evidence: Carbon dioxide is the most important anthropogenic greenhouse gas in the Earth's atmosphere. Due to human influences, e.g., fossil fuel consumption and cement production (FFC), the concentration of atmospheric CO2 increased (by 38 %) from 289.9 ± 3.3 ppm in 1850–1900 to 398.8 ± 7.3 ppm in 2010–2019, with the fastest growth in the past 5 decades (Canadell et al., 2021). To limit global warming below 1.5∘C by 2100, as per the Paris Agreement, a drastic and sustained reduction in CO2 emissions from anthropogenic activities is recommended in the IPCC's sixth assessment report (AR6). The IPCC AR6 Working Group 1 estimated remaining carbon budgets (starting from 1 January 2020) for limiting global warming to 1.5, 1.7, and 2.0 ∘C as 140, 230, and 370 PgC, respectively, based on the 50th percentile of the transient climate response to cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide (TCRE) (Canadell et al., 2021). With the present FFC emissions of about 10 PgC yr−1 (Jones et al., 2021), the remaining carbon budget will be consumed within decades. [...] The supplement related to this article is available online at: https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9215-2022-supplement. [...] Raupach, M., Canadell, J., Ciais, P., et al.: The relationship between peak warming and cumulative CO2 emissions, and its use to quantify vulnera-bilities in the carbon-climate-human system, Tellus B, 63, 145–164, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0889.2010.00521.x, 2011.