evidence: Socotra, the largest of four islands in the Socotra archipelago (Yemen), is characterized by high geo-morphological and biological diversity. Traditional management of land resources has been impacted by cultural shifts, globalization and urban expansion. In addition, the island has been affected by climate impacts, such as droughts and recent cyclones causing significant economic and environmental damage. Our study presents an analysis of the dynamics of the vegetation on the island for the period 2001–2019 and highlights the status of different landscapes. We used Earth Observation techniques and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index to assess land productivity dynamics basing on vegetation indexes derived from average resolution satellite images. The results show that although the arid landscapes of Socotra seem resilient, over 30% of the central mountainous areas of the Hageher (hosting a unique and high biodiversity) are decreasing in productivity, whereas in the lowlands (where plant diversity is relatively lower) productivity has increased significantly for the same time period, up to 40% in some areas. Given the difference in biological diversity of the sites, this study can help prioritize conservation areas and activities, which are crucial for Socotra’s terrestrial environment. [...] Banfield LM, Van Damme K, Miller AG (2011) Evolution and biogeography of the flora of the Socotra archipelago (Yemen). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 197–225 [...] Scholte P, Al-Okaishi A, Suleyman AS (2011) When conservation precedes development: a case study of the opening up of the Socotra archipelago, Yemen. Oryx 45(3):401–410