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Can a ghoul's skin be pierced by earthly weapons?
In Tokyo Ghoul, Jason claimed, while torturing Kaneki, that a ghoul's skin can not be pierced by any ordinary metal. If so, then:

How could Rei wound Kurona and Nashiro by knives?
Why don't the Doves use ordinary rifles and swords instead of Kagune to attack ghouls?

These instances are contradictory and paradoxical. Please give an explanation which makes all these instances reasonable.

First of all, Suzuya did not use just any knives, he used a bikaku quinque in the form of knives, the Scorpion 1/56. Thus, since they are made from kagune, these knives can pierce ghoul skin and thus cut Kurona and Nashiro.

Scorpion 1/56 (サソリ1/56, Sasori 1/56) is a bikaku quinque that takes the form of a switchblade. They are currently wielded by Juuzou Suzuya. It is a set of totally 56 blades which can be used both as a melee and ranged weapon.

The CCG do use regular guns and other modern weaponry, but they are loaded with  Q bullets, which are also manufactured from Kagune, thus, they can harm ghouls.

Q bullets are bullets with a melted down kagune coating; however, because the material can only be acquired by ghouls, the coating itself is moderately thin.

Therefore, in both instances, weaponry manufactured from kagune are used, which is the only known material to be able to harm ghouls without the use of RC suppressants. Now for the true answer to the question. Can a ghoul be harmed by earthly weapons?
Yes, yes they can, but only under certain conditions.
One cause is Rc suppressants, which effectively makes the ghouls human. Furthermore, this is available in gas form as shown by the Aogiri raid on Cochlea in Episode 4 of Tokyo Ghoul √A. Thus, under certain conditions, ghouls can be harmed by conventional weapons, so it is not odd for them to use such weapons. However, there has not been a single instance where conventional weapons worked in combat without RC suppressants.

Rc suppressants (Rc抑制液, Rc yokuseieki) are a drug used to suppress the activity of the Kakuhou. They are primarily used by the Commission of Counter Ghoul on Ghoul prisoners, for the purpose of keeping them weakened or for interrogation. It slows regeneration, impairs the Kagune, and makes their bodies vulnerable to mundane items such as knives or needles.

But of course, as stated by lentinant, a strong enough force would most likely be sufficient to pierce the skin and hurt the ghouls, but kagune-based weapons are used most likely out of their effectiveness and swiftness in piercing ghoul skin than other more expensive and large impractical weapons such as a railgun or AMRs as stated by Ryan, which are bulky and hard to maneuver against a speedy ghoul that would rush towards a sniper if there was no infantry to guard against the ghouls, these infantry would of course have to use weapons that are reliable in close combat, such as swords and knives, which need to be made of kagune to pierce the ghoul skin.

A good measurement for close combat in ghouls is Nishiki's skin scrape, which seems to only have reached the hypodermis as the blood vessels and muscle tissue can be seen. This scrape was a result of Kaneki throwing him up about 5 metres (using the van beside kaneki as about 2 metres as measurement) in about 1 second in this video at 0.48, that would mean an acceleration of about 15ms^-2 after accounting for gravity, which means 885N of force since Nishiki is 59kg, implying a pressure of 354kPa is needed to pierce the skin assuming the scrape is a square 5cm in length. This force is 3 times the pressure of the atmosphere, which clearly is difficult to exert from a human, thus, kagune based weapons are opted for by the CCG in close combat.

Don't forget about Rize being seriously wounded by metal beams on the very beginning. Not actual case of using common weapon, but one of cases when ghoul could be damaged without quinque.

@lentinant Agree with that point. THose beams were falling fast and hard (at least several floors worth of the building). and ofcourse are large and heavy. I bet they would be weak to Anti Tank Rifles or other super powerful weapons meant to damage tanks, but no way an ordinary human could generate the force needed.

@lentinant Answer modified, hope it gives a better perspective.

Just curious but how did you calculate the acceleration since the final velocity is probably not 0.


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Is ecchi used for humor or is it sexually playful?
The definition of ecchi is sexually playful, right? But I heard it is almost always used for humor. Can someone explain please?

http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Ecchi

Well.....there is humor that is sexually playful right, just watch Sekirei or......Photon  Ecchi can be funny,

According to Wikipedia the definition of ecchi is:

Ecchi (エッチ etchi?, pronounced [et.tɕi]) is an often used slang term in the Japanese language for playfully sexual actions. As an adjective, it is used with the meaning of "sexy", "dirty" or "naughty"; as a verb, ecchi suru (エッチする), with the meaning to have sex; or as a noun, to describe someone that is seen as lecherous. It is perhaps softer than the Japanese word ero (エロ　from Eros), and does not imply perversion in the way hentai does.
The word ecchi has been adopted by fans of Japanese media to describe works with sexual overtones. In Japanese, the word ecchi is often used to describe a person's conduct, but in fandom, it has come to be used to refer to softcore or playful sexuality, as distinct from the word hentai, which connotes perversion or fetishism. Works described as ecchi do not show sexual intercourse or genitalia, but sexual themes are referenced. Ecchi themes are a type of fan service, and can be found in most comedy shōnen and seinen manga and harem anime.

This imply's that it can be used for a number of situations including those that are humorous or sexually playful.

source: Stack Exchange

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/

sort: votes


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How is Louise what she is in the Red Garden OVA: Dead Girls?
In the OVA sequel, we are introduced to Louise who looks exactly like Lise in the Red Garden TV series. Lise is last seen dying the Animus death of turning into ashes on Roosevelt Island, so it is generally taken that Louise is a reincarnation of Lise. Later on, Louise revealed her identity as an android. (Gasp!)

How could Lise, a human girl turned Animus infected with the cursed Doral blood, reincarnate as an android? What happened during the 300-year time span between the end of the TV series and the beginning of the OVA to have caused this inconceivable transition in Lise's identity?

The answer lies within the OVA's title, Dead Girls. The OVA is a homage to the 1992 debut novel of the same name by British science fiction author Richard Calder, which

tell[s] the tale of a virus that turns pubescent girls into vampiric gynoid dolls called Lilim, and the doomed love affair between 15-year-old Ignatz Zwakh and a Lilim assassin called Primavera.

What's more, it appears that the TV series has also drawn inspiration from the Dead Girls novel, as the Animus-Doral feud and the conditions affecting members of the two warring clans match well with the rivalry between Cartier and Kito and the conditions affecting their dolls:

years ago during a trade war Cartier infected Kito's fake dolls with an impotence STD and in response Kito sent her own virus to infect the genuine Cartier dolls in Paris - a virus that Morgenstern thinks responsible for the doll plague.

To answer my own question, Louise was probably born a human, but was turned into an android upon contracting a virus similar to that in the novel.

all_licenses: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/


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Why does Pokemon have a six Pokemon limit?
I was wondering why is there a limit?
Why does everyone follow it in the anime?
Even Team Rocket follows it, even though they are a criminal organization that steals trainers' Pokemon. Just because there is a custom in place, doesn't mean people have to follow it.
Is it discussed or shown in the anime?

The limit only goes for competitions. Read chapter 9 again. You can see how Red is carrying many Pokemon, as he has no place to store them, until he meets Bill and introduces him to his transporter.

Has anyone from team rocket ever had more than four Pokemon with them?

The Pokémon anime is actually a little inconsistent in this. In episode 11: Charmander – The Stray Pokémon, Damian bragged about his collection of Pokémon and there was a large number of Pokéballs (more than six) in front of him. In episode 13: Mystery at the Lighthouse where Ash caught his Krabby, Misty told Ash that he could only have six Pokémon, and any more he caught after that would be sent back to whomever gave him his Pokédex.
Speculation: So, maybe if you have a Pokedex it forces you to only keep six Pokemon and people without one don't have to follow the rules?

Why Does Pokémon have a Six Pokémon limit?

In early episodes, Ash talks about the rules of Pokémon battles that the Pokémon League set. For example, he tells Team Rocket it is against the rules to use two Pokémon at once. Presumably the six Pokémon limit is one of these rules. Most trainers will probably follow the six Pokémon limit because of the Pokémon League's rules, but it isn't clear why the bad guys would follow the rules. And in the anime, as evidenced by Damian, it isn't clear whether they do follow that rule.
Edit: In Pokémon: Black and White, catching a seventh Pokémon works differently than it did when Ash caught his Krabby. Rather than being transported back to a professor, the Poké Ball shrinks and won't open and Ash has to get to a Pokémon Center to transfer his Pokémon. This inconsistency is first seen when Ash catches a Sewaddle in Sewaddle and Burgh in Pinwheel Forest! and is seen again when Ash catches a Palpitoad in a later episode.

Not from the anime, but the manga does suggest an answer in Volume 10 of the Pokemon Adventures series (in the Gold&Silver arc).

Professor Oak: Of course it's possible to carry seven or eight Pokemon - even twenty or thirty, if for some reason you must. But how could one trainer give that many Pokemon enough individual love and attention? Only we researchers can justify big collections. Among trainers, anyone who uses over six is disparaged.
Professor Elm: Of course ...
Professor Oak: Which is why the Pokemon league decreed 6-to-1 as the ideal Pokemon-to-trainer ratio. It's the perfect balance for a serious trainer. And Crystal is clearly serious!

Maybe it's a part of humanity towards the Pokemons. Like when a trainer has too may Pokemons with him, he has to feed all of them, train all of them, and care for all of them. This may prove to be a hindrance. Also the Pokemons would keep fighting for their Trainer's attention. So the authorities must have added this rule so that it is easy for both the Trainer and his Pokemons.
About Team Rocket, maybe they were never able to catch more Pokemons.

all_licenses: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Who is Mir's Mind Guardian?
In Ar Tonelico 2: Melody of Metafalica, in the talk topic Mind Guardian? (Lv 3) when Croix asks if Mir has a Mind Guardian she says at one point

You are just unaware of her. You must have met her in my Cosmosphere by now

However after her "story" finishes Ayatane introduces himself as Mir's Guardian (he doesn't say Mind Guardian though).
Now according to this GameFAQs guide, the requirement to unlock this talk topic is

After completing Jacqli's Cosmosphere Lv 3

but I haven't seen anyone who could be a Mind Guardian but Ayatane. So who is Mir's Mind Guardian and where would Croix have met her before?

It's Ayatane. Mir says "her" because the translators who did the talk topics weren't the same as the ones who worked in the Cosmospheres and main storyline, so it's simply a translation error of the many the official NISA localization had.
The fan relocalization has that (and many other errors and bugs) fixed.

I don't think this needs additional references, so I've removed the post notice to that effect. @aquagon is clearly quite familiar with Ar Tonelico (cf. http://anime.stackexchange.com/a/35936/) in both English and Japanese, so I think it's safe to assume OP isn't pulling these answers from their nether regions.


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How are anime soundtracks made for a story?
So say there is a manga. Now who comes up with the soundtrack and composes that according to the anime?
Many many soundtracks (instrumental) are masterpieces, and just as equally or even more amazingly they are composed with story to have even more effect. I want to know more about the whole process.
I know how they draw manga from a story, and animate (which is extremely tedious in itself).
But when it comes to soundtrack I am completely clueless. Obviously a studio or an artist is paid to create soundtracks but what's their process?
So I want to know:

How do they decide what it should sound like?
How do they actually create it and is there a process?
How do the people who create this get training for it?

In the soundtracks that I have heard, they don't seem limited by instruments. Melodies are perfect, or composed perfectly. They often have human voices mixed with them, like this, this or this.

possible duplicate or related
https://anime.stackexchange.com/questions/3744/how-are-the-themes-and-songs-picked-for-a-particular-series?rq=1

An anime's soundtrack is usually made specific for the show. The same cannot always be said about the anime's opening or ending themes, though.
When it comes to producing an anime, multiple companies work together to make a show happen; these multiple companies make up what's called a Production Committee. Depending upon the show, a show's production committee will include a music label (such as Aniplex or Lantis), and this label can provide a composer to make music for the anime. There are cases and times, though, where a specific composer can be brought in from a certain label (such as Yuki Kajiura being brought in to work on Madoka Magicka), if someone in the production staff has a connection or something like that.
A computer can synthesize a lot of instruments pretty dang well, and it's assumedly cheaper to hash out a soundtrack through computer software rather than finding an orchestra/band, teaching them the music, and then recording the performance. Using live instruments for anime isn't unheard of (such as for higher-production films), but I couldn't tell you a percentage of how much certain anime shows use what. For vocal stuff, I don't specifically know how that gets managed, and I wouldn't want to lead you astray by even more conjecturing.
Finally, to answer your question about how they decide the feel of the sound, I'm led to believe that it's hashed out at meetings during an anime's creation (usually a bit closer to the end stage of things), with the composer (or someone representing his/her label) talking with the anime's production staff. Words could be thrown around that depict a certain feeling, or a certain genre of music or something to go for. If the production staff knows more about music, more specific terms may end up being used.
When it comes to how the music itself is created, and how composers get the training to get their jobs, just look up "music composition" and "digital music composition" on Google and it'll start to point you in that direction. A lot of the same general composition and creation processes apply, although I can't really tell you if they do something specifically unique in Japan composition-wise. Anyway, people can go to college to study music theory and music composition, and from there, they may choose to work specifically for anime, or choose to work anywhere else (like composing for live-action TV, or for movies, or commercials, or for the entertainment industry, for example). It's a career and profession like any other.
Sources:
http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/feature/2012-03-05 - Justin Sevaki's "The Anime Economy" series. Doesn't really delve into the specifics of how an anime is made, but it explains the production committee bit fairly well.
http://web.archive.org/web/20081002032241/http://gabrielarobin.com/279/newtype-yoko-kanno-and-shoji-kawamori-macross-f-ost-1-interview-translation - An interview with the chief director and composer for Macross F (provided through the Wayback Machine). The translation isn't the easiest to follow, but it provides some information about how the music came to be (Macross F also had a lot of vocal music too!)
Interview contained in the DVD release of the 2nd half of Zaion: I Wish You Were Here. Show wasn't that memorable, but it had some great music! The music composer for Zaion was contacted and brought in while the show was still in its planning stages and they talked about what feel to attempt for the series. However, that being said, Zaion may have been a bit different because it was made for Internet distribution, an unheard of thing at the time.

My two cents:  The soundtrack process is likely almost the same for Anime as it is for other forms of motion pictures, as anime is just that, another form of media.


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Why didn't Makishima spread the video of the Sibyl system?
In episode 17 Makishima is handed Gu-sung Choe's phone with a video that shows the the Sibyl system's true form.

An episode earlier Gu-sung Choe said that if this video were to go public it would be the end of the country.

After Makishima escaped the aircraft he could have uploaded this, why didn't he? It would have been much easier instead of trying to poison all food supplies.

People would have gone so crazy about this (if it wouldn't be immediately "debunked" as fake by Sibyl), and then everybody would be targets for execution or imprisonment due to a sharp rise in crime coefficients.
Or it would not do anything at all. Remember how people sometimes would decide on their own that something that looks horribly wrong can't be real, because otherwise the above would happen, and so they just go on along, like it's a prank or something that doesn't deserve a second thought.
So the more effective way of thinking would not be a risky revolution attempt like this, but a behind-the-scenes action that would definitely do something, without relying on people's thoughts.

I think this has also been answered in the anime indirectly when Touma Kouzaburou offers Makishima to become part of the SiByl system, the answer given by Makishima is more or less that he does not want to become an almighty but continue to be a player, if you think about fun then of course it will be boring to end it in the way that was mentioned earlier.

If I remember correctly, the underground levels where the Sibyl System is installed are completely isolated from the outside world, so the video most likely couldn't be uploaded, and the device in which it was stored was probably destroyed by Sibyl.

This isn't true since Makishima was handed the video in an aircraft, not underground.


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Where to find the song that is basically "next to you" played with a different instrument?
In Episode 8 at 10:40, when Shinichi throws the dog in the trash, a song plays that I have not been able to find anywhere on the internet.
I know the song is basically "next to you" with a different instrument playing it, but I want to know where I can find the whole song played with that specific sound.
The original "next to you" OST just does not give the same sad feeling as this other song.

Have you tried this anime version of the tune yet? It's the softest tune I could find...

I believe that the tune you are looking for is Next to You-Anime Version. This one is different from the Original One in the aspects of being slower and softer, and with a totally different instrument playing it and from the other Anime Version in the same terms.
Unfortunately, I haven't been able to find it in any of the OSTs. It might be an unreleased track for an unreleased OST, but that's anyone's guess.


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Where should I start watching in the Naruto series?
I'm not new to the Naruto franchise. I'm also up to date with what's currently going on (Madara vs Naruto & Sasuke). But I want to know the details of how everything happened. From which episode should I start watching? I want to at least start after the whole Pain storyline and around where the Fourth Ninja War starts. Anyone got an idea on where I should start?

First you should watch episode 42.  Then you should watch Episode 39, then episode 104, and then episode 96, followed by 11, 124, 138, and 8.  That should get you started

But for serious, Start with episode 1, or whichever episode is the newest one that you haven't seen.  Naruto isn't a very episodic show.  It doesn't really lend itself well to starting somewhere in the middle.

@SamIam is right, Naruto is not one of those shows where you can start in the middle and go on. I mean there might be a change where you can start in the middle, but they might mention something from the past. That might confuse you.

you should start from Pilot chapter  where Kyuubi is Naruto`s Dad . .

Taking a look at the Naruto arcs wiki articles I found Fourth shinobi world war: confrontation to be the arc you are looking for.
As this is the point where the 4th ninja war starts.

It spans through volumes 55 to 59, or more specifically, covers chapters 516 to 559 of the manga and episodes 261 to 270, and also picks from 272 to 289 of the Naruto: Shippūden anime and later picks up from episodes 296 to 310, and 312 to 321. The six episodes of the Power arc, along with two others, were shown in the interim. This arc is preceded by the Fourth Shinobi World War: Countdown and followed by the Fourth Shinobi World War: Climax.

So you can either start at chapter 516 or if you prefer the anime, start at episode 296 of Shippuuden to skip the pain arc, and jump straight into the war.
I would however advice you to just watch it all. If you do not wish to watch 17325 minutes of non-stop anime. You can also take a look at the What can I skip guide

I recommend starting at the beginning. If you try skipping around, you'll miss a lot of the key dynamics between the characters... even if there's a lot of filler, sometimes the filler episodes contain more backstory than you'd expect.


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Why do most teams have two males and one female?
Almost all teams in Naruto have 1 female and 2 male members. For example, Kakashi's team (Kakashi, Obito, Rin) and Jiraya's students (Nagato, Konan, Yahiko). Is there any rule behind this?

This question has been asked before on SciFi.SE

stress reliever :v

I don't think there is any rule behind this because the main motive behind this is to test the dynamics of teamwork but there is one rule that is to how to team-up Genin:

Genin are put in four-man cells, or squad, consisting of three genin
  and a jōnin-sensei, in order to learn teamwork and experience true
  ninja life under the supervision and protection of an elite shinobi.
   The make-up of these teams is based on the individual skills of the
   genin, so that there will be a balance between the teams. For
  instance, Naruto Uzumaki, who passed with the lowest grades, was put
  in a team with Sasuke Uchiha and Sakura Haruno, who passed with the
  highest grades and highest written exam scores, respectively.

So there is nothing states that there has to be one girl in every team. But to create a perfect balance between all teams they might have assign one girl in every team.

To expand on the answer that was posted by Light Yagami, if there is any such rule in Konohagakure (hidden leaf village) it certainly is not universal, Team Samui from the hidden lightning had two woman and one man. Team Shigure and Team Oboro from the hidden rain were both all male. These deviations from the 2 men 1 woman structure even exist inside the hidden leaf on occasions. Team Ino–Shika–Chō was made up of Inoichi Yamanaka, Shikaku Nara and Chōza Akimichi was an all male team.
In episode 361, the third Hokage discusses why he assembled team 7 the way that he did, and he has a flashback of an incident with the Sannin back when they were Genin; where the underachieving Jiraya is motivate to try harder in an attempt to attract the attention of Tsunade in the same way that the over-performing Orochimaru had. In the subtitled version he says "Talent attracts people, men notice women and rivalry matures both, so they say." Kakashi then reminisces of his own experience with Obito being desperate for Rin to notice him.
So while it appears there is no solid rule that all teams should be two guys and a girl, both Kakashi and the third Hokage clearly believe there are benefits to this arrangement in at least some groups and it is likely the preference of the third Hokage to make teams in this structure whenever possible.


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What is the cause of Gangsta.'s drop in animation quality?
What happened to the animation quality in the anime Gangsta.? Everything was so detailed and "perfect" to the last detail in the first couple of episodes, but it substantially seemed to drop its quality. Any reason for it?

Well that was a slap in the face. Any reason why they went bankrupt and if they are trying to come back?

As said @ton.yeung said and as stated in this article, the studio producing Gangsta, Manglobe Studio, went bankrupt :

According to animeanime.biz , Manglobe Studio began procedures for bankruptcy on Sept. 29th after months of insolvency. The news of Manglobe Studio’s bankruptcy proceedings wasn’t common knowledge.

Therefore the quality dropped.
For the same reason (obviously), you should not expect a second season or another content related to Gansta, but there can still be a chance that another studio produces it if the Intellectual Proprety of Gangsta get sold.


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How come Goku was defeated by Frost of the 6th Universe?
Can anyone explain the reason why Frost of the 6th Universe was able to disable or paralyze Goku? I didn't get how that was possible!
Is there any sort of cheating or is there any ability of Frost that can paralyze the opponent somehow?
By the way, I am talking about Dragon Ball Super, episode 33.

Its been revealed in ep. 34 that frost contains a needle within his wrist that allows him to poison his opponents. This is how he defeated Goku .

Is it considered cheating?

Yes but meanwhile rather than disqualifying him Vegeta offered to crush him. Note: I've kept a little out to avoid ruining the series.

Aw come on, it's going to be years before it gets on TV. Ruin away!

@axelrod The Manga has yet to even have goku be defeted by frost, the Anime is the source of this data.

@Ryan An anime on the internet is not a professionally dubbed anime on TV, heh. I want to see it when it's on Toonami, with the voice actors of choice. Hopefully they also clean up the animation a bit before that point.

@axelrod It is on TV already, Japan TV (specifically the station FUJI TV). Your not wrong about the English Dubbed version, which does not exist, but the Subbed version is aired on TV before it can be recorded and Subbed on the internet. so technically, it is professionally Dubbed, by japaneese people in japaneese for Fuji TV.  that being said, some are waiting for DUB to watch, so seeing this question is an instant spoiler, which is probably why KP is respecting that and not revealing too much.

yea, seen it. it was a needle! And this race of Freeza is always the villain.


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How durable is Natsu Dragneel?
I've only seen part of the first season of Fairy Tail (up to the end of the lullaby flute battle with the Erigor and that Dark Guild). More specifically, I'm on the episode right after when Natsu and Happy steal the job for the cursed island off the upstairs board at the guild hall.
In the past battle over the Daybreak book, Natsu fought a pair of mercenaries who said that wizards spend so much time harnessing their minds that their bodies are weak, which is their weakness, but after fighting Natsu and his dragon-slayer magic they saw how powerful he was physically.
Exactly how durable is Natsu? Does it scale specifically off of how much fire he has absorbed? Or is his body just naturally tough from training directly under a dragon?

Well throughout the series the mercenaries have been proven wrong in just about every fight, no matter the wizard. I'm not sure what makes Natsu so durable, but it seems like every wizard can take a beating magically and physically, most likely based on how much magic power they have (my best guess at least). When you see more fights you will notice that those mercenaries appear to be very misinformed about how most wizards fight.

Alrighty, guess I just gotta watch more of the anime and add the manga to my read list

Its duely notable that most Dragonslayers Are all about phsyical combat. Many of their attacks are enhanced punches or kicks of some kind, or at least use their arms or legs as a tool to guide the attack. Many magics are like that in the FT universe. Most end up just being another sword or shield, or a tool to increase the effectiveness of that sword or shield. Even fights also tend to last a long time, So the ability to defend yourself and absorb damage is pretty important. Besides all that, we do follow the most powerful guild, so its expected they are strong.


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What does Tanaka do?
What exactly is Tanaka's function in the Phantomhive family? To my understanding from watching season 1 and 2 of the anime, the manga (up to the Phantomhive murders arc) and the OVAs, it seems like he was Vincent's head butler back when he was the head of the house.
But since Ciel has come into power along with Sebastian, his function seems small. In the anime and manga when Sebastian assigns tasks, he always tells Tanaka "The usual will be fine". What does this mean? Can anyone explain?

I have not read/watched Black Butler. However it appears you are asking multiple questions in a single post. Please split up your post, 1 post for each question you have.

Tanaka-san mainly only drinks tea. He was the previous Head-Butler of the Phantomhive family before Ciel shows up with Sebastian. Since Ciel makes Sebastian the Head-Butler, Tanaka-san was then task-less and turned into a backup Head Butler. This was later shown when Sebastian had to leave and was unavailable, Tanaka assumed the position of Head-Butler, commanding the staff trio until Sebastian's return.
In the Book of Circus, when the circus members attacked the Phantomhive manor (not knowing that the Ciel Phantomhive they are after are actually in their main camp disguised under the pseudonym Smile), it was shown that Elisabeth was spending the night at the manor. She was awaken due to the noises but Tanaka-san calmed her down and told her that she should go back to sleep while fully aware that there is a broken window (with a dead body IIRC) behind him. Elisabeth didn't notice this since he was there.
This might be his main task now, taking care of Elisabeth when she came over.
In addition he was also the figurehead of the Funtom corporation (anime 1st season episode 9).

Tanaka is basically like a personal guard. Before Sebastian came, Tanaka was the head butler to Vincent. I'm guessing he just exscaped the fire or was out running an errand for him and came back after the fire spread. But after Ciel summoned Sebastian and he became his head butler, Tanaka just moved to an extra butler. Referring to Book of Murder when Sebastian pretended to die, Ciel told Tanaka that he would be his head butler for then on.

I will answer a part of the questions:
Tanaka is/was not only a butler but also a bodyguard, pretty much like Sebastian but of course not a deamon. This in turn means he is pretty strong so he probably just escaped.

Ok so thats how he survived the manor being destroyed but what does he do? Even when in the Noahs ark arc when the manor was being attacked he didn't do much. So what would his actual position be?

butler. He really doesnt do much at all, hes just there like the other butlers(?) like finnian are

Finnnian is a gardner, mey rin is a maid, baldroy is a chef and sebastian is the head butler and assigns and delegates tasks to the house. Each of them has a core function that they do and when the house is in danger they double as security. But Tanaka doesn't do anything so I'm asking his function.

He was the butler until sebastian showed up and now he still is a butler so there are 2 butlers now.

so he's like the back-up butler/steward then? That makes sense.

From what I understand from the anime and manga Tanaka use to be the Butler until sebastian came along, but since ciel sees tanaka as a grandfather figure ( manga) and the fact that at some point tanaka got injured during the fire ( which is why tanaka doesn't do much) he keeps tanaka in the house. If something were to ever happen to sebastian, tanaka would take his place as head butler.

You need to see Book of Circus.
He, like all the others, helps keep the mansion safe.

 In other words, he is also a child killer.

I think Tanaka is quite a knowledgeable person and Butler.
He knows about the many secrets residing in the Phantomhive manor and so perhaps that's why he still remains in the Phantomhive manor as the Butler.
I feel like he would've just retired but perhaps, just like everyone else on Ciel's side, he's hiding some secret. Maybe for himself or of Ciel's.
It's quite difficult to explain without spoiling the plot - read the manga, it should be updated tremendously by now and you should probably understand the significance of Tanaka's character.
I might just be making his character seem more important than it is, but all of Ciel's old family and his past in general have some sort of hidden agenda - they all know something that we don't: Elizabeth, her family, Tanaka, obviously Sebastian knows it all, but Ciel's family comes into play and Tanaka was there from the very start of it all.
Although he's ill and perhaps a bit forgetful, he was Ciel's father's Head Butler (which is a huge deal!) It proves to me that he has some knowledge about many secrets, and that he probably acknowledges that Sebastian is a demon and that Ciel isn't who he says he might be...
But he holds Ciel very close to his heart, seeing as though Ciel still sees Tanaka as his grandfather - and he provides him a place to stay even though he has no use to Ciel's "game" (revenge). Sure, he's strong, but he's still old and human.
It's obvious that Tanaka will have a part in Black Butler, maybe not soon - but later it will all come through. If you've watched the anime, it shows him recapping the episodes in one episode and he mentions that Sebastian will go through a "challenge" in the end of it all.
Yeah, this is very early on in the season. But it's a foreshadowing of events. And I'm believing that Tanaka is somewhat the narrator to Ciel's life - as if, he already knows his revenge being played out and that he knows Ciel's biggest fear... and he knows everything because he survives it all (maybe not on Ciel's side...)


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Why does Midorima's nails influence his shots?
In one of the episodes of Kuroko no Basket, Midorima said that his shots depend on his nails. Why do his shots depend on his nails?

Isn't it explained in the next few minutes as it usually is?

@Hakase i don't think it was explained.

@blakeharrisonakerz I've heard of that series but I don't keep up with it at all. Have you checked out the manga? Details like that are usually there.

In addition to being a perfectionist Midorima uses the tip of his fingers to direct all his strength to the ball. It is not easy to shoot the basketball at that range.
The generations of Miracles have incredible talent, but their bodies can't keep up with them. Just like Aomine and Kise who have additional strain on their ankles with those quick movements. Similarly, shooting the ball in such a high arc puts strain on his fingertips, and we all know how irritating it is to wait for a nail injury to heal.
Something similar happens in another sports shounen, Diamond no Ace, where a fastball pitcher hurts his nail while pitching because he was putting all his strength on his fingertips.
TL;DR Midorima puts all his strength into the fingertips whick strain his nails. Thus he constantly maintains them to be always on top of his game.

Midorima is displayed as an accurate shooter who knows all the factors that influence his shooting action. He's also a neatness freak. The two factors must cause him to trim his nails.

Midorima, as we all know, is a very superstitious character. He maintains his left hand especially because the Oha-Asa said so. He tries to do all the Oha-Asa says like his motto "Man Proposes, God Disposes" so he has the highest possible chance of success.


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Do Brooke and Franky have a dream?
In One Piece, all of Luffy's crews have a dream to become something or discover something. Franky already accomplished his dream by building Sunny. Brooke's dream wasn't really that clear from the start either, if it was to become a well known musician, he's already accomplished by becoming soul king. So do these two have a/another dream?

Brooke wants to meet back up with Laboon, the whale at the start of the grand line.
From the wiki:

Franky's dream is to create and travel with a dream ship which would
  experience countless battles, can overcome extreme hardships and can
  reach the end of the Grand Line. He has created the ship which the
  Straw Hats are riding and it's his task to keep it in good condition.
  Previously, one of his dreams was to beat Spandam to pieces,
  fortunately this was fulfilled toward the end of the Enies Lobby Arc.

I do not agree with that based on the scene where they steal his speedo.  He wanted to build the boat; now he has.  Unlike the others, he isn't pursuing his dream but maintaining and improving what he already acheived.  Yet he still was willing to leave it unprotected (had no way to know about Kuma) for the better part of 2 years.

You seem to have it the wrong way around, Franky wasn't willing to set aside his dream randomly. He wanted to become powerful enough so that he could stand on his own to protect his ship and crew. This is eluded to multiple times before the Time Skip. Franky's dream of creating the ship that can travel the world will only be complete IFF Sunny travels the world. Thus he rides on it to see his dream to completion. This is similar to Zoro. In the beginning he told he'll kill Luffy if he stands in way of his dream. But he knocks Sanji out and nearly kills himself protecting Luffy from Kuma


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How does Mai from the Pilaf gang become younger?
This was Mai in Dragon Ball:

And this is Mai in Dragon Ball Super:

How does she become younger?

Somehow she looks to be around Future Trunks' age in his timeline, too.

The Pilaf Gang gathered the Dragon Balls and wished for youth before the events of the Battle of Gods Movie. Though, it is never shown on screen, but it's mentioned in the movie and the series.

Mai: Earlier, when we were finally about to get Shenlong to grant our wish, Pilaf-sama, you said "Make us young again!"
Pilaf: Y-Yeah, but... there's no point in dominating the world when we're old, if we're going to drop dead right away.
Mai: Maybe so, but we're too young like this!
Shū: It was a relief for me. My life has been greatly extended, in dog years.


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Why did Shisui sacrifice himself?
Why did Shisui sacrifice himself? More importantly, why did he crush his eyes?
Is it because he wasn't strong enough to protect them from falling into the wrong hands? What made him think that Itachi could stop the revolt even when he knew he was stronger than Itachi?

I think it was made pretty clear when Itachi explains it to Naruto when he was Edo Tensei.
Itachi and Shisui both new a Civil War was on the cards since Uchiha were plotting a Coup. Both having grown up in the era of great war didn't want it to come to that. Shisui tried to use his Genjutsu prowess on the village elders to stop the anhilation of Uchihas, but Danzo overpowered him and stole his eye. Shisui managed to get away but lost an eye. He didn't want any other power monger to get hold of his other Mangekyo Sharingan and thus entrusted it to Itachi, because he knew he believed in the same ideals. He left the village and faked his death.
Source: http://naruto.wikia.com/wiki/Shisui_Uchiha
On a smartphone. So will edit with proper citations of manga chapters later. Please take a look at Wikia. It should explain it more clearly
Edit 1: For those convinced he commited suicide

Shisui wrote a suicide note telling his clan he cannot follow through with the coup d'etat, but his clan's narrow mindedness made them unable to understand this, believing he would even sacrifice innocent lives for the sake of the Uchiha Clan. The contents of the suicide note also made it appear as though he had crushed his eyes when jumping off a cliff into the Naka River to kill himself in order to prevent conflict from arising over his eyes within the clan. He, at the same time, was able to erase his existence, leaving no corpse behind.
  Wiki Source: Chapter 550 pg11. Chapter 520 pg 15

Edit 2: I am not sure whats wrong with people, but they do not want to do their own research but will hold their beliefs and opinions as hard facts. I am open to different interpretations of said facts BUT don't refute the facts. Here is the anime clip of Shisui giving his eye to Itachi (Not that itachi killed him and took his eye)

He didn't faked his death. He committed suicide. Faked his death means he only pretend to die but is actually still alive.

Actually his body is never discovered, only his suicide note. We don't know when and If he died. Edited the answer to include the quote from wiki and its cited source pages from manga

We know he died because that's how Itachi got his Mangekyo Sharingan.

Umm... We see Shisui taking his eye out and giving it to Itachi. Not Shisui commiting suicude afterwards.

Shisui was actually poisoned by Danzo. In terms of strength Danzo would stand no  chance against Shisui if it came down to a 1 on 1 battle.

According to the Story part related to it in the game "Naruto Shippuden : Ultimate Ninja Storm Revolution", and if I remember well :
Danzô wanted to steal Shisui's eyes to use their power to prevent the coup d'etat from happening, because Shisui didn't want to use it against his own clan.
Danzô succeeded to steal one of Shisui's eyes, but Shisui managed to escape just after. He knew Danzô would do everything to get the other eye, so he chose to give it to Itachi (and so Danzô can't know where the 2nd eye is), and as he had no eyes anymore, I guess he thought that living in these conditions was meaningless and committed suicide.


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What would happen if a pokemon died instead of fainting?
I have searched for it and would like to know what would happen if a pokemon were to die. Would the trainer go on and get another pokemon? Or maybe they would stop being a trainer forever?

You want to know what would happen to the trainer?

what about Cubone ? They use their Mother`s skull as a mask  :v

Yes I would like to know what the trainer would do if all of their pokemon died

I suck at finding specific cannon sources, but here's is my general understanding.
You are asking one of two things. What happens if pokemon (in general) die instead of fainting? OR What would happen if a pokemon (just one) died instead of fainting?
If you are asking the first, that's a bit opinion based, but you would likely see defensive gear for pokemon to protect them more, higher regulations on battles to ensure fights don't go passed certain limits, and more medical items to help critically injured pokemon to prevent them from dying.
If you're asking the second, the trainer's response depends on the trainer. Some continue to fight. (I would assume most. If their goal is to become a master, it's a loss they learn to deal with. Not that they become emotionless, but they learn to remember and move on and fight in their honor etc.) Some would possibly stop because they don't want to lose more people.
This can be seen as something similar to when people command a division in any kind of combat. You either continue to fight when you've lost a man, or you discover that kind of stress is too much for you.
There's always theories like this one that go over whether Red kills his rival's Raticate. This implies that pokemon CAN die and have died, with your rival being an example of someone who continues on anyway. And with a city like Lavender Town and the cemetery and the natural effect of aging (since there are baby pokemon), you can reasonably assume most pokemon can die of old age and, therefore, other causes of bodily deterioration/harm.
Hope that helps out some. It's a bit long because I wasn't entirely sure what you were asking. Feel free to comment and I'll try to explain more or find better sources :)

Next thoughts are based on manga, so I'm not sure if all of this applies to anime.
First of all, it is not that strongly dependent on pokeballs. Pokeballs were did not exist forever, you know. And even when they've appeared, there was first pokemon captured by pokeball, which means, trainer managed to capture it without other captured pokemons.
You see, it may also depend on attitude of pokemon towards particular human. If pokemon likes someone, it may willingly allow to capture him, or at least obey commands of human he likes. Last one even applies to pokemons, who belong to other trainers. Also, trainers may lend their pokemon to other people. In manga, several main characters lent their pokemons to people without pokemon to help them caught one (Red lent his Pika to Yellow to capture Rattata, Ruby lent his Ralts to Wally).
So, there are numerous solutions to solve situations, at least in manga.
In terms of trainer mental state - well, that heavily depends on character mentality, and is mostly same to real world situations. Will you take new cat, if your cat dies?


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Is Sakura's gesture a dead giveaway that she lied about remembering the transfer student?
After a failed attempt at recalling the name of a childhood acquaintance, Miho helpfully guided Sakura to look at the blackboard where the teacher had the name of the transfer student written down. Sakura continued to feign remembering the guy, but then the scene panned down to reveal that Sakura kept one hand off the table while Miho remarked about Sakura being a liar.

How could Miho tell that Sakura was lying till the end? Was it the timid hand gesture or something she said?

I am not aware of any Japanese body language rooted in having one hand on the table and the other pointed down like that. In fact, Japanese gesture communication is generally conducted at chest-height or higher.
Miho knew that Sakura was lying because she had just finished guiding Sakura to look at the blackboard, because she had been able to tell that Sakura obviously didn't remember his name, and clearly wasn't really paying attention when he was introduced to the class. Miho had just helped provide Sakura with his name since she obviously didn't remember him, so of course she knew that Sakura was lying when she pretended to still remember him.
The camera pan-down was more likely intended to center the view on Miho for her delivery of the 'liar' line than it was to display hand position or body language. And the camera was lowered as far as it was to cut Sakura and the transfer student's heads out of the frame to make it very clear where your focus was supposed to be (on Miho).
If Sakura had actually remembered the transfer student, she wouldn't have needed Miho to point his name out on the blackboard, and thus Miho wouldn't have believed her to be lying when she claimed to remember him.
So, in short, Miho's "liar" line was delivered because she just helped Sakura with the name of someone Sakura clearly didn't remember...then Sakura used that help to pretend she had remembered him all along, pretending Miho hadn't actually helped.
For some people, this might be acceptable because they just helped a friend save face...but it obviously annoyed Miho.


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Dimension in Naruto where they get stabbed forever
I remember this one episode in Naruto when I was a kid, where Naruto's instructor, who had the cloth over one of his eyes throughout most of the series, looked into this one enemy's eyes and got teleported to a dimension where time passed really slowly. The person who he looked into the eyes of was there with tons of clones just repeatedly stabbing him with katanas.
I apologize for my lack of knowledge in the subject concerning names, but I vividly remember this one scene and I'd like to know more about it.

The character who did that was Itachi, Sasuke's brother.
The name of the move was Tsukuyomi.

I'm pretty sure this happened way before the time skip.

Naruto's sensei is Kakashi (the guy with the eye patch).
Kakashi was under a Genjutsu called Tsukuyomi, casted by Itachi.
Tsukuyomi means the world of the moon god, in Japanese.
Kakashi actually doesn't go into any other dimension, Tsukuyomi just made him feel that way.
Once under Tsukuyomi, the caster controls all the senses of the victim, including that of time.

Just being precise. :)


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Where do devil fruits "grow"?
I don't remember, whether or not it was stated in the anime, where devil fruits grow. They always just "appear".
The only thing I know is that they can grow in any weather condition, because when Luffy meets Chopper he already has devil fruit abilities, but he never left the Drum Island in his life.

Devil fruits do not actually grow on trees. They are just normal fruits infused with a Devil fruit power. Based on its wikia page:

When a Devil Fruit user dies, their ability is reborn into another fruit of the same kind. Instead of growing from a plant, the ability simply regenerates inside another existing fruit, as seen when Smiley "died" and the Sara Sara no Mi, Model: Axolotl transplanted itself into a nearby apple. Another characteristic of a Devil Fruit's growth is that the stem becomes noticeably curlier than it was when the fruit was not endowed with the ability.

As stated, the only time we have seen such a process happen is in Chapter 676:


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Why are a lot of characters in anime and manga named after their mothers and not their fathers?
I've noticed this a lot in many manga I've read. The character (usually the protagonist) is named after their mother's family name and not their father's. Some examples I have found of this are as follows:

In Special A, Kei Takashima is named of his mother's family not his father's. Unless the parents were cousins, it seems the dad changed his name to Takashima, too.
In Naruto, Naruto Uzumaki is named after his mother Kushina Uzumaki. I know that this may be a plot device to hide who Naruto's father is at the beginning, but still why name after the mother? Why wasn't he named Namikaze?
In Shokugeki no Soma, Saiba Jouichiro changes his name to his wife's: Yukihira. Why doesn't he keep his name? It's possible that he wants to stay out of the public eye, but is it common for the man to take his wife's name?
Another example from the same manga as above, Azami Nakamura. He changed his name to Nakiri after marrying into Erina's mother's family. It could have been for prestige, but isn't it normally the wife who changes the name and not the husband? And Erina is named from her mother's family too.

Sorry for all the examples, but I really would like it if someone could help me understand. I know it could be because of a plot device, but it has confused me for a while.

Mana Ryougi from Kara no Kyoukai also adopted the mother's surname. It may be a practice of matrilocality.

IIRC, this sometimes happens even in real-life Japan if the wife's family is of higher standing than the husband's. If a man marries a daughter of a super high class rich family, he might take her name, or he might keep his name and the children might take their mother's name. That's why, in Eva, when Gendou took Yui's last name, it was regarded as odd but not unheard of.

Related, http://anime.stackexchange.com/questions/2587/why-does-naruto-use-his-mothers-last-name/5736#5736 and http://anime.stackexchange.com/questions/21229/hinatas-her-childrens-family-name-by-the-end-of-naruto/21230#21230

In Naruto, the family name Namikaze quite possibly is just a family name and not a clan name, just like Haruno Sakura's Haruno is not a clan name (there is no Haruno clan in Naruto). Thus, since Uzumaki is a well renowned name, like @Evilloli said, Uzumaki name is used as the family name. Other than that, there is the plot device.

Wow this is good news. Usually children are named after their fathers (even daughters like Alexandra the daughter named after Alexander the father) I think.

Expanding my comment into an answer.
In Japan, it’s uncommon, but not unheard of, for a man to take his wife’s name after marriage. It can happen for any reason, but a common reason is when a man marries into a family with no sons and his wife’s family wants to keep their name going.
In modern Japan, married couples are required to pick one partner’s family name for both of them. From a Time article:

In contrast, Japan requires that married couples take one of the spouses’ family names, which, unsurprisingly, means that 96% of married Japanese women assume their husband’s last name.

Any children of the marriage are given that last name as well, so if the couple chooses to use the wife’s name, the children will have their mother’s family name.
In anime, of course, this is used as a plot device, and the exact reason depends on the show. For instance, in Evangelion, Gendou takes Yui’s last name, Ikari, to try and distance himself from some of the unsavory things he did in the past. So Shinji gets his mother’s name, which might have various meanings, given all the Freudian subtext in the show.

I shall talk about Uzumaki Naruto as such..Since, it is a special case.. Uzumaki clan at the time of Naruto birth(and later) were a few in number.. Mostly scattered throughout the world. Also, many decided to change their names fearing for their lives( the Uzumaki clan is quite noted for its Sealing jutsus; which was feared a lot, especially during the wartimes such as Shinobi World war 1,2 and 3). The seal which binds the Kyuubi(Nine-tailed fox) in Naruto is itself a Uzumaki Clan's jutsu.
Also, since it was not given of any other person from Namikaze clan except for Minato, we can fairly assume Namikaze clan too was dwindling in numbers.
Now, why was Naruto named after his mother? Interesting, right (since both clans had less members)?
This is because of the fact that Minato Namikaze was the 4th Hokage, meaning he had his enemies. Thus, naming Naruto after his father's clan was quite dangerous. (Note that the enemies pursuing Uzumaki clan dwindled once peaceful times started after the world war 3, except for people like Orochimaru that is. )

This does not answer the question instead only explains the in-universe reason why one character fits this pattern which does nothing to explain other characters outside the naruto series


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How does Erza get her armor and weapons ready for Requip?
In Fairy Tail, Erza can use Requip, but I wanna know how she gets her weapons and armor there in the first place? Her ability in Fairy Tail is not to put and leave items there, it's only for switching, so how did she place all her weapons and armor there in the first place?

Lets see what wiki has to say about this.

Requip is a type of Spatial Magic and Erza's signature form of Magic, over which she possesses great mastery. It is a type of Magic that allows her to swap weapons, armor and clothes at will. Her particular form of Requip is called The Knight.

Lets look at what spatial magic means.

This Magic revolves around the manipulation of space, which can allow the user to harass the asset for battle, travel, accessing alternate dimensions, and so on. This Magic is also used in conjunction for summoning concrete material or extraterrestrial beings to their stead, such as being able to conjure up armor and weapons or allow Celestial Spirits access to the human world.

This means her ability is to manipulate that space. So you're wrong to suggest she can't put items in that space.
This means Erza can store, as well as take back armors, swords etc using her spatial magic. Her Armors disappear after being damaged supposedly back to the same space.
I would like to address that the size of the pocket Dimension is limited. So Erza can infact put weapons and the rest are stored in her house. Again from the wiki

Erza owns over 100 different types of armor, and over 200 different types of weapons.
  This Magic allows the user to store weapons and armors in pocket dimensions and summon them during battle.[...]
  The only known user, Erza, stated that there is a limit to how much the pocket dimension can store, and as a result, she leaves some of her armors in her room in Fairy Hills.

I don't know how Erza creates new or repairs damaged armors. From a different question it was answered

Erza is an user of requip magic, in other words, she can summon weapons and armors during the battles, but she does not create them.Answer Source

Other Sources on the Wiki:
Erza Scarlet
The Knight
Spatial Magic

I don't remember in which episode it was shown, but it definitely is there. There was an episode where Erza brought an armor (it's defensive capability is VERY questionable, though). This suggest that Erza might lack of forging capability, thus, she might brought the broken armor to the blacksmith/shop for repair.

@AyaseEri Yeah. The world has shown magical shops which sell items even something like clestial keys, but ones forging the armor would be very powerful mages, and since the armors are shown as unique, this has never been properly explained. Erza did say she "bought the seduction armor" though :P

Erza's Requip magic is where she stores armor and weapons in a pocket dimension and puts them on whenever she wants. Fairy Tail wiki direct quote:

This Magic allows the users to store items in a pocket dimension so they can easily summon it at any time, even during battle, which gives them a high level of flexibility in combat. However, there is a limit to how much the pocket dimension can store. Reequip can be used for simple or combat-related purposes. Some users may just choose to use it to change their clothing. More skilled users are able to Reequip different weapons in battle, and it is even possible to Reequip armors in the midst of battle, although the only Mages to ever do this are Erza Scarlet and Coordinator.

In my memory, I do remember that there was an OVA or a special episode or something where Lucy took a job where she dressed up as a cat girl and was looking for treasure for an old lady who turned out to be the person who raised Erza and some other children. In there, Lucy went to Erza's room in a scene and Erza showed her her other armor and explained her magic (my memory might be wrong though, but Fairy Tail wiki is correct). The special came out when there were only 77 episodes of Fairy Tail, I think.


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What is the population ratio of humans and pokemon?
What is the population ratio of humans and pokemon in the pokemon world (pokemon series)? Considering that every human has more than one pokemon, it might be possible the pokemon ratio is higher.

It is possible that pokemon's ratio is higher than humans. Like the animals in the wild in real world, there are pokemons in the wild in the series.

I don't think there is any specific information about this in the Pokémon anime, manga, or games, but the ratio of humans to Pokémon in the Pokémon world is likely similar to the ratio of humans to other animals in the real world. The estimates listed below are from this article: How Many Wild Animals Are There. The author admitted the estimates are not very good, but I could not find a better source.
Land Birds: 1 * 1011 to 4 * 1011
Land Mammals: 1011 to 1012
Land Reptiles: 1011 to 1012
Land Amphibians: 1011 to 1013
Fish: 1013 to 1015
Humans: 7 * 109
From these, we can get a rough calculation of the ratio of other animals to humans (and thus Pokémon to humans) by summing the different groups of animals (using the higher estimates) and dividing by the number of humans:
1.0124 * 1015 animals / 7 * 109 humans = 144,628 animals per human.
This number should give a general idea of the ratio between humans and animals, but should in no way be taken as accurate. And note that if I added arthropods into the sum, then the ratio would be greater by several orders of magnitude. I didn't do so because bug Pokémon are much larger than their real world counterparts and their populations probably would not be comparable as a result.
Links of interest:

Lists of organisms by population
About how big is the bird population? Has it gone down because of global warming or pollution?


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Why does the use of CGI in anime seem unrealistic as compared to other western animations?
In recent times more and more series are animated with CGI, mostly a combination of 3D objects with 2D illustrations. For example, Berserker in Fate/Zero.
More recent examples include Ajin and Kingdom, etc. God Eater also used CGI techniques for animation. However, except for a few scenes, I always feel the movement of objects is slow, unsteady and frankly quite unrealistic. Take an example of sword fights in Kingdom and let's say something like Bleach (not the overall animation, just some action sequences). Though both require suspension of disbelief the ones in Kingdom are way below.
Comparing this to many western animations we can see they do a great job with 3D animation. Why is this a problem in anime? Is it related to costs or the decision to use lower fps or something else?

Related: http://anime.stackexchange.com/questions/5872/which-animation-style-is-used-in-kingdom

@Hakase, I am not sure how to get it across, the use of 3d objects on 2d ilustrations as in the linked question is quite common. My question is why these techniques seem unrealistic and shoddy in Anime as compared to western animations.

Several reasons. It's expensive to do good 3d, quality doesn't really matter over a certain threshold because of how japanese viewers see it (they most definitely have polls and I suppose the results say it's fine for them to have quality at the level western viewers might think of as still pretty low coz we're not their target audience), and it's difficult to combine low-framerate 2d animation with high-framerate 3d in a tasteful way.

Target demographic is something I hadn't considered. Cost certainly is a big factor. Not sure if Japanese happy with Low Quality is an answer. Any actual poll/answer from director/producer regarding this may actually clarify it a lot.

If by western animation, you mean movies made by studios like Pixar, the major factors in play is the budget and technical expertise. Budget-wise, Pixar has a $200 million budget for "Finding Dory":

Budget numbers are usually pretty hard to come by for anime but there's been some research on the matter by the Media Development Research Institute. At this link, it breaks down the budget for a 30 minute timeslot anime episode, which really boils down to about 21-22 minutes minus the commercials and OP/ED.

Original work - 50,000 yen ($660)
Script - 200,000 yen ($2,640)
Episode Direction - 500,000 yen ($6,600)
Production - 2 million yen ($26,402)
Key Animation Supervision - 250,000 yen ($3,300)
Key Animation - 1.5 million yen ($19,801)
In-betweening - 1.1 million yen ($14,521)
Finishing - 1.2 million yen ($15,841)
Art (backgrounds) - 1.2 million yen ($15,841)
Photography - 700,000 yen ($9,240)
Sound - 1.2 million yen ($15,841)
Materials - 400,000 yen ($5,280)
Editing - 200,000 yen ($2,640)
Printing - 500,000 yen ($6,600)

Even if we lop all of the production plus animation and photography, that's still maybe around $100k of budget for 22 minutes. Compare that to Pixar's average budget for "Finding Dory" of maybe $500k per minute.
The other thing is the expertise of these studios. Pixar has been, for quite some time now, the top studio for 3d CGI. Their movies are almost entirely CGI and they've got over 600 employees. Most Japanese studios don't have anywhere close to this level of technical expertise and skill, or the size of an organization that can pump out this kind of work consistently and regularly. Probably an apt comparison would be Japanese animation studios vs animation studios in China.
Some other factors to consider:

Since there's a lot of mix between traditional 2d vs 3d modelled CGI, the CG can stand out a lot more. Even if it is done in a very high quality, it's still noticeable. Compare it to shows/movies that are entirely 3d modelled, where even if the modelling/textures isn't all that great, the consistency makes it appear to look better eventhough the CGI isn't that good.
Time constraints, though not so much for movies and OVA, a weekly release schedule for anime episodes doesn't leave a lot of time for a modest CGI team (or an outsourced firm) to create the work, send it in for review, any integration work, anything that gets sent back to get redone, repeat, etc.
To some degree, there's a notion of "good enough", especially when we're comparing 24 minute long anime episodes to a Pixar movie. If the episode isn't over budget, it's finished on time, it looks decent, then it's probably "good enough" and the average viewer, though the CGI is noticeable and acknowledging its quality, won't find it that unexpected. Keep in mind that CGI in anime has improved quite a bit since it was first more widely used.

As for why they use CGI at all? The biggest reason (though I can't seem to find any sources to cite) is probably that it costs less, though that sounds like irony. The idea is that doing "ok looking" CGI and making the subject matter (or action) look a bit more realistic is cheaper than spending a lot of artists trying to make the same subject matter look better (or in most cases, just as good) completely by hand. If you're going to have a mecha show where there are hundreds of mechs that all look exactly the same, it's probably cheaper to just model it as opposed to having someone draw them all. If there's going to be a lot of panning, rotating camera shots, it's easier to model the subject and just move the camera as opposed to hand drawing the subject to imitate such movement.

For a split second I though this answer was written by Jon Skeet.


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How could Obito transport his body parts in another dimension without bleeding?
I have a question that's been bothering me for a while. I know that Naruto is supposed to be a manga written for teens and pre-teens so some stuff doesn't have any explanation or represents a plothole, but still I would really like to know whether this question has a reasonable answer or not. How can Obito transport his body parts in another dimension without the person that passes through him getting blood over his/her entire body? And why doesn't the body just collapse with the head being in another dimension?

Because that is how the jutsu works. Same case as how Shikamaru can have his shadow grab things. That's just how it works.

For better understanding Kamui, imagine this: A metal ball being dropped in a water bottle. You can see the ball travelling to the bottom. The  water just displaces to the side making room for the ball to pass through. However in case of Obito, imagine the parts of his body being sent to another dimension instead of being displaced to make room.

Obito uses a technique called Kamui.

Kamui is a powerful Mangekyō Sharingan dōjutsu that creates a unique and specialised form of space–time ninjutsu. It allows the user to achieve two very distinct, yet closely associated feats — teleportation and intangibility.

Intangibility, here refers to making the body or certain parts of body inaccessible to the physical world. Thus, no one could touch him and passed right thought Obito.

This is just my own theory, but it might be like in UQ holder where the vampire's arm, though sliced off, is still connected to its body through magic (here chakra) links, meaning that blood and nerve signals reaching the "hole part" are teleported to the other dimension and same upon exiting the hole part.
This would explain why he feels the pain of being stabbed in the kamui dimension while his head is in the normal one
Basically, according to the body system, it is still whole, and it can function perfectly through dimensions


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How many episodes will Dragon Ball Super have?
Is there any official source stating how many episodes Dragon Ball Super will have? With all the open stories it has (Bills, Champa, the multi universe tournament, Zeno-sama, Zamasu, Black Goku, etc) I can't image them all fitting in the once rumored 100 episodes.

I  could not find any source that could answer your question. But I actually think there will be much more than 100 episodes. 1st, I think they'll want to keep going as long as it's popular and there remains story to be told. 2nd, the Future Trunks arc has only recently begun and I would expect another 20 or so episodes to finish it and we know it'll be followed by an inter-universe tournament. Lastly, we finally know the finite size of the Dragon Ball world, and who sits at the top of it (Zeno-sama). I think the series will take time to explore its world in depth before drawing a conclusion.

I have been doing some research and read a variety of different things. It definitely has been renewed through 72 episodes, and many rumors speculate that it will get at least 100 or more. I found a couple sites that stated it would be at least 145 episodes in length

Until now, it is officially confirmed to have at least 72 episodes of DBS. Rumors have shown that it will be 100 episodes, or even more if it's getting more popularity, but all of that is not true. Rumors are rumors, it is not yet confirmed, all we can do is to wait for upcoming news.


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What do the "Beats" in Angel Beats! mean?
I am not sure if "Beats" refer to "heart beats" or "music beats". What does the title mean as a whole?

It could be a pun on both; there's kind of a minor music theme in the show (with Iwasawa's story), plus Jun Maeda is a composer. And once you get to the end of the show, there's a plot twist that I won't spoil involving hearts.

Clever play on the relevancy in both instances

This will include spoilers from later in the show, for anyone not wanting to spoil, please don't read my answer, just know that it in fact is both of the suggestions @An hoa has.
It's both Heart Beats and Music Beats

 Your assumptions of it being one or both of the two suggested is correct, as the title as a whole is a play on the fact that the whole show revolves around a character Otonashi who's heart was given away, to the girl Kanade, after he had died. (or Tenshi, for those of you who don't like her actual name).

 In the end of the show we see that Kanade thanked Otonashi for giving her the heart she had used to carry on living. She had always wanted to thank him for the beating heart she had been given, as hers was no good.

 We all realized that it was referring to the beat of the song, as well however from the get go, due to the catchy rythm of the OP. So it's natural to think that that was the reasoning. However it IS both.

 The title literally means The beating of Kanade's heart
 As we know Kanade is known as Tenshi which directly translates to Angel.

In the last episode of Angel Beats!, Kanade thanked Otonashi for the heart that he gave to her. Kanade, a.k.a. Angel, said that his heart was still beating in her chest, and that when he had fallen asleep on her chest, he was listening to the rhythm of his own heartbeats. This is the meaning of the anime's title.


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How many stars were on Ox King's / Chi Chi's Dragon Ball?
In the Dragon Ball series, Goku's Dragon Ball had 4 stars.
How many stars were on Ox King's / Chi Chi's Dragon Ball?

Goku and Bulma got the seven star dragon ball from the Ox king's castle. The Ox king agreed to give them the dragonball if they put out the fire that was destroying his castle. Once the fire was put out by Master Roshi, Bulma then used the dragon radar to locate the dragon ball in the ruins of the castle.

This picture is from the Dragonball manga. It was from chapter 15 on page 9.


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Why does Puck refer to Emilia as 'My Daughter'?
In episode 15, Puck referred to Emilia as his Daughter.
Why is this? A few thoughts I have come up with to explain the reasoning come down to:

They have a relationship like Father/Daughter. (In my opinion they do not have this, they seem more like best friends than this.)
Puck IS her father. (Again, this seems convoluted to me, as it is stated that Puck is a Spirit.
the 'Daughter' terminology is code for something else, Emilia likely having something like this for Puck too.

It is also said by Puck in episode 18 something along the lines of "In accordance with my contract, I shall now destroy the world".
When asked why, the answer given was "Emilia is my entire reason for existing. There is no reason for me to exist in a world without her."
This shows some kind of deeper bond between them, deeper than I can think.
What exactly is their relationship?

I don't think it's been revealed in manga yet, but I'm pretty sure you can read manga chapters corresponding to upcoming episodes and learn from there.

Puck is a spirit contracted to Emilia.
His identity was revealed during the royal election speech,
where during her speech (which was shortened in the anime) Roswaal provoked Subaru to instigate a few of the elders and the knights for her being a half-elf with silver hair.
Puck, sensing danger and Emilia's distraught, appeared and threatened to freeze the whole court.
The elder stopped his ruckus after seeing and recognizing who Puck was: one of the Four Great Spirits (in term of being old and powerful), the Beast of
the end of the Eternally Frozen Land who was created to destroy the world (there are many biblical comparisons in the series, the title basically makes him a comparison to the four horseman of the apocalypse).
A few years before the series began, Puck found a young Emilia and decided to stop his intended plan in destroying the world and care for her by making a pact/contract with her. Thus accidentally stopping the world destruction by him.
For seven years, Puck cared for Emilia like a father, choosing her clothing, hairstyle, speech and manners like a father would. The 7am-5pm appearance was also just part of the contract, as you can see in episode 18 that he appears at night.
The death of Emilia causes Puck to continue what he is destined to do: to destroy the world, knowing, however, that Reinhardt the current master swordsman will end him if not the Royal Protector Dragon, Volcanica.

If you could edit that answer as to where it explains in enough detail for someone as dense as myself to understand, I will accept it, however as it stands, it's simply not really enough for me to do so.
I don't have the motivation, nor time/money to buy the novels/Manga, so an explanation of what happens, spoiler or not would be appreciated.

Can you explain the role of Reinhard more clearly here ? His background isn't shown much in the anime. Just what is his role ?

@Jarvis Reinhardt Van Astrea came from a long line of chosen/special family the Van Astrea that is able to carry a powerful sword granted to the first of their name Reid van Astrea by Volcanica the Dragon .The ability to carry and wield the sword alone is a blessing from the World called "The Blessing of the Sword Saints/Kensei (yen press decided to call them Master Swordsman)" . Some of the Sword Saints are also given extra blessing like Reinhardt predecessor Theresia who is given "Blessing of The Reaper" where wounds that is given can never be healed unless the inflictor allow it.

Reinhardt is even more special he had more than 1000 in counting compared to his grandmother.example when fighting Elsa, Emilia cant tag team with Reinhardt since the spirit is more attracted to him due to one of his blessing making emilia unable to use her power. Only one Van Astrea can wield the Sword. The Rights to Wield the Weapon is given to the next generation when the chosen van Astrea is given his/her first blessings

Basically Reinhardt and the Other Sword Saints can be considered a walking and Talking Tactical Nuke when the country has an unsolvable problem they sent him. the Witch Cult avoid dealing with him

In the second movie, the story of Emilia's childhood is shown. After they defeated Melakuera, she told Puck "You're my father now", and Puck laughed.


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Is Law stronger than Zoro in sword technique?
In episode 616, you can see Law cutting the entire island and Vergo with his Haki on full power in half, using only 'room' which is his Devil Fruit power, and it doesn't seem like Law was using Haki because his sword didn't turn black. But Zoro had to use Santoryu Ogi Three Thousand Worlds to cut Pica in half with Haki on all of his swords. Does that mean that Law is stronger than Zoro skill-wise?

When Law cuts the island in half, wasn't he using his devil fruit to establish a 'room'?

@Cyberson yes he was, sorry, i missed that part

I'd argue no. Especially since Law has not yet (at least not in the cannon of the anime) defeated anyone without the use of his df. In addition to that Zoro has shown no form of rivalry with Law in spite of Law also being a swordsman. Throughout the series whenever Zoro sees anyone that may prove a rival or a fellow "I-want-to-be-the-greatest-swordsman" personality Zoro always jumps at the chance to test his skills. But never does with Law. Now Kinemon? That's another story...

Laws powers are all about his Room. Anything in it he can manipulate at will with motion commands. The only thing implied that he can not cut is Haki and possibly Kaiorseki. Everything else isnt technically cut, but instead by the powers of his ope ope fruit, split.

@Ryan but isn't his room limited to a certain size? and also i forgot that he did cut vergo in half as well with vergo's haki on full power

@Dragon My mistake, I meant that if someones Armor Haki was strong enough, he probably couldn't cut through it with his Ope Ope fruit. So He was strong enough to cut through Virgo's Haki. Someone like Shanks might be uncuttable to him. Also, Law's Room does consume Stamina or something, and more so with larger size, but like everyone else, just by trainning, he can increase its size or maintain it for longer. He mentioned a cost when going overboard against Doflamingo though, as he kept one up and it cost him (lifespan i believe)

Well, this is rather an odd question as your are comparing apples with oranges. Let's recapitulate.
Law is using his Devil fruit power to cut through anything which reside inside his room. On the other hand, Zorro uses only his skill.

In episode 616, you can see Law cutting the entire island and vergo with his haki on full power in half only using 'room' which is his devil fruit power and it doesn't seem like Law was using Haki because his sword didn't turn black.

If you are asking whether Zorro could cut the entire Island like Law did, with his current set of skills, the answer is probably NO. As the OP already pointed out, Zorro had to gather a great amount of concentration in order to cut Pica in half, a feat which would be a piece of cake for someone able to cut an entire island in half.
Now for the speculation and deduction from what we've seen in the manga/anime. As it has been pointed out in the comments, Zorro is solely relying on his skills while Law on his devil fruit power. Zorro's goal is to become the greatest swordman in the world. He has dedicated his life to the sword in order to refine his skills indefinitely.He also has previously refused any tools or cheats in order to upgrade his sword technique, as seen in Chapter 301:

However, Law never shown such ambition or dedication to the sword. Therefore, it is safe to assume that in terms of skills alone, Zorro is far better than Law.
EDIT:
In the fight between Law and Vergo, Law seems to cut through Vergo's Haki with his DF powers alone, as his sword is not black as we have seen when Zorro uses it for example. Intuitively, one would think that a DF power is useless against Haki, which does not seem to be the case. Maybe Law's DF powers overpowers Vergo Haki?
This reminds me of when Luffy was using Buggy to protect himself from Mihawk's sword during the Whitebeard vs Marine war. Mihawk, being the best swordsman in the world, is an expert in Haki. Yet, he does not yield any damage to Buggy. Is this because he was not using it (Haki was not painted back then) or because Buggy's actual power is that he cannot be cut?

At one point you said that " in terms of skills alone, Zorro is far better than Law"
but at the same time you said that "with current skills Zorro will not be able to cut one entire island ". Can you give some more explanation as if why he won't be able to cut one entire island ?

@LightYagami About cutting the island, my answer was actually "probably no". Again, that uses some speculation from my part. As the OP stated, Zorro had to use a great amount of concentration and Haki in order to cut Pica into pieces. If he has to be very serious in order to cut Pica in half, then it is safe to safe than cutting an entire Island might be out of his reach

@LightYagami The fact that Law was able to cut the island doesn't mean he has greater skills than Zorro because he used his Devil Fruit's power! Again, I pointed out that my answer is mostly speculation, based on what we've seen in the manga/anime.

Its true till now there is no theory which proves that Zorro can cut one entire island in single slash. So yeah its safe to assume that he won't be able to do it. I just read about Zorro all techniques in wiki and so far he manage to cut one large solid stone. Got it ! Thanks

thanks for the answer but wouldn't it also take a lot of skill to cut vergo's haki (which was said to be one that Law was never able to cut) along with the entire island without haki? and didn't Law say somewhere in the anime/manga that his room has a limited size?

@Dragon You do raise a point. See my edi

Thanks for the effort but your edit just became a question that doesn't answer mine. still, really appreciate the effort

This question is old but I wan to point some things out anyway: @Dragon The OP-fruit's room has a limited size but "limited" does not mean "small". We see him cover most of Dressrosa in his fight against Doflamingo. Also, the OP-fruit does not cut things. Law did not overpower Vergo -san 's Haki since he didn't cut or hurt him (if he overpowered him, Vergo -san would have been bleeding). Law just rearanged the location of Vergo -san 's body parts without damaging any Tissue. That's why it is not only an OP-fruit but also an OP fruit.

Based on sword techniques, he is not.
When he cut the mountain he used only his devil fruit power. Also while using armament haki weapons or hands don't always turn black.


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Can a transformed Saiyan lower his ki to base-human level when transformed?
In Dragon Ball Resurrection of Freezer, Goku, when transformed in Super Saiyan God Super Saiyan, is almost killed by a laser beam from Sorbet. Now how could this happen? Was his ki so low even when he was a SSGSS? Later in the Dragon Ball Super series this seems to be corrected because he isn't transformed when he is hit. But then again, I don't know which is the version that counts, supposedly the manga is over the movie and series but between something that happens in the movie and series I don't know.
Then the question of this topic is: can a transformed Saiyan (Super Saiyan, Super Saiyan God, etc.) lower his ki to base-human level when transformed? Was this just a mistake or what?

There are kind of multiple issues wrapped into one here. Firstly,

Can a super saiyan their ki to the point that it is human level?

No that is impossible. Why? Because it takes a great amount of energy to undergo and sustain a physical transformation. If you drop your ki below a certain point. You revert to your base form.

Goku death by beam?

Yes that can also happen. It seems almost impossible in theory but remember saiyans are in fact humanoid aliens and as such they can fall vulnerable to being shot in the back if they lower their ki sense. Whis warns Goku of this when he tells him during their training and in the manga that he gets too overconfident easily and lowers his guard and that is his weakness which is the polar opposite of Vegeta who is too on-guard and thus gets slowed down. (I can link the manga panel later).
The point is. Goku was confident of victory which is why he was able to be shot.

I don't mean to nitpick too much here, but his confidence was not the actual cause of the injury. His confidence directly caused him to drop his defenses, and that is what left him vulnerable to the attack. Without his defenses up, he has only his raw body strength to resist the attack, and though we all know he could easily take bullets with that body, it cant deal with any Ki attacks.

But he wasn't shot with a ki based attack. He was shot with a plasma rifle by Frieza's henchman.

The comment marked as answer is WRONG. Re-watch the Cell Saga, especially after Goku and Gohan leave the time chamber. Whether or not their powered down super saiyan form is to the level of a "human" is debatable, but the characters did mention Goku and Gohan seemed like normal people. Later on, we saw that for Gohan to get to SSj2, was to make SSj1 feel like your normal state.
*removed the word Necessary. There are the DBZ encyclopedia books out there, it said you needed more anger to reach SSJ2 from SSj1-so I apologize for that.

When was it established that you need SSJ1 to be nearly your normal state to achieve SSJ2. Vegeta was not able to do so when he went Majin and attained SSJ2. Goku and Gohan trained to maintain SSJ1 for longer periods of time so that they could conserve energy for the fight against cell. Goku was at the same level as Gohan regarding SSJ1 feeling normal, but he was no where near being able to go SSJ2, while Gohan was.

Until the first SSJ2 transformation, NO ONE went from normal to SSJ2. They were always in SSJ1 first, then SSJ2, then SSJ3. After the first time someone transformed, they "learned" how to do it, then could skip levels. \

You did not answer the question. Why Gohan can skip SSJ1 and go to SSJ2 is completely unrelated to the requirements to obtain SSJ2, which you seem to know more than the wiki since it directly disagrees with you and the requirement you listed.

Gohan never skipped ssj1........are you watching the show or reading only?

"they 'learned' how to do it, then could skip levels" That would be your line of thought, not mine. Your the one who was talking about skipping levels. (and you should know i was talking about Powering up which is exactly what you were talking about, not attaining new levels. Only Gotenks got to skip SSJ2 in any way like that, but that was due to the fusion). You Still have not addressed my original concern either, opting instead to force extended discussion, which is against Stack Exchange rules.

I think you have ignored my original answer, asked something else, and now are accusing me of breaking the rules. "Can a transformed saiyan lower his ki to base-human level when transformed?" I answered the original question, you added stuff about not needing to be SSJ1. Goku goes SSj3  from a normal state against super buu. Ok-the word "necessary". Are you done now?

Let us continue this discussion in chat.

In the buu arc Goku went over each transformation before he went ssj3. You say ssj needs to feel like a normal state for ssj2. But that's not actually the case. As stated in the wiki here. http://dragonball.wikia.com/wiki/Super_Saiyan_2 In order to reach ssj2 you need to have a large amount of energy way beyond what is needed for ssj.

I had to edit my answer, since it seems to be such a big deal, more so than the question itself. I'm done talking about this topic, it has exceeded my entertainment time for today. Bottom line, they DID lower their power while in SSJ form. SSJ2 requires everything that SJ1 requires + more, and SSJ3 requires everything from SSJ2 + more. Thank you


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Why weren't the Titans visible when the Armored Titan broke through Wall Maria?
How come in the first episode when the Armored Titan breaks through Wall Maria, there aren't any Titans visible

 given that the wall is made of Titans?

When Eren battles the Female Titan later on

 the Titans in the wall are easily visible.

Was this due to the story having not developed to this point or is there another explanation?

It was noted later that the gate is the weakness of the walls. Why?

 Because there is no Hardened Titan inside, unlike the rest of the walls.

Which is why Colossal Titan targeted it in the first place. Because of this, when Armored Titan charges in, no Titan was shown inside the wall.

You are correct, the armored titan went through a gate, NOT the wall itself.

This. Since gates are the only movable part of wall, it might be rather expected, that there is no titan there.

Reread, was the gate, not the wall.

I'd say it's a combination of:

Not wanting to spoil later story developments, but failing to appropriately cover the wall with smoke, non-revealing frames (eg: show the wall at an angle where the inside guts would not be visible).
Lack of planning when it comes to the narrative.
Secret, yet undiscovered plot line wherein which we find out there are secret invisible titans everywhere (not serious).
Laziness.  Drawing more titans adds more work.

I'm pretty sure 2, is the reason why though.

Yeah, I'm feeling it's number 2 also

The Armored Titan charged through the gate, not the wall itself. It would make sense there are no titans in the gate itself.

The sides of the wall connecting to the gate were definitely damaged though @RFKomos

It was not large at all. It's entirely plausible that Titans were on either side of the hole in the walls and completely unseeable. http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-V4w-99h-6hY/VA3aPDlRqXI/AAAAAAAAEL4/gyU61mqxmBk/s1600/AttackTitanep139.jpg @DarthFutuza


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Do we know the names of all Gorosei members?
In the One Piece world, the Gorosei are some kind of top leaders of the World Government. They are usually in the Marine HQ. Do we know their names?

According to the One Piece wiki page on Gorosei, it seems that the names haven't been revealed yet.

The Gorosei (literally meaning "Five Elder Stars") are the heads of the World Government, and as such, they essentially rule the entire world. They are the five men who rule above the Marines, Cipher Pol, and the ones who made a pact with the Shichibukai. So far, none of their names have been revealed.

But there is some other additional information given about their appearances and history and that can be read from the wiki page as well.

Now we finally know their name:

 Saint Jaygarcia Saturn
 Saint Marcus Mars
 Saint Topman Warcury
 Saint Ethanbaron V. Nusjuro
 Saint Shepherd Ju Peter

I guess adding a chapter number may help to give context for the spoiler?

Their names and ranks have been revealed in One Piece chapter 1086, "The Five Elders". They hold the title of 武神 (Bushin), which has been translated as either "Warrior God" or "Godhead".
From left to right in your image:

Saint Shepherd Ju Peter ( シェパード・十(ジュウ)・ピーター聖 ), Warrior God of Agriculture (農務武神);
Saint Ethanbaron V. Nusjuro (イーザンバロン・V(ブイ)・ナス寿郎聖), Warrior God of Finance (財務武神);
Saint Topman Warcury (トップマン・ウォーキュリー聖), Warrior God of Justice (法務武神);
Saint Marcus Mars ( マーカス・マーズ聖 ), Warrior God of Environment (環境武神);
Saint Jaygarcia Saturn ( ジェイガルシア・サターン聖 ), Warrior God of Science and Defense (科学防衛武神).

You can refer to https://onepiece.fandom.com/wiki/Five_Elders for more information.
For the record, they are never at Marine HQ (at least not that I recall): for instance, in your image they're in Pangaea Castle, Mary Geoise.


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What is the purpose of one-shot manga?
One-shot manga usually only consist of one chapter, so what is their purpose? Is it mainly for promotion, filler or contest? And do they have their own media (like a magazine that only consists of one-shot or something)?

Apparently, you haven't seen Bakuman yet! There's a lot you can find out from it about making manga, such as the purpose of one-shots, production cycle, reasons for artistic choices and story changes. Also, it's really fun.

Manga magazines usually have many series running concurrently with
  approximately 20–40 pages allocated to each series per issue. Other
  magazines such as the anime fandom magazine Newtype featured single
  chapters within their monthly periodicals. Other magazines like
  Nakayoshi feature many stories written by many different artists;
  these magazines, or "anthology magazines", as they are also known
  (colloquially "phone books"), are usually printed on low-quality
  newsprint and can be anywhere from 200 to more than 850 pages thick.
  Manga magazines also contain one-shot comics and various four-panel
  yonkoma (equivalent to comic strips). Manga series can run for many
  years if they are successful. Manga artists sometimes start out with a
  few "one-shot" manga projects just to try to get their name out. If
  these are successful and receive good reviews, they are continued.
  Magazines often have a short life.[50]

Source

One-shot manga tells its entire story in 15-60 pages, usually written
  for contests, and sometimes later developed into a full-length manga
  series (much like a television pilot). Many popular manga series began
  as one-shot stories, including Dragon Ball, Fist of the North Star,
  Naruto, Bleach, One Piece, Berserk, Kinnikuman and Death Note, among
  others. Some noted manga authors, such as Akira Toriyama and Rumiko
  Takahashi, have worked on numerous one-shot stories in addition to
  their serialized works. Rising Stars of Manga was an annual
  competition for original English-language one-shot manga, many of
  which have gone on to become full-length manga series.

Source
Note: Emphasis mine.

A lot of larger series start off as one-shots - like Naruto, Death Note & Dragon Ball. In this case, it's similar to pilot episodes of TV Shows which are used to test the waters before expanding the story out any more.
Oneshots can be for more than the viewers, and can be created to give publishers a feel of what they'd be getting.
Mangakas often use them also to experiment with a story or art-style without having to be tied down with it for several chapters.
Oneshots are also often used for manga competitions, such as TOKYOPOP's Rising Stars of Manga


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What is Sabo's Power?
Sabo has been shown to use Dragon type attacks in the latest episodes of One Piece. But does it have something to do with the Dragon Style of fighting (from Dragon Claw on Burgees), or has he eaten Ancient Zoan Type Dragon fruit (Dragon's breath on the Colosseum's fight ring)?

As off yet it hasn't been officially confirmed that the guy we see there is sabo. It probably will turn out ot be sabo but as far as we know sabo is dead

I don't agree with the close votes on this as opinion-based. The question doesn't seem to be answerable yet, but it will probably be answerable eventually. Questions about in-universe things which are not yet answerable are allowed, see http://meta.anime.stackexchange.com/questions/303/possible-plot-related-questions-for-shows-series-that-are-ongoing-should-be-clo.

that chapter is the first time Sabo (or whoever he is) show us his power, I think they will tell us what power he has sooner or later

@LoganM Just because the question is not opinion based does not mean it is not an obvious spoiler.  Why did you revert to the the previous version?  This question contains significant recent spoilers in the text and in the title (given that we are meant to assume he is dead).

@kaine The two were unrelated. Generally, our policy on spoilers is that a question doesn't need spoiler blocks. Literally anything could be considered as a spoiler by someone. An answer only needs spoiler blocks if it comes after the question does chronologically. The main goal of using spoilers is to avoid spoiling the experience of people who are looking for the answer to this question, not for people who are casually browsing...

...Spoilers of recent content in the title are something we should try to avoid if possible, but the edited title rendered the question virtually unsearchable. A good title is always more important than avoiding spoilers, especially since over 90% of our traffic comes from search engine users, who we don't have to worry about spoiling since they're searching for that answer. If you can come up with a title that is still easily searchable and avoids spoilers, then feel free to edit that in, but I couldn't think of one quickly.

I understand the spoiler problem now. Will make sure i dont do so in the future....

Very well, if that is the spoiler policy the appropriate action to avoid spoilers is to not visit the site.  Understood.

@kaine One option to avoid spoilers is to ignore tags of series that you don't want to be spoiled in. However, if you're that concerned with spoilers, then yes, you probably shouldn't casually browse this site, because you'll definitely see them with some regularity.

Based on Manga Chapter 744:

Sabo is shown to have eaten the Mera Mera No Mi, and now has the Mera Mera logia-class power that can control fire.
Thus until chapter 744, Sabo did not have devil fruit powers.
Since he is a part of the Revolutionary Army that is lead by Monkey D. Dragon, who also happens to have saved Sabo from the evils of Goa Kingdom, so Sabo could have named his attacks based on his training under Monkey D. Dragon.
As @Sp0t pointed out, Sabo has a strong haki that can be determined by the color of his body just before the attack that destroyed the arena ring in the Dressrosa arc.

along with mera mera he has very strong haki - color of armament. and maybe observation as well.

Sabo ate the Mera Mera Fruit.
Furthermore, you see his arms darken when he uses his "dragons"-style. This implies that his fighting style is based on Haki. We now could guess that he uses elements of the fishmen Kumite or something else (I have this "everything has a core, Rebecca" clause in mind).