query: subclass_of cmos
supports: Fairchild Semiconductor International, Inc. is an American semiconductor company based in San Jose, California. Founded in 1957 as a division of Fairchild Camera and Instrument, it became a pioneer in the manufacturing of transistors and of integrated circuits. Schlumberger bought the firm in 1979 and sold it to National Semiconductor in 1987; Fairchild was spun off as an independent company again in 1997. Schlumberger Limited is the world's largest oilfield services company. Schlumberger employs approximately 100,000 people 
  representing more than 140 nationalities working in more than 85 countries. Schlumberger has four principal executive offices located in Paris, Houston, London, and the Hague. Complementary metal -- oxide -- semiconductor ( CMOS ) / sims / is a technology for constructing integrated circuits . CMOS technology is used in microprocessors , microcontrollers , static RAM , and other digital logic circuits . CMOS technology is also used for several analog circuits such as image sensors ( CMOS sensor ) , data converters , and highly integrated transceivers for many types of communication . In 1963 , while working for Fairchild Semiconductor , Frank Wanlass patented CMOS ( US patent 3,356,858 ) . CMOS is also sometimes referred to as complementary - symmetry metal -- oxide -- semiconductor ( or COS - MOS ) . The words `` complementary - symmetry '' refer to the fact that the typical design style with CMOS uses complementary and symmetrical pairs of p - type and n - type metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors ( MOSFETs ) for logic functions . Two important characteristics of CMOS devices are high noise immunity and low static power consumption . Since one transistor of the pair is always off , the series combination draws significant power only momentarily during switching between on and off states . Consequently , CMOS devices do not produce as much waste heat as other forms of logic , for example transistor -- transistor logic ( TTL ) or NMOS logic , which normally have some standing current even when not changing state . CMOS also allows a high density of logic functions on a chip . It was primarily for this reason that CMOS became the most used technology to be implemented in VLSI chips . The phrase `` metal -- oxide -- semiconductor '' is a reference to the physical structure of certain field - effect transistors , having a metal gate electrode placed on top of an oxide insulator , which in turn is on top of a semiconductor material . Aluminium was once used but now the material is polysilicon . Other metal gates have made a comeback with the advent of high - k dielectric materials in the CMOS process , as announced by IBM and Intel for the 45 nanometer node and beyond . San Jose (Spanish for "Saint Joseph"), originally Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe and officially the City of San José, is the third-largest city by population in California, the tenth-largest by population in the United States, and the county seat of Santa Clara County. San Jose is the largest city in the Bay Area and the largest city in Northern California. A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material usually with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals controls the current through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can be higher than the controlling (input) power, a transistor can amplify a signal. Today, some transistors are packaged individually, but many more are found embedded in integrated circuits. National Semiconductor was an American semiconductor manufacturer which specialized in analog devices and subsystems, formerly with headquarters in Santa Clara, California, United States. The company produced power management integrated circuits, display drivers, audio and operational amplifiers, communication interface products and data conversion solutions. National's key markets included wireless handsets, displays and a variety of broad electronics markets, including medical, automotive, industrial and test and measurement applications. An integrated circuit or monolithic integrated circuit (also referred to as an IC, a chip, or a microchip) is a set of electronic circuits on one small flat piece (or "chip") of semiconductor material, normally silicon. The integration of large numbers of tiny transistors into a small chip resulted in circuits that are orders of magnitude smaller, cheaper, and faster than those constructed of discrete electronic components. The IC's mass production capability, reliability and building-block approach to circuit design ensured the rapid adoption of standardized ICs in place of designs using discrete transistors. ICs are now used in virtually all electronic equipment and have revolutionized the world of electronics. Computers, mobile phones, and other digital home appliances are now inextricable parts of the structure of modern societies, made possible by the small size and low cost of ICs. Dr. Frank Marion Wanlass (May 17, 1933 in Thatcher, AZ  September 9, 2010 in Santa Clara), CA, was an American electrical engineer. He obtained his PhD from the University of Utah. He invented CMOS logic circuits in 1963 while working at Fairchild Semiconductor. He was given for "Low Stand-By Power Complementary Field Effect Circuitry" in 1967. Fairchild Camera and Instrument Corporation was a company founded by Sherman Fairchild. It was based on the East Coast of the United States, and provided research and development for flash photography equipment. The technology was primarily used for DOD spy satellites.
  The firm was known for its manufacture of semiconductors. Semiconductors are crystalline or amorphous solids with distinct electrical characteristics. They are of high electrical resistance   higher than typical resistance materials, but still of much lower resistance than insulators. Their resistance decreases as their temperature increases, which is behavior opposite to that of a metal. Finally, their conducting properties may be altered in useful ways by the deliberate, controlled introduction of impurities ("doping") into the crystal structure, which lowers its resistance but also permits the creation of semiconductor junctions between differently-doped regions of the extrinsic semiconductor crystal. The behavior of charge carriers which include electrons, ions and electron holes at these junctions is the basis of diodes, transistors and all modern electronics.
candidates: adoption bay behavior building camera coast company crystal crystal structure data conversion design digital division electrical engineer electrical resistance electronics engineer field image integrated circuit key magnitude material measurement metal photography population power production research seat semiconductor device sensor set silicon spanish structure technology transistor university variety world
answer: semiconductor device