evidence: Fact-checking, in this report, refers broadly to the issuance of corrective information to debunk a false or misleading claim. A 2020 global survey by Carnegie identified 176 initiatives focused on fact-checking and journalism, while the Duke University Reporters’ Lab counted more than 400 active fact-checking efforts across more than 100 countries in 2023.1 These initiatives come in many different forms. They include dedicated, stand-alone organizations, such as Snopes, as well as fact-checkers integrated into newspapers and TV programs. Some prioritize political claims, like the Washington Post’s "Fact Checker" and the website PolitiFact. Others address health claims, like the CoronaVirusFacts/DatosCoronaVirus Alliance Database led by the International Fact-Checking Network at the Poynter Institute.2 [...] In recent years, some social media companies have highlighted fact-checks on their platforms and used the assessments of fact-checkers to inform other policy actions. For example, Meta’s third-party fact-checking program routes Facebook and Instagram posts that contain potential falsehoods to fact-checkers certified through the International Fact-Checking Network and applies a label if the posts are false or disputed.4 (For more on social media labeling, see case study 4.) Beyond social media, fact-checks can also be disseminated on dedicated websites or during televised political debates, among other possibilities. [...] 4 "About Fact-Checking on Facebook and Instagram," Meta, accessed March 22, 2023, https://www.facebook.com/business/help/2593586717571940?id=673052479947730.