evidence: Human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), a protein involved in telomere synthesis, is an important TAA highly expressed in cancers including hepatocellular carcinoma, melanoma, bladder cancer, and glioblastoma [20]. The hTERT antigen is targeted by cancer vaccines such as GV-1001 [21, 22], INO-1400, INO-1401 [23], INO-5401[24], and INVAC-1 (IVS-2001) [25]. These vaccines combine hTERT with other antigens or modified hTERT protein to target solid tumors or chronic lymphocytic leukemia. One example, GV-1001, in combination with chemotherapy agents gemcitabine/capecitabine showed improved overall survival in serum eotaxin-high patients with untreated advanced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), and has been approved in South Korea [22]. Human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family members are also common targets due to their high expression in cancers including breast cancers and NSCLC. Vaccines targeting the EGFR family include AST301 (pNGVL3-hICD) [26] and AVX901 (VRP-HER2) [27] targeting HER2, and pING-hHER3FL targeting HER3 in solid cancers (NCT03832855). Prostate-specific antigen (PSA), prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA), prostate acid phosphatase (PAP), and prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) are antigens highly expressed in prostate cancers, and have been developed as targets for prostate cancer vaccines, such as BNT112 (PRO-MERIT) [28] (NCT04382898), and PROSTVAC-VF [29, 30].