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Why does Yuno paint her license plate yellow?
In Volume 7 of Hidamari Sketch, the girls decide to play The Game of Life. They're bored with the generic jobs and events in the regular game, so they decide to customize their copy of the game using their art skills and creativity.
The first thing Yuno does is paint the license plate on her car game piece yellow, saying it's because the car is a light vehicle.

Nori: What are you painting?
  Yuno: I changed the license plate to yellow to indicate that my car is a light vehicle. ♡
  Nori: You have a very conservative life from the start...

What is she talking about? Why did she do this?

In Japan, the color schemes used by license plates are standardized at a national level. Plates with black text on a yellow background are used for "light vehicles" (sometimes glossed in English as "kei car" from 軽 kei "light"). For example:

A three- or four-wheeled vehicle is deemed a "light vehicle" if its engine displacement is 660 cc or less and meets a few size and weight restrictions.
I don't know much about cars, but it seems that 660 cc is quite small. The five top-selling cars in the U.S. as of January 2016 were the Toyota Camry (2500+ cc), Honda Civic (1500+ cc), Toyota Corolla (1800+ cc), Nissan Altima (2500+ cc), and Honda Accord (2400+ cc). And these are all reasonably-sized sedans, not Hummer-esque monstrosities (6000+ cc).
These cars are fairly popular in Japan (as of Mar 2015, 39% of all vehicles in Japan were light vehicles; this is up from 26% in 1998), for reasons apparently having to do with how Japan taxes and regulates vehicles. They also sell reasonably well in South/Southeast Asia.
I would agree with Nori that light vehicles are conservative, primarily because they're often rather boxy and unattractive (because of the size restrictions) and because they accelerate slowly and generally have poor "performance" (because of the small engine). They seem to have many benefits, especially in urban environments (easier parking and maneuvering; lower taxes and cheaper insurance; better gas mileage; and apparently there's less bureaucracy involved in registering one). But you're not going to impress almost anyone with a light vehicle.

(Semi-related plug: if the minutiae of Japanese motorcycles interests you, check out Bakuon!!, which is basically Top Gear, except with cute girls riding cute motorcycles.)


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Why does Kasumigaoka get attracted to Tomoya?
In Saekano: How to Raise a Boring Girlfriend,
I don't understand how she is attracted to him? well she loves to flirt with him and make the other girls jealous on purpose.
Feel free to spoil it for me.

In Episodes 4 and 6 we find out about the history between Utaha and Tomoya. Tomoya was a superfan of Utaha's book series, and wrote a ton of praise for it on his blog. Utaha was impressed with how thorough his knowledge of her books was, and developed tremendous respect for his opinion, to the point that she tried to give him her unfinished draft. He refused on principle, which led her to start calling him "Rinri-kun".
As she developed respect for Tomoya, Utaha's feelings also deepened into something like love. She often seems unsure herself whether she loves him, though, and possibly she's afraid of being rejected as she was when she asked him for feedback on her partially finished novel, so she always makes light of it and flirts with him playfully so she can back out if she needs to. The upcoming sequel will probably expand on Utaha and Tomoya's relationship.

thank you for the feedback...when is the sequel coming? I really like the series...damn I'm envious of tomoya cause he is surrounded with pretty girls

@JustinX The article I linked says the sequel will start airing April 2017.

source: Stack Exchange

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/

sort: votes


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Could a blind person with a death note exchange half their life to see again?
One of the rules of the death note says that if someone makes the shinigami eyes deal they will have excellent vision regardless of their previous vision.
The rule in question, (listed under the Death Note Wiki as "How to Use: XXI"):

"Those with the eye power of the god of death will have the eyesight
  of over 3.6 in the human measurement, regardless of their original
  eyesight."

Could Light or any of the other characters in the series have cured a blind person with this rule? It seems to be a brilliant way to avoid suspicion and get a true ally to cure a blind person in exchange for half of their life and abuse their gratefulness to make them kill people for you, and who's going to suspect a blind man?

From the wording of the rules of deathnote and the way the "eyes of Shinigami" are explained in the anime this scenario seems plausible.
However, as I've said many times in such questions this is meaningless speculation since either scenario is plausible and the rules of DN leave room for speculation. So other than just saying this scenario is possible and saying that some of our better fanfic writers picking this up as a possible plot point Idk what else to add.
However, to add to the "suspicion" on a blind man scenario. There are many ways this would be a bad idea.

Suddenly a blind person is cured. Publicity, DN user is exposed. Someone else may have seen them together
It is not so easy to hide that you are not blind. Plenty of involuntary actions, such as dodging, moving hands etc give away the fact you're not blind. It would be much tougher for a blind person who has healed to hide these signs.

So on surface it may seem a good idea, but it has its own pitfalls, pros and cons just as another. Also the blind person will lose his sight the moment he gives up ownership of the DN. I would like to think that the KIRA will kill to get the Notebook back.

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How many crew members that Straw Hat should be?
In very first of episode, Luffy said that 10 peoples are enough for his crew.
But I'm little curious, by 10 he mean, is 10 including himself or 10 other peoples on the ship plus Luffy?
I've read somewhere (I can't remember where I read, or even this is true or not) that Oda have stated the next crew is some kind "old enemy" of Luffy.
I don't think that Jinbei is the person that Oda said because he is not an enemy for Luffy at all (Once again I don't even know that Oda really said that old enemy thing).
So, I just want to know if Oda really said something about that old enemy of Luffy, and if so did Oda also stated about Straw Hat crew members are 10 including Luffy or not?

What the initial quote was "about 10 people" so there is no hard and fast rule regarding the final size of Straw Hat Crew.
I'd like the theory of 4 more people joining. 4 (Zoro, Usopp, Sanji, Nami joined in East Blue), + 4 (Chopper, Franky, Robin and Brook) in the first half of grand line
Among the next 4 I am thinking Jinbei is a given. That makes 10 but I'd like to think some other allies such as Caesar, Vegapunk etc. may also join. There is this really vast theory about the following members joining which draws parallels between the previous joinees and the future recruits

 Jinbei, Smoker, Unknown Warrior probably from Elbaf and Tashigi. I liked it especially since it filled the "old enemy Smoker" and another female recruit as well as a fishman. I also agree with the theory that Luffy's garp is Coby.

About Oda's quote, Unconfirmed rumours are floating around for ages. Next recruit is an old enemy, next recruit would be a female (Cue why people wanted Monet with Logia powers or Baby5) etc. etc.
http://www.marineford.com/Thread-One-Piece-Eiichiro-Oda-Interviews-Statements
This is a compendium of Oda's interviews that I find is well researched.

Like already stated the quote was "About 10 People" keep in mind the series has changed multiple times. Oda originally planned for One Piece to be around 5-6 Years and now its past its 20th Anniversary and Oda already stated in an interview they are planning for the 30th. We also been told that the Series was mostly complete which gives us the impression the show may end with its 30th.
Alot of people stick with the crew of 10, they use Blackbeard as the reason saying there gonna fight at the end. Problem is if you count Blackbeard they are 11 and hes been openly seeking new members as seen with Kuzan.
The most popular theory is that they will end up being a crew of 13. with 4 members joining every milestone of the adventure.
Luffy
Starts in EAST BLUE
Zoro
Nami
Usopp
Sanji
Make it in the GRAND LINE
Chopper
Robin
Franky
Brook
Headed into the NEW WORLD
Jinbei
???
???
???
Many comparisons have been drawn.
Zoro was first seen chained to a post, Chopper was first seen chained to a sled, and Jinbei was first seen chained in jail.
Nami was a traitor working for Arlong one of East Blue's Big Three, Robin was a traitor working for Crocodile one of the Seven Warlords. (Because of this people think Pudding) She was also an traitor who works for Big Mom one of the Four emperors.
Usopp is tech based he came with the ship Going Merry, Franky is also tech based and brought along the ship All Sunny. Although we dont think the main ship will be replaced we assume the pattern will continue.
Finally Sanji and Brook are speedsters, in suits that are known perverts. We can assume the following.
My personal favorite is the Alphabet Theory and ill also mention the Country Theory due to its popularity due to Oda practically confirming it to some degree.
AB - Brook - Austria
CD - Chopper - Canada
EF - Franky - America
GH -
IJ - Jinbei - China
KL -Luffy - Brazil
MN - Nami - Sweden
OP - (Pudding?) - India
QR - Robin - Russia
ST - Sanji - France
UV - Usopp - Africa
WX -
YZ - Zoro - Japan
With the Country Theory that leaves Germany and England

Why Germany and England? Also I'm pretty sure Brook is Austria (specifically due to the musical history of Vienna).  Oh, and fan theories don't belong on this site so do not be surprised if someone (else) removes this answer.

Pudding aint Indian..


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What does "when nine and nine meet nine" mean?
in Final Fantasy Type-0 in The Nameless Tome 14:7 it says

"I will become Agito. I will sound the knell to shake all the world.
      When nine and nine meet nine, the depths of reason shall stir.
      When the seal of creation is broken, a voice like thunder shall sound,
      And thou shalt know—we have arrived"

I get the part about Agito sounding the knell to shake all the world relates to how

 if the Agito is found Tempus Finis is stopped and the fal'Cie have someone to find the gateway to the unseen realm

Seal of Creation is to do with the Balance of the 4 Crystals and the Voice like thunder is the voice of the Rursus.
But the part i don't really understand is what it means by "When nine and nine meet nine, the depths of reason shall stir.". what exactly does nine and nine meet nine refer too?

it's like super easy, Level 99 Nine is THE Agito

This is the explanation given by Hiroki Chiba (Scenario Writer) for the phrase:

The number "9" is the last single-digit number so it symbolizes the
  “end”. The phrase is a unique abstract mythological expression which
  means the end of 3 signifies the end of the world (collapse of the
  cycle of death and rebirth). The unification of Orience, the end of 3
  countries, is one of the things that 9 and 9 and 9 implies.

Source


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Could Senzu Beans cure diseases as well?
Senzu bean is known as "magical healing bean", it can heal and restore consumer's health instantly when eaten. Does it cures diseases as well? Such as Goku's heart disease.

If Senzu bean could cure diseases, Goku wouldn't have died in the future and Trunks wouldn't have needed to go back from the future to give him the antidote.
From Dragon ball wikia

However, it appears that the beans can not heal injuries that have
  already healed over (like Tien's and Yamcha's respective scars or
  Saiyan tails) or cure ailments (like Goku's heart virus contracted
  during the Androids Saga)

to add on further proof to this, Goku ate a Senzu in his fight against 19 as i recall (Though I remember this from TFS's abridged, but I doubt they animated/stitched that scene themselves) It did nothing for that Heart Virus.

NO.
Senzu bean only help to recover from injury, heal the wounds and regain power.
It could not be used as a medicine to cure disease, and the evidence can be found during the Android Saga, where Future Trunks bought the antidote from the future to help Goku survive the heart attack.

It could be because it was  EXPLAINED by Future Trunks in the  Android Arc that Senzu Beans, in his timeline, were stopped being manufactured because of the decrease in need of it and the time to make a senzu bean would take long, thus the heart disease that Goku contracted were not cured.

While there's little concrete evidence, it's likely that Senzu Bean's only heal the type of wounds your body could heal on its own, in Dragonball it was noted that Senzu bean's were very filling, not quite like medicine. So it could be more like they're a "super food" that accelerates the body's natural processes rather than something like conventional medicine.

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Can humans use god ki?
In Dragon Ball Super, Battle of Gods and Resurrection 'F', gods of destruction, beings belonging to Whiss's race (some sort of angels or angels), supreme kais and super saiyan gods can use "god ki". In DBS and Resurrection 'F' also, others no super saiyan gods saiyans like Vegeta can obtain the power of god ki without transforming into super saiyan god by training (and also becoming super saiyan god super saiyan by transforming) . Can other Dragon Ball races like humans or namekians or  Frost Demons obtain god ki by training too?

Well its all based on speculation but i would say yes, however if we look back at the gap between saiyans and the other races its questionable if they will ever reach the required level to activate the god ki. We could get a hint from fighters from another universe though, if they are capable of fighting goku then they also have the potential to activate god ki (or should have it). In the end, these are all speculation, maybe super will give some more hints as it progresses.

@Proxy Hit might have the possibility.

@HappyFace yeah, he is so far the most likely candidate but his fighting style is a bit different but we will see

Simply yes, not only humans, all mortals could obtain or use god ki via various ways:

Through special rituals, such as Super Saiyan God Ritual. Unfortunately this kind of rituals don't exist throughout human history, but maybe it do exist in other races.
Highly intense training under the supervision of an angel, for example Whis. It's most likely to obtain god ki by entering the Hyperbolic Time Chamber.

(Source)

do you think we will ever see a human learning to use god ki in Dragon Ball Super?

without a major external power up, i would say no. The humans from the Z warriors are nowhere near the level goku and vegeta are. Maybe some humans from another universe are strong enough to achieve it though.

@Pablo I think that it's plausible if Super extends beyond the world tournament arc of Dragon Ball Z. IIRC. Goku basically takes on Uub as his disciple and trains him to be the new protector of earth. So if Super reaches that far. I'm sure Uub could reach god ki status. But that's a big if.

@KazRodgers you know, I was just thinking about Buu too. He was in the level of Goku in base form being a kid. There might be another candidates though. Tien was able to hold his own against Trunks in base form, in the movie just after Goku died, and many years has passed from that. He might be in the level of some super saiyans (like the kids or Cabbe) or an android by now

By the way, even Yamcha was able to overpower Olibu and another fighter, and Olibu made a decent fight against Paikuhan, who gave enormous trouble to Goku SSJ


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What exactly is the Poya-gun?
In every episode so far, Ryoka shoots/zaps Yuta with her Poya-gun, to which Yuta usually exclaims "POYA-GUN! NOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO!"
What exactly is the Poya-gun? It seems too advanced for her to have made it, but everyone writes it off as being a totally normal thing when she zaps Yuta with it. At first, I thought it might be occult-related, but seeing as how Yuta does not believe in the occult, it wouldn't make sense for one of his closest friends to use an occultic object in front of him on a daily basis.
Also, I have no reason to suspect that Yuta is not human, so his recovery is a bit superhuman if the Poya-gun is like a taser.

I think it's just a toy and Yuta simulate an electrocution when Ryoka zaps him.
But currently, I did not see any explaination in the anime.

The true nature of the Poya-gun was revealed in Episode 10. Major spoilers below:

 The Poya-gun is actually named the Wardenclyffe Gun and plays a major role in the goals of the New World System. Essentially, it is used to zap people in order to recharge their Scandium to preserve their astral projections. Its appearance is actually a miniature version of the Wardenclyffe tower.

It's an electricity based self defense stun gun, comedically shaped like a retro style ray gun, likely of a not very high amperage as it doesn't seem to have much of a disabling factor on Gamon. People probably don't react because it's anime and nobody really cares that the 'main' is being abused by his friend. Of course, stun guns (tasers) don't actually work like the show implies the 'Poya Gun' does (as tasers don't have ranged ability, relying on you touching the arc to the victim for it to actually work.)


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What are the requirements to be a warlord?
Is there like a set list of things you need? And can there only be 7 at one time?

The Shichibukai, the full title being Oka Shichibukai (王下七武海 Ōka Shichibukai?, literally meaning "Royal Seven Military Seas"), are seven powerful and notorious pirates who have allied themselves with the World Government.
So to answer your second question, Yes they can NEVER be more than seven. But mostly there are less than seven because of inherent nature of Pirates. Law, Blackbeard, Crocodile etc. are former warlords who joined just for furthering their own goals. The current members of seven warlords are Mihawk, Kuma, Hancock, Buggy and Edward Weevil.

 Law and Doflamingo have left their positions after the events in Dressrosa.

To become a Shichibukai several criterias maybe looked upon but the final decision is taken by the Gorosei (Citation needed, but Gecko Moriah's termination etc. points to this direction).

A space must be vacant for a new Shichibukai to be selected. If there are already seven no new names would be considered.
A exhibition of strength against pirates is a must. Example. Blackbeard handed over a 550m Bounty Ace to the World government. Law gave 100 hearts of pirates. This is seen as a sign of pledging loyalty to the World Government.
Since Shichibukai are used as a tool of intimidation, the shichibukai are usually well known pirates with high bounties and potential, Blackbeard being a notable exception. Buggy despite being a weak pirate was recognized as a warlord because of the following he generated as well as his name being associated to Pirate King Roger and Yonko Shanks.

However, once admitted Shichibukai have some duties that are expected from them in order to continue as a Shichibukai. So if they don't do this their bounties may be re-activated.

They can't show open defiance to World Government. They can attack only other pirates and may be needed to pay some "tax" to the government. They shouldn't be defeated since this will malign their reputation which is one of the main requirement to intimidate other pirates.
They may be asked to do some tasks for the government, like fighting in wars (Example: Boa Hancock may have lost her seat as a Shichibukai if she declined to fight at Marineford Summit War), liberating islands etc. But their main purpose is to fight against other Pirates.

For more information of benefits of Shicibukai and how they are dismissed etc. refer to the wikia, One Piece - Shichibukai. There are some uncited claims so take them with a grain of salt.


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Analysis of target demographic?
This question will seem a bit weird so I'll give a bit of background.
I like to view anime that follow a specific genre and target audience.
So naturally when a new title pops up on here, MAL, from friends or whatever I promptly Google it to see if it's something I'd like or not.
Is there a way to infer a target audience from analyzing the content of the first episode?
What I mean is if there are tell tale signs of each genre (ex. Supernatural, romance, sports) and demographic(ex. Shonen, seinen, shojo, josei etc.) that seasoned anime fans look for that allow you to know the genre and demographic without prior research?
If there is a viewing style or technique involved I'd like to know it.

The target audience is determined by the production committee. Target genre is typically determined by the source material. If it is an original story then few details are available until it premieres. Like with books, the publisher/comittee is the one that determines the genre and ultimately how it will be marketed.

I don't mean how it is determined by marketing or even if it has source books or manga. I am asking if there is a way as a viewer that I can assume the genre and demographic from the opening episode view. For instance in most American tv-shows you can tell by about 15 minutes in if it's action, drama, romance, mystery etc and whether or not it's a family show or for mature audiences only. Can the same generalization be done with anime?

It's possible with most shows if you know what the tropes of a particular genre are. Sometimes even the art style and character designs are enough to tell.

That is more of a matter of pinion than anything. Not all shows fall into the tradition confines either.

Ahh ok since this is opinion based then I'll delete it.

Rather than opinion-based, I think this is too broad. Genre is fluid, but there are definitely tropes that certain genres keep going back to, especially in anime, which tends to be either wildly original or totally unoriginal and not anything in between. But those tropes will be different depending on genre, so summing them all up in a single answer doesn't seem doable. I do think this question could work if separated by genre, e.g. "What are the telltale signs of a shounen romance?"

As for a viewing technique, it basically comes down to "Watch a lot of anime, a lot lot, tons, good bad and mediocre; start to notice they have certain similarities; learn what audience they were intended for; think about how that explains the similarities".

There are a couple of clues that I can think of are a good indicators that indicate the probable demographics of a anime series. The first is the use of furigana, which indicates the target demographics is probably young, and the second is the target demographics of the magazine that the source manga was original published in. The later obviously only applies to series derived from printed manga, but that's still most anime.
Furigana are those small Japanese characters that can appear over kanji characters in order to provide their pronunciation to readers who might not be familiar with the kanji or there use in that context. They can appear even works targeted at adults if the kanji is very unusual or the author's intended pronunciation is non-standard, but mainly the appear in works targeted to children. I'm not entirely sure what age the cut off is, but a show targeted at younger teens is probably going to use furigana while a show targeted at older teens probably won't. Apparently this has changed over time and current works targeted at teens are more likely to use furigana than older works with the same demographics.
In an anime show the place to look for furigana is things like the titles, eye catches, subtitled opening or closing song lyrics and any Japanese subtitles of foreign language dialog. The credits won't normally have furigana, being essentially aimed at adults working in the industry.
For example despite the fact the characters in Wooser's Hand to Mouth Life all look they were designed by Sanrio, the lack of any furigana in the show's title screen suggests an older target demographic:

This is supported by the fact the show originally aired on TV in Japan at 1:35 AM in the morning.
While anime series often try to target a broader audience than the original source material (if any) that their based on they rarely try to target a completely different demographic. In the case of anime series based on printed manga it's usually not too hard to find out what magazine the manga was originally published in. Most manga magazines have a entry on the English Wikipedia which gives the target demographic of that magazine. Sure it requires a bit "previous research" but it usually requires no more work than finding the Wikipedia page for the anime and clicking one or two times.
As far as genre does I don't think it possible to come with any good rules to determine the genre of a show by watching it. Sure it's not hard to categorize a show after viewing 15 minutes of it, but codifying that process would be well beyond what can be answered here and not all the useful. Genres are basically just piles we place shows in order to provide some sort of organization. They're sections in a video store. A show has to go on some shelf, but not every store is going to make the same determinations of where. And at the edges it's not always possible to say whether a given categorization was right or wrong.
Another problem complicating determining genres is that Western genres are often different the Japanese genres, and anime fandom has created its own genres distinct from either. For example "slice-of-life" is an anime genre that doesn't have direct translation into Japanese and differs the older Western meaning.


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What is the symbol of the Uchiha clan supposed to be?

Looking at it it kinda seems like a Pokeball but not quite as a pokeball doesn't have that bottom sticking out it and the curve dividing the pokeball's colours is only a curve at certain angles, if looked front on it's just a strait division.
So i am wondering what is the symbol of the Uchiha clan supposed to be?

It's actually supposed to be type of fan. On the Wikipedia page where Japanese War Fans it says:

In addition the symbol of the Uchiha Clan is a fan which is a reference to uchiwa (団扇, paper fan) which is another way of pronouncing the clan's name.

Source: Japanese war fan - In popular culture (2nd Paragraph)
Looking at the Wikipedia page for the Uchiwa (and even googling it) we can see that the Uchiha Clan Symbol is shaped like that of a Uchiwa.

This is also backed up on the Naruto Wikia also giving a logical reason why it's also a fan.

"Uchiha" is another way of pronouncing "uchiwa" (団扇, paper fan), which is the clan's symbol. Uchiwa can be used to fan flames, making the flame hotter — referring to the fact that the Uchiha is a clan of Fire Release users.

Source: Uchiha Clan - Trivia (first point)
This also allows us to infer as to why the colour scheme is by chance like a Pokeball. A Flame is generally seen as red however the hotter a flame gets the closer it'll get to being white.

The colder part of a diffusion (incomplete combustion) flame will be red, transitioning to orange, yellow, and white as the temperature increases as evidenced by changes in the black-body radiation spectrum. For a given flame's region, the closer to white on this scale, the hotter that section of the flame is.

Source: Wikipedia - Flame - Flame Colour (3rd Paragraph)
Now given that a flame is generally hotter at the source one interpretation could be that because the bottom part is supposed to be a Uchiwa handle this would be the hottest part (being in your hand all the time).
Another interpretation could be that while also being an Uchiwa the symbol also looks like how some Flame Release Jutsu's get "spat out".

So the "handle" is the jet of fire coming from the mouth, since fire is normally hotter at the source this part would be white while further away it would be red.

In Naruto Episode 130, Susake's father clearly stated that "The Uchiha crest represents the fan that rouses the flame of our will."

Please avoid linking to unlicensed full episode videos.


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What card game are they playing in S02E12?
In the twelfth episode of the second season of Hibike Euphonium, some of the main characters are playing a card game before going to bed.
Apparently it has to do something with reaching classes, because Kumiko mentions not even getting out of middle class after Midori announced that "Revolution's over".

This game is called Capitalism and each player is assigned a social class ranging from president to 'scum'.
It's also sometimes called President which is a westernized verison of the japanese game "daifugō" (perhaps that is the actual game, but localized) where it ranges from the daifugō (Grand millionaire) to the Daihinmin (Extreme Needy).
There is a variant which allows "revolutions"

If a player leads out with four of a kind, the hierarchy of all the cards will be reversed.
For example, if 3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,J,Q,K,A,2 is the typical order of power (from left to right), after four of a kind is played it would be the reverse of that: 2,A,K,Q,J,10,9,8,7,6,5,4,3.
If another four of a kind is played, the order would switch back. Revolutions are typically utilized in the game to create better balance and avoid having the same player remain in first position indefinitely.

The object of the game of course is to be the highest ranking person :)

Ah, so it's similar to the game called asshole and is also referred to in this question

@looper yep! looks like it


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Is the Super Saiyan 4 transformation from Dragon Ball GT confirmed non-canon?
Since the release of Dragon Ball Super, it is confirmed by Akira Toriyama and Toei that Dragon Ball GT is non-canon anymore. But I was wondering if there was still some elements of GT that have maybe been kept by the author and which would still be considered canon in the actual Dragon Ball Super manga/anime, and notably the Super Saiyan 4 transformation achieved by Son Goku and Vegeta.
I do know that the events that led to those transformations are not present in the real series timeline, and so that they would not be able to transform in SSJ4 right now. But did Akira Toriyama confirmed the fact of totally ruling out this transformation?

If you want to see something more of the Super Saiyan 4 transformation after Dragon Ball GT you can read the Dragon Ball Heroes manga which has the same writer/artist as the Dragon Ball Super manga (Toyotaro) . They are making short animation "movies" of 12 minutes or so featuring supposedly "non canon" characters like Broly in Dragon Ball 4d, who fights Goku Super Saiyan Blue, so I guess nobody can completely dismiss the possibility of seeing SSJ4 in a short "non canon" movie or something mixed with "canon" characters

@Pablo One of the alternate universe Saiyans in Super appears to have a Broly-like transformation. It's not inconceivable they could just throw SSJ4 on someone in much the same fashion, though to date they haven't.

I'm not talking about Super, what about if they make a Dragon Ball Heroes movie someday? They've made a manga, so it's not impossible.

He didn't confirm it, but he didn't create the design either. It was created by a guy named Nakatsuru. Up to today, in Dragon Ball, canon is considered what is based on Akira Toriyama's original ideas. The 80's and 90's movies weren't canon because Akira Toriyama wasn't involved in them. The 80's manga was canon because it was drawn by him. The fillers in the 90's series weren't canon because they weren't based on Akira Toriyama's ideas. So yes, you can say it isn't canon, that doesn't necessarily mean it is completely ruled out, though most likely it is. The final kamehameha was an idea from the video games which wasn't canon, yet it still appeared later in the Dragon Ball super series.


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When does the Bible come up in "Miss Bernard said"?
Prior to watching the anime adaptation, I read descriptions of Miss Bernard said (Bernard-jou Iwaku) in MyAnimeList and the Fall 2016 chart linked to in the Anime.SE chat. Both mention that the Bible comes up in at least one conversation in the series. Despite this, I do not recall ever seeing a discussion of or an allusion to Bible in the anime shorts, which I found a bit disappointing — I would have liked to see how they approached the subject.
In this case, seeing that Bible was mentioned in the show description in the first place, it seems likely that it at least appears once in the manga. Am I correct, and if so, where does it appear? (Alternatively, did I overlook some details in the anime?)

The Bible does come up at least once in the manga. There is a two-page segment in volume 1, chapter 4 (p. 35-36), titled "The Bible said" (「聖書曰く」). It's kinda loony, like everything else in Miss Bernard said.

Page 35

Panel 1
  NARRATION: Miss Bernard, a.k.a. Machida Sawako, was reading in the library, as was her habit. World-Famous Adages You'll Love to Use was one of her favorites.
Panel 2
  SAWAKO: Hmm.
  NARRATION: What was Miss 'ard planning to do with these adages?
Panel 3
  SAWAKO: When aliens attack and bring about the end of the world, I want to murmur a verse from the Bible as I stand there petrified... but I can't find anything suitable in here.
Panel 4
  SAWAKO: Like, "the scales fell from my eyes" is apparently from the New Testament, but that's so lame.
Panel 5
  VOICE: Aliens have attacked! The end of the world is nigh!
Panel 6
  SAWAKO: The scales have fallen from my eyes... I guess?

Page 36

Panel 1
  SAWAKO: Argh! This is no good! I need something more... Apocalyptic...
Panel 2
  BIBLE: And the great city was divided into three parts, and the cities of the nations fell: and great Babylon came in remembrance before God, to give unto her the cup of the wine of the fierceness of his wrath. [...] and men blasphemed God because of the plague of the hail; for the plague thereof was exceeding great.
Panel 3
  ENDOU: Revelation, chapter 16...
Panel 4
  SAWAKO: That's too long! I'm not feeling it!!
Panel 5
  SAWAKO: Oh. I found something good.
Panel 6
  SAWAKO: When the aliens eat us, I'll say this verse!
  ENDOU: Them eating us is a done deal?
Panel 7
  SAWAKO: Except a corn of wheat fall into the ground and die, it abideth alone: but if it die, it bringeth forth much fruit.

There may be other references to the Bible (I haven't read much past this chapter). If I do run into any more, I'll try to remember to update this answer.


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Why did the Deucalion lift off from underwater in the start of Season 2 in Aldnoah Zero?
If I'm not mistaken, the Deucalion was stuck to the side of Saazbaum's landing castle right? How come on the Season 2 Episode 1 scene where Yuki rescued Inaho, they were underwater?

I'm assuming that Deucalion was hiding there.

But the reason they spearheaded Saazbaum's castle is because they were out of power so they instead aimed it at the castle to board it. I don't think they'd have any power left to even move from that position to hide.

I figured out the answer myself. It's because it was a jump cut. The moment Inaho touched the Aldnoah drive, it had a jump cut to the present time where the Deucalion was underwater because they are docked at the beach where we saw Inko and the rest of the girls in bikinis prior. So it was just a jump cut that wasn't very clearly executed.


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Who is this character from a Dragon Ball videogame?

The one in the right. I can read the first word in japanese says Vegita but I can't understand the rest

べジータたちをたおせ (Be-ji-i-ta-ta-chi-o ta-o-se), which means "Defeat Vegita and his comrades".
By the appearance of SSJ3 Vegeta and Nappa, it's from the game Dragon Ball Heroes, a Japanese arcade game developed by Dimps, which they have developed a lot of popular anime video games.

since this shows SSJ3 Nappa we can answer how we can tell is Nappa is a Super Saiyan

well you realized it, it should be your answer

@happy face didnt you mean Be-ji-i-ta-chi-ta-o-ta-o-se . I'm almost sure you are missing 2


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Goku's death counter?
Technically Goku did die in the fight with hit. But because he was revived by means other than the dragon balls. Does this mean he didn't actually die?

Goku said he saw King Yemma for a second, that means he's already dead for a few moment until the ki blast shock him up.

Whether he was revived by Dragon Balls, a defibrillator or by any other means doesn't change the face that, even for a moment, he died

I had another question regarded that scene actually..

I'm only going to count the "main" series so gt will not be included.
So there was the start of dragon ball z, in the fight against Raditz,
He did not die against Freeza as he was said to have survived it.
He died when he teleported Cell to King Kais planet as he was exploding.
And lastly in the lasted episode as of now (72) of dragon ball super, it is said that when goku was struck by Hit, he saw King Yemma at the checkout station for a second before being brung back to life by the ki blast he had shot in the air.
So in conclusion Goku died 3 times if you count the last one which could be argued as debatable, otherwise his death count is 2.


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Why are there so many books in Suruga Monkey?
In Suruga Monkey Part 2 of Bakemonogatari, Kanbaru's room is literally full of red hardcover books. Why is this and what does it represent?

Those are her piles and piles of boys love novels. They represent her massive fandom of boys love novels.

Pre sure she said she was into yuri as she's a lesbian, not yaoi.

From the wiki: "Her hobbies include reading yaoi literature and playing basketball." http://bakemonogatari.wikia.com/wiki/Suruga_Kanbaru.

@MaxLi she calls herself a Yuri after she upfront said to Araragi that she was a lesbian (same thing really), there's no reason a Yuri can't also be into reading Yaoi as well

That's her massive collection of BL (boys' love) books (which she is also into, besides considering herself a lesbian), at least that's what they represent. As many other things in Monogatari's animation, it should be taken more symbolically than literally. Take for example Senjougahara's "arsenal" of stationery in episode 1 of Bakemonogatari, or even more obviously the constantly shifting, multiplying, growing, falling etc. pile of pencils in episode 6 of Nisemonogatari (you'll know when you get there :) ).

I believe the books (which are from BL) can represent the mental state of the character, who is also homosexual. Maybe that's why it's all a mess, and when Araragi goes to Suruga's house during a long conversation, they arrange (literally and metaphorically) her books (feelings). Perhaps this is why, in the Nisemonogatari tidying scene, when Suruga gets confused in the conversation, the books fall into a domino effect, and when Araragi helps Suruga to find herself again, the books arrange themselves. But that's just my interpretation


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Why Goku doesnt use the Super Saiyan Blue kaioken anymore?
In Dragon Ball Super, when fighting Hit, Goku used the super saiyan blue kaioken or also called super saiyajin god super saiyajin kaioken. With this technique, he could get even 10 times stronger. But now he's inferior to Black, and he has been defeated 2 times by him, but he doesnt use it as a last resource. Why is that?

probably because it was filler/non Canon in the Manga, but who knows. Goku Beat hit by utilizing SSG form, then just before the Time stop, switched to SSGSS, throwing Hit off enough for a decisive victory, though he ofcourse gave up after that like in the anime.

well now he just used it again

Ya, in Anime Canon he can use it, though of course it still has its potential costs. The anime is becoming torn between following what the Manga will do, and its own thing, and its causing some pretty big inconsistencies.

@Ryan To be fair, for Super, either the manga is following the anime, or they're both being produced simultaneously (with neither one following the other); I can't remember which.  The anime doesn't actually have filler, because of this, because it doesn't need to give the manga time to get further ahead.  If I remember correctly, Toriyama comes up with the storylines for both, then their creators work from there (explaining the differences between the two).

There are a ton of disadvantages using Super Saiyan Blue Kaio-ken:

It has only a 10% chance of working and a 90% of failing, which had a chance of killing him.
Goku is only able to maintain Super Saiyan Blue Kaio-ken x10 for short periods of time because it puts a great deal of strain on his body. While Potara fusion could last for an hour.
Goku began to suffer severe muscle convulsions as he powered back down to base form and developed Delayed Onset Ki Disorder which includes significant decrease in ki control and capacity.
King Kai warned Goku to not use this form as the user might incapable of getting stronger.

Though, Goku did used Super Saiyan Blue Kaio-ken once to escape Fusion Zamasu's grasp and send him flying with a swift kick. Goku manages to destroy Fusion Zamasu's Ring of Light, but quickly returns to base form, unable to move. See here for more details.


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Why are Sailor Senshi earthlings?
Tuxedo Mask is the protector of Earth, so it makes sense for him to be an earthling.
But what about the Solar System Sailor Senshi? Shouldn't they have been born on their respective planetary bodies, and live there protecting them? Why are they protecting Earth instead?
For example, I would expect Sailor Mars to be a real martian:

This answer is based on the two Sailor Moon Crystal seasons and fan wiki information that I found online. I may edit this in the future, if I ever get to reading the original manga or otherwise come across new information.

The prior incarnations of the Sailor Senshi (i.e. those that came prior to the "present day" of the series) were indeed born on their respective planets. From the wiki:

Act 41 of the manga reveals the Sailor Senshi as princesses of the Solar System. Each one had her own castle, which she can call upon late in the series for power. This act first enables Sailor Moon to transform into Eternal Sailor Moon. The castles are named after moons, except for Mercury's and Venus'. Venus' castle is introduced long before the others', in the Sailor V manga, but she never mentions this to them.

This is supported somewhat by the Mugen arc of Sailor Moon Crystal, in which we learn that the Outer Senshi (as their previous incarnations) simply watched over the Solar System from afar, on their own planets.
From this, it is not immediately obvious why the current incarnations of the Sailor Senshi show up as human girls on Earth. However, I think that from an in-universe perspective, there are two possible explanations:

It is now the Earth where the Senshi need to fight the various villians that show up, and that it thus makes sense for the Senshi to be there.
The other planets are no longer populated, so it does not make sense for the Sailor Senshi to be reincarnated there.

But even when each senshi had her own castle, it says "the Sailor Senshi were to support and protect the Moon Princess". Then it makes sense for them to be together, but I don't get why protecting the Moon Princess is more important than their planet.

@Oriol: when I saw the comments I mention in SMC, I saw them as implying that the Moon was the centre of some sort of extraterrestrial "empire", which might explain it, but I don't know if my reading of Sailor Moon is actually correct. (An additional problem: I wonder how much of the backstory was planned in advance from the get-go, rather than improvised and added later?)


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Why is there no reanimated Uchiha fighting in fourth shinobi war?
Why didn't Kabuto reanimate any person from Uchiha clan like Sasuke's parents and all other that Itachi killed or any Uchiha that has lived in Konoha? Did he not have any one's dna or whatever it takes to reanimate? Is there any mention about this in manga or anime? Thanks.

I think he said something about only using the ones he needed. It could have been that or Tobi didn't let him? I don't remember it being mentioned... Wait, I think he said something about him not being able to infiltrate the Leaf Village (where I suppose the Uchiha bodies would have been buried) to get some bodies, like the Hokage's. Don't take my word though.

@AkiraMahisaseru, indeed Tobi didn't let Kabuto use the Uchiha DNA in Tobi's possession – even though Kabuto wanted to. (Reference in my answer below.)

Both of your notions are correct:

It is the dead person's DNA that is needed for the reanimation (alias Edo Tensei).[1]
There is good reason to assume Kabuto did not reincarnate most of the Uchiha clan members, because he was unable to obtain their DNAs:

"Kabuto mentions his desire to reincarnate certain shinobi [including] Shisui Uchiha";[2] and his ally in the Fourth Shinobi World War, Tobi (SPOILER:

 alias Obito Uchiha,

), was in possession of their DNA,[3] but – being forced by Kabuto into this alliance in the first place[4] – did not let him use it.[3]  Controlling more Uchiha shinobi could have made Kabuto too powerful with respect to the possibility of him turning against Tobi.
However, Kabuto did summon Itachi Uchiha, Madara Uchiha, as well as (only in the anime) Inabi Uchiha[5] and used them in his war efforts.[6]
As @AyaseEri points out, we can not exclude the possibility that Kabuto has managed to reincarnate the other Uchihas after all and it was just not shown.
But definitely also factor in @ElPsyKongroo's answer below  on why that's very unlikely!

References
[1]

Before this technique can be performed, the user must first acquire some of the DNA of the person they intend to reincarnate.

—http://naruto.wikia.com/wiki/Summoning:_Impure_World_Reincarnation#Usage
[2]
—http://naruto.wikia.com/wiki/Summoning:_Impure_World_Reincarnation#cite_ref-Fivetwenty_1-5
[3]

Kabuto could not find [Shisui Uchiha's] body. He suggested that one of Shisui's eyes that was crushed by Danzō Shimura, whose corpse was in Tobi's possession, would be sufficient. […] Tobi threatened him not to push his luck.

—http://naruto.wikia.com/wiki/Summoning:_Impure_World_Reincarnation#cite_ref-Fivetwenty_1-5
[4]

Kabuto [uses] the Impure World Reincarnation to revive five deceased Akatsuki members, which he offers to use to help Tobi in the approaching war. […] When Tobi contemplates refusing, Kabuto summons the real Madara Uchiha, forcing Tobi to agree.

—http://naruto.wikia.com/wiki/Kabuto_Yakushi#Fourth_Shinobi_World_War:_Countdown
[5]
—http://naruto.wikia.com/wiki/Summoning:_Impure_World_Reincarnation#Kabuto_Yakushi
[6]
—http://naruto.wikia.com/wiki/Fourth_Shinobi_World_War
Search the page for the (indeed numerous) occurrences of "Uchiha".

This, or he did re-animate them. It just wasn't shown in the story. Anyway, +1.

@AyaseEri, you are absolutely right! I had handwavily extrapolated a bit from the reference to present a clearer answer. But that is not principled scholarship! :D I have now amended my post to diffentiate between interpretation and fact (as far as the reference goes) and I added your note to the answer. どうもすみません、ありがとうございます for your remark and your upboat!^.^

+1, it's a good answer and it looks like you actually took your time to research (and for the references).

@AkiraMahisaseru, doumo arigatou! :) By the way, I think your profile pic looks marvelous!  I'm sure you make a great mangaka/ illustrator/ artist! :)

Most Uchiha were treated as Fodder anyway. Itachi and Tobi killed all of them (except Itachis Father) with ease. Considering the number of them, there could not have been more than a couple of regular jonin, and regular jonin are overall not that strong. Shisui and Itachi were the top 2 in the clan, and probably at least 50% of the ones worth reviving.

Aside from the exceptional answer given by accolade, I think there might be another reason. Note that after the Uchiha clan was slaughtered, most of the cleaning up was done by the Anbu under Danzo. And given how careful he is, I'm sure he would have made sure that the bodies are not discoverable, and so, Kabuto could not have been able to obtain any DNA.

Thank you for your friendly compliment^.^blushes and your valuable complement! ;) +1   I put a pointer to your answer into mine!

+1, although it doesn't seem like you researched for any of this and just assumed, it's still likely this happened. Good answer.

Although the uchiha were hailed for there eyes, most wouldn't hold water to a slighty above average jounen. Besides that, there was only a few uchiha who were actually powerful, remember how they said the mangekyou sharingan was only awakened by 1 or 2 people? There not wrong, less than ten actually have them.


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After stopping Yami in her Darkness Mode, how long did it take for Lala to recover her teenager body?
In the finale of To Love-Ru Darkness, Lala spends all her energy on her tail beam, to stop Darkness's energy blade from slicing the town (and probably the planet).
As a side-effect of such energy spending, she reverts to a preteen ぺたんこ body. It causes Yami to give her lots and lots of milk bottles.
How long does it take for her body to recover? (you can answer in how many chapters (since time is not closely kept in the story) or episodes.

22 manga chapters, anime unknown
In the manga, Lala uses her tail beam and becomes a child in Chapter 44, "Power and Power ~Protector and Protected~".
It was actually pretty hard to track down when she gets her sexy adult body back, because her child body bears an incredible likeness to Momo, Nana, and Yami in certain scenes, especially when they're naked, which they frequently are, because it's To-Love-Ru. This made it necessary to read a lot of the context, which slowed down a casual scan. But Lala's growth back to her usual body is the main plot of Chapter 66, "Delight ~Growth of Body and Heart~". So it takes 22 chapters.
There's no clear sense of how much time passes in-universe between these two chapters, but once Lala starts growing, it takes her about a day to grow back to her original body, as stated by Peke at the beginning of Chapter 66.
I haven't watched the anime of Darkness, but according to Wikipedia, Lala is still in her child form as of the third episode of the most recent series, the 2016 OVA To Love-Ru Darkness 2nd, so it's unclear when the anime will have her regain her adult body.

She is a child still in the 3rd OVA (the one with the shrinking of  Haruna + Rito and the subsequent fail-train wreck) that is the last anime released at the time off this posting I think so.


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Why has she not changed at the end of Suruga Monkey?
Why has

 Kanbaru not regained her human arm

by the end of Suruga Monkey in Bakemonogatari?
If the Rainy Devil is gone, why is she still the way she was when it possessed her?

The Rainy Devil isn't gone; Hitagi's gambit just took away Suruga's desire to fulfill her wish in a way the Rainy Devil could assist her with, so it went dormant. This story doesn't really conclude until Hanamonogatari, the chronologically last story arc in the series.

So that this question can have a real answer, I'll expand my comment.
At the end of Suruga Monkey, Hitagi comes in and interrupts the fight between Koyomi and Suruga, announcing that if Suruga had successfully killed Koyomi, she would have hunted down and killed Suruga, adding a serious note to her joke in Part I that she wanted to be the one to kill him.
Koyomi then explains in the voiceover narration (translation from subtitles on the horrendously overpriced Aniplex USA Blu-ray):

If one strategy was for me to overwhelm the demon, thereby making it impossible for Kanbaru's secret wish to be fulfilled, then notifying Senjyogahara that Kanbaru was trying to kill me, thereby making it impossible for her surface wish to be fulfilled, was another. Moreover, Senjyogahara swore in front of the demon that if I died, she'd kill Kanbaru. Not knowing wouldn't hold up as defense. For the Rainy Devil, the outcome had already been determined. I can't believe you were able to read its thoughts like that, Oshino.

Suruga's secret wish was to kill Koyomi out of jealousy that he was with Hitagi and she wasn't. The Rainy Devil tries to help her fulfill that secret wish in Part I, when she attacks Koyomi on his mountain bike as he rides home from Hitagi's apartment. Koyomi planned to fight Suruga until it was clear that she couldn't beat him, making the Rainy Devil give up.
Suruga's surface wish was to be with Hitagi romantically, but Oshino realized that if Hitagi knew that Suruga had killed her boyfriend, she wouldn't be too keen on hooking up with his murderer. Sending her into the middle of the battle made it impossible for the Rainy Devil to get Suruga and Hitagi together by killing Koyomi, giving it no reason to help Suruga kill him. Fulfilling the secret wish was only a viable way for the Rainy Devil to complete its contract if that also fulfilled the surface wish, but once Hitagi knows, killing Koyomi directly counteracts the fulfillment of the surface wish.
To fulfill its contract and leave Suruga, the Rainy Devil has to grant her wish, but it fails to do so, made clear when Suruga confesses her love and Hitagi responds in her usual blunt fashion:

Suruga: I'm in love with you, Senjyogahara-sempai...
  Hitagi: Oh? I'm not really in love with you. But will you stay by my side anyway?

So the Rainy Devil can't leave, because it hasn't fulfilled her wish, but it can't fulfill her wish, because the only power it has is sending her into a violent rage while she's asleep and it now knows violence can't solve this. It goes dormant.
Oddly enough, in the final scene where she goes to meet Koyomi, Suruga says, "The demon may have left me, but in the end, my arm didn't go back to normal." In-universe I can only attribute this to a misunderstanding on her part, because in Hanamonogatari, which takes place chronologically last in the series (beware spoilers below):

 Suruga finally does lose the demon to her old friend Numachi Rouka, and her arm goes back to normal. In the beginning of the Hanamonogatari novel, we see that she's been duct-taping her monkey arm to a pillar every night and anxiously checking the newspaper every morning to make sure she hasn't gone out and hurt anyone in her sleep, so she doesn't seem to be so sure anymore that the demon is gone.

Is there a point at the end of Suruga Monkey where Oshino says that Kanbaru will lose her monkey's arm after she reaches the age of twenty or so? I think that could be relevant, but I don't have the anime on hand at the moment to check and write anything substantive.

@Maroon Now that you mention it, I do remember something like that. I'll have to go back and check on it.


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Hellsing Organization: Is it Anglican or Protestant?
Does the Hellsing Organization belong to the Anglican Church or the Protestant Church? Or is it a secular organization?

the Anglican Church is a type of Protestant Church

https://www.quora.com/Are-Anglicans-considered-Protestants
Not necessarily, depending on the definition.

Interesting, nice link. For what it's worth, I come from an Anglican background myself and they for the most part considered themselves protestant - but that's just ancedotal

The Hellsing organization is part of the Anglican Church. Whether the Anglican Church is Catholic or Protestant is a bit of a complicated question.
To start with, while there is a "Catholic church" (it's the common short name for the Roman Catholic Church in English), there's no corresponding "Protestant church". There are multiple Protestant denominations, many of which have sub-denominations, many of these having multiple churches within them: Lutheran, Presbyterian, Baptist, Pentecostal, Methodist, and lots of others. All of these groups have their roots in Martin Luther's Protestant Reformation, which began in the early 16th Century in Western Europe in response to perceived corruption and doctrinal inconsistency in the dominant Roman Catholic Church. All the early Protestant churches had certain Roman Catholic practices they objected to; Wikipedia has a good summary, but in general the Protestants thought religion should be less focused on worldly matters and more focused on faith and prayer. They also rejected the authority of the Roman Catholic pope and focused on the Bible as the single defining document of Christian belief, whereas the Roman Catholic Church had elevated various commentaries by popes and other prominent figures.
Anglicanism existed as the English branch of the Roman Catholic Church until 1534, when the English parliament declared Henry VIII, the King of England, as head of the church. This split the leadership from the Roman Catholic Church, but theologically, the Anglicans continued to keep the Eucharist, which most Protestant churches had abandoned. Whether this makes them Protestant or not is a bit hard to say. They are often considered Protestant because they split from the Roman Catholic Church in the same period when the Protestant Reformation was going on, but the split had no real connection to Luther's movement; it was a political maneuver by the English government to weaken the power of the Roman Catholic pope. Theologically, they're more similar to the Roman Catholics than most Protestant churches are (though as we see in Hellsing, they still find enough differences to keep them arguing).
As a point of interest, there are Christian churches which are neither Catholic nor Protestant: for example, the Eastern Orthodox churches, which include the Greek Orthodox and Russian Orthodox; Ethiopian; Coptic; and various modern movements such as the Jehovah's Witnesses. So you could argue that Anglicanism is neither Catholic nor Protestant, but something distinct, like these other churches.

Is there any in universe or word of god evidence that the organization is a religious organization, and not a secular one? Certainly, the motto and the crest of the organization references God, however, it is still possible for the organization to be secular?

@FluidizedPigeonReactor Anderson certainly seemed to think it was a religious organization in the first volume of the manga. I don't have the series to hand but my memory is all that it was part of the Anglican Church, just as Iscariot is part of the Catholic Church.

Right, that is true.


text:
What case is Naoto remember in Yosuke's horror story?
During the Sky Trip in January when Yosuke is telling everyone a horror story about a girl who though another girl's ghost was coming after her, Naoto comments that she had heard about this as a case once before.
Do we know anything about this case is real or not? and how much it relates to Yosuke's Story?

I believe Naoto is remembering something that occurred 2 years prior at Tatsumi Port Island in Persona 3 which Yosuke's story may actually be referring to.
Yosuke's Story in Persona 4:
A girl and her friends bullies another girl who later died. the girl's friends one by one all were found unconscious at their school and a rumor start to spread that it was the bullied girl's ghost getting revenge until only one of the bullies were left who attitude changed out of fear of being the next victim.
one night the girl's brother hears his sister scream out that she can hear the bullied girl's voice and that she is coming to get her yet the bother hears nothing.
Persona 3
Fuuka Yamagishi was bullied by Natsuki Moriyama and her friends. one day as a prank Natsuki and her friends locked Fuuka in the Gekkoukan School Gym at night but the next morning when they went to retrieve her Fuuka was gone.
The Rumor:
It was thought that Fuuka had escaped during the night and committed suicide. in the days that followed, one by one Natsuki's friends were found on school grounds when it opened unconscious and was taken to hospital. the rumor about Fuuka's death spread and it was thought her ghost was getting back at Natsuki and her friends for the bullying.
The Truth:
Before Fuuka was locked in the Gym she was at the same hospital that Akihiko Sanada was recovering in after injuries sustained from his fight with the Magician Full Moon Shadow. it was here that Mitsuru Kirijo determined that Fuuka the potential and did try to recruit her into SEES.
when Fuuka was locked in the Gekkoukan School Gym, as the school is replaced by Tartarus during the Dark Hour and Fuuka did not transmogrify (because she had the potential) she was actually transported to a random floor in Tartarus at the start of the Dark Hour, and was trapped in there after it's conclusion. because of how time works in the Dark Hour the days Fuuka was missing were only hours for her in Tartarus.
Natsuki's friends were called to Tartarus by "The Voice" and were attacked by Shadows which is why they were found unconscious at the school. it's unknown what "The Voice" really is but the coincidence of them being called and attacked after Fuuka's disappearances into Tartarus might have been just that, a coincidence, or since Shadows are born from humans and their emotions (and in lot of cases, are just untamed Persona) it's possible that Natsuki and her friends's emotional states at this time gave birth to their Shadows who called and attacked them in Tartarus.
SEES worked out the connection between the victims and kept an eye on Natsuki in order to protect her. during the Dark Hour of June 8th (the 3rd Full Moon Operation) Natsuki was called to Tartarus by The Voice (and thus didn't transmogrify) while SEES was searching for Fuuka. when the the Empress and Emperor Full Moon Shadows appear at the entrance to Tartarus Natsuki is in the cross fire and Fuuka, having been found, was able to awaken her Persona in her need to protect everyone, especially Natsuki. after the battle Natsuki apologized to Fuuka about the bullying and the 2 become close friends despite Natsuki not remembering Tartarus or that Fuuka protected her.
as the events of Persona 3 occurred 2 years before Persona 4 so it's very possible that Naoto heard about the case in her studies since Police were involved initially when Fuuka was reported missing.

This is a very good answer, I wish I could vote more than once


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What is the Keijo manga release cycle?
Not sure if my phrasing is correct but does anyone know the manga release cycle of Keijo!!!! (Hip whip girl)?
I haven't seen an issue for it in a while and the source I use to read it seems to only update monthly.
Does the manga actually release monthly? And how can I find this information for future series that I read?

On wikipedia it says

Keijo!!!!!!!! (Japanese: 競女!!!!!!!!, lit. "Competitive Girl"), also known as Hip Whip Girl, is a Japanese sports manga series by Daichi Sorayomi. It has been serialized in Shogakukan's shōnen manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Sunday since July 2013 and has been collected in fourteen tankōbon volumes.

and confirming Shogakukan's Weekly Shōnen Sunday

Weekly Shōnen Sunday (Japanese: 週刊少年サンデー Hepburn: Shūkan Shōnen Sandē) is a weekly shōnen manga magazine published in Japan by Shogakukan since March 1959. Contrary to its title, Weekly Shōnen Sunday issues are released on Wednesdays.

now looking at the wikia there is 159 Chapters with 151 Chapters in tankōbon format.

Keijo!!!!!!!! manga series is written and drawn by Daichi Sorayomi. It has been serialized in Weekly Shōnen Sunday since July 2013 and has been collected in twelve tankōbon volumes along with 151 chapters.

my number of 159 is based off that at the end of the page the last chapter number is 159. also you can see the tankōbon volumes vary in their release dates.
starting at the first Wednesday of July 2013 to the Wednesday just past (04/01/2017) we can see there has been 183 weeks passed. now if 1 chapter of Keijo!!!!!!!! is released every week there is a discrepancy of 24 weeks (183-159 = 24) but these can be accounted for by holidays and that i don't know when in July the first chapter of Keijo!!!!!!!! came out (so it may not have been 03/07/2013).
with this information we can roughly guess that Keijo!!!!!!!! is being released weekly in each issue of Weekly Shōnen Sunday in Japan with some breaks for holidays. of cause without having the issues themselves i can't be for certain that each issue has had 1 chapter of Keijo!!!!!!!!
as i pointed out in my comment the Mangaupdates page has a "releases" section but these are the scanlation releases as such the release of these are  not predefined especially since these are unofficial. not to mention that the this list should stop being updated if/when Keijo!!!!!!!! is officially licensed in English to which would generally mean they would be released in tankōbon format

Keijo is published in "Shuukan Shounen Sunday", which is a weekly magazine.
To figure out what cycle a manga follows, you can use mangaupdates, which will show you the serialization magazine for each manga. From there you can just google the name of the magazine, and usually the english title will be an answer by itself, like in this case where "Shuukan" translates to "Weekly".
https://www.mangaupdates.com/series.html?id=101987

to point out the "releases" on the page are the Scanlations, not the original releases in Japan. the useful bit of info you get out of Mangaupdate is that it isn't released in English yet offically

Yeah, it's pretty much useless to to check the release page to figure out the schedule. Scanlators are just people that put out releases in their free time, and while some may consistently translate directly from fresh magazine scans, several prefer to wait until whole volumes are published (usually up to half a year after the magazine scans in case of weekly manga) so that they can work on better scans. That's also why a lot of translated series are behind japanese releases by several volumes (Kengan Ashura & Keijo are such cases).


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Is Headon involved with FUG?
As we know from season one of Tower of God, Headon suggested help to Rachel in exchange for some sort of her help. After this, Rachel ended up being helped by FUG, e.g. having Hwa Ryun as Guide, and receiving help from Yu Han Sung. This also later leads to situation, when FUG forcibly recruits Baam.
So, does all of this mean, that Headon cooperates with FUG?

After Bam's test, headon asks Rachel that if she fulfills his request then he will allow Rachel to move to the next floor. What was headon's request to rachel is not known till now. As per wiki headon did conspire with Yu Han Sung so that Rachel can move up the tower. However, it is unknown if headon conspired with Yu Han Sung out of his own interest or because of his request or about any other reason. Further it is unknown whether headon knows that Yu Han Sung is part of FUG or not.


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Song playing at the end of ep 127 of Fairy Tail
What is the song, that starts playing at around 20:55 just when Natsu notices Lucy appeared?

The song is Nakama Tachi, from the first OST. You can listen to it at this link.


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Why are shows like Gundam and Dragon Ball not available on iTunes (or other services)?
Will they ever be available? I see that at least Dragon Ball is on Amazon video streaming, but only in SD.
I own some of the blu-rays, but it would be nice to have them in digital format instead!

Any question of "Why hasn't X happened?" tends to be tricky to answer, because there isn't really much information on it unless there were already plans to do something (it's like asking "Why hasn't my favourite manga/light novel/video game/ukiyo-e been turned into an anime?" - the answer is just that no-one's bothered doing it yet and there's no real way of knowing if anyone even tried).
That said, here are some reasons that are mostly speculative:

The distribution rights are complicated, because of the way that international distribution rights work (which, if you were wondering, is "poorly") or because iTunes isn't a streaming service so the way licenses work is likely to be different to something like Crunchyroll.
The distribution rights are currently tied up in other licenses (e.g. perhaps Crunchyroll or some other service has exclusive rights to online distribution).
Apple are asking for too much money and the distributors don't think they will make a profit from it.
The distributors really hate Apple.
The distributors don't actually have the rights to release the shows on iTunes for some reason (see also the first point).
The distributors don't know that iTunes does TV shows now (just covering all possible bases, however unlikely).
The distributors are in talks with Apple to put the shows on iTunes, but for various reasons they're stuck in negotiations.

I'm sure there are more reasons, but hopefully those are enough to go on for now.


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Would it be illegal to host a anime streaming website?
I am very curious on this subject. Would it be illegal to stream anime on a website without the owners permission? If so how do many websites on the internet do it without getting in trouble?

It depends where you are operating it from and which country is hosting it.

Would it be illegal to stream anime on a website without the owners permission?

Yes, as Hakase explains you need an licenses to do so. sometimes yes you need a trusted/popular site however if your new to the game and don't have a website you should already be a trusted/popular entity (such as a company). either way you should be getting the money to afford the license you need.

If so how do many websites on the internet do it without getting in trouble?

a couple of reasons are stated here in Logan M's answer but they pertain to fansubs. but as for non-fansubs (like some sites which will host licensed English episodes of a series) it's only a matter of time.
Torrent Sites which allows the downloading of other content including TV series (anime aswell) get taken down alot these days and recently Australian ISPs began to block such sites (if not being half-assed about it) while some copyright holders have tried to make ISPs hand over the Customer Details of those who pirate1.
the only i see that stops these sites getting DMCAed is that in the west anime is still kinda niche and thus don't get the huge announcements like "New Game of Thrones season starts ##/##/####" or "[INSERT NAME] revealed to replace Peter Capaldi as the 13th Doctor". hell the later when Peter Capaldi was announced there was a red carpet event for it. if anime became more mainstream these sites would get more of the spotlight and quickly get taken down.
while i have my reservations of streaming sites there are already quite a few which do it legally and these have the benefits of not running non-QAed ads which could lead to malware being installed, being more stable with their hosted files and general better performance in terms of load times. so really there is no need to be using an illegal site unless you don't actually like anime and don't want to support the parties that bought it to you.

browser private/incognito modes only stop cookies/session/history from being saved on your PC. these sites and ISPs can still record your IP

It would only be legal to stream any anime when you have acquired the licenses to do so. You'd have to make an agreement with the intellectual property holder (production company or the distributor), and they won't sign with just anyone − they want trusted sites which would be visited by enough users. And these licenses have limited time frames. It also costs a lot of money. The exact number varies case by case, but it's safe to say it would cost a fortune to an individual.


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Why does the Port Mafia need a licence?
In Bougou Stray Dogs, it seems the organisations need a licence to operate with gifted people using their gifts at work. (Cant remember the exact licence name)
At some point in Season 2,

 The government wants to protect their now ex-double-agent Ango from the Port Mafia...

and the Port Mafia uses that opportunity to get a licence from the Government
This makes no sense to me. Why would a criminal organisation like the mafia want a licence to operate legally? Criminal organisations usually don't care if things are done legally or not.

Typically, organisations like the Port Mafia are pretty good at keeping their illegal dealings at arms length so that it's hard for law enforcement to catch them doing anything. It may be all but public knowledge that they're doing all those things, but they try to leave as little evidence as possible (and have a few lawyers and other legal types in their pockets to help deal with the few bits that get away from them).
As such, often the law enforcement will look for any excuse to prosecute them, and use that as a proxy for all the stuff they can't actually be caught doing. For example, notorious gangster Al Capone was arrested for tax evasion.
So prior to getting the licence, presumably there were police detectives or the like keeping an eye on known Port Mafia members hoping that they'd see, I don't know, Akutagawa using Rashoumon to destroy a stray piece of garbage, then take him in on a charge of "Unlicenced use of ability on public property". With the licence, though, the actions of the Port Mafia are halfway legitimised by the government, and it becomes that much harder to take action against them.


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Where did Asuka think "Monaka" came from?
In the bonus episode, the group of players who don't make the cut to play in the competition form a B-Squad named Monaka, after the first character of their three second-year members' names.
When they announce this name to the rest of the club, Asuka misunderstands and thinks the name has something to do with youth:

Asuka: "Monaka". We're in the thick of our youth! Or something.
  Girl: No, we just took the start of the second-years' names.

Where did Asuka think they had gotten the name "Monaka" from?

i wouldn't be surprised if Asuka was getting it from the Kanji or it's meaning shown in the first frame since i have see stuff like that before like in Death Note in how Misa describes how Light's name is written as Moon and this in Aoishiro. though i don't know what that meaning could be since i can't read it

@Memor-X I can't read it either, but I thought it might be important so I included it.

Here is what Asuka said in Japanese:

なるほど…最中【もなか】。私達【わたしたち】は青春【せいしゅん】真っ【まっ】最中【さいちゅう】～的【てき】な？
I see... monaka. We're in the middle of our youth~ or something?

The idea is, 最中 (in the middle) is usually read as "saichuu", but also has another reading of "monaka". As for why Asuka connected it to "youth", it's a common idea that school life is related to youth life.

Monaka itself is actually a wafer cake filled with the bean jam. The origin of monaka is from 最中【もなか】の月【つき】 which has the meaning of "the shape of full moon".


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Where did the 9 tails of Sora go?
Towards the end of Naruto Shippuden season 4, the 9 tail's chakra left Sora's body and then Yamato said that it will try to seek a new host now. Who was that new host? Did the chakra in Sora come back to Naruto, the real host of the 9 tails?

Short version: He was just a filler character...
Long version:
Sora appears only in the Twelve Guardian Ninja arc of the anime. In the other arcs of the anime and in the manga he is not mentioned anywhere.
In other words, as readers and viewers of Naruto, we don't know if Nine-Tail's chakra, that left Sora's body, found a new host or did come back to Naruto, the real host of the Nine-Tails.
Links to external resources: Twelve Guardian Ninja (Arc), Sora

It is very likely that the secondary chakra of the nine tails was returned to the original host's body, that is Naruto. When Yamato says that the chakra of the nine tails is excess and will need to find a new vessel, notice that the camera zooms in on Naruto and therefore could be a subtle hint incorporated within that episode itself.


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Who generally owns the rights for a manga or anime?
Who generally owns the intellectual property (IP) rights to manga characters and stories?
In the USA, comic books are generally produced by a team -- writer, artist, inker, colorist, letterer, editor, and maybe even plotter. Sometimes one or more of these folks can sometimes even get replaced mid-issue. The characters are typically part of a shared universe involving multiple, interacting characters. It makes sense that Marvel and DC, the largest publishers would own the IP.
It also makes sense that some of the artistic folks would want full ownership and control over their work, and independent publishers were formed allowing this. The leading publishers partially adapted to this desire, and sometimes grant limited exclusivity to the creator of a character. Ownership was still with the publisher, but only the creator could make decisions concerning their character, so long as they remained with the publisher.
From what I understand, manga is vastly different. One person handles writing, art, and lettering.  There is no colorist, and the publisher's editor generally suggests things, not mandates them. Characters from different manga seldom interact. With the one-person focus, it would make sense to me that the mangaka would hold IP rights. Is this generally the case?
Anime is broader, involving many folks for one series. Are they simply licensed to tell the mangaka's (or some other person's) story? (Maybe this is similar to how Fox is licensed to make X-Men movies, even though the X-Men themselves belong to Marvel.) I know some anime is a new work not based on a manga or light novel. In those cases, the studio is the creator, and it is likely they own the IP as well.

+1, I've also been curious for a while whether manga are creator-owned or publisher-owned.

My guess is that the publisher owns the rights to the particular publication, but the creator may retain the rights to the general ideas (but I'm probably horribly wrong on that front). I'm thinking, for example, of the Phoenix series by Osamu Tezuka where he released parts of it in various magazines.

summary (final paragraph):
Like the five previous examples, the mangaka (or writer) shares the copyright. Since this occurred in six of the five works I looked up, I'll assume it to be the "general rule" my question asked for.  If someone knows different, please let us know!

Manga
Duh! -- It just occurred to me my Crunchyroll subscription includes access to manga.  So I went there to look for the copyright notices.  At first I didn't find any.  My expectation was each chapter would have one, so I was scanning thru the volumes of Sweetness and Lightning and couldn't find such a thing. Not at chapter start or end, or even volume start or end.  I tried a couple other manga, and I could not find notices for them either.  Finally a tree appeared out of the forest --- near the bottom right of the stupid start page for each series.  (Anyone can see these without a subscription.  Non-subscribers won't be able to view any actual pages, though.)
There appears to be no standard template, so I chose three at random, listed by order of complexity.  Since the info does not appear to come from the manga issues themselves, what you see is my transcription of Crunchyroll's translation. The original Japanese may include different and/or standardized notices.
ReLIFE
Publisher: Comico
First Published:
Author: Yayoiso
Artist: Yayoiso
Copyright: © Yayoiso / comico
Translator: Andrew Cunningham
Editor: Emily Sorensen
Letterer: Cheryl Alvarez

Both the author and publisher share copyright.  I'm guessing the letterers are for the English version, and the author did the original Japanese lettering.
Sweetness & Lightning
Publisher: Kodansha
First Published:
Author: Gido Amagakure
Artist:
Copyright: Based on the manga "Amaama to Inazuma" by Gido Amagakure
  originally serialized in the monthly good! Afternoon magazine published by KODANSHA LTD.
  Sweetness and Lightning copyright © Gido Amagakure／KODANSHA LTD.
  English translation copyright © Gido Amagakure／KODANSHA LTD.
  All rights reserved.

Once again, a shared copyright between author and publisher.  They also take ownership of the English translation. Whether it was a staff person at Kodansha or Gido is fluent in English, I do not know.
Fairy Tail
Publisher: Kodansha
First Published: 2005
Author: Hiro Mashima
Artist: Hiro Mashima
Copyright: Based on the manga "FAIRY TAIL" by Hiro Mashima
  originally serialized in the weekly Shonen Magazine published by KODANSHA LTD.
  FAIRY TAIL copyright © Hiro Mashima／KODANSHA LTD.
  English translation copyright © Hiro Mashima／KODANSHA LTD.
  All rights reserved.
Translator: William Flanagan
Editor: Erin Subramanian
Letterer: AndWorld Design

These three may indicate a shared copyright is the norm. Same publisher as S&L, but now the translator is given credit by name.
Anime
I tried to check for copyright on several anime series. The few I looked at did not bother translating the opening or closing credits, so if copyright info was there, I could not read it.  I also checked their English dub of Free! - Iwatobi Swim Club, but the dub did not translate the credits either.  Funimation's site appears to be in transition right now, and I cannot access anything there.  If no one else adds animation info, I'll update this later with any anime info I find.
/edit add 5 hours later
Funimation is back up with its site revamp operational.  They have also started airing 2003's Wolf's Rain, and I remembered noticing that dubs of older series tend to translate the credits.  Sure enough, it does.  It's notice is a one-liner, and reads:
© BONES • KEIKO NOBUMOTO/BV Licensed by Funimation® Productions, Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

The copyright is once again shared, this time between the studio and writer.  However, Wolf's Rain appears to be a special case, in that the manga and anime were being released simultaneous, with Kodansha publishing the manga. It would be interesting to know if the manga copyright lists Kodansha in place of Bones, in addition to it, or not at all.
(... searched and found the manga copyright online). The manga copyright does not even include Kodansha. The notice is listed at the end of the last volume (11) and reads:
© 2004 TOSHITSUGU IIDA and BONES • KEIKO NOBUMOTO/BV

So the manga copyright added the illustrator's name, even listing him first.  In context, now, it appears Keiko was probably an employee or contractee of Bones.  I don't know what the "/BV" after his name means.  I'm guessing Bones hired Iida to be the manga illustrator, and part of the deal was that he be given co-owner status of it.
The page containing the copyright gives lots of credits, mostly for the anime staff. Viz Media was the English license holder at the time, and their presence is prominent on the page as well.  Another thing I notice is that the Japanese copyrights don't seem to concern themselves with listing a year or year range. But this page was clearly for an English-speaking audience, and the copyright here is more like I expect to see -- "© 2004".  (Watching the first few minutes of the anime, it was instantly clear that Viz chose an excellent voice actor cast! The first four episodes are currently up.)
Since Wolf's Rain is a special case as a product of an anime studio first and manga second (well, co-released), I looked up another old series on Funimation, Mushi-Shi. I also verified that the manga came first. It ran from 1999-2008, and the original 26 episodes of the anime were broadcast in 2005 and 2006. The copyright reads:
   ©Yuki Urushibara / KODANSHA - MUSHI-SHI Partnership.
Licensed by Kodansha through Funimation® Productions, Ltd.
                   All Rights Reserved.

I find this case interesting in that Artland, the anime studio, was not called out specifically.  It is likely part of the entity called "Mushi-Shi Partnership".
Like the five previous examples, the mangaka (or writer) shares the copyright. Since this occurred in six of the five works I looked up, I'll assume it to be the "general rule" my question asked for.  If someone knows different, please let us know!

I think letterer might refer to typesetter, the one responsible for placing the translated texts so they fit into the boxes and looks nicely.

Almost everything in the world of Japanese animation is owned by "committees." This is usually just a fancy way of saying that between 5 and 30 companies (more or less) got together, each contributed something like $10,000 to $500,000 (more or less) to the project, and then in turn each own a percent of the project. Usually one company contributed the most, and it's usually a Television station, as they also in-turn in the most ad-revenue from the anime. That company is usually the contact for licensing information and is usually listed as the copyright holder in publications.
They do this chiefly to minimize risk, in case a project or an anime loses money. Additionally, it makes planning easier - say a company makes figurines for anime, if that company is on this committee and contributed money, it's obvious that they're going to be the company who wants the rights to make merchandise.
When it comes to manga, most manga artists work for a particular publisher, who pays their salary. If they're receiving a salary during that time, the work is owned by the publisher, however the manga-ka typically also retains a lot of say in what happens with the manga. Whether or not it's legally required, or if it's simply expected and "the way of things", is still unclear to me.


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In Soul Eater, does the rest of the world know about Demon Weapons and the DWMA?
Do other people who live outside Death City know about the DWMA and about Demon Weapons? Or is it some covert operation in an attempt to secretly purge the world of evil? I am unsure if this is a known fact that has evidence to support it or simply up to one's own interpretation.

I'm guessing all the people know about them since there is no effort to hide the destruction or convincing people that the damage was done by other logical events or accidents.

Yes. The DWMA is actually a famous school. In soul eater not, when Tsugumi finds out that she is weapon and decides to go to the DWMA, all her friends are astounded that their friend can turn into a weapon and will be going to "the super elite DWMA".
DWMA, of course, has secrets and knowledge which they keep from the general public.


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Can user attack a shadow clone with genjutsu?
If Sasuke is fighting with Naruto & Naruto is hiding somewhere and fighting only with his clones, does the genjutsu of Sasuke has any impact on Naruto's Clone?

The Clone would be affected but will be destroyed soon after. we saw what happened to Kakashis clone when Itachi put it under genjutsu, inside the genjutsu the clone looked like a lifeless man made of paper and the tortures didn't work on it and it puffed out of existence very soon. I think the user of the clone would remember what happened to his clone but it doesn't affect him. besides Sasuke can find the location of the real Naruto with his rinnegan so there is no use in hiding behind a clone

You're welcome , please mark the answer as accepted if you think it was the right one :)

Couldn't locate the option to mark this question as answered yet.

@anvesh.veerelli it should just be the Check mark underneath the question score area.


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Is Kami's lookout connected to Korin's tower?
Are the two connected or just close by? In the video games it always seems like they are two separate buildings. But in the anime it seems like it takes no time to fly from one to the other.

No they are not.
Kami's Lookout is in a Geo-Stationary orbit directly above Korin's tower but are not connected, directly. The Lookout - Wikia
They used to be connected by the Power pole before Master Roshi gave it to Grandpa Gohan, who later gave it to Son Goku. Goku used it as a weapon but its primary purpose was to reach Kami's Lookout.
Here is what Wikia has to say about this. Power Pole - Wikia

The Power Pole is a magical, length-changing staff that is owned and wielded by Goku for most of the Dragon Ball series. Before Master Roshi gave the Power Pole to Grandpa Gohan (who later gave it to Goku prior to the start of Dragon Ball), it was owned by Korin. Although Goku uses it primarily as a weapon, its true purpose is to use its size-changing ability to travel from Korin Tower to Kami's Lookout.

Referring to What happened to Goku's Nyoibou and Kinto'un? for the details about Power pole in DBZ. It is seen again in the end credits of DB GT.

The Power Pole is later seen extending from Korin Tower to the Lookout several times during the course of Dragon Ball Z, and Goku is seen with it one final time in the Japanese ending credits of "Until We Meet Again", the last episode of Dragon Ball GT.

I wonder, do we know if the Goku returned the power pole to Korin at some point during Z? I'm fairly positive that the anime was occasionally inconsistent in whether or not the Lookout had a stem at the bottom or not.

http://anime.stackexchange.com/questions/14222/what-happened-to-gokus-nyoibou-and-kintoun The power pole went back to Korin's tower but Goku is seen using it in the end credits of GT.


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Why did Fatima not wear any clothes?
In Chain Chronicle, Fatima, one of the Three Sages, didn't wear any clothes as shown below. I tried to reread the part one, chapter three, story two about the Three Sages but they never really tell the reason.

Dilma
[ Fatima has a reason for dressing as she does, so don't bother her about it ]

Was it ever explained anywhere? Maybe from side story or her character story? She's available on Japanese version

Because she is a witch. There's a lore that says witch maintaining her magical power by avoiding anything that touch her body (yes, including clothes).
From developer commentary (taken from SEGA NETWORKSの全て - 2013.12.9)

(Image courtesy of an anonymous Chain Chronicle Japanese Wiki user No.76956554)

ファティマは魔女という存在の象徴として用意しています。
  そのため、女性の魔法使いはたくさんいても、魔女という称号を持っているのは彼女だけなんです。
  それから魔女というのは、生まれたままの姿から体を一切いじらないことで魔力を保つという話がありまして。
  そんな話をしていたら、HACCANさんから全裸のラフが来たんです。
  服を着ているものもあったのですが、魔女のバックボーンを生かす究極だなと思ったので、この姿に決定しちゃいました。
I prepared Fatima as a symbol of witch's existential.
  For that reason, even though there are many female magic users, Fatima is the only one bearing a title of 'witch'.
  After that, regarding the witch itself, there's a story about them maintaining their magical power by avoiding anything that touch their body.
  With that background, there's a rough draft of her naked coming from HACCAN (the artist).
  There's also one with clothes on, but since I needed to specially make use of witch's backbone(?), I decided to use this (naked) one.
(Translated by myself, feel free to improve it)

Reference: Golden Witch Fatima - Chain Chronicle Japanese Wiki


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What does Hana's middle initial stand for?
In Hanayamata, Hana's full name is "Hana N. Fountainstand" (or Fontaine-Stand, or Fonteyn-Stand, or Founteyne-Stand, depending on who you talk to). Do we ever find out what "N" stands for?
I'm pretty sure this never happened in the anime, so I'm expecting it was revealed in the manga if it ever was.

It doesn't seem to be revealed anywhere officially, but based on fans' theory:
The "N" should be a word (that has similar pronunciation with) "Now".
Japanese fans found that all* characters in Hanayamata are related to Kamakura city in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan.
From an anon user id 900RcZoqa on post no. 960 on 2channel,

全部地名
『ハナヤマタ』
  関谷なる → 鎌倉市関谷
  笹目ヤヤ → 鎌倉市笹目
  常盤マチ → 鎌倉市常盤
  西御門多美 → 鎌倉市西御門

All of them are name of places
"Hanayamata"
  Naru Sekiya → Kamakura city, Sekiya
  Yaya Sasame → Kamakura city, Sasame
  Machi Tokiwa → Kamakura city, Tokiwa
  Tami Nishimikado → Kamakura city, Nishimikado

that leaves Hana N. Fountainstand.
Turns out there's also a place in Kamakura city called Imaizumidai. Imaizumidai in Japanese is 今泉台. If each character is translated to English,

今 = Now
泉 = Fountain
台 = Stand

they match with "N. Fountainstand".

ハナ・N・フォンテーンスタンド → 鎌倉市今泉台（Now→今 fountain→泉 stand→台）

As for what does the "N" stand for, we can't really know, since as it's been mentioned, フォンテーンスタンド might be read as Fountainstand, Fontaine-Stand, Fonteyn-Stand, Founteyne-Stand, etc. Thus, the "N" might be Now, Nau, Naw, etc.

*Except Sachiko Yamanoshita. There's no Yama-no-shita in Kamakura city, but there's Yama-no-uchi and Saka-no-shita. (From Japanese Yahoo! Answers)
Also, there's someone who travelled around Kamakura to find these places. (1, 2)

Wow, after two years I'd given up on this ever getting an answer, and here it finally is. Good job and +1.


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Koga's wolves - demons or just regular wolves?
In the episode when Koga first appears, his wolves attack a human village and kill Rin. Were those regular wolves or full demons like Ginta and Hakkaku, and simply preferred their wolf form?

In my opinion they were regular wolves.
Firstly, because they look like regular wolves. Since, Koga never transformed, I cannot be sure about what a wolf demon's transformation would look like. But taking the example of Sesshomaru, Inu no Taisho and even Naraku, we can say that a demon's transformation looks much different from the actual form of the being. I mean, they definitely don't look like a normal dog or a normal spider. So, a wolf demon probably couldn't transform into such a normal looking wolf. This point counters the argument that they were wolf demons transformed into their wolf form.
Secondly, as far as I can recall, there have not been any appearances of demons that look like normal beings. Here I do not include the demons that were in disguise. The weaker demons that InuYasha's group encountered in those random villages never looked like normal beings. They were bigger and looked more fierce. It wouldn't be very wise to think that those 'wolf demons' were always in disguise as normal wolves. So, they couldn't even be wolf demons that do not have the power to transform into a human-like form. This point even counters the argument that they were demons.
Thus by this reasoning, I conclude that they were just normal wolves. But then, this is just my opinion. I guess it's only Rumiko Takahashi who knows the correct answer.


text:
Has a manga series ever affected Jump or similar magazines sales a lot?
For example when Naruto started or ended has the sales ever fluctuate?

Shounen Jump is almost entirely made of serialized manga. I think it's a safe bet that yes, sales vary based on which manga series are being serialized - what else would affect people's decision to buy or not buy a particular volume?

I think that as @senshin said, which mangas are in it affect the sales greatly (like you would run to the bookstore to learn what happens in the last chapter of naruto and all) but at the same time, it seems like Jump and other are like weekly magazine for us. You will always go buy it to see if there is any new interesting things in it. So you would already have a lot of people buying it each week as it's cheap and has lot of new things in it, but those people would want even more to buy them if a manga they love is published in it.

I've found you an article that show some graphs about Jump sales, and data about their best selling mangas that I think you'll find useful :
source
And some date from best selling mangas to help you evaluate those graphs :
Saint Seiya (1986 - 1990)
Dragon Quest: Dai no Daibouken (1989 - 1996)
Hokuto no Ken (1983 - 1988)
Slam Dunk (1990 - 1996)
YuYu Hakusho (1990 - 1994)

It's probably also worth mentioning that Dragonball ended in 1995.


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Is there a reason for the child of Maria and Mamoru to be called Messiah?
So the official name for the child of Maria and Mamoru is 救世主 (Kyūseishu), which basically means "savior" or "the Messiah"... It is unusual (and ironic) for a character to be called like that -- especially when she(he?) is pretty much the biggest threat for humanity at that time. Why Messiah among all names? Is there a reason for this?

You might have stumbled upon the answer yourself in suggesting that they are the biggest threat to humanity - that would make the naming ironic.

It's because Messiah is the savior or the Messiah for the Queer Rats, not the humans.
It's implied that Squealer found out (through a False Minoshiro) that the Queer Rats

 are actually genetically altered humans (mixed with the DNA of mole rats as Saki speculates at the end)

and for all intensive purposes, slaves to cantus users much like that of the Slave Dynasties (where non-cantus humans were slaves to the ruling class of cantus users). Any attempt of rebellion against the humans would be slaughter because the Queer Rats can't fight against cantus powers in the end.
Supposedly from the same source Squealer learned about the Death Feedback (and possibly what an Orge is) in which cantus-users of the 4th group have genetically altered themselves to be unable to kill other members of their own speices. we even see earlier in the series that something that looks human but isn't (like a Queer Rat in the distance) can trigger the adverse reactions of the Death Feedback.
By raising Maria and Mamoru's child as a Queer Rat (via imprinting) he/she (in the anime it's a girl, in the manga it's a boy, not sure about the novel) would not be affected by the Death Feedback when killing humans (because to Messiah he/she is a Queer Rat or that Queer Rats are human and actual humans are something else) and as described by Tomiko Asahina when she was telling Saki about when the village was in danger from an Ogre it took deceit and mutual destruction to kill a single Ogre (the doctor who killed the boy who was the Ogre ended up dying). This is even more evident when Shisei Kaburagi faced against Messiah where despite being the stronger cantus user he was weakened and killed by Messiah.
Now to my understanding Messiah as a name is never used by the humans and it's the Queer Rats, mainly Squealer, that refer to Messiah as their Messiah, their savior. Most of the humans refer to him/her as an Ogre while Saki refer her to as Maria's (and Mamoru's) Son/Daughter