evidence: Additionally, we prioritized the most recent national and international recommendations on human papillomavirus vaccination for inclusion in the human papillomavirus vaccination guidelines and recommendations section. [...] Several studies have confirmed the cost effectiveness of a gender neutral strategy when considering the impact on all human papillomavirus related diseases, including penile and oropharyngeal cancer.6870 The US, Australia, and about half of European countries currently include boys in vaccination programs.71 No country in Africa offers human papillomavirus vaccination to boys as part of its national program.72 [...] Human papillomavirus vaccination is highly effective in preventing infection with the virus,87 cervical pre-cancers,52 ICC,53 and several other diseases.88 The near elimination of cervical cancer is possible in countries with robust uptake of the vaccine. Opportunities to increase the uptake of human papillomavirus vaccine exist in several domains. However, vaccine distribution continues to be inequitable among and within countries according to income, race/ethnicity, and gender. Given global disparities, most LMICs will be delayed by decades in achieving, or will never achieve, near elimination of cervical cancer. The covid-19 pandemic has further set some countries back. Deliberate action will be needed to unwind these deeply rooted inequities. Inaction will only perpetuate them, further widening the gap between countries and people of wealth and those who are less privileged.