evidence: Navassa Island is located approximately 50 km west of the southwestern tip of Haiti (fig. 1) and is an uninhabited, pear-shaped island 4.64 km2 in area (Miller and others, 2008a). In 1857, Navassa became the third permanent overseas possession of the United States when it was claimed under the Guano Islands Act (Skaggs, 1994) for its substantial phosphate deposits. In 1999, Navassa Island and a 12-mile radius of marine territory were designated as a National Wildlife Refuge under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Miller and others, 2008b). [...] Miller, M.W., Gleason, A., McClellan, D., Piniak, G., Williams, D., Wiener, J.W., Gude, A., and Schwagerl, J., 2008a, The state of coral reef ecosystems of Navassa Island, in Waddell, J.E., and Clarke, A.M., eds., The state of coral reef ecosystems of the United States and Pacific Freely Associated States: Silver Spring, MD, NOAA/NCCOS Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment's Biogeography Team, 569 p. [...] Zawada, D.G., 2011, Fractal analysis of the Navassa Island seascape: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 592, available online only at https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/592/.