query: occupation robert briggs 
supports: In cryptography, the so-called product ciphers are a certain kind of ciphers, where the (de-)ciphering of data is done in "rounds". The general setup of each round is the same, except for some hard-coded parameters and a part of the cipher key, called a subkey. A key schedule is an algorithm that, given the key, calculates the subkeys for these rounds. In biology, cloning is the process of producing similar populations of genetically identical individuals that occurs in nature when organisms such as bacteria, insects or plants reproduce asexually. Cloning in biotechnology refers to processes used to create copies of DNA fragments (molecular cloning), cells (cell cloning), or organisms. The term also refers to the production of multiple copies of a product such as digital media or software. A biologist, is a scientist who has specialized knowledge in the field of biology, the scientific study of life. Biologists involved in fundamental research attempt to explore and further explain the underlying mechanisms that govern the functioning of living matter. Biologists involved in applied research attempt to develop or improve more specific processes and understanding, in fields such as medicine, industry and agriculture. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a molecule that carries the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses. DNA and RNA are nucleic acids; alongside proteins, lipids and complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides), they are one of the four major types of macromolecules that are essential for all known forms of life. Most DNA molecules consist of two biopolymer strands coiled around each other to form a double helix. Nuclear transfer is a form of cloning. The steps involve removing the DNA from an oocyte (unfertilised egg), and injecting the nucleus which contains the DNA to be cloned. In rare instances, the newly constructed cell will divide normally, replicating the new DNA while remaining in a pluripotent state. If the cloned cells are placed in the uterus of a female mammal, a cloned organism develops to term in rare instances. This is how Dolly the Sheep and many other species were cloned. Cows are commonly cloned to select those that have the best milk production. Cryptography or cryptology (from Greek "kryptós", "hidden, secret"; and "graphein", "writing", or "-logia", "study", respectively) is the practice and study of techniques for secure communication in the presence of third parties called adversaries. More generally, cryptography is about constructing and analyzing protocols that prevent third parties or the public from reading private messages; various aspects in information security such as data confidentiality, data integrity, authentication, and non-repudiation are central to modern cryptography. Modern cryptography exists at the intersection of the disciplines of mathematics, computer science, and electrical engineering. Applications of cryptography include ATM cards, computer passwords, and electronic commerce. Robert Briggs ( December 10 , 1911 -- March 4 , 1983 ) was a scientist who , in 1952 , together with Thomas Joseph King , cloned a frog by nuclear transfer of embryonic cells . The same technique , using somatic cells , was later used to create Dolly the Sheep . Their experiment was the first successful nuclear transplantation performed in metazoans . He was a scientist of the American Institute for Cancer Research when the work was conducted . Upon the death of his mother when he was two years old , Briggs was raised by his grandparents in Epping , New Hampshire . Inspired by a high school science teacher , Briggs became interested in the biological sciences . However , he began Boston University in the business school , concerned with earning a living during the depression . Business courses could n't maintain his interest and he turned to the sciences . He graduated from Boston University in 1934 with a BS degree and enrolled at Harvard for graduate study . He earned a PhD degree in 1938 while studying metabolism in frog embryos . For four years , he served as a fellow in the Department of Zoology at McGill University where he studied tumors in frogs . In 1942 , he joined the Lankenau Hospital Research Institute ( now the Fox Chase Cancer Center ) in Philadelphia . He worked on amphibian embryos for the rest of his life . The byte is a unit of digital information that most commonly consists of eight bits. Historically, the byte was the number of bits used to encode a single character of text in a computer and for this reason it is the smallest addressable unit of memory in many computer architectures.
  The size of the byte has historically been hardware dependent and no definitive standards existed that mandated the size. The "de facto" standard of eight bits is a convenient power of two permitting the values 0 through 255 for one byte. The international standard IEC 80000-13 codified this common meaning. Many types of applications use information representable in eight or fewer bits and processor designers optimize for this common usage. The popularity of major commercial computing architectures has aided in the ubiquitous acceptance of the 8-bit size. Thomas J. King (June 4, 1921  October 25, 2000) was an American biologist. In cryptography, FROG is a block cipher authored by 
  Georgoudis, Leroux and Chaves. The algorithm can work with any block size between 8 and 128 bytes, and supports key sizes between 5 and 125 bytes. The algorithm consists of 8 rounds and has a very complicated key schedule. 
candidates: biologist biotechnology commercial computer general king major research scientist
answer: biologist