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What is Shounen Bat?
Who or what is Shounen Bat?

 Does Shounen Bat exist in the mind?  Or does he exists in reality to relieve the pain of the people who are cornered by reality?

It became unclear to me who or what Shounen Bat was after

 the copycat died.

There's no explicit explanation on who or what he is.

Does Shounen Bat exist in the mind?

Not so much in the imagination, as other people can obviously see Lil' Slugger. It's possible that he could exist in the minds of everyone. Whether or not he exists in reality is a matter of debate; when he attacks people, is it physical or are his victims simply manifesting the injury?
Regardless,

 it seems he's been manifested by Tsukiko, the character designer and first "victim". Except she reveals she was never attacked by Lil' Slugger and that Lil' Slugger was her manifestation when she was a child to take the blame of all the bad things that she did, like letting her dog die. She eventually believed the delusion and somehow the delusion manifested into either reality or within the minds of everyone, growing in strength from people believing in his existence.

Alright, I just finished watching the entire series and I feel so strongly about the show, and the fact that there is no solid explanation for it, that I registered to provide my interpretation of the show. This is going to be a long post, and there are still some parts I'm working out so I welcome any comments. However, I feel like I have an accurate take on this anime so help me get this out there!!
It's an obvious fact that Maromi and 'Lil Slugger were both physical manifestations of Tsukiko's wild imagination. However, what EVERY SINGLE post and review I have read on this show seems to be overlooking is the fact that Tsukiko, and all the other characters, are really....
DEAD. -eerie music plays-
Remember episode 8, entitled "Happy Family Planning?" At first I thought this was pointless filler (like episode 10), but in reality this was the most important episode of all. The three main characters in this episode kept trying to kill themselves.. To no avail. The one person who OBVIOUSLY managed to kill himself in the episode, the guy who jumped in front of the train, walked back onto the platform all manner of torn up - even after the girl comments that he was smushed all over the tracks. This leads me to believe that the three main characters in this episode had killed themselves and so they saw the train-tracks guy as a ghost; This is speculation, but I think the two men killed themselves with pills after abandoning the little girl - who must've also killed herself because she suddenly appeared in the room (as a ghost?!) right after the guys took the pills. [another possibility is that some people can see ghosts and the guys simply joined her after they died.] The rest of the episode, their suicide attempts fail for one reason or another, and NOBODY CAN SEE THEM. Everyone walks right past them - even when the little girl starts screaming and crying. This evidence leads me to believe that a lot of characters are, in reality, dead throughout the show AND stuck doing the same thing they were doing when they died.
Ultimately, I feel like this entire show is just a convoluted regret that stands as a barrier between Tsukiko and her happiness in the afterlife. You may have a couple questions now: why is Tsukiko dead, what afterlife, and what regret? Let me begin by assuring you that Tsukiko is indeed DEAD throughout the show.
In order to understand this, you have to consider my personal theory of what happens when we die - it kind of involves the multiverse theory. So, the multiverse theory says that there are unfathomable numbers of different parallel universes that exist beyond the scope of our perception. To me, this is one very logical explanation of the afterlife: when we die, we become part of our own "world" or reality. So there would be an unfathomable amount of worlds that coexist, often completely unaware of each other's existence. If one perceives their personal afterlife to be a good thing, it's heaven. If we perceive it to be a negative thing, it's hell. This duality is seen throughout the series; note that the series begins with EVERYONE in Tsukiko's world talking negatively on the phone. It ends on a very positive note, everyone saying happy things. This somewhat supports the fact that the world, Tsukiko's "reality," is affected by her perception and is most likely her afterlife/a parallel universe.
The real evidence that Tsukiko is dead (in episode 12 I think) is when she briefly leaves her world to visit her dad's, who for some apparently random reason is also the Chief who interrogated her in the beginning. Remember the crazy 2-D people that gave him free beer and smokes? Yeah, that was HIS afterlife, which was empty without his daughter in it (So if the people are closely connected, afterlives can overlap). When he took up the bat and shattered everything, he became part of Tsukiko's afterlife... an interesting point which I won't discuss further. Just know that this is enough to prove that there are a variety of different afterlifes described throughout the show - the one that seems most realistic is Tsukiko's (because she is the main character).
I really don't think its a stretch to see that Tsukiko is dead, so it surprised me that nobody had considered it. If this is news to you, what will REALLY blow your mind is to consider which characters are really dead, when they died, and how they died....
For now, lets focus on Tsukiko because, as the main character, she's the easiest to piece together. This is just pure speculation, but I believe Tsukiko's life went something like this:
Tsukiko gets the puppy and it dies when she is distracted by a shooting pain in her stomach (perhaps her period? not trying to be gross or funny, it just fits with a theme in the show). She blames the death of her puppy on a mysterious assailant wearing in-line skates and wielding a metal bat so her father isn't mad at her. Her father vows to avenge her loss of innocence and always carries a bat in case he gets the opportunity to avenge her. -something that was said also leads me to believe he kept a GOLD bat because he deep down knew she had lied- From here there are many possibilities.
(For example, one possibility could be that her dad killed the boy who met the description she gave. Yet another could be that the boy goes to jail after being accused of killing the puppy. His life ruined, he kills himself. There are many possibilities, and it is highly likely that all of these variations are implied to have occurred in some version of reality. There simply isn't enough solid evidence to tell EXACTLY what the truth is. What can definitively take out of it this that her lie caused a schoolboy to die somehow.)
That being said, the evidence provided leads me to assume the most likely explanation to her life is as follows:
Her dad never finds the boy. Tsukiko grows up and becomes successful by making a toy that resembles her puppy, which shows that she is deeply and utterly traumatized by the incident from when she was a kid. Since her success is pinned on the lie her whole life revolves around, she isn't able to create a new toy design and further aid in the success of her company. So, she deals with her troubles, once again, by blaming it on 'Lil Slugger - she bashes her own leg apart and continues the lie from her childhood. The resulting chain of events causes a school boy, Makoto Kozuka, to be accused and he kills himself in prison having had his whole life and his innocence taken from him. Her employees catch on (this is why there was that line about the Lil Slugger never having grown up) and one of them gets so frustrated with her that he "accidentally" kills her. This is seen in one of the episodes when her coworker suddenly and violently grabs her by the neck and begins screaming at her.
Go back and watch this part again; just as suddenly as he grabs her, he lets her go... after screaming at her for a good while. Tsukiko leaves the car and just stands there. Her coworker apologizes and sounds almost traumatized. He says "I didn't mean.." and just trails off. Note that he isn't even looking at her during this part, rather he is looking at the seat where... Tsukiko's body is. This means that she is just a ghost at this point; she watches him drive into a telephone pole. Not sure if this is an accident because he is so shaken by having killed her, or if it was purposely done to cover his murder. Could be both. What is certain is this is how Tsukiko died.
Now, here comes the really convoluted part; there is a scene that leads me to believe Tsukiko never really was alive to begin with. This would mean that the timeline I just described would be one version of a life she lived in her afterlife (multiverse theory once again). In episode 11 or 12, The Chief is shown to be Tsukiko's dad, and her mom is seen having a miscarriage. So, this leads me to believe that Tsukiko never really was alive. Thus, in part, this show is about her becoming reunited with the family she never had (this is the deeply moving part if you think of it: the father was in an empty afterlife without her and he was reunited with his wife and connected with the woman his daughter would have been - part of the reason why Tsukiko is able to have a happy life at the end.)
In reality, the writer wanted to represent the multiverse theory to its fullest: there are so many different realities that have happened for Tsukiko. In one reality she was never born. In another she was born and her dad was a huge part of her life. In yet another, Tsukiko got a boy convicted for killing her puppy. Which one is really real? Well, that's up for you to decide. Personally, I think Tsukiko was never really born, which is why her dad is depicted as a complete stranger in the beginning and at the end. I'm sure that's confusing as hell, but you'll see what I mean if you rewatch the show with the multiverse theory in mind. It explains why certain characters literally appear and disappear from time to time, and it explains why all of a sudden the police chief was her dad. However, for simplicity's sake, lets assume that Tsukiko did live a life with her dad and the show takes place after she has died in the timeline I laid out.
So who is really alive in this show? In the final few episodes, I don't think there are any characters left alive. However, it is VERY POSSIBLE that Detective Maniwa is still alive. Yet again, for simplicity's sake, let's assume this isn't true due to the jump in logic in the final episodes.
The end seems totally random, but notice the subtle changes in character dynamics. Note that there is a timeline between some of the characters; Chief meets Tsukiko as his daughter only after Maniwa is shown as the Holy Warrior. So, Maniwa dies and then reaches out to the Chief, who was already dead - asking for his help and prompting Tsukiko to face the truth.  The truth is that the Little Slugger is a manifestation of Tsukiko's guilt; Remember how I said that when people die in the show they hold on to the last thing they were doing? Tsukiko dies remembering her guilt and her lie... that guilt becomes a tangible entity, which transforms into a destructive force throughout the various forms of her afterlife. The slugger covers up the truth because Tsukiko doesn't know how to handle the raw negativity of it.  Maniwa dies seeking the truth and trying to stop the slugger, so he comes into the afterlife as a Holy Warrior.
Maniwa really is taking the place of Lil Slugger as the Holy Warrior, who is honestly GOOD at the beginning of the show. Including his initial assault on Tsukiko, he only appears when people ask for his help and the result is always positive. Tsukiko can't handle the stress from work, so she falls back to needing his help and he reappears. She gets famous from the resulting media exposure and she doesn't have to make a new doll (which is why her puppy is ironically seen more and more throughout the show and taking life of its own). Slugger pummels the reporter who is after Tsukiko, and the reporter ends up with the story he needs to pay off his debt. Because of the story that is written, Yuichi is blamed and bullied because of his semblance to the slugger.  Yuichi blames the chubby kid, who is attacked by the slugger. Then he wishes to be attacked himself to show everyone he isn't to blame. So he is. ETC. ETC. ETC.
This shows you that the slugger only appears when he is needed and asked for (in the beginning). The result is generally a good thing. However, it always has a further consequence. This chain of events (butterfly effect) ultimately leads to the slugger being bested by the crooked cop, Masami. This leads to the slugger being thrown in jail and broken down by cops who are convinced he is evil. (The interesting part about this is its really Tsukiko's dad, the chief, who breaks down the boy - representing the fact that he took up arms against the person who had supposedly killed the dog) Ultimately, these worldly evils cause the slugger to break down and admit to the crimes even though he was honestly doing good. With his will broken, his evil counterpart is able to kill him in jail and begin his evil killing spree. This symbolizes a bunch of things.
First off, the slugger was a lie that Tsukiko came up with both as a kid and as an adult. So the concept here is that a lie will grow and continue to have consequences the longer you let it grow. This is also why they say Maromi is the same as the slugger; her growing fame is a symbol of her growing lies. I feel like this is a representation of Tsukiko's life; after she once again blames the slugger for a crime, someone is actually arrested and he kills himself in jail. This is where Makoto comes in.
In reality, Makoto was accused of being the Slugger, broken of his childhood innocence, and had killed himself in jail. He is then brought into the afterlife as a Holy Warrior because he dies wondering who he took the fall for (this is why he is on a holy quest to find the source of evil, which is truly Tsukiko). But, Makota is also the 'Lil Slugger in her afterlife because he died thinking he was due to the aggressive cops. This explains the confusion. He's both the Lil Slugger AND a Holy Warrior. This is why he is good at first. But, just like his real life played out, Makota is forced to take the blame for all the "crimes" (which were really helping people, except the crooked cop who was too far gone). He once again loses all hope and literally kills himself in her afterlife. Then the slugger is reborn; it takes its true, pure evil form (representing just how cruel the lie had become at that point) and basically becomes the grim reaper. He kills people who want to die, who are about to die, and people who deserve to die (mainly people associated with causing Makota to kill himself).
[Thus, we have the true overarching theme for the show: the loss of childhood innocence that leads to a cycle of hate and revenge. We see this several times, but the main manifestation of this is that Tsukiko's innocent childhood fantasy became something evil when she brought it back as an adult. The idea is that it was passable for her to lie about something as a kid, but as an adult her lie got someone arrested and killed. Up until the point where Makoto kills himself, her lie was innocent and harmless (even though a poor puppy was killed in the process - but that's not as serious of a crime as assault or murder). So, the initial manifestation of her lie (Lil Slugger) was good. After that loss of innocence occurs, Lil Slugger actually starts killing people - he's all bad and he continues to grow (symbolizing that a lie can grow over time).]
My point here, though, is that after the first Holy Warrior dies, someone has to take his place.
That someone is Maniwa. I believe he is represented as a Holy Warrior because he died seeking to uncover the truth to what actually happened. He loses his job pursuing the slugger and comes back at the end of the show to finish him off. This means Maniwa dies trying to uncover the truth. This is why he shows up in her afterlife as the Holy Warrior, where he solves the mystery, shows Tsukiko what really happened, and then reunites her with the family she never had in order to give her a reason to let go of the guilt and shame she felt. Thereby, the evil Lil Slugger is beaten and the world is saved!! Tsukiko then enters a new reality that is entirely positive, and she lives happily ever after in her heaven.
Multiverse theory makes this really convoluted and complicated, and there are tons of themes that I assuredly have missed. However, I guarantee this is the most accurate general interpretation of this show to date. I haven't read a single review or post that realizes the fact that people are dead in the show and that multiple realities are being represented. This is honestly why its so hard to understand and explain. Ultimately, this was the writer's intent; its supposed to be overly complex so everyone interprets it in their own way. (This parallel's the ending where Tsukiko's perspective molds her reality.) Point being, you're supposed to figure it out yourself! This means that you have to go back, watch it over, and do research if you really want to understand the story. This is also why Paranoia Agent is now my most favorite anime EVER; you can watch it again and again, always learning something new. It's graphics are great, it's chock full of wonderful messages, shows you that there is good in the world if only you perceive it, and has amazing replayability. 10/10 best anime ever. Sorry for the novel, but I hope you learned something new, and I hope I answered your questions in the process.

Welcome to Anime and Manga.SE. Although you post quite a lot, I'm not sure whether it is actually answering the question "Who or what is Shounen Bat?" (except for the first few paragraphs). If it is relevant, please add headings to help with navigation.

This answer seems poor as the huge wall of text relies on the understanding of the poster's personal theory of the afterlife and assuming that the writers had the same thought. also the final paragraph, after claiming this has to be accurate because no other review as ever mentioned it, reviews the series which should be in the answer to begin with


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What did Enel do after being defeated?
As shown in the Manga and the Anime, Enel survived along with the Ark.  He then Embarks to Fairy Verth

 The Moon.

In the Manga it shows his adventures on the Moon.  But what happened?  I didn't understand the situation that happened.  What exactly happened on the Moon?

There's an article on One Piece Wiki which describes the mini-series. I've copied the summary below for completeness, but you might prefer to read it there since it has relevant links to other articles.

While exploring the moon, Enel finds a small robot in a crater and attacks it. The electricity, instead of harming it, recharges it (much to Enel's disappointment). The robot, identified as First Lieutenant Spacey, finds its fallen comrades - Macro, Galaxy and Cosmo - and weeps over them while Enel watches on, impassive. While the Lieutenant is mourning, a fox-like Space Pirate attacks it from behind with an electrocuting spear.
  The Space Pirate, then attempts to attack Enel, who nonchalantly phases through the spear, attacks, and defeats it in retaliation. Enel, then sees a huge explosion in the distance, and is angered by what appears to have destroyed his ark, Maxim. Meanwhile, over at the area of the explosion, three more Space Pirates are converging, planning to excavate the moon for its treasures. Enel soon appears at the excavation site.
In the meantime, the shocked, but still alive Lieutenant Spacey reminisces about why he and his comrades came to the moon in the first place. An old man named Professor Tsukimi made them on Machine Island, and one day, while watching the moon and eating snacks, a huge explosion happened on it, much like the one that destroyed Enel's ark. The professor, shocked, swallowed his dumpling without chewing, resulting in him suffocating to death.
After burying the professor, the four Spaceys traveled to the moon (each one with a balloon) to take revenge on the one who caused the explosion that resulted in the accidental death of the professor by suffocation. Upon reaching the moon, they find the same space pirates that destroyed Maxim, and despite overwhelming odds, they fought the captain of the Space Pirates. In the end, however, all four of them were defeated.
In present time, Enel attacks the Space Pirates and destroys the entire excavation site with his lightning powers. This uncovers a canal that he intends to explore. Before he can do so, however, Lieutenant Spacey (towing his comrades' bodies behind him on a sled) rushes up to him and thanks him for avenging him and his comrades' "father".
Enel shocks the Lieutenant, and all of his comrades out of sheer annoyance, and goes on to explore the dried-up canal, coming upon a cave. Inside the cave is a huge Mayan-esque city, which he decides to electrocute as well. The resulting surge of electricity awakens not only the city, but a horde of ancient-looking Spaceys as well.
The entire city, having been activated, all of the ancient Spaceys, as well as the four "new" ones that Enel had just met, rush to thank him, much to his confusion. Enel, then studies a wall painting, and realizes that the original Birkans, his ancestors, one of which is Professor Tsukimi, came from the moon. Looking around, Enel sees endless followers, and an enormous amount of "vearth", and decides that the "Fairy Vearth" was everything that he had wanted.

source: Stack Exchange

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/

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Does Yukari ever change back from being an alpaca in Paca Plus?
The premise of Paca Plus is rather amusing: the protagonist's girlfriend Yukari gets transformed into an alpaca. Having played the trial, it was pretty well-done, but the trial ends right when Yukari turns into an alpaca so it's difficult to judge the game based on that. I'm now at the point where I have to decide whether or not to buy the full game, with not quite enough information to make the decision.
If Yukari never changes back, and the whole game is just romance with alpaca Yukari, that wouldn't really be my cup of tea. To use a quote from the game:

However, if Yukari occasionally changes back to her human form, I could live with her being an alpaca most of the time. That seems like something that could be played up for great comedic value, and it wouldn't totally kill the romance.
So my question is, does Yukari stay an alpaca forever, or does she switch back to being a human?

Yes, Yukari does change back from an alpaca to a girl.

 The "curse of the alpaca" which was placed on Yukari is reversed by Kazuma accepting her and kissing her as an alpaca.

Yes, but there's a sequel that introduces a new character... a capybara. And Yukari returns to her "paca version".
No, i'm serious here.

I wouldn't mind if you expanded this a bit more. :) - as it stands it sounds like much of an ideal answer to me,

all_licenses: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/


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Did Yu-Gi-Oh GX end after Yubel was defeated?
i watched the dubbed version of Yu-Gi-Oh GX when it was on TV, and the last episode they showed was when Jaden defeated Yubel and was told that he was some prince from another world who was sent away because of some darkness. He then enters a portal with Yubel to confront it, leaving his friends behind.
Is that the end of the series, or does it continue off somewhere (like maybe linking to a season of 5D's another Yu-Gi-Oh Series)?

The Yu-gi-oh! GX dub by 4Kids ends after the defeat of Yubel, which is in episode 155. This is the 3rd main arc in the anime, the Dimension World Arc (Note that 156, while still belonging to this arc, was never dubbed). However, there is one more arc of the anime which was never dubbed in English, which is just called Season 4. The conclusion of season 4 (episode 180) is the end of the Yu-gi-oh! GX anime, and the story isn't directly continued in any of the other series, apart from the special "Yu-Gi-Oh! 3D: Bonds Beyond Time" which features the main characters of the main series, GX, and 5D's. So to answer your question, yes, the GX anime continues for another 25 episodes after that point.
There's also the manga, which is very different from the anime. It's more like a continuation of the original Yu-Gi-Oh! TV series and manga, and a lot of things are changed in the plot. It's also worth noting that the anime actually predates the manga in this case.
While I've linked to Wikipedia articles above, you can find the same information at the Yu-Gi-Oh! Wiki entry for GX, as well as a lot more information which is not on Wikipedia.

i had a feeling that there would have to be another season after it cause of Zane, once again 4Kids screws us over when it comes to dubbing


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What was the swarm of moths in the final episode of The Tatami Galaxy?
In the final episode of Tatami Galaxy, when the protagonist escapes from Shimogamo Yuusuisou, a giant swarm of moths is also let out. That same swarm distracts the crowd that was pursuing Ozu at Kamo-oohashi.

The protagonist himself says (in his role as narrator) that the viewer probably knows what the swarm is, but I could not figure it out. What is the swarm of moths, and why did they protect Ozu?

It seems we're led to believe that the moths represent Watashi, the protagonist, in a metaphorical sense. Unfortunately, this is never officially explained.
With regard to The Tatami Galaxy, reviewers and analyzers seem to pull out the fact that moths are meant to symbolize humans. One reviewer[1] called them pitiful (due to the fact that they are nocturnal, yet rely on light to survive). Another blogger[2] pointed out the metamorphosis cycle of a moth.
In both cases, these were drawn to parallels with human beings and, in particular, Watashi:

People too can be pitiful sometimes. When life gets tough and one starts losing his rose-tinted visions of life, he blinds himself from the truth and begins to see what he only wants to see.

After all, moths undergo complete metamorphosis. Something Watashi goes through.

This helps us somewhat to determine the origin of the moths. Every tatami mat room contained a moth (which usually frightened Atashi); upon Watashi's escape from Shimogamo Yuusuisou, the moths escape as well, linking them somewhat to Watashi and representing his escape.

[T]he protagonist's jailbreak out of his endlessly continuing cell of individual rooms is accompanied by a mysterious swarm of moths that overwhelm the city of Kyoto. Officially unexplained, this massive swarm of moths is the simultaneous outpouring of Individual moths from the infinite number of 4.5 tatami mat rooms, each of which contained a single moth.[3]

Why did the moths help Ozu? Hard to say for sure; again, officially unexplained. One viewer I mentioned[2] suggested them as a spirit animal, though:

Then at the end, the moths come down in force as a benevolent instrument to make him possibly the only thing that could stand out more than Ozu. Why are the moths benevolent, and is there some reason why they are chosen? Is it because moths, like him undergo a complete metamorphosis and as such are sort of like his spirit animal?

I believe that in general, The Tatami Galaxy likes to leave some things for the viewer to consider upon finishing the series. There likely is not one single, genuine answer to the question you've posed, but the symbolism of the moth seems to be a good explanation for how and why they appear in the swarm.
(Sorry that reference #3 is a cached version. Its source is this page but it's not fully searchable in the "normal" format.)

They're the moths that were flying around the light in his room. There was only one in each room, but they followed him through the universes and burst free. It's a cute metaphor about how he's no longer disracted by meaningless things, and breaking free from the tatami maze that had trapped him. It's not much more complex than that. Tuasa diesn't favor many extended metaphors, just lots of clever little ones.

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How does Shi-Woon regenerate his wounds so fast?
In The Breaker-New Waves after his master broke his ki center he is still able to fight. In fights his level of regeneration is off the charts. He can keep fighting even if he has broken bones. Why is this happening? Is it because of training? Is it because of a medical condition?

His regeneration and stamina have been greatly enhanced thanks to the extremely rare and expensive pill that Lee Shi-Ho (whose clan specialises in such matters) gives him. The pill, Illwallsidan, triggers a tremendous release of ki which most people cannot handle (and often die). But thanks to Chun-Woo's timely assistance, Shi-Woon somehow manages.
Much of New Waves tackles how Shi-Woon goes about restoring his broken ki centre.

the illwallsidan was the thin which gave him superhuman strength. it doesn't help him recover quickly. he covers because of hwan gol tal tae (don't remember the name perfectly)


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Will I miss anything if I play Ys VIII: Lacrimosa of Dana without playing previous games?
So I was going to download Ys VIII Lacrimosa of Dana. But before doing so I realized its VIII. Will I miss many important references if I start from Ys VIII directly without playing the previous titles?

Given the context, this seems better suited for Arqade

I'm voting to close this question as off-topic because it is about a role-playing game rather than an anime or manga.

"Can I/Should I" questions are generally frowned upon because it's considered as personal advice, which usually there's no real answer (because the answer is always: yes you can, but...). You could instead directly ask "Will I miss many important references if I start from Ys VIII directly without playing the previous titles?"

@AkiTanaka While correct, it is a minor change that is easy to edit in yourself (I already did in fact).

@kuwaly really late to the party with this but we do allow for lore question in japanese games. more so that the first 2 games of the Ys Series were made into anime

this should have been marked as off topic a while back.


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Which song plays when Lelouch tells to the world he's the emperor of Britannia in ep 25 of R2?
What is the OST played at 11:35 in the ep 25 of R2 of Code Geass?

You mean the music during his "Attention, entire world" speech?
That's the OST "The Master".
Unfortunately, it seems all original versions of it on youtube have been taken down, but luckily I managed to find it somewhere else.
https://soundcloud.com/lord-snowman/code-geass-lelouch-of-the-rebellion-r2-ost-21-the-master
Enjoy!

Fittingly called "All Hail Britannia"
Youtube


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Why does Togame's eye change?
Sometimes in the series, Togame's left eye becomes purple with a cross inside. Is there a reason for that?

Togame's name (十が目 = とがめ = togame, or 目が十, "eyes are ten/cross shaped") means "cross-shaped (lit. ten-shaped) eye."
Though not thoroughly explained, the Katanagatari wiki mentions that it's a result (along with her hair turning white) of witnessed the death of her father.
It's been mentioned (by various Japanese BBS sources) that the cross-shaped eyes were the idea of the original illustrator (of the light novels) and not of the author.

The eye that witnessed the act takes on a snake-like appearance when she is scheming. One of the Maniwani notes that it "shines with ambition".

You could say that the root of ambition that Togame shines with is revenge, since her eyes return to return to normal when she's scheming her ultimate revenge plot.

Togame's left eye changes whenever she is scheming or in an ambitious state of mind. This first began when she witnessed her father being killed, at the same time that her hair turned white. I do not believe it is explained why this change takes place beyond that witnessing her father's death changed her view of the world, but it could be elaborated in the novels.

It's also worth mentioning that Togame's name (とがめ) in Japanese is probably a reference to this eye, though it can be read in many ways. The particular reading here would be 十が眼, which could be interpreted as "eyeball shaped like 十 (to; the character for the number 10)". This is fairly unorthodox Japanese, but it's clear that this was one of the readings that the author intended.
Of course, Togame is the fake name that she made up for herself after her father died, so she wasn't called that until she got her cross-shaped eye. Before that, she was named Yousha (容赦). This is likely a counterpoint to another interpretation of her name, since 容赦 means forgiveness, while 咎め (とがめ) means blame or rebuke, which is fitting given how that incident changed her life towards seeking revenge.

Interesting. Perhaps it's best contrasted as 咎め(ず) and 容赦(姫).


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Is Gatchaman Crowds set in the same universe as Gatchaman?
I read about the upcoming Gatchaman Crowds anime.
According to this source, the series is about

"Gatchaman" — warriors who fight in special reinforced suits powered
  by "NOTE," the manifestation of special spiritual powers in living
  beings.

This surprised me - the original Gatchaman series had no supernatural material. Some pretty improbable things happened, but they were all understood to be advanced science & technology. The "Bird Go!" transformations were not spiritual but technological.
So, is Gatchaman Crowds set in the same universe as the original Gatchaman?
Note: I'm aware this can't be answered until the show starts, or until Tatsunoko reveals more information.

I don't have a definitive answer to this, but based on the first 2 episodes of Gatchaman Crowds (all that has aired so far), at the very least there's no clear connection between the two series. If they are in the same universe, the characters in the two series don't seem to be interacting at all. There are definitely references to the original series, e.g. all of the members of the Gatchaman team in the original series have counterparts in Gatchaman Crowds, and many of the concepts stayed the same.
There's good reason to believe that the two series are in different universes. In the original Gatchaman, all of their powers were, at least in principle, just the product of science and technology. In Gatchaman Crowds, by contrast, their powers are of some sort of mystic origin. It's not yet clear how they work, but they aren't purely within the realm of science fiction anymore. This rendition of Gatchaman is thus fundamentally different from the original, and probably only makes sense in its own universe.
The Wikipedia entry for Gatchaman Crowds seems to agree with this, describing Gatchaman Crowds as “based in the Gatchaman universe,” which would seem to preclude it from being in the same universe. However, there's no solid source for that statement, so it's at best questionable.
Of course, this answer could still change (at least until Gatchaman Crowds ends) but for the moment it seems more likely that they are in different universes.

I've waited a while with accepting this until more episodes were available. By now it's safe to say this answer is right.

I would refute the "mystic origin" part as speculation, with this razor: "Any sufficient advanced technology..." - when Katze forcibly removes Hibiki's note, there is a lot of wiring behind it. And JJ is not telling how he does his stuff. But you are correct that it is not pure science fiction as in SF they at least try to make some kind of explanation to the tech.

I would say the connection between Gatchaman Crowds and the original Gatchaman is the original is a TV show in the Gatchaman Crowds universe in which somehow the team actually exists in the world, which would explain the references to the team in the first episode before the reveal of them actually existing.

I don't think there was a "Gatchaman" TV show in the Crowds universe. Was a TV show mentioned in that first episode? IIRC The existence of Gatchamans was a rumor - something you'd find in tabloids or websites devoted to conspiracy theories.


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In what order should I watch Daily Lives of High School Boys series?
According to Wikipedia, there are 12 main episodes and 7 specials. In the beginning of the second main episode, there is a note saying: "this story has a proper ending". I guess this is supposed to mean the story continues (or is concluded) in a special episode. So what is the proper order of the series?

"This story has a proper ending"
Sarcasm
It's more or less a running-gag of the show that it has no real ending.

 Actually, the ending repeats the first scene of the anime, where the three friends go to school again (just weirder), although their school-time (and story) should be over.

I think you should watch the 12 normal episodes and then the specials. I can't remember them, however, but the main anime works without them.


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What are the differences between the 2002 and 2006 versions of Kanon?
I only watched Kanon (2006) which is made by Kyoto Animation. What are the differences between the 2002 version and the 2006 version of the series?

There are two anime adaptations of Kanon, one from 2002 by Toei Animation with 13 episodes (plus one OVA), and one from 2006 by Kyoto Animation with 24 episodes. Both of them are based on the 1999 visual novel by Key.
The most obvious difference between the two is the artwork. The 2002 version was fairly close to the artwork from the VN. In contrast, the 2006 anime was with KyoAni's own style, which is more similar to their previous anime Air than to the original Kanon artwork. I think most people would say that 2006 has the better animation quality. The soundtracks of the two are understandably also different. In terms of theme songs, the 2006 version used remixed versions the original songs from the VN, while the 2002 version used new songs. The voice actors are the same with the exception of Yuichi and Kuze.

Comparison of Kanon artwork
Left: Nayuki, Right: Aya.
Top row: Visual Novel, Middle Row: 2002 Anime, Bottom Row: 2006 Anime
In terms of plot, there are going to be many small differences. The 2006 one had 11 more episodes than the 2002 one, so understandably there is more content there. Both are very close to the VN, but the 2002 one stripped out a lot of extraneous content and condensed a lot of necessary content (to the point that it created some plot holes). The content that was removed had a lot of comedy, so the 2002 version comes off as more of a drama than the 2006 one. The one difference that I definitely noticed is that Mai's story in the 2002 version was greatly condensed to the point of not making sense, while it's quite well-paced and understandable in the 2006 version. Overall, the big differences are that with the 2002 version, you just don't get as much of the story, and it goes somewhat faster.
I think the advice of most people would be that if you've already watched the 2006 version, there's not a lot of reason to watch the 2002 version. Instead, if you want more Kanon, the better thing to do would be to read the VN.


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What is the relation between the flowers and the heroines in ED sequence of Photokano?
At the end of the ED sequence of Photokano, 7 main (?) heroines are shown.

Then in the next scene, at the same position, a pot of flower is shown for each of the girls.

What are the flowers shown in the screenshot? And how are they related to the heroines?

According to a tweet from @anime_photokano (the official Photokano twitter account):

「フォトカノ」EDアニメーションのイントロで映る花ですが、順にリンドウ、ガーベラ、ヒマワリ、シロツメクサ、タンポポ、コスモス、スイートピーです（どの花がどのヒロインに対応しているかは以降のカットでご確認を）。本編でも、花のカットの使われ方にご注目ください！ #photokano

Loosely translated,

Regarding the flowers at the beginning of the Photokano ED - in order, they are Japanese gentian, gerbera, sunflower, white clover, dandelion, cosmos, and sweet pea (take a look at how each heroine corresponds to her flower in the following scenes). During the main part of the anime, please pay attention to the use of flowers as well! #photokano

Note that the order referred to in the tweet is not the order in which the flowers appear in the OP's screenshot, but rather the order in which the fields of flowers are displayed immediately prior to that screenshot.
Clearly, the flower choices aren't arbitrary. To figure out what they actually mean, we probably have to look at the Japanese conception of 花言葉 (hana-kotoba, "flower language").  Japanese flower-language seems to be better-known in Japan than its European counterpart is in the west, lending credence to the idea that the girls were matched up to flowers based on flower-language.
I don't have access to any English-language sources, and I'm not aware of any authoritative Japanese-language sources, so I've just culled the below information from various Japanese sites.

MUROTO Aki (Japanese gentian) - "I love you-who-are-sad"; justice; victory; faithfulnes
SAKURA Mai (gerbera) - noble beauty; mystery / wonder; hope; "always moving forward"; patience
YUNOKI Rina (sunflower) - longing; "my eyes are only for you"; admiration; devotion; glory; shining; adoration
MASAKI Nonoka (white clover) - revenge; promises; "think of me"
SANEHARA Hikari (dandelion) - "love from the bottom of my heart"; confusing and mystifying; divine revelation; fickleness
MISUMI Tomoe (cosmos) - girlish innocence; sincerity; orderliness; affection
NIIMI Haruka (sweet pea) - departing; happy memories; small joys

Now, unfortunately, I have only seen the first episode of Photokano, so I can't really evaluate how well these flower-language descriptions map onto the actual personalities of the girls. I hope this helps, though.


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Name of the song in Girls Und Panzer
In certain episode of Girls Und Panzer, there is a song with foreign language (more likely Russian because during that time protagonists team battle against with Soviet team). What is the name of that song?

Do you mean this song? Ifo so this is a old Russian wartime song called "Katyusha"

just a side note that all team are from Japanese despite having a foreign theme, so there's no Soviet team. They're Pravda. And the school is located in Aomori Prefecture, and most of the student are Japanese. (only one known Russian, Klara)

This is a old Russian wartime song called "Katyusha."
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=epclAbW1APk&t=45


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Which chapters do I need to read of The World God Only Knows (Manga)?
I plan to read TWGOK manga, especially the chapters that weren't animated (between Season 2 and Season 3). Which chapters do I need to read?

The first two seasons of the anime adapted everything from the beginning, and made it through Nagase's arc. Nagase's arc ends in chapter 41. Chapter 42 is an extra chapter, and 43 is the beginning of Tsukiyo's arc. From there until the start of season 3, the only parts that have been adapted are chapters 54-55 in the first OVA, and Tenri's arc (chapters 57-64; 56 is another extra chapter) in the second OVA. Season 3 animates the Goddesses arc, which begins chapter 114. Season 3 of the anime ends with chapter 189 of the manga. As of February 2014 this is everything that has been animated (unless you count the Magical☆Star Kanon 100% OVA which loosely adapts the corresponding spin-off manga chapters).
Hence, the minimum amount of reading to get all the main story arcs would be chapters 43-53, 65-113, and continuing from chapter 190. However, if you don't want to miss any of the extra content, I'd strongly suggest reading everything from the beginning. The story has a lot of bonus material and extra chapters that were never adapted, and many of the running jokes originate in those chapters.

by judging from current ending of TWGOK, Does it cover overall of Goddess arc??

@NaingLinAung The ending of the anime S3 corresponds to chapter 189 of the manga as I suspected above. I'm not sure if they cut anything out, though if they did it was not crucial. I do know that the various extras and specials were not covered.


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Has Azumanga Hoshuu Hen been released in English?
'Azumanga Hoshuu Hen' or 'Azumanga Extra Materials' is a set of three new chapters that were included into a triple volume edition of the normal azumanga manga.
Each new chapter covers one year of high school, with Sakaki, Yomi, Tomo, Chiyo, Osaka, and Kagura.

Were these bonus chapters ever released in English? I own the individual manga books, but I don't know if they were included in a similar english omnibus edition, a separate release or at all

As of this answer, Yen Press has not released the redone release of the series in either the UK or the US. They did however release the Omnibus, but that was before the 10th Anniversary of the series (and release of the manga, also why Yotsuba& went on hiatus).
The entire series was re-released as 3 volumes (one for each year), The author redrew a couple more chapters (16 pages of new content in each volume) to go at the start/end of the new volumes (these are the Supplemental lessons).

The author also redrew a lot of the content. Sakaki and a lot of her fanservice shots are redone. Some of the punchlines were also changed or completely redone  (e.g. Kimura doesn't appear at the end of the Christmas chapter).


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Can Accelerator be harmed by space-time abilities (such as teleportation)?
Accelerator can control vectors with his ability "Vector Change" (sometimes also known as "Accelerator"). Is it possible for someone with a space-time ability to hurt him (e.g. by teleporting an object inside his body or moving his body parts to different places)? If not, why not?
Also, is there any other effective way of dealing damage to Accelerator (excluding magic things or Touma's imagine breaker or Kihara's way of fighting)?

I tried to improve the wording to make it a bit clearer what you are asking. If I've misunderstood what you were asking, feel free to revert it.

As for teleportation, the Railgun wiki says:

As of Volume 20, he is currently in Russia, where he has a brief encounter with some Russian mages, and some of Academy city's new streamlined, high-speed power suits. It is also during this encounter where we learn that his ability not only works on magic (although incompletely, as the magic is dissipated instead of redirected) but also on teleportation as well.

Supposedly, Accelerator's reflect shield works in all 11 dimensions, so as long as the teleportation is using one of those (as Kuroko's does), he'll be able to reflect it.


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How does the NerveGear fallback battery work?
On the first episode of Sword Art Online we know about a microwaves device installed on the helmet. We learn that this device can damage to death the user's brain removing the limiter. Unplugging the device causes the battery to activate as fallback, using the remaining power on the battery to damage the brain of the user.
The main device of a today microwave oven is magnetron, I cannot find any example of a magnetron consuming less than 1kWh as now (I accept correction), emitting more than 600W in microwaves. As of current technology, can a portable battery provide enough power to burn a brain? Are there more details about this issue described later in the anime or in the novels?

Just to state that SAO is futuristic, and as such battery power densities are probably better than current (possibly by orders of magnitude).

Right, SAO is set in 2022. Still, power consumption for a magnetron is very high for a portable battery, so I'm interested about how the writer address this issue and if it's feasible even providing some technological advancements (the last question).

There was a Nerve Gear. No such thing exists is present time. It doesn't make sense to compare the batteries and power consumtion based on today's facts and limitations. A few decades ago, Super Computers required hell lot of energy, times where a thing as a laptop would be unthinkable.

Lets say the magnetron indeed has a power requirement of 1kW (I never tried, so I might be off with this value and 1kW is not enough to burn a brain. On the other hand, I guess it also depends on the duration the magnetron is turned on.)
Lets also say a mobile(-ish) battery of 50V is used (I do have to pick some value, right).
P = V * I , so it would draw 1000W / 50V = 20A.
Now, lets say a brain is fried in 1 minute (maybe this assumption is too high: if it takes too long the 'immediate dying' effect would be gone? Although some agony is a pro in the eyes of an evil mastermind)
So this battery for example (disclaimer: first one I found; I do not own stock for this company) seems to be sufficient. As it should be able to power it for about 1 hour (19.5Ah)...
It is a bit heavy with its 8.8kg, but we do probably not need power for one hours, so a smaller battery should be sufficient, weighing a lot less.

So in short the answer is (with these crude estimates and calculations): Yes it is possible to power a (mobile-ish, the magnetron you linked to did not look too mobile as well) device with our current technology.
I did not read the manga or anime, but I guess the complete system needs to be scaled down to match the description and fit in a helmet...

The one instance I know of of a 'resurrection' item from SAO required use within 10 seconds.  Thus, we could probably assume fatal results soon after that time.  What does that do for the calculations?

Using my guessed values, the total 'required'/dissipated energy is 1kW1/10h = 100Wh (or 360kJ). If the amount of time this energy needs to be dissipated in, reduced from 60s to 10s (factor 6), the power is increased to 100Wh(1/60s) = 6kW (same factor 6 compared to the 1kW). Assuming the battery still provides a 50V voltage, it needs a discharge current of 6kW/50V = 120A! (Which cannot be delivered by the battery I linked to) But if the battery is able to provide a higher voltage, the required discharge current drops. But the required 10 seconds seems too much with our current technology...

(continued) But then again, I do not know anything about frying brains, so my guessed/used values might be completely wrong! :)

@Clockwork-Muse the assumption might be wrong too. maybe there is just a delay of 10 seconds until the magnetron is turned on ;)

@Veger please keep in mind, that the brain will not necessarily absorb all the power "provided" by the magnetron. also before you fried the whole brain, the water inside it will have evaporated, thus making the whole skull explode... you could ad an  alternative approach with the energy needed to boil a liter of water (which would be more than enough to kill in seconds ;))


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What did Rina know about the "legendary cosplayer" Alice's true identity?
In episode 11 of Photokano, the "legendary cosplayer" Alice helps Rina during the culture festival. At that time, it's clear that Rina knows something about Alice, very likely her true identity. However, Alice tells her to keep it a secret.
What did Rina know about who Alice is?

Seeing how Rina can "see" the stealth girl (= Alice), I am not surprise that she can see through the cosplay...

Rina knew that Alice's true identity is Uchida Yuuko.
Earlier in the same episode, Rina sees through Yuuko's stealth ability and invites her to try some cooking. She eventually agrees and seems to have fun.

During the school festival, Rina once again sees through the cosplayer Alice's "stealth" ability of masking her true identity. In a low voice, extremely similar to Yuuko's normal voice, Alice simply tells Rina to keep it a secret.
In a previous episode, Maeda Kazuya also noticed a similarity between Yuuko and Alice but he thought it was just his imagination, so he didn't give it any further thought.
This may seem like speculation, but fortunately the episode's credits back it up.

The line I've highlighted says this:

Uchida Yuuko (Alice)     Takagaki Ayahi

So it seems like Rina is not only very good at noticing the people who tend to just be "background noise" to everyone else, but she can also easily see through the "disguise" of a costume and different personality to see who someone really is. Both are pretty great abilities if you ask me.


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Does Kanon enjoy figure skating?
In G-Senjou no Maou, Kanon is a world-class figure skater. However, at different points in the story, when asked if she enjoys figure skating, she speaks ambiguously or dodges the question. It's implied at times that she is only doing it because her mother wants her to, but at other times she seems to like it.
What are Kanon's real feelings about figure skating? Is she continuing to pursue it for herself or for the interests of others?

From an early age, Kanon disliked skating and found it boring. She was only doing it because her mother wanted her to and/or forced her to do it.

However, her mother encourages her to stick with figure skating until she can truly understand the joy that it brings.

As you progress through Kanon's route, she slowly realizes that since skating has been her whole life, it has also greatly shaped her life. Thanks to her ability in skating, she was able to finally meet her father.

There was another scene where she spends Christmas Eve at a home for the elderly. Most of the people living there were lonely since they hadn't seen their children for so long, and Kanon was genuinely glad that she, a well-known figure skater, could brighten their Christmas Eve just a little bit.
Eventually, in her Good End, Kanon admits that she loves skating due to all of the life occurrences and experiences that it has brought her.

In her next performance after this scene, she dazzles the crowd with her ability and emotion to the point that everyone is cheering for her, even despite the fact her poor attitude in a previous performance made everyone dislike her. The genuine reaction from the audience, as well as the support she receives from her friends and mother, allow her to finally understand her mother's advice from many years ago.


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Why does Inga turn into a woman?
In UN-GO Inga turns into a older female and people must answer her question. Is there a specific reason for the transformation? Or is there a deeper reason for the transformation?

Inga has the mysterious ability to transform into an adult woman. When he has changed into this form, she can use her power that, when a question is asked, the victim has no choice to answer it with the truth. This ability has proven very useful in cracking cases, but difficulty is in asking which question so that the culprit will indeed be revealed.
  Inga's power
  BereisgreatAdded by Bereisgreat
  When she uses her powers, she takes the head of the subject in her hands and asks her question. The light in the room start to flicker and Inga's eyes start glowing with pink lights. She somehow transforms again, this time into, what seems like, a corpse. Her eyes and mouth are wide open and are glowing with the same pink light. The corpse then falls apart in pink butterflies and those butterflies enter the mouth of the victim, after which he or she has no choice but to answer the question Inga asked, with the truth.

If you watch the Inga-ron OVA, they show that Inga is actually inhabiting the body of a woman who died to save Shinjurou when they first met. His body transforms back into hers when he uses his powers.

that explains most of it :D because he inhabits the dead body the moment he uses the power and transforms back in to her they see a corpse. as she is dead. Maybe you then also know why the butterflys come out of her mouth ?

sorry...not entirely sure about that. If I had to guess, it's probably some form of symbolism.


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Why would Himura Kenshin turn back into Hitokiri Battousai?
In the early Meiji era, after participating in the Bakumatsu war as the assassin "Hitokiri Battousai", Himura Kenshin wanders the countryside of Japan offering protection and aid to those in need as atonement for the murders he once committed.
In the story Kenshin is said to revert to the murderer Hitokiri Battousai he once used to be. Why would killing revert his full personality back in to that of a murderer permanently?
NOTE:
He did sometimes temporarily revert to his murderous self but soon after gets pulled out of it by people such as Kamiya Kaoru.

In the OAV series Rurouni Kenshin: Trust & Betrayal, we get to learn more about Kenshin and his trip from being a simple orphan to Japan's most feared assassin Hittokiri Battousai, and then to the peaceful Ruroni.
As Hittokiri Battousai, he wasn't exactly evil. He had good intentions, and saw assassination as the only way he could help the weak and the downtrodden. Through his interactions with Tomoe, and her final fate, Kenshin begins to realize that he had been doing it all wrong. Helping people by spilling blood was not the way to go. That's when he dons the character of pacifist Ruroni Kenshin, who refuses to kill no matter the provocation or how evil the other person is.
But that conviction is a very hard one to keep, especially for a trained assassin such as Kenshin. He knows that if he slips just once, and kills as a means to an end, he would fall back in to the endless cycle of blood letting that dominated his life as Hitokiri Battousai.

Did you mean, OVA?

OAV and OVA are used interchangeably. Unless one of them has been standardized now.

He took a vow to never kill again, and that forms the core of his being.  During the war his psyche became extremely fragile from killing as he is naturally a kind and good person.  Killing required him to bury those parts of himself.  When the final battle is over he disappears from the world vowing never to kill again.  He heals mostly but he is not stable.  If he kills again there is a chance that his mind would break and he would no longer be able to find the parts of himself that were good.
Kaoru is able to appeal to Kenshin's good side as he loves her, which gives him the strength to fight the killer in his heart.


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What part of Tiger & Bunny do purple, white, and green plastic bins refer to?
In an article I read recently, entitled "Images That Do Not Make Any Sense If You Are Not A Fan", about a Twitter hash that is currently trending, there was an image of a bunch of color-coordinated plastic bins:

The article seems to suggest that this image is somehow related to Tiger & Bunny. What part of the anime are these bins referencing?

It's related to the color-coordination of each superhero's costume. Each characters has a color they identify with:

Barnaby Brooks Jr., a.k.a. "Bunny" is White (with Red).

Kotetsu T. Kaburagi, a.k.a. "Wild Tiger" is Yellow (with White and Green).

Antonio Lopez, a.k.a. "Rock Bison" is Green.
Yuri Petrov, a villain known as "Lunatic," is Black.
Side note: the fried rice is a reference to how Bunny finally learns how to make fried rice (Kotetsu's favorite food).


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Which GetBackers episodes are filler?
I'm watching GetBackers and after the fight against Makubex in Infinity Fortress i only find fillers and story with no plot-related history. Which ones are the fillers and which correspond to the manga?

After the point you mentioned the content is basically entirely filler starting with episode 26 (the beginning of season 2 of the anime). Other than the final arc (episodes 43-49) which provides some conclusion to the anime, it is episodic content. The final arc is anime-original and quite a bit different from the manga.
A few of the episodes of the anime are based on interlude manga chapters, but they're still episodic and don't forward the plot. These episodes were expanded quite a bit from the manga chapters which were comedic interludes that did not forward the story significantly. Episodes 26, 38, 39, and 40 are the only examples of this I know of, though it's been a while since I've read the manga or watched the anime so I might have missed one. These episodes still have a lot of anime-original content, so if you don't like the filler at all you probably won't enjoy these regardless of whether they're based on the manga.
So, in short, if you want the continuation of the GetBackers story, the only real option is to read the manga. The anime episode 25 corresponds roughly to chapter 83, the end of the "Return to Infinity Fortress" arc. The anime does have a bit of manga content after that point, but I doubt it would be worth watching if all you want is the story and you don't enjoy the filler episodes at all.


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Couldn't Misa have told Kira L's life span?
In the manga Death Note, when Misa meets L for the first time, she has the shinigami eyes, so she must be seeing L's lifespan at the moment. L dies a few volumes later, so couldn't Misa have alerted Kira that L was about to die, and it wasn't worth much trouble?
Is this a flaw in the manga?
It might also be the case that since L was killed by a shinigami itself, the lifespan Misa saw with her shinigami eyes didn't account for that death.
Which of these possibilities is correct?

L was killed by a Death Note (Rem's). When someone is killed by a Shinigami's Death Note, the remaining life span is added to the Shinigami's life. This means the life span seen using the Shinigami eyes doesn't account for deaths caused by the Death Note (since that difference is added to their life). The important part of what the Shinigami eyes does for Misa is that she can see L's real name.

This answer is correct, but I think furthermore that even if death note's users can see numbers/symbols representing the lifespan, they cannot understand them anyway. Another important point of Misa shinigami's eyes is that a death note's user cannot see the lifespan of another death note user. This is a way to discover who is also a death note user in the population.

As far as I remember, Rem told Misa how the time system works (and this should even be part of the deal but Rem sure told her precious Misa), however even if the eyes were to show the exact human-time date of death even considering Death Note kills, it is explicitly stated that Misa plain out forgot what she saw that day. She saw countless names and life spans in her time as Kira, was tortured for weeks then still held in the headquarters until they got Higuchi. Do you remember every comment you read at least 2 months ago even without being tortured beyond the will to survive?


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What is the meaning of the title of Fruits Basket?
The title of "Fruits Basket" seems to imply that there is some basket with fruits in it which is somehow relevant to the story. However, I imagine that a story about a literal basket of fruits would not be very interesting.
What is the significance of the title? Is it referencing a literal basket of fruits or is it symbolizing something else?

The Fruits Basket is a game where a player is assigned to one fruit (any fruit as long as it is a fruit). Tohru was assigned by her friends to be the onigiri (rice ball, which obviously isn't a fruit), so she was left sitting alone because onigiri won't be called since onigiri isn't a fruit. It is also a metaphor on how Tohru can't belong to the Souma family as an onigiri won't belong to a Fruits Basket. Reference here.

The fruits basket is metaphorical, not literal. It represents how Tohru feels like an outsider in her family, at school and with the Sohmas, in the same way that an onigiri doesn't belong in a fruits basket. In the manga, she is often represented as an onigiri.

It is a reference to a Tohru played in her childhood where everyone is given a name of a fruit. However, some of the kids, who were pretty mean to her, labelled her as a rice ball (onigiri) so the name of her "fruit" was never called out and she wasn't able to participate. This also symbolizes how isolated she was as a child. Also, in the manga, sometimes when one of the 12 zodiac speak, you can see a small picture of their specific animal when their face isn't in the panel. In Tohru's case, we see a small picture of a rice ball instead.

Welcome to Anime.SE! I'm afraid I don't really see how this differs from the accepted answer from seven years ago.

Some anime titles are literally meaningless, however fruits basket is not one without meaning.
Tohru is like an outcast, fruits basket is like a musical chairs game, except it uses fruit names and Japanese kids play it.
In this anime, Tohru is like outcast by the group and called onigiri (not a fruit), and thus she was left out.
Thus the title would seem to be about how Tohru is different or outcast, and maybe finds her happiness with different people.
Fruits Basket game

Welcome to Anime.SE! I'm afraid I don't really see how this differs from the accepted answer from seven years ago.


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Are tsundere/yandere/kuudere unisexual terms?
The terms "tsundere", "yandere" and "kuudere" are most often used when describing female characters. However, all the definitions of them start with "a person, who...", which kind of suggests that these terms should be applicable to male characters as well.
So, can they be used to describe a male character, and if they can't, are there any other equivalent terms that can be used instead?

Oranyan is the term used for male tsundere. I'm not sure if there are other terms used for kuudere and yandere but all three are also applicable for male characters, though they are more common in females.

Note that "unisexual" and "unisex" may have opposite meaning. The common meaning of "unisexual" is "of or relating to 1 sex" (the less common being "unisex"). It doesn't change the meaning of the question, but it might be confusing in the answer.

Thanks for posting this Singer, its one I have been wondering just never got around to asking!

The dere family along with tsundere (unapproachable outside, sweet inside), yandere (sweet outside, crazy inside) kuudere (cold outside, sweet inside), and dandere (asocial outside, sweet inside).
All of these terms are used to describe traits, rather than the characters themselves, so they are used asexually. However, because the terms (most prominently with tsundere, since it is the most popular trope of the family) are attributed mostly to female characters, people usually attribute the terms as female traits.

As far as I could find, all 3 of the terms are unisex. These terms are rarely used for males and mostly used for female characters.

Tsundere is a Japanese character development process that describes a person who is initially cold and even hostile towards another person before gradually showing his or her warm side over time.
Yandere A common term in otaku fandom, a yandere is a person (usually female) romantically obsessed with someone to the point of using violent means to get them in their arms. Often seen with a sharp weapon and a psychotic grin.
Kuudere
A character type, mostly of a female character, who is normally cold and unassuming but later reveals a softer and kinder side. See Tsundere.

It sounds like it was unisex the first time I read, but now it doesn't seem so. Is it your point that all 3 term are unisex (genderless) or unisexual (of one sex only)?

@nhahtdh Unisex it can be used for woman and man as it only describes traits rather than a specific gender. still they mainly use it for females


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How can eyeglasses not fall in basketball?
In anime basketball such as Slam Dunk, Dear Boys and Kuroko's Basketball, most of the characters with eyeglasses, play basketball without having their eyeglasses fall or broken during the game. How can this happen?

Magic. Or anime ignoring physics.

Or maybe their eyeglasses are already part of their body.

As phrased, I don't think this question is constructive. For one, there are pro basketball players who wear glasses, and if we looked hard enough we could probably find examples of basketball anime/manga where a character's glasses do break. Furthermore, this trope is present in many media, not just anime and maga. I doubt very much that there is a general explanation for all cases beyond what kuwaly posted above. If you specialize it to a particular character, that question might be more answerable.

Most of the characters in anime basketball who wears eyeglasses, play without having their eyeglasses falling or broken. I'm asking for most of them. If there are characters who had their eyeglasses broken, then they just can include that in their answer.

I have glasses and I play basketball, cross train, etc without it falling. Like StarPilot said, all you need are glasses with curved edges and you're good to go. It helps that the lens I use are plastic and the frames are either titanium or plastic (there are a lot of sports glasses, although expensive, that are bendable so even if they fly off, they won't break easily).
That said, I think that this question is not answerable because what answer do you expect from a 'how' question? People can just state their own experiences and it'll be subjective. There's no straight answer for this IMHO

In real life, people that wear glasses often wear "sports bands" when they are concerned about their glasses flying away during athletic events. However, well fit glasses don't need any additional enhancements as long as the athlete isn't performing many rolls. Simple jumps are not enough to cause well fitting glasses to fall or fly away in this case.
In addition to that, some glasses have highly curved end pieces to help secure glasses on the wearer. These end pieces wrap further around the ears than simple straight pieces, and this helps keep the glasses secure.


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Was there ever an a cappella version of Nemurihime released?
In episode 21 of THE iDOLM@STER, Chihaya sings Nemurihime solo at a concert. Thanks to President Kuroi's interference, the technicians won't start the music, so Chihaya decides to sing a cappella (i.e. with no accompaniment). They do start the accompaniment at the first chorus, so it doesn't stay a capella the whole way through, and furthermore the song is cut (the full duration is 5).
The video from the anime is here. Note that this video contains major spoilers; in fact, this scene is basically the climax of the anime. In case you want to avoid any spoilers, the full version of the song from one of the CDs (with accompaniment throughout) is here.
Was a full a cappella version ever released on any of the CDs, or in any other form?

The 2 YouTube videos were removed due to copyright infringement.

An a capella version of this song has not been released yet.
According to VGMdb* and imas DB, Nemurihime was only ever released on two CDs:

THE IDOLM@STER MASTER ARTIST 2 -FIRST SEASON- 05 Chihaya Kisaragi: This was the original release of the song and therefore is not a special version.
THE IDOLM@STER ANIM@TION MASTER 07: This is one of the many soundtracks for the anime series, but it is still the original version and is not a capella.

Note: Neither referenced site has an official relationship with the iM@S series, but they are both reliable fan-made databases.
Since the airing of the anime, Nemurihime was also released on DVD/Blu-Ray of live performances on:

THE IDOLM@STER 7th ANNIVERSARY
THE IDOLM@STER 6th ANNIVERSARY

However I looked up the videos of these performances and they were both the original version. I think it's safe to say that any performances of Nemurihime before the anime are also the original version.
* Since VGMdb does not have permalink search feature, these are the parameters I used:

trackname -- 眠り姫
  game -- idolm@ster


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Why do sick anime characters often are said to have a "weak body"?
In anime when a character is chronically sick, they are said to have a "weak body".
The first and most obvious example that comes to my mind is Clannad, but I've seen this in other animes as well.
Is this something out of japanese culture? Or maybe a quirk of translation?
Maybe I'm looking too far into it and it's really just a plot device, and nobody really cares about what the illness really is.
Thanks to those who reply!

I've assumed that, since the Japanese are a very polite people in general, asking about ones illness is considered rude and/or too personal. I don't think it is just a plot device in the sense that nobody cares.

I had always assumed that having chronic illness makes you weak in a sense.  I don't even think it's a cultural thing; it's just what illnesses are

It's more than likely that this so-called mysterious "weakness syndrome" is really just as a plot device to drive the story/characters along. This particular aim to draw sympathies to the particular character and is more often than not, a popular way to have character die before their time, if that's what the story demands.
So why is this mysterious weakness trope so popular, you ask? Why not always using a real illness? Typically it's because this "weakness" is a "clean" and "cute" illness, when compared to actual chronic medical conditions. Even in its lethal form the symptoms are: you are weak, you're getting weaker, you die. (coughing up blood every now and then is optional)
In contrast, an actual conditions like stomach cancer on the other hand is not "cute" at all. As soon as you specify a real-life disease/conditions a lot of questions pop up, something that might shift the perspective away from the tragic fate of a character.
Additionally, there might be some actual conditions that inspired the "weakness syndrome" since Japanese did have a lot of sick people for a long time in certain areas. Having been a country that's been devastated twice by an atomic bomb, the effects of radiation exposure was not well researched or documented back then by scientists, so a lot of the long-term from direct and indirect radiation exposure side-effects like birth defects, leukemia, anemia, cancers, thyroid disease, liver and bone marrow degeneration, and overall severely compromised immune systems, might have been attributed to other things.

+1 for the WWII analysis of the physical and psychological impact on Nipponjin.


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Is Mirakurun based off any particular anime/manga?
Yuru Yuri has a lot of references to a Magical Girl series that Kyōko does alot of successful dōjin of featuring a girl called Mirakurun who Chinatsu looks like.
I am wondering if Mirakurun is actually based off any particular anime/manga or just a generic reference to the Magical Girl genre.

I'm pretty sure Majokko Mirakurun is just a parody of the magical girl genre altogether.
There's often jokes where Mirakurun acts very atypically of a magical-girl as presented in the genre:
Mirakurun blasts Rivalrun into the distance with her 10T "Mirakurun Super Hammer". Which is a trope more commonly seen in shonen anime - a high contrast with shoujo works.

As for gags that may be referencing shows, there's one about the lengthy transformation sequences that we would see in many magical girl shows such as Sailor Moon or Puella Magi Madoka Magica:

Mirakurun also says various lines mid battle that are very typical of these type of shows. This one is remarkably similar to sailor moon's phrase:

It's possible that the writer was inspired by Sailor Moon or similar series, but the gags are too generic to say for certain, and I'm of the opinion that it's just of the genre in general


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Name of hair style with one strand sticking upwards
I always forget what this special hairstyle is called, which is shared by some characters. I'll give some examples, I think it should be clear what I mean.

Edward Elric also has this wisp(?), but I can't find a good image of it.
What is it called? What does it stand for?

TV Tropes lists it under the name of "idiot hair", which apparently has an equivalent term in Japanese judging from the TV Tropes entry and by some Googling. "hair antennae" is also similar to that.
As for actual meanings, it probably depends on the specific work - for instance, in Fullmetal Alchemist, the wisp doesn't seem to mean anything in particular, beyond acting as some sort of identity marker in some cases (e.g. the characteristic curled strand of the Armstrongs) or as some sort of personal idiosyncrasy with regards to appearance (in the case of Edward, judging from, for instance, an episode where he intentionally makes a strand of hair stick up like that). Other series I can't answer for as much for lack of having noticed this detail as much, but given this I'd suspect that whether this "stands for" anything depends a lot on the context and on the specific work in question.

In Trinity Universe the Dark Hero Lucius gets all pissy when anyone refers to it as an antennae and he calls it his "Tension Gage" and it seems to change shapes depending on his mood, in any Nasuverse works that features Saber-Arturia outside Fate/Stay Night pulling on it turns Saber into Saber Alter making her more selfish to her desires

This does not have a specific meaning that it is signifying; rather, this situation actually happens in real-life, and then manga/anime art incorporated it into character designs. When some strands of hair get pulled out and then start growing again from the root, they are shorter than the rest of the head of hair, and without enough length weighing them down, they peskily stick up, especially after blow-drying. This is similar to horizontal or curled hair in front of manga/anime characters' ears; it stylistically depicts actual wispy, flyaway hair on some people who do not groom sideburns.

The other answer is technically correct, but I don't think the term "idiot hair" is actually common in the English-speaking anime community apart from on TVTropes. The Japanese term for this is ahoge, which literally translates to "idiot hair", but that translated term isn't particularly frequently used. A search 'Ahoge anime' gets around 700k Google hits for me, while '"Idiot Hair" anime' only has around 10k hits. Among the translated anime I've seen, some more liberal translators will keep the term "ahoge", while others translate it to other English phrases such as "cowlick". I can't think of any cases where the term "idiot hair" itself was used.
The hair style and the use of the term were both popularized by the gag anime/manga Pani Poni Dash, specifically by the character Katagiri Himeko. Given her personality, the term "idiot hair" is justified in that case. The anime for this aired in 2005, but characters with similar hairstyles have existed for a lot longer.
However, while the hairstyle can signify a childish or idiotic personality, it does not always do so. There is no single correct meaning for it, and it's quite common nowadays for it to be used only for stylistic reasons, similar to the strange colors often used for hair in anime.

I agree, hardly anyone outside TVTropes uses the term "idiot hair" in practice, while "ahoge" is fairly well known among fandom.


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Why are almost all anime episodes 20 minutes long?
Why are all animes around 20 minutes long? Sometimes less or more due to the opening and ending, and some recap from last episodes...etc, but it's always around 20 minutes.
Why is that?

Presumably it's to fit into the standard 30 minute time slot allocated for the show.

20 min. episode
3 min. OP + ED (90 seconds each)
Commercials

And it's about 30 minutes.

probably design like that because it meant for commercial TV Release first since if you look at RWBY, you could call it anime (styled like it but was not made in japan) and most episodes are less than 10 minutes but it was a Web Series


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"The World Will Turn To Ash" - How did this differ in the original Japanese?
In Pokemon: The Movie 2000, part of the legend that tells of the balance of nature being wrecked goes "The World Will turn to Ash".
This is the sort of pun-legend I'd expect from Japanese writing...yet this is Ash's given name, and the original legend must be in Japanese.
So what, exactly, did the legend say about Ash being the "chosen hero" at that point in the story?

I'm not sure about the legend, but this line ("the world will turn to ash") was not in the Japanese version of the movie.

What I found from here is:

火の神、雷の神、氷の神に触れずべからず。
  されば、天地怒り世界は破滅に向かう。
  海の神、破滅を救わんと現れん。
  されど、世界の破滅を防ぐことならず。
  すぐれたるあやつり人現れ、神々の怒り静めん限り…。
The god of fire, god of lightning, and god of ice must not be touched.
  Else, heaven and earth will be angered and the world will face destruction.
  The god of the sea will appear to stop the destruction.
  But, it will not prevent the world's destruction.
  Unless an exceptional trainer appears to calm the wrath of the gods....

If this is accurate, then there is no mention of Ash, but instead just that of a trainer in general.

Ash's Japaneese name is Satoshi, and even there i do believe there is no pun.

It's a fortunate play on words made possible by the English translation, since Ash's name in Japanese is Satoshi.

(And, to be clear, "Satoshi" is not punnable in Japanese like "Ash" is in English.)

So what, exactly, did the legend say about Ash being the "chosen hero"
at that point in the story?

In  my translation for the audio Japanese the legend at the start says:

The flame god, The lightning god, and the ice gold must not be
disturb. should you do so, nature shall be angered, and the world
shall face destruction. the ocean god shall arise try to stop the
disaster but will fail to prevent the world's devastation. A great
controller shall come forth to calm the wrath of the gods.

this is the dialogue you referring to in the Japanese ver.:
Slowking: "Unless we find the great controller the god's anger won't be calmed."
Furuura: "The great controller?"
Slowking (speaking to ash): "We only have two treasures"
Furuura: "If the great controller appears, can the world be saved?"
Misty: "Wait, that means... no way! Satoshi?"
Tracy: "I see, so that what's about"
Ash: "Me? it is really me?"
Pikachu: "Pikachu" (nodding for yes)
In other words, since ash considered in the festival "the great controller," he considered being the real one, as Ash mentioned: "But wasn't that festival thing supposed to be really easy?".

So while in the Eng dub ver. the chosen is Ash as written in the legend "Turn to ash" in the Jap dub ver. it is based on the festival.
It fits with Japan conception about festivals and such. While they changed it in the DUB version so it will be more realisable with out-of-Japan people.

There's a more authoritative translation in an earlier answer, and this slightly conflicts with that.

@Makoto - yeah I noticed, but from what I see it didn't answer the question I quoted. if you say that the translation is different, as I said, that's the translation I have got in my hand, and I think it's more reliable than the above.


text:
What are the legality rules in terms of manga translations?
I know that fan-translated scans and scanned official pages are illegal when a manga is released in English, but I was never sure what the rules were if the manga hasn't been released in English. What are the general rules about legality of fan-translations and translations in general for manga going from Japanese to English (or any other language that there are different/specific rules)?

you should check out this http://www.kcl.ac.uk/artshums/depts/cmci/people/papers/lee/between.pdf  it goes in on the difference of copyright infrigment and fan subbing/scanlating

Just a side note, there are some scanlations groups that do in fact get permission from the author to scan and translate their works.

@krikara Really? Could you point out an example of one? I'm a little skeptical, since I've literally never heard of such a thing happening.

@senshin A lot of webtoons and Baka-Tsuki light novels have the author's permission. As for manga, there are also some. Check out this link http://www.mangaupdates.com/showtopic.php?tid=40345&page=1

@krikara Huh, okay. The more you know!

This is a matter of international copyright law, and as such is fairly complicated and depends on where you live. However, for most of the developed world the laws are fairly standardized and so, if you're willing to paint with broad brush-strokes and ignore technical nuances, the laws are all pretty universal.
Most countries in the world are parties to trade agreements and copyright agreements. The most famous of these is the Berne Convention, but there are many others. Without getting into too many technical details, what these agreements mean is that countries will respect each other's copyright and intellectual property to some degree. There are certain exemptions, such as fair use, but scanalations definitely don't fit any of these.
Japan is a partner to most countries in such agreements. That means that Japanese IP rights-holders can typically file suit against people infringing on their rights even in other countries. Alternatively, one could think about it that Japanese works also retain certain legal protections overseas, so that e.g. a U.S. manga scanalator would still be breaking the law. These laws are typically pretty broad and include a lot of different artistic media (e.g. anime) and other works which are under the protection of IP law. So, for all practical purposes, if you're distributing or obtaining copies of manga which are not officially licensed, you're probably breaking the law.
Licensing status doesn't have any legal bearing on the copyright status. Licensing is a separate issue of whether other companies may create and distribute the work (usually overseas). An unlicensed work is still probably protected under international law though. However, there are practical issues related to the cost of undergoing such legal proceedings and the fan backlash that make legal action unlikely, especially in the case of unlicensed series where the rights-holder typically has little to gain financially. This story can change drastically when more parties (e.g. sponsors) are involved.
Anime News Network has a good introductory sequence of articles about legal aspects of anime.  Of course, there are practical differences between anime and manga. Specifically, anime producers usually have both greater ability and interest in protecting their IP than manga producers. However, at least at the basic level, there's essentially no legal difference between the protections afforded to the two. Here's what they have to say about fansubbing in cases like this:

A common question that arises, is the legality of downloading a show that is not licensed or has not been released in the United States (or wherever the person may reside) yet. Although this matter is less and less of a concern for new shows thanks to streaming efforts through Hulu, Crunchyroll and other services, it is a common response from many fans of a show that they have no other means of watching it short of importing the DVDs or blu-rays from Japan (which may or may not have subtitles, let alone a dub).
The fact of the matter is however that even if a show is not licensed for release in the United States it is still protected in the United States. Several international treaties exist between nations that afford creators in one country protection of their works and rights in another. These conventions include the Berne convention, UCC Geneva, UCC Paris, TRIPS and WCT. Both Japan and the United States are signatories on all five of these agreements. Without going into the specifics of each treaty, this generally means that anime, made and produced in Japan but not yet released in the United States is STILL protected by United States code.
What fans may not be aware of, that by distributing an anime title in the United States that has not been licensed they are potentially violating the copyright of several other related companies. Anime frequently involves several sponsorships in order to fund a project. These company logos and product placements are subject to copyright or trademark protection as well and the display of their products or symbols violates intellectual property law. Thus, although one might stream an episode of Code Geass thinking that the only company they have to worry about is Bandai, Pizza Hut may in fact file an action for the use of their logo without permission. Tiger & Bunny is chock full of advertisements from Pepsi to Amazon all of whom have rights in their trademarks and images that may be infringed when displaying the original work. This is additionally true for music which can often be a separate license when a show features a musical artist who is using the series to promote their band or latest single which is often why many videos on YouTube of an anime have their audio removed by YouTube when the artist request as such. These licensing agreements can even affect a domestic distribution as was the case with Funimation's release of Haré+Guu which lacked the ending song ohashi by Eri Umihara.

I'll also point out that while fansubbers and scanalators are almost certainly legally in the wrong, the number of cases related to this is quite small. There are several reasons for this. For one, the Japanese industry is built to sell merchandise in Japan, so they have little interest in prosecuting cases overseas. The licensing industry, on the other hand, was built around an already extant culture of fansubbing, and so they've always just factored that in.
The bigger reason this doesn't happen is probably that the backlash that would occur against a licensing organization which did this is probably more costly than whatever they stand to gain. Even the backlash against Funimation for joking about suing fansub downloaders was pretty significant, and I doubt they're really interested in repeating that again. Legally speaking though, they would probably be within their rights to do so.

This is a pretty straightforward issue. If you live in a country that is a signatory to the Berne Convention (which is most countries), you are required to respect Japanese copyright law (and likewise, Japanese people are required to respect your country's copyright law).
Japanese copyright law (like most copyright law) forbids the unauthorized reproduction of copyrighted works,1 which is an integral part of any scanlation. As such, any scanlator who has not obtained permission from the copyright holder of a manga before scanlating it is in violation of Japanese copyright law.2 The fact that the manga has not been released in English is immaterial.
There are exceptions to copyright, of course, but none of them are really applicable to the issue of scanlation. Fair use, in particular, is not a defense - the wholesale copying of the entirety of a copyrighted would never be considered "fair use" by a court.
(Of course, whether or not scanlation is ethical is a separate question altogether.)

1 See, for example, articles 21 and 49 of the Copyright Act (official English translation).
2 This answer does not address works that have lapsed into the public domain. There is no legal barrier to scanlating public domain works. The problem is that Japanese law (Copyright Act, article 51) specifies that works lapse into the public domain 50 years after the death of the author, and nobody today is scanlating manga drawn by people who died before 1963. So, for practical purposes, public domain doesn't really enter into the whole scanlation issue.


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What's inside Hachikuji's bag?
In the anime, Hachikuji always carries a large backpack everywhere. What's in the bag? And why she always carrying it? Did she also carry it in the LN?
(I only watched until episode 5 in Monogatari Series: Second Season, so I don't know if there will be any explanation about this.)

In addition to looper's answer, it's probably somewhat representing a snails shell in physical appearance - and guess what animal she's associated with~

Yes, she also has the backpack in the Light Novel. When she decided to visit her mom after a long time, she put memories in there to make her mother happy.
Here's a quote from the Mayoi Snail Arc in the LN (BakaTsuki translation):

She neatly bound her own hair and filled her favorite backpack full of old memories hoping to delight her mother with them.

.

 In the end she died with her backpack on, so she still carries it after her death.

Specifically these old memories were of her dad.


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Is Kizaru really able to kick at the speed of light?

While Kizaru does a physical attacks (such as kicking or punching) Does he, or atleast a part of his body transform back into his normal form ? Won't he hurt himself attacking at the speed of light ?  I don't quite understand the concept of the speed of light, but I think attacking with the speed of light like that he will break his own body. How is he able to do that?

Logia types are natural.. magma, lightning, smoke etc so more than likely yes.

I think this has something to do with his own physical ability in combination with his devil fruit. But over all I don't think the attacks have a big of a strain on his body to begin with.
His devil fruit the Pika Pika no Mi allows him to turn into light and manipulating light around him. As he can manipulate the light around him to reduce weight  he could use this fact in his kick to reduce the weight and make up with speed reducing the actual impact on his own body.
Second of all Kizaru is a highly trained admiral with amazing physical abilities

As a Marine Admiral, Kizaru holds the title of the strongest fighter within the World Government and Marines. He possesses great physical strength, capable of holding down Whitebeard's bisento with just one foot, and is capable of fighting Rayleigh and Whitebeard equally despite their Haki abilities. Kizaru got struck by a "Haki"-wielding Marco, and experienced little damage from the physical blow. His powerscaling places him comparable to Akainu, who managed to deflect blows from Whitebeard with difficulty. source

So he might just be able to sustain it with his training. Which would mean that in longer extending battles his power usage would go down or even not usable.
And my third point would be the fact that it is a Logia type of fruit.

A Logia user can be shattered, split, or otherwise separated into multiple parts, sometimes down to the size of dust, and reform without injury.
In addition to their ability to become their element, Logia users can generate limitless amounts of their element and control it at their whim, giving them fearsome attack abilities. source

The Logia type enhances a user/owner in a totally different scale to begin with. The huge enhancement made by the Logia fruit might already be enough to not sustain injury by his own ability due to the amazing regenerative abilities he has gained with it.

As the wikia states

all of his attacks are based on the element of light; such as firing energy blasts from his fingertips or feet with extreme accuracy and precision. His power is very destructive, causing huge explosions and easily destroying buildings

So basically kicks with great 'energy' .

If you have mass you cannot travel at speed of light, if you have no mass (as photons) you always travel at speed of light. Once part of kizarus body become light, it travels at light speed before it reverts back. As logia his primary ability is to create and control light. When he creates light, he releases energy. Imho, when he reverts back into human form and attacks, he adds that released energy to his kick in form of kinetic energy. Once it connects, his leg would've been destroyed. Instead he instinctively uses second logia ability - turns his leg into light and reforms it.
Bonus, if he pumps enough energy into his leg to travel like 99.999% speed of light, each kick would release  energy of circa 100 megaton nuclear bomb, with fireball of 10 kilometers radius and full demolition of 20 kilometers radius

From what I gather, rather than being light speed, he moves at light speed for a short burst of speed. i.e vs Apoo. Light is dodgy, it's both a particle (a photon) and a wave (EMW). I think that the extent of his light speed would be limited to travel speed, and not attack speed. Rayleigh is a little broken as he, like Katakuri, has some form of precognition of ability to read moves very fast.
He would HAVE to transform into a human of part-human form to actually deal damage. Using the Observation Haki, you can narrow it the point here you can point the exact moment he does and prepare a counter.
From Kizaru vs Apoo, we can see that he can only travel in a straight line (unless reflected). Combining both high level observation and Armament Haki, you can pretty much always counter Kizaru.
If you look a the One Piece Film: Z, Z can counter Kizaru because he can predict his action and movement even though he(k) far outspeeds him and used the sea prism to deflect and nullify the attacks.