evidence: The treaty of 1949 mentioned here was updated in 2007 and yet Bhutan has often been depicted as a protectorate of India, due to a mix of Indian territorial enthusiasm and wider global ignorance. The sources listed for the country in the academic article extract presented above are not scholarly, but media reports about the ‘shangri la caught between the super powers’. [...] Ahsan and Chakma (1993, 1049–1054) detail the activities of the Nepali militants organized into entities with complex ideological and strategic incentives, that were a significant threat to Bhutan and had bases in Indian territory. It is also worth noting that while the use of Bhutanese territory by Indian insurgents received much attention in the 1990s, the use of Indian territory by such groups, as well as the nature of passage for Lhotsampas from Bhutan to Nepal via India, received considerably less attention. [...] Kuensel. ( 2021 ) ‘Bhutan prepares to supply oxygen to India’, Kuensel Newspaper April 27.