query: parent_taxon pterygoplichthyini
supports: Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. As the world's fifth-largest country by both area and population, it is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas. Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil has a coastline of . It borders all other South American countries except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent's land area. Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest, home to diverse wildlife, a variety of ecological systems, and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats. This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries, and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection. Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a South American country occupying a long, narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage in the far south. Chilean territory includes the Pacific islands of Juan Fernández, Salas y Gómez, Desventuradas, and Easter Island in Oceania. Chile also claims about of Antarctica, although all claims are suspended under the Antarctic Treaty. Pterygoplichthyini is a tribe of catfishes ( order Siluriformes ) of the family Loricariidae . It includes two genera , Pterygoplichthys and the currently undescribed genus referred to as the Hemiancistrus annectens group . This group was earlier misspelled as Pterygoplichthini . Pterygoplichthyines are known from nearly the entire range of loricariids except for the Guyanas and coastal streams in southeastern Brazil . Pterygoplichthyini is sister to the tribe Ancistrini , which shares the derived presence of an evertible patch of plates on the cheek . Pterygoplichthys and the H. annectens group differ most obviously in the number of dorsal fin rays ( 7 in the H. annectens group and 9 + in Pterygoplichthys ) . The two genera are supported as sisters by only one derived characteristic : a modified stomach that is attached to the abdominal wall by a net of connective tissue . This modified stomach allows these fish to breathe air . The stomach is vascularized . A white net of connective tissue surrounds the organ , leaving a circular area in the middle of the stomach free ; this connective tissue firmly holds the stomach to the body wall and is better developed in adults . It may also function as a hydrostatic organ , allowing the fish to remain buoyant midwater . Costa Rica (literally meaning "Rich Coast"), officially the Republic of Costa Rica, is a country in Central America, bordered by Nicaragua to the north, Panama to the southeast, the Pacific Ocean to the west, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and Ecuador to the south of Cocos Island. It has a population of around 4.5 million, of whom nearly a quarter live in the metropolitan area of the capital and largest city, San José. Hypostomus plecostomus, the suckermouth catfish or common pleco, is a tropical fish belonging to the armored catfish family (Loricariidae), named for the armor-like longitudinal rows of scutes that cover the upper parts of the head and body (the lower surface of head and abdomen is naked). Although the name "Hypostomus plecostomus" is often used to refer to common plecostomus sold in aquarium shops, most are actually members of other genera. Pterygoplichthys or commonly known as Janitor fish is a genus of South American armored catfishes. These fish are commonly known as sailfin armoured catfish or sailfin plecs. Hypostomus is a genus of fish in the family Loricariidae. They are native to tropical and subtropical South America. "H. plecostomus" is the popular freshwater aquarium fish formerly known as "Plecostomus plecostomus". There is a lot of confusion as to the precise taxonomic structure of the Loricariidae.
  Taxonomy and phylogeny.
  This genus is the type member of its tribe Hypostomini and subfamily Hypostominae. The type species of "Hypostomus" is "H. guacari". Panama, officially called the Republic of Panama, is a country usually considered to be entirely in North America or Central America. It is bordered by Costa Rica to the west, Colombia (in South America) to the southeast, the Caribbean Sea to the north and the Pacific Ocean to the south. The capital and largest city is Panama City, whose metropolitan area is home to nearly half of the country's 3.9 million people. Loricariidae is the largest family of catfish (order Siluriformes), with 92 genera and just over 680 species to date, with new species being described each year. Loricariids originate from freshwater habitats of Costa Rica, Panama, and tropical and subtropical South America. These fish are noted for the bony plates covering their bodies and their suckermouths. Several genera are sold as "plecos", notably the suckermouth catfish, "Hypostomus plecostomus", and are popular as aquarium fish. Catfish (or catfishes; order Siluriformes or Nematognathi) are a diverse group of ray-finned fish. Named for their prominent barbels, which resemble a cat's whiskers, catfish range in size and behavior from the three largest species, the Mekong giant catfish from Southeast Asia, the wels catfish of Eurasia and the Piraíba of South America, to detritivores (species that eat dead material on the bottom), and even to a tiny parasitic species commonly called the candiru, "Vandellia cirrhosa". There are armour-plated types and there are also naked types, neither having scales. Despite their name, not all catfish have prominent barbel. Members of the Siluriformes order are defined by features of the skull and swimbladder. Catfish are of considerable commercial importance; many of the larger species are farmed or fished for food. Many of the smaller species, particularly the genus "Corydoras", are important in the aquarium hobby. Many catfish are nocturnal, but others (many "Auchenipteridae") are "crepuscular" or "diurnal" (most "Loricariidae or" "Callichthyidae" for example).
candidates: area argentina cocos hobby hypostominae hypostomus loricariidae pterygoplichthys siluriformes vandellia
answer: hypostominae