evidence: Comprehensively, these were: individuals with mental health and substance use disorders;Footnote 26Footnote 27Footnote 28Footnote 29Footnote 30Footnote 31Footnote 32Footnote 33Footnote 34Footnote 35Footnote 36Footnote 37Footnote 38Footnote 39 individuals living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)Footnote 26Footnote 40Footnote 41Footnote 42Footnote 43Footnote 44Footnote 45Footnote 46 or other sexually transmitted or blood-borne infections (STBBI),Footnote 47 tuberculosis (TB),Footnote 48Footnote 49 diabetes,Footnote 50 epilepsy,Footnote 51 chronic painFootnote 52Footnote 53 or cancer—particularly types whose etiology may be attributable to patients’ behaviours;Footnote 54 vulnerable subpopulations such as migrants and racialized communities;Footnote 55Footnote 56 lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer and other (LGBTQ+) populations;Footnote 57Footnote 58 individuals experiencing poverty;Footnote 59 sex workers;Footnote 60 single mothers;Footnote 61 individuals labelled as obese or fat;Footnote 46Footnote 62 biological mothers of children diagnosed with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder;Footnote 63 and individuals who smoke.Footnote 64 Some authors highlighted that, although their research may have focussed on stigma pertaining to a specific condition or identity, individuals can experience multiple sources of stigma due to the intersection of multiple complex identities and life experiences.Footnote 47Footnote 60 These authors acknowledged that restricted study scope could represent a potential limitation to their studies.