evidence: The first two decades of the twenty-first century have been witness to a number of developments in the outstanding dispute, including the mutual mobilization of more than one-million troops in 2001, the launching of a formal peace process in 2004 that was disrupted by the Mumbai terrorist attack in 2008, an 80-percent increase in ceasefire violations in 2012, exchanges of gunfire in 2014,6 and a terrorist attack on an Indian convoy in 2019 that resulted in an Indian Air Force bombing mission on Pakistani Kashmir territory. This airstrike resulted in heavy skirmishes along the LAC, as well as retaliatory airstrikes by Pakistan. Tensions de-escalated as both sides responded to international calls for restraint, and Pakistan released a captured Indian pilot.7 Nearly all these crises were initiated by militant attacks in India or its territory in Kashmir, for which the New Delhi government then pointed to Pakistan, alleging its covert support. This brief background on the Indo-Pakistani dispute over Kashmir illustrates the entrenched positions the two states have taken over the last half-century and the lengths to which two nuclear states will go to demonstrate their resolve.