evidence: Cancer Vaccine Clinical Trial Targets Vaccine targets under evaluation in clinical trials include: 5T4: an antigen often expressed by several different types of cancers CEA: a protein involved in cellular adhesion normally produced only before birth; often abnormally expressed in cancer and may contribute to metastasis Cytomegalovirus (CMV)-related antigens: foreign viral proteins expressed by CMV-infected cancer cells Folate-related proteins: proteins in this pathway are commonly overexpressed in cancer EGFR: a pathway that controls cell growth and is often mutated in cancer HER2: a pathway that controls cell growth and is commonly overexpressed in breast cancer and is associated with metastasis, or disease spread Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)-related antigens: foreign viral proteins expressed by HPV-infected cancer cells MAGE antigens: the genes that produce these proteins are normally turned off in adult cells, but cancer cells often reactivate their expression Mesothelin: a protein that is commonly overexpressed in cancer and may aid metastasis MUC-1: a sugar-coated protein that is commonly overexpressed in cancer NY-ESO-1: a protein that is normally produced only before birth but is often abnormally expressed in cancer P53: a tumor suppressor protein that is often mutated, nonfunctional, and overexpressed in cancer PAP and PSA: enzymes made by prostate cells