evidence: The study was conducted in July 2018 and from June to July 2019 at Siem Pang village in the Cambodian Siem Pang District of Stung Treng Province (14°20’N, 106°38’E) along the Cambodia-Laos border, and also Loum village in Thai Pak Lay Town of Sainyabuli Province (19°39’N, 101°82’E) along the Thailand-Laos border, and Pangkhom village in Lao Yot Ou District of Phongsaly Province (22°12’N, 101°79’E) along China-Laos border, respectively (Fig. 1). The sentinel sites for mosquito collection are 63.5, 689.7 and 398.6 m above sea level respectively, close to forested hillsides and adjacent to rice farming wetlands. Ten ethnic minorities with a total population of 25 348 in 2018 reside at Siem Pang village in the Siem Pang District. There are 666 local residents (Dai Ethnic Group, Flatland region) in 325 households in Loum village of Yot Ou District, and 1 210 local residents (Laotian Ethnic Group, Semi-mountainous area) in 127 households in Pangkhom village of Pak Lay Town, respectively, in 2019.