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Why is it so rare to see new long running anime series these days?
Around the early and mid 2000's we saw the spawning of a large collection of long running anime series, such as Naruto, One Piece, Pokemon, Yu-Gi-Oh!, etc., all of which still are continuing today in its original series, or through some spin-off. Nowadays, we are left with mainly 12 or 24 episode anime, most of which will never see a second season.
Why is it so rare to see new long running anime series these days? What caused the shift in the anime industry to a more "agile" (borrowing a term from software development for lack of a better word) production rate?
My first guess is that the producers base their decision for a long-running anime series on the success of its source manga. However, this is not entirely true, as we see Attack on Titan is a 25 episode series, even though I believe that its manga sales overtook that of One Piece at some point.

I think you've hit on it: "most of which will never see a second season". Shows that make money get a second season. But why commit in advance to running a show for hundreds of episodes if you aren't even sure it's going to make money? Better to do a twelve-episode season to test the waters, and if your return is good enough, then talk about a sequel.

@Torisuda Just like in Boku no Hero Academia were only 13 episode came so far.

@LightYagami 13 episode Cours are the standard mostly. See this question for more info. http://anime.stackexchange.com/questions/7977/what-is-a-cour

Because, by the time a series has been running long enough to be called "long running," it's no longer new.

There are a variety of reasons for this. Some may apply and some may not.
The anime series catches up to the Source Material This is by far the most common problem, faced by long running Anime. Once the source material ends there are two options. Fillers or hiatus.
Anime like Naruto and Bleach went the filler route. Bleach ended before the final saga which is still publishing. Naruto has finally ended but for some reason Anime is still prolonged by random fillers (Maybe to increase profit).
Shows like Fairy Tail and One Piece experimented. Fairy Tail abandoned the filler model and went on hiatus. Toei has screwed up One Piece with barely showing 5 minutes of new material and now again on fillers. So these long running shows have had their own problems and have overcome them only if the viewership and manga sales continue.
Now why more anime are not in the same model and going at 250+ episodes?

There aren't just that many popular series which can be adapted for hundreds of episodes For a long running perennial series several factors have to align. Not only the series, but its other products should also be popular. Bleach, One Piece and Naruto had Mangaka's which constantly worked hard to put out new chapters and manga sales were good. Pokemon and Yu-gi-oh's trading card games were very popular. Their viewership numbers also didn't fluctuate. Take Hunter x Hunter for example. It had the potential to be right there with the big three, but due to inactive Mangaka its source material was finished way too soon. Even the remake could only adapt a couple extra arcs. More such examples are covered in Ryan's answer below.
The anime is adapted in a bad way.
Kingdom has 470+ Manga Chapters. It is great source material and decent Manga sales. Its first season had such a bad animation that 90% of people who picked it up dropped it after second episode. Still it has over 70 episodes over 2 seasons. A call for reboot is there but I don't have my hopes up.
Tokyo Ghoul was given a second season where the writers completely went away from the source material. Even though Season 1 was received well its writers had made several unwarranted changes which led to many plotholes. (MadHouse's Parasyte though got it right. A great short Anime)
Seasonal Structure is less Risky. This is primarily the main reason from the departure from the perennial episodic structure from the big three. This method has lots of benefits with no obvious drawbacks. The studio only needs to commit to next season IFF it made profit the previous season. It also gives source material to continue ahead and some breathing room for the anime scriptwriters without lowering quality or pacing of the anime. The long running anime have many ups and down with the pacing.
Tbh this isn't exactly new. Major for example ran over 6 Seasons consisted of 150+ Episodes between 2004-2010.
JoJo's Bizarre Adventure has plenty of source material written from 1986-2004. But instead David Production went with a Seasonal model which is currently on part 3. So it is infact going to be a long running series.
Haikyuu and Kuroko No Basuke are a couple of other sports shounen which got subsequent seasons. KnK ended with season 3. Haikyuu is renewed for its 3rd season.
People prefer shorter anime This may or may not be true. But being from India and an Anime/Manga fan for over a decade, I didn't expect the sudden fad/growth of the Anime community. Naruto ending and its social network buzz seems to have given people a stimulus to pick Anime. Most of the people who ask me for recommendations want the Anime of lengths 24-25 episodes only.

Tl;dr As the market became more money oriented and people moving on too quickly. The seasonal structure of Anime production gave the studios and production houses more flexibility to hedge their risks by producing more anime but only prolonging the release of the more profitable and popular titles. This also seem to orient with the requirements of the newer generation of fans who seem to prefer the shorter, high paced and high quality of anime.

Interestingly, the Naruto anime series isn't over yet, since there are still roughly 30 (non-filler) chapters to go. But the filler arcs are so damn long that many people have either given up on the show or thought that the actual plot ended already.

@JefferyTang Exactly. I highlighted this point. I believe this is what happens when Studio wants to squeeze every last drop of profit from a brand.

I think 4 is a big one. I read an article talking about how otaku culture is driving the industry now as kids are spending less and less on anime goods. And because most of them compete for lucrative time blocks, the model has changed to allow more rotation and keep sales up as well as adults generally having less time to invest in watching.

On point 4, not only people prefer shorter anime, it seems that people are preferring shorter TV series and movie as well, so I think it is likely to be true.

Length of the anime highly depends on who sponsors (提供) the series.
There are 3 common sponsored types.
Sponsored by TV station
Example: Case Closed, Pokemon or many NHK animes
This business model is:
TV station pay money to anime studio
and get money from commercial.
The copyright of anime is held by TV station.
In this model, TV station can decide to continue current series or not.
But even if they stop the current series, they need to find a new series.
In most cases, they decide to continue the current series
because they don't want to get risk that the new series can't get enough attention.
Then many anime in this business model have very long series like more than one years.
Sponsored by one (or few) company.
Example: Pretty Cure, Gundam, Cardfight!! Vanguard or Sazae-san
This business model is:
One company pays money to an anime studio to create an anime
and also pays money to a TV station to air it.
Usually, the copyright of the anime is owned by the company instead of the TV station.
The reason why company does it depends on case,
For example, Gundam from Bandai, the main goal of the company is selling toys (plastic model).
They create the anime itself for commercial purpose.
For the case of Sazae-san from Toshiba,
they just want to sell the name of the company,
but they keep the anime series for more than 50 years.
If they create an anime for commercial purpose of toy,
they finish the series based on the renewal of toys.
Usually, they renew the series each year.
Sponsored by committee (制作委員会)
Example: most 12-24 episode anime.
This business model is pretty new, but become very common these days.
Multiple companies create and join a committee.
Each company has different interest area,
like: one company want to sell music CD, one company want to sell manga, etc.
They agree to create one anime series.
Companies then pay money to create the anime and share the copyrights.
In this model, the committee doesn't need to air the anime by default.
But usually, they try to air for commercial.
For commercial aspect, shorter is better because the committee needs to pay by miniatures to the TV station.
Conclusion
So, the length of the series depends on business model and length for each model is not changed.
But the ratio of the business model was changed.

In addition to what Arcane said in their answer, I think there's another major factor:
A lot of anime shows are based on manga, which themselves may or may not be built for a long-running series. Some of the things published as manga are simply not created to be an open-world for exploring stories.
For example, consider The Green Mile written by Stephen King (I know, not a manga but go with me here). It is a wonderful novel which was originally published as a series. I mention this because it was a serial novel, but it wasn't a long-running serial novel—which is similar to many manga. Each piece in the series plays its part, but it decidedly reaches an end, and that's that.  There's no room to expand on the story of The Green Mile.  The author told the story he wanted to, and there's nothing left to talk about. If they continued to produce 'episodes' of the series that talk about other prisoners, or other events in the same prison, I feel it would sort of lessen the story told in the 'original'.
(Side note: if you like the movie for The Green Mile, but haven't read the book, then I can't possibly recommend the book enough. It is by far one of my favorite books/movies of all time.)
Some mangas are like that—they have a story to tell, they tell it, and then it's done. There's no more.  Things like Death Note come to mind in that regard. The manga series has ended, and the story has been told. I don't know the chronology of the releases for the movies, TV episodes, and manga, but it's all 'done' at this point in time. It's a good read and a good story, but I think it would be lessened if they had tried to crank out episodes that fit the universe, just for the sake of making episodes.
Some shows are great for regular, periodic episodes.  Others just tell a story, and when the story ends there's nothing left to do but move on. In fact, I kind of hate it when they 'test the waters', like Arcane mentions, and season 1 ends on a cliffhanger because they were seeing if season 2 would be a thing. Then you get a story that's left unfinished, and you may not get the end at all (from the show or written material). If it's one thing I hate about a story, it's an unfinished story.
Just imagine if a show like Breaking Bad had just continued until viewership fell below a certain threshold, and then the next season doesn't come out just because it wasn't approved by the network.  That would be horrible, and the ending that Breaking Bad had was some of the best TV I had seen in recent years. Sometimes getting that complete resolution to everything is the best thing for the show, series, and audience.
So, to bring this all back to your question: I think part of what you're seeing is a lot more authors trying to tell a specific story, and doing it well enough to become really popular, but then the story is done. There is a lot of manga out there these days, so the market is saturated with really great stuff to read/watch. Getting a long-running series going then hits the issues that Arcane mentions, so what we end up seeing as 'successful' end up being the short/limited run series which may only run for 13-25 episodes, but they reach their conclusion and the audience is happy. And we consider an attempt at being long-running to be a 'failure' when it doesn't make it past the first or second season even though the episode count is the same as the short/limited series.
And there are only so many hours in a day, so at some point that comes into conflict with how much people can watch.  If we all end up watching really high quality anime that is 1-2 seasons long, then we simply don't have time for that 5+ season series.  Perhaps there are such series out there that just haven't reached your attention yet, or maybe if you did see such a series you would think it's 'too childish' and let it pass you by.
Small note about Attack on Titan: there are still more episodes coming, but it seems to have a long cycle to create, much like Rick and Morty. Perhaps continued support and revenue will allow them to hire more people to speed things up, but that's an issue with their business/development cycle more than it is with the content. You could have a super awesome business idea that would make you billions, and let your descendants live in luxury for generations to come, but it doesn't mean squat if you can't get it to market. Unfortunately, there are likely many great untold stories that fall into that category for one reason or another.

This is also a good point: most anime nowadays comes from manga and light novels, and not all manga and light novels are structured in such a way that the story can continue for twenty years. Especially drama and romance: you can keep an action series going by tossing stronger and stronger villains at the characters, but dragging on romantic tension for too long when it's the entire basis of the story just gets tiresome.

I think though you have given many relevant examples. This is covered by point 1... "There aren't just that many popular series which can be adapted for hundreds of episodes"

While I personally believe that animation has become more in-line with the original author's wishes and has largely elected to follow the original author's storyline, which doesn't always equate to a very long running series, I'm going to take this from a slightly different angle and pick on a notorious long series that you mention, Pokemon.  I do this for a couple reasons:

The manga and anime are divergent; the characters are largely similar but the plot is nowhere near the same.  This gives everyone - including mangaka and studios - liberty to create a new story in the same universe as opposed to following the one universe.
The games largely drive the manga and anime, and one generally sees a new season of Pokemon around the same time they see a new Pokemon game.  This keeps the theme and releases relatively consistent, with the same goal roughly in mind.

It is my belief that we don't see longer-running anime because we don't have universes that allow this kind of freedom.  Naruto had come close, but not quite on the same scale as Pokemon.

Divergent storyline between manga and anime
There is a list of different manga in regards to the Pokemon franchise, and not all of it is done by the same author, nor does it follow the same storyline as any of the rest of them.  The environment and some of the characters may be similar, but the storyline doesn't line up.
The more important point here:  it never has to.
What happened in The Electric Tale of Pikachu doesn't apply to Pokemon Monsters ReBurst, and someone new to the franchise can read either of these and enjoy them as they come, without having to wade through days or weeks or even months* of backstory.
That's actually been one of the franchise's major strengths in that the anime isn't inherently tied to the manga, thus filler is mandatory.  We've seen and/or live[d] through that with the Dragon Ball franchise, Bleach, Naruto, and others, in which a major plot line in the anime is blocked by the manga, which slows the pace of the anime down and adds more filler, making it harder to keep pace without knowing which parts it's "safe" to skip watching.
To tie this to my main point, the vast majority of series today are driven by their predecessors in manga; the story is being created generally by one person and generally they have their thoughts on how the story should progress, but the network and executives have to continue the series somehow.  With Pokemon, one of the longer-running anime series, this issue is largely avoided by not requiring the anime to be based on manga.
This isn't new in entertainment; most, if not all of DC and Marvel comics are being written in new and exciting ways by people who grew up enjoying the series, and they may involve certain people, or cut out entire plot lines from other universes.  The main point there:  it all stays canon, and none of that work has to rely on anyone else's to sustain it.
Predictable series storyline; generally focused around regions
I will say that Pokemon does kind of suffer from a bottleneck in that its series largely depend on a new game release.  However, this doesn't mean that the anime strictly follows the events of the game at all; the writers are free to interpret the world as they see fit with some idea that Ash/Satoshi progresses through to collect all of the badges and catch some unique 'mons.
Studios in charge of the more popular anime series don't really have this liberty; generally, one of these things could happen:

The author treats it as non-canon and progresses forward (ignore it)
The author incorporates it into canon (think Hayate no Gotoku and the addition of Kayura Tsurugino after the movie) (embrace it)
The author decides to reboot the series entirely, which may include some components of the original one and may not, with the liberties largely removed (Full Metal Alchemist: Brotherhood vs Full Metal Alchemist) (allow both to exist)

Depending on the series, this may be a risk worth taking, or may wind up backfiring.  There are plotholes in Bleach due to this; given that there was an entire arc in Season 7 in which a soul reaper was surviving in Hueco Mundo, and given the events that have happened recently, has either died or been completely forgotten about.
*:  Assuming reading or watching media for 18 hours straight per day, 6 days per week.  Y'know, binge watching.

It's because the TV slots for long running series are already filled. To get something new one of the existing ones would have to stop, otherwise it would have to compete with what is already there for viewers. Shorter anime run at night lots of the time or in the early morning hours. Not much of a chance to reach a broader audience in those slots and even if they do, more often than not the story just isn't made to go on indefinitely.
Also, maybe they save long running source material for when one of the existing long running series eventually stops.

I disagree with this.  There's nothing that says that Boruto (which is what replaced Naruto) will be long-running, and there's nothing realistically stopping a long-runner from being outmuscled by another popular series.

The TV slots are made this way. Boruto is just Naruto with a new name. Still the Naruto slot. It's impossible to "outmuscle" the TV slots. That's not how these slots work. That's backwards. The slots make a series popular, not the other way around. And those series get money by selling merchandizing, not by people buying the show on disc. Once the merchandizing stops selling, the series will be taken off rather ungracefully and replaced by something new that can be dragged out for decades selling new merchandizing.

Well, you have to think about how much time money and effort it takes to make an anime. It's like a manga, only with more pages, and it has to be coloured in and edited to fit smoothly into a video format. It has to have voice-overs and for people who can't speak Japanese, they need to either dub it or sub it, making it take a good couple of days and you have to pay everyone. Plus, they have to have inspiration to build something from, because let's be honest, some of the long anime have filler episodes like in Yu-Gi-Oh! when they have certain flashbacks that recap recent events instead of unknown information.
Some people say it's just that my generation has a short attention span (and I'm one of the ADHD members so mines even shorter). My sister says, with short animes, you can watch more, but if there are only say 5 animes in existence with 12 half-hour episodes, even if you watch only the recommended 2 hours of TV a day, that's only 4 episodes a day and you would run out fast.

Your answer is a bit incoherent...I'm not sure what point you're driving at here.

My guess is that in most cases the studios do not earn much profit. These days, rather than purchasing DVDs or watching the shows on TV, we simply download it for free. Without DVD sale or any TRP, where are they supposed to get any profit?

Odd, i don't recall Crunchyroll, Funimation, Animelab or like legal sites allowing you to download for free. if there was a download you certinally do have to pay either through a subscription or per episode/Set (as with the case for The Legend of Korra series on Playstation)

your guesses cannot apply here. show proof or references.

So in other words, piracy? Well, then, don't do it.


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How old are Ururu and Jinta?
Just wonder from beginning, Ururu and Jinta are looks like a child. But as we know they're also have some super strength as a human and a child.
So, how old exactly they're before and after time skip? Are their age ever mentioned in anime or manga?

You might want to read this, http://anime.stackexchange.com/questions/27552/what-is-jinta-and-ururus-identity

@AyaseEri So, are they still debated as a human?

They haven't show up in the manga lately, so there is no additional information on them.

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How Akeno has both devil wings?
In Highschool DxD new Episode 10, Akeno showed her wings to Issei and told that she have both Devil and Fallen Angel wings. But when I was watching Highschool DxD Born then in Episode 1 during one fight it showed that she has both Devil wings.
So is it possible that it is some kind of mistake or there is any explanation behind this event ? I am not sure but there are few other events too which shows that she has both devil wings in previous episodes too. But how it is possible ?

Quite possibly animation error.

Spoiler alert
Quoting Volume 4 of the light novel,

different from the usual two wings of devils, one wing was of a devil and the other one was the black wing of a fallen angel.

This is the basis for the scene you saw in High School DxD New.
Now, the background story of Akeno is that she originally possess only fallen angel wings. She was born of a Miko and a fallen angel. However, due to persecution from her mother's family, she ran away and then met Rias, who turned her into a devil, causing her to own both devil wings and fallen angel wings.
The cover of the novel shows her with demon wings. DxD BorN also shows her with devil wings.
So, a logical conclusion that we can draw is that

Akeno has both a pair of devil wings.
She can make a pair of both. For example left wing is that of a devil and right is that of a fallen angel or vice versa.

There is no mistake.
She has both Wings of Devil & Fallen Angel. She just hate it as she thinks her mother died because of his father who is fallen angel.
She afraid of reveling that she is half angel & half devil that's why she normally show devil wings. ( That's what i think.) & She afraid if anyone(issie) know about it, He will hate her but "He tells her that he never disliked the gentle side of her and knowing her past does not change his feelings."
Source http://highschooldxd.wikia.com/wiki/Akeno_Himejima

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Why does the church have seven-branched candelabra?
In the first episode, d'Eon asks a woman about the "nqm" motif and is directed to go to a church to read the "Psalm of Vengeance" in the "ancient tongue" (i.e. Hebrew). While he is there, we see two seven-branched candelabra on the table.

This was strange to me, since the menorah, a Jewish symbol, was the first object I associated with "seven-branched candelabra." My internet searches did not clarify this:

Wikipedia suggests that the Orthodox church uses the menorah in liturgy, but Le Chevalier d'Eon takes place in France, where Western Christianity predominates.
While I found a number of results that mentioned menorot in churches, I was not given much reason to believe that this was traditional practice.

I did find this forum post. The Google Translate version of the Wikipedia page linked suggests that ornate versions of such candelabra were common in the medieval period. However, I cannot tell from this whether they were still common by the period in which Le Chevalier d'Eon is set or whether smaller versions were ever at all common.

I searched for images of seven-branched candelabra; the results were largely Judaism-related.

Is there any in-universe reason (whether specific to Le Chevalier d'Eon, or related to its setting) why such candelabra are being used?

There's one more issue that comes to mind (why does it seem that these candles are being used so frivolously, if they're indeed supposed to be menorot?) but I'll leave that for now as I'm unsure of the specifics and would have to sit on it.

This was strange to me, since the menorah, a Jewish symbol. The Protestant Christian church  I attended as a child also contained both a seven and 9 branched candelbra. I was told this was to show were our roots lay, such a symbolism might be applied here as well.


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Do we ever get to see any official S-rank missions in action (Naruto series)?
According to Narutopedia, Kakashi did 42 S-rank missions, while Minato did 39 of them. Itachi only did 1 for some reason. Many of the other jonins probably did S-rank missions too. Do we get to see or at least know about any of these missions?
Note: Naruto and Sasuke have done 0 official S-rank missions (although it's fair to say that they've done harder things in their lives).

The Zabuza mission might've been S-Ranked IF bridgebuilder was honest, though tbh Genin like Sasuke and Naruto don't do S-Rank missions

The first mission that comes to mind is the S rank mission given to Naruto (counting animals and getting their gender) during the starting of the 4th ninja war. But this was to keep Naruto occupied and to prevent him from participating in the war, so it cant be taken into account i think.

So both aren't legit S-rank missions.

Naruto did get an S rank mission ie., going to the land of lightning and recruiting animals for war ofcourse it is a trick to stall naruto.

From the Wikia itself

S-rank - assigned to experienced jōnin and concern state-level confidential matters. Examples are assassinating VIPs, and transporting highly classified documents. The reward for an S-rank mission is more than a million ryō.
"S-rank" is also a designation given to extremely powerful missing-nin, earning them a place in their village of origin's Bingo Book. The organisation Akatsuki was stated to be comprised mostly of S-rank criminals.

Keeping this in mind we can list down plenty of missions undertaken which would've been classed as S-Rank. Thus off the top of my head the following missions should've been S-Rank even if explicitly not told so.

Retrieval of Gaara: Clearly a S-Rank mission with Team Kakashi and
Team Guy taking on Akatsuki members Diedera and Sasori
The hunt for unnamed Akatsuki - Hidan and Kakuzu. Several squads of
capable Jonin and Chunin were chosen for this S-Rank (not mentioned
explicitly)

 This mission led to death of a Senior Jonin Asuma.

Hunt of Hidan and Kakuzu: Shikamaru's planned mission to kill Hidan
and Kakuzu. Not official, but Tsunade allowed Kakashi to go along.
The hunt for Sasuke: Nearly all the original 12 Genin, kakashi,
Yamato etc. hunt for Sasuke. Sasuke is a S-Rank missing Nin, even if
Leaf doesn't consider it. Again not explicit.

Edit: - Interception of Akatsuki spy may have been S-Rank, but I feel it would most probably be a A-rank. Even though they fought Orochimaru
 - The unofficial S-Rank mission given by Kakashi to Shikamaru, Naruto
   and Sakura (With Pakkun): Follow Sasuke and Stop the Sand Genins. Might've been A-Ranked. Pardon my memory. Putting in the Edit box for now.
Wiki also adds,

These missions are exclusively assigned to highly skilled jōnin or large squads of ninja
  This is true for almost all these missions.

Source: Narutopedia's link on S-Rank

are these missions described explicitly as S rank or are you implying that they're S rank based on their difficulty?

@Bej If you'd read my answer I clearly say "the following missions should've been S-Rank even if explicitly not told so". The reason for this is because they are dealing with individuals who are in fact S-Rank, i.e. extremely powerful. Wiki says, "These missions are exclusively assigned to highly skilled jōnin or large squads of ninja" Which is true for majority of these missions. Except the first which only Kakashi implied was S-Rank

Again, if it's unofficial or not explicitly stated, it's technically not or not proven to be an S-rank mission. I understand that some of these missions were really difficult and were definitely S-rank level. But I really want some hard, explicit evidence that the missions were in fact S-rank, like Tsuande saying something like, "This is an S-rank mission, the reward will be high if you complete it."

If you take explicit to mean, "Hokage: I give you this S-rank mission". You'd be hard pressed to find. The examples put in this answer, pardon my hazy memory since I don't have the episodes or their transcripts handy, utilize the contextual clues available to me. The Hokage dispatching multiple teams led by Jonins? Either its a S-Rank mission or Hokage is too precautious? From the definition of "S-rank" the missions involving S-Rank Ninjas should automatically fit the bill. Is it clearly shown each and every time a S-Rank mission is handed down. No.

Also just addressing a possible "flaw" many might find is that both Neji and Guy are Jonins, so by my definition do they only do S-Rank Missions? I'd have to say, Its never Explicitly said so.

Okay, I've done some more research on this, and it lead me to this site: http://www.leafninja.com/mission.php
Apparently, there are no confirmed, but only probable S-rank missions, like some of the ones you mentioned. Still though, if you can look through the latest Naruto databooks and confirm that Naruto, Sasuke, or Shikamaru did an S-rank mission, I may believe you.

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What are typical numbers for chakra reserves and regeneration times in Naruto?
The Naruto franchise has been going on for long enough now that it should be possible to get some actual numerical values on chakra reserves and how much chakra is regenerated over time. Before I start trying to work this out using various incidents from the anime, I'd like to know if there are any pre-existing "studies" or creator statements regarding this subject?

As far as I'm aware of it, there's no numbers period. People either do long rests, in which we don't have numbers, or shortly rest and exhaust themselves. Moreover, we don't have a reserve number anywhere in the series.

I figured as much, but didn't want to assume. I'll have to work it out for myself. I'm thinking a high total pool that regenerates slowly, and a lower current pool which fills from the total pool at a fast rate. So it allows for the short rest to exhaustion scenarios while also allowing the "Kakashi was hospitalised for a week due to chakra depletion" situation.

What do you mean by numerical value on chakra reserves?

Kakashi says a few times that Naruto has 4 times as much chakra as him. I'm after a numerical representation of that. Say, Kakashi with 100 units of chakra compared to Naruto's 400.

It really depends on the Shinobi, I mean if they strain their chakra reserves by doing a bunch of exercises, in theory their reserves will grow. Regeneration time depends on the time you rest. If you're asleep you have a faster revival rate, but if you just sit still you'll have a slower revival rate, and if you're active (even if you are not using chakra) you'll have an even slower revival rate.


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Did Goku trigger the creation of Goku Black
According to Dragon Ball super episode 53, Goku, Beerus and Whis visit Universe 10, where goku has a fight with Kaioshin Zamasu. After their fight zamasu hatred towards humans increase much more and also he comes to know about Time rings, which he had no idea. His hatred towards humans, especially Goku caused for the creation of Goku Black
So therefore trunks coming to past, made goku meet zamasu indirectly trigerring the creation of Goku Black. Therefore creating a time loop
Is my suspicion correct?

yes you are completely correct in what you are suspecting if you want more information you can watch this video I found https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nlGM_srKkgk

This is true. Though IMHO, this was not necessary for Zamasu to hate Goku and the other humans.
In dragon ball super episode 57, Zamasu sees Goku fight in the universe 6 tournament and realizes that Goku, though a mortal, can reach the level of Gods. This enrages him and is the immediate trigger for him to find Zuno to get knowledge about Goku and the Super dragon balls. This subsequently led to the creation of Goku Black.
So Trunks coming to past and Goku meeting Zamasu was just a effect of the time travel but did not lead to the cause. Thus there is no time loop. This is more evident in the manga, where Goku does not meet Zamasu in the present. Instead Zamasu just hears about Goku defeating Majin Buu from Shin.


text:
Why did WWIII happen because of the explosion?
Alright, so in AKIRA the big psychic explosion causes WW3. My question is: why did WW3 ensue afterwards? Did the Japanese government cover it up as a nuclear explosion? It seems counterintuitive to start WW3, even if it is to cover up your psychic program.

Someone might come up with a good, sensible reason, but my default explanation for anything in the Akira movie is that the story just makes no sense.

You can't be sure to 100% the ww3 starting wa just a key element to getting a decent story going, there are probably multiple reasons that we don't know about in which the countries were wanting an excuse to go to war for.


text:
How much time passes between the end of the first cour and the start of the second cour?
The start of Active Raid 2nd ("episode 13", so to speak) clearly takes place some time after the end of Active Raid ("episode 12") - Sena has joined a garbage company (and reports being out of practice); Asami has been transferred to Unit 9; Inagi Koutarou is now the governor of Tokyo; and so forth.
This puts a lower bound of probably around a few months on the timeskip. Do we have any better idea as to how long passed between the two cours? (This seems like the sort of thing that'd be mentioned in promotional materials or something.)


text:
What happened to all the people with Senju last names?
In Naruto, the Uchiha clan was wiped out by Itachi, which makes sense why you don't see many Uchihas in the show. However, why do I hardly see anyone anyone in the show with the last name of Senju? The last time I recalled, they weren't wiped out by anything. What's up with that?
Note: I know that the Narutopedia page for the Senju Clan gives a short explanation, but I would like further elaboration.

i think they have done mixed marriage with other clans so much , that no pure senju exist as of now.

Tsunade is senju


text:
Do we ever get to see Bunta race?
Throughout Initial D, we watch Bunta Fujiwara coach Takumi indirectly through little pointers here and there, often before Takumi goes out on tofu runs. In later seasons, we eventually see Bunta overtake Takumi using the Impreza, while Takumi was driving the AE86. From these examples throughout the anime, it is apparent that Bunta is a fantastic and experienced driver. However, to the extent of my knowledge, we do not actually get to see him race or learn much about his background.
Is there a point, in the manga or anime (I've only watched the anime), where we learn more about Bunta Fujiwara's driving background or see him race?

I don't want to scare anyone away with the bounty message, I really do want to award this bounty to a good answer.

I've read the manga till the end. Apart from a few panels when he meets some old acquaintance to get a good racing engine for the Eight-Six, there isn't any back story about Bunta. There's a lot of talk about the Legendary driver 'Ghost of Akina'. It'd be an epic special though!

@SujithSudarshan thanks for the input! If you are able to expand that into a full answer with sources, I'd love to take a look at it

Throughout the anime there are a few scenes of Bunta racing solo, and as the other answer stated, there is one scene where Bunta "races" Takumi after getting his WRX, though it wasn't a proper race (more of an impromptu battle), and Takumi didn't know it was Bunta.
As far as I can remember, there were no actual races with Bunta in. I could be wrong, but I don't think there are.

I think there is a few things we are not taking into account:
1) Bunta's past
2) Bunta's eyes (here me out)
1) Bunta used to go racing with his bodies back in the day (he wasn't limited to just Mount Akina). Bunta never lost a race as he was considered the "undisbuted, couldn't be beat" racer (Cf. Stage 1 Act 1 - he ultimate tofu store drift) only one person really giving him a run for his money (See Stage 3). I remember reading somewhere that in the manga Takumi's mother died while delivering Tofu, and the reason I bring that up is because in stage 1 act 24 when Keiichi Tsuchiya calls Bunta about the race between Takumi and Ryoske, Keiichi makes the comment about Bunta scarring him for life with his "monstrous drift" to which Bunta replies "that was a long time ago". Whether retired or perhaps with a vow never to race again, atleast not in a more active sense, this is why we do not see Bunta race.
2) There is a reason that Bunta is the only one in the series that has his eyes closed. Its more of a symbollism, a sort of literary device if you will. In essence, Bunta is the perfect driver. This does not mean he is the perfect human being, but rather that he is the "undisputed, couldn't be beat". For example, whenever anyone asks Bunta about the outcome of the race, he never says anything except "we'll see after the race", representing his calm, collectedness. During the battle between Takumi and Godhand Bunta never makes any calls on the race, but he remarks on how Takumi still has a lot to learn. In Stage 3 when Bunta is driving the 86 for the deliveries and passes by Takumi's challenger, Bunta remarks "there was some skill behind that wheel" demonstrating his sort of 6th sense in racing. Overall, Bunta's eyes, as a literary device are to show him as the only driver who hasn't been beat. Although there have been some who gave him a run for his money, i.e. that have come close to beating bunta - Bunta still comes out on top.
Also, just going to throw this in here since I mentioned it - but yes, Bunta would beat Godhand. Godhand admits that an 86 has the ability to beat his time on the mountain, and we even see Takumi getting close to defeating Godhand, Bunta also remarking that Takumi has a long way to go. the point here being that comparing the skill level of Godhand and Takumi and the result of the race, it is likely that Bunta would win, most-likely by not letting God hand over take him the same way he overtook Takumi.

I had a look on the internet and in this link, it apparently shows Bunta racing against Takumi, as the title suggests. I haven't watched Initial D, so I guess they show that the blue car belongs to Bunta later on in the series. If you also look at the comment section, there are no comments that say the blue car isn't Bunta, so I believe that it was Bunta who raced. Also, If you search up Bunta racing, the link and another video which is the exact same shows up. Therefore, I believe it's reliable. The clip is from Stage 4 Episode 7 and I believe the answer to your question is yes, we do see Bunta race.

Technically, that is Bunta "racing," but that's the scene I already knew about from the anime (as I stated in the question). I was hoping for some more background on Bunta's racing career, not just this one scene, as @SujithSudarshan was alluding to.

@ThePickleTickler Sorry man, that's all i knew, like i said, i haven't watched initial D or read it so i don't know.


text:
What moments of Blue Gender considered causing huge controversy?
This TV Tropes site about Blue Gender says:

Actually, the series itself seems to be a source of great trolling on most anime sites.

What's the reason of it? Is there any worthy example to prove, show or explain?
There's another mention in said link that it is because of the ending, which, I can perfectly understand, but is also implies that it's not the only point of controversy.


text:
What's the reason Yuuki employs only male spies?
Haven't read the manga, but in the anime all the spies in D Agency are male.
Wouldn't it be beneficial for certain missions to have a female spy?

Joker Game is set from 1937 and later. During this time, Japan was in its Imperial Era, where every male was required to serve in the Imperial Army. Many women were forced into gender roles that would not allow them to become soldiers in the war. You can read more about Japanese women's role in WWII here.
However, D-Agency is definitely under different leadership than the rest of the Imperial Army, as evidenced by most of the show. I think that despite their variance from then traditional ways in military leadership, Yuuki still was not at the point where he could employ a woman as a spy due to the conservative and rigid gender roles at the time. I do agree that for certain missions, a female spy would have been beneficial to D-Agency's goals, but I think the concept was too 'ahead of its time' for the late 1930s/early 1940s in Japan.


text:
Was Kayano's recovery affected by Heaven's Spear?
Spoilers for Assassination Classroom's ending.
In the final battle,

 Kayano is killed, but Koro Sensei manages to repair most of the damage by using the somatic cells he collected from her in the same instant.

Koro Sensei mentions that not all cells can be repaired, so instead he filled the gaps with his mucus and in a few days Kayano's cells should regenerate and replace the mucus on their own.
But this occurs a little before the Heaven's Spear laser strikes, and we know that all the students were hit by it. This would mean that Koro Sensei's mucus would have evaporated, opening the gaps again.
Is there any indication that Kayano's health was affected by the laser strike? Of course I doubt that the gaps would be enough to kill her or cause any major damage anyway, but this seems like a pretty obvious situation to consider.
A possible explanation is that the mucus is unaffected by the laser, but I doubt it because the engineers were complaining that the strike would leave no sample material they could analyze (and I imagine that the mucus counts as sample material).

i might remember wrong, but i remember that they killed korosensei before the laser strike was fired

Heaven's Spear was only fired once,

and Koro-Sensei dodged it.

During that period, the students were not there. It was never fired again.

 After the fight where Kayano was mortally wounded, they killed him after he saved her. The manga basically ends there and there was no more follow-up as it was considered resolved.

The students were never hit with the beam.

First theory: The Spear of Heaven only works on "tentacled" creatures (ep.21). The first time it fired, Koro-Sensei's tentacles disappeared. It is likely that the mucus is dissolved along with the tentacles since is part of the "tentacled" creature.
The story never explains what the tentacles were made of. And not all tentacles do the same things but are made of similar substances (Kayano and Itona vs. Koro-Sensei vs. The Reaper). Mucus and tentacles are two different substances when separated.
Second theory: her human body has already integrated the mucus into her system and made them part of her until the cells can regenerate. The mucus in Kayano is not technically part of a "tentacled" creature but part of her.
Third theory: Koro-Sensei used a special mucus that he normally doesn't secrete.


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Regarding the life of Fisher Tiger in One Piece
I'm catching up on One Piece. I'm currently viewing the Fishman Island saga and more specifically, the story of Fisher Tiger.
Obviously, SPOILERS ahead regarding Fisher Tiger:

 During that story we learn that Fisher Tiger managed to climb the Red
 Line with his bare hands (10,000 meters from the ocean surface) and
 attack the Holy Land of Mariejois alone. A feat which shows that
 Fisher Tiger was a man of legendary strengh.

 This is why his death was so perplexing to me. After reaturning Koala
 to her parents he was attacked by Rear Admiral Strawberry and a score
 (?) of marines. He was shot to death.

 How this can be? How can such a powerful warrior die of a score of
 mare marines and a Rear Admiral when he managed to attack and survive
 Mariejois?

Am I missing something?

Well, most of the guys in one piece are vulnerable to bullets, unless they have a capacity to prevent that (evading/countering bullets, logia fruits, luffy's gum gum) especially if they are haki bullets (as all vice admirals have haki, and strawberry is one of them)

Yeah, I get that but I imagine that invading Mariejois must mean that you will get shot hundreds (if not thousands) of times. It doesn't make sense to me that one can survive something like that and not survive being ambushed by a score of marines.

It seems to me that Mariejois was not that heavily armed, if at all. I don't think they were well prepared to defend against an attack, and therefore the risk of getting shot was relatively low compared to a wall of trained marines.

Isn't he still lives after that incident? He doesn't shot to death, he survives, but deadly injured, and he refuse to get donor from human blood, so he died.

First, climbing a mountain couple thousand meters high isn't a big performance in the one-piece world. Luffy climbed a 3000m (~9000 feet) high mountain covered in ice and snow when he was on the drum island before the timeskip (Before getting stronger).
Second, Mariejois is the land of the descendents of the gods, the celestial dragon's. Celestial dragons hate every kind of person who's beneath them, even marines, so it's probably not very armed, Marines only use it as way to the New World and they still need to wait months to get access.

The Holy Land Mariejois (聖地マリージョア Seichi Marījoa?) is the capital of the World Government and functions as the primary path which individuals seeking to enter the other, far more tumultuous and dangerous side of the Grand Line, the New World, pass through.

And third, Fisher Tiger only attacked the home of the celestial dragons, where the biggest defence are the slaves.

I also think that Fisher Tiger had a (slight) advantage because he knew the layout of Mariejois since he has been a slave himself. Knowing when and where to strike can influence the outcome of his actions greatly.


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When do the Pokemon Movies occur chronologically to the plot?
I am wondering when each of the Pokemon Movies occur in relation to the series. particularity after which episodes because i know

Pokemon The Movie 2000: The Power of One was set during Ash's, Misty's and Tracy's travels though the Orange Islands
a bit of the start of Pokemon The First Movie: Mewtwo Strikes Back was actually seen in the series (when Mewtwo destroys and escapes from the Team Rocket Research Facility just as Jessie, James and Meowth return)

But i don't know when the events of the movies occurs in relation to Ash's adventure.

do you want a list

@Dragon more or less. it's up to the poster how they want to format it. just so long as it does answer the question in pointing out when each movies occurs in relation to the plot of the series

GEN I & II Pokemon Original Series (Kanto and Johto)

Pokémon: The First Movie—Mewtwo Strikes Back (Mewtwo's Counterattack)
Ash got all the badges and haven't fought the league yet. Could be anywhere between 64 and 74.
Pokémon: The Movie 2000—The Power of One (Mirage Pokémon: Lugia's
Explosive Birth)
Between 86 and 115 because he still has the Lapras.
Pokémon 3: The Movie—Spell of the Unown (Emperor of The Crystal Tower: ENTEI)
Between 156 and 165. Brock used Zubat in movie, gets Golbat in 165.
Pokémon 4Ever—Celebi: Voice of the Forest (Celebi: The Meeting that Traversed Time)
Between 201 and 209. Ash uses Bayleef, obtained in 201.
Pokémon Heroes: Latios and Latias (Guardian Gods of the Capital of Water: Latias and Latios)
Between 247 and 257. Misty obtained Politoad in 247, Ash got Larvita Egg in 257 which wasn't with him in the movie.

GEN III Pokemon Advanced Generation (AG) Hoenn

Jirachi Wish Maker (Wishing Star of the Seven Nights: Jirachi)
Between AG 004 and AG 047. May's Torchic only knows Ember and Peck in the movie and learns quick attack in AG 047.
Destiny Deoxys (Visitor from the Sky-Splitting: Deoxys)
Between AG 058 and AG 066. Ash has Trokoal but doesn't have Grovyle.
Lucario and the Mystery of Mew (Mew and the Aura Hero: Lucario)
Between AG 082 and AG 018. May gets Combusken at 082, Ash gets Snorunt at 108.
Pokémon Ranger and the Temple of the Sea (The Pokémon Ranger and the Prince of the Sea: Manaphy)
Between AG 148 and the end of the series at AG 192. Brock has Marshtomp (obtained in AG 148) and that's the latest Pokemon that the team acquired in the region shown in the movie.

GEN IV Pokemon Diamond and Pearl (DP) Sinnoh

The Rise of Darkrai (Dialga VS Palkia VS Darkrai)
Between DP 038 and DP 055. Brock already hatched Happiny, but Buizel is still Dawn's.
Giratina and the Sky Warrior (Giratina and the Bouquet of the Frozen Sky: Shaymin)
Between DP 085 and DP 100. Ash has Gliscor, but Turtwig hasn't evolved yet.
Arceus and the Jewel of Life (Arceus: To Conquering Space-Time)
Between DP 132 and DP 163. Ash has a Monferno which he acquired in 132 and evolves in DP 163.
Zoroark—Master of Illusions (Phantom Ruler: Zoroark)
Between 171 and the end of series at 192. Dawn has Togekiss, and that was the last Pokemon acquired in the series.

GEN V Pokemon Best Wishes (BW) Unova

White—Victini and Zekrom (Victini and the Black Hero: Zekrom)
Black—Victini and Reshiram (Victini and the White Hero: Reshiram)
Between BW 024 and BW 077. Ash has hatched Scraggy, but only has Tepig.
Kyurem vs. the Sword of Justice (Kyurem vs. the Sacred Swordsman: Keldeo)
Between BW 077 and BW 116. This one is debatable because Ash had Pignite but probably doesn't have Charizard (otherwise, he would've used it), but he could have kept it in the ball and there was no other evidence.
Genesect and the Legend Awakened (ExtremeSpeed Genesect: Mewtwo Awakens)
Between BW 116 and the end of the series BW 144. Ash has his Charizard and that was the last Pokemon acquired.

GEN VI Pokemon XY/Pokemon XY&Z (XY) Kalos

Diancie and the Cocoon of Destruction
Between XY 038 and XY 052. Ash's Froakie knows Cut (it's actually Laido) but is still a Froakie.
Hoopa and the Clash of Ages (The Archdjinni of the Rings: Hoopa)
Between XY 067 and XY 100. Serena has Braixen but Ash doesn't have Greninja yet. Clemont is also traveling with Ash again, so wait until after their battle when he rejoins them.
Volcanion and the Mechanical Marvel (Volcanion and the Exquisite Magearna)
Between XY 110 and XY 126. Ash has Noivern but his Goodra hasn't rejoined the group yet.

GEN VII Pokemon Sun & Moon (SM) Alola (?)

I Choose You and Everyone's Story
These two movies take place in an alternate timeline and are retellings of the Orginal Series and the Orange Islands, respectively. Despite airing alongside the Alola-based series, they have no bearing whatsoever on it.

I base these through the Pokemon in the team including (Ash's friends at the time) in the movie and the moves they've used. The original series might be a bit off because I have the banned episode as episode 38 and the safari episode as well. The first episode means that the movie was at least after that episode; the second episode means that the movie was definitely before that episode with one exception of Keldeo. It could be anywhere between the two episodes, so it's why there's a gap. The reasoning for the episodes is there as well. The source of info was from Bulbapedia and my Pokemon anime and movie collection.

After a quick Google sesrch, I found this from here:

AG stands for the Advanced Generation and DP stands for the Diamond
  and Pearl series.
Episode 67 (The Pi-Kahuna), Pokemon the First Movie: Mewtwo Strikes
  Back, Episode 68 (Make Room for Gloom)
Episode 105 (Charizard Chills), Pokemon the Movie 2000: The Power of
  One, Episode 106 (The Pokemon Water War)
Episode 155 (The Forest Grumps), Pokemon the Movie 3: Spell of the
  Unown, Episode 156 (The Psychic Sidekicks)
Episode 205 (The Kecleon Caper), Pokemon 4Ever: Celebi: Voice of the
  Forest, Episode 206 (The Joy of Water Pokemon)
Episode 256 (Just Add Water), Pokemon Heroes, Episode 257 (Lapras of
  Luxury
AG Episode 34 (Having a Wailord of a Time), Jirachi: Wish Maker, AG
  Episode 25 (Win, Lose, or Drew!)
AG Episode 85 (Sky High Gym Battle), Destiny Deoxys, AG Episode 86
  (Lights, Camerupt, Action)
AG Episode 134 (A Real Cleffa-Hanger), Lucario and the Mystery of Mew,
  AG Episode 135 (Numero Uno Articuno)
AG Episode 183 (Aipom and Circumstance), Pokémon Ranger and the Temple
  of the Sea, Episode 184 (Strategy Tomorrow - Comedy Tonight!)
DP Episode 39 (Steamboat WIllies), The Rise of Darkrai, DP Episode 40
  (Top-Down Training)
DP Episode 86 (Arriving in Style!), Giratina and the Sky Warrior, DP
  Episode 87 (The Psyduck Stops Here!)
DP Episode 135 (Beating the Bustle), Arceus and the Jewel of Life, DP
  Episode 136 (Hustle and Gateway to Ruin!)

Also, you can find more information about how the Pokemon movies fit into the timeline here, here, and here.
Please refer to this relevant question: https://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/73310/what-is-the-correct-viewing-order-for-the-pokemon-tv-series-and-movies
In addition, you can find a complete list of all the Pokemon movies here.

how come you only have up to Diamond and Pearl?

@Dragon It was just the results from the first source, I can go through and add the rest when I get the chance (it was supposed to just be a preliminary answer)

Slight Correction to the 8th movies time frame.

Lucario and the Mystery of Mew (Mew and the Aura Hero: Lucario)
Between AG 082 and AG 018. May gets Combusken at 082, Ash gets Snorunt at 108.

In truth this actually occurs later in the series
After AG134: A Real Cleffa-Hanger where Brock leaves his Ludicolo at the Pewter Gym.
Before AG147: where James drops Chimecho at a family mansion to recover and catches a Mime Jr.
This is more easily noticed by the fact that May has Squirtle and Ash has Phanpy; which both happen at the beginning of Battle Frontier.
Also
The 9th Movie Time frame - Pokémon Ranger and the Temple of the Sea
After AG182: Channeling the Battle Zone! where Ash Catches Aipom.
Before AG191: Once More With Reeling! where Mays Combusken evolves into Blaziken.


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What caused Charmeleon to become so disobedient to Ash?
Early in the series when Charmander evolves to Charmeleon, almost right away it begins to disobey Ash and refuse to listen to him. this continued to Charizard who would lounge around and blast Ash with a fire breath until he was frozen in ice during Ash's travels though the Orange Islands and Ash stayed up all night trying to melt the ice.
from what i remember Charmander willingly went with Ash when it's trainer abandoned it and he was about to die from the rain. if i followed the game logic i could assume that it was because Charmander's Level went too high in comparison to what badges Ash had however....

there was no signs of disobedience until after the evolution
the 8th badge of any region allows full control no matter the level however Charizard was still disobedient even after Ash got Kanto's Earth Badge.

not to mention that the level control ability of another regions badges would be made obsolete for someone like Ash who gets badges from other areas

So what caused Charmeleon to become so disobedient to Ash?

I found this interesting and helpful tidbit of info from an old PokeCommunity forum thread. It's not conclusive, but it is explanatory:

I think of it as like Charmeleon was like a teenager. It had paid
  attention to Ash when it was young and naive, because it Ash showed it
  caring and love. However, when it got older, and learned more, it
  became cocky and saw Ash for what he was-- a rookie trainer that was
  still learning many of the basics. I think Charmeleon felt as if he
  didn't have any respect for Ash. When he started listening to Ash in
  the Orange Islands, it was after he saw how dedicated and serious Ash
  could be, even to something that was repeatedly rude and menacing to
  him. I think that when Charizard saw Ash doing that, he began to have
  some respect and admiration for the boy.
Charizard may have been a 'plot device' to show pokemon that disobey,
  but it was important because it showed that not even Ash could 'wow'
  every pokemon with a couple days of friendship. It also was an
  indication of Ash maturing.

And here's another interesting viewpoint from an old question on Quora:

Since Charmander was once rejected as weak he had gained an
  inferiority complex. He was always trying to prove himself. When he
  evolve into Charmeleon, he lost his fear and considering itself as
  proud. He gained self-pride and was considering itself as strong
  pokemon. Thus he was arrogant, and didn't listened Ash's orders. Later
  it evolved into a Charizard to prove its strength in front of a
  Aerodactyl. Charizard retained his disobedience to Ash as of
  Charmeleon. However, when Ash saved him after being frozen by Tad's
  Poliwrath's Ice Beam, Charizard's loyalty to Ash returned in full
  force; the best part of Charmander's pre-evolved personality was back.
  So the arrogance and disobedience that Charizard (or Charmeleon) was
  beacause he was boastful of his immense power.

Charmander was Damien's Pokemon first. Ash didn't catch a wild Charmander. True, Charmander was abandoned by Damien, but it was still loyal to him.
Also, Ash didn't earn all of his badges fair and square. He got some because he defended gyms from Team Rocket. The anime badges don't make Pokemon obey, unlike the games.

I didn't want to mention the possibility that Pokeballs brainwash Pokemon. Even if they did, Ash did not use his own ball.

As explained in the anime episode 44, Charmeleon became disobedient to Ash because he was too low leveled (the old lady in that episode told Ash this herself). At the time, he didn't have all the gym badges, only a few.
In episode 46, Charmeleon evolved but still doesn't listen to Ash because Charizard is now even higher leveled. At the last gym where it was Charizard vs Magmar, Charizard found Magmar to be a worthy opponent and that's when Charizard listened to Ash but stops listening to him afterward.
Then they went to the Charizard mountain where Ash left Charizard there to train and that's the story of Charizard.

Ash leaves Charizard at the mountain after the events of the Orange Islands though. Charizard remained disobedient after the Magmar fight for a good while afterwards. And he only listened to Ash in this fight because he genuinely wanted to fight Magmar. After it was done he treated Ash with the same disrespect.

You have to look at this from a certain point of view, especially when taking the badges and their obedience into account.
The first thing to note is to look at badges that come with an obedience effect, the Cascade, Rainbow, Marsh, and Earth Badges, none of them were won under their rightful means.

Misty's sisters were just giving badges away and when Ash actually battled Misty for it, the battle didn't finish but Ash got the badge for blowing up Team Rocket.

Then the Marsh Badge (which came before Rainbow in the anime), Ash was defeated by the gym leader fair and square and in his 3rd attempt, the battle was more of a forfeit due to Kadabra laughing with Sabrina so that wasn't a victory that showed prowess as a trainer.

Then the Rainbow badge, that battle also did not finish as Team Rocket stopped that battle mid-way and then Ash goes into the flaming gym and saves Gloom and thus receives the badge so again Ash didn't defeat the gym leader and earn it.

Then the Earth badge, Ash didn't even battle the true gym leader, he battled Team Rocket who were more of stand-ins than the actual leaders. Yeah, they used some of Giovanni's pokemon but they were not actual leaders and thus Ash didn't even win the Earth badge under its rightful means.

This can show that the badges go beyond just receiving them. Like a leader can just say "here you go" and drop it in your pocket, that doesn't mean you showed your ability as a trainer.
I believe Ash had one shot to show Charmeleon he was capable in the episode "Problem With Paris". Ash sends out Charmeleon and thinks of Charmeleon's mindset, he's thinking "I'm evolved, I'm powerful, let's do this" he even looks ready to battle. But what's the first thing Ash tells him? "Go east on it" that was probably it. ANY chance Ash had at controlling Charmeleon was gone right there. Charmeleon looks ready but once Ash tells it to lose, that's when Charmeleon looks pissed and glares at Ash then goes on a rampage. Even further in the episode, Ash shows no control, he just shows weakness and does nothing to stop or control Charmeleon. Pikachu is the one who has to step in and stop him.
The final thing to note is that Charmander had a previous owner, Damian so technically it's a "traded" pokemon which have a higher rate of disobedience.

In the episode "The Problem With Paras", Ash is trying to help Cassandra train up her weak Paras. When Charmeleon was called out, and Ash told it to go easy on Paras. Charmeleon didn't want to be weak, and that's when it stopped listening to Ash. It got even worse as it evolved into a Charizard.
Finally, in the Orange Islands, Ash helped thaw it out. While everyone was asleep, only Ash stayed up to warm up Charizard. Charizard seeing how much Ash cared for it, even it always disrespected him, finally decided to listen to him.
The writers obviously made Charmeleon disobedient, to show how training pokemon isn't easy.

You've gotta remember, that in Generation 1, Bulbasaur, Charmander and Squirtle were the Original Starter Pokémon. As such, when they evolve, they can and will, become more stubborn and unwilling to listen, to instructions, that their Trainer gives them.
Now, as far as Charmeleon and Charizard, are concerned, you have to remember, that, as Charmander, he, originally, belonged to Damian, who left him out in the rain, to die. Therefore, Ash's Charmander did suffer, from abandonment issues and probably didn't, initially, trust Ash and, when he later evolved, into Charmeleon and Charizard, he knew Ash was inexperienced, as a Trainer and lack of Gym Badges and is, therefore, why he disobeyed him. Also, it's a possibility, that, Charmander was a Traded Pokémon, which tend to be even more stubborn, than Trainer Caught Pokémon. Pikachu, initially, didn't respect or trust Ash, probably because it was his first day, as a Pokémon Trainer and Ash didn't really know, what he was doing or getting himself involved in and Pikachu nearly died, by a flock of Spearow, who Ash was willing to protect Pikachu from, which is why he leapt into the air and used Thundershock. The ONLY REASON, why Charizard FINALLY started listening to Ash, is because of Team Rocket AND despite his lack of experience as a Trainer or Gym Badges, Ash still had heart and cared for his Pokémon, as if they were family.

In the Pokemon game Red and FireRed, when the player is asked to choose his pokemon, Prof. Oak saying about Charmander: you should raise him patiently.

In other words, the game states it's not easy to raise Charmander and needs a lot of patience to raise it well (of course that in the game mechanics, it's less effective than in the anime).
In the anime, Ash's Charmander is found abandoned by Damien, saying that "but that puny thing was so weak it couldn't even beat the weakest opponent." Brock immediately says "Charmander may be weak against water Pokemon, but if their trainers work hard they can be strong." points to the words of Prof. Oak in the game.
So since Charmander was abandoned, it may cause a terrific change in his attitude with humans at the evolution with the next material, since not raised properly from the beginning.
And the reason for that, since the anime introduces a different approach to evolution, as in Advanced Challenge season ep26 "Exploud And Clear", a boy named Guy has a Loudred, and once evolved to Exploud, his entire behavior changed by not taking orders from Guy. When Guy asked the gang about the evolution changing personality, Brock tells him confidently "Absolutely, when a pokemon evolves, it goes through a lot of changes. You'll not only notice a personality change but also in its abilities too."

Strange enough, in the first season when Ash's Charmander evolved, Brock didn't say that, but probably his claiming is directly from Charmeleon behavior changes.
In that episode, eventually, Guy is protecting Exploud from Team Rocket, and then gain his Exploud trust again, with a less than half episode, Ash's Charmeleon and Charizard though, had been a lot of time together from the half of Indigo League through the Orange Islands, taking much more time than Guy and his Exploud, probably not only because Charmeleon's fast evolution but because of the above, making himself less trust in Ash's orders 'til see himself as equal with him.

"Usually, he has a Rash nature." -> Pretty sure nature is randomized when you pick your starter in the games. So it wouldn't have been a guarantee to have the Rash nature

One for 5 times for playing the nature of Charmander is rush, from my experience in the game. and the other times it was quirky. 2. anyway it isn't the must factor for my answer, it's just support for the rest of my answer.

Pokémon natures aren't relevant to the Gen 1 anime because that mechanic didn't exist back then.

@ F1Krazy  you right, edited my answer.


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Do HM's appear outside the games?
In the games there was special Technical Machines (TM's) which taught movies that were key to progressing in the game like Strength, Sly, Surf, Cut. these were called Hidden Machines (HM's) and the moves they taught could not be forgotten unless the player went to a Move Forgetter.
Now i recall early in the anime and Manga when Ash met with a kid who had an Eevee and was being forced to choose what kind of Stone to use by his 2 older brothers who each had a Joltion, Falrion and Vaporion they used a TM to teach Eevee a new move which allowed the kid to win his battle to show how strong his Eevee could be without evolving.
However i don't recall HM's being shown in the anime and i didn't read much of the manga (only the one volume i saw in the mobile library like 18 years ago, i think). i am wondering if HM's do make an appearance in anything outside the Video Games and also if how they function has been reworked for the different media (as we don't see in the anime Ash pressing a B button to stop Pikachu from evolving or trying to weigh up with of it's 4 movies Ash should overwrite for a new movie like Volt Tackle)

No, HM's and TM's never (see EDIT 2) appear in the regular episodic anime.
It's understandable that these would be omitted from the anime. Often, these would be used in the games to allow the player to access different areas of the game. Because the game was viewed from top down, a simple rock in your path could cause a serious issue. This is why the games had HM's/TM's like Rock Smash, to get around such obstacles.
However, consider a similiar scenario in the anime. If there was a very large rock in the path of Ash and co., they would not likely need a Pokemon to move or smash it. If they did, the rock would have to be pretty massive to block the way, and there would be other ways around it. The use of TM's and HM's in the anime/manga was not as apparent, and was left out accordingly.
From a post on GameFAQs:

In the anime, every pokemon pretty much automatically knows every move
  it can learn. Because, ya know... it would make more sense.

And from a thread on PokeCommunity:

I don't think they'll ever be in the anime, since anime-verse move
  learning is generally more... dare I apply this term to the anime...
  logical than game-verse. Anime-verse TM/HM moves seem to be taught and
  worked on and developed like a skill rather than just implanted.
  Like... Pikachu and Iron Tail, Baoppu and Solarbeam... they were both
  taught and spent time mastering that particular move. They didn't just
  randomly learn it from a rather hazy "level up" method.
So yeah, no. TM and HM moves are taught, not implanted. The discs we
  use in game don't really work in anime-verse.

EDIT: As noted by @Dragon, there are Pokemon in the anime that know moves that can be learned through HM's/TM's in the games, such as surf and rock climb, but there is no evidence that these moves were learned specifically from an HM or TM.
EDIT 2: As noted by @Dragon and @Riley, there is a Pokemon movie called Pokemon Origins, that seems to have some version of HM's/TM's, as seen here. Sometimes in the Pokemon movies, different aspects are created or shown differently (as plot devices, if necessary). In Pokemon Origins, HM's are mentioned, but their existence in the rest of the anime is still unknown. There is also a reference to a few different HM's/TM's in the manga and the previously linked source, so it seems that they may exist in the Pokemon universe, or at least they did at some point. Credit to @Dragon for this find

HM's and TM's appear in Pokemon Origin

Could you include a source? I'll put it in the answer

I'm currently on Mobile so I can't go and watch video's. But I remember Red getting a TM after defeating Brock. The episodes are on YouTube.

fixed my answers

In Pokemon Diamond and Pearl, Ash's Torterra knows Rock Climb which is an HM. In Pokemon Best Wishes, it was shown near the end that an Oshawatt knows Surf. However, Ash's Torterra learned Rock Climb while it was a Grotle and he learned naturally without any help. There's also a lot of other cases of Pokemon using HMs, but they are all naturally learnt, no disks. In Pokemon Origins, Red did receive the HM for Cut, and in the manga, Surf was also an HM that was used quite commonly; it even shows Red trying to get the HM 3 but fails, then Misty gives him one.
Here is Red getting HM 1:

Here is Red in the manga trying to get HM 3, but breaks it in the chapter What a Dragonite:

Here is a link to Bulbapedia to which I found the answers in.

While these moves are known by Pokemon in the anime, they are not specifically learned through HM's like in the games. Plenty of Pokemon know surf in the anime, but just because they know it doesn't mean they learned it from an HM/TM like in the games

@ThePickleTickler what about pokemon origin and the manga, they actually got a physical disk

I can't seem to find what you are referring to, could you include a reference so I can look?


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can pokeballs capture items such as rice balls
i was re watching episode 25 of the original Pokemon series and while ash threw a ball at manky, manky threw a rice ball back and the rice ball was captured just like a Pokemon but opened when it landed in ash's hands. from what i know, poke balls can capture nothing but Pokemon and it doesn't react to anything but Pokemon. so how does this work?


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How did Commander Erwin know that the spy/traitor(s) would be within the 104th training squad?
During the female titan arc, how did Erwin specifically know that the traitor would be from the 104th training squad?

From a well established Tumblr blog post:

After the death of Sawney and Bean, Erwin then was able to narrow down the list of suspects, as only a soldier was able to kill the titans with 3DMG. Because of this, he went around asking cryptic questions to try to weed out liars and traitors, making people second guess themselves.
Then comes the night of the ceremony where the cadets join the Survey Corp. That night, Erwin instructed Levi to take Eren out on a ride to recon the area. Why exactly would he do this? It's clear it wasn't just a normal exercise, as Levi was rushing Eren and seemed frustrated and stressed. This was Erwin's way of narrowing down the suspects. By having Eren leave and the ceremony on the same night, he could deduct that if the enemy did not attack Eren or at least show up to the castle to kidnap him when it would have been strategically best to do so, then it must mean that they were otherwise preoccupied somewhere else. Where else? The ceremony. If someone was missing from the ceremony, it would be suspicious and draw attention to them. So this narrowed down the suspects to the 104th Trainee Corp.

Captain Erwin is known for his cunning. He is always steps ahead of the situation:

 1. Expecting spies/traitors in a war is common
 2. The appearance of the Colossal Titan and the Armored Titan seemed more than just "random". They always appeared out of nowhere, but perfectly timed - i.e. when the Coordinate power was lost from the bloodline, when the Colossal Titan appeared in front of Eren after the survey corps success etc.
 3. During the battle of the Trost District, they see Marco dead on the floor where half of his body is eaten. However, it was pointed out that his maneuver gear was missing, leading to think that someone took it. But the majority (or only) of the survivors were members of the 104th squad. Later, when Sawney and Bean were killed, they did a thorough check on all members' gears but all were fine because Annie (the killer) used Marco's gear

And he specifically mentioned Eren in his speech to the 104th Trainee Corps, plus he mentioned his basement having the secret behind the Titans
He suspected it must have been one of those who saw Eren at Trost, in the 104th
I'm guessing it was helping set the bait for the traitor, and spook them


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Why does the artwork look different before the OP plays?
In the couple of minutes before the Opening plays in Bunny/Usagi Drop there seems to be a notifiable different in how the artwork is to the rest of the episode
Pre Opening

Post Opening

why is it that the artwork appears to be different like this?

Because that's how the director decided to direct it? I don't think there's really much of a "why" here.

Is that the first episode? What about the other episodes? Does the same art difference also occur in other episodes?

@AyaseEri I have watched the first 3 episodes and it occurs in all of them and the first 2 screenshots are not from the first 3 episodes so I would assume that it occurs in all of them

Wait, so, it really occurs in all of them or you just assume that it occurs? If it occurs consistently then it is like Senshin said. If not then maybe it was rushed due to time and/or financial constraint.

@AyaseEri having seen the entire series i can say it occurs in every episode. the first image posted is from the scene that occurs before the Opening in Episode 11 (when Rin discovers her first loose tooth)


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Why Orochimaru's Edo tensei gives summons white eye but the recent edo tensei has the black eye?
I'm just wondering why the first and the second has white eyes and their faces are clean no cracks?

In the original Naruto he(Orochimatu) used 2 dead bodies which he then modified with a special scroll(showed in the fight between the hokages) to revive them ( the 2 Hokage) and that is why they looked like that(clean,white eyeballs and with no cracks) .In Shipuuden he didn't use dead bodies and they are just artificial cells. It is just a presumption without any supporting research done prior to writing, just an affirmation done with the knowdeledge gained from watching the anime. Thus I can't formulate this as an answer, only as a comment hoping that someone will provide a concludent answer.

but Kabuto did the same technique with bodies as well if I'm not mistaken but it has black eye and crack faces.

Well as i said I don't have the proper knowdeledge to answer cause i have not seen the whole anime only some big parts so I am pretty inaccurate so i don't really know. Sorry 'bout that

I think it is 1 one of flaws of the writer. I was like bored and watching some of the big scenes of naruto the fight between orochimaru and the 3rd and 1 thing I also notice that the third coffin that he summoned from the technique edo tensei was stopped by the 3rd so Im thinking whos in the 3rd coffin? then theres a kanji on the coffin says 4th but that cant be Yondaime I believe his soul was sealed inside of the reaper. hmmm hehe well thanks anyway for your answer! :)

You are welcome! But i really hope someone will provide a documented answer to your question because i just expressed my opinion (i am not really documented in the Naruto universe) so it doesn't count as an answer.Glad to help you even  if just a little bit.

When Orochimaru used that jutsu against 3rd Hokage, he hasn't mastered it yet, which is why both 1st Hokare and 2nd Hokage were that weak. With weak I mean they were not revived with all their power available for them to use.
Later, Kabuto mastered the jutsu, thus enabling him to summon the dead with all their power available for them to use. It seems that this also makes their appearance change quite a bit like you noted, in that they have different eye color and cracks.

I think it's the same thing with Izanagi, Kishimoto didn't think of the future while writing/drawing the earlier Manga, so it's just get retconned.
Here are comparison:

The first two looks like an emotionless, pale, living corpse. But in far-fat later episodes/chapters, edo tensei are just living corpse that has black eyeballs and can express emotions (you can see when the 'fail' edo tensei reacts to their acquaintance, they talk just like human beings. they also can allert their friend-now-enemy about the danger that will come).
I think it's just the way they differentiate living human and reanimated ones, in case there's a new audience/reader.


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How is Aika related to Mahiro in zetsuten no tempest?
I have watched the anime Zetsuten no Tempest (Blast of Tempest) recently and I am confused about the relationship between Aika and Mahiro.
From the anime it appears that Mahiro was the son of a rich and influential man and at some point he met with Aika who was to become his new sister.
What I don't understand is: was Aika an orphan child who was adopted by Mahiro's family or did his father remarry or something similar? Also, neither Mahiro nor Aika's parents are ever shown in the anime, are they dead? If so, is there any information concerning their deaths?
I have heard that there's also a Manga, so it might be that the anime is missing some information.

According to the wikia, Aika is Mahiro's step-sister through her mother's remarriage to Mahiro's father and both their parents were found dead along with Aika.
http://zetsuennotempest.wikia.com/wiki/Aika_Fuwa

Could you add a link to the page on the Wikia that says this?


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Why was it relevant that Aoi used her World during the battle at the end of episode 4?
In the battle at the end of episode 4, Canaria and Aoi get flown into Tokyo Bay by two Tokyo students, shortly before Suzaku flies Himekawa into point-blank range of the Leviathan-class Unknown to wipe it out. Upon arrival, Canaria employs her World to fortify/power-up the other combatants. Well enough.
However, Suzaku comments that Canaria's World is being combined/overlain with Aoi's World (which, as you will recall, is the ability to record and retransmit people's perceptions). This is probably what Canaria asked Aoi to do just before she started singing.
But why is this relevant? I can't think of any useful effect Aoi's World could have here, nor did I see anything to indicate that anyone was receiving any perceptions transmitted by Aoi.


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What is the height of the net in Haikyuu?
Is it ever directly stated in the show or manga how high the net is? Otherwise, is there a way to extrapolate it, or is there any information on Japanese high school net heights?

I think like most shows(including anime), equipment related specifics are assumed to be standard where it applies.

I don't know if Haikyuu!! ever specifically talks about it - it doesn't come up in the anime through the end of season 2, at least -  but the net height for high school boys' volleyball is reportedly 240 cm. (Contrast 243 cm for pro men's volleyball, and 220 cm for high school girls' volleyball.)


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Why do we hear "English" speech in Philadelphia in episode 3?
In episode 1 of Time Travel Shoujo, it is established that Mari can communicate freely with local folk when she travels back in time. For example, when she travels back to 1600 and meets William Gilbert, she perceives Gilbert's speech as being in Japanese, and Gilbert perceives her speech as being in English. The audio itself is fully in Japanese during Mari's sojourn in Gilbert's time.
However, in episode 3, something curious happens. Mari has been sent back to the year 1752 and meets Benjamin Franklin. Again, she is able to understand him and vice versa. At around 14:37, though, we hear two background characters say the following in English audio:

GIRL: Rain, rain, go away! Come again on Saturday!
WOMAN: Good, Laura!
GIRL: Thank you very much!

To be clear, what I mean is that the viewer hears roughly 「レイン、レイン、ゴーア　ウェイ。　カム　アゲイン　オン　サターデイ。」 and so forth - the voice actor for the girl has a strong Japanese accent, but she's very clearly saying English words (ones that aren't loans into Japanese, in particular).
Now, why is that? Is there some sort of plot-related reason why Mari's "babel fish" didn't work on these two background characters? (The show pointedly addressed the idea of instantaneous translation during Mari's supplementary lessons earlier in episode 3, so I suspect this isn't just a goofup.)

I believe the first reason is because it's a popular English language nursery rhyme. Translating it to Japanese (or other language) might remove the nuance.
The second reason which I noticed when watching this is because the conversation was heard from John's point of view, not Mari. Given that he didn't go to school because he's a slave, the conversation in English that he heard might not even be understood clearly by him. Thus the next 2 lines, "Good, Laura!" and "Thank you very much" were not translated too.


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Why are there so many tragic ocean promises?
Quite often in a promise is made to go see the ocean. Just as often these promises can not/ no longer be achieved due to some events occurring.

Is there some symbolism at play here? Leading to a character always having to dramatically fail at going to the ocean together? Or something different all together

I suspect you are massively generalizing from a small number of examples. I am unconvinced that "tragic ocean promises" are in any way a meaningfully common feature of anime or related media. (But knowing how [tropes] questions on this site go, somebody is probably going to come by with an overarching theory of Japanese media to explain this putative phenomenon anyway.)

@senshin Considering I can think of 12 series where this happened from the top of my head, I don't think it is that generalized. All though the tragic part is debatable. As often, some how in the end, the promises do get kept somehow. Let's hope somebody can catch a good overarching theory then.

If you have 12 series in mind, it would certainly be helpful to list them.

@senshin Will do so later today ^^

probably coz japan is surrounded by a lot of ocean and it's culturally common for them to make promises related to it, I would not be surprised

@Hakase Here in the Netherlands there's plenty of ocean 2. Never really heard of promises to look at the sea. However promising to go to the beach, to have fun. Maybe those are closely related. Maybe they just refer to it differently.

@senshin When we had that "Why is there so much fanservice in anime?" question, I was preparing my notes for an answer that would argue for the roots of fanservice in Jomon pottery. Then the question got deleted, and all my work went to waste.

It has something to do with the term Mother Ocean, the fact that Japanese islands are made of several volcanoes linked together, their work ethics and custom.
Mother Ocean
Mother Ocean is a term used to refer to the fact that all lives on earth starts from the sea/ocean as described in Nagi no Asukara. Even after leaving the sea and becoming land creature, the ocean still provides nourishment and food for them, thus it can be said that Mother Ocean is a symbolics of love. A love that knows no bound even when betrayed and left behind. An eternal love that is ready to accept when one repent and return to it as is the case with Miuna.
Thus, it can be said that a promise to see the ocean is a promise of love. The fact that the promise was broken and in some cases tragically, is a symbolics for a love that would never come true.
Japanese Islands, Work Ethics & Custom
See the following map.

Most of Japanese lands are mountainous terrain. People live on these mountains. In the olden times, these terrain makes traveling hard, thus not many mountain people travel to see the sea. In the modern day this would be due to their tight schedule making them unable to take vacation to the sea. I think it is already a common knowledge that Japan has a crazy tight work schedule. People rarely use their paid visit. That is part of their work ethics. Also, most Japanese visits ocean only during summer. It's an old custom.
Thus, while Japan has plenty of beaches, and given the distance and the availability of public transports it should be relatively easy to access, going to the beach is not something Japanese people easily do unless they already live by the sea. This means that going to the sea can be counted as a luxury for the Japanese.

You might also want to read this, http://www.japantoday.com/category/have-your-say/view/why-do-most-japanese-take-their-holidays-at-the-same-time-such-as-golden-week-bon-and-new-year

This answer certainly is "truthy", but is it true? Does anybody actually use the phrase "Mother Ocean"? Is it really true that the ocean symbolizes love? Is it relevant that it is difficult to travel from inland Japan to the sea? (Japan's population has, throughout historic times, been concentrated along the coast). Does this answer even have anything to do with the supposed "tragic ocean promises" that OP has not provided any evidence of?

@senshin I think it is one the ways of interpreting things. As such there is always room for discourse over what something in an anime depicts; extra large in Death Parade and Death Note. XD


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Anime dubbed by original voice actors
Are there any anime that have English language dubs voiced by the voice actors of the original non-English language of the anime?

This will be extraordinarily rare (if it even happens at all) for anyone who has to actually speak human language (Japanese/English), at least partly because of the sheer paucity of Japanese voice actors who are fluent enough in English to perform in English.

(To elaborate, there are a fair number of Japanese voice actors who are reasonably conversational in English - for example, Sawashiro Miyuki, Kakihara Tetsuya, Murase Ayumu, etc - but they invariably have a strong enough Japanese accent that you couldn't pass them off as native-level English speakers. I can only hope that Maxwell Powers gets to reprise his role as Suzuki if Kabaneri gets dubbed.)

For real action movies, jodie Foster is famous for dubbing its one voice in French (with no accent at all o_O) and I believe Daniel Brühl does it too in spanish/french/german/english !

The most prominent example that comes to mind is Pokémon, which has used Ikue Ohtani's voice for Pikachu for almost the entire series.

Thanks but does Pikachu ever speak Japanese or English?
Even in S1E17, it seems to only ever say "Pika-Pikachu" which is neither English nor Japanese and it is all with subtitles, not translated/dubbed.
I'm not looking for anime which uses the same audio recording for a characters speech in original and dubbed version but rather for anime where the Japanese language voice actor is also the same character's English language voice actor in the anime's dubbed version.

@qubodup The original way you phrased this question was if the original voice actor was used in an English dub, and Pokemon is the most prominent example that exists that makes use of the original Japanese seiyu.  If you're looking for something more specific, you should look to edit your question.  However, that shouldn't invalidate  this answer, since the original seiyu are indeed used.

I thought "dub" implies translation. PS: and I did specify "English"

As a matter of fact, Mari Iijima reprised her role as Lynn Minmei in ADV's 2006 English dub of the 1982 anime Super Dimension Fortress Macross. Unfortunately I can't find any clips of the dub, but here's an English interview with her about the role.

As amazing as that would be the answer is no.  A majority of the voice actors in the industry would have to be fluent in English for that to happen, and that is sadly not the case here.
EDIT :A lot of Japanese voice acting tends to be 'good', but at the same time it's a lot different than the type of voice acting in English. With English, we kind of strive for natural sounding voices that sound normal. Whereas in contrast with Japanese voice acting, especially in Anime, nobody in real life talks like any anime character. While overacting is seen as a sign of a bad actor in the West, over in Japan it's kind of the opposite. And I feel because of this, it's kind of easier to come across as a good voice actor in Japanese than it is in English. That and directors are super picky about VAs. Some directors will go through hundreds of auditions for characters that aren't even the protagonist.
Also, would you like to watch an anime where all the jokes and puns which kind of make sense in Japanese, would be lost in translation?
As an answer said already the most prominent case of that happening is in the case of Pikachu.

There may be more than one occurrence, but this does indeed piggyback on my original answer.  Do you have more sources to add?

yeah sorry if I piggybacked unintentionally :( . I edited it. Honestly Pikachu is the only case which comes to mind when a question like this is asked.

The D4DJ English dub has one of the Japanese voice actresses playing the same character in English. Which is really cool!

For another single shared seiyuu, Sally Amaki will be playing Carol Olston in both the Japanese and English releases of Tomo-chan wa Onnanoko!. Both she and Kagami Karin hail from California--i.e., they're native speakers of American English.


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About "Hoshi no Hitomi no Silhouette"
In episode 21 of Sousei no Onmyouji, Mayura advises Benio to read a manga titled Hoshino Hitomi no Silhouette ("Hoshino Hitomi's Silhouette") to learn how to deal with Rokuro romantically.

After googling around a bit, I noticed that this work is a clear parody of a work with a homophonous title ― Hoshi no Hitomi no Silhouette ("Silhouettes of the Eyes of the Stars"), published 1985-89. The author of the fictional work is "Kaede Akane", whose name means "Maple-tree Red", while the real work is by Hiiragi Aoi, which can be read as meaning "Holly-plant Blue". I point this out to emphasize that this is clearly an allusion of sorts.
Mayura describes this manga as a "bible of romance", supposedly read by four million girls, and shows us these archetypical shoujo-romance scenes from the manga:

I don't have any context for why the author might have chosen to parody this particular shoujo romance manga, though. Might there be some sort of connection between Sukeno Yoshiaki (author of Sousei no Onmyouji) and Hiiragi Aoi? Or is Hoshi no Hitomi no Silhouette a particularly classic exemplar of shoujo romance manga?


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Was it a Time Traveling Idol? Or just a Hallucination?
In the Love Live movie Honoka meets an older woman in NY, singing "What a wonderful world.

That woman then goes on to give live coaching to Honoka, and knows awfully lots about her,

Including the fact she used to dare jumping mud pools as a kid as shown in the first scene of the movie.

No one of the other muses can see her, she is afraid of going near Homura's Japanese sweets, and seems to show up right where honoka needs her to be.
Also, her eye color is a dead-ringer for "older Honoka".
So, is she...

Time traveling honoka that comes back in time to fix everything.
A hallucination honoka is having. She is not real, and Honoka bought/found the mic stand somewhere.
HonoMaki DBZ fusion from another reality.

Word-of-God sources preferred, but feel free to base your own analysis on the movie material alone.
Who really was "Female Singer"??
Sources:

https://myanimelist.net/forum/?topicid=1435102
https://www.reddit.com/r/LoveLive/comments/3km7lg/love_live_the_school_idol_movie_discussion/

My bet is no. 2 or no 4. a stalker fans.


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Why so few Iwatobi Swim Club members?
In the first season of Free!, the three main swimmers of Iwatobi Swim Club could only manage to add one new swimmer, Rei. (Gou, while a member, was not a swimmer.)  In the second season, even though it was an active and ongoing goal, they never managed to add anyone else.  While the issue was not actually central to the plot, it bothers me that these likeable guys could not find anyone else.
I can think of two possibilities.  The first is production-based -- the folks doing the anime chose not to complicate the plot with any more characters.  To counter that, though, the Samezuka Acadamy, with already at least a dozen on their team, added two more significant ones during the 2nd season. The other possibility is that there is an underlying reason within the story that the Iwatobi High School Swim Club is supposed to die.  It will do so after this school year, due to the graduation of Haru and Makoto.  With only three members (two swimmers), the team would be auto-disbanded.  Why can they not get any new teammates?

Having completed my re-watch of Eternal Summer, there is like a 3-second scene during the closing credits which applies to this question.  Various future events are displayed, one of which is Nagisa, Rei, and Gou apparently adding new guys to the swim team, probably at the start of the next school year.  Even if so, why could they not recruit anyone else during the two school years covered?

It is not that they didn't try getting more members, but it's just that no one showed interest in joining the swimming club. In one of the episode, it is shown that the club members put on a show to recruit new members, but fail drastically.
I don't remember the episode number as of now. I will add the reference when I find the episode. It was like a stage in which each club showcases themselves to get new members from the first years.

There are at least two episodes of Eternal Summer where significant screen time is spent trying to recruit.  They did try, I just cannot figure out why they did not succeed.


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How can Mewtwo Mega Evolve?
Mewtwo being an artificial pokemon, how can it mega Evolve? Has the mechanics of Mewtwo mega Evolution been explained in the Genesect movie, game or any other canon?

being artificial but is still a pokemon isn't it? therefore shouldn't it mega evolve like any other pokemon?

But if it is artificial, and mega stones are natural, so there shouldn't be a mega stone for Mewtwo (unless it is artificial of course)

@Gravinco I think that is the answer (though would be fan theory). He requires an artificial mega stone, a mega stone for a different pokemon (mew maybe), a combination of mega stones from those pokemon whose DNA he has, a science experiment (think recreate stone radiation or something) or a special story such as being accepted as a real pokemon by Acceus (or another ultrapowerful pokemon) causing a mega stone to "naturally" form.

You should post this as an answer

@kaine the only ingame theory is that the Mega Stone require Irradiation from Xerneas or Yveltal. Charizardite X is also postulated to be artificial, with the Y-forms being the natural ones.

It's only theoretical and the evidence may not me be true to the games, but in the first movie we see Mewtwo create new Pokeballs, that can even capture a Pokeball, and the pokemon once captured going through DNA engineering device to be cloned, so it's not too far to say that Mewtwo is the one who created the Mega Stones for him.

Although the theory might not well combined with the game, I can bring reference to that from the game, once captured in Pokemon X\Y the player is given automatically the Mewtwonite as shown it was where Mewtwo is found, it may imply that Mewtwo already had the Mewtwonite.
Though in the remakes for Sapphire and Ruby the player finds the mega stone for Mewtwo in the Pokemon League buildings, still it's only theory.
(all this support @kaine comment)

What else can you expect? Also the anime was been very inconsistant, which has led to the theory that the anime is completely different from the game.
As for the fundamental laws of Pokemon, a certain Pikachu once KO'd a Rhyhorn (Ground type) with Thunderbolt. That same Pikachu's Thunderbolt failed to destroy a certain Swanna because it was hiding behind an Aqua Ring. Aura Sphere has set a record for having missed.
The most logical expectation might be that Mewtwo is almost a completely humanoid Pokemon, so it doesn't need a trainer to actually set itself into a mega form. Also since it is artificial, maybe a few tweaks or something happened, that made it capable of Mega Evolving itself.
Hope I helped!