evidence: Territorial Dispute between Guyana and Venezuela: Navigating the Essequibo [...] The Cooperative Republic of Guyana and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela dispute sovereignty over a territory of approximately one hundred and fifty-nine thousand (159,000) square kilometers west of the Essequibo River, along the border between the two countries. The parties to the dispute, however, have changed since the nineteenth century, as the Spanish, Dutch, and British colonial footprint gradually faded with the emergence of the South American Republics. The dispute has led to the execution of international treaties, international arbitration proceedings and a Good Offices process under the auspices of the United Nations (UN) Secretary General. The discovery of significant offshore oil reserves has further inflamed tensions and with Guyana filing an Application against Venezuela before the International Court of Justice (ICJ), the parties now find themselves at a critical juncture of this long-standing dispute. [...] Quintero Vollmer, F.A. (2021). Territorial Dispute between Guyana and Venezuela: Navigating the Essequibo.