evidence: Pricing: In July 2017, the Indian government introduced price controls on cardiac stents, and the selling price dropped by up to 70% as a result of this populist move. That order was followed by a similar cap on knee implants later in the year. The devices were price capped after inclusion in the National List of Essential Medicines. Currently, 37 medical devices are classified as drugs and regulated under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act. Of these, cardiac stents, drug-eluting stents, knee implants, condoms, and intra-uterine devices are included in the National List of Essential Medicines and are subject to price caps. In February 2020, the Indian government levied a five percent ad-valorem health tax on imports of a variety of medical, dental, surgical, and veterinary devices. Several medical device segments (such as orthopedic knee implants) that were previously exempt from customs duties were withdrawn from the duty exemption.