evidence: The Kuril Islands, a remote archipelago located in the Pacific Ocean, have long been a subject of contention between Russia and Japan. This territorial dispute, rooted in historical, geopolitical, and economic factors, has impeded the resolution of bilateral relations and hindered regional stability. In this article, we will delve into the intricacies of the Kuril Islands dispute, examining its historical background, key stakeholders’ perspectives, current developments, and potential paths towards a peaceful resolution. [...] Russian Empress Catherine the Great claimed sovereignty over the Kuril islands in 1786 after her government declared they were discovered by "Russian explorers" and therefore "undoubtedly must belong to Russia". [...] - Russia: Russia considers the Kuril Islands as an integral part of its territory, emphasizing their strategic importance, rich natural resources, and historical ties. The islands serve as a buffer zone for Russia’s eastern coastline and provide access to the Pacific Ocean. Moscow argues that the islands were legally acquired as a result of World War II and are thus non-negotiable.