evidence: Risk of infection, hospitalisation, and death up to 9 months after a second dose of COVID-19 vaccine: a retrospective, total population cohort study in Sweden aDepartment of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Unit of Geriatric Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden bDepartment of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section of Sustainable Health, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden cSchool of Sport Sciences, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway [...] The different results in recent studies might relate to several factors, such as the evaluations of vaccines that might have different long-lasting effects,16,18–20 different age of the participants,18 varying and relatively short follow-up times,15,16,22 different patterns of risk compensation in the populations, different severities and definitions of infections included as outcomes, and variations in infection pressure and variant exposure during follow-up. Collectively, vaccine effectiveness beyond 6 months remains incompletely understood. In this study, we investigated the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccination against the risk of infection, hospitalisation, and death during the first 9 months after vaccination for the total population of Sweden.