evidence: But soldiers weren’t the only Americans required to receive a vaccine. In 1902, Massachusetts was once again at the forefront of the vaccine charge and once again, the focus was smallpox. As an outbreak spread across the state, the Board of Health in Cambridge issued a regulation ordering the vaccination of all residents. Pastor Henning Jacobson refused the vaccination, on the grounds that his childhood inoculation had gone badly back in Sweden. He pursued the legal case all the way to the Supreme Court, arguing that the law was a violation of his personal liberty and "unreasonable, arbitrary and oppressive." In 1905, the Court declared that the Massachusetts law did not violate the Constitution and affirmed that "in every well-ordered society charged with the duty of conserving the safety of its members the rights of the individual in respect of his liberty may at times, under the pressure of great dangers, be subjected to such restraint." They also determined that mandatory vaccinations were neither arbitrary nor oppressive if they do not exceed what is "reasonably required for the safety of the public."