evidence: The revised 2020 territorial boundaries also create trade and transit problems. Much of the Karabakh region has been cut off from Armenia but is not yet integrated into the economy or polity of Azerbaijan. According to de Waal, Azerbaijan’s President Aliyev "has indicated that he intends to keep up a policy of isolating Karabakh from the outside world and severing its political connections with Armenia" (2021). Armenia has also refused to surrender some land claimed by Azerbaijan, including seven villages in the Kazakh District (de Waal 2021). There have been reports of widespread destruction of Armenian churches, cemeteries and cultural monuments in the Nakhichevan region as well as in reclaimed areas of Karabakh (Isayev 2022; Maghakyan 2022; Nutt 2022). [...] Most of the augmented Karabakh region is either herbaceous vegetation or forested (Fig. 5.4), with croplands confined to the far eastern and southern parts of the region. The reduced Nagorno-Karabakh region negotiated in the 2020 conflict resolution is predominantly forested, with croplands just north of Stepanakert/Khankendi and in the far southeastern part of the region.