evidence: One review of 293 studies found that racism contributes to worse mental and physical health. Simply put, "being Black is bad for your health," the Pew Research Center recently declared, with the critical addition: "And pervasive racism is the cause."10 [...] Racism manifests in healthcare not only in the way that Black people are treated when they arrive in the emergency room (if they arrive); it’s also in the conditions that shape the lives of Black people in America that influence their life chances in the first place. There is no individual to hold accountable, no individual threat we can lock up to prevent the violence from happening, so change requires systemic transformation. Yes, asthma and diabetes put one at more risk of dying of COVID-19, both of which occur at higher rates in Black communities; but so do environmental injustices like exposure to hazardous waste and air pollution, housing inequality, and food deserts. [...] 10. Y. Paradies et al., "Racism as a Determinant of Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis," PLoS One 10, no. 9 (September 23, 2015); and C. Vestal, "Racism Is a Public Health Crisis, Say Cities and Counties," Stateline, June 15, 2020, stateline.org/2020/06/15/racism-is-a-public-health-crisis-say-cities-and-counties.