query: place_of_birth vivianne crowley
supports: Idries Shah (, ; 16 June 1924  23 November 1996), also known as Idris Shah, né Sayed Idries el-Hashimi (Arabic:   ) and by the pen name Arkon Daraul, was an author and teacher in the Sufi tradition who wrote over three dozen books on topics ranging from psychology and spirituality to travelogues and culture studies. A new religious movement (NRM) is a religious community or spiritual group of modern origins, which has a peripheral place within its society's dominant religious culture. NRMs can be novel in origin or part of a wider religion, in which case they are distinct from pre-existing denominations. Religious studies scholars contextualize the rise of NRMs in modernity, relating it as a product of and answer to modern processes of secularization, globalization, detraditionalization, fragmentation, reflexivity, and individualization. Some NRMs deal with the challenges posed by the modernizing world by embracing individualism whereas others seek tightly knit collective means. Many have their own unique scriptures, while others reinterpret existing texts. Hampshire (; abbreviated Hants, archaically known as the County of Southampton) is a county on the southern coast of England in the United Kingdom. The county town of Hampshire is Winchester, the former capital city of England. Hampshire is the most populous ceremonial county in the United Kingdom (excluding the metropolitan counties) with almost half of the county's population living within the South Hampshire conurbation which includes the cities of Southampton and Portsmouth. The larger South Hampshire metropolitan area has a population of 1,547,000. Hampshire is notable for housing the birthplaces of the Royal Navy, British Army, and Royal Air Force. It is bordered by Dorset to the west, Wiltshire to the north-west, Berkshire to the north, Surrey to the north-east, and West Sussex to the east. The southern boundary is the coastline of the English Channel and the Solent, facing the Isle of Wight. Cumbria (; locally ) is a non-metropolitan county in North West England. The county and Cumbria County Council, its local government, came into existence in 1974 after the passage of the Local Government Act 1972. Cumbria's county town is Carlisle, in the north of the county, and the only other major urban area is Barrow-in-Furness on the southwestern tip of the county. The New Forest coven were an alleged group of Neopagan witches or Wiccans who met around the area of the New Forest in southern England during the 1930s and 1940s. According to his own claims, in September 1939, a British occultist named Gerald Gardner was initiated into the coven, and subsequently used its beliefs and practices as a basis from which he formed the tradition of Gardnerian Wicca. Gardner described some of his experiences with the coven in his published books "Witchcraft Today" (1954) and "The Meaning of Witchcraft" (1959), although on the whole revealed little about it, saying he was respecting the privacy of its members. Meanwhile, another occultist, Louis Wilkinson, corroborated Gardner's claims by revealing in an interview with the writer Francis X. King that he too had encountered the coven, and expanded on some of the information that Gardner had provided about them. Eleanor "Ray" Bone (15 December 1911 - 21 September 2001) who also went under the craft name Artemis, was an influential figure in the neopagan religion of Wicca. She claimed to have been initiated in 1941 by a couple of hereditary witches in Cumbria. She later met and became friends with Gerald Gardner, and was initiated into Wicca, becoming the High Priestess in one of his covens. She was a friend of several important figures in Wicca during the modern Witchcraft revival, including "Dafo", Jack Bracelin, Patricia Crowther, Doreen Valiente and Idries Shah. Bone was a close confidant of Gardner's initiator Dafo, and she reported that the New Forest coven was a hereditary coven that followed the old ways of the Hampshire region, and that they traced their origins to the time of the death of King William Rufus in the Norman era. Vivianne Crowley is an author , university lecturer , psychologist , and a High Priestess and teacher of the Wiccan religion . She was initiated into the London coven of Alex Sanders ( founder of the Alexandrian tradition of Wicca ) at the age of eighteen , but later joined a Gardnerian coven in the famous Whitecroft line derived from Eleanor Bone , and so she was one of few people in the seventies to be part of both traditions . She founded the Wicca Study Group in London in 1988 , and became secretary of the Pagan Federation the same year . Vivianne Crowley was described as `` very influential in recent developments in Wicca ... She has more of less captained the bringing together of the Gardnerian and Alexandrian Traditions through the process of cross-initiation , where a person is initiated into both Traditions '' . Professor Ronald Hutton also has described Vivianne as `` the closest thing that Britain possessed to an informal successor to Alex Sanders . As an interfaith coordinator for the Federation , she served as the U.K. coordinator of the Pagan Chaplainry Services for H.M. Prisons . In 1989 , she released her first book Wicca : The Old Religion in the New Age , which is one of the most valued and widespread books on Wicca . It was revised and updated in 1996 as Wicca : The Old Religion in the New Millennium . Crowley is a Jungian psychologist who lectures on the psychology of religion at King 's College London , University of London . She holds a bachelor 's degree and Ph.D. in Psychology from the University of London . She is also the adjunct professor at the Union Institute in Cincinnati , Ohio . A ritual "is a sequence of activities involving gestures, words, and objects, performed in a sequestered place, and performed according to set sequence." Rituals may be prescribed by the traditions of a community, including a religious community. Rituals are characterized but not defined by formalism, traditionalism, invariance, rule-governance, sacral symbolism, and performance. A Craft name, also known as a magical (or "magickal") name is a secondary religious name often adopted by practitioners of Wicca and other forms of Neopagan witchcraft or magic. Craft names may be adopted as a means of protecting one's privacy (especially for those who are "in the broom closet"), as an expression of religious devotion, or as a part of an initiation ritual. It may also be used as a protective method, as it is believed by some that one's "true name" can be used as a taglock, to identify that person for the purpose of magical activities (predominantly curses). Doreen Edith Dominy Valiente (4 January 19221 September 1999) was an English Wiccan who was responsible for writing much of the early religious liturgy within the tradition of Gardnerian Wicca. An author and poet, she also published five books dealing with Wicca and related esoteric subjects. England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west. The Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south. The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain (which lies in the North Atlantic) in its centre and south; and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. Wicca, also termed Pagan Witchcraft, is a contemporary Pagan new religious movement. It was developed in England during the first half of the 20th century and was introduced to the public in 1954 by Gerald Gardner, a retired British civil servant. Wicca draws upon a diverse set of ancient pagan and 20th century hermetic motifs for its theological structure and ritual practices.
candidates: barrow berkshire carlisle council cumbria england forest friend gardner hampshire island most new forest norman of portsmouth scotland southampton surrey sussex tradition united kingdom wiltshire
answer: new forest