evidence: The Kingdom's semi-arid nature exposes it to temperature fluctuations, little annual precipitation, no natural perennial flow, and few groundwater supplies (Chowdhury and Al-Zahrani, 2013). There are no rivers, lakes, or other perennial surface watercourses in Saudi Arabia. Surface water sources and supplies are inadequate in the kingdom because of high rates of evaporation and average annual rainfall of less than 100 mm. The main groundwater aquifers are being drained as a result of