evidence: Ocean chemistry is changing due to the uptake of anthropogenic CO2 from the atmosphere (DeVries, 2022). Since the beginning of the industrial revolution in the eighteenth century, the global ocean has absorbed about 170 Gt C as carbon dioxide (1 Gt C is equivalent to 1 billion metric tons of carbon, or 3.667 billion metric tons of CO2) via the combined impacts of human activities, including fossil fuel use for energy, land use changes, and cement production (Friedlingstein et al., 2020, 2022; Gruber et al., 2023). Upon exchanging with seawater at the air-sea interface, anthropogenic CO2 combines with seawater to form carbonic acid, which increases the hydrogen ion content of seawater in a process known as ocean acidification (OA). Over the past two-and-a-half centuries, surface ocean pH has decreased by about 0.11, which is an increase of about 30%–40% in the hydrogen ion concentration (Orr et al., 2005; Gattuso et al., 2015; Jiang et al., 2019). These changes are beginning to have significant effects on marine organisms in the upper ocean.