query: parent_taxon geastrales
supports: The Gomphaceae are a diverse family of fungi belonging in what is classically known as the Phallales or cladistically as the gomphoid-phalloid clade. The family has 13 genera and 287 species. The Hydnaceae are a family of fungi in the order Cantharellales. Originally the family encompassed all species of fungi that produced basidiocarps (fruit bodies) having a hymenium (spore-bearing surface) consisting of slender, downward-hanging tapering extensions referred to as "spines" or "teeth", whether they were related or not. This artificial but often useful grouping is now more generally called the hydnoid or tooth fungi. In the strict, modern sense, the Hydnaceae are limited to the genus "Hydnum" and related genera, with basidiocarps having a toothed or poroid hymenium. Species in the family are ectomycorrhizal, forming a mutually beneficial relationship with the roots of trees and other plants. "Hydnum repandum" (the hedgehog fungus) is an edible species, commercially collected in some countries and often marketed under the French name "pied de mouton". The Lycoperdales are a now outdated order of fungi. The order included some well-known types such as the giant puffball, the earthstars, and other tuberous fungi. They were defined as having epigeous basidiomes, a hymenium present, one to three layers in the peridium (outer wall), powdery gleba, and brown spores. Phallaceae is a family of fungi, commonly known as stinkhorn mushrooms, within the order Phallales. Stinkhorns have a worldwide distribution, but are especially prevalent in tropical regions. They are known for their foul-smelling, sticky spore masses, or gleba, borne on the end of a stalk called the receptaculum. The characteristic fruiting-body structure, a single, unbranched receptaculum with an externally attached gleba on the upper part, distinguishes the Phallaceae from other families in the Phalalles. The spore mass typically smells of carrion or dung, and attracts flies and other insects to help disperse the spores. Although there is great diversity in body structure shape among the various genera, all species in the Phallaceae begin their development as oval or round structures known as "eggs". According to a 2008 estimate, the family contains 21 genera and 77 species. The Agaricomycetes are a class of fungi in the division Basidiomycota. The taxon is roughly identical to that defined for the Homobasidiomycetes (alternatively called holobasidiomycetes) by Hibbett & Thorn, with the inclusion of Auriculariales and Sebacinales. It includes not only mushroom-forming fungi, but also most species placed in the deprecated taxa Gasteromycetes and Homobasidiomycetes. Within the subdivision Agaricomycotina, which already excludes the smut and rust fungi, the Agaricomycetes can be further defined by the exclusion of the classes Tremellomycetes and Dacrymycetes, which are generally considered to be jelly fungi. However, a few former "jelly fungi", such as "Auricularia", are classified in the Agaricomycetes. According to a 2008 estimate, Agaricomycetes include 17 orders, 100 families, 1147 genera, and about 21000 species. Modern molecular phylogenetic analyses have been since used to help define several new orders in the Agaricomycetes: Amylocorticiales, Jaapiales, Stereopsidales, and Lepidostromatales. Craterellus is a genus of generally edible fungi similar to the closely related chanterelles, with some new species recently moved from the latter to the former. Both groups lack true gills on the underside of their caps, though they often have gill-like wrinkles and ridges. Phallomycetidae is a subclass of the class Agaricomycetes of fungi. The Clavulinaceae are a family of fungi in the order Cantharellales. The family is not well defined, but currently comprises species of clavarioid (club and coral) fungi as well as some corticioid (crust- and patch-forming) fungi. These species are nutritionally diverse, some being ectomycorrhizal, others wood-rotting saprotrophs, others lichenized, and yet others lichenicolous (growing on or parasitizing lichens). Gleba is the fleshy spore-bearing inner mass of certain fungi such as the puffball or stinkhorn. Hydnum is a genus of fungi in the Hydnaceae family. They are notable for their unusual spore-bearing structures of teeth rather than gills. The best known are the edible species "Hydnum repandum" and "H. rufescens". The word is derived from "(h)udnon"/, an Ancient Greek word for truffle. The white or buff "Hydnum repandum" has a spore scatterer of still another shape. The smooth cap grows as wide as 8 inches across. The stem is off-center and is less than 2 inches long. "Hydnum" has many brittle, white teeth from which the spores drop. The mushrooms of the "Hydnum" group grow both on ground and on wood. Some species have teeth which hang from ascending branches, while other species have teeth which project downwards from the undersurfaces of dead wood. Most "Hydnum" are safe to eat. The Geastrales are an order of gasterocarpic basidiomycetes ( fungi ) that relates to Cantharellales . The order contains the single family Geastraceae , commonly known as `` earthstars '' , which older classifications had placed in Lycoperdales , or Phallales . About 64 species are classified in this family , divided among eight genera , including the Geastrum , Myriostoma and Sphaerobolus . The Sphaerobolus are known as `` shotgun fungus '' or `` cannonball fungus '' . They colonize wood - based mulches and may throw black , sticky , spore - containing globs onto nearby surfaces . The fruit bodies of several earthstars are hygroscopic : in dry weather the `` petals '' will dry and curl up around the soft spore sac , protecting it . In this state , often the whole fungus becomes detached from the ground and may roll around as a tumbleweed does . When the weather dampens , the `` petals '' moisten and uncurl and some even curl backward lifting the spore sac up . This then allows rain or animal movement to hit the spore sac so it will puff out spores when enough moisture is present for them to germinate . The Cantharellaceae are a family of fungi in the order Cantharellales. The family contains the chanterelles and related species, a group of fungi that superficially resemble agarics (gilled mushrooms) but have smooth, wrinkled, or gill-like hymenophores (spore-bearing undersurfaces). Species in the family are ectomycorrhizal, forming a mutually beneficial relationship with the roots of trees and other plants. Many of the Cantharellaceae, including the chanterelle ("Cantharellus cibarius"), the Pacific golden chanterelle ("Cantharellus formosus"), the horn of plenty ("Craterellus cornucopioides"), and the trumpet chanterelle ("Craterellus tubaeformis"), are not only edible, but are collected and marketed internationally on a commercial scale. The hymenium is the tissue layer on the hymenophore of a fungal fruiting body where the cells develop into basidia or asci, which produce spores. In some species all of the cells of the hymenium develop into basidia or asci, while in others some cells develop into sterile cells called cystidia (basidiomycetes) or paraphyses (ascomycetes). Cystidia are often important for microscopic identification. The subhymenium consists of the supportive hyphae from which the cells of the hymenium grow, beneath which is the hymenophoral trama, the hyphae that make up the mass of the hymenophore. The Botryobasidiaceae are a family of fungi in the order Cantharellales. The family contains a group of corticioid fungi that form thin, web-like basidiocarps. Some species form asexual anamorphs producing chlamydospores. All are believed to be wood-rotting or litter-rotting saprotrophs. None is known to be of any economic importance. The Phallales are an order of fungi in the subclass Phallomycetidae. The order contains three families: the Claustulaceae, the Gomphaceae, and the Phallaceae, which, according to a 2008 estimate, collectively contain 26 genera and 88 species. The Aphelariaceae are a family of fungi in the order Cantharellales. The family contains a small group of tropical and subtropical clavarioid fungi, but is not well characterized and has not been the subject of published research. The Cantharellales are an order of fungi in the class Agaricomycetes. The order includes not only the chanterelles (Cantharellaceae), but also some of the tooth fungi (Hydnaceae), clavarioid fungi (Aphelariaceae and Clavulinaceae), and corticioid fungi (Botryobasidiaceae). Species within the order are variously ectomycorrhizal, saprotrophic, associated with orchids, or facultative plant pathogens. Those of economic importance include edible and commercially collected "Cantharellus", "Craterellus", and "Hydnum" species as well as crop pathogens in the genera "Ceratobasidium" and "Thanatephorus" ("Rhizoctonia"). Cantharellus is a genus of popular edible mushrooms, commonly known as chanterelles. They are mycorrhizal fungi, meaning they form symbiotic associations with plants, making them very difficult to cultivate. Caution must be used when identifying chanterelles for consumption due to lookalikes, such as the Jack-O-Lantern species ("Omphalotus olearius" and others), which can make a person very ill. Despite this, chanterelles are one of the most recognized and harvested groups of edible mushrooms.
candidates: agaricomycetes ascomycetes basidiomycota cantharellaceae cantharellales cantharellus claustulaceae clavulinaceae craterellus dacrymycetes fungi gomphaceae hedgehog hydnaceae hydnum phallaceae phallales phallomycetidae plant rhizoctonia
answer: phallomycetidae