evidence: Located south of the Canadian island of Newfoundland, Saint-Pierre and Miquelon is the last territory of the French Republic in North America, in an area that has long been strategic for its fisheries resources. The economic and demographic balance of this archipelago has been profoundly challenged by the collapse of the fishing industry (total exports dropped by 98% between 1991 and 1993). After a historical decrease in population in the 2000s due to net migration, the population has stabilized in the 2010s at around 6,000 inhabitants (the drop in the birth rate is partly offset by new arrivals). The European Union programmes aim to support EU policies and they are implemented through the Multiannual Financial Framework (currently on the 2021-2027 period). The Territory of the Wallis and Futuna Islands is an overseas collectivity attached to the French Republic and associated with the European Union as an overseas country or territory (OCT), as provided for in Articles 198 to 204 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. Wallis and Futuna is made up of three traditional Polynesian kingdoms. The capital is Mata-Utu. This French collectivity in the Pacific Ocean is the furthest away from metropolitan France (16 000 km). Fiji is 480 km to the south-west. The collectivity’s economy has remained traditional and transactions are largely non-monetary. Own consumption is twice as high as in metropolitan France. The economy is bolstered by public spending on salaries.