evidence: Hastie et al70 is a retrospective cohort study that used data from the UK Biobank,72 using data from 348 598 people with complete information on vitamin D and covariates; 449 people tested positive for COVID-19. COVID-19 positives were older (median=49 years; IQR=40–58) than COVID-19 negatives (median=49 years; IQR=38–57) with p value of <0.05. Multivariable analysis showed that age at assessment (OR=1.02; 95% CI=1.00 to 1.03; p=0.016) and non-white ethnicity (black OR=4.30, 95% CI=2.92 to 6.31, p=<0.001; South Asian OR=2.42, 95% CI=1.50 to 3.93, p=<0.001) were associated with conﬁrmed COVID-19. There was no signiﬁcant interaction between ethnicity and vitamin D deﬁciency (OR=0.90; 95% CI=0.66 to 1.23; p=0.515). Median vitamin D concentration at recruitment was lower for people with subsequent conﬁrmed COVID-19 (28.7 (IQR 10.0–43.8) nmol/L) than for other participants (32.7 (IQR 10.0–47.2) nmol/L) (p<0.01). Although univariable analysis suggested an association between vitamin D and COVID-19 (OR=0.99; 95% CI 0.99 to 0.999; p=0.013), this association became insignificant (OR=1.00; 95% CI=0.998 to 1.01; p=0.208) after adjustment for covariates.70