evidence: Human influence has not affected the principal tropical modes of interannual climate variability or their associated regional teleconnections beyond the range of internal variability (high confidence). Further assessment since AR5 confirms that climate and Earth system models are able to reproduce most aspects of the spatial structure and variance of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation and Indian Ocean Basin and Dipole modes (medium confidence). However, despite a slight improvement in CMIP6, some underlying processes are still poorly represented. In the Tropical Atlantic basin, which contains the Atlantic Zonal and Meridional modes, major biases in modelled mean state and variability remain. {3.7.3 to 3.7.5} [...] Jung, M. et al., 2017: Compensatory water effects link yearly global land CO2 sink changes to temperature. Nature, 541(7638), 516–520, doi: 10.1038/nature20780. [...] Notz, D. and J. Stroeve, 2016: Observed Arctic sea-ice loss directly follows anthropogenic CO2 emission. Science, 354(6313), 747–750, doi: 10.1126/science.aag2345.