evidence: This is why every time the church has used civil governments to spread or defend Christendom, the result has been an unmitigated disaster that has shamed the name of Christ (e.g., CATHOLIC INQUISITION & CRUSADES; PROTESTANT PERSECUTION OF CATHOLICS). One of our founding fathers, James Madison, underscored this point: "During almost fifteen centuries the legal establishment of Christianity has been on trial. What have been its fruits? More or less in all places, pride and indolence in the clergy, ignorance and servility in the laity, in both, superstition, bigotry, and persecution."