evidence: Residence Time vs. Adjustment Time of Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere - PMID: 36832750 - PMCID: PMC9955352 - DOI: 10.3390/e25020384 [...] We study the concepts of residence time vs. adjustment time time for carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The system is analyzed with a two-box first-order model. Using this model, we reach three important conclusions: (1) The adjustment time is never larger than the residence time and can, thus, not be longer than about 5 years. (2) The idea of the atmosphere being stable at 280 ppm in pre-industrial times is untenable. (3) Nearly 90% of all anthropogenic carbon dioxide has already been removed from the atmosphere. [...] - - van der Ent R.J., Tuinenburg O.A. The residence time of water in the atmosphere revisited. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 2017;21:779–790. doi: 10.5194/hess-21-779-2017. - DOI - - Cawley G.C. On the Atmospheric Residence Time of Anthropogenically Sourced Carbon Dioxide. Energy Fuels. 2011;25:5503–5513. doi: 10.1021/ef200914u. - DOI - - Stocker I.T.F., Qin D., Plattner G.K., Tignor M.M., Allen S.K., Boschung J., Nauels A., Xia Y., Bex V., Midgley P.M., editors. Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press; Cambridge, UK: 2013.