evidence: General government expenditure in the EU on 'education' amounted to €746 billion or 4.7 % of GDP in 2022. [...] In 2022, general government expenditure on 'education' in the EU amounted to €746 billion or 4.7 % of GDP. Of this, 'pre-primary and primary education' accounted for 1.6 % of GDP and secondary education accounted for 1.7 % of GDP. For tertiary education, 0.8 % of GDP was reported in the EU, while 'subsidiary services to education' (e.g. school transport) amounted to 0.3 % of GDP. [...] At the level of the EU, government expenditure on 'education' as a ratio to GDP ranged between 4.7 % of GDP and 5.1 % of GDP in the period 1995-2022. In 1995, it stood at 4.9 % of GDP, then followed a decrease to 4.7 % of GDP in 2007. An increase in 2009 and, later, in 2020 up to 5.0 % of GDP was largely as a result of the decreases in GDP in the economic and financial crisis and during the COVID-19 pandemic.