evidence: The focus of this chapter is on the region of the Lower !Garib/Orange River, which forms the border between Namibia and South Africa. We describe the ways in which this area was constituted as a hinterland within shifting territorial formations during the colonial, apartheid, and post-colonial periods. We develop a concept of hinterland subject to historical and spatial specificity, and beyond the binary of center and periphery. We pay attention to shifting scales and changing perspectives that engendered the conception of the region as a domain of dynamic economic, political, and cultural change in the nineteenth century; a prospecting area for mining and commercial farming in the twentieth century; or a periphery marked by structural impoverishment and environmental degradation in the twenty-first century. [...] Officially, the river is called Orange River in Namibia. On the South African side, the name Gariep is also widely used and an application for officially renaming it is pending. Gariep is an Afrikaans way to spell the Khoekhoegowab name !Garib. We use Orange River and !Garib interchangeably. [...] Rutishauser, Wanda. 2023. The Orange River Boundary and the Ongoing Border Dispute Between Namibia and South Africa. In The Lower !Garib/Orange River: Pasts and Presents of a Southern African Border Region, ed. Luregn Lenggenhager, Martha Akawa, Giorgio Miescher, Romie Nghitevelekwa and Ndidzulafhi Innocent Sinthumule. Bielefeld: Transcript Verlag: 211–224.