evidence: Habitat loss and fragmentation due to urbanization are among the primary threats to global biodiversity (Mcdonald et al. 2008; McKinney 2002). Mammalian carnivores tend toward large home ranges, low population densities, and slow population growth rates, making them especially vulnerable to extinction brought on by habitat loss or human persecution (Gittleman et al. 2001; Noss et al. 1996). Carnivores have been considered prophetic indicators of the overall fate of ecosystems due to their top-level trophic position (Crooks et al. 2010; Estes et al. 2001; Faeth et al. 2005; Noss et al. 1996). Therefore, carnivores can be useful study species when attempting to measure the relative health of ecosystems undergoing urbanization, such as those in southern California. [...] Camera-trap visitation by carnivore species in southern California during 36,152 camera-trap sampling nights across 217 camera traps, 1997–2007. [...] Urban carnivores: ecology, conflict, and conservation (