evidence: The environmental exposure to Mucorales45, but also Aspergillus spp., combined with susceptible hosts owing to uncontrolled underlying diseases such as diabetes (major risk factor for CAM16) further worsened by overuse of antibiotics in the absence of stewardship programmes (major risk factor for CAC) and particularly overuse of dexamethasone predisposes for opportunistic fungal infections in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs; Fig. 3 and Supplementary Table 2). AIDS and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are also more frequently observed in LMICs161, where they may predispose patients to COVID-19-associated IFIs. Prolonged wearing of masks has also been described as a risk factor for CAM in LMICs (Fig. 3 and Supplementary Table 2). Overall, implementation of infection control measures during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is further complicated due to limited resources. This is particularly problematic for C. auris as a nosocomial pathogen with intrahospital transmissions. While CAM and CAC have a high predominance in LMICs, CAPA is rarely reported, probably due to a diagnostic bias resulting from unobtainable indirect/molecular testing reluctance and inadequate resources to perform bronchoscopies and limited ICU capacities. In the rare cases where CAPA manifests as cerebral infections, it is more likely to be diagnosed in LMICs.