evidence: The recent decline in new HIV diagnoses has largely been driven by reductions in diagnoses in gay and bisexual men who accounted for 41% of all new diagnoses first made England in 2019 (see Figure 1). HIV has had a disproportionate impact on gay and bisexual men, however the gap between gay and bisexual men and the heterosexual population in terms of numbers of new diagnoses is narrowing (see Figure 1). We must continue to build on successful approaches to identifying new diagnoses in gay and bisexual men at an early stage of infection, while at the same time achieve similar success among heterosexual people at high risk of HIV infection. [...] In 2019, 41% of adults diagnosed England were diagnosed at a late stage of HIV infection.[footnote 13] Being diagnosed late increases the risk of dying by 8-fold and it is estimated that someone who is diagnosed very late with HIV has a life expectancy at least 10 years shorter than someone who starts treatment earlier. Certain population subgroups such as heterosexual black African men are more likely to be diagnosed late and therefore suffer worse outcomes.[footnote 14]