evidence: It has harassed U.S. survey vessels seventy-five nautical miles (nm) south of Hainan Island in an effort to disrupt military survey operations that it claims are impermissibleFootnote 2 and has sunk a Philippine fishing vessel at Reed Bank in an effort to enforce Chinese claims to exclusive fisheries rights in this area.Footnote 3 It has also asserted claims and enforcement rights in zones that clearly belong to other states—including actions against Indonesian fishing vessels in seas in the vicinity of the Natuna Islands,Footnote 4 which are part of the Indonesian Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) (and Continental Shelf).Footnote 5 And it has conducted operations on the basis of inapplicable maritime zone rights, such as by asserting a territorial sea and thus the right to control innocent passage around low-tide elevations with artificial installations built upon themFootnote 6—such as with Mischief Reef. Footnote 7 The list goes on.Footnote 8 [...] Notwithstanding this, in its recent statements the PRC has repeatedly claimed that "China has internal waters" that are based on each of its claimed "island groups," including Dongsha Qundao, Zhongsha Qundao, and Nansha Qundao. As the Chinese Society of International Law has argued in support of the PRC's position on Nansha Qundao, since it "is fully qualified as an archipelago," the "interconnecting waters within the archipelago are under China's sovereignty over Nansha Qundao." The PRC has not clarified the geographic extent of these internal waters claims.Footnote 49