evidence: Anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) are key components responsible for climate change since the pre-industrial period1,2. The use of fossil carbon sources in the energy, industry, transport, waste and product use sectors and land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF), has led to increased atmospheric concentrations of CO2, CH4 and N2O and driven Earth’s surface energy balance into surplus3,4,5,6. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimated in its Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) that rising atmospheric concentrations of CO2, CH4 and N2O have already caused global mean surface temperature (GMST) to increase by 1.4 °C (0.9–2.2 °C at the 90% confidence interval) in the industrial era, independent of other greenhouse gases (GHGs), ozone precursors (e.g., VOC, CO, NOx), and aerosols (e.g., SO2, black carbon and organic carbon) which either heat or cool the planet for a net warming of 1.1 °C attributable to human activities1,2,7,8. [...] Global mean surface temperature response to cumulative co2 emissions [...] Ciais, P. et al. Attributing the increase in atmospheric CO2 to emitters and absorbers. Nat. Clim. Change3, 926–930 (2013).