query: family_name emperor duanzong
supports: The Song dynasty (9601279) was an era of Chinese history that began in 960 and continued until 1279. It succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, coincided with the Liao and Western Xia dynasties, and was followed by the Yuan dynasty. It was the first government in world history to issue banknotes or true paper money nationally and the first Chinese government to establish a permanent standing navy. This dynasty also saw the first known use of gunpowder, as well as the first discernment of true north using a compass. The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, also called Five Dynasties, was an era of political upheaval in 10th-century imperial China. During this period, five states quickly succeeded one another in the Chinese Central Plain, while more than a dozen concurrent states were established elsewhere, mainly in south China. The Yuan dynasty, officially the Great Yuan, was the empire or ruling dynasty of China established by Kublai Khan, leader of the Mongolian Borjigin clan. Although the Mongols had ruled territories including today's North China for decades, it was not until 1271 that Kublai Khan officially proclaimed the dynasty in the traditional Chinese style, and the conquest was not complete until 1279. His realm was, by this point, isolated from the other khanates and controlled most of present-day China and its surrounding areas, including modern Mongolia. It was the first foreign dynasty to rule all of China and lasted until 1368, after which its Genghisid rulers returned to their Mongolian homeland and continued to rule the Northern Yuan dynasty. Some of the Mongolian Emperors of the Yuan mastered the Chinese language, while others only used their native language (i.e. Mongolian) and the 'Phags-pa script. Emperor Duzong of Song (2 May 1240  12 August 1274), personal name Zhao Qi, was the 15th emperor of the Song dynasty in China and the sixth emperor of the Southern Song dynasty. He was a nephew of his predecessor, Emperor Lizong, and reigned from 1264 until his death in 1274. His birth name was Zhao Mengqi but his name was changed to Zhao Zi in 1251 and finally to Zhao Qi in 1253 after he was designated as Emperor Lizong's heir apparent. The Western Xia, also known as the Xi Xia Empire, the Tangut Empire and to the Tangut people and the Tibetans as Minyak, was an empire which existed from 1038 to 1227 in what are now the northwestern Chinese provinces of Ningxia, Gansu, eastern Qinghai, northern Shaanxi, northeastern Xinjiang, southwest Inner Mongolia, and southernmost Outer Mongolia, measuring about 800,000 square kilometers. Emperor Lizong of Song (26 January 1205  16 November 1264), personal name Zhao Yun, was the 14th emperor of the Song dynasty in China and the fifth emperor of the Southern Song dynasty. He reigned from 1224 to 1264. Although he was a descendant of the Song dynasty's founder Zhao Kuangyin (Emperor Taizu) and hence a member of the imperial clan, Zhao Yun was not in line to succeed to the throne as his family had no political status. Shi Miyuan, who was the chancellor for many years, collaborated with Empress Dowager Yang and brought Zhao Yun to the throne. Gunpowder, also known as black powder, is the earliest known chemical explosive. It is a mixture of sulfur, charcoal, and potassium nitrate (saltpeter). The sulfur and charcoal act as fuels, and the saltpeter is an oxidizer. Because of its burning properties and the amount of heat and gas volume that it generates, gunpowder has been widely used as a propellant in firearms and as a pyrotechnic composition in fireworks. Formulations used in blasting rock (such as in quarrying) are called blasting powder. Gunpowder is obsolete in modern firearms, but is still used in antique firearms because modern propellants are too powerful and could break the already fragile barrels. A banknote (often known as a bill, paper money, or simply a note) is a type of negotiable instrument known as a promissory note, made by a bank, payable to the bearer on demand.
  Banknotes were originally issued by commercial banks, who were legally required to redeem the notes for legal tender (usually gold or silver coin) when presented to the chief cashier of the originating bank. These commercial banknotes only traded at face value in the market served by the issuing bank. Commercial banknotes have primarily been replaced by national banknotes issued by central banks. True north (geodetic north) is the direction along the earth's surface towards the geographic North Pole. A navy or maritime force is a fleet of waterborne military vessels (watercraft) and its associated naval aviation, both sea-based and land-based. It is the branch of a nation's armed forces principally designated for naval and amphibious warfare; namely, lake-borne, riverine, littoral, or ocean-borne combat operations and related functions. It includes anything conducted by surface ships, amphibious ships, submarines, and seaborne aviation, as well as ancillary support, communications, training, and other fields; recent developments have included space-related operations. The strategic offensive role of a navy is projection of force into areas beyond a country's shores (for example, to protect sea-lanes, ferry troops, or attack other navies, ports, or shore installations). The strategic defensive purpose of a navy is to frustrate seaborne projection-of-force by enemies. The strategic task of the navy also may incorporate nuclear deterrence by use of Submarine-launched ballistic missiles. Naval operations can be broadly divided between riverine and littoral applications (brown-water navy), open-ocean applications (blue-water navy), and something in between (green-water navy), although these distinctions are more about strategic scope than tactical or operational division. COMPASS is an acronym for "COMP"rehensive "ASS"embler. COMPASS is any of a family of macro assembly languages on Control Data Corporation's 3000 series, and on the 60-bit CDC 6000 series, 7600 and Cyber 70 and 170 series mainframe computers. While the architectures are very different, the macro and conditional assembly facilities are similar. Emperor Dunzng ( Chinese :  ) ( 1268 -- 8 May 1278 ) was the eighth and penultimate emperor of the Southern Song Dynasty of China who reigned from 1276 to 1278 and died at the age of ten . He was also known as the `` Nation Establishing Duke '' (  ) . Born Zhào Xià (  , ``  '' same as ``  '' , means ``  '' ( great ) , not `` summer '' ) , his father was sixth Southern Song Emperor Duzong . He became Prince Ji (  ) in 1274 and Prince Yi (  ) in 1276 . Enthroned as emperor at Fuzhou on 14 June 1276 , his only era took the name of Jngyán (  literally : bright flame ) . Duanzong 's temple name means `` Final Ancestor '' . Duanzong 's younger brother Emperor Gong of Song had been captured after the Mongol invasion of Lin'an ( present day Hangzhou ) in 1276 . Duanzong , along with one of his younger brothers Zhào Bng (  /  ) , escaped to Fujian and established the seat of the government in Fuzhou . In 1278 , the Mongol forces were about to break through Song 's last line of defense , forcing Duanzong to flee . Accompanied by ministers such as Lu Xiufu , Duanzong boarded a ship and fled to the province of Guangdong . Thereafter he stayed temporarily in Hong Kong where the Sung Wong Toi ( literally : Terrace of the Sung kings ) in Kowloon City commemorates this event . In March 1278 , whilst fleeing from the Mongols , Duanzong fell from a boat and almost drowned . After his rescue , he became ill and died a few months later in Gangzhou (  ) ( modern - day Lantau Island , Hong Kong ) . He was succeeded by his younger brother , Emperor Huaizong of Song .
candidates: an august black brown day fields green liao may more pole silver song xi yuan zhao
answer: zhao