evidence: The carnivory of hominins is unique among primates in three ways: (1) use of flaked stone tools to access animal resources; (2) acquisition of resources from animals much larger than the hominins themselves (Figure 3); and (3) procurement of animal resources by scavenging. Chimpanzees, our closest living relatives, routinely hunt, capture by hand, and eat meat from colobus or other smaller monkeys (e.g. Mitani and Watts 2001), but meat is a small proportion of their diet and they rarely scavenge (Watts 2008), most likely because they cannot efficiently digest carrion (Ragir et al. 2000). How this novel source of food was first recognized by hominins remains unknown. Hominins would likely not have been able to directly exploit grass as grassland expanded habitats across Africa - (though see Sponheimer et al. 2013) but an increase in large (grazing) animal resources would have been useful for any species that could procure and digest them (Plummer 2004). This shift marks an encroachment of a primate onto the larger carnivore guild, which would have challenged hominins with entirely new selective pressures (Brantingham 1999; Pobiner & Blumenschine 2003; Werdelin & Lewis 2005). [...] Ferraro et al. Earliest archaeological evidence of persistent hominin carnivory. PLoS ONE8, e62174 (2013). [...] Pobiner, B. Hominin-Carnivore Interactions: Evidence from Modern Carnivore Bone