query: date_of_death cercamon
supports: Alfred Jeanroy (5 July 1859  13 March 1953) was a French linguist.  Eble III of Ventadorn was viscount of Ventadour (Corrèze, France). He was the son of Eble II, known as "Eble le chanteur" (Eble the singer), and of Agnes de Montluçon. His date of birth is unknown; he died in 1170. The French Revolution was a period of far-reaching social and political upheaval in France that lasted from 1789 until 1799, and was partially carried forward by Napoleon during the later expansion of the French Empire. The Revolution overthrew the monarchy, established a republic, experienced violent periods of political turmoil, and finally culminated in a dictatorship under Napoleon that rapidly brought many of its principles to Western Europe and beyond. Inspired by liberal and radical ideas, the Revolution profoundly altered the course of modern history, triggering the global decline of absolute monarchies while replacing them with republics and liberal democracies. Through the Revolutionary Wars, it unleashed a wave of global conflicts that extended from the Caribbean to the Middle East. Historians widely regard the Revolution as one of the most important events in human history. Cercamon ( Occitan pronunciation : ( serkmun ) , fl . c. 1135 - 1145 ) , whose real name , as well as any actual biographical data , is unknown , was one of the earliest troubadours . He was apparently a jester of sorts , born in Gascony , who spent most of his career in the courts of William X of Aquitaine and perhaps of Eble III of Ventadorn . He was the inventor of the planh ( the Provençal dirge ) , of the tenso ( a sort of rhymed debate in which two poets write one stanza each ) and perhaps of the sirventes . Most of the information we have about Cercamon 's life is nothing but rumour and conjecture ; some of his contemporaries credit him as Marcabru 's mentor , and some circumstantial evidence points to him having died on crusade as a follower of Louis VII of France . About 7 of his lyrics survive , but not a single melody ; unfortunately , the work of his that most contributed to his fame among his contemporaries , his pastoretas or pastourelles , are lost . Cercamon simply means `` world searcher '' in medieval Occitan . Gascony (Gascon: "Gasconha" ) is an area of southwest France that was part of the "Province of Guyenne and Gascony" prior to the French Revolution. The region is vaguely defined, and the distinction between Guyenne and Gascony is unclear; by some they are seen to overlap, while others consider Gascony a part of Guyenne. Most definitions put Gascony east and south of Bordeaux. A tenso is a style of troubadour song. It takes the form of a debate in which each voice defends a position; common topics relate to love or ethics. Usually, the tenso is written by two different poets, but several examples exist in which one of the parties is imaginary, including God (Peire de Vic), the poet's horse (Gui de Cavalhon) or his cloak (Bertran Carbonel). 
  Closely related, and sometimes overlapping, genres include: The planh or plaing ("lament") is a funeral lament used by the troubadours, modeled on the medieval Latin "planctus". It differed from the planctus in that it was intended for a secular audience. Alfred Jeanroy noticed three different types: those dedicated to "grands personnages" (great patrons), those to family and friends, and those to ladies and lovers. Gui de Cavalhon, Cavaillo, or Gavaillo (fl. 12001229) was a Provençal nobleman: a diplomat, warrior, and man of letters. He was probably also the Guionet who composed "tensos" and "partimens" with Cadenet, Raimbaut de Vaqueiras, Mainart Ros, Pomairol, and a certain Guillem. France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans and had a total population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary semi-presidential republic with the capital in Paris, the country's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse and Bordeaux. A troubadour was a composer and performer of Old Occitan lyric poetry during the High Middle Ages (11001350). Since the word "troubadour" is etymologically masculine, a female troubadour is usually called a trobairitz. A planctus ("plaint") is a lament or dirge, a song or poem expressing grief or mourning. It became a popular literary form in the Middle Ages, when they were written in Latin and in the vernacular (i.e., the "planh" of the troubadours). The most common "planctus" is to mourn the death of a famous person, but a number of other varieties have been identified by Peter Dronke. The earliest known example, the "Planctus de obitu Karoli", was composed around 814, on the death of Charlemagne.  The sirventes or serventes, sometimes translated as "service song", was a genre of Old Occitan lyric poetry practiced by the troubadours.  Old Occitan (Modern Occitan: "occitan ancian"), also called Old Provençal, was the earliest form of the Occitano-Romance languages, as attested in writings dating from the eighth through the fourteenth centuries. Old Occitan generally includes Early and Old Occitan. Middle Occitan is sometimes included in Old Occitan, sometimes in Modern Occitan. As the term "occitanus" appeared around the year 1300, Old Occitan is referred to as "Romance" (Occitan: "romans") or "Provençal" (Occitan: "proensals") in medieval texts. Bertran Carbonel (fl. 12521265) was a Provençal troubadour from Marseille. He is a polarising figure among scholars and his reputation varies between authorities. Eighteen of his lyric works survive, as well as seventy-two (Gaunt and Kay) or ninety-four (Riquer) single "coblas triadas esparsas" on "edifying" themes. He was patronised at the court of Hugh IV and Henry II of Rodez.
candidates: 1100 1170 1200 1252 13 march 1953 1300 1789 1799 1859 5 july 1859 67 814
answer: 1200