query: parent_taxon veluticeps
supports: The genus Gloeophyllum is characterized by the production of leathery to corky tough, brown, shaggy-topped, revivable fruitbodies lacking a stipe and with a lamellate to daedaleoid or poroid fertile hymenial surfaces. The hyphal system is dimitic to trimitic. The genus is further characterized by the production of a brown rot of wood. Phylogenetically, it along with several other brown rot Basidiomycota, "Neolentinus", "Heliocybe", and "Veluticeps" form an order called the Gloeophyllales. Paraphyses are erect sterile filament-like support structures occurring among the reproductive apparatuses of fungi, ferns, and mosses.  The Gloeophyllales are a phylogenetically defined order of wood-decay fungi that is characterized by the ability to produce a brown rot of wood. It includes a single, identically defined family, the Gloeophyllaceae, in which are included the genera "Gloeophyllum", "Neolentinus", "Heliocybe", and "Veluticeps". Basidiomycota is one of two large divisions that, together with the Ascomycota, constitute the subkingdom Dikarya (often referred to as the "higher fungi") within the kingdom Fungi. A rain shadow is a dry area on the leeward side of a mountainous area (away from the wind). The mountains block the passage of rain-producing weather systems and cast a "shadow" of dryness behind them. Wind and moist air is drawn by the prevailing winds towards the top of the mountains, where it condenses and precipitates before it crosses the top. The air, without much moisture left, advances behind the mountains creating a drier side called the "rain shadow". An agaric or is a type of mushroom fungus fruiting body characterized by the presence of a pileus (cap) that is clearly differentiated from the stipe (stalk), with lamellae (gills) on the underside of the pileus. "Agaric" can also refer to a basidiomycete species characterized by an agaric-type fruiting body. Archaically agaric meant 'tree-fungus' (after Latin "agaricum"); however, that changed with the Linnaean interpretation in 1753 when Linnaeus used the generic name "Agaricus" for gilled mushrooms. Sagebrush is a common name applied generally to several woody and herbaceous species of plants in the genus "Artemisia". The best known sagebrush is the shrub "Artemisia tridentata". Sagebrushes are native to the North American west. Hawaii is the 50th and most recent state to have joined the United States of America, having received statehood on August 21, 1959. Hawaii is the only U.S. state located in Oceania and the only one composed entirely of islands. It is the northernmost island group in Polynesia, occupying most of an archipelago in the central Pacific Ocean. Hawaii is the only U.S. state not located in the Americas. Heliocybe is an agaric genus closely allied to "Neolentinus" and the bracket fungus, "Gloeophyllum", all of which cause brown rot of wood. Heliocybe sulcata, the type and sole species, is characterized by thumb-sized, tough, revivable, often dried, mushroom fruitbodies, with a tanned symmetric pileus that is radially cracked into a cartoon sun-like pattern of arranged scales and ridges, distant serrated lamellae, and a scaly central stipe. Microscopically it differs from "Neolentinus" by the absence of clamp connections. Like "Neolentinus", it produces abundant, conspicuous pleurocystidia. "Heliocybe sulcata" typically fruits on decorticated, sun-dried and cracked wood, such as fence posts and rails, vineyard trellises in Europe, branches in slash areas, and semi-arid areas such on sagebrush or on naio branches in rain shadow areas of Hawaii, or in open pine forests. Veluticeps is a small genus of wood - rot fungi characterized by the production of resupinate to bracket shaped , perennial , tough , brown fruitbodies , that blacken when KOH solution is applied , and with a smooth to warted or cracked fertile undersurface . They cause a brown rot of wood . Cystidia in the hymenium are characteristically mostly in fascicles . The genus may be monotypic if Columnocystis is excluded . Phylogenetically , the type species , V. berkeleyi , groups with several other brown rot genera such as Neolentinus , Heliocybe , and Gloeophyllum . Neolentinus is a genus of wood-decaying agarics with tough (leathery to woody) fruit bodies composed of dimitic tissue, serrated lamella edges, and nonamyloid white binucleate basidiospores among other features. It was segregated from "Lentinus" in the broad taxonomic sense, hence the derivation of the name. Biologically "Neolentinus" species produce a brown rot type of decay of wood, whereas "Lentinus" causes a white rot. Molecular phylogenetic analysis shows that the two genera are unrelated. "Neolentinus" is phylogenetically allied to other brown rot genera such as "Gloeophyllum", "Heliocybe", and "Veluticeps". A new order, the Gloeophyllales, has been described for these fungi. "Heliocybe" had been placed in synonymy but it differs phylogenetically and anatomically by the lack of clamp connections that all "Neolentinus" produce on their generative hyphae. A clamp connection is a hook-like structure formed by growing hyphal cells of certain fungi. It is created to ensure each cell, or segment of hypha separated by septa (cross walls), receives a set of differing nuclei, which are obtained through mating of hyphae of differing sexual types. It is used to create genetic variation within the hypha much like the mechanisms found in crozier during sexual reproduction. Lentinus is a genus of fungi in the family Polyporaceae. There are 40 species in the genus, which have a widespread distribution, especially in subtropical regions. The hymenium is the tissue layer on the hymenophore of a fungal fruiting body where the cells develop into basidia or asci, which produce spores. In some species all of the cells of the hymenium develop into basidia or asci, while in others some cells develop into sterile cells called cystidia (basidiomycetes) or paraphyses (ascomycetes). Cystidia are often important for microscopic identification. The subhymenium consists of the supportive hyphae from which the cells of the hymenium grow, beneath which is the hymenophoral trama, the hyphae that make up the mass of the hymenophore.
candidates: agaricus area areas artemisia ascomycetes ascomycota basidiomycota fungi gloeophyllales gloeophyllum lentinus neolentinus polynesia
answer: gloeophyllales