evidence: The data from the 2021 shows a significant reduction of people born in Ireland in comparison to the previous 2011 Census. In particular, the number of people born in Ireland and living in England and Wales in 2021 was 523,014 (that is about 1 percent of the total resident population). Of these, 324,670 were born in the Republic of Ireland and 198,344 were born in Northern Ireland. [...] This represents a decrease of over 99,000 people (-16 percent) since a decade ago, when the Irish-born population totalled 622,345 (of which 407,357 were born in the Republic of Ireland). [...] In addition to ‘country of birth’, since 2011 the Census has also collected data on ‘passports held’; these data tell a different part of the story. In 2021, there were 364,725 people living in England and Wales and holding a passport issued by the Republic of Ireland. This number represents only a small reduction (-2.1 percent) when compared to the 2011 Census (372,389).