evidence: In the later half of 1970s, the Philippines and Malaysia began referring to the Spratly Islands as being included in their own territory.[65] On 11 June 1978, the Philippines through Presidential Decree No. 1596, declared the north-western part of the Spratly Islands (referred to therein as the Kalayaan Island Group) as Philippine territory.[65] [...] Tensions at Scarborough Shoal began on April 8, 2012, after the attempted apprehension by the Philippine Navy of eight mainland Chinese fishing vessels near the shoal, beginning the Scarborough Shoal standoff between the Philippine Navy and the Chinese Coast Guard.[75][76] forcing the Philippines to file the Philippines vs China international case under the rules of UNCLOS.[77] In 2016, the Philippines won the case, and the international court effectively invalidated the dash line.[78][79] During the court proceedings, China itself filed an official and binding international "Position Paper", where it recognized the 1900 Treaty of Washington. Under the said treaty, Scarborough Shoal and the Spratlys was recognized as part of the territory of the Philippines. China also reiterated that it recognizes the treaty between the United States and the United Kingdom, where both nations reiterated the recognition of Philippine territory, which included Scarborough Shoal and the Spratlys. The move came as a surprise to the Filipino delegation, where Associate Justice Antonio Carpio stated that China likely did not read the full text of the treaties they reiterated.[24]