evidence: In the spring of 2020, PLAA border defense units and out-of-area combat units increased training and patrolling in the region and established new outposts along the LAC in the Galwan Valley, at Gogra/Hot Springs, and near Pangong Lake.27 Although provocative, these movements likely occurred within the limits of China’s territorial claims.28 In early May, Chinese and Indian soldiers engaged in a fistfight, which increased tensions along the LAC.29 On June 15, 2020, elements of a battalion of the Hotan Border Defense Regiment engaged in hand-to-hand combat with Indian forces in the Galwan River Valley at the confluence of the Shyok River near a location called Patrol Point 14 that resulted in the deaths of 20 Indian and four Chinese border defense soldiers. No shots were fired during the encounter.30 Reportedly, the Indian Army has established 65 Patrol Points from the Karakoram Pass to Chumur, an area outside the Aksai Chin, about 50 miles due west of Demchok.31 The exact locations for all Patrol Points have not been released publicly, yet much media reporting refers to activities at individual Patrol Points. Thus, the precise location of certain events is uncertain due to inconsistencies in reporting.32 [...] - Chinese maps showing many place names, Patrol Points, and fingers on Pangong Lake from the Depsang Plains south along the LAC to Demchok can be found at "1002什么," Weibo (website), September 10, 2022, https://weibo.com/2301227855/M57zgE8QA. There are discrepancies between some names in the Gogra/Hot Springs sector in this source and other sources. Return to text.