evidence: The discovery of suitable neoantigens is an essential factor in synthesizing tumor vaccines. Neoantigens include TSAs and TAAs.TSAs are produced by tumor-recognized cells as a result of specific alterations such as gene mutations, dysregulated RNA splicing, and aberrant post-translational modifications, and these can give rise to cancer-specific neoepitopes that are recognized by autologous T cells [21]. Since neoepitopes are not subject to central immune tolerance and are not expressed in healthy tissues, they are attractive targets for therapeutic tumor vaccines [22]. TSAs identify tumor-specific non-synonymous mutants in protein-coding genes by comparing next-generation sequencing (NGS) data from patient tumors and healthy tissues [23]. Multicomponent calculations assess the binding of mutant peptide regions to the patient’s HLA allele, which helps T cells to induce practical anti-tumor effects [24]. These data enable the production of personalized tumor vaccines with unique components for each patient [25]. [...] Grunwitz C, Kranz LM. mRNA Cancer vaccines-messages that Prevail. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2017;405:145–64. doi: 10.1007/82_2017_509 [published Online First: 2017/04/13]. [...] Li H, Peng K, Yang K, et al. Circular RNA cancer vaccines drive immunity in hard-to-treat malignancies. Theranostics. 2022;12(14):6422–36. https://doi.org/10.7150/thno.77350. [published Online First: 20220829].