evidence: Adverse effects of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines: the spike hypothesis - PMID: 35537987 - PMCID: PMC9021367 - DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2022.04.007 [...] Vaccination is a major tool for mitigating the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, and mRNA vaccines are central to the ongoing vaccination campaign that is undoubtedly saving thousands of lives. However, adverse effects (AEs) following vaccination have been noted which may relate to a proinflammatory action of the lipid nanoparticles used or the delivered mRNA (i.e., the vaccine formulation), as well as to the unique nature, expression pattern, binding profile, and proinflammatory effects of the produced antigens - spike (S) protein and/or its subunits/peptide fragments - in human tissues or organs. Current knowledge on this topic originates mostly from cell-based assays or from model organisms; further research on the cellular/molecular basis of the mRNA vaccine-induced AEs will therefore promise safety, maintain trust, and direct health policies. [...] High-Resolution Linear Epitope Mapping of the Receptor Binding Domain of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein in COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine Recipients.Microbiol Spectr. 2021 Dec 22;9(3):e0096521. doi: 10.1128/Spectrum.00965-21. Epub 2021 Nov 10. Microbiol Spectr. 2021. PMID: 34756082 Free PMC article.