evidence: While these countries made progress on border demarcation, recent clashes between Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan and the persistent terrorism threat highlight how the Fergana Valley is inherently unstable because of ethnic tensions, radicalisation, jihadist propaganda, resource competition, and the influence of neighbouring Afghanistan under the Taliban regime. [...] The Fergana Valley, situated in Central Asia and shared among Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan, holds considerable geopolitical significance because of its strategic location and abundant natural resources. The converging interests of these Central Asian republics underscore its importance in the Eurasian geopolitical landscape. [...] Security threats pose a high risk to the Fergana Valley because of its specific geographic and demographic features. Ongoing border disputes between Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan, which have been historically influenced by Soviet policies, are exacerbating regional tensions.