evidence: Mica [00:05:14] Yes. So in this paper, basically what we did was to take advantage of the natural experiment that took place in El Salvador. So basically in the early 1990s, El Salvador did not have any powerful gangs. However, in 1996, the United States, they changed this immigration policy, making basically easier to deport individuals with some criminal records to their home country. And as a result, in 1997, many Salvadoran migrants who were members of gangs in the United States were deported back to El Salvador, where they reestablished those gangs immediately. Importantly, when they went back to El Salvador, they gained their freedom. And something very important is that by 1997, El Salvador was still recovering from the civil war in the 1980s that ended in 1992. For instance, in many places in El Salvador the police simply did not exist. And as a result, the gangs were able to quickly expand their influence and become powerful organizations that we see today.