evidence: The monitoring of sea-level changes in Venice relies on both in situ data acquired by tide gauges (Sect. 2.1) and remote sensing observations provided by satellite radar altimetry (Sect. 2.2). Tide gauges record sea-level heights with reference to a permanent benchmark on land. Therefore, they provide measurements of RSL embedding the effects of vertical land motion (Sect. 3). Tide-gauge datasets consist of local, long-term measurements acquired at high frequency and accuracy (Zerbini et al., 2017). Satellite radar altimetry, in contrast, measures GSL changes (Fu and Cazenave, 2001; Stammer and Cazenave, 2017). These are independent of variations in the local land level changes (Gregory et al., 2019) and hence unaffected by the potentially key component of RSL (Wöppelmann and Marcos, 2016; Gregory et al., 2019). These measurements have a lower sampling rate (several days) and a lower accuracy than those provided by tide gauges, but they are representative of wider oceanic areas and have the potential to characterize the evolution of sea-level variability with an almost global coverage.