evidence: In Antioquia, armed clashes mainly involved members of the Gulf Clan and the military forces of Colombia. However, unidentified armed groups were also significant drivers of political violence, engaging in deadly attacks on local farmers, teachers, and other civilians. The Gulf Clan, also referred to as the Gaitanist Self Defense Forces of Colombia, controls illegal economic activities in drug production zones, trafficking corridors, and processing laboratories, as well as engaging in illegal mining and extortion. In addition to Antioquia, the group is active in several departments, including Choco, Valle del Cauca, Santander, and in the cross-border areas between Colombia and Venezuela.5InsightCrime, ‘Urabeños-Gulf Clan,’ 8 November 2022