evidence: Health inequity remains a major problem, with disparities in access and outcomes persisting between and within countries and regions and across gender, wealth, and other demographic identifiers. There is an 18-year gap in average life expectancy between low- and high-income countries, and a 30-year gap between the lowest and highest life expectancy.2526 Maternal mortality rates are 50 or even 100 times higher in some low-income countries than in high-income countries.27 Childhood cancer survival rates are above 80 percent in high-income countries, but as low as 30 percent in LMICs.28 In New York City, Black non-Hispanic women are eight times more likely to die of pregnancy-related complications than White women.29 In England, the residents of London have a life expectancy three years longer than their fellow citizens in the North East.30 Globally, women’s mental and emotional health is at its lowest in 15 years and significantly below the overall population average.31 While there is some increasing awareness among healthcare stakeholders regarding sex- and gender-related needs, gaps remain. For example, women make up only one-third of cardiovascular clinical trial participants globally, and large knowledge gaps exist in gender-specific mechanisms and optimal drug doses for women in heart failure.32 [...] First, many countries across income levels have, in recent history, achieved significant gains in healthy life expectancy within a decade: 3.8 years in Bolivia, 3.0 years in Ireland, 2.6 in Oman, 6.5 years in South Africa and 4.5 years in Thailand.34 There are also countries and regions—the so-called blue zones—that appear to have achieved particularly high levels of longevity and stronger health in older age.35