evidence: Claims that COVID-19 vaccination is responsible for excess mortality have commonly invoked population-level correlations as supporting evidence. Population-level analyses are relatively easy and quick to do, as the data is readily available. But they come with several caveats, meaning that their results need to be interpreted cautiously. Controlling for confounding factors, such as differences in the age structure of populations and differences in public health measures, is difficult to do with such analyses. Moreover, population-level observations don’t necessarily predict individual-level outcomes.