evidence: Our findings are in line with multiple meta-analyses66–69 that have evaluated the complex relationship between mRNA vaccinations and the rare risk of cardiac injury, indicating that vaccination with mRNA COVID-19 vaccines is associated with a short-term greater risk of myocarditis, however, the absolute risk appears to be low. This association has been demonstrated through different types of epidemiological studies, including national spontaneous reporting system studies,70–73 comparisons of observed-to-expected rate studies,74 75 case–control studies,54 76 self-controlled cases series35 77–79 and cohort studies.48 77 80–82 To better understand whether these findings reflect an actual increase in incidence or simply improved reporting and carditis diagnosis, a recent meta-analysis aimed to evaluate and compare the incidence of myopericarditis following COVID-19 vaccinations to that of all other non-COVID-19 vaccines.83 This meta-analysis included data from 22 studies (including 260 million individuals and more than 400 million vaccine doses), and reported an overall incidence of 33.3 cases per million vaccine doses, which did not differ significantly between people who received COVID-19 vaccines and those who received non-COVID-19 vaccines. Nonetheless, the rate of myopericarditis in young males after mRNA COVID-19 vaccines was still higher than expected.