query: languages_spoken_or_written edward janczewski
supports: Medicine (British English ; American English ) is the science and practice of the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease. The word "medicine" is derived from Latin "medicus", meaning "a physician". Medicine encompasses a variety of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness. Contemporary medicine applies biomedical sciences, biomedical research, genetics, and medical technology to diagnose, treat, and prevent injury and disease, typically through pharmaceuticals or surgery, but also through therapies as diverse as psychotherapy, external splints and traction, medical devices, biologics, and ionizing radiation, amongst others. Academy of Learning (AU) was a primary Polish scientific institution during the annexation of Poland established in 1871. It was founded in Kraków as a continuation of the "Kraków Scientific Society" ("Towarzystwo Naukowe Krakowskie"). The institution began activity two years later, in 1873. At first, it focused on scholars from Kraków, however, it soon expanded its activity to Polish scholars from all annexed territories, along with Polish emigration. Its main goals were to organize, support and conduct learning, plus represent Polish scientists and scholars from all over the world. Lithuania can be divided into historical and cultural regions (called ethnographic regions). The exact borders are not fully clear, as the regions are not official political or administrative units. They are delimited by culture, such as country traditions, traditional lifestyle, songs, tales, etc. To some extent regions correspond to the zones of Lithuanian language dialects. This correspondence, however, is by no means strict. For example, although the Dzkian dialect is called South Aukštaitian, it does not mean that Dzkija is part of Aukštaitija. In certain parts of some regions, dialects of other regions are spoken, while for example in Samogitia, there are three indigenous dialects (southern, northern and western Samogitian), some of which are subdivided into subdialects. Lesser Poland (Polish: "Maopolska", Latin: "Polonia Minor") is a historical region ("dzielnica") of Poland; its capital is the city of Kraków. The Free, Independent, and Strictly Neutral City of Kraków (Cracow) with its Territory, more commonly known as either the Free City of Kraków or Republic of Kraków, was a city republic created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815, which included the city of Kraków and its surrounding areas. It was controlled by its three neighbours (Russia, Prussia, and Austria). It was a center of agitation for an independent Poland. In 1846, in the aftermath of the unsuccessful Kraków Uprising, it was annexed by the Austrian Empire. It was a remnant of the Duchy of Warsaw, which was partitioned between the three states in 1815. It was an overwhelmingly Polish-speaking city-state; of its population 85% were Catholics, 14% were Jews while other religions comprised less than 1%. The city of Kraków itself had a Jewish population reaching nearly 40%, while the rest were almost exclusively Polish-speaking Catholics. The term dialect (from Latin , , from the Ancient Greek word , , "discourse", from , , "through" and , , "I speak") is used in two distinct ways to refer to two different types of linguistic phenomena: Lithuania (UK and US: ), officially the Republic of Lithuania, is a country in Northern Europe. One of the three Baltic states, it is situated along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea, to the east of Sweden and Denmark. It is bordered by Latvia to the north, Belarus to the east and south, Poland to the south, and Kaliningrad Oblast (a Russian exclave) to the southwest. Lithuania has an estimated population of 2.9 million people , and its capital and largest city is Vilnius. Lithuanians are a Baltic people. The official language, Lithuanian, along with Latvian, is one of only two living languages in the Baltic branch of the Indo-European language family. Latin (Latin: ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. The Latin alphabet is derived from the Etruscan and Greek alphabets. Samogitia or Žemaitija (Samogitian: "Žemaitj" literally "lowlands") is one of the five ethnographic regions of Lithuania. Žemaitija is located in northwestern Lithuania. Its largest city is Šiauliai. Žemaitija has a long and distinct cultural history, reflected in the existence of the Samogitian dialect. Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe, situated between the Baltic Sea in the north and two mountain ranges (the Sudetes and Carpathian Mountains) in the south. Bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine and Belarus to the east; and the Baltic Sea, Kaliningrad Oblast (a Russian exclave) and Lithuania to the north. The total area of Poland is , making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. With a population of over 38.5 million people, Poland is the 34th most populous country in the world, the 8th most populous country in Europe and the sixth most populous member of the European Union. Poland is a unitary state divided into 16 administrative subdivisions, and its capital and largest city is Warsaw. Other metropolises include Kraków, Wrocaw, Pozna, Gdask and Szczecin. The Crown of the Kingdom of Poland (Latin: "Corona Regni Poloniae"), or simply the Crown, is the common name for the historic (but unconsolidated) Late Middle Ages territorial possessions of the King of Poland, including Poland proper. The Jagiellonian University (Polish: "Uniwersytet Jagielloski", Latin: "Universitas Iagellonica Cracoviensis", also known as the University of Kraków) is a research university in Kraków, Poland.  A biologist, is a scientist who has specialized knowledge in the field of biology, the scientific study of life. Biologists involved in fundamental research attempt to explore and further explain the underlying mechanisms that govern the functioning of living matter. Biologists involved in applied research attempt to develop or improve more specific processes and understanding, in fields such as medicine, industry and agriculture. Kraków, also Cracow or Krakow, is the second largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland. Situated on the Vistula River in the Lesser Poland region, the city dates back to the 7th century. Kraków has traditionally been one of the leading centres of Polish academic, cultural, and artistic life and is one of Poland's most important economic hubs. It was the capital of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland from 1038 to 1569; the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth from 1569 to 1795; the Free City of Kraków from 1815 to 1846; the Grand Duchy of Cracow from 1846 to 1918; and Kraków Voivodeship from the 14th century to 1998. It has been the capital of Lesser Poland Voivodeship since 1999. Samogitian (Samogitian: ', ', "") is a dialect of the Lithuanian language, considered a separate language by some, spoken mostly in Samogitia (in the western part of Lithuania). The PolishLithuanian Commonwealth, formally the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, after 1791 the Commonwealth of Poland, was a dualistic state, a bi-confederation, of Poland and Lithuania ruled by a common monarch, who was both the King of Poland and the Grand Duke of Lithuania. It was one of the largest and most populous countries of 16th- and 17th-century Europe. At its peak in the early 17th century, the Commonwealth spanned some and sustained a multi-ethnic population of 11 million. The union was formalized by the Union of Lublin in July 1569, but the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania were in a de-facto personal union since 1386 with the marriage of the Polish queen Hedwig and Lithuania's Grand Duke Jogaila, who was crowned King "jure uxoris" Wadysaw II Jagieo of Poland. The First Partition of Poland in 1772 and the Second Partition of Poland in 1793 greatly reduced the nation's size and the Commonwealth disappeared as an independent state following the Third Partition of Poland in 1795. Edward Janczewski ( Edward Franciszek Janczewski - Glinka ) ( b. 14 December 1846 in Blinstrubiszki , Samogitia , d. 17 July 1918 in Kraków ) was a Polish biologist ( taxonomist , anatomist , and morphologist ) , rector of the Jagiellonian University , and member of the Academy of Learning . He married Jadwiga Szetkiewicz ( 1856 -- 1941 ) . In 1862 , Janczewski obtained a degree at Vilna ( Wilno ) . Afterwards , he studied natural sciencies in the Jagiellonian University , and in Saint Petersburg . He became a professor of plant anatomy and physiology in 1875 at the Jagiellonian University , wherein he was rector from 1902 to 1903 , and worked there until 1913 . In 1876 , Janczewski entered to the Academy of Learning , of which he became an active member in 1885 . Janczewski was also member of other international scientific societies , among them : The National Academic Society of Cherbourg ( `` Societé Nationale Académique de Cherbourg '' ) , the Edinburgh Botanical Society , and the rench Académie des sciences . His works included the discovery of how plant roots grow and initial genetic research in the area of plants . He also researched algae and mushrooms . Probably , one of his most important works was Monographie des Groseilliers ( Geneve , 1907 ) , which contains the results of his work on genus Ribes . In that monograph , Edward Janczewski described 133 species and 21 hybrids of currants and gooseberries , according to him , approximately half of world 's taxa . Many species were first described by him . This monograph is still one of the most important publications regarding taxonomy of genus Ribes . In the Botanic Garden of Cracow , Janczewski maintained a vast collection of different species of Ribes from all around the world . The herbarium includes species from Europe , Asia , North and South America , many of them collected by Janczewski himself . Others were obtained thanks to his worldwide contacts with herbariums , botanic gardens and scientists , such as the Mexican naturalist Fernando Altamirano . Lesser Poland Voivodeship (in Polish, "województwo maopolskie" ), also known as "Maopolska Voivodeship" or "Maopolska Province", is a voivodeship (province), in southern Poland. It has an area of , and a population of 3,267,731 (2006).
candidates: american english ancient greek british english czech latin lithuanian polish russian
answer: latin