query: genre never say never again
supports: Pinewood Studios is a British film studio and television studio located in Iver Heath, Buckinghamshire, England, approximately west of central London and 7 miles from Windsor. It is run by Pinewood Group. Irvin Kershner (born Isadore Kershner; April 29, 1923November 27, 2010) was an American director of film and television and actor, best known for directing quirky, independent films early in his career, and then "The Empire Strikes Back", the James Bond adaptation "Never Say Never Again", and "RoboCop 2". Spy fiction, a genre of literature involving espionage as an important context or plot device, emerged in the early twentieth century, inspired by rivalries and intrigues between the major powers, and the establishment of modern intelligence agencies. It was given new impetus by the development of fascism and communism in the lead-up to World War II, continued to develop during the Cold War, and received a fresh impetus from the emergence of rogue states, international criminal organizations, global terrorist networks, maritime piracy and technological sabotage and espionage as potent threats to Western societies. The Empire Strikes Back (also known as Star Wars: Episode V  The Empire Strikes Back) is a 1980 American epic space opera film directed by Irvin Kershner. Leigh Brackett and Lawrence Kasdan wrote the screenplay, with George Lucas writing the film's story and serving as executive producer. The second installment in the original "Star Wars" trilogy, it was produced by Gary Kurtz for Lucasfilm Ltd. and stars Mark Hamill, Harrison Ford, Carrie Fisher, Billy Dee Williams, Anthony Daniels, David Prowse, Kenny Baker, Peter Mayhew and Frank Oz. RoboCop 2 is a 1990 American cyberpunk action film directed by Irvin Kershner and starring Peter Weller, Nancy Allen, Dan O'Herlihy, Belinda Bauer, Tom Noonan and Gabriel Damon. Set in the near future in a dystopian metropolitan Detroit, Michigan, it is the sequel to the 1987 film, "RoboCop". David John Moore Cornwell, alias John le Carré , (born 19 October 1931) is a British author of espionage novels. During the 1950s and the 1960s, he worked for the Security Service and the Secret Intelligence Service, and began writing novels under his pen name. His third novel, "The Spy Who Came in from the Cold" (1963), became an international best-seller, and remains one of his best-known works. Following the success of this novel, he left MI6 to become a full-time author. United Artists (UA) is an American film and television entertainment studio. The studio was founded in 1919 by D. W. Griffith, Charlie Chaplin, Mary Pickford and Douglas Fairbanks with the intention of controlling their own interests rather than depending upon commercial studios. The studio was repeatedly bought, sold and restructured over the ensuing century. Eon Productions (an abbreviation of Everything or Nothing) is a British film production company known for producing the "James Bond" film series. The company is based in London's Piccadilly and also operates from Pinewood Studios in the United Kingdom.  Leonard Cyril Deighton (born 18 February 1929), known as Len Deighton, is a British author. Deighton is considered one of the top three spy novelists of his time (along with Ian Fleming and John le Carré). In addition he is a highly acclaimed military historian, cookery writer, and graphic artist. "The IPCRESS File", his first novel, was an instant bestseller and broke the mould of thriller writing. The Sunday Times dubbed him "the poet of the spy story". Deightons first protagonist  a nameless spy christened Harry Palmer in the films  was made famous worldwide in the iconic 1960s films starring Michael Caine. Ian Lancaster Fleming (28 May 1908  12 August 1964) was an English author, journalist and naval intelligence officer who is best known for his James Bond series of spy novels. Fleming came from a wealthy family connected to the merchant bank Robert Fleming & Co., and his father was the Member of Parliament for Henley from 1910 until his death on the Western Front in 1917. Educated at Eton, Sandhurst and, briefly, the universities of Munich and Geneva, Fleming moved through several jobs before he started writing. Kevin O'Donovan McClory (8 June 1924  20 November 2006) was an Irish screenwriter, producer, and director. McClory was best known for adapting Ian Fleming's James Bond character for the screen, for producing "Thunderball", and for his legal battles with Fleming (later United Artists, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Eon Productions). Sir Alfred Joseph Hitchcock (13 August 1899  29 April 1980) was an English film director and producer, at times referred to as "The Master of Suspense". He pioneered many elements of the suspense and psychological thriller genres. He had a successful career in British cinema with both silent films and early talkies and became renowned as England's best director. Hitchcock moved to Hollywood in 1939, and became a US citizen in 1955. Espionage (colloquially, spying) is the obtaining of information considered secret or confidential without the permission of the holder of the information. Espionage can be committed by an individual or a spy ring (a cooperating group of spies), in the service of a government or a company, or operating independently. The practice is inherently clandestine, as it is by definition unwelcome and in many cases illegal and punishable by law. Espionage is a subset of "intelligence" gathering, which includes espionage as well as information gathering from public sources. The James Bond series focuses on a fictional British Secret Service agent created in 1953 by writer Ian Fleming, who featured him in twelve novels and two short-story collections. Since Fleming's death in 1964, eight other authors have written authorised Bond novels or novelizations: Kingsley Amis, Christopher Wood, John Gardner, Raymond Benson, Sebastian Faulks, Jeffery Deaver, William Boyd and Anthony Horowitz. The latest novel is "Trigger Mortis" by Anthony Horowitz, published in September 2015. Additionally Charlie Higson wrote a series on a young James Bond, and Kate Westbrook wrote three novels based on the diaries of a recurring series character, Moneypenny. Never Say Never Again is a 1983 spy film based on the James Bond novel Thunderball , which was previously adapted in 1965 under that name . Unlike the majority of Bond films , Never Say Never Again was not produced by Eon Productions , but by an independent production company , one of whose members was Kevin McClory , one of the original writers of the Thunderball storyline with Ian Fleming and Jack Whittingham . McClory retained the filming rights of the novel following a long legal battle dating from the 1960s . The film was directed by Irvin Kershner and , like Thunderball , stars Sean Connery as British Secret Service agent James Bond , 007 , marking his return to the role 12 years after Diamonds Are Forever . It is Connery 's seventh and final performance as Bond in a feature film . The film 's title is a reference to Connery 's reported declaration in 1971 that he would `` never again '' play that role . As Connery was 52 at the time of filming , the storyline features an aging Bond , who is brought back into action to investigate the theft of two nuclear weapons by SPECTRE . Filming locations included France , Spain , the Bahamas and Elstree Studios in England . Never Say Never Again was released by Warner Bros. in the autumn of 1983 . It opened to positive critical reviews and was a commercial success , grossing $ 160 million at the box office , although this was less overall than the Eon - produced Bond film released in June of the same year , Octopussy . In 1997 , the distribution rights for Never Say Never Again were purchased by Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer , which distributes Eon 's Bond films , and the company has handled subsequent home video releases of the film . Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc. (abbreviated as MGM or M-G-M, also known as Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Pictures, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer or Metro, and for a former interval known as Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer/United Artists, or MGM/UA) is an American media company, involved primarily in the production and distribution of feature films and television programs. The spy film genre deals with the subject of fictional espionage, either in a realistic way (such as the adaptations of John le Carré) or as a basis for fantasy (such as many James Bond films). Many novels in the spy fiction genre have been adapted as films, including works by John Buchan, le Carré, Ian Fleming (Bond) and Len Deighton. It is a significant aspect of British cinema, with leading British directors such as Alfred Hitchcock and Carol Reed making notable contributions and many films set in the British Secret Service.
candidates: action film cyberpunk epic espionage family genre government intelligence james literature military novel opera piracy poet psychological thriller screenplay space opera spy fiction spy film suspense television thriller western world war ii
answer: action film