evidence: The second reason is as grave and is presently relevant. After months of infructuous exchanges, Zhang Hanfu conceded that "traders customarily using this route might continue such use but an oral understanding to that effect between two delegations would suffice, [China] would not like in writing, even by implication, to have any reference to ladakh." It meant that China considered ladakh a ‘disputed area.’ Kaul informed Delhi: "We have taken [the] position that ladakh is Indian territory and route should be mentioned as its omission would be invidious." But China did not accept the Indian contention and "after considerable argument [Zhang] agreed, but subsequently withdrew [his agreement]." India had finally to concur to the Chinese formulation. Demchok was mentioned nowhere. The present incursions are not innocent.