evidence: Jammu and Kashmir is a union territory of India. Formerly a state of India, it is part of the larger region of Kashmir, which has been the subject of dispute between India, Pakistan, and China since the partition of India in 1947. Legislation passed by India’s parliament in August 2019 set the stage for downgrading Jammu and Kashmir from statehood to union territory status and splitting off a part of it, known as the Ladakh region, into a second union territory. The change went into effect on October 31 of that year. The information that follows describes the former state of Jammu and Kashmir, including the Ladakh region. Jammu and Kashmir is bounded on the northwest by the Pakistani-administered portion of Kashmir. On the northeast and east it is bordered by two parts of China—the Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang and the Tibet Autonomous Region—as well as the Chinese-administered portions of Kashmir. The Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab lie to the south. Jammu and Kashmir has an area of 39,146 square miles (101,387 square kilometers). The administrative capitals are Srinagar in the summer and Jammu in the winter.