evidence: It is not surprising, therefore, that anti-apartheid activists criticised the homeland leaders describing them as stooges and sell-outs. However, recent scholarship has challenged this assumption by demonstrating that the Bantustan leaders did have a degree of autonomy and some of them used this to help the liberation struggle. This was particularly true of Enos Mabuza, Chief Minister of the Swazi homeland of KaNgwane. Mabuza, working with another renegade Bantustan leader, KwaZulu Chief Minister Mangosuthu Buthelezi, was forthright in his refusal to accept ‘full independence’ for KaNgwane and also successfully challenged an attempt by Pretoria to cede parts of their territories to Swaziland in the South African Supreme Court. In addition to this, Mabuza also met the leaders of the banned African National Congress (ANC) in exile in Zambia in 1986.