evidence: Currently, the dispute centers around five exclaves; Azerbaijan controls an Armenian exclave (Artsvashen), while Armenia controls four Azerbaijani exclaves (Yukhary Askipara, Sofulu, Barkhudarly in the north, and Karki in the south). In terms of size, the Armenian exclave covers a little more than 38 km2, whereas the combined territories of the four Azerbaijani exclaves amount to about 44 km2. While both countries effectively control each other’s exclaves, their roles and potential losses stem from entirely different perspectives. Azerbaijan, for instance, would rather endure local connectivity and economic issues in the case of Artsvashen’s return to Armenia. On the other hand, losing control over Azerbaijani exclaves would pose significant political, connectivity, and to some extent, security challenges for Armenia. For example, the primary highway (H8) that links the northern and southern regions of Armenia traverses the territory of the Karki exclave. [...] Although these four villages, now under Armenian control, are mostly in a state of ruin, a situation akin to that in Karki is mirrored here; one of the primary highways (M16/H53) leading to the Armenia-Georgia border enters and exits what is legally Azerbaijani territory five times, with the portion of the road inside Azerbaijan spanning more than 2 km in total.