evidence: This dispute began when a group of claimants attempted to terminate an agreement "leasing" a part of Malaysian territory to Malaysia. Malaysia did not participate in the arbitration. In 2019, the Heirs to the Sultan of Sulu (eight individuals) brought an action against Malaysia on the back of an 1878 Deed granting the British North Borneo Company "in perpetuity all the rights and powers belonging to the Sultan of Sulu, territories and land in the island of Borneo"1 in consideration of 5,300 Malaysian Ringgit.2 The British North Borneo Company assigned all rights under the Deed to the British Crown in 1946, and Malaysia ultimately became the successor of the Deed in 1963. The dispute resolution clause in the Deed provided: [...] 1 Heirs to the Sultanate of Sulu v Malaysia, Final Award dated 28 February 2022, para. 182; the 1878 Deed initially granted the rights, territories, and land to two individuals; the British North Borneo Company replaced them in 1881.