query: country_of_citizenship gaius sosius
supports: Ancient Rome was an Italic civilization that began on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 8th century BC. Located along the Mediterranean Sea and centered on the city of Rome, it expanded to become one of the largest empires in the ancient world with an estimated 50 to 90 million inhabitants (roughly 20% of the world's population) and covering 5.0 million square kilometers at its height in AD 117. The Roman Republic was the era of ancient Roman civilization beginning with the overthrow of the Roman Kingdom, traditionally dated to 509 BC, and ending in 27 BC with the establishment of the Roman Empire. It was during this period that Rome's control expanded from the city's immediate surroundings to hegemony over the entire Mediterranean world. Imperium is a Latin word which, in a broad sense, translates roughly as 'power to command'. In ancient Rome, different kinds of power or authority were distinguished by different terms. "Imperium" referred to the ability of an individual to command the military. It is not to be confused with "auctoritas" or "potestas", different and generally inferior types of power in the Roman Republic and Empire. Primarily used to refer to the power that is wielded, in greater or lesser degree, by an individual to whom it is delegated, the term could also be used with a geographical connotation, designating the territorial limits of that "imperium". Individuals given such power were referred to as curule magistrates or promagistrates. These included the curule aedile, the praetor, the censor, the consul, the magister equitum, and the dictator. Gaius Julius Caesar (13 July 100 BC  15 March 44 BC), known as Julius Caesar, was a Roman politician, general, and notable author of Latin prose. He played a critical role in the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire. The Grass Crown or Blockade Crown (Latin: "corona graminea" or "corona obsidionalis") was the highest and rarest of all military decorations in the Roman Republic and early Roman empire. It was presented only to a general, commander, or officer whose actions saved the legion or the entire army. One example of actions leading to awarding of a grass crown would be a general who broke the blockade around a beleaguered Roman army. The crown was made from plant materials taken from the battlefield, including grasses, flowers, and various cereals such as wheat; it was presented to the general by the army he had saved.
  History.
  Pliny wrote about the grass crown at some length in his "Natural History" ("Naturalis Historia"): 
  Pliny also lists the persons who by their deeds won the grass crown: Gaius Sosius was a Roman general and politician . Gaius Sosius was elected quaestor in 66 BC and praetor in 49 BC. Upon the start of the civil war , he joined the party of the Senate sometimes called optimates by modern scholars ( even though the term belongs to the era of Sulla and Marius ) . Upon the flight of Pompey to Greece , Sosius returned to Rome and submitted to Julius Caesar . After the assassination of Caesar , Sosius joined the party of Mark Antony , by whom in 38 BC he was appointed governor of Syria and Cilicia in the place of Publius Ventidius . As governor , Sosius was commanded by Antony to support Herod against Antigonus the Hasmonean , when the latter was in possession of Jerusalem . In 37 BC , he advanced against Jerusalem and after he became master of the city , Sosius placed Herod upon the throne . In return for this services , he was awarded a triumph in 34 BC , and he became consul along with Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus as his colleague in 32 BC. When civil war broke out between Antony and Octavian , Sosius espoused the cause of Antony and violently attacked Octavian in the senate , for which he was forced to flee to the east . In 31 BC , Sosius commanded a squadron in Mark Antony 's fleet with which he managed to defeat the squadron of Taurius Rufus -- according to Dio 50.14 -- and put it to flight , but when the latter was reinforced by Marcus Agrippa , Sosius 's ally Tarcondimotus I -- the king of Cilicia -- was killed and Sosius himself was forced to flee . Dio mistakenly suggests that Sosius died as well , but later affirms he was alive at the battle of Actium . At Actium , Sosius commanded the left wing of the fleet . After the battle , from which he managed to escape , his hiding place was detected and Sosius was captured and brought before Octavian but , at the intercession of Lucius Arruntius , Octavian pardoned him . He returned to Rome and completed his building project on the temple of Apollo Medicus ( begun in 34 BC ) , dedicating it in Octavian 's name . Unknown sons , but two daughters : Sosia and Sosia Galla , possibly by an Asinia , a Nonia or an Aelia . However the name reappears with Q. Sosius Senecio , ( consul in 99 and 107 ) . and Saint Sosius ( 275 - 305 AD ) . Sosius attended the Ludi Saeculares in 17 according to an inscription CIL 6.32323 = ILS 5050 as a quindecimvir . Sosius appears on the Ara Pacis within the College of the quindecimviri sacris faciundis . The Roman Empire (Koine and Medieval Greek:   , tr. ) was the post-Roman Republic period of the ancient Roman civilization, characterized by government headed by emperors and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, Africa and Asia. The city of Rome was the largest city in the world BC AD, with Constantinople (New Rome) becoming the largest around 500 AD, and the Empire's populace grew to an estimated 50 to 90 million inhabitants (roughly 20% of the world's population at the time). The 500-year-old republic which preceded it was severely destabilized in a series of civil wars and political conflict, during which Julius Caesar was appointed as perpetual dictator and then assassinated in 44 BC. Civil wars and executions continued, culminating in the victory of Octavian, Caesar's adopted son, over Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the annexation of Egypt. Octavian's power was then unassailable and in 27 BC the Roman Senate formally granted him overarching power and the new title "Augustus", effectively marking the end of the Roman Republic. The Populrs ("favouring the people", singular "populris") were a grouping in the late Roman Republic which favoured the cause of the plebeians (the commoners), particularly the urban poor. It supported laws regarding the provision of a grain dole for the poor by the state at a subsidised price. It wanted reforms which helped the poor, particularly land redistribution for the poor to farm and debt relief. At times it also supported the extension of Roman citizenship to Rome's Italic allies. A popularis was a politician who supported this faction. The populares are regarded in modern scholarship as in opposition to the "optimates", who are identified with the conservative interests of the patricians (the aristocracy) and supported the senate, which represented its interests. Consul (abbrev. "cos."; Latin plural "consules") was the title of one of the chief magistrates of the Roman Republic, and subsequently a somewhat significant title under the Roman Empire. The title was also used in other city states and also revived in modern states, notably in the First French Republic. The relating adjective is consular, from the "consularis". Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (29 September 106 BC  28 September 48 BC), usually known in English as Pompey or Pompey the Great, was a military and political leader of the late Roman Republic. He came from a wealthy Italian provincial background, and his father had been the first to establish the family among the Roman nobility. Pompey's immense success as a general while still very young enabled him to advance directly to his first consulship without meeting the normal requirements for office. His success as a military commander in Sulla's Second Civil War resulted in Sulla bestowing the nickname "Magnus", "the Great", upon him. He was consul three times and celebrated three triumphs. A tribunal, generally, is any person or institution with authority to judge, adjudicate on, or determine claims or disputeswhether or not it is called a tribunal in its title.
  For example, an advocate who appears before a court with a single judge could describe that judge as 'their tribunal'. Many governmental bodies that are titled 'tribunals' are so described to emphasize that they are not courts of normal jurisdiction. For example, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda is a body specially constituted under international law; in Great Britain, employment tribunals are bodies set up to hear specific employment disputes. Private judicial bodies are also often styled 'tribunals'. The word "tribunal" is not conclusive of a body's function. For example, in Great Britain, the Employment Appeal Tribunal is a superior court of record. Sulla's second civil war was one of a series of civil wars of ancient Rome. It was fought between Lucius Cornelius Sulla and Gaius Marius the younger in 82 BC.
  Prelude.
  Sulla had achieved temporary control of Rome and Marius's exile to Africa through his first march on Rome, but departed soon afterwards to lead the First Mithridatic War. This departure allowed Gaius Marius and his son Gaius Marius the younger to return to Rome with an army and, with Lucius Cornelius Cinna, to wrest control of Rome back from Sulla's supporter Gnaeus Octavius during Sulla's absence. Based on the orders of Marius, some of his soldiers went through Rome killing the leading supporters of Sulla, including Octavius. Their heads were exhibited in the Forum. After five days, Cinna ordered his more disciplined troops to kill Marius's rampaging soldiers. All told some 100 Roman nobles had been murdered. Marius declared Sulla's reforms and laws invalid, officially exiled Sulla and had himself elected to Sulla's eastern command and himself and Cinna elected consuls for the year 86 BC. Marius died a fortnight after and Cinna was left in sole control of Rome.  The term magistrate is used in a variety of systems of governments and laws to refer to a civilian officer who administers the law. In ancient Rome, a "magistratus" was one of the highest ranking government officers, and possessed both judicial and executive powers. In other parts of the world, such as China, a magistrate was responsible for administration over a particular geographic area. Today, in some jurisdictions, a magistrate is a judicial officer who hears cases in a lower court, and typically deals with more minor or preliminary matters. In other jurisdictions (e.g., England and Wales), magistrates may be volunteers without formal legal training who perform a judicial role with regard to minor matters. Praetor was a title granted by the government of Ancient Rome to men acting in one of two official capacities: the commander of an army (in the field or, less often, before the army had been mustered); or, an elected "magistratus" (magistrate), assigned various duties (which varied at different periods in Rome's history). The functions of the magistracy, the "praetura" (praetorship), are described by the adjective: the "praetoria potestas" (praetorian power), the "praetorium imperium" (praetorian authority), and the "praetorium ius" (praetorian law), the legal precedents established by the "praetores" (praetors). "Praetorium", as a substantive, denoted the location from which the "praetor" exercised his authority, either the headquarters of his "castra", the courthouse (tribunal) of his judiciary, or the city hall of his provincial governorship. The optimts ("aristocrats", singular ; also known as "bon", "Good Men") were the traditionalist Senatorial majority of the late Roman Republic. They wished to limit the power of the popular assemblies and the Tribunes of the Plebs, and to extend the power of the Senate, which was viewed as more dedicated to the interests of the aristocrats who held the reins of power. In particular, they were concerned with the rise of individual generals who, backed by the tribunate, the assemblies and their own soldiers, could shift power from the Senate and aristocracy. They were opposed by the populares. A was a public official in Ancient Rome. The position served different functions depending on the period. In the Roman Kingdom, ' (quaestors with judicial powers) were appointed by the king to investigate and handle murders. In the Roman Republic, quaestors (also pluralized ') were elected officials that supervised the state treasury and conducted audits. It was the lowest ranking position in the ' (course of offices). In the Roman Empire, the position, which was initially replaced by the ' (prefect), reemerged during the late empire as ", a position appointed by the emperor to lead the imperial council and respond to petitioners. Marcus Terentius Varro (116 BC  27 BC) was an ancient Roman scholar and writer. He is sometimes called Varro Reatinus to distinguish him from his younger contemporary Varro Atacinus. Lysander (or ; died 395 BC, , "Lýsandros") was a Spartan admiral who commanded the Spartan fleet in the Hellespont which defeated the Athenians at Aegospotami in 405 BC. The following year, he was able to force the Athenians to capitulate, bringing the Peloponnesian War to an end; he organized the dominion of Sparta over Greece in the last decade of his life. In the Roman Empire, the Latin word castrum (plural castra) was a building, or plot of land, used as a fortified military camp. Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix (c. 138 BC  78 BC), known commonly as Sulla, was a Roman general and statesman. He had the distinction of holding the office of consul twice, as well as reviving the dictatorship. Sulla was awarded a grass crown, the most prestigious Roman military honor, during the Social War. Sulla was a skillful general, achieving numerous successes in wars against different opponents, both foreign and Roman. His life was habitually included in the ancient biographical collections of leading generals and politicians, originating in the biographical compendium of famous Romans published by Marcus Terentius Varro. In Plutarch's "Parallel Lives" Sulla is paired with the Spartan general and strategist Lysander.
candidates: ancient rome china england great britain greece politician roman empire roman republic rwanda sparta wales writer
answer: ancient rome