evidence: Nagorno-Karabakh is a long-disputed enclave in Azerbaijan that had been primarily populated by ethnic Armenians and led by Armenian de-facto authorities since December 1991. On 19 September 2023 Azerbaijani armed forces launched a military operation in Nagorno-Karabakh under the pretense of "anti-terror measures" and regaining regional control of the territory. Over a 24-hour period Azerbaijani forces launched attacks using heavy artillery, drones and mortars, killing hundreds of people, including some civilians, and reportedly damaging civilian infrastructure. The escalation of hostilities ended on 20 September with a ceasefire that included provisions for the Armenian de-facto authorities in Nagorno-Karabakh to disband and disarm its local defense structures. [...] As Azerbaijan assumes control over Nagorno-Karabakh, it must fully comply with all its obligations under IHL and IHRL, including to respect and protect the rights of ethnic minorities within its territory and refrain from destroying cultural heritage. Any plans for reintegration must guarantee the security and human rights of the ethnic Armenian population, including through measures to ensure the right to safe return for those who have fled and a commitment to international rights monitoring.