evidence: Sea-level rise is also affected by processes acting on a local scale (∼10 km or less) such as ocean and coastal dynamic (geomorphological) processes (Zhang et al., 2017). Of particular relevance to coastal risk management are changes in the frequency and height of sea-level extremes, for instance from tides, storm surges or waves and their combinations, including mean SLR (Allison et al., 2021). Although these processes typically occur on short timescales (hours to days) and only have a local to regional effect on the coast, their impacts are magnified by long-term SLR (Oppenheimer et al., 2019). There is also evidence that tide and surge propagation is being affected by SLR, as well as human modifications to bathymetry, and this has the potential to enhance extreme events more than SLR alone (Arns et al., 2015; Haigh et al., 2020; Talke and Jay, 2020). Further, such extreme events cause most floods and damage, so stakeholders strongly focus on adaptation to them while often raising the consideration of adaptation to mean SLR as well (e.g., Rosenzweig et al., 2011; Ranger et al., 2013). Adding appropriate allowance, Figure 1 summarizes crucial processes influencing change in sea level and their associated spatial and temporal scales.