evidence: The emergency use of two mRNA COVID-19 vaccines brought mRNA vaccines back into the spotlight. The MIT Technology Review released a compilation of the top 10 breakthrough technologies for 2021, with mRNA vaccines ranking first due to their dramatic changes in revolutionizing the medical field.105 Compared to the risk of integration into the host genome in DNA vaccines, mRNA is produced using in vitro transcription and can be directly translated into protein once they enter the cytoplasm, offering a well-tolerated delivery method without the risk of genome integration.106 The mRNA is also transiently expressed in cells, enabling repeated inoculations.107 Furthermore, mRNA-encoded units are flexible and versatile, making it feasible to encode tumor antigens and immunomodulatory molecules. This flexibility is valuable for inducing both adaptive and innate immunity effectively. [...] He, Q. et al. mRNA cancer vaccines: Advances, trends and challenges. Acta Pharm. Sin. B12, 2969–2989 (2022). [...] Wei, J. et al. The paradigm shift in treatment from Covid-19 to oncology with mRNA vaccines. Cancer Treat. Rev.107, 102405 (2022).