/*genetics,Base Sequence,Dental Calculus/history/*microbiology,Food Analysis,Genome; Bacterial/*genetics,Germany,History; Medieval,Humans,Microbiota/*genetics,Molecular Sequence Data,Mouth/immunology/*microbiology,Phylogeny,Proteome/*genetics,RNA; Ribosomal; 16S/genetics,Sequence Analysis; DNA,Tandem Mass Spectrometry},
  file = {/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/5T7XVVSK/ng.2906.pdf;/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/AJA7UHZQ/Warinner et al. - 2014 - Pathogens and host immunity in the ancient human o.pdf;/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/BKERMNFL/NIHMS566378-supplement-1.pdf}
}

@book{whiteBoneManual2005,
  title = {The {{Human Bone Manual}}},
  author = {White, <NAME>. and Folkens, <NAME>.},
  date = {2005-10-13},
  edition = {1st edition},
  publisher = {{Academic Press}},
  location = {{Amsterdam ; Boston}},
  isbn = {978-0-12-088467-4},
  langid = {english},
  pagetotal = {488}
}

@article{whiteDentalCalculus1997,
  title = {Dental Calculus: Recent Insights into Occurrence, Formation, Prevention, Removal and Oral Health Effects of Supragingival and Subgingival Deposits},
  shorttitle = {Dental Calculus},
  author = {White, <NAME>.},
  date = {1997-10},
  journaltitle = {European Journal of Oral Sciences},
  shortjournal = {Eur J Oral Sci},
  volume = {105},
  number = {5},
  pages = {508--522},
  issn = {0909-8836, 1600-0722},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1600-0722.1997.tb00238.x},
  url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1600-0722.1997.tb00238.x},
  urldate = {2021-07-09},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/Z8S65LMX/White - 1997 - Dental calculus recent insights into occurrence, .pdf}
}

@book{whiteHumanOsteology2011,
  title = {Human {{Osteology}}},
  author = {White, <NAME>. and Black, <NAME>. and Folkens, <NAME>.},
  date = {2011-03-16},
  edition = {3rd edition},
  publisher = {{Academic Press}},
  location = {{San Diego, Calif}},
  isbn = {978-0-12-374134-9},
  langid = {english},
  pagetotal = {688}
}

@online{whoOralHealth,
  title = {Oral Health},
  url = {https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/oral-health},
  urldate = {2022-03-14},
  langid = {english},
  organization = {{World Health Organization}},
  file = {/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/ZTE6S332/oral-health.html}
}

@article{wongCalciumPhosphate2002,
  title = {Calcium Phosphate Deposition in Human Dental Plaque Microcosm Biofilms Induced by a Ureolytic {{pH-rise}} Procedure},
  author = {<NAME> <NAME> <NAME> and <NAME>},
  date = {2002-11-01},
  journaltitle = {Archives of Oral Biology},
  shortjournal = {Archives of Oral Biology},
  volume = {47},
  number = {11},
  pages = {779--790},
  issn = {0003-9969},
  doi = {10.1016/S0003-9969(02)00114-0},
  url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003996902001140},
  urldate = {2021-03-17},
  abstract = {The objectives were to develop and characterize a procedure based on a ureolytic pH rise to deposit calcium phosphate into microcosm dental plaque biofilms and to test the importance of the plaque pH range. Plaque biofilms were cultured in a multiplaque culture system (‘artificial mouth’) with a continuous supply of a simulated oral fluid (basal medium mucin; BMM) with 146mmol/l (5\% w/v) sucrose periodically applied over 6min every 8h. After initial plaque growth, the biofilms were periodically exposed for up to 16 days to 6-min applications of calcium phosphate monofluorophosphate urea (CPMU) solution containing 20mmol/l CaCl2, 12mmol/l NaH2PO4, 5mmol/l monofluorophosphate and 500mmol/l urea (pH 5.0). Three application regimes were examined, one included a sucrose-induced acidic pH fluctuation. Plaque hydrolysis of the urea in CPMU caused the pH to rise to between 8.2 and 8.8, depositing fluoridated and carbonated calcium phosphates, and possibly some calcium carbonate, into the plaque. Calcium, phosphate and fluoride deposition was rapid for about 4 days and then slowed. After 10 days’ treatment under standard conditions (BMM containing 1mmol/l urea and 1mmol/l arginine), plaque calcium and phosphate concentrations had increased up to 50-fold and 10-fold to approximately 2–4 and 1–2mmol/g plaque protein, respectively. The calcium, phosphate and fluoride content increased steadily. Calcium phosphate deposition was proportional to the plaque resting pH, increasing over four-fold when the BMM urea concentration was increased from 0 to 20mmol/l, which raised the resting pH from 6.4 to 7.2 and yielded a mean plaque calcium concentration of 14.3mmol/g protein, one subsample reaching 20.8mmol/g protein. Supplementation of BMM with 20\% human serum inhibited deposition. These results support the hypothesis that an alkaline pH in plaque is critical in promoting plaque mineralization and that mineral deposition is modulated by serum. These factors are likely to be important in regulating calculus formation.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Biofilm,Dental calculus,Dental plaque,Mineralization,Plaque pH,Urea},
  file = {/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/YYLE2C29/Wong et al. - 2002 - Calcium phosphate deposition in human dental plaqu.pdf;/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/4IK6DGEP/S0003996902001140.html}
}

@article{wrightAdvancingRefining2021,
  title = {Advancing and Refining Archaeological Dental Calculus Research Using Multiomic Frameworks},
  author = {<NAME>. and <NAME> and <NAME>.},
  date = {2021-01-01},
  journaltitle = {STAR: Science \& Technology of Archaeological Research},
  volume = {7},
  number = {1},
  pages = {13--30},
  publisher = {{Routledge}},
  issn = {null},
  doi = {10.1080/20548923.2021.1882122},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/20548923.2021.1882122},
  urldate = {2022-04-08},
  abstract = {Dental calculus (calcified dental plaque) is a cross-cultural biological matrix that is emerging as a critical source of information for anthropologists and oral health professionals. It contains a multitude of diverse biomolecules, providing information about an individual’s culture, diet, ancestry, and health. Most researchers who study archaeological dental calculus use genomic or proteomic approaches, although a wide range of other techniques are now available. However, few studies have utilized efficient multiomic protocols. This lack of integration is problematic, as such approaches in other fields have proven to improve results and strengthen interpretations. Our review discusses three multiomic approaches: (1) interactions between the metaproteome and metagenome; (2) relationships between the host genome and oral metagenome; and, (3) associations between the epigenome and metagenome. We draw from multiomic studies on soil, plant, gut, and modern oral microbiomes to demonstrate how such integration can provide insights that are not attainable with single-omic approaches.},
  keywords = {ancient DNA,Dental calculus,multiomics,oral microbiome},
  annotation = {\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/20548923.2021.1882122},
  file = {/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/74LHI835/Wright et al. - 2021 - Advancing and refining archaeological dental calcu.pdf;/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/Y6ZB5GSC/20548923.2021.html}
}

@article{yatesOralMicrobiome2021,
  title = {The Evolution and Changing Ecology of the {{African}} Hominid Oral Microbiome},
  author = {<NAME>, <NAME>. and Velsko, <NAME>. and Aron, Franziska and Posth, Cosimo and Hofman, <NAME>. and Austin, <NAME>. and Parker, <NAME>. and Mann, <NAME>. and Nägele, Kathrin and Arthur, <NAME> and Arthur, <NAME>. and Bauer, <NAME>. and Crevecoeur, Isabelle and Cupillard, Christophe and Curtis, <NAME>. and <NAME>, <NAME> and <NAME>. <NAME>, <NAME>. and Escrivá, <NAME> and <NAME> and Gibbon, <NAME>. and Morales, <NAME> and <NAME> and <NAME> and Henry, <NAME>. and <NAME> and <NAME> and <NAME> and Peresani, Marco and Moroder, <NAME> and <NAME> and <NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME>. and Sankaranarayanan, <NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME>, Christina},
  date = {2021-05-18},
  journaltitle = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
  shortjournal = {PNAS},
  volume = {118},
  number = {20},
  eprint = {33972424},
  eprinttype = {pmid},
  publisher = {{National Academy of Sciences}},
  issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490},
  doi = {10.1073/pnas.2021655118},
  url = {https://www.pnas.org/content/118/20/e2021655118},
  urldate = {2021-05-12},
  abstract = {The oral microbiome plays key roles in human biology, health, and disease, but little is known about the global diversity, variation, or evolution of this microbial community. To better understand the evolution and changing ecology of the human oral microbiome, we analyzed 124 dental biofilm metagenomes from humans, including Neanderthals and Late Pleistocene to present-day modern humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas, as well as New World howler monkeys for comparison. We find that a core microbiome of primarily biofilm structural taxa has been maintained throughout African hominid evolution, and these microbial groups are also shared with howler monkeys, suggesting that they have been important oral members since before the catarrhine–platyrrhine split ca. 40 Mya. However, community structure and individual microbial phylogenies do not closely reflect host relationships, and the dental biofilms of Homo and chimpanzees are distinguished by major taxonomic and functional differences. Reconstructing oral metagenomes from up to 100 thousand years ago, we show that the microbial profiles of both Neanderthals and modern humans are highly similar, sharing functional adaptations in nutrient metabolism. These include an apparent Homo-specific acquisition of salivary amylase-binding capability by oral streptococci, suggesting microbial coadaptation with host diet. We additionally find evidence of shared genetic diversity in the oral bacteria of Neanderthal and Upper Paleolithic modern humans that is not observed in later modern human populations. Differences in the oral microbiomes of African hominids provide insights into human evolution, the ancestral state of the human microbiome, and a temporal framework for understanding microbial health and disease.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {dental calculus,microbiome,Neanderthal,primate,salivary amylase},
  file = {/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/EBLFRY6K/Yates et al. - 2021 - The evolution and changing ecology of the African .pdf;/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/D7LZHTMU/e2021655118.html}
}

@article{yaussyCalculusSurvivorship2019,
  title = {Calculus and Survivorship in Medieval {{London}}: {{The}} Association between Dental Disease and a Demographic Measure of General Health},
  shorttitle = {Calculus and Survivorship in Medieval {{London}}},
  author = {<NAME>. and DeWitte, <NAME>.},
  date = {2019},
  journaltitle = {American Journal of Physical Anthropology},
  volume = {168},
  number = {3},
  pages = {552--565},
  issn = {1096-8644},
  doi = {10.1002/ajpa.23772},
  url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ajpa.23772},
  urldate = {2020-08-03},
  abstract = {Objectives Dental plaque is associated with a variety of systemic diseases and mortality risks in living populations. However, bioarchaeologists have not fully investigated the mortality risks associated with plaque (or its mineralized form, calculus) in the past. This study examines the relationship between survivorship and calculus in a medieval skeletal sample. Materials and methods Our sample (n = 1,098) from four medieval London cemeteries, c. 1000–1540 CE, includes people who died under attritional (normal) and catastrophic (famine and plague) conditions. The associations between age and the presence of dental calculus on the permanent left first mandibular molar are assessed using binary logistic regression and Kaplan–Meier survival analysis. Results The regression results indicate a significant negative relationship between age and calculus presence for individuals of all ages who died under normal mortality conditions and for adults who died under both normal and catastrophic conditions. Survival analysis reveals decreased survivorship for people of all ages with calculus under normal mortality conditions. Similarly, during conditions of catastrophic mortality, adult males with calculus suffered reduced survivorship compared to males without it, though there was no difference in survivorship between adult females with and without calculus. Conclusions These results suggest that, as in modern populations, calculus accumulation in the inhabitants of medieval London reflects a greater risk of premature death. The evaluation of calculus, a potential measure of underlying frailty, in the context of a demographic measure of general health suggests that it might provide insights into health in past populations.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {binary logistic regression,bioarchaeology,mortality,paleodemography,paleopathology,survival analysis},
  annotation = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/ajpa.23772},
  file = {/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/AT2XP34S/Yaussy and DeWitte - 2019 - Calculus and survivorship in medieval London The .pdf;/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/MD6UFKXQ/ajpa.23772.pdf;/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/MY4JLA7B/ajpa.html}
}

@article{zhangDentalDisease1982,
  title = {Dental Disease of Neolithic Age Skulls Excavated in Shaanxi Province},
  author = {<NAME>},
  date = {1982-01},
  journaltitle = {Chinese Medical Journal},
  volume = {95},
  number = {06},
  pages = {391--396},
  publisher = {{Chinese Medical Association Publishing House}},
  doi = {10.5555/cmj.0366-6999.95.06.p391.01},
  url = {https://medcentral.net/doi/abs/10.5555/cmj.0366-6999.95.06.p391.01},
  urldate = {2022-04-04},
  file = {/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/Z8SKGUXY/Zhang - 1982 - Dental disease of neolithic age skulls excavated i.pdf}
}

@article{zijngeBiofilmArchitecture2010,
  title = {Oral {{Biofilm Architecture}} on {{Natural Teeth}}},
  author = {<NAME> <NAME>, <NAME> Degener, <NAME> <NAME> <NAME> <NAME> <NAME>, <NAME>.},
  editor = {<NAME>},
  options = {useprefix=true},
  date = {2010-02-24},
  journaltitle = {PLoS ONE},
  shortjournal = {PLoS ONE},
  volume = {5},
  number = {2},
  pages = {e9321},
  issn = {1932-6203},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0009321},
  url = {https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0009321},
  urldate = {2020-10-01},
  abstract = {Periodontitis and caries are infectious diseases of the oral cavity in which oral biofilms play a causative role. Moreover, oral biofilms are widely studied as model systems for bacterial adhesion, biofilm development, and biofilm resistance to antibiotics, due to their widespread presence and accessibility. Despite descriptions of initial plaque formation on the tooth surface, studies on mature plaque and plaque structure below the gum are limited to landmark studies from the 1970s, without appreciating the breadth of microbial diversity in the plaque. We used fluorescent in situ hybridization to localize in vivo the most abundant species from different phyla and species associated with periodontitis on seven embedded teeth obtained from four different subjects. The data showed convincingly the dominance of Actinomyces sp., Tannerella forsythia, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Spirochaetes, and Synergistetes in subgingival plaque. The latter proved to be new with a possibly important role in host-pathogen interaction due to its localization in close proximity to immune cells. The present study identified for the first time in vivo that Lactobacillus sp. are the central cells of bacterial aggregates in subgingival plaque, and that Streptococcus sp. and the yeast Candida albicans form corncob structures in supragingival plaque. Finally, periodontal pathogens colonize already formed biofilms and form microcolonies therein. These in vivo observations on oral biofilms provide a clear vision on biofilm architecture and the spatial distribution of predominant species.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {oral biofilm,oral microbiome},
  file = {/mnt/hogwarts/Uni/Literature/Zotero/storage/4KRLH48X/Zijnge et al. - 2010 - Oral Biofilm Architecture on Natural Teeth.pdf}
}


