evidence: Nature and people in the Socotra Archipelago The Socotra Archipelago is a true treasure of Yemen, located in the western Indian Ocean near the Horn of Africa. This ancient and until recently relatively isolated part of the Arabian Peninsula is known for its exceptional biodiversity on land and in the sea. Socotra’s iconic Dragon’s Blood Trees are known worldwide and symbolize a close bond between nature and the indigenous inhabitants of the island who depend on it, and who speak their unique, endangered language. Due to its remarkable and highly vulnerable island ecosystems containing many endemics, the Socotra Archipelago was designated as a UNESCO Man and Biosphere (MAB) Reserve in 2003, a Ramsar Site in 2007 (Detwah Lagoon) and then as UNESCO Natural World Heritage Site in 2008. These remarkable designations came primarily as recognition of Socotra’s outstanding biodiversity richness, characterised by a high proportion of unique species living in special island habitats. In addition, the cultural landscape of Socotra has been gently shaped through natural and human influences over several millennia. However, a recent decline of that vital bond, combined with the devastating effects of climate change, unsustainable resources use and other impacts, have affected life on these islands for humans, plants and animals alike. This richly illustrated publication, based on the currently available scientific knowledge and stories from the island’s inhabitants, provides a brief overview of the rich biodiversity of the Socotra Archipelago Biosphere Reserve and World Heritage Site, highlighting the vital bond between humans and nature.