evidence: Brunei, located in Southeast Asia on the north-western coast of the island of Borneo, claims a 200-nautical mile (nm) exclusive economic zone (EEZ) that overlaps with China’s nine-dash line, as well as a 12-nm territorial sea and a continental shelf. Brunei asserts its maritime jurisdiction over these areas. Brunei appears to claim the one land feature within its EEZ, Louisa Reef, though different members of the government have made conflicting claims. Part of the Spratly Islands archipelago, Louisa Reef is also claimed by China, Taiwan, and Vietnam. Malaysia appears to have rescinded its claim to Louisa Reef. Brunei may also claim part of the area known as Rifleman Bank, which is fully submerged, as part of its extended continental shelf. [...] Furthermore, Brunei has been cautious in asserting its territorial claim to Louisa Reef. The government has ordered that all maps indicating the country’s maritime claims in South China Sea be strictly reserved for official use. As a result, there is little evidence and few official remarks substantiating the conflicting interests between Brunei and China. [...] Brunei has not taken action to assert its territorial claim over Louisa Reef in recent years. After publishing a map in 1988 to announce the extent of its continental shelf claim, Brunei protested Malaysia’s claim to the reef in 1992. That same year, it protested Chinese maritime research in the area.