evidence: - Imposition of PRC (enforcement) jurisdiction over water and air space surrounding disputed territories (e.g., Kinmen Island, Paracel Islands) [...] Finally, the intensity and efficacy of PRC gray zone activity has increased over the past decade. Access to well-positioned operating bases at Mischief Reef, Fiery Cross Reef, and Subi Reef allows China to employ the superior mass of their constabulary and fishing fleets and remain permanently on station in remote waters. Meanwhile, modernization and expansion of China’s coast guard enables PRC law enforcement across the East Asian littoral, creating the permissive conditions for regularized PRC presence in the disputed territorial waters of the Senkaku Islands as well as the far reaches of the SCS. [...] 3 Vietnam is the sole disputant over the Paracel Islands, which have been excluded from the COC process.