evidence: Mr. Wray. Certainly, as you reference, we are seeing very aggressive activity by the Chinese and in some cases by others to target our COVID-related research, whether it is vaccines, treatments, testing technology, et cetera. Sometimes you can almost--without being too descriptive in an open setting, we can almost see, track like a news report from some company or research institution that is announcing or revealing some progress, because, of course, a lot of this is getting discussed in the media, and then almost within days, we will see cyber targeting that ties back to Chinese actors focusing on those institutions. And so that is why we, working with DHS, thought it was so important to put out information. [...] Mr. Wray. Of course, what you are raising there is the very important question of attribution, and the standards that the intelligence community uses for attribution are different than, say, maybe the private sector might use. But as I sometimes say, nothing says attribution like an indictment. As you know, we have brought some significant indictments against Chinese hackers that do tie back to the Ministry of State Security (MSS) specifically on a number of occasions, and these are targeting not just American companies, American research institutions, but also similar institutions among some of our closest allies, and targeting personally identifiable information (PII), of Americans. Chinese hackers have essentially stolen the PII of about half the adult population of the United States.