evidence: Candidiasis is the most common nosocomial mycosis [3], with Candida albicans representing half of all fungal isolates in cancer patients [1]. Recently, other species, such as C tropicalis, C parapsilosis, C krusei, and C lusitaniae, have emerged as important pathogens [4]. Possible explanations for the high incidence of candidal infections are mucosal damage resulting from chemotherapy, increased use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, prolonged neutropenia associated with more aggressive chemotherapy, use of corticosteroids, and the presence of central venous catheters [1,5]. Neutropenia is probably the most important of these factors [6]. Currently, it is believed that the majority of candidal infections in cancer patients originate from an endogenous source, such as the gastrointestinal tract. However, there are also exogenous sources. The intensive care unit is a typical setting for exogenous infection, where the transmission of infection through the hands of health-care workers has been demonstrated [7]. Candidiasis includes mucocutaneous candidiasis, candidemia, acute disseminated candidiasis, and chronic disseminated candidiasis [8]. Treatment will depend on these distinctions (Table 2). [...] Fungi considered to represent contamination or harmless colonization in immunocompetent individuals have been shown to be serious pathogens in the immunocompromised patient with cancer. Trichosporon spp, Curvularia spp, Alternaria spp, and Fusarium spp are some of the fungi reported with an increasing frequency [33]. In general, these infections are difficult to treat, and the final prognosis depends on the recovery of immune status. Successful treatment of disseminated fusariosis with amphotericin B in combination with granulocyte transfusions and GM-CSF has been reported.