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How was The Dwarf in the Flask created?
In the Fullmetal Alchemist Brotherhood, it was revealed that

 The Dwarf in the Flask was an experiment of the King of Xerxes and that it has Van Hohenheim's blood.

But it wasn't explained what method was used to create him. So, how was The Dwarf in the Flask created? Was it ever explained in the manga?

In my memory, there's no explanation in the manga. I can probably go over the relevant chapters later, if I feel sufficiently compelled to.

The backstory of van Hohenheim and Father is discussed in chapter 74 and 75. All we see is this:

The Dwarf in the Flask talks to slave no. 23, whom he names.
Van Hohenheim is taught to read and write, and ends up in a better position in the household.
The king wants immortality, and the homunculus tricks him and destroys the whole country, excepting Hohenheim.

The only thing relevant in these chapters to how the homunculus was created is this: it notes that blood was taken from Hohenheim to create the homunculus.
From chapter 74:

The notion that they have blood relation is repeated later in chapter 75, but this is the main thing we ever get as to the origin of the Dwarf in the Flask.
It's possible of course that there might have been more information in bonus material to the series, but the fact that the Wikia lacks anything beyond this and that I've never seen any serious commentary on this among fans of FMA suggest that this probably isn't the case.

What about the end when "Father" faces "God"? If I recall correctly truth says that the homunculus is going to return to the other side of the gate. Doesn't that imply that that's where the dwarf originated? If that is true, the alchemists of Xerxes didn't create the Dwarf in the flask but rather forced it to their realm and provided a containment that could hold it. The dwarf even looks like the shadows behind the door and might have been one of the arms that come out of the eye when the gate is opened.

@hajef: That sounds plausible. I don't remember though if the Gate might also be a catch-all for some sort of cosmic force that everything comes from, which might affect the interpretation. The other problem is that what the "Gate" is is slightly inconsistent. It's Ed's ability to do alchemy, but we also see celestial bodies with gates, and even aside from that, not everyone can do alchemy in FMA.

Check this video out for a quite extensive and consistent theory on what lies beyond the gate and what alchemy is. As you said, basically everything comes from it (that is every concept does) and alchemy is the ability to tap into the gate. On the other hand, if you believe in mankind as a selective consciousness (individual humans as nerves that still are greatly unorganized and don't work together efficiently yet like a toddler's brain), it is easy to see why "the world" (mankind) has a gate two. Ed didn't perform alchemy either when he was 2.

Fullmetal Alchemist is an Anime that IS somewhat based on real alchemy, so you can ask this question by thinking about Real Alchemy in this very own world we live in.
In the past, many alchemists tried to create artificial life-forms called homunculus, which was used in this anime as a base for the homunculus in the anime.
The Dwarf in the Flask looks very similar to what alchemists at that time were trying to do, like trying to fertilize a chicken egg with their own semen and blood, seal it inside a flask and hope that a small human would be born from that interaction.

So, as he was made inside a flask, he probably was made in a similar manner, we just don't have the exact "recipe"
Here are some references and interesting facts:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homunculus
By the way, I didn't know, but Paracelsus was credited for the first mention on Homunculus.
Paracelsus was the inspiration behind Hohenheim, which is where his name came from:
Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracelsus

Straight from wikipedia: In the manga and anime series Fullmetal Alchemist, the Elric brothers' father's name is Van Hohenheim. Van Hohenheim receives his name after being offered the name "Theophrastus Bombastus" by the Dwarf in the Flask and refusing it.

I'm with Miguel Vieira on this. Just as the philosopher's stone was brought up based on The Alchemist, Nicholas Flamel from French myth whose said to have created one, Dwarf and Hohenheim were taken from our Alchemical history. Alchehestry is derived from our eastern Alchemy which focused more on gold and the elixir of life (so medical properties). And even some of the major transmutation in the show are like real Alchemy in their need to relate with the positioning of the heavens, which is a common need for any transmutation in our alchemy.

Considering the Dwarf in the Flask knew a vastly complicated array like the
Xerxes Array, it's probably a piece of Gate Knowledge put into a body by an
alchemist using Slave 23's blood.
This is corroborated by those little black hands that grab anyone entering the Gate, which look remarkably like the Dwarf's hands.

Like Mihreia said above, I also believe the little Dwarf in the flask to be a piece of the gate. Partly because of it's vast knowledge and the very easily recognizable little black hands that strech out to grab things. Though I want to add that the people of Xerxes may have had alchemy skills and methods that the modern people of Amestris are unable to grasp hold of. Maybe it was a lost skill. It's like how we still have mysteries of people and events of the past. Till now, we dont know how the pyramids were built. Maybe it's something of that sort.
Other than that, all the other sources I've read do not give much information as to who,where or how the first homunculous came to be.

Dwarf in the flask is in my opinion a depiction of the emerald tablet. The father or creator of alchemy and all alchemical nature's. It is also the thing the philosopher stone was created from.

Hi. Welcome to Anime and Manga Stack Exchange. Opinion based answers are usually deemed not of enough quality. Add instances from Anime or Manga to support your hypothesis.


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Why does Trafalgar D. Law use 'Ya-や(屋)' suffix while addressing others?
Using ~-san, ~-kun, ~-sama while addressing other people is common in Japanese culture.But Law uses ya as suffix while addressing people, like in the nicknames Strawhat-ya for Luffy and Blackleg-ya for Sanji, and in real names Zoro-ya, Nami-ya and Nico-ya.
Ya are translated as Mr. or Miss. in English. But in Japanese adding ya defines someone's profession. It is not that Law does not use ~-san at all, Like with Corazon and sarcastically with Vergo. As stated in this page.
So why does Law use ya rather then ~-san, ~-kun, etc. while addressing others?

Related: What is the significance of anime characters' catch phrases?

@PeterRaeves I thought 1st so , but here Law does not end his sentence with ya, only while addressing and not for all , he use san too as stated above

You might want to cite some instances (the sentence if you know some Japanese to type them out, or episode number and timestamp) so that we all can confirm whether it is an honorific, or just a sentence ending.

@nhahtdh It is mentioned at wikia and SBS. He only uses  it in the vocative case and not at the end of his sentences. Youtube 1

From the SBS (質問を募集する, "I'm Taking Questions") question and answer column of volume 62, chapter 609, page 122:

D: Like "Mugiwara-ya", Law-san tends to call people with the "-ya" suffix, but in the case where the person's last name is "Tsuchiya", then does that become "Tsuchiya-ya"? Please tell me Law-san♡ P.N. HeartLoveWoman
O: Mr. Law—they're calling you --! ............. Aw he won't come-. Let me answer instead. A long time ago, around maybe the Edo period--. There was this thing called "Yagō". So if for instance, in the case where there were two Mr. commoners named "Tomekichi-san", things like "Dōgu-ya no Tomekichi" (Tomekichi of the Tool shop) or "Oke-ya no Tomekichi" (Tomekichi of the Bathtub maker); something with "~ya" would be used in place of a last name-. Like how you shout "Tamaya~" at the fireworks or "Nakamuraya" from Kabuki; have you heard of those? In other words, he just goes with the flow. Right, Law-san?
L: Yeah.

"D" denotes the reader (dokusha), "O" denotes Oda, the author, "L" denotes Law.
Essentially it's as as if Law is calling Luffy "Strawhatter" or "Strawhat guy." Like you would refer to a butcher (nikuya) or a baker (panya) by the shop they run. Note that no honorific is applied, so you cannot assume this to be polite. You could say it puts a bit if the distance between the speaker and the one they are speaking to. Much like in a MMO party where someone calls you by your class or your role instead of your character name.

Then how does the fact that he uses it on first names too fit in? Like Nico-ya or Nami-ya. Or would that be part of the "Law just goes with the flow" and has become creative in its usage?

It's assumed he goes by distinctive features, familiarity, or titles in his name. Zoro and Nami are Zoro-ya and Nami-ya, respectively. While Robin and Chopper are Nico-ya and Tony-ya, but Sanji is Black Leg-ya. Usopp, Franky, and Brooks aren't that well-known but have distinctive features, so they are Nose-ya, Robo-ya, and Bone-ya, respectively.

While searching i found the SBS you posted ,as it say he In other words, he just goes with the flow, so this means he is just using ya to all because he used it to address luffy

や [ya] is the kansaiben flavor of the copula verb です [desu], OR だ [da]. Kansaiben is a language that isn't official in Japan. It is like a dialect.
Therefore it could be that to emphasize his character it chooses to use that instead of the ~san, ~kun or any other honorific expressions.

While -ya is indeed equivalent to -desu in Kansaiben, I don't think it is comparable to -san, or -kun, since they serve different purposes.

I understand why Law doesn't use other honorifics but -ya... It's because, like what I've read in one of the comments, it creates a bit of a distance between the speaker and the one they are speaking to. If you watched One Piece, Law never really admitted that he is friends with the Straw Hats. They are allies only because they have the same goals though he's the only one who thinks that way. LOL

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Is this a Shonen Jump anime?
So I've had this image for a while (just been trying to find it to use in the question).

I know that all four characters are from Shonen Jump and looks (to me) like a screenshot of an actual anime, but when I try to use Google reverse image search I either get other image hosting sites tagging all the characters uploaded by various users or a YouTube AMV. (I am assuming as it is an AMV I don't have sound but the description links to a song called "Hear Me Now". Also I don't see the image in question in the video so I think it's used as a thumbnail).
So I am wondering is there a Shonen Jump anime which stars Luffy, Naruto, Ichigo and Goku?

OMG!! I would love to see what will happen if Goku (whose Kamehameha can sometimes destroy planets) goes to the Soul Society and fights Ichigo (whose saigo-no-getsuga-tensho cannot destroy planets) and so Naruto steps in, uses Oodama Rasen Shuriken on Goku and almost kills him when Luffy steps between Goku and the oodama rasen shuriken and makes it bounce of his bouncy body. What a day would it be!! Best day of my life....

You may be interested in J-Stars Victory VS and other crossover video games of Shounen Jump series (Famicom Jump: Hero Retsuden, Famicom Jump II: Saikyou no Shichinin, Cult Jump, Battle Stadium D.O.N, Jump Super Stars, and Jump Ultimate Stars) which feature official crossover art.

The second page of a reverse image search leads me to this Deviant Art page, where it's made clear that this is fan art. (A lot of fan edits can look reasonably professional. For example, I know of someone on YouTube who includes a lot of scenes in her AMVs which she creates with Photoshop or the such. As an example, this Fullmetal Alchemist AMV features a number of with Hawkeye and Mustang that are non-canon, and which the creator states as such on her Tumblr blog.)
However, since it's still interesting to look at whether or not a cross-over exists, I'll take a look at that as well. It doesn't look like there's an anime starring all four, at least in that a search for any cross-over spin-offs doesn't generate anything "official". As I don't follow any of these series, this may have been insufficient.
For what it's worth, I searched for one piece spin-off dragon ball z naruto bleach. However, one piece spin-off dragon ball z did generate this one-chapter collaboration involving both series and Toriko, so it can't be that my search terms are completely off. Replacing spin-off with collaboration still yields no useful, official results. Moreover, when I put the names of the series in quotation marks, all I ended up with on the first couple pages were either references to the Toriko collaboration or people comparing all four series.

Ahhh, i didn't go onto page 2 of the google results so i probably missed that Deviant Art Page

There is 1 crossover between One Piece and DBZ, but that is together with Toriko, also there is a crossover manga of One Piece and DBZ but i don't know the name sadly

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Is Yahari Ore no Seishun Love Comedy wa Machigatteiru. Zoku a remake?
I've been watching this anime, then while I was watching it, I had no idea what's really going on.
Aftering watch the first season, I started the second one (Episode 1-5), I realized that one or more scenes in Zoku is the same with the first season.
(What I remembered the most is the PSP scene)

Can you be more specific on what's the same? It's unclear what you are referring to...

No, Yahari Ore no Seishun Love Comedy wa Machigatteiru. Zoku is simply the second season of the show Oregairu, and not a remake of the first.
While both are adapted from the original manga, the current two seasons of the anime are chronologically ordered, following directly on from one another.
This is clear after comparing the episode synopses of both season 1 and season 2 on their corresponding MyAnimeList pages.
There may well be some similarities in the two seasons, as shows often provide throwbacks or other references to earlier works, but since the plot itself continues on, this isn't enough to classify it as a remake.

One dead giveaway is the matching content between the ending of the first season and the beginning of the second season, and the atmosphere carried over from the first season.

Oregairu actually started as a light novel; the anime and manga are both based on that. See https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Teen_Romantic_Comedy_SNAFU.


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What's the name of the song that plays during Morgiana's dancing scene at the end of ep 18 in Magi: The Labyrinth of Magic?
If you don't know the name but know whether it's a Saudi-type song or some other type, let me know.

oops typo... i meant morgiana

FYI, you can [edit] your questions to correct typos and so forth. I have taken the liberty of doing so for you here.

the dance scene you are referring to is from episode 18.

yeah, you're right, ep18.

I found it out... it's called "L'arabesque danse toujours"

you don't "shut down the question", if you belive it's the correct answer to your question then you accept it so it can help other users who may have the same question

I'll have to wait two days then.

@mirroroftruth What on earth does it mean to add a "synopsis" of a piece of music? This answer is either correct or incorrect on its face (from what I remember of the Magi OST, it's probably correct), whether or not OP adds further detail.

Haha my mistake , it more like typing same thing again and again , you forget that you are typing something else

It's the most i had and the answer is correct, cause i found it out, (grammar nazi must of downrated the answer XD) i'm a composer that's why i also had a secondary thing, i'm not good with words.


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What is Tsumugi's gender?
What is Tsumugi's gender? I know that she is created from Hoshijiro's placenta and shares the same seiyuu, but does that also means that they are of the same gender? Was there any evidence that shows that Tsumugi is a female?
I know that Nagate is in love with Tsumugi as Tsumugi was born from placenta Hoshijiro, but since IRL same gender relationship do exist, I don't think this can be used to prove that Tsumugi is a female.

Shiraui Tsumugi is a 融合個体 (yuugou kotai, meaning "fusion individual organism") created with the intent of serving as a biological weapon (生体兵器 = seitaiheiki). As such, Ochiai's intent as to whether Tsumugi has a sex and/or gender is unknown.
“Sex” and “gender” bear disparate meanings (though many people accidentally conflate these words). In the technical distinction, “sex” is a neutral word referring solely to physiology including differences in reproductive organs, brain chemistry, and hormones, whereas “gender” refers to cultural constructions/assumptions about what personality traits and behaviors best suit (or are innately connected to) a particular biological anatomy. It is not clear whether or not Tsumugi subscribes to a belief in gender essentialism or what "her" specific concept of "female gender" would include and not include. Tsumugi does not seem to have any focus on or concerns regarding gender identity. However, the creators have implied that Tsumugi identifies as female through the following aspects:

Tsumugi was given a female seiyuu (voice actor) and speaks in feminine Japanese rather than masculine Japanese (more details on Japanese gendered language can be found here at Tofugu)
Tsumugi's mannerisms culturally align closer to the gender norms of Japanese girls and women than to 1) Japanese men or to 2) Shinatose Izana's mannerisms which were intentionally written as gender-ambiguous (since Izana is intersex)
Tsumugi's bodily form features what looks like the shape of a very fluttery dress
Tsumugi likes Nagate from the get-go, which could imply that Tsumugi possesses memories of Hoshijiro, who was both biologically female and mentally identified as female

Tsumugi's sex is unknown (whether or not the body has any female anatomy and could reproduce in kind). Gauna are not understood to bear distinct bodily organs, but on the other hand, Gauna placenta are able to replicate a functioning human uterus. In real life, even plants can reproduce and are labeled in science as “male” or “female,” or even “male” and “female” parts on the very same individual plant, without needing to reproduce by sexual intercourse of the human kind (using the words “male” and “female” for these plant parts makes their reproduction easier to describe). On the other hand, some humans cannot naturally reproduce (infertile, or use in vitro fertilization), but no one is unwilling to call them “male” or “female” due to that limitation
alone, since that is not what verifies whether or not they are indeed male or female (biologically and in identity). So even without organs it is possible that Tsumugi could be biologically female in addition to identifying as female in gender. Interestingly, Tsumugi's tentacle (触手 = shokushu) arguably looks rather phallic, but it does not seem to be perceived this way by the other characters.

According to the Knights of Sidonia wiki page, Tsumugi's gender is female.


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How is King Bradley's sword so sharp?
Throughout all of Fullmetal Alchemist Manga, King Bradley chopped his way through everything, from stone to arms to automail.
How did it get to be so sharp? What did the King use to sharpen his sword?
An aside: the sharpness of his sword seemed to transfer to any bladed weapon he used. Was it a side effect of his homunculus-ness?

Is this in the original 2003 series or Botherhood as in the first one he is Pride while the second he is Wrath and i think if your referring to Brotherhood maybe the sharpness of his blade is a representation of his name sake, Wrath being anger/rage and in fiction anger/rage tends to make people stronger

Well, I was technically referring to the manga, so I guess by extension that means Brotherhood. I saw one of the 2003 spinoff movies once, and it was awful, so I never watched the rest of that series.

It's also sort of a generic trope that the better you are with the sword the more things you can cut.... some anime have gone so far as to show people cutting stones / trees with wooden practice swords

Which anime has characters cutting stones with wooden practice swords?? @mfoy_

http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/WoodenKatanasAreEvenBetter LOTS, @abhishah901

An anime I just watched, coincidentally: magical warfare

They're so sharp because he takes care of them. The true power behind his swords are his swordsmanship, superhuman strength and incredible speed. Everything King Bradley uses to fight with is really just ordinary weapons. There is a scene in the brotherhood series (I'm aware you mentioned the manga but your overall question is generic) where he even picks up two dagger and starts to fight the old man with no problem.
With the right amount of precision and strength it is possible to slice through some really dense materials (Including metals) with a really well made sharp sword. Keep in mind that it is still just an Anime/Manga.

Alright, I'll take it. At the time I asked the question, I was in fact watching brotherhood, but I kept it generic because brotherhood stays pretty true to the manga plot :)

Adding to TonyBilby's answer:
In the manga you get a short flashback into Wrath's "creation" or "selection". There are quite a lot of candidates to become wrath, training day and night and only the best one is chosen to become King Bradley. At the said point in the story he is 60 years old, in which he summed up a little bit of experience, compared to Ed's ~5(?) years of training.
So my conclusion is the same:
Superhuman strength, incredible speed and possibly the best swordsmanship in the country.

A lot of it boils down to superhuman strength and speed, so he's going to hit his target with a lot of force behind each strike. There are a few other things to consider:

Weapon: the sword he uses, a spadroon, isn't that strong a sword in terms of durability. However, he likely goes through these things like popcorn and is routinely replacing older/damaged swords with new, sharpened blades (he breaks them several times in the series).
Training: knowing all about body mechanics, timing, etc.; is something any competent martial artist possesses. There are plenty of articles and YouTube videos just on the topic of how a boxer generates so much more force than an "average Joe" when throwing a punch (chambering, stance, multi-joint-acceleration, muscle memory, etc.). The same applies to swordsmanship.
"Ultimate eye": he possesses a magical ability to hone in on his opponent's weak spot. Whether this is the opponent's vital points/organs, or if it also includes instantaneous weaknesses (weak points in armor, a bad stance or being off-balance, etc.) it could explain certain feats of skill/strength (i.e. chopping off Captain Buccaneer's automail arm so easily, or even damaging the treads on a tank, or the blades not breaking when striking Greed's/Ling's armored arms, or chopping through thousands of pounds of rock pillars): he just hits with absurd strength and accuracy (though, IRL, a spadroon isn't doing that kind of damage to caterpillar treads without snapping in half).

Summary
Superhuman abilities provide a reasonable-enough explanation, but it takes an aweful lot of handwavium/unobtainium to explain how those fragile swords can withstand even 1% of the force thrown at them without dulling and/or shattering with each strike.
TL;DR
He's a superhuman with mithril blades.


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What's the name of the song playing when Mr. 3 uses his Wax Wax Mansion ability on Luffy during the Little Garden Arc?
What is the song playing when Mr. 3 uses his Wax Wax Mansion ability on Luffy during the Little Garden arc (I think it's episode 75 ish)? I've been searching for it ever since I heard it, but no luck.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=32EmX1eO5Xo&ab_channel=MrCyboron
Here is the sound track. Most One Piece official soundtracks will come with at least more than one song. The soundtrack you're looking for will be the second of two soundtracks.
EDIT: The name of the soundtrack is Difficult.

All tough it is nice that you got the song in there, it still does not answer the OP's question. Which is What is the name of the song, if you were to include that this would answer the question.

OP said "What is the song...", not the name of the song.

I quote: "What's the name of the song playing when Mr. 3 uses his Wax Wax Mansion ability on Luffy during the Little Garden Arc?". It is the title of the question. So please edit your answer to include a name.


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Why does Trisha Elric have tomatoes?
In many episodes where Trisha (the boys’ mother) is seen, she is carrying, tending to, or harvesting tomatoes.

(Trisha in her tomato field; she is carrying tomatoes in her apron.)
Why does she have these tomatoes? Does she home-grow all of their food, or is this just a hobby of hers?

It was not stated in the anime itself. She probably just liked to tend tomatoes because she has tomatoes and that's why she liked tomatoes. Tomatoes are healthy and I'm not making sense anymore. XD

The Village of Resembool is a sheep-farming town in Amestris and is well known because of this
Village of Resembool
If you have watched the anime when Ed and Al go back home there are a lot of farms

So my guess is that she harvested her own vegetables for their food and maybe for trading.

Did she grow anything else? I don't remember seeing anything else, but it makes me curious.

No, in the anime and manga she only appears harvesting tomatoes... but in the episodes where Ed and Al are little you can see many vegetables and fruits in their house.

This is my own guessing, but it may be the truth.
I read some researchers about tomatoes and their nutritional value, and it found out that their lycopene value is very high, and considered to be helping with cancer and more disease.
It might be pure guess, but it may suggest that the authors of FMA wanted to let us the readers/watchers know that Trisha is already in deep disease, and so that's the reason she raises them.
https://www.nfcr.org/blog/tasty-tomatoes-anti-cancer-attributes-healthy-recipe/


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Why does Ryuk love apples?
It is often seen in Death Note that Ryuk loves apple. Why is that? Do all Shinigami (Death Gods) love apples, is it the only food for Death Gods or does he just love apples?
Also.. Is it to signify the apple as the forbidden fruit?

they are juice !!!!

@osdamv, did you mean that they are juicy instead of juice?

If I remember correctly, Ryuuk said that apples in his world were dry and awful, but in human world they were "Juicy."
This is most likely the reason why he enjoys apples. There's also probably some hidden meaning to it.

Hidden meaning? Like the symbolization of apple as the forbidden fruit and a death god's fondness to it?

Yep, like that.

Actually, the creator of Death Note specifically said there is no hidden meaning, and that he simply liked the way the colour of a red apple contrasted with the dark colours of Ryuuk. @xjshiya (source)

From the wiki

Apples are Ryuk's favorite food and probably the only thing he eats.
  He likes apples from the human world because they are "so juicy". Ryuk
  stated that apples are an addiction for him, like alcohol or
  cigarettes for humans. Ryuk exhibits symptoms of withdrawal if he goes
  without eating apples for a while. These symptoms include contorting
  his body into uncomfortable positions and desperation to the point
  that he will take orders for one (i.e. looking for hidden cameras in
  Light's room).

As Kai already mentioned: Ryuuk said that apples are dry and awful in his Shinigami Realm, and that the ones in the human world are juicy.
If I also remembered correctly, he let Misa have a bite of one of these apples from the Shinigami Realm and she mentioned that it tasted like sand.
To answer the second part of your question: It is Ryuuk who loves apples. Another Shinigami, called Sidoh, does love chocolate instead of apples.

I think the writer chose apples because they have both mythical and religious values , like in Adam and Eve's story or Newton and gravity. Apples are native to the Mediterranean where civilization began, they have been cultivated for thousands of years and that's why they have such big attention.


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When did people start calling "manga" as "mangos"?
I've heard a lot of people jokingly spell "anime and manga" as "animus and mangos". I don't really know what an animu is, but I know that a mango* is a pretty delicious fruit:

While those do look delicious, I don't see much connection to manga. It's probably just a silly misspelling that someone thought was amusing, and it caught on the same as any other meme.
When did this "misspelling" originate, and is it actually a misspelling or is there some deeper reason behind why "manga" are sometimes spelled like this?

*Technically, the correct plural for mango should be "mangoes" but I'm willing to chalk that up to bad spelling on the internet.

It has nothing to do with the fruit. They are derogatory versions of their associated words to make fun of the way they are mispronounced in English (with the "a" vs "ah" sound). Unfortunately, I don't have any references. Lurkmoar has a page dedicated to the anime/manga board on 4chan.
EDIT: Just to clarify, I think people started using the "animu" and "mango" terms on /a/

The joke is to make fun of Americans saying 'animes and mangas' seeing as there are no pluralization for these words, other fans joke that they are saying animus and mangos.
And this is what an animu/animus is:

Noun:
animus

The basic impulses and instincts which govern one's actions.
A feeling of enmity, animosity or ill will.
(Jungian psychology) The masculine aspect of the feminine psyche or personality.

Mango is a native fruit from the Philippines and is called Mangga in their language, which also has the same pronunciation of Manga (the Japanese comic book). So I think Filipinos started to call Manga as mangos (real plural spelling is mangoes), being it the plural of Mangga and it started to be viral in memes.

The word originated in South India (ma'nga in Malayalam for example) and its derivatives are used in many Asian languages, not just Filipino. And the google trends for mangos and mangoes seem a good correlation (no evidence seen to indicate new meaning for 'mangos'). Mangos correlate with Mangoes more than Mangos


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What is the meaning of the title "Bad Apple", and which characters appear?
The original video for Bad Apple!! is one of the most well-known Touhou videos. Here's the original, together with English subtitles:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VzEUeWnV73U
Why is the song called Bad Apple? There is an apple in the video but I don't imagine that's why. It matches the lyrics decently, but it still seems like a strange name for a song.
Also, all of the characters in the video are black and white silhouettes. Which characters are represented and in what order?

The song "Bad Apple" was originally the stage 3 theme from Touhou 5 Lotus Land Story. The popular version by Alstroemeria Records is a lyrical remix of that. Because Elly was the boss for stage 3, she makes an appearance towards the end of the video despite being a minor character.
There isn't any real explanation in the game as to why the song would be called "Bad Apple". Many original Touhou music pieces have names that don't really match the plot in any way, and as far as I know ZUN has never specifically explained this title. However, it is true that the popularity of the remix may be in part because it casts the series in a somewhat darker and more serious tone than the ordinary moe artwork, as the name would suggest.
As for the characters, I'll list them in order of appearance. The times correspond to when they first appear, and the names link to the relevant articles on Touhou Wiki.
0:00 Hakurei Reimu (博麗 霊夢)

0:15 Kirisame Marisa (霧雨　魔理沙)

0:28 Patchouli Knowledge (パチュリー・ノーレッジ)

0:36 Remilia Scarlet (レミリア・スカーレット)

0:45 Izayoi Sakuya (十六夜 咲夜)

0:50 Flandre Scarlet (フランドール・スカーレット)

0:58 Konpaku Youmu (魂魄　妖夢)

1:03 Saigyouji Yuyuko (西行寺　幽々子)

1:11 Onozuka Komachi (小野塚　小町)

1:18 Shiki Eiki Yamazanadu (四季映姫・ヤマザナドゥ)

1:25 Fujiwara no Mokou (藤原　妹紅)

1:32 Kamishirasawa Keine (上白沢　慧音)

1:39 Yagokoro Eirin (八意　永琳)

1:45 Houraisan Kaguya (蓬莱山　輝夜)

1:51 Prismriver Sisters (プリズムリバー三姉妹), from left to right, Lyrica, Merlin, and Lunasa

1:59 Chen (橙)

2:00 Yakumo Ran (八雲　藍)

2:01 Inaba Tewi (因幡　てゐ)

2:02 Reisen Udongein Inaba (鈴仙・優曇華院・イナバ)

2:05 Inubashiri Momiji (犬走　椛)

2:07 Kochiya Sanae (東風谷　早苗)

2:11 Kagiyama Hina (鍵山　雛)

2:12 Yasaka Kanako (八坂　神奈子)

2:15 Moriya Suwako (洩矢　諏訪子)

2:22 Yakumo Yukari (八雲　紫)

2:27 Hinanawi Tenshi (比那名居　天子)

2:36 Shameimaru Aya (射命丸　文)

2:41 Ibuki Suika (伊吹 萃香)

2:48 Alice Margatroid (アリス・マーガトロイド)

2:54 Kawashiro Nitori (河城 にとり)

3:02 Kazami Yuuka (風見　幽香)

3:09 Elly (エリー)

3:20 Hakurei Reimu, PC-98 appearance

3:24 Kirisame Marisa, PC-98 appearance

As Alana has already suggested, the generally accepted theory is that the title comes from the saying "One bad apple spoils the barrel" [1], [2], but I do not know whether this has been "officially" confirmed by ZUN himslef. AFAIK the only thing ZUN has explicitly stated about this song is that it is like his older composing styles, but since it fits the stage, it should be okay. But then again, ZUN never reveals everything about his works.
It's also worth noting that this video is based on a very-quickly-made sketch (MS Paint stuff) by someone else. The original "author" uploaded the "storyboard" saying "I want to see a video like this. Somebody draw it please?" This storyboard remained mostly unnoticed until more than a year later, when somebody with an ability on the level of drawing cool silhouettes came and uploaded the famous video.
The original "author" never said that the video should be in black & white, but it works very well. Although the choices, the order, and the timing of the characters' appearances in that video follows the storyboard almost exactly, the comparison (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RkHFbIIQ9Tg) can be quite amusing.

Clarification on second paragraph: there were many drawings on NicoNicoDouga based on the original storyboard before the silhouette animation appeared.

Two of your questions have already been answered correctly (1 and 3). To answer question 2, I believe the song is called 'Bad Apple!!' because of how the lyrics correspond to the old saying "One bad apple", which refers to a rotten person, someone who is all around bad, etc. and the lyrics describe someone who is a "Bad Apple", or someone bad to the point of being worthless, and the singer in the song wishes to change, and have her hateful heart go from "Black" to White".

My theory about the meaning is that the song is telling us that we have to make a choice in our life. A very heavy and deep choice. The choice gives us two options. We can have a clean and pure heart, or a very dark heart. The song tells us either choice we make that we will both lose and gain something. It tells us to think hard, and don't choose right away. Either way we choose we will still feel agony and joy. I don't know for sure if it's the real meaning. It's just the message I feel from the song. I honestly don't care what the real meaning to the song is because they both are pretty good meanings. Either way I will still listen to the song because it's a great song.
Tell me what you think it is. I really would like to read your thoughts you guys!

Ok so i may be wrong and this might be already writen down so please bear that in mind.
Im acually listening to lyrics and i believe its saying how the person "aka" the singer is saying how she's nothing she's nor good or bad she is in between and she is saying that its pain full
"It will never change",this is one of the lyrics saying that no matter what she does she will stay the same
In the english lyrics she asks"who are you idk what this is but i think that the "you" is the bad apple
I also have another theory the theory is that she is a vocaloid and the creator aka the one that is controling she is telling her to do certen tasks and she is being abused i think but pls dont hate?
Anyway i thing that the person singing the song is in the middle the ying yang represents "other people" and the other people in video is her and it changes constantly that meaning she is not black or white
"You can tell me what to say you can tell me where to but i dout that i would care and my heart would never know",is on of the lyrics but like i said before who is "you" thats up to you

Welcome to [anime.se]. I'm afraid there are many wrong assumptions on this answer: 1) the English lyric is not official. 2) the original song is not a Vocaloid song but a Touhou song, nor does it have anything to do with Vocaloid. 3) The PV is not an official PV (there's no official PV for this song), and thus all the characters represented in this PV might not be related to the song (this song is originally from Touhou 5, but some characters are from Touhou 7 and later)


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Where does Kyoko get those delicious looking apples?
In the show, we always see Kyoko with some sort of food, but we never see where or how she obtains these foodstuffs.
Where does she get those bags of apples from? Is it related to her powers some how (e.g. did she create them with her powers or use her powers to steal them)?

Kyubey said that Sayaka heals so fast because her wish was for healing. So since Kyoko's wish is to have people hear for whatever her dad says, my assumption is she tricked people to give that food.

The conversation between Kyoko and Sayaka in the church strongly implies that Kyoko does in fact steal the apples and that she knows that it's wrong.
The dead give-away for this is towards the end of the conversation. (ep 7, roughly 13:45 including OP)

Sayaka asks Kyoko where she got the apples. Where she got the money from.
Kyoko looks down at the apple and flinches. She does not answer.
Kyoko then lashes out at Sayaka in apparent defense of her actions.

That's exactly the kind of reaction someone would get when they are caught doing something
illegal/criminal.

In short, episode 7 paints a dark picture of Kyoko and her past. She's basically in "survival mode". So even though she knows that stealing is wrong, she still needs to eat. Without money or any other support, her only option is to steal and make the most of what she has. This is also why she gets angry at Sayaka when Sayaka throws the apple on the ground calling it a "waste".


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Why was Aladdin not aware that he is a Magi?
In the beginning of the anime "Magi", one of the main characters Aladdin didn't know he was a Magi until one of the Djinn users told him.
However Judal knew since he was born that he is a Magi and what is the job he has to do.
How is this possible?

As of chapter 175, little is known of this situation.
However, it is known that Aladdin does not have the memories of his early childhood. Thus, he would not remember his rank as a Magi until he was reminded.

Not much is known about Aladdin's past, but he has found out who he is and where he came from thanks to Solomon and Solomon's Wisdom. The first memories he has are being in the Room of Fortitude with Ugo, where he was taught everything he knows by him.
  — Aladdin, Magi Wiki

That said, there are some speculations as to why this may be the case:

 - Because he is likely a descendant of Solomon, or some reincarnation of him, the memories may have been hidden to prevent some potential goal.  - It may also be the case that Aladdin is not actually a Magi, but something else that appears as a Magi. Thus, he may never have known his purpose prior to losing his memories, either.

However, none of these are confirmed nor backed by substantial proof, so take them with a few (read: several) grains of salt.


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Why did Colonel Mustang lose his sense of sight and not his arm or body?
In Fullmetal Alchemist, when an alchemist performs human transmutation, they lose a part of their body. What determines the body part an alchemist loses?

The Truth is a cruel, cruel thing. It takes away the part of the body that "fits" the person best, to provide the cruelest irony.
When Father is speaking to the sacrifices, he says why each one (less Hohenheim) lost what they did. Edward lost his ability to stand on his own; Alphonse lost his only way to feel warmth; Izumi could no longer bear children after trying to bring back her own. (Edward's also fits nicely with the phrase, "I would give an arm and a leg to ...")
Unlike the others, Mustang is somewhat more metaphorical. Mustang had his sights set on being Führer, and so he lost his ability to see.

Here is the quote in full:

The Truth can be such a cruel thing. The two brothers who wanted to feel their mother's warmth once more: Their attempt to bring the dead back to life cost one of them the leg on which he stood, as well as the only family he had left. The other lost his entire body to have it replaced by a suit of armor that could feel nothing. The woman who sought to bring back her only baby was given a body that would never again bear children. And then, the man who looked to change his nation had his eyesight taken from him, and now he can no longer see his future. Humans who would dare to play God must pay a steep price for their arrogance.
  — Father, Brotherhood Episode 59, 15:47

Also, Truth’s punishment of Mustang is much more merciful than what he typically dishes out to people who perform human transmutation. Normally, Truth takes something physical outright from whoever breaks the rule regarding human transmutation (Ed’s leg, Izumi’s organs, Alphonse’s body, etc). Since Mustang was forced to open the gate rather than doing it on his own accord, Truth merely took one of his senses with the full knowledge that it could (and would) be fully restored in the future rather than outright take Mustang’s eyes.

I don't know I'd call going blind more merciful than losing a leg or some non-vital organs, heck if you asked random people a "would you rather" question between losing a leg or your sight I doubt going blind would be a clear favourite.


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Strawberry Haagen Dazs: The favored flavor of anime murderers?
Has anyone noticed how certain anime regarding murder and death that there is usually a reference to Haagen Dazs in there somewhere? Strawberry Haagen Dazs to be specific.
In certain anime, such as Kara no Kyokai episode 5 where the main character tends to eat nothing but strawberry Haagen Dazs. In Kite, there is one of them there is a subtle reference in a background scene. Then it Kite Liberator, the main character kept a fridge full of them.
So can someone tell me where this reference comes from or where it started or if they are connection?

In Kite, it's merely a parody reference, with the "Häagen Kazs" name.
In Kite Liberator, it's also a parody, with the "Hëegen-Gezs" name (Vanilla flavor in this case).
The ice cream is prominently stated to be Häagen-Dazs in both the Kara no Kyoukai movies and the original novel.
Shiki and her fridge can also be seen with several bottles of Volvic water.
These internationally well-known brands are probably so viewers could better identify with them (as they've probably had them in the past).
The ice cream is most likely being used as a foil to the the main character, highlighting them to be naive, childish (small, like the containers), and cold at the same time. The water, too, might be a foil of how Shiki has changed (melted slightly), but still remains cold.


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Where did the strawberry pantsu trope originate?
The use of strawberry pantsu can be seen in many anime series, most notably from Ichigo 100%, and, more recently, Infinite Stratos (particularly Charlotte's) and To-Love-ru, but at also to older series such as Dr. Slump. Gintoki from Gintama can also be seen with strawberry boxers:

Where/when was the strawberry panties trope first popularized?

Is this really a trope? I haven't seen it in too many anime. Probably just as often as other designs.

I couldn't find an inital series/time, but I did find something of interest when I was researching.
Strawberries are often associated with cakes, whipped cream and other niceties.
They're usually a symbol for being cute or sweet, so you'll more often see strawberry panties than boxers like Gintoki.
Quote from  a Forum Discussion on the topic of Strawberries:

I did some research and came up with a couple of things, Until 2000 strawberries were considered a delicacy in Japan which at that time they imported about 30,000 tonnes mostly for use in jam. After 2000 inports went up dramatically as Japanese chefs and wives started to expirement with strawberries in various dishes like deserts and salads.
That's the technical reason. I think the reason you see it in so many animes is that they look at the strawberry the way we look at the cherry especially when it comes to sex. Ichigo the girl in the strawberry panties. I bought 2 pair when I saw that. Strawberry Panic, a story of innocent girls in a boarding school filled with sweetness and light.

So for dates, 1980-1985 (the times when Dr. Slump was published) was perhaps a time where it was seldom used and as a symbol of rare delicacy, but from 2000 onwards, it may have become more prevalent in media, changing its image to one of cuteness and perhaps becaming more of a trope.


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Is Guilty Crown on DVD in the USA, UK, or Australia?
I've was checking out on Anime News Network to see if Guilty Crown has been released outside Japan:
http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/anime.php?id=13001
According to the page above, Madman should have it. But, when I search for it, I only get 2 episodes from their screening room. When I search eBay, I only get Japanese imports and nothing from the United States or the UK.
Has Guilty Crown been released at all on DVD, or is it only available through streaming?

It has been released in the U.S., but I don't think there's any information available regarding the other two countries.
For the US, the show was licensed by Funimation. Wikipedia claims that the anime was planned to be released in 2012, but I'm fairly certain this did not happen. The release seems to have actually happened in August 2013. It's currently listed in Funimation's store in two DVD+Bluray combo packs. Other online stores including Amazon also carry it.
In the UK, the series was licensed by Manga Entertainment. It was listed as "planned for release in April [2013]", but their website still doesn't list the series in their list of titles. As such, it's pretty safe to conclude that no release has been made yet. Their Q2 release schedule also doesn't mention Guilty crown, so it may be delayed or cancelled.
For Australia, as you said the licensing organization is Madman Entertainment. I've looked through their website, but a search for "Guilty Crown" only brings up streams of the first 2 episodes. It is not listed on their release schedule nor on their full catalog. Also, the only news I could find regarding this was an announcement that the series would be streamed, but no announcements of plans for a home release. This suggests that they don't have any plans to do so, and likely have not bought the rights for a home release.
So, as of now, there is only a home video release in the U.S.. It's still quite possible that the UK will have releases of the series in the fairly near future. Australia is less likely to get a release anytime soon.


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What is the card game the characters play?
Throughout the story, the characters often play the card game with each other.
What type of game or games are they plays? What are the rules?

They are playing Daifugo, a Japanese card game (1). The game is known as "Rich Man, Poor Man" in the English version.
The rules are outlined in this Wikipedia article, but to put it succinctly:
There are five special titles for players during the game, ranging from "the grand millionaire" down to "the extreme needy", based on how each player performed in the previous round. For the first round, everyone starts at the middle rank, "the commoner".
Everyone sits according to their title. The "grand millionaire" always shuffles and deals the cards (52) to the players. After the cards have been dealt, there is a period of "taxation" where the "poor" players hand over their strongest cards to the "rich" players and the rich players pass their bad cards back to the poor players.
Daifugo uses tricks, like in Spades or Bridges during play. When players run out of cards, they are out of play for the round. The player with the strongest or the most cards at the end of the round becomes the new "grand millionaire", with the rest of the titles following based on number of cards or remaining cards in hand.
The winner is usually the player who is "the grand millionaire" at the end of the game.

This game may be better known to Anglophones as "President" or "Asshole", or (with Stuff added) "The Great Dalmuti".


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Where did the mecha genre originate from in Japan?
I was wondering where mecha genre in Japan originated. It doesn't seem the same as something like the idea of a doll having a soul, which is from Japanese folk beliefs, but it could be.
Is there some historical basis for giant fighting robots (or similar things) in Japan? If not, where did they originate from, and what was the first series that showed them?

To be clear: Are you looking for the historical origin of the mecha concept, or information about the anime which first used this trope?

More the historical origin, but if there isn't a specific historical origin, where it first appeared. Like if it first appeared in anime/manga, where was the first place it appeared?

I rembember an interview to Go Nagai, telling that the idea of human piloted robots comes up during a traffic bottleneck, wishing his car can avoid the traffic walking away. I cannot find the source at the moment.

1941 Giant Robot
http://www.comicartfans.com/gallerypiece.asp?piece=1101909 Could the Japanese artists have been borrowing from earlier works?

There is no deep origin of the super robot trope in Japanese folklore, at least as it pertains to anime and manga. While some Japanese legends and history (such as the samurai) may have influence the design and characteristics of the mechas, there is little direct inspirational influence.
The first anime adaptation of the Tetsujin 28-go manga, in 1963, is widely credited as the origin of the mecha genre with an early design of a "super robot". This series, in conjunction with the manga Giant Robo, were the first to feature these designs. Mitsuteru Yokoyama*, as the creator of both these manga, is considered the father of the genre.
Yokoyama was largely influenced by the wartime of his days; the bombing of Kobe is one such case. He was also influenced by the monster concept from Frankenstein. Astro Boy, a 1952 manga series, has also had great influence over the design of the robots seen in the mecha genre[1].

(Left: Tetsujin 28-go manga cover; Right: Giant Robo manga cover)
A bit more history: Notable mecha series that followed Yokoyama's creations were Mazinger (one of the first to feature piloting) and the Gundam series. In the 90s, Neon Genesis Evangelion moved forward from the clunky, overly mechanized (and often blocky) mechas from the prior series, and introduced sleeker, faster designs[2]. Later series, such as Gurren Lagann and RahXephon mimicked this design, while few shows like GaoGaiGar did not.
* - Yokoyama also made significant other contributions to Japanese comic culture; these can be found in the linked WIkipedia article.

While this is conjecture, I'd say that mecha in manga and anime rose as a result of the tokusatsu (special effects) wave of the 50s beginning with 1954's Gojira (Godzilla), a character created due to nuclear radiation. This huge kaiju was partly based on King Kong (1933):

The special-effects artist Eiji Tsuburaya and the director Ishirō Honda became the driving forces behind 1954's Godzilla. Tsuburaya, inspired by the American film King Kong, formulated many of the techniques that would become staples of the genre, such as so-called suitmation—the use of a human actor in a costume to play a giant monster—combined with the use of miniatures and scaled-down city sets. Godzilla forever changed the landscape of Japanese science fiction, fantasy, and cinema by creating a uniquely Japanese vision in a genre typically dominated by American cinema.

These huge rampaging monsters were initially countered by puny humans, then by powerful pint-sized humans, powerful pint-sized robots/androids and then by huge robotic superheroes controlled from the outside and then from the inside. Tezuka's 1952 manga, Astro Boy, featured one such pint-sized robot superhero who was himself based on the character of Michi in his 1949 manga, Metropolis (in turn based on the 1927 Fritz Lang masterpiece). Michi is an artificially "synthesised" boy who, later in the story, goes around toppling skyscrapers.
As noted by Eric, 1956's Gigantor featured a Super Robot controlled by a kid on the outside while the 1972 manga, Mazinger Z, was apparently the first to feature the controller on the inside:

The idea of a robot controlled by a young hero was first used in 1956 with Iron Man 28 or Tetsujin 28-go (dubbed and released in the US as Gigantor), by manga artist Mitsuteru Yokoyama, which featured a giant robot piloted by remote-control by a young boy named Shotaro Kaneda, who used it to fight against evil. However, the first anime to use the phrase Super Robot and the one that set the standards for the genre was Mazinger Z, created by Go Nagai and making its debut in manga publications and TV in 1972. The main difference between Mazinger Z and previous robots was that the hero, Koji Kabuto, would pilot the robot from the inside in the same manner as one would drive a car. This anime show was hugely popular and spanned numerous sequels and imitations during the 1970s, and revival shows later during the 80s and 90s.

TV Tropes notes that Gigantor might be the "Ur example" of "The Kid with the Remote Control" and Mazinger Z "THE granddaddy of the Super Robot Genre".


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Why are Ringo-chan's cheeks always red?
In Danshi Koukousei no Nichijou, the character Ringo-chan is the Student Council president of the rival all-girls high school. For some reason, though, her cheeks are always red (as pictured below).

At first, I thought they were temporary (situational blushing), but it seems these red marks are always on her cheeks. What are these?

I don't have any source about what I claim next: I think that the red cheek reflects her mental age: she is quite oblivious to the danger in the outside world, as shown in one of the episode.

Ussualy air headed characters are very active/energetic causing them to have a almost permanent red blush on their cheeks. would support @nhahtdh his statment some what

@Dimitrimx: I'd say the red blush is the blush on the cheek of small children.

The Blush Sticker trope is usually used to express childish cheerfulness and/or naivety. In Japan, children are typically depicted with round rosy cheeks.
Ringo is a bit of an airhead, or rather naive, like a child... The Sanada North High Student Council gave her the "childish" nickname "Ringo-chan" for a reason.~

The trope most likely originated from manga where often times it would be easier (and less time consuming) to draw ovals indicating "blushes", rather than shading them in.

"Less time consuming to draw ovals indicating "blushes" than shading them in" – Interestingly, there are times when Ringo has both the blush "sticker" and real blush. It makes it look very odd.

Further to Krazer's answer, ringo in Japanese means apple. I found out recently that the rosy parts of the cheeks are called the apples of the cheeks. Ringo-chan's nickname might have come about for similar reasons.


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Why doesn't Greed harden fully?
Fighting the Elric brothers in an early episode of the FMA: Brotherhood anime, Greed eventually hardens his entire body, making him impervious to damage aside from directly transmuting his armored skin.
Later in the show, Greed has multiple fights against foes that do not use alchemy, and thus he should have an enormous advantage over them. However, he never again hardens his entire body—he almost always armors his limbs, but his chest, neck and head always remain vulnerable—and these weak spots always end up exploited.
We see him use his full power again in episode 58 in a battle against some nameless mooks, right after a near-total defeat in an important duel where he only protected his arms.
Why does Greed never armor himself fully when it actually matters?

There's a few things in play here.

 Recall that in the latter half of the series, Greed shares his body with Ling, his "host".

Greed is often forced to share control of his body as a result; his host is a far superior fighter against certain opponents later in the series. However, his host has no control over the hardening of the shield. So, Greed puts the shield on, then lets his host take over (since he is a superior warrior). Likely the reason Greed doesn't fully cover his host is that it will reduce his speed and agility. (When fighting the "nameless mooks", the advanced combat abilities are not needed, so Greed maintains full control.)
Related to the above point, later in the series, the shield may symbolize how much of the body Greed is actually controlling. Since Greed's host is usually in control in a fight, his face being composed of skin may represent this.
It's also worthy of note that parts of the body not covered by the shield are able to heal themselves.
And the last point is one of personality; Greed is cocky and vain, and likes people to see him as he is. Since his shield turns his face into something more robotic and toothed, he prefers not to use it.

Sorry to let you down, but I've been holding back. [The complete Ultimate Shield] obscures my handsome face, so I try not to wear it that much.
  — Greed, Brotherhood episode 13, 18:33

There's also the fight where Original Greed is captured (where he was fighting with his own abilities only). I guess the explanation there would be that he was caught unprepared and dismantled before he could amend his mistake?

@Fadeway Yes, I think so. Because his opponent rushed him and stabbed him so many times in his weak spots by surprise (he's really fast), he didn't have an opportunity to harden his body completely.

there is actually no excuse 1 they never say that his armor slows him down, if anything it should increase his speed because in his armored form he should be far stronger and thefore naturally faster, for 2 greed is greed he isn't stupid. later on when fighting bradley outside central greed would have known about bradley's eye and should have fully encased lin's body and they never once say that he can't do so while letting lin take control.


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What kind of creature is Chiyo-chichi?
Chiyo-chichi (Chiyo-Dad, or "Father Cat" in the dub) is a strange creature that appears in  Osaka and Sakaki's dreams. He says he's not a real cat before he tells Sakaki to "find a real cat."
What kind of creature is he? Where did the author get the idea of creating him?
He's the strange creature in the middle -- he doesn't like tomatoes because they are red :

Can you clarify for the people who haven't seen the show (like me) which one is Chiyo-chichi in the picture?

He's the strange one in the middle.

Related, http://anime.stackexchange.com/questions/3473/was-chiyos-real-father-ever-shown/3495#3495.

@xjshiya Not really. I'm asking about the actually character voiced by Wakamoto Norio, not Chiyo's actual father.

According to the Azumanga Daioh wiki (revision permalink),

Chiyo-chichi ("Chiyo-Dad" 「ちよ父」"Chiyo-chichi"), is a strange yellow cat like creature...

According to Wikipedia (revision permalink),

"Chiyo-Father" (「ちよ父」 "Chiyo-chichi") is a strange-looking and even stranger-acting cat-like creature...

According to TVTropes, Chiyo's father is one example of a Mega Neko or is a Mind Screw element that was added to the anime by the author to keep the audience guessing. About who or what he really is, only Azuma knows.

I'm asking what (type of creature) he is, not the whereabouts of Chiyo's parents.

Oh yeah, sorry for that. I'll edit my answer. :P


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What is the meaning behind Ginji's vow to Yukio?
In final arc of the second season of Black Lagoon, in Episode 20 "The Succession", when Ginji swears his loyalty to Yukio, heir to the Washimine group, he says, "although I'm unworthy, I am Matsuzaki Ginji, acting boss of Washimine group. Please allow me to protect you with all seven of my incarnations."
What does he mean by "all seven of my incarnations?" Is it a religious reference or something else?
Where does this phrase originate from?

Do you know what the original Japanese phrase is?

There are a few distinct mentions of cases of the Seven Incarnations, which are each plausible in their own rite.
Notable mentions of incarnations
Incarnations of Immortality
The Incarnations of Immortality is a series in which seven books each focus on a single incarnation, a mortal which becomes the personification of Death, Time, Fate, War, Nature, Evil, or Good. Most people feel the effects caused by one or more of these incarnations. So, Black Lagoon may be referring to how Ginji is affected or composed of each of these seven things; he could be more or less saying, "Please allow me to protect you with my entire being."
Vishnu's incarnations
The second possibility is a reference to Vishnu Purana, a religious Hindu text. According to legend, Vishnu created incarnations of himself to eradicate evil and balance the world. Vishnu Purana states that there are seven such incarnations1:

Vishnu Purana says that there were seven incarnations of Vishnu including Yajna, Ajit, Satya, Hari, Manas, Vaikuntha, and Vamana.
  — Mythology of Vishnu and His Incarnations, pp. 44–45

These incarnations allow him to become Supreme God2. Thus, Ginji may be stating that he will use any power (the incarnations) available to him to protect Yukio.
However, based on how Ginji phrases this in the manga, these two possibilities seem unlikely.

(Black Lagoon, chapter 27, pp. 17)
Buddhist incarnations
One of Buddhism's more significant points is their concept of reincarnation, or rebirth. In Buddhism, as you are born and reborn, you fulfill a cycle known as the "Cycle of Life". However, you must be born seven times (in any form) to achieve moksha, a liberation from this cycle (which eventually leads to the ultimate peace: nirvana).

Calm and unmoved the Pilgrim glideth up the stream that to Nirvâna leads. He knoweth that the more his feet will bleed, the whiter will himself be washed. He knoweth well that after seven short and fleeting births Nirvâna will be his....
  — The Voice of the Silence, pp. 69

As you can can conclude, this cycle involves going through seven incarnations, each of the births that you endure, before achieving nirvana. In some forms of Buddhism, these components are believed to be partial aggregates of your consciousness, thus could be considered a large portion of your "whole" being.
What makes this the most plausible explanation is that Ginji is a member of the Yakuza. Many Yakuza are focused around the ways of the samurai and their teachings. In Japanese history, samurai were largely centered around Zen, a form of Buddhism3.
Putting this Zen relationship in context with the manga, which states that Ginji will "protect [her] for the entirety of his life", we can conclude that Ginji intends to spend all seven of his rebirths protecting Yukio.
Footnotes
1 Wikipedia has an extensive list, but according to the Vishnu Purana, only seven of these avatars truly exist.
2  Further reading: Vishnu, Wikipedia
3 Further reading: The Religion of the Samurai

Until I saw your fine print, I was going to start arguing that there are more than 7 incarnations of Vishnu.

@kuwaly That's why fine print is there!

Black Lagoon is set in Thailand, where the primary religion is Buddhism. About 95% of the people in Thailand are Buddhist. Incarnation is a primary tenant of Buddhism, so that is likely where the incarnation part came from.
The seven part is a little bit more vague. Assuming it is a reference to Buddhism, the most likely idea is is follows:

A Sotāpanna will be safe from falling into the states of misery (they will not be born as an animal, ghost, or hell being). Their lust, hatred and delusion will not be strong enough to cause rebirth in the lower realms. A Sotāpanna will have to be reborn at most only seven more times in the human or heavenly worlds before attaining nibbana. It is not necessary for a Sotāpanna to be reborn seven more times before attaining nibbana, as an ardent practitioner may progress to the higher stages in the same life in which he/she reaches the Sotāpanna level by making an aspiration and persistent effort to reach the final goal of nibbāna.

There aren't any other religious references to seven incarnations, but there are other secular references. There is a text RPG called "Coast of Seven Incarnations", as well as a reference to the seven incarnations of the earth (Saturn, Sun, Moon, Earth, Jupiter, Venus, Vulcan) and the seven incarnations of human society in the book "The East in the Light of the West and Children of Lucifer" by Rudolf Steiner. Neither of these are, in all likelihood, related to the phrase, but there are some of the only other references to seven incarnations that I can find.
Likely, it is either referencing the aforementioned Buddhist idea (or another Buddhist idea) or is not based on a religious idea.

As Killua correctly pointed out, the phrase "with all seven of my incarnations" refers to Buddhism concept of rebirth. In original Japanese, the phrase is「七生を以て」(shichi-syou wo motte), and "を以て(wo motte)" roughly translates as "with" and "七生(shichi-syou)" consists of "七(shichi)" = "seven" and "生(syou)" = "life". "Shichi-syou" means "to rebirth seven times", though, as an idiomatic phrase, it means no more than "eternity" because "to rebirth seven times" takes a very long time. So it's safe to say that "七生を以て (with all seven of my incarnations)" is a bit old-fashioned, thus impressive and grave way of saying "forever".
This choice of words is very appropriate for Ginji because he is a member of a Yakuza clan, which in general likes to retain traditional ways of life and the members are likely to use old-fashioned wording, especially in important moments.
The first post is six years ago, so nobody would probably notice this post of mine, but as a Japanese, I find this question very interesting and feel obliged to offer some information. I hope it will be of some help.

Good answer. Maybe a source for this statement would strengthen your answer: 'Yakuza clan, which in general likes to retain traditional ways of life and the members are likely to use old-fashioned wording, especially in important moments.'


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Where did Scar's other tattoo come from?
In the 2009 anime, Fullmetal Alchemist: Brotherhood, near the end of the series,

 Scar fights Wrath. During the battle, Scar surprises Wrath by using construction alchemy, revealing that he has a construction-based tattoo on his left arm.

Scar has not had this tattoo forever, though; in earlier scenes in the series, we can clearly see that Scar has only one tattoo on his body.

(Left: Scar, episode 22, no left tattoo. Right: Scar, episode 60, tattoo on his left.)
Is it ever stated when Scar receives this tattoo? Who gave it to him?

Although I can't remember it being stated, it is most likely, that he found the tattoo in his brothers notes and put it on his arm with the help of Dr. Marcoh.

 The tattoo was most likely one part of the preparations for the 'promised day' in episode 46 (2009), before Scar comes back with Marcoh from the negotiation with the Ishvals.


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Why do I have to light up the room before watching anime?

When watching anime, sometimes at the beginning of the show, I come across the warning message

テレビアニメを見るときは部屋を明るくして、テレビからはなれて見てください！

which can be translated as

When watching anime, light up the room, and leave some distance between the TV and yourself!

I understand that not staying too close to TV is important for eye health. But why is it so important to light up the room? What is the purpose of this message, and why do some shows display this warning message while the others don't?

I believe this warning might be associated with TV Tokyo (and associated TXN stations), as Cross Game, which you've depicted above, as well as Minami-ke and School Rumble all have this warning. TV Tokyo is known for other formalities too, such as the underwriting spot with a standardized announcement (somewhat equivalent to PBS's "brought to you by...viewers like you. Thank you.")

This is less to do with eye health as it does with photosensitive epilepsy (PSE):

Television has traditionally been the most common source of seizures in PSE. For patients with PSE, it is especially hazardous to view television in a dark room, at close range, or when the television is out of adjustment and is showing a rapidly flickering image (as when the horizontal hold is incorrectly adjusted). Modern digital television sets that cannot be maladjusted in this way and refresh the image on the screen at very high speed present less of a risk than older television sets.
Some PSE patients, especially children, may exhibit an uncontrollable fascination with television images that trigger seizures, to such an extent that it may be necessary to physically keep them away from television sets. Some patients (particularly those with cognitive impairments, although most PSE patients have no such impairments) self-induce seizures by waving their fingers in front of their eyes in front of bright light or by other means.

Since many anime contain rapidly flickering images (think flashing lights), the broadcasters ask to turn the lights on as it is especially hazardous in a dark room, for those susceptible.

This is happening even recently:

In some cases, specific television programs featuring certain types of visual stimuli have provoked seizures in a small minority of television viewers, including some viewers with no prior history of seizures of any kind. The "Dennō Senshi Porygon" episode of Pokémon is the most frequently cited example ... broadcast of the program in Japan, which includes strong flickering scenes, produced seizures in a surprising number of viewers, even though the proportion of viewers affected was extremely low

See the Public Responsibility section of the page for more examples.

It's not just for epilepsy, though; watching TV (or using a computer) in complete dark is bad for your eyes as it forces your pupils to dilate and contract rapidly. The more you know!

Oded's answer is correct. The most important reason to remain far away from the screen is to avoid the risk of epileptic seizures. As a practice in anime, this was started after the infamous Pokemon episode Electric Soldier Porygon aired.
As Wikipedia says:

Japan's Fire Defense Agency reported that 685 viewers – 310 boys and 375 girls – were taken to hospitals by ambulances. Although many victims recovered during the ambulance trip, more than 150 were admitted to hospitals.

The Pokemon anime was put on hiatus for 4 months after the episode was broadcast, and the episode has never been reaired in Japan or anywhere else. Bulbapedia has some more information on the episode as well.
That episode, which contained fast flashing scenes with a lot of red in the images (particularly bad for epileptic people), resulted in stricter guidelines for flashing images in anime. Broadcast studios also elected to begin showing these sorts of warnings, especially on children's programs, though there is no official rule that they must do so. This is mentioned on the Japanese Wikipedia Article about the incident (called "Pokemon Shock"; see the 注意を促すテロップの表記 section), but not in any English sources I was able to find.
There was a similar incident with the anime YAT Anshin! Uchū Ryokō earlier in the same year, but it was not as large scale. The Pokemon incident is the one which spurred action from both the government and broadcast companies.

Do you have any further reading on the guidelines for flashing images in anime? I'm kinda interested.

@atlantiza The Wikipedia article I referenced above has some information related to the guidelines, specifically in the aftermath section. There are a few links there to other sources, but they don't contain a lot more information. Unfortunately I don't have any more information beyond what's contained therein, though given enough effort you could probably dig up some more. The Japanese Wikipedia article doesn't contain much more info, though I haven't had a chance to browse their sources yet.


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What happened to the last two Bastard!! OVAs?
Bastard!! (1992) is a series of 8 OVAs, but only 6 were produced.
The manga currently has 27 Volumes and is one of Weekly Shōnen Jump's best-selling manga series selling more than 30 million copies.
Ref.
If the manga was so popular, how come the final two OVAs never got animated!?

It appears that Bastard!! was discontinued due to issues with someone in charge of the series, and there was not enough interest or commitment to reviving it later on. According to AnimeNewsNetwork:

Bastard!! was suppose [sic] to be eight episodes, but the creator was arrested during the making of the seventh episodes [sic] and was never continued.

I found this statement mirrored by some fan reviewers and forum threads, but unfortunately it does not seem that there are many reputable sources confirming it. This is partly because I was not able to track down who they referred to as the creator (since they are not referring to Kazushi Hagiwara, the manga's creator), and partly because the internet doesn't always have particularly good information on lesser-known events from the early 1990s.
However, I did find out that screenplay writer Hiroshi Yamaguchi[ja.wikipedia] retired some of his roles, including his role on the production committee, in 1992 (the year the Bastard!! OVAs were produced) and went to work with a smaller group before going independent in 2001. This may have contributed to the cancellation as well.
Lastly, based on reviews and threads talking about the OVAs, it seems they are not as in-depth and were never as popular as the manga. This may have been a contributing factor to the decision not to resume it with a more willing crew.


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Why does the "A in C major" tone play whenever a strange event occurs in The World?
Mai Minase first notices this in .hack//Liminality when she and Tomonari Kasumi are attacked by the First Phase, Skeith.
The "A in C major" tone (ハ長調ラ音) seems to recur whenever some strange event happened "The World" and it's subsequent iterations, like in "The World R:2," like when Azure Kite appeared, the appearance of one of the Phases, or activation of an Avatar.
Why does this tone play during these events in both the anime series and the games?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BN987vxtiuQ

Didn't you just explain the significance? It plays when there is a strange event.

But why does it play during strange events? Why "A in the fifth octave" of all things?

Then I think you should change your question to "Why does the A in C major tone occur whenever..." since you already know the significance.

ok I'll change the context.

Er... How should this question be answered? With a research on how the frequency causes some sort of psychological effect on the viewer?

@nhahtdh Anyway you wish, as long as you can explain why this particular tone was chosen,

I have a sneaking suspicion that there was no reason...

There are a few things that point to why the A in C minor tone was chosen for this purpose.
The Bell
The first is in a subset of the lyrics from In the Land of Twilight Under the Moon. This part of the lyrics seems to reference A in C minor in that this tone, which is unique enough to be commonly used for tuning instruments (via tuning fork), is sometimes known for its similar sound to a bell (as in the video you linked).

High and loud, the sound of your bell of the
Twilight... ringing...
All alone, it rings and echoes in twilight
  — SIGN Original Soundtrack 2, .hack Wiki

Liminality
The second is somewhat more convincing; the sound may be considered a manifestation of Liminality. The game can, of course, make contact with the human mind, and the tone itself is subliminal. This means it was probably programmed in by Harald, being key to this mental contact, much like hypnosis (which uses specific types of lights for maximum effect).
In reality, there is nothing special about the properties of A in C minor (with the exception of its ability to be easily differentiated from other notes); it is heard at approximately 440Hz, though its range extends as low as 435Hz. However, in the .hack//Liminality OVA, it is (incorrectly) stated that the tone is the highest note a human can hear. In the .hack universe, most people are unable to hear this tone, but Mai can.
Overall
It seems that the note itself was chosen for its uniqueness (especially in that it is easy for the human ear to hear), as well as its faux property of being the highest note humans can hear. The A in C minor tone itself is not exceptionally notable outside of the .hack universe.
The note itself is also the first letter in the musical scale and its use is somewhat akin to déjà vu in The Matrix, though these are not as likely to be related.


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What happened to Gyro?
In Episode 80 of the 2011 anime, they showed Gyro's back story then a clawed up chair.  Was he killed or was he eaten?  It wasn't clear what happened to him.

Gyro is killed and eaten after the Chimera Ants invade NGL.

 but he is later reborn as a Chimera Ant... and the first to keep all of his human memories and break free of the Chimera Ant Queen's control.

Additionally,

 The Chimera Ant King, Mereum, cannot be Gyro, because Gyro was shown leaving the hive at the same time that Gon was training to defeat Knuckle, in Chapter 204, before Mereum was born.

Yes, it was said in the manga the Gyro did return to meteor city after being turned into a chimera ant. Gyro escaped the queen to meteor city specifically to rebuild an army and spread evil across humanity.

Gyro was not re-born as the Chimera Ant King, Meruem. Gyro was killed and eaten by the Queen, turned into a Chimera. But he re-gained every single one of his memories and fled to Meteor City to rebuild his Empire. It says so in the manga and on Gyro's Wiki page.
http://hunterxhunter.wikia.com/wiki/Gyro

According to the manga, he became a chimera ant and had all his human memories intact.  He escaped while the queen was dying and supposedly went to Meteor City to start his empire again (according to the manga).  I think they might have him return in the future as a super villain or something, because in ep 79 or 80 it showed his back story and his thoughts on humans. He wanted to bring evil in his human form, so why not in his chimera ant form?

Gyro was killed by the chymera ants why i say this is because when the ants invaded gyro was seen seated in his chair and in the next scene the chimera an't who looks like a centuar said "Gyro huh..wish i could know more about him..well no use dwelling in it now what's fine is done "
In order words gyro was killed and eaten by the queen and born as the king 'meruem' and that explains why meruem was do evil from the start because when the narrator was explaining gyro's past he said gyro is evil hence the king' s behaviour Gyro would have without a doubt continue to be evil if it weren't for komugi and that's why he did not even bother to take out the five million humans with him to hell
Gyro 'muruem' was killed by the poison by netero and died along with his love interest kumogi
So in conclusion gyro is the king of the chymera ants mureum

Actually it is shown and told on screen and in the manga that Gyro was reborn as a chimera ant and left the queen on his own will. This happened before Meruem was born. Which means Meruem is not Gyro reborn, and so your answer is wrong.


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How does a Claymore move up in rank within the Organization?
How do Claymores advance in ranks within the Organization?
We see many kills during the whole TV show, but Claire never advances in rank.

It is worth bearing in mind that the TV show only covers the first 7/8 books, and it might be addressed later on in the story.
As far as I could find however, the ranking system seems to be done by generation rather than reallocating ranks when someone dies.
You can see claymore occasionally contest someone's position in the manga, but it doesn't seem to be an official thing.
Ranks by Generation

Claymore warriors No. 1 through 47 are ranked on their baseline Yoki potential, strength, agility, intelligence, sensing and leadership. A warrior's rank rises and falls according to the warrior's strength in relation to other warriors.
  Claymores are known to belong in different eras/generations, marking the time they joined the Organization, but not all Claymores who are active at the same time belong to the same generation. This is because Claymores never age beyond their physical prime.

It's unclear as to when a generation changes, as some claymore survive more than one.
We can see on the linked site that one generation's order has changed.
The old generation (旧世代) (Teresa era テレサ時代).

No. 1        - Teresa
No. 1 and 2  - Rosemary
No. 2  - Priscilla
No. 2 and 3 - Ilena
No. 3 and 4 - Sophia
No. 4 and 5 - Noel
No. 5 and 6 - Elda

Recalling Priscilla who was a newly created claymore who shot up through the ranks to become number 2, I would imagine that in exceptional cases such as these, the organization would alter the ranks, but mostly it would be left as is until the next generation comes around and new claymores are assessed

If you look at the generational rankings, the "generations" appear to be determined by who the number one is at the time.  If you go through the generations, regardless of who is number one, there are only 47 Claymores at a given time.  The reason the ranks change a lot when a generation or number one changes is because many Claymores die trying to kill the number one.  This is pretty well illustrated when four of the top five Claymores die when trying to kill Teresa and eventually Priscilla.

Another 'exception' is Rafaela, who was the No. 2 of Luciela's generation and is currently the No. 5 of Clare's generation.

Claymore are ranked based on their combat ability.  Their ability is taken from a number of factors such as strength, Yoki, and intelligence to name a few.  Claymores typically only change rank by challenging and defeating a higher ranked Claymore or when a Claymore dies or awakens.
Now, just because a Claymore dies, it doesn't mean others will go up in rank.  It is entirely possible that the newly created Claymore takes the exact rank of the one that died or awakened.  The reason that Claire never advances in rank is because she is only one quarter Youma since she was created with Teresa's remains and it is said that she'll never achieve the potential of a regular Claymore that is one half Youma.

I am not sure that is right explanation for Claire being always 47th. As we can see during her first encounter with Awakened Being she manages to survive and find herself on battlefield not worse than rank 22th or even 15th. Also during Northern Campaign she fights better than many others.

You have to remember that during the awakened being hunt, Claire and the others were already partially awakened which is why they were sent there in the first place. Those Claymores were able to exceed their limits and go back to normal afterwards. Awakening was the only way she could keep up. And yes she fights better than most in the north but she also fully awakens in the north to be faster than Rigardo.

Clare being 1/4 Yoma surely indicates that she has full potential to house 3/4 of human energy mind being amongst the 1/4 Yoma.
Most Claymores, in a sense, have it rough, you might say, as they are all equally assessed in the middle of battleground between lethal killer and calm human, exceptions such as Teresa and Priscilla (before becoming aggravated by Teresa) are able to house full 100% human control within their means of reach of fighting, until they begin to access Yoki.
Clare is an exception to being discussed over ranking! This Claymore Universe may indeed need to stop entirely placing Clare on a parallel comparison to the other Claymores, as this is why:

She became a Claymore to exact her spiritual bond connection to the physical beings of herself and Teresa's physical being, therefore she has no hatred whatsoever towards Yoma or Claymores. Only Priscilla, not Priscilla the Awakened Being, just Priscilla as an Entity, which qualifies Clare to have a unique case within the organization, as all other Claymore Creation stories, involve traumatic events with Yoma or Yoma Awakened Beings that cause them to choose to exact revenge (offensive) or protect themselves (defense), from the Yoma beings.
The fact she took in 1/2 already Yoma Potent Flesh versus 1 whole piece of Yoma flesh, deems the obvious we know, 1/4 Yoma in Clare. This alone should not even begin to have a place in conversation over ranking, as with her fact she had 1/4 Yoma, means she has more Human Energy Control, which finalizes the logic behind her consistent ability to awaken far many more times than her comrades did, and with seeming ease reverts back more frequently, which wouldn't be possible with any half bred as by that many awakenings they would have by then surely lost their 50% control.

Clare needs to stop being judged. She's practically Teresa's daughter, that in itself gives her enough credit to be called a Badass Warrior.

I think comparing Clare's baseline overall power, speed and combat ability, she's no match to either Teresa or Priscilla, or even the top 10 or say top 20 of Claymores.
But in a half-awakened state, it is possible that she can beat Priscilla and all the other strongest Awakened Beings, nothing more to say about all the Claymores from rank 2 to 10. Her powers are specifically developed to fight Awakened Beings. And her greatest strength is her ability to develop a part of her body or skills to match the power of the Awakened Being she fights with, e.g. Rigaldo.
As with Teresa, I think she is the strongest of them all, that is a special status relegated to her. We'll never know the extent of her powers when she became awakened. I think that Clare, if she fights with Teresa in her awakened state, would be able to find a way.

Notwithstanding the opinion based answer with no citations, you don't even attempt to answer the question.


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In Melty Blood, is Shiki Nanaya the master or servant of White Len?
I'm really confused as to whether Shiki Nanaya is the master or servant of White Len. At first, he seems to act as a Familiar created by White Len, but then he says that he'll be a good master to White Len. There's also the fact that he only came into physical existence outside TATARI because of White Len, since every other appearance outside Melty Blood he has been a persona of Shiki.
So, is he White Len's master—like how Shiki is Len's Master—or are the roles reversed, and she is the master keeping his physical existence in the world (as Familiars can only be in the world if supplied with prana from their master)?

White Len's contract with Nanaya (this is the supressed personality of Tohno Shiki, from Tsukihime) is a symbiotic (yet seemingly contradictory) one -- she maintains his existence with her TATARI powers, while he supplies her with the prana she needs to survive.
However, in the White Len ending in Act Cadenza, Nanaya clears states that he is in the "master" role:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i4O_rLYRESs#t=454s


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When did Kakashi and Obito awaken their Mangekyou Sharingan?
In chapter 604 of the manga, it is shown that Kakashi kills Rin. This fulfills the requirement to activate the Mangekyou Sharingan. So that should have been the moment when Kakashi was able to use the Mangekyou Sharingan.
Also, the Yellow Flash was still alive when this happens, so this means that Naruto was not yet born. This clearly points to the fact that from the very beginning of the Naruto series, Kakashi had his Mangekyou Sharingan activated.
When Kakashi first fought Itachi (when Itachi and Kisame appear at Konoha) and faced the Tsukuyomi he was devastated in a moment, even though he had his Mangekyou Sharingan active (though not used). But the next time they face (during the rescue mission of Gara), he was able to withstand it.
Now my first question is, was Kakashi unaware of his Mangekyou Sharingan until he faced Itachi, or was he not proficient in using it. Also why in the Naruto series (I mean the series before the start of Shippuden) didn't Kakashi use his Mangekyou Sharingan?
Now for my second question, in the same chapter, a few pages back, just when Kakashi strikes the blow at Rin, Obito's vision starts to fade as he can sense Rin dying. Does this mean Obito's Mangekyou Sharingan was awakened at the same time? We know that Kakashi and Obito shares the same "other dimension" because of the same Sharingan that the both use (not the same eye, but the eye of the same Uchiha). So does the same apply for their activation of Mangekyou Sharingan?

Kakashi and Obito awoke their Mangekyou at the same time: when Kakashi killed Rin.

Obito (left) and Kakashi (right) awakening their Mangekyou. From chapter 605, pages 4 and 5.
Now, as for why Kakashi never used it before his fight with Deidara, I think there's no definitive answer. However, I can think of two different educated guesses: one is in-universe, while the other is out-of-universe.
In-universe explanation: As you said, Kakashi was either unaware of or unable to control his Mangekyou Sharingan. I tend to think the former is the case, since he passed out as soon as he awoke his Mangekyou, and probably had no memory of awakening it (Kakashi's page on Naruto wiki seems to agree with this explanation). If this is the case, after his fight with Itachi he most likely tested to see if he had the Mangekyou, finding out he did, and thus trained in order to perfect its use.
Out-of-universe explanation: Kishimoto hadn't thought the whole story through. Since Tobi had not made an appearance in the first Naruto series, Kishi had not yet thought about who he would be. If this is the case, then Kakashi's back story had not yet been planned, as well as Obito's. This would make it plausible that Kakashi was not initially planned to have a Mangekyou, since his is transplanted. After the Kakashi Gaiden, however, the important characters are all introduced, which means he had most likely planned for Obito to be Tobi, and about the link between his and Kakashi's Sharingan.

I think Kakashi didn't use Mangekyou Sharingan before because it took to much chakra. And since he is not an Uchiha, it drained all of his chakra at once. And the next thing about him fainting right after activating the mangekyou for the first time, its the same reason. Exhaustion. No need to explain in universe and out universe blah blah blah. During the gara incident, he used it but had to be bed ridden. Same reason drainage of both physical and mental strength.


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Why is Dorami afraid of cockroaches?
Doraemon is afraid of mice, because of the trauma robomice caused by eating his ears, but why is Dorami so afraid of cockroaches?

According to various sources, Dorami's dislike of roaches is more along the lines of ordinary people's disgust of the insect species, mostly due to their nature. The original manga never established canon for this and her dislike was retconned into the anime and Doraemon Encyclopedia (ドラえもん百科) after the manga had already been published.
The first appearance of her actually exclaiming her dislike seems to be in the Dorami MiniDora SOS!!! (ドラミちゃん ミニドラSOS!!!) short, which premiered with the Doraemon: Nobita and the Birth of Japan (ドラえもん: のび太の日本誕生) movie in Japan back in March of 1989.
The first appearance of Dorami reacting to a cockroach is in vol. 9, chapter 9 of the original manga, "Urashima Candy." Dorami never states that she hates roaches and only reacts to being surprised by them.


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Is something preventing Mary from finding out who she really is?
Mary knows that she lives in a weird painting world and that outside of this world, there is another one where she might find her "father."
However she is not aware of the fact that

 she is not a real person and a painting. Specifically Guertena's final work.

When she reads the art book, something messes with

 her entry

making it unreadable.
Similarly, that entry gets swapped with the one for "Marvelous Night," if Ib, Garry, and Mary read it when they are together.

 However when Garry reads the entry and find out that she is not human, the "Strained Ear" hears Garry read her entry, and the "Tattletale" then "tells" Mary the secret... However she momentarily goes crazy, but returns to her old self soon afterwards, without the knowledge of what she had just heard.

In one of the endings...

 "A Painting's Demise," where she leave Ib and Garry behind and just tries to leave the Fabricated World... something stops her.

Is there some unknown third pulling the strings? If so, who is it and why are they doing this?

It appears the Mary is in a state of constant denial. She wants to be a real person and refuses to accept the fact that she is a painting. We know that she wants to be real because of how her one wish is to leave the gallery and experience the fun things of the real world. That is why the words are considered unreadable, she really does not want to read them.
When she tries to leave the Fabricated World she is unable, because inside of her room she wrote a small journal.  Inside that journal in says that she cannot leave on her own. The only way for to leave his to take the place of another, which is why she is able to leave in the "Together Forever" ending. She took the place of Garry. Because she did not take the place of anyone she could not escape.
The person who "killed" her at the end of "A Paintings Demise" is probably her father or some other piece of art like "Mistake".
It might have been her father because of the last things she says. While Mary is pleadingly choking out for help she ends with the word Father. It is possible that she was asking for help from her her father Guertena, or it could be that she realized at the very end that Guertena was the one who was going to punish her. This is further supported by the messages that appear as the lights slowly dim. They talk about how Mary has been a bad girl and they sound like something a father says to a disobedient daughter. These were probably Guertena's way of scolding Mary because she disobeyed and tried to leave the gallery.


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Why is Wrath so human?
As we know, the homunculi can heal themselves and don't age because of the philosopher's stone.
However, Wrath doesn't seem able to heal and he gets older, despite being a homunculus. I always thought that's because he is a human who was turned into a homunculus, but Greed can also regenerate, even though he still has Lings soul and isn't 100% homunculus.
Why isn't Wrath like a normal homunculus?

the more interesting question is, why is he different from Ling/Greed...

When Wrath discloses his nature to Mustang, he describes what happened after the incident. First, keep this quote of his in mind:

The Philosopher's Stone is created from the life force of countless human beings; it contains their souls.

Now, consider that Father was attempting to put all of his wrath within one being; this would require that he removed not only any wrath from within himself, but also every single wrathful soul that composed him. That means we now have a Philosopher's Stone made from dozens of wrathful souls. What does wrath do? It gets revenge.
Wrath states,

Countless souls have battled for dominance within me. And only the most wrathful one survived.

This means that he had no healing powers because he basically had no souls to regenerate from; only one soul remains within his body (his own or someone else's), and it is not enough to both regenerate and sustain him. He is basically a human with homunculus-level skills.
I also agree with Madara's conclusion that Father would want the public figure to age and appear human, so he may have been perfectly okay with Wrath being composed of only one soul. Pride's disguise was already conspicuous enough; you can imagine the uprisings if the military leader was also accused of such things.
With regard to why he is different from Greeling, his soul was pushed aside from the infusion, whereas Ling's was strong enough to coexist with Greed's.

I believe it was done on purpose.
Wrath was intended to be a public figure, everyone knows the king. So the king has to get old, or it would raise suspicion. The king can't generate wounds in a flash of red lightning, or it would raise suspicions.
How they did it, I don't know. But that's why I imagine they did it.

Wrath (in Brotherhood) was a human-based Homonculus. He was born a human, called Fuhrer Candidate No. 12, and implanted with a philosopher's stone created from wrathful souls while in his prime. His own soul, also a soul of wrath, overpowered the souls of the stone and took over, making him Wrath, earning him the name King Bradley and the position of Fuhrer of Amestris.

it is because with Wrath, as Bradley states, all  the souls basically fought down to the last one remaining. It was this final soul, of which was formed the homunculus "Wrath".
However, with Greeling:
First, the Homunculus "Greed", was already a pre-existing entity, which Father puts into Ling's body.
Secondly, Ling accepts the pre-existing homunculus "Greed", without fighting down to the last souls, or last few souls. Thereby, as someone else had stated, Ling and Greed coexisted together.

My theory has been that Regeneration costs a soul. Goes to explain why Hommunculi can be killed when 'killed' enough times, and why the mannequin soldiers don't regenerate.
As mentioned above, Wrath is the lone surviving soul within him, one soul, which killed all the others. The other Hommunculi have multiple souls cohabiting, which is why they're able to regenerate. The mannequins were likely made from a single philosopher's stone with the souls being split evenly between the soldiers.