evidence: This scoping review provides much-needed evidence - across a range of developed and developing countries- on the effects of different incentives both on farmers’ adoption of sustainable agricultural practices and on the agricultural, economic, and environmental outcomes expected from these interventions. It examines: [...] Broadly speaking, the evidence shows that incentives that promote economic benefits are more likely to lead to the adoption of better practices in the short term, especially if they are voluntary. In the long-term, however, positive out-comes for the farm or the environment are prime motivators. Adoption of new practices under compulsory programs depends on enforcement and monitoring. There is a set of tested principles to follow in designing and implementing incentives for sustainable agriculture: