query: genre de oratore
supports: A narrative or story is any report of connected events, real or imaginary, presented in a sequence of written or spoken words, and/or still or moving images. Indian literature refers to the literature produced on the Indian subcontinent until 1947 and in the Republic of India thereafter. The Republic of India has 22 officially recognized languages. A lawyer is a person who practices law, as an advocate, barrister, attorney, counselor or solicitor or chartered legal executive. Working as a lawyer involves the practical application of abstract legal theories and knowledge to solve specific individualized problems, or to advance the interests of those who hire lawyers to perform legal services. Paulo Reglus Neves Freire (; September 19, 1921  May 2, 1997) was a Brazilian educator and philosopher who was a leading advocate of critical pedagogy. He is best known for his influential work, "Pedagogy of the Oppressed", considered one of the foundational texts of the critical pedagogy movement. Lucius Licinius Crassus (140 BC  91 BC), sometimes referred to simply as Crassus Orator, was a Roman orator, consul, and statesman. He was considered the greatest orator of his day, most notably by his pupil Cicero. Crassus is also famous as one of the main characters in Cicero's work the "De Oratore", a dramatic dialogue on the art of oratory set just before Crassus' death in 91 BC. Dialogue (sometimes spelled dialog in U.S. English) is a written or spoken conversational exchange between two or more people, and a literary and theatrical form that depicts such an exchange. As a narrative, philosophical or didactic device, it is chiefly associated in the West with the Socratic dialogue as developed by Plato, but antecedents are also found in other traditions including Indian literature.
  In the 20th century, philosophical treatments of dialogue emerged from thinkers including Mikhail Bakhtin, Paulo Freire, Martin Buber, and David Bohm. Although diverging in many details, these thinkers have articulated a holistic concept of dialogue as a multi-dimensional, dynamic and context-dependent process of creating meaning. Educators such as Freire and Ramón Flecha have also developed a body of theory and technique for using egalitarian dialogue as a pedagogical tool. Lysander (or ; died 395 BC, , "Lýsandros") was a Spartan admiral who commanded the Spartan fleet in the Hellespont which defeated the Athenians at Aegospotami in 405 BC. The following year, he was able to force the Athenians to capitulate, bringing the Peloponnesian War to an end; he organized the dominion of Sparta over Greece in the last decade of his life. Plutarch's Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans, commonly called Parallel Lives or Plutarch's Lives, is a series of biographies of famous men, arranged in tandem to illuminate their common moral virtues or failings, probably written at the beginning of the second century AD. The surviving "Parallel Lives" (Greek:  , "Bíoi Parállloi") comprises twenty-three pairs of biographies, each pair consisting of one Greek and one Roman, as well as four unpaired, single lives. It is a work of considerable importance, not only as a source of information about the individuals described, but also about the times in which they lived. Egalitarian dialogue is a dialogue in which contributions are considered according to the validity of their reasoning, instead of according to the status or position of power of those who make them. Although previously used widely in the social sciences and in reference to the Bakhtinian philosophy of dialogue, it was first systematically applied to dialogical education by Ramón Flecha in his 2000 work "Sharing Words. Theory and Practice of Dialogic Learning". A politician (from "politics" + "-ian", from the Greek title of Aristotle's book  "Politika", meaning "Civic Affairs") is a person active in party politics, or a person holding or seeking office in government. In democratic countries, politicians seek elective positions within a government through elections or, at times, temporary appointment to replace politicians who have died, resigned or have been otherwise removed from office. In non-democratic countries, they employ other means of reaching power through appointment, bribery, revolutions and intrigues. Some politicians are experienced in the art or science of government. Politicians propose, support and create laws or policies that govern the land and, by extension, its people. Broadly speaking, a "politician" can be anyone who seeks to achieve political power in any bureaucratic institution. David Joseph Bohm FRS (December 20, 1917  October 27, 1992) was an American scientist who has been described as one of the most significant theoretical physicists of the 20th century and who contributed unorthodox ideas to quantum theory, neuropsychology and the philosophy of mind. A philosopher is someone who practices philosophy, which involves rational inquiry into areas that are outside of either theology or science. The term "philosopher" comes from the Ancient Greek ("philosophos") meaning "lover of wisdom". The coining of the term has been attributed to the Greek thinker Pythagoras (6th century BC). Mikhail Mikhailovich Bakhtin (;  7 March 1975) was a Russian philosopher, literary critic, semiotician and scholar who worked on literary theory, ethics, and the philosophy of language. His writings, on a variety of subjects, inspired scholars working in a number of different traditions (Marxism, semiotics, structuralism, religious criticism) and in disciplines as diverse as literary criticism, history, philosophy, sociology, anthropology and psychology. Although Bakhtin was active in the debates on aesthetics and literature that took place in the Soviet Union in the 1920s, his distinctive position did not become well known until he was rediscovered by Russian scholars in the 1960s. Marcus Tullius Cicero ( "Kikern"; 3 January 106 BC  7 December 43 BC) was a Roman philosopher, politician, lawyer, orator, political theorist, consul, and constitutionalist. He came from a wealthy municipal family of the Roman equestrian order, and is considered one of Rome's greatest orators and prose stylists. Conversation is a form of interactive, spontaneous communication between two or more people. Typically, it occurs in spoken communication, as written exchanges are usually not referred to as conversations.  The Grass Crown or Blockade Crown (Latin: "corona graminea" or "corona obsidionalis") was the highest and rarest of all military decorations in the Roman Republic and early Roman empire. It was presented only to a general, commander, or officer whose actions saved the legion or the entire army. One example of actions leading to awarding of a grass crown would be a general who broke the blockade around a beleaguered Roman army. The crown was made from plant materials taken from the battlefield, including grasses, flowers, and various cereals such as wheat; it was presented to the general by the army he had saved.
  History.
  Pliny wrote about the grass crown at some length in his "Natural History" ("Naturalis Historia"): 
  Pliny also lists the persons who by their deeds won the grass crown: Plato (Greek: "Plátn", in Classical Attic; 428/427 or 424/423  348/347 BCE) was a philosopher in Classical Greece and the founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. He is widely considered the most pivotal figure in the development of philosophy, especially the Western tradition. Unlike nearly all of his philosophical contemporaries, Plato's entire "œuvre" is believed to have survived intact for over 2,400 years. Socratic dialogue is a genre of literary prose developed in Greece at the turn of the fourth century BCE. It is preserved in the works of Plato and Xenophon. The discussion of moral and philosophical problems between two or more characters in a dialogue is an illustration of one version of the Socratic method. The dialogues are either dramatic or narrative and Socrates is often the main participant. Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix (c. 138 BC  78 BC), known commonly as Sulla, was a Roman general and statesman. He had the distinction of holding the office of consul twice, as well as reviving the dictatorship. Sulla was awarded a grass crown, the most prestigious Roman military honor, during the Social War. Sulla was a skillful general, achieving numerous successes in wars against different opponents, both foreign and Roman. His life was habitually included in the ancient biographical collections of leading generals and politicians, originating in the biographical compendium of famous Romans published by Marcus Terentius Varro. In Plutarch's "Parallel Lives" Sulla is paired with the Spartan general and strategist Lysander. De Oratore ( On the Orator ; not to be confused with Orator ) is a dialogue written by Cicero in 55 BCE . It is set in 91 BCE , when Lucius Licinius Crassus dies , just before the Social War and the civil war between Marius and Sulla , during which Marcus Antonius Orator , the other great orator of this dialogue , dies . During this year , the author faces a difficult political situation : after his return from exile in Dyrrachium ( modern Albania ) , his house was destroyed by the gangs of Clodius in a time when violence was common . This was intertwined with the street politics of Rome . Amidst the moral and political decadence of the state , Cicero wrote De Oratore to describe the ideal orator and imagine him as a moral guide of the state . He did not intend De Oratore as merely a treatise on rhetoric , but went beyond mere technique to make several references to philosophical principles . Cicero understood that the power of persuasion -- the ability to verbally manipulate opinion in crucial political decisions -- was a key issue . The power of words in the hands of a man without scruples or principles would endanger the whole community . As a consequence , moral principles can be taken either by the examples of noble men of the past or by the great Greek philosophers , who provided ethical ways to be followed in their teaching and their works . The perfect orator shall be not merely a skilled speaker without moral principles , but both an expert of rhetorical technique and a man of wide knowledge in law , history , and ethical principles . De Oratore is an exposition of issues , techniques , and divisions in rhetoric ; it is also a parade of examples for several of them and it makes continuous references to philosophical concepts to be merged for a perfect result . Plutarch ("Ploútarkhos", ; later named, upon becoming a Roman citizen, Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus; c. AD 46  AD 120) was a Greek biographer and essayist, known primarily for his "Parallel Lives" and "Moralia".
  He is classified as a Middle Platonist. Plutarch's surviving works were written in Greek, but intended for both Greek and Roman readers. Martin Buber (, ; February 8, 1878  June 13, 1965) was an Austrian-born Israeli Jewish philosopher best known for his philosophy of dialogue, a form of existentialism centered on the distinction between the IThou relationship and the IIt relationship. Born in Vienna, Buber came from a family of observant Jews, but broke with Jewish custom to pursue secular studies in philosophy. In 1902, he became the editor of the weekly "Die Welt", the central organ of the Zionist movement, although he later withdrew from organizational work in Zionism. In 1923, Buber wrote his famous essay on existence, "Ich und Du" (later translated into English as "I and Thou"), and in 1925, he began translating the Hebrew Bible into the German language. Ramón Flecha is a professor of sociology at the University of Barcelona, Doctor Honoris Causa from West University of Timioara, and a renowned researcher in social sciences in Europe. Alain Touraine commented about Flecha's contribution: In ancient Rome, a gens (or ), plural gentes, was a family consisting of all those individuals who shared the same nomen and claimed descent from a common ancestor. A branch of a gens was called a "stirps" (plural "stirpes"). The "gens" was an important social structure at Rome and throughout Italy during the period of the Roman Republic. Much of an individual's social standing depended on the gens to which he belonged. Certain gentes were considered patrician, others plebeian, while some had both patrician and plebeian branches. The importance of membership in a gens declined considerably in imperial times. Clodius is an alternate form of the Roman "nomen" Claudius, a patrician "gens" that was traditionally regarded as Sabine in origin. The alternation of "o" and "au" is characteristic of the Sabine dialect. The feminine form is Clodia.
candidates: abstract anthropology art communication criticism dialogue dramatic essay essayist ethics existentialism family genre history information law literature march military narrative party pedagogy philosophy philosophy of mind politics reference sociology theology various war western
answer: essay