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Why is manga typically created with screentones rather than grayscale fills?
I was recently introduced to the screen-tone process. Here's a short video for reference. Why was this, and why is this still the prominent technique for coloring manga? What advantages do screen-tones have over grayscale fills?

To clarify, a fill is when an artist uses a solid color to completely color one area (with marker, paint, pencil, etc...).

I'm not familiar with the terminology - is a "grayscale fill" when you have a digital image and fill a region with a color (e.g. using the bucket tool)? Or is it a thing you can do purely with analog tools (pen, paper, ink, etc.)? If it's the former, I suspect the reason is basically that manga drawing has been a largely non-digital process since its inception, and the industry is slow to change.

I'd say it's for flexibility and artistic value. Screentones are not limited to adding shades of gray to an image, whereas a grayscale fill probably is (I'm only guessing based on the name, since I don't actually know what it is). Also, an image using truly grayscale tones looks quite different from one that uses screentones. You might as well ask: why are manga drawn by hand and not computer generated graphics? There are a number of manga with CG in it, and they're usually referred to as "cold". CG also tends to be less popular among fans.

Ah sorry. A fill, whether digital or not, denotes that an entire area is one shade. I've updated the question to specify the definition.

These are called Ben-Day dots. Depending on the size and spacing of the dots, you can create different shades using a single colour - or, with a limited colour palette you can produce different shades not available to you.

This is often used to save on printing costs, as you can get a wide range of shades/colours with a smaller usage of ink and no need for different levels of pressure.
Because manga is often a disposable medium, keeping costs low is often a priority for magazines and such to pull a profit - without increasing the prices for consumers.
You may see this in other non-manga print mediums as well - like free/low-cost newspapers:

It has become associated with comics both East and West - so often shows will use it for artistic purposes as well.

Other screentones exists, like speed markings, shoujo sparkles and such - and simply, they are used because it is both easier and faster to get your desired effect.
As well as providing particular aesthetics, it ensures a colour is solidly evenly shaded, whereas when colouring manually it is easy to have uneven shades by angling or pressuring differently across an image.

Also note that making manga for big publishers is also a collaborative process, and shading can be delegated to less-skilled assistants. So it's best to use something that can produce consistent and acceptable results - screentone - without the risk of lost quality due to unskilled shading.

It's impractical to use a solid colour or shade of grey when printing manga and most other forms of printed media. Doing so would require using a separate ink to render each individual colour or shade. Instead most printing methods use a  limited number of inks that are combined with the background and other inks using dots (other shapes) to render other colours and shades. For example a typical ink jet printer combines cyan, magenta, yellow and black dots to produce various colours, while the black and white pages of most manga use only black ink. Different shades of grey rendered are using techniques like hatching and screentones.
For example here's the cover of the first volume of the Yokohama Kaidashi Kikou tankoubon by Hitoshi Ashinano:

While it looks like the letters of the title are a solid colour, if you look closely they're actually made up of different coloured dots:

The cover was probably produced by taking the original artwork, overlaying the title, and then using some sort of halftoning process to produce something that can be reproduced the publisher's colour printing presses.
Inside, the manga is in black and white, and the use of dots and hatching to represent areas in various shades of grey is more obvious. When the manga was originally published it was in the manga anthology Monthly Afternoon, probably on cheap coloured newsprint. The printing process here doesn't support the fine, almost impossible to see with the naked eye, halftoning used on the cover of the tankoubon volume.

You can see the shadows on the character's arms drawn using a hand drawn hatching, while screentones are used to shade her pants, her hair and the guard rail in the background. You can also see where hand drawn details were added to the screentoned clouds in the background.
If solid greyscale fills were used in these areas it would require using a separate ink for shade used. Separate printing plates would have to be produced for each shade, and the printing process would have to ensure that each was applied precisely on the page so they don't shift relative to each other. This would dramatically increase the cost of printing of what originally was a cheap disposable magazine.
Alternatively, the greyscale filled pages could be halftoned or digitally dithered in a fashion similar to the cover. This would allow a single plate with black ink to be used, keeping printing costs the same, but the result would look pretty crude. The dots can't be as fine as used on the cover. On cheap newsprint they'd just bleed together to make the entire page black. With larger dots, it would end up looking like a fuzzy low resolution image. It wouldn't be anywhere near as good what can be produced through the judicious use of screentones and hand drawn shading.

You're confusing halftoning for printing with screentoning. The principle's the same, but halftoning for printing colors (gray included) is a reproduction process (to make multiple copies) which the original artist has no control over (it's decided by the printer), while actively using screentone beforehand is a shading process which the artist has full control over (in choosing screen frequency and whatnot).

@Vun-HughVaw No, I'm using both terms correctly.

Not really. "The halftone pattern for the color" part is decided by the printer. No one their right mind literally paint in halftone. They paint in good old watercolor or whatever medium they're accustomed to. Therefore if you see color in halftone, it's reproduced - NOT the original. Compare this to screentone, which is added right from the START. Artists buy sheets of halftone-dotted screentone and apply them to the black and white drawings, so those halftone dots ARE original.

And who on earth prints using separate (gray, I suppose?) ink like you suggested anyway? I've heard there could be one more gray cartridge to use along with default black one, but it would be absolutely insane to print with a separate ink for every single shade of gray.

Think of it this way: for colored artworks - paint with whatever you like, the halftone patterns is none of your concern and completely irrelevant because it's what printers make (which is why there's no sense in including this part in your answer). For black and white artworks, use screentone sheets beforehand.

The "gray ink" part is not worth bringing up either. You're making an argument against something that no one does to begin with.

@Vun-HughVaw You've completely misunderstood what I've written.

I would have only if you're implying that artists literally paint in halftone, which no one does. Why is that part (For example... publisher's colour printing presses.) in your answer anyway? Please do enlighten me on what I've misunderstood. Note that the OP asked about applying screentone right in the process of making manga (watch the video, in case you're still confused), while what you've described is how printing and reproduction of manga for mass publishing works. The former is what the artist does, the latter is what the printing shop does. Don't confuse them.

To clear up your confusion, let me make this clear: the gray shade on her pants and the pattern on the clouds in your second example, it's there in the first place. It was the artist who applied it there with screentone sheets, NOT solid fill. It has nothing to do with the next part about "printing with separate ink" ("If solid greyscale... disposable magazine.). Nor does it have anything to do with the previous part. Watch the linked video (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FK1qRP_E7Is): the artist is not using any solid fill whatsoever.

@Vun-HughVaw I never said anyone painted in halftones. I never said that the screentoning wasn't done by the artist. No reasonable interpretation of my answer could conclude I said either of these things. Since you're being unreasonable I'm not going to waste any more time with you. I'm just going to ask you to downvote and move on. You haven't pointed out any problems with my answer that I need to address.

You clearly don't even understand what you wrote. Feel free not waste time with me if you're failing to see the problems with your answer (which for the most part is completely irrelevant to the OP's question) that I have pointed out three times now. I'm not trying to change your mind, I'm trying to at least give people who read this answer of yours some warning about its usefulness. There's a reason I wanted to point the problems of this answer of yours, and not the other one above.


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Is Pip Bernadotte dead in Hellsing?
In the anime, I saw Pip Bernadotte died. But when Seras was fighting the captain she summoned him as familiar, thus my question.

He's just as dead at the one Alucard killed/consumed.
Physically dead, but he kinda lives on inside Seras' blood/soul.
If you'll remember, Alucard summons a lot of people he had killed and uses their powers in the last episode, it's the same here with pip. He'll be completely dead when Seras kills him from with her, like Alucard did with all his captured souls/familiar in the last bit.

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Are people from Shandia originally from Sky Island?
I've just rewatched the Skypiea arc, and I realised that 400 years ago, before Jaya Island is blown up by Knocked-Up Stream, people from Shandia have wings.
People living in Sky Island also have wings, or it's more like people with wings are from Sky Island.
Like people in Skypiea, Enel's crew from Birka.

Urouge also has wings and he's also from an unnamed Sky Island. As we can see, he talks to Kaido before he jumps from Sky Island.

Then, why do people in Shandia also have wings, even before they blew up? Are they originally from another Sky Island?

The Shandia were once called the Shandorians. They lived on the moon along with the fellow moon races, the Birkans and Skypieans. The three races had also built a robotic race called the automata. However, when resources on the moon wore out, the three races had to leave the automata behind as they headed for Earth.
while the Birkans and Skypieans settled in the Sky Islands, the Shandorians made it as far as the Blue Sea. They settled on the island of Jaya. They used to be one of the more powerful societies on the Grand Line, but their city of Shandora was invaded during the Void Century by the Twenty Kingdoms. Their kingdom fell and only a small tribe was left.
Though the Shandorians disappeared, they left their descendants a legacy, including the ruins of the golden city of Shandora and the Shandorian Golden Belfry Bell. This was also one of two poneglyphs, containing the details of Poseidon which they had guarded with their lives for generations.
They are related. Plus you can see on the moon tablet that the also had wings from the start since they all are moon races.

I never heard they're from the moon, can you give me source? is that from anime or manga?

I believe you find that out at the same time you find out what happens to Enel if I recall correctly.

I'm only watch until eps. 197 now, it's when Luffy's crew fall from Sky Island, and landed on Marine Base. I know Enel left to the moon, but I think I miss something, or maybe it's explained in next episodes after episode 197?

It is from "Enels Great Space Operations" which is only a few covers. Most of the information (such as the three races) is from looking closely at ancient paintings on the walls.  Some of these details are speculations but do seem to be Oda's intentions.

@JTR, no it never occurs in the anime.  All of the images are on the wiki.  As it is in the manga, it is canon while (for instance) the landing in the marine base is not.

@kaine oh.. okay, thank for your informations everyone!

It might be a good idea to incorporate links to the info in theanswer, but if they don't, here it is: http://onepiece.wikia.com/wiki/Enel's_Great_Space_Operations

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Can Blight be cured with any kind of water?
In episode 2 of Noragami, we see that when Yato's hand gets blighted, he can remove the blight from his body with water from the Shrine he sleeps at.

However, in episode 9 Hiyori successfully removes her blight with water from Kofuku house. Are there any criteria for the water that is used for cleansing a blight?

As said on the Wikia article on Blight:

Blight mark without phantom eyes can be cleansed by washing it away using purifying water obtained from shrines or natural springs. This method only works for a God that is injured by a phantom’s attack or a soul that is infected from a wounded God.

Even though Kofuku does not have a shrine, I guess the water at her home qualifies as "purified" owing to it being her abode, and her being as famous/worshipped as the Seven Gods of Fortune.
Either that, or she has stored some "purifying water" at her home for dealing with blights like in the case of Yato.

I forgot what episode it is but Daikoku mentioned that the water they get in the house is straight from the shrine.


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How and how much do the dolls know about the other dolls?
Preface: This is coming entirely from the anime’s perspective and yet without the 2013 one, which I've only started watching.
We are introduced to Shinku, Hina-Ichigo, Suigintou, Suiseiseki and Souseiseki in the first season in order of appearance. Bara-Suishou and Kanaria are introduced in the first and third episodes of Träumend, respectively. During episode 1 of Träumend, Shinku explicitly refers to herself as the fifth Rozen Maiden doll, and Bara-Suishou answers to the seventh.
In episode 1 of the OVA Ouvertüre, we learn that Shinku then only knew about three Rozen Maiden dolls at the time of Ouvertüre. However, for some reason, she knows that there should be seven. Also in that episode, Shinku gets to know Suigintou for the first time.

 She finds out, that Suigintou is broken and initially does not even have a Rosa Mystica thus concluding that she shouldn’t be a Rozen Maiden. However in the second OVA episode, Suigintou has been restored after defeat and granted a Rosa Mystica, obviously making her a true Rozen Maiden.

In episode 12 of Träumend, we learn that

 Bara-Suishou was not an original Rozen Maiden but rather an Enju Maiden being crafted by a different doll maker. It is not clearly revealed as far as I can tell whether she has a Rosa Mystica but she cannot cope with winning the Alice game and thus the other six girls’ Rosa Mysticas, possibly because she is not pure enough. In any case, the situation is restored to a pre-Alice-game situation where only those dolls defeated by Rozen Maidens stay defeated: Hina-Ichigo and Souseiseki (by Shinku and Suigintou).

 I conclude from these facts, that Bara-Suishou is quite a bit younger than the other dolls.

Therefore, the dolls must somehow know that there are seven of them but not who they are until they met each other.

Why did they know that they must be seven?
How and why did they know the how many-th doll they are?

 How was it possible that none of the six met the seventh proper Rozen Maiden in the over 100 years that they had been living and fighting all over the world, so that they all assumed Bara-Suishou to be the proper seventh?

 Shouldn’t there have been any clues for the other dolls that Bara-Suishou is ‘non-canonical’? E.g. the scene at the end of Träumend 10 where they meet Enju and call him father.

I wish I could answer, but I haven't watched the 2013 anime to be sure if it ties to Träumend or not. While I belive the 2013 anime, Zurückspulen follows the beggining of the second manga series. I'll check some things out, but I fear I won't come up with an aswer thyat carries good proof...

The question "How and how much do the dolls know about the other dolls?" is hard to answer by the anime perspective.
The anime storyline started to differ from the original manga storyline, and the differences became great enough that they can be considered different works.
Not many details are included about the dolls' past in the anime, and the plot offered in both Träumend and Ouvertüre was discontinued, as they were animation original plots, not related to the manga storyline, so what we have seen is all we have to try and deduce answers for that specific scenario.
The second manga series advanced the manga story, and gave more information about the Rozen Maiden's past. And it contradicts and negates the information given by Ouvertüre.
It is revealed that, at first, the dolls all lived together in what they called "The Miniature Garden", altought it was more of a big deposit than a real garden. They spent time together, playing around.
Yet, events happened, and while they expected their creator to be making a seventh doll, neither the seventh nor their creator ever appeared, and as they started to question wether they had ben abandoned and forgotten, LaPlace appeared before them and started the Alice Game.
So, by the manga plot, the six know maidens all knew about each other, because they lived together as sisters before the game began. But they never knew if a seventh really existed.
But the manga plot also does not have a Bara-Suishou. She exists only for the anime plot.
As for the actual seventh doll, the reason none of the maidens met her over the years, is because the seventh doll did not have a real body, so she was not able to properly participate in the game.
Sorry, but since I still haven't finished reading the manga, this is all I know at the moment.

Thanks, that’s very nice information for a start. I think that means I’ll have to read the manga in the long run (which I don’t usually do).

By the way, being in the middle of watching Zurückspulen, I’m pretty sure that the additional doll presented there is the seventh of the manga series, because she also doesn’t have a proper body. Alas, comments have no spoiler tags, so I won’t give any further details ;)


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At which point in the series should I watch the The Last: Naruto the Movie and Boruto: Naruto the Movie?
Okay, so I just recently watched episode 441 of the English sub of Naruto, and I was wondering whether I had caught up enough to watch The Last: Naruto the Movie and Boruto: Naruto the Movie?
Could someone tell me after which episode should I watch them?

(spoiler free comment, I swear)
I haven't seen that film yet, but if the title is an indicative then you haven't clearly catched up to it. Boruto refers to a character belonging to the sequel of Naruto.
Meaning? You won't catch with that film til you read the whole manga/ see the anime. Now enjoy and focus on it.

The Last: Naruto the Movie take place after the Manga chapter 700. And if I'm not wrong episode 441 is a filler and not part of main manga story that takes someplace after chapter 678 of manga. So you need to read the manga from 678 to 699 before watching The Last: Naruto the Movie, or you can wait for the anime to reach the point of chapter 699.
After that Naruto Manga chapter 700 take place, which act like epilogue.
Boruto: Naruto the Movie take place after Manga chapter 700 and Naruto Gaiden: The Seventh Hokage and the Scarlet Spring
, Gaiden is a mini manga series that takes place between chapter 700 and Boruto movie. Gaiden can be skipped but

 You will miss how Sarada Uchiha accepted her family.

But I will definitely suggest to watch anime till it reaches chapter 699 before both the film, or read the rest of the story in the manga. Skipping gaiden is your choice, except about a character mentioned in spoiler.

This is actually your personal opinion, but I think you are far enough to watch The Last. You can watch Boruto if you want right now or wait until you finish the series. If you finished the manga then go ahead and watch Boruto, but if you didn't then it will be better to do it.

It will be best to wait until after episode 493, I just watched it and now I'm watching The Last and I think this movie goes very well with the times after that episode.

You should qualify why you think it "goes very well". Also "goes very well" is not descriptive. I could claim it "goes very well" with episode 494 and we'll just have as many answers as episodes in this case.


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Is Nishikyougoku Ramuko a word play of Toushinou Kyouko?
When writing doujinshi, Toushinou Kyouko goes by the pseudonym Nishikyougoku Ramuko. Now, her name Toushinou Kyouko is written as 歳納京子. I'm not sure how her pseudonym is written since I wasn't able to find the original spelling for that name, but I think it would use the Kyou from Kyouko（京）in Nishikyougoku and Ko from Kyouko（子）in Ramuko. The first Nishi that I think of is（西）which means West, and the first goku I can think of is（国）which means Kingdom/Country. Thus, it would be somewhat a word play of her own name since Tou（東）in Toukyou（東京）means East.
Now, it is quite common for writers to use pen name that is similar to his/her real name and is related to him/her somehow. An example for this would be Joanne Rowling whose pen name was J. K. Rowling with the K. taken from her paternal grandmother's name, Kathleen. Another example would be the writer Saito Satoshi whose born name was Saito Tomohiro, more commonly known under his stage name as actor, Hiro Mizushima which uses the same Saito as in his real name. An example from another anime would be Kousaka Kirino whose pen name was Rino.
Which brings me to the question, is Nishikyougoku Ramuko really a play of her real name Toushinou Kyouko? Is my guess above correct (about the Nishikyougoku part)? What about the Ramuko part?

Nishikyougoku Ramuko (西京極ラム子) is a wordplay on Saikyouyaki Ranko (西京焼蘭子), the name of the author of the fictional magical girl series, the story within story Majokko Mirakurun (魔女っ娘ミラクるん), from which Toshinou Kyouko's doujin works are derived. We do actually know the name of the author of Majokko Mirakurun through the eyecatch featuring Toshinou Kyouoko:

Nishikyougoku is the name of a train station on the Hankyu Railway Kyoto Line as well as the name of the westernmost street of Heiankyou, one of several former names for the city now known as Kyoto. Ramu means rum, which refers to Toshinou's favorite ice cream flavor, rum raisin. Saikyouyaki is Kyoto-style grilled fish, and Ranko is just an ordinary feminine name.
A note on the difference in pronunciation of 西京極 and 西京焼: it's how the kanjis are grouped together. 西京極 is 西 + 京極 (west + end of capital) while 西京焼 is 西京 + 焼 (West Capital + grill).

Where did you get the info on who the author of Mirakurun is? I can't find such info on Mirakurun page in Yuru Yuri wikia.

@AyaseEri Updated answer to include source.


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What series are there after Rurouni Kenshin (1995)?
It seems that after Rurouni Kenshin (1995), there are more stories. But I don't know what to watch because it shows that Kenshin and Kaoru has a baby, Kenshin's past and also that Kaoru was kidnapped by some guys hiding a grudge on Kenshin.
But I'm not sure if there is a movie or different part of the series like season two or something.

If you want to know all the different movies and OVAs, I'd suggest just checking out the wikipedia page for Rurouni Kenshin: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rurouni_Kenshin

The final arc of the Rurouni Kenshin manga is indeed about a man, Enishi, who has an old grudge against Kenshin. However, the final arc of the manga was never put into the anime. There do exist two OVA series that adapt this part of the anime.
The Trust and Betrayal OVAs adapts the backstory of the final arc, and the Reflection OVAs adapts the final arc, though it only appears as a lengthy flashback. The main story of Reflection takes place after the manga.
Both sets of OVAs are drastically different in style and tone from the manga and anime, and lots of content from the manga is not present due to the brevity of the OVAs. That being said, they were highly praised. They were released in English under the Samurai X name.

^ So theirs only two after Rurouni Kenshin called Trust and Betrayal & Reflection and with the guy was never put into an anime?

There is also an anime movie, a two episode anime that retells the Kyoto Arc (which is the one where Kenshin fights the guy wrapped in bandages),  and a series of live action movies. I can add those to my answer, but really, all the information you might need is on the wikipedia page in the sidebar.

Yea thanks so much for the help. May you also answer another question for me irrelevant to this but about the website?

Now there are also 3 recently new live action movies made in Japan:
Rurôni Kenshin: Meiji kenkaku roman tan (2012)
Rurôni Kenshin: Densetsu no saigo-hen   (2014)
Rurôni Kenshin: Kyôto taika-hen         (2014)

There were several OVA's.
"Trust and Betrayal"
The Kyoto arc (condensed ova)
and the live action adaptation.
The manga resumed in the "Hokkaido" arc, however Nobuhiro Watsuki was arrested for facing child pornography charges, but the series is back on in 2018......

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What is the name of the OST playing at 18:40 in Shingeki no Kyojin Episode 1?
In the original anime Shingeki no Kyojin (Attack on Titan), there was an OST playing at 18 minutes and 40 seconds into the first episode.  This OST happenned when Eren Jaeger saw the Collosol Titan for the first time before the latter smashed a hole into the outer wall.  What was the name of that OST/song in the background?  (If the song name is a part of a bigger OST name (aka Difficult OST from One Piece being made of two parts, Shichibukai and Mr. Prince), could you name only the specific half of the OST?  Thanks.

did you mean this? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6tMhkQ520Sk

That video was unfortunately blocked.  If you can, what was the name of the OST that the video played?

the title is XL-TT

The OST you're looking for probably XL-TT.
It's on album by Hiroyuki Sawano, Attack on Titan (Original Soundtrack) track #14
See this YouTube video
Album Cover


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What happens to Demon Weapons who eat innocent souls?
Okay, I pretty much get how Demon Weapons and Death Scythes work. I get how Kishin's work too. However, on the Wiki, it says that the process of becoming a Kishin is "initially exclusive to Demon Weapons" and requires the "merging between a non-Demon Weapon and a Demon Weapon", which would be a Demon Weapon eating Kishin Eggs (or souls not on the Shimigami's list).
Basically, you need a Demon Sword before you can have a Kishin.
We know that Asura ate his Demon Sword and became a Kishin so my question is this: who exactly is able to become a Kishin? What would've happened if Asura's Demon Sword continued to eat human souls? Although it was never mentioned or seen in the Soul Eater universe, could a Demon Weapon/Demon Sword--perfectly capable of killing and eating by themselves-- become a Kishin without a meister?

guess if it wasn't shown, and the series seems to be concluded, along with a spin-off, we'll never know

"Who exactly is able to become a Kishin?"
It has been stated in both the anime and the manga that humans cannot consume souls, only demon weapons. Yet Don Al Capone, a human, was seen eating human souls in the anime. The result of his soul consumption turned him into a Kishin egg, the first step in  becoming a Kishin (to my understanding, first you become a Kishin egg, then a Demon Sword, then a Kishin).
However, that only applies in the anime. In the manga, there are no "Kishin eggs" only Shinigami's list of evil human souls that only Lord Death can distinguish to be evil.
If you are referring to the manga, I'd say only demon weapons can become Kishin except for Asura who consumed his weapon which was already a Demon Sword. By swallowing his weapon he gained the ability to eat souls.
However, in the anime humans can become Kishin eggs, but it seems unlikely that they would turn into "Demon Swords" because they are still humans--not Demon Weapons. On the contrary, Jack the Ripper's hands appear to be completely replaced with claws which, in some way, makes his body a weapon, so I suppose it's plausible.
"What would've happened if Asura's Demon Sword continued to eat human souls?"
If Asura continued to feed Vajra human souls, then Vajra would have been the one to become the Kishin, so long as he wasn't eaten first.
"Could a Demon Weapon become a Kishin without a meister?"
Demon Weapons are fully capable of consuming souls. And, assuming that they are able to kill humans on their own, yes, they could become a Kishin without a meister.
However, some weapons such as Nygus or Liz (or Patty but not together as a Weapon/Meister pair, individually) are probably unable to turn a specific part of their body into their weapon form that can be used effectively like Soul and Justin Law. Such people may be incapable of becoming a Kishin solo.


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Naruto and Sasuke's arms
After the Naruto-Sasuke showdown and they blew their arms up, why didn't Sasuke get his arm repaired like Naruto had? Well, even with the bandages and all. I don't really know what's within the bandages.

He basically said he needed time to atone for his sins and that is why he went off on his own.  It is almost like he is telling himself that he deserved that. Inside Naruto's bandages are cells from Hashirama that are meant to regenerate his arm.  I am assuming in the future when it is fully finished, the bandages will probably come off.  It is also possible Sasuke will take the same treatment some day.

Naruto wear bandges because his arm look like obitos arm. But there is a problem witch can he use hashiram's cells because it affected by nintails chakra. But he is  reincarnation of hashirama so I think it will be ok.

After there legendary fight, which ripped off their arms. Lady tsunade treated naruto by recreating his arms using hashimara cells.
When she tried to help sasuke he refused -

first, he can create susanoo so for fight or living, he doesn't need to treat his arm.
  He wants to have a reminder of what he has done and should not become something that can harm his friends or village.


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Comparison of Noir and Phantom
Recently, I started to watch Noir and right now I am on the 10th episode. But it seems that there is a strong connection between Noir and Phantom. Indeed, they have both amnesiacs and they are assassins as well. My question is:
Which anime was influenced by another one first?

Phantom predates Noir by a year, so if there is any influence between them, it'd have to be Phantom influencing Noir.

@senshin You mean Manga or Tv series?

I've removed the part looking for similar titles as recommendation questions are off topic here

@Babgen The Phantom visual novel was released in 2000; the Noir anime aired in 2001.


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What Gundam series should I watch/read for Dynasty Warriors Gundam?
So looking at the back of the game manual of Bladestorm, I noticed that there is a Dynasty Warrior's game but using Gundams, titled Dynasty Warriors: Gundam

Now I am wondering, what Gundam Series, if any, I should watch/read before playing Dynasty Warriors: Gundam? It would be to get a better understanding of things, considering that I have not seen/read anything about Gundam before (with the exception to Gundam Force SD, which I think might be an alternate universe)

this is game is a crossover galore of gundam series. you only need to read Wiki of each gundam to know their lore/ability

The first game features the mechas from only the first three Gundam series (namely Mobile Suit Gundam, Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam, and Mobile Suit ZZ Gundam), the OVAs published that takes place within this time frame (Mobile Suit Gundam 0080: War in the Pocket and Mobile Suit Gundam 0083: Stardust Memory), Mobile Fighter G Gundam, Mobile Suit Gundam Wing and Turn-A Gundam. In all, that's 6 shows and 2 OVA series total, a rather daunting task to watch through.
However, just like in Dynasty Warriors proper, the game's "official mode" follows closely to the anime's plotline, albeit a heavily condensed, somewhat inaccurate version (the first game is especially bad at this, with official modes starting in the middle of the actual show or an appearance from a character not introduced yet at that point, for instance)  and only for the first three Gundam series. Still, I would say Dynasty Warriors: Gundam is a great way to catch the basic plot of the anime. If I am not mistaken, they are done in a character-based manner ala the earlier Dynasty Warriors. To play it in chronological order, you should do it in order of Amuro Ray, Char Aznable, Kamille Bidan and finally Judau Ashta.
The "original mode" on the other hand follows an original plotline, so some knowledge of the aforementioned series may be needed to fully appreciate it.
EDIT: I've honestly only played through the PS2 version of the second game, and I realise now that it is fairly different in the first game. In the first game, Char, a major antagonist from the first series Mobile Suit Gundam, is not unlocked initially, and there are also official modes for the antagonists of the next two shows (Paptimus Scirocco and Haman Karn). In this case, I would recommend playing through all the heroes first before the villains. I also just realized that in DWG2, Char's official mode includes his Zeta Gundam role; I would say then to leave Char for last from the original four. Beating Amuro's and Char's official mode also unlocks their Char's Counterattack storylines, which should definitely be played last.


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What happens to a Peerage when their King is killed?
I was wondering what happens to devils if their king is killed? Do they become strays? And what if they have their own peerage? Does every one under that king including his pieces peerages become stray devils?

If the King dies the King dies, that's all. The servants go on with their lives. Koneko used to have another master but he died. She was alone for some time until she formed a pact with Rias. If she had had a higher status she may have had her own servants.
Konoko's sister Kuroka killed her master. Now, that's another story. She lost her ranking and became a stray cause it is a bad thing to do.
If you abandon your master without good reason the same happens (for example, you may leave and go solo if you have servants and good ranking. Rias actually mentions it to Issei even though she doesn't want that). The servant is still forced to fight for the master in rankings/times of need.
Volumes 5 and 6 are good for this topic.


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Why doesn't Marika wear same uniform as the others?
Despite being a transfer student, Marika should have been given a uniform. But why didn't they give her one? Chitoge wpre the same uniform since her first day.

In manga chapter 129 (Now it has 131 chapters)

Don't really recall that specifically, was that on her transfer day or every day? I guess her uniform didn't arrive if the later?

@Prix the one in class room is from episode 18... I don't really pay attention in manga because, well, it's black and white, I added the source from manga

Well I never read the manga for this. I was talking about the anime was not that ep the one she transferred into the school?

every day I guess? even on latest chapter she still wear that uniform, it means that she didn't have same uniform with others

@Prix FYI, the day she transfer, she didn't wear any uniform, she wear casual dress, it's in episode 14

Well spotted, I can only think that due to the fact she transferred at mid terms or so, her uniform was not yet ready for delivery and at that point the anime was pretty fast towards the end. Most likely the manga tells why she uses the same uniform, I don't recall that information being said on the anime.

In this case, Marika is probably wearing her old school's uniform. As a transfer student, there's a grace period before you get provided the one the school designates (they are typically purchased).
This is also the case of the Transfer Student Uniforms trope:

New Transfer Students in places where school uniforms are a cultural default setting often wear their old ones until the school can provide them with a new one. In fiction, this shows the newcomer or outsider. When they get the current school uniform, this indicates they've been assimilated. If the student is meant to be a Fish out of Water, they will keep their old uniform throughout the series. In Japanese media, even rebels don't choose to abandon uniforms entirely; in American media they will do this even if the new school doesn't have uniforms. Compare the Non-Uniform Uniform.

Aside from the "assimilation" thing, it's worth mentioning that school uniforms normally aren't just stored in bulk somewhere in the school's designated warehouse of uniforms. That'd be ridiculous because all students have different measurements. Can you imagine the amount of unused uniforms of all shapes and sizes?
Each student orders their uniform before the year begins, and they all get it on time. Students that transfer in the middle of the year have to order their uniform separately from all other students, and may even have to wait until the required materials are shipped to the factory. So there's really nothing unusual going on, just everyday life stuff.

Myabe she doesn't want to? Not that I know this for a fact within the story, but remembering Nagi No Asu Kara, the characters had agreed to keep wearing their old school uniforms on purpose as a way of saying they didn't belong to the new school.

Nagi-asu also shows how hard is to get a new uniform mid-term, in the second season Hikari has to travel to town and order a uniform from a tailor.

Myabe she doesn't want to? Not that I know this for a fact within the story Did she ever say that she doesn't want to wear the new school uniform? Since you are citing the character's preference rather than the circumstances, I think some reference from the series itself is in order.

Thanks, and you are right, if the others had their uniforms ready it may have been because the exchange was arranged way ahead of time.

It's true that if she transferred in the middle of the year she would have had do wait...but she transferred in their first year and the manga is already like halfway through second year (even the anime is into the second year) so at this point if she is still not wearing it it's cause she doesn't want to... Realistically, she would have been written up by this point by a disciplinary person but because this is an anime/manga it's probably the whole "character look" thing. Even if this were real life, she clearly has a lot of power and authority due to her father's position so maybe they'd get the school to look the other way, be it she just wants to stand out or she's more comfortable with her old clothes. Marika is a more modest, feminine person so could you really picture her in a mini skirt?


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Why do anime characters have official birthdays?
Why do anime characters have official birthdays? Why do they decide for the anime characters to have birthdays? Does this have a historical basis? And when exactly is a character's birthday decided? Is it when a character's physical appearance is drafted? What is the birthday's significance?

for the former part, it simply adds to the realism.. how would a bio sheet look with just a name and occupation.. it's just another one of those things inherited from real life

Astrology could have a part in choosing a birthday for a character. Coupled with blood type could be used to highlight main characteristics of the character during the character design phase. I have to make a little research to deepen the topic anyway.

Why shouldn't anime characters have official birthdays? It would be strange if they didn't have them!
Over in the west animated characters are given birthdays also. Spongebob's date of birth is July 14th, 1986.

Presumably the addition of birthdays is just to make characters a bit more realistic.
And occasionally it helps with character, For example in Kodocha, Akito was given his name as he was born in autumn. Sana was named so because she was born on 7th march.

Sometimes an author will release a 'databook' with information about the different characters including dates of birth, blood types etc. The example below is an excerpt from a Bleach databook.
Birthdays of course can be shown to in the actual show's content, in which case the day the episode was first aired is taken to be their birthday.
However, the most common case is to take birthdays from a character profile

As for historical significance, authors have been giving fictional characters from day one.
Sherlock Holmes's birthdate is  6 January, 1854
TL;DR:  Fictional characters are treated as non-fictional characters to bestow a sense of realism on them, so why shouldn't they have birthdays, blood types and everything else we have?

"Sana was named so because she was born on 7th march." - Sorry, but what's the connection?

Probably: "San"=3 (March); "Nana"=7. And somehow San+Nana=Sana... That's just my guess, though.

There's actually two different readings for 七, @MaikaSakuranomiya; see here.


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Why does Eiken have his camera?
In the first part of the manga Cage of Eden, when Sengoku, Oomori, and Mariya went to the plane crash site, they saw the video camera that was being used by Eiken. They saw what happened on days they are not at the site abd they found it left inside the plane but Eiken is not in there. In first part of that arc, it is also implied that Eiken left the camera on the plane and made Rion the one to use the camera (she's the one who captured the scene about stabbing the pilot.)
So when everyone was gone, Sengoku found Eiken's camera inside the plane, where he also found Rion.
Meaning to say, Eiken should not be carrying his camera when they went to other places.
But when they went to the Top of the Mountain, there is a short slide that shows Eiken using his camera zooming wide distance in order to see the antenna tower,
So how is that so?? If Eiken left his camera inside the plane, how does he hold it when their group was on the top of the mountain?
To clarify things, Eikens group arrived first in the antenna tower before Sengoku's group.
Is this a mistake of the author?

arent there people knows this manga?

They didn't mention anything like this in manga but lets just assume that he has more than one camera. At the first time Sengoku found Eiken's camera inside the plane, it was white.
First camera

And the second camera, when Sengoku met Eiken, it was black.
Second camera

So I think the one that Eiken left on the plane is the first camera, later on he only use the second camera for the rest of manga.
They also mentioned it on wiki

Considering his first camera was blown up during the plane which he left behind, it is suggested he has more than one camera, as well as numerous batteries on hand.

well it does really sucks that even this manga is very great it has a lot of plot mistakes. it's hard to assume right?

@AsshO.Le well, they did want to cancel the manga so the author didn't have too much choice, so he rushed everything to the end, thus left a bunch of plot holes


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Why can't Alphonse repair Edward's automail using alchemy?
Edward's automail breaks many times during animation, but every time even if Alphonse didn't take any damage they go after Winrey to fix Edward's automail. Now I'm wondering if Alphonse can easily repair a radio or any other mechanical device, why can't he fix Edward's automail? Also, why does neither Edward nor Alphonse try enhancing automail using alchemy?

Edward uses alchemy to enhance his automail, the spike or knife at the top of his automail came from himself. he modified his automail to get it.

@Tartori I was talking about the materials used in the automail, enhancing as in making his automail strong enough so it doesn't break.

Ok, then just read Madara Uchiha answer, it covers this one to.

The first step of alchemy is understanding. That means, understanding the raw materials you are going to use, and how to break them down. It also means to understand the resulting item. You can't make something you don't know anything about.
A radio is a very simple device. It contains little to none electronics, and is rather easy to understand.
An automail on the other hand, is a very complicated piece of engineering. It contains engines, circuit boards etc. Which make it hard for a "simple" alchemist to construct.
If Winry for example were to be an alchemist, she would probably be able to fix automail using alchemy, but even that would only be emergency fixes, and not a full repair.

Beat me to it. Hit every point I was working with. +1

But Alphonse also knows quite a lot of truth in the accident at the beginning of the story - which allows him to be able to use alchemy later in the story when his memory recovers. Shouldn't he be able to use that?

@nhahtdh: You must differentiate between Alchemy and Engineering. Just because you know how to manipulate matter, doesn't mean you know how to make a working automail.

@MadaraUchiha: It is the truth of the world, though.

@nhahtdh the truth of the world refers to alchemy. It doesn't teach you everything, only alchemy.


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Is there any meaning to the rail lines in Bakemonogatari's "Tsubasa Cat" OP?
The (NSFW, be warned) broadcast opening for the Tsubasa Cat arc of Bakemonogatari ("Sugar Sweet Nightmare") features various artistic nudes with what appear to be rail tracks stretching out along the model's body, such as in this SFW sample:

The 'stations' here actually appear to correspond to various stations mostly in the Kansai area; for instance, 天見 (Amami Station) is a station on the Koya Line in Osaka, and 川西 (Kawanishi) is a small city in the same broad area.  On the other hand, a bit of digging doesn't turn up any rail lines that run between the two.
Does anyone know if there's any meaning to the specific choice of rail stations used in this opening and their layout, or was it essentially just a mishmash of random location names?

Apparently, three of the right-leg stations (天見, 橋本, 極楽橋) are stations 73, 77, and 86 on the Nankai Kouya line. Also, three of the left-leg stations (飛鳥, 吉野口, 吉野) are on the Kintetsu Yoshino line. Does this mean anything? Beats me.

just as a warning about the video "This video contains content from Sony Music Entertainment (Japan) Inc., who has blocked it in your country on copyright grounds.". i'm in Australia so it appears there is some Geoblocking being used

Legs
大正－（新今宮）　　　　　　　平野－八尾－志紀－－▽－－尺土－浮孔－坊城－飛鳥－吉野口－緞野／吉野
　　　　　　　　＞（道王寺）＜　　　　　　　　　道明寺
　　　　（？池）　　　　　　　布忍－－－高鷲－－－△－－貴志－川西－天見－橋本－極樂橋
　　  　　１　　　　　Ｘ　　　　　　２　　　　　　Ｙ　　　　　　　　　　　　　３
（　）= Full name not shown on the scene

These are railway lines in Osaka:

The 1st upper-leg is Osaka Loop Line: Taisho, Shin-Imamiya
The 1st lower-leg is [? Line]: [? Station]
The 1st interchange (X) is Tennoji (accessible directly from Osaka Loop Line, Yamatoji Line)
The 2nd upper-leg is Yamatoji Line: Hirano, Yao, Shiki
The 2nd lower-leg is Minami Osaka Line (from Tennoji, transfer to Osaka Abenobashi in walkable distance): Nunose, Takawashi
The 2nd interchange (Y) is Domyoji (accesible from Yamatoji Line by transfering at Kashiwara to Domyoji Line, directly accessible from Minami Osaka Line)
The 3rd upper-leg is Minami Osaka Line - Yoshino Line (transfer at Kashiharajingu-mae): Shakudo, Ukiana, Bojo | Asuka, Yoshinoguchi, Yoshino
The 3rd lower-leg is Nagano Line (from Minami Osaka Line, transfer at Furuichi) - Koya Line (transfer at Kawachinagano): Kishi1, Kawanishi | Amami, Hashimoto, Gokurakubashi*

1 Uses kanji for Kishi Station in Wakayama instead.
* Uses traditional kanji

Hands
（百合ヶ丘）　　　　南多魔－西府－立川－奥多魔
   　　    ＞登戸＜
　　　　　　　　　　狛江－喜多見－經堂－豪徳寺－下北澤
　　　１　　　Ｘ　　　　　　　　　　２
（　）= Full name not shown on the scene

These are railway lines in Kanagawa-Tokyo:

The 1st upper-leg is Odakyu Odawara Line: Yurigaoka
The interchange (X) is: Noborito (accessible directly from Odakyu Odawara Line, Nambu Line)
The 2nd upper-leg is Nambu Line - Ome Line: Minami-Tama, Nishifu, Tachikawa | Okutama
The 2nd lower-leg is Odakyu Odawara Line: Komae, Kitami, Kyodo, Gotokuji, Shimo-Kitazawa

Body
　　　　　　　　　　高田馬場－池袋－巣鴨－上野－秋葉原－神田－＼
　　　　　　　　　／　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　＼　　　　浅草－－－－▽－－－北千住－八潮－
三鷹－吉祥寺－新宿－－代々木－－千駄ヶ谷－－飯田橋－－御茶ノ水－－濱離宮＜　　　　　東京ガス
　　　　　　　　　＼　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　／　　　　新日本橋－－△－－－錦絲町－新小岩－西船橋－東京タワー－津田沼－
　　　　　　　　　　澁谷－恵比壽－水道局－五反田－品川－有樂町／
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　｜
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　不動前　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　芝公園
　　　１　　　Ｘ　　　　　　　　　　２　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Ｙ　　　　　　　　３　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Ｚ

These are railway lines in Tokyo:

The 1st leg is Chuo Main Line: Mitaka, Kichioji
The 1st interchange (X) is: Shinjuku
The 2nd upper-leg is Yamanote Line: Takadanobaba, Ikebukuro, Sugamo, Ueno, Akihabara, Kanda
The 2nd middle-leg is Chuo-Sobu Line: Yoyogi, Sendagaya, Iidabashi, Ochanomizu
The 2nd lower-leg is Yamanote Line: Shibuya*, Ebisu, Waterworks bureaux,2, Gotanda, Shinagawa, Yurakucho*
The vertical-leg (2) is Tokyo Meguro Line (transfer at Meguro): Waterworks bureaux,2, Fudomae
The 2nd interchange (Y) is: Hamarikyu Gardensx,3
The 3rd interchange (3) is: Tokyo Gasx,4
The 3rd upper-leg is Tobu Skytree Line: Asakusa, Kita-Senju, Yashio
The 3rd lower-leg is Sobu Line (Rapid) (from Tokyo) - Chuo-Sobu Line : Shin-Nihombashi, Kinshicho*, Shin-Koiwa | Nishi-Funabashi, Tokyo Towerx,5, Tsudanuma
The Z point is: Shiba Parkx

x Not a station
2 Represents Meguro on Yamanote Line. Between Ebisu and Gotanda, there's a waterworks bureau in Meguro
3 Represents Tokyo on Yamanote Line (accessible from Ochanomizu by transfering to Chuo Line)
4 Represents Higashi-Mukojima on Tobu Skytree Line and Ryogoku on Chuo-Sobu Line. Both have Tokyo Gas near them.
5 Tokyo Tower is not anywhere near the Chuo-Sobu Line
* Uses traditional kanji

Conclusion
The railway lines are real, though they don't seem to mean anything. However, the bolded places on the body seem to mean something:

Waterworks bureau near bladder
Hamarikyu Gardens near womb
Tokyo Gas near large intestine
Tokyo Tower & Shiba Park are... recreation places

Reference: a more SFW, redrawn OP by NEXIS on YouTube


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What decides that a anime series gets a sequel or not?
A lot of the anime I've watched are single, double or triple season anime series like Durarara!, Code Geass, Hagure Yuusha no Aesthetica, and Nabari no Ou, just to name a few. But there are also shows like Bleach, Naruto, D Grey Man, and Katekyo Hitman Reborn that have 300 or more episodes.
Why is that? How is it decided that these series get to go on so long?

Money. Pretty much just money. Sometimes it's because there's more source material to adapt, but that only matters if adapting it will make money.

Sometimes a long-running, popular manga will be produced with the foreknowledge that the anime will be produced almost continuously.  That is why we do not  generally think of "seasons" for One Piece, Naruto, Fairy Tale, etc. As @Torisuda said this decision still boils down to money.  Sometimes expectations are not met, or other factors interfere, and a long-running series will suddenly just end, even with significant manga content left.  This happened with World Trigger. Its network just decided to show sports rather than anime.


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Could All Might pass his quirk to multiple people by feeding them his hair?
The quirk that All Might possesses is called All For One. It is a quirk that can be passed from one person to another and it gains more power each time it is passed. All Might gave Deku (Izuku) a sliver of his power by making him eat one of his hairs. If this is how it can be passed than isn't possible for that quirk to be passed to a multitude of people? Say, an army, for example.

All Might himself said:

After I've given Izuku my hair/DNA, I've gotten a lot weaker

So it would either be a one time thing, or every new user would weaken him substantially so it would still be a small number, and probably of lesser effect.

I recall that line being a little ambiguous, though. It's likely that passing Deku his power has weakened him, but it could also just have been the progression of his existing degeneration.

I think he said that after he did it, his strength went down fast, so I made that connection, of course it could also be unrelated. Do we have a way to know?

I think yes, all might was already getting weaker as it is but could still give his power off. in the show it made it seem as if 2 people cold hold the quirk at the same time as shown with izuku and all might as there time overlapped. so possibly if we tried passing the quirk among to 2 people it could possibly work.


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What is this song from Episode 53 of Hunter x Hunter?
I want to find the music from Episode 53 (Yorknew City arc) starting at 6:51
It's an Asian-style song with what sounds like a Japanese musical instrument called a shamisen.

Do you mean the 2011 HxH series or the 1999 one?  I checked episode 53 of 2011, and the music playing at 6:51 is a choral.  It began at 6:30.  I can't make out a shamisen, either.  I do not have access to the 1999 version.  Please either verify that the choral is the song you mean, or edit your post with correct information.

I meant 2011 Hxh series

Okay... In that case I do not know what it is.  Except I don't think it's Asian and I don't hear a shamisen.  It's more along the lines of a European Gregorian chant, although not all male and not acapella.  I like it, though.

As RichF said, the song of episode 53, at 6:51 doesn't sound asian-style at all, but if that is the song that you want, it's called Dirge From The Dark Side.

To be more precise, it's when Kuroro speaks to Kortopi in the amphitheatre,(destroyed by the fight between Zoldyck vs Kuroro, but the music can be heard when it's finished)
No problem if you don't find it ^^ and thanks for the music that you found, even if it's not the music I'm looking for.

I was not able to find that particular piece of music in any of the OST volumes. The song in question seems to last less than a minute so they might have decided to not name/list it. Here are two different lists of all of the music in HxH feel free to browse them I could have missed it.
Hunter x Hunter Wikia - Music **this link also contains music information about the 1999 airing of HxH
reddit/r/HunterxHunter - Comprehensive Hunter x Hunter 2011 Music List


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In the Pokémon anime who is this?
I watched this video from an episode from the original series
And I saw a girl with Sabrina:

Who was is it? I looked on Bulbapedia but I didn't find the answer.

I'm...confused.  If you had watched the episode, you'd know who this particular character is since it's explained either in this or the immediately following episode.

To close-voters: this question is undoubtedly terrible, but it's not the kind of identification request that's off-topic because it gives us the source series.

Please add which episode this comes from.

That is Sabrina's doll. The Sabrina episodes are kind of creepy, because Sabrina's mind has apparently been split in half. Her cold, calculating, sinister side lives in her body, while the playful little girl she never was lives in the doll.

Sabrina, a psychic type gym leader, has telikinetic and psychic abilities.This doll is, in essence, possessed by Sabrina's childish half.


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Why did Gilgamesh remain in the human world?
I actually didn't understand why did Gilgamesh remain in the human world. What I understand is that he touched the Grail that's why he remains.

Because he's a king of kings you FILTHY MONGREL :D

I believe he stuck around just because he was never killed and Kirei kept supplying him with mana so they could do a scheme together in the next Grail War. I'm sure one of our many Fate series experts will be along soon to explain all the convoluted intricacies of the situation, though.

SHort version, he wanted another shot at the Grail, and there was no guarantee he'd be summoned again for the FIfth War.  The fake priest was down with it, so they tried.

Initially, it's stated that servants are kept in the world by the Holy Grail. (This comes up in the Good End of "Unlimited Blade Works," but I imagine this piece of information might have appeared earlier.) They also need a mana supply; note also that servants who had become separated from their masters in Fate/stay night did not immediately disappear. In the case of Gilgamesh, both of these conditions were fulfilled. The Holy Grail was still around, and Kotomine kept the orphans from the fire under the church and used them as a mana source.
In the events of Fate/stay night, other servants were also retained, even when the Grail was destroyed. In the "Good End" of the "Unlimited Blade Works" route, Saber stays in the human world. Rin has been supplying mana to her, and she asks Shirou to help her. Similarly, in the "True End" of "Heaven's Feel", Rider stays with Sakura even after the destruction of the Grail; per the wiki, this is possible because Sakura has enough mana reserves because of her connection to Akasha.
The Wikia also gives an explanation of what happened to Gilgamesh at the end of Fate/zero. (I cannot provide much more commentary on this, since I haven't followed the series lately.)

Due to his proximity, Gilgamesh is caught off guard and becomes drenched by the pollution that spills from the Holy Grail. He obtains a physical body, and because he has been incarnated into the world, he decides that it is time to once again unite the world under his rule. He continues to follow Kotomine after the war is over, and Kotomine provides him with energy drained from children orphaned by the fire to sustain himself. He decides to wait for the next Holy Grail War to cleanse humanity, so he retrieves a potion of temporary youth from his vault that reduces his physical age and allows him to smoothly blend in with society for ten years.

If I've gotten something wrong or I'm missing something, please comment, and I'll either edit or delete my answer.

Seems good to me.  The last part is fairly important.  The possession of a physical body substantially lowers his energy requirement, as he no longer needs energy just to exist.  The youthful form further reduced his energy needs.
The servants are likened to extremely powerful familiars in the game, requiring magical energy well in excess of all but the greatest mages.  Rin's two endings point this out: without Saber she joins the Clock Tower; with her she doesn't because she is (1) way too big a target with such an awesome familiar and (2) unable to use much magic because it goes to Saber.


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How is Madoka not a god anymore at the end of Rebellion?
Sorry if I sound stupid, I was just confused with everything happening... How is Madoka not a god at the end of the movie?

Rebellion is very confusing. Take a look at our other Madoka questions and notice how many of them are asking "Why did this happen in Rebellion?"

Madoka is still a God, albeit maybe broken (i'll explain).
What Homura did was separate Maodka into 2, the God Madoka who is the Law of Cycles and the Human Madoka who existed before attaining her divinity which Homura separated from the Law of Cycles.
these however are both still the one Madoka as near the end (before Homura gives back Madoka's Ribbon) Madoka begins to remember that she was apart of something greater and her eyes change to the same colour as that of her god self. we see that Homura tries to stop Madoka in remembering because if Madoka remembers she'll return to being a God, removed from the world with no one knowing she ever existed.
Why is Madoka broken? Sayaka hints on this when Homura first created the new universe asking if Homura was planning on destroying the universe, this would indicate that the Law of Cycles is broken in some way. we're not sure in what way but given that the Law of Cycles purifies Puella Magi before becoming Witches we can assume that Witches can be born again, the threat on the Universe probably being how Madoka's own witch was capable of doing this so another witch can aswell.
Also if Madoka being able to exist wasn't such a great deal then why is Homura worried about Madoka regaining her memories as the Law of Cycles? this would indicate that in Homura's Universe the Law of Cycles still exists and needs the human Madoka back.
However we don't know the full extent of what Homura's Universe is like. all we know is that Homura had greater control (being able to seal Nagisa's and Sayaka's memories/witch powers), Witches can possible be born, Wraiths still exist and the Incubators are being forced to manage the curses of Earth. we don't know for certain what Sayaka meant by the universe being destroyed or why Madoka can not exists as a human with the memories of having been a god.

Okay, the 1st comment explains everything perfectly so I can't really say everything blandly.
To sum up, everything would just generally be that...
Madoka is still the Law of Cycle and still a "goddess" but she's also not.
Explanation:
Madoka's powers (er, you could also say her memory to how she could be the law of cycle) were sealed as a part of Homura basically invading everything. This leads to a weird format where Goddess Madoka, without her memory and her powers is basically sealed within Demon Homura's Labyrinth.
It is shown that Sayaka is frustrated at Homura at the end when she was about to lose her memory because of the fact that Madoka won't be there to erase all witches, many people would die from the witches, and that Charlotte would basically disappear... As she wouldn't be able to exist if it wasn't for the law of cycle's energy.
(Which, again is sealed)
So basically Madoka in the end still is still a goddess and still is the Law Of Cycle but her memories and her ability to be a Law Of Cycle, and To Kill All Witches... Is sealed.
But we know that her powers aren't entirely sealed and can come back as simple as that as shown in the last scene as Madoka gets nostalgic and shown to ask Homura if she had done this before. (Her Eyes Turn Golden and She Floats)
(Of course, as expected because the goddess herself saw all the timelines she had with Homura and her mind must've responded somehow in walking the same path.)
(And yes she was split in 2 with the original Goddess having the memories and powers to act as a Law Of Cycle which is sealed and the Human version that is connected to it)
(+Memories= +Powers= +Law Of Cycle)


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Why is Greninja Ash's only bonded Pokémon?
If Ash bonded with his Greninja that he had for one generation, but he won't use it anymore, why haven't Pokémon like Pikachu or Tauros bond with Ash instead?

In the same way that not every pokemon has a Mega Evolution the only pokemon known to have the bond ability so far is the Greninja.
True that by now we can believe that Pikachu and Ash have maximum trust, one of the requirements for the Bond phenomena to happen.
But that might not be the only requirement, or Pikachu species does not have this bond ability.
It remains to be shown further if other pokemon than Greninja have that ability or not.

If you were talking in game terms, then it's not just an ability, it's an Ability - i.e. something specific to an individual Pokemon, and only one particular Greninja (the one that appears in the Sun Moon demo) has the "Battle Bond" Ability.

@ConMan yes. And the TCG card specifically states Ash's Greninja


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What is this expresison/anime trope called?

Say, character2 says or does something -- usually stupid in nature -- in which character1 responds with a similar face and a comment of their own. I see this a lot in anime, and I was wondering if it had a name. This happens a lot in Naruto.

I don't think it's a "trope" when people reply to what other people say and have a distinct facial expression. It's just normal interaction.

Probably related. http://anime.stackexchange.com/questions/33679/what-is-the-purpose-for-the-art-style-of-puck-changing-by-scene The bland face is used for comic relief

Is a visual cue to establish who is the "straight man" in the comedy bit.
Funny man: I Really like ceilings, I guess I am a ceiling fan!
Straight man: ¬_¬

I don't know regarding the facial expressions, but your description of their dialogue seems to be a typical example of boke (character 2) and tsukkomi (character 1) in manzai comedy. This type of humour is typically japanese and can be seen or heard in most variety shows and anime with humoristic tendancies.
Anime also tend to have the variation of "boke and boke", where both characters say stupid things.


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Name of classic MC protective personality type?
What is someone who is protective of another character enough to get hurt for them called? Pretty much all MCs in anime with fighting but I wanna know a specific name. Like Naruto protecting his friends or Thor from Absolute Duo protecting Julie and vice versa.

This is what they call, a hero. Or as not all MC's are hero's the Protagonist. They tend to take the bullet, make the heroic sacrifice and until their plot driven armor worn out, they will keep doing so.


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Why do fansubbers merge video and subtitle into one file?
Why do fansubbers merge video and subtitle into one file?
Sometimes its an mkv file and I can just extract the sub.
On some sites they hardcode it into the video frames as image overlay.
This is so silly. Why not just have the one video file which several languages or translation versions (corrections) can share, instead of re-encode and re-upload? And if someone wants a sub they can download just the sub. Distributing subs must also be easier because the subtitle files are smaller, so no wasted bandwidth, and it might not even be illegal to share just the sub. Plenty of reasons!
Do they have some reason which I do not realize?

Actually, hardsubbing has been frowned upon in fansubbing community for many years now. It is the official distributors (like Funimation) who hardsub their releases. And note "HorribleSubs" is not subbing group. They just rip streaming sites like Crunchyroll and Funimation.

in regards to your note. yes subbing is apart of anime but this is different to fan subbing

also the sharing of subtitles files on the net can be just as illegal as sharing anime on the net without the neccersary linceses because subtitles can be considered the script which as discussed here is also copyrighted content

@ Euphoric: Oh. So if something is "hardsubbed by HorribleSubs", then it was just stolen by them and it was Crunchyroll or Funimation who hardsubbed it?

@foobar Exactly.

You can ask this in the chat channel. http://chat.stackexchange.com/rooms/6697/maid-cafe-. I vote this question to be closed.

I actually don't agree that this question should be closed. The point of the "Requesting illegal materials" close reason was to get rid of questions like "Where can I find fansubs of XX series?", which this question is not asking. This is about a practice in the production of fansubs, and talking about that practice is neither illegal nor copyrighted, nor does it constitute asking for links to illegal or copyrighted materials—particularly as it doesn't even mention a specific series.

@Torisuda: My issue with this specifically is the intent of the question.  I don't disagree with you in that discussing how subtitles are produced/engineered/used is illegal or can lead to copyright issues, but where I draw the line here is that the question's nature is asking whether or not the subs can be bundled external to a single video file.  Further, it's not really a question; it's more or less posing a suggestion to the fansub community at large, which isn't a topic I believe we want to support here.

@Makoto I agree with you that it's borderline as a question; to me it reads more as a complaint or a rant, so I would have been more on board with closing it as primarily opinion-based, but closing it as requesting illegal or copyrighted materials makes no sense to me. It might be worth doing a meta about this question, at the very least to solidify the idea that anything at all related to fansubs is off-topic, but I honestly don't care enough to argue about it and I won't seek a reopen vote.

@Torisuda i read it more as a complaint/rant requesting that fansubbers not hardsub which lead me to the close reason. this question could be saved by asking about why places like Crunchyroll, AnimeLab, Funimation, etc. hardsub but to my limited understanding Crunchyroll doesn't and to make this question ask about those would require a total rework of the question by the OP since when they talk about funsubs and "some sites" they aren't referring to any legal ones

and for the record i have no problem with fansubs of unlicensed series, my problem is when a site does not remove a fansub from their site when the series becomes licensed or they just replace the fansub with the official sub. for the most part most people who download anime don't due their due service and buy the DVDs/BluRay so i can't hardly expect most people who watch the fansub over the official sub to buy the DVDs/BluRay strait from Japan to pay their dues

@Memor-X My argument against that close reason was that asking why fansubbers do hardsubs is not actually asking for links to fansubs, therefore in my eyes it is not requesting illegal or copyrighted material. To me, asking about fansub production is not requesting illegal or copyrighted materials. There are legitimate reasons to close this, I just didn't think the chosen reason was one of them. As I said, though, I really don't care about this question enough to argue about it; it's closed and I'm done with it.

I'm not sure about the whole scope of hardsub usage, but here is at least one widely used case:
There are tons of sites where people can watch anime online. And most of these sites are using really primitive embedded video players, which are usually not capable of any manipulation with subtitles, like switching between subtitles of different languages, or even enabling/disabling subtitles. So, the only viable method to include subtitles in such cases is hardsub.


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Kaguya s1 finale - What happens between fireworks and next semester?
Did Kaguya and Miyuki (Shirogane) really not talk at all from the scene in the taxi (except perhaps a 'Good night. See you next sem') or something?
Like from this point

until this point

In particular...Kaguya really does not even say thank you?

Well in the manga apparently it does go like this at least in the original 2016. But apparently to celebrate the 2019 live action adaptation (and the 2019 anime adaptation?), there was an additional chapter made set between chapters 45 and 46. (And apparently the anime doesn't use the bonus chapter?)
Fandom says

This chapter was made to celebrate the release of the live action movie.

https://kaguyasama-wa-kokurasetai.fandom.com/wiki/Chapter_45-01
Seems basically it's

 Just more 'embarrassing'/'cool' things Miyuki says as if it were part of the end of the Fireworks Arc (because for some reason Chapter 46, also part of the s1 finale, isn't included in the Fireworks Arc?).

Anyway answer:

They do still talk. But Miyuki's still in 'I'm too genuinely focused to think about whether my words are embarrassing, cool or neither.'

I guess Kaguya really doesn't say thank you.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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What is this symbol called which is used to denote "II" in the second season of "The Quintessential Quintuplets"?
The Japanese title for "The Quintessential Quintuplets 2nd season" is 5-toubun no Hanayome ∬. I assume "∬" to be number 2 or "II". But this symbol looks more like the Integral symbol or "Double Integral" to be precise. This symbol is used in mathematics and is never stylized to show numbers or anything. So, is this symbol anywhere present in Japanese script? Or is it just a cursive way of writing "II" that ended up looking like integrals?

No, you're right, that is absolutely the double integral sign. There's a trend of indicating follow-on seasons of shows with indicators like random punctuation marks or letters (see, e.g. this question about Nisekoi: or this one about Dragon Ball Z), and this is almost normal by comparison since it does actually look a bit like a stylised II rather than, for example, adding an apostrophe or a random letter.
It's also vaguely relevant to the show itself - since Uesugi was brought on to tutor the five girls in subjects such as mathematics, which potentially includes a little bit of calculus.


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Japanese Scoring System on Public High School Examinations: Quintessential Quintuplets season 2
In 5 Toubun no Hanayome, Fuutarou is assigned to help a rich businessman's quintuplet daughters pass their examinations and graduate. Unfortunately, they all suck at academics, or get distracted by other activities and career goals. Fuutarou notices that each one excels at a different subject, so he tries to leverage that fact to everyone's advantage so that each quintuplet can elevate the others in their subject of expertise.
They tend to fail in the first season, regardless, but by S2 E6, they get passing scores, like the image below:

How are passing grades determined in Japanese high schools? In America, marks below 60, or even 70 in some districts, are considered a failing grade, but somehow a 38 in one of the subjects is good enough for an overall passing grade.

In The Quintessential Quintuplets, the passing grade is 30 or above per subject.
This was inferred and stated in the midterm exam's result (chapter 20), when

Yotsuba said that she failed all subjects except National Language with 30.

Miku said that she only passed Social Sciences and failed the rest, even Maths with 29.

Fuutarou was disappointed because the girls failed to get 30 points after studying hard for a short period.

In Japan, the general passing grade is also 30 points, though it may also depend on the school policy:

There are schools with 20, 40, or even 60 passing grade
Some schools use the average score of the subject instead, or half of it

References:

manga-games.com, a Japanese blog for chapter summary

Chapter 49
Volume 3

Yahoo! Chiebukuro - What is the failing grade for tests (in high school)? (Japanese)


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Why when being romantically affectionate do these ex-romantic partner step-siblings call each other by last name? (Motokano S01E01)
1st episode of new anime adaptation of light novel series My Stepmom's Daughter Is My Ex aka Mamahaha no Tsurego ga Motokano datta:

Yume Ayai and Mizuto Irido have recently become step-siblings. Before they were step-siblings they used to date. It seems they broke up at least 1 year before becoming step-siblings.
In the very 1st scene, we see that Yume calls Mizuto as Mizuko-kun and Mizuto calls Yume as Yume-san.

Later, they play Kaguya-sama-like games with each other to try to trick the other into not acting as normal siblings. They manage to trick each other at least once each. Now, also once each, when 1 of them gets tricked, they call each other by last name: Irido-kun, Ayai.

(Ignoring the issue of the presence/absence/choice of honorific...I'll just pretend for now it's the same as 'Himuro (no honorific)' and 'Yukimura-kun' in Science Fell...)
Question: What's the idea here? Is it like, Idk, 'simulating' when they 1st started to have a crush on each other and thus weren't so familiar with each other and so as part of the simulation they would call each other how they initially called each other then?

Cross-posted from Japanese.SE: https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/95406/5464

I know nothing about the anime nor the manga, but according to this,
it is something like

First, they call each other by first names, just like siblings. San/kun suggests that they behave like they just know each other.
Yume gets annoyed by being called by first name, and proposes a game where one loses if s/he behaves in the "non-sibling-like" manner.
Mizuto takes the strategy of becoming "serious", then Yume is kind of taken aback, which led to calling him Irido-kun
Mizuto points out Yume has lost.

About the changing to "Irido-kun", it does mean Yume was stripped off her "looking down/mocking" attitude, more or less in line with the suggested interpretation. About the change to "Ayai", you can understand it in the same way, but calling her by "Ayai" seems original to Anime.

From TheDarkAngel135790 in here:

Yea, it's something like that.
They started calling each other by their given names because it's normal for siblings to do that. To them, it was sign that they have gotten over their relationship and now consider each other step siblings.
But when they were actually dating, they never mustered up the courage to call them with their given names. So they at that time called each other Irido-kun and Ayai-san.
But in this scene (which i presume is the scene where Mizuto pushes down Yume) Mizuto is all but ready to throw away his identity of a step sibling and revert back to his previous relationship with Yume. That's why he whispers in her ear "Ayai" which can be seen as a sign that he is no longer acknowledging her as his step sister but rather, his ex girlfriend. Yume also ends up calling him "Irido-kun" going with the flow, and also showing she is willing to accept Mizuto's advances

I think the interpretation is likely enough. I posted a longer comment as an answer.


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How Kaguya addresses Moeha Fujiwara
In S03E10, why does Kaguya address Moeha (Chika Fujiwara's imouto) by 1st name only after previously, in S02E02,
A - expressing reluctance to do the same for Kei (Miyuki Shirogane's imouto) and
B - addressing Moeha as Moeha-san?
Actually, afaiu, 'Moeha-san' is too polite, but I figured it was just Kaguya's thing or Kaguya's school's thing (Quote: 'In that school, everybody pretty much uses keigo with everybody else').

Quote:

This is the 1st time I've ever called someone by their 1st name only. - Kaguya about calling Kei Shirogane by 1st name.

Note 1: Kaguya even wanted to address Kei as Shirogane-san, then Kei-san and then Kei-chan.
Note 2: Sort of cross-posted in Japanese SE: Changing the way you address someone without your relationship having changed

A combination of an answer in reddit and an answer in Japanese SE:
Aestrasz from reddit:

As to why Kaguya doesn't use the "-san" in that scene, it's because she wants to convince Moeha that she's too young for the president. In Japan, you almost always call children by just their name, that's why she dropped the "-san", she was treating her like a child.

sundowner from Japanese SE:

Regarding the particular case, I think your understanding (from other sites) should be fine, although it does not necessarily intimidate Moeha. It sounds like emphasizing Kaguya's status as an elder - one who instructs, educates her juniors. In a sense, it may be like using a full name in English.

My follow-up question:

'like using a full name in English' - ah so it's like the 'Albus Severus Potter' in Harry Potter 7? But in that case...this means the honorific change is probably temporary? Like next day things are back to normal Kaguya might go back to Moeha-san?

sundowner:

Yes, I think it is likely to be temporary. Moeha is used just because of the nature of what Kaguya tells Moeha.


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In danganronpa, what happens in a drawn vote?
Unlike the games in Liar Game, the rules of a Danganronpa game are sometimes made up or stated midway, which for me kind of sucks but is tolerable so long as the rules are consistent.
In Liar Game, afaik, the dealers have always accounted for all possible situations so whenever there are changes in the game, they state it outright. For example, in games involving voting, the dealers have stated what happens in the event of a draw. Eg Minority Rule

Suppose in a Danganronpa game starting with 15 students,

all murders are committed by exactly one person (no collaborative murders during the act, but before or after the act is fine, assuming there would be some incentive) and to exactly one person (no multiple victims)

all murderers are successfully guessed and convicted (iirc, this is by majority vote) so long as there are more than 3 players

No one dies in a way other than being murdered. So, no one messes with Monokuma, dies of an accident, dies of health conditions (eg asthma) or naturally (eg old age), etc, but suicide is fine.

No murders will be hidden from the other students indefinitely, as in all corpses will be discovered or if the body is burned, then there will be enough evidence to say a murder has taken place and thus enough evidence for a classroom trial to be called.

Assuming the above situation is consistent internally and externally consistent with the initial set up of a Danganronpa game, such game will eventually come down to 3 students, whom I'm going to call Kotonoha, Yuno and Mion.
Suppose further:

The game continues (so it's not declared a draw between the 3).

Yuno dies, not of suicide or accident but murdered by Kotonoha or Mion.

If there is a corpse (body is not burned or anything), it will be discovered. If none, Yuno's death is discovered in another way.

Despite insufficient witnesses, a classroom trial will be called.

Questions:

So what happens in the event of a drawn vote between the two?

Generally, whenever there are an even number of voters in a classroom trial, what happens in the event of a drawn vote? Since it's not a majority, everyone but the culprit dies?

I would like to know what are the stated rules regarding this, if any, and from any media.

If I made any logical errors either internally (inconsistent with itself) or externally (inconsistent with Danganronpa), please point them out.
PS I'm done with the anime. Go ahead and spoil other media. But please use spoiler tags for others.
PPS Re 'Kotonoha, Yuno and Mion'

 Don't spoil please re 'Mion'.

This is an answer to both these questions:

In danganronpa, what happens in a drawn vote?

In Danganronpa, how can a classroom trial be called if there are only 2 witnesses available?

Part I - Guess for the in general case

A drawn vote is the same as if there's a majority vote and it's not the killer: The killer is technically not majority voted. Therefore, the killer wins.

Consequently, this explains...
1 - why Monokuma didn't say anything about a drawn vote: There's no need to say this because it's already included.
The point is the killer has to be voted out. A drawn vote does not accomplish this. There's no need to say that killers have draw odds like chess / 9LX armageddon because it's implied.
Of course, it would've been nice for Monokuma to just say this to clarify / emphasise anyway.
Credit for guess: clueanalysis2596 from YouTube
2 - the difference with Liar Game's Minority Rule:

In the event there are 2 remaining in Minority Rule, the 2 are symmetric. There's no reason to favour 1 over the other, but of course you could force a tiebreak by making them play poker or whatever.

In Danganronpa, there's definitely an asymmetry between the killer and the non-killer. It's the same asymmetry that forms the basis for the principle of innocent until proven guilty.

Part II - Guess for when it comes down to 3 people:
Whoever kills someone 1st wins the whole game assuming a trial is called despite insufficient witnesses.
In the trial, each of the 2 remaining people just vote the other off. There's no majority against the killer, and that's that.
Part III - the assumptions
A big assumption here is the 1 murderer - 1 victim thing. If there were 4 people left, then maybe the next killer would likely kill 2 people instead of just 1 person.

TL;DR "Additional school regulations may be added if necessary"
As unsatisfying as it is, the only answer as to what happens in the event of a draw during voting is we do not know. It has never occurred and Monokuma would likely have just made up a rule on the fly if it ever did (it wouldn't be the first time he made up rules when it suited him).
It should also be noted the elaborate setup in the question is unnecessary, a draw is always possible whether there is an even or odd number of students and even in the first class trial of a killing game, the vote isn't strictly guilty / not guilty like it is in a real criminal trial by jury, you vote for a person and nothing stops multiple people from having the same number of votes. In a hypothetical game with 16 students where one has died and its come time to vote, if 7 people vote for student A, 7 people vote for student B and the last person votes for anyone else the vote is tied.
The only rules that pertain to voting are the same across all 3 main games: Rule #8-9 (D1: THH), #6-7 (D2: GD), #3-4 (DV3: KH) "If the blackened is exposed during the class trial, they alone will be executed" and "If the blackened is not exposed, all remaining students will be executed." These rules assume that voting will single out a single person and this has always been true. Whether these cover ties is up in the air, you could argue so long as one of the people who is tied for most votes is the blackened it counts but Monokuma might also disallow ties and force another vote (whatever he thinks will cause more despair). With that in mind the relevant rule is "Additional school regulations may be added if necessary".
At various points in the series ambiguity with the rules or the setup of the games come into question forcing Monokuma to add a rule such as Rule #15 in DV3 "If two different murders by different murderers occur at the same time, only the one whose victim was found first will be the blackened". Which is a natural question to raise in the event of a double kill. As well as Rule #11 in D1 "The guilty party may only kill a maximum of two people during any single 'Killing Game.'" Which assures students a serial killer can't kill everyone else and win by default. If a relevant situation ever came up Monokuma would have figured something out but what form that solution would have taken is left to speculation

Relevant? related? anything to say there? https://anime.stackexchange.com/questions/29331/in-danganronpa-how-can-a-classroom-trial-be-called-if-there-are-only-2-witnesse or this? https://anime.stackexchange.com/questions/29332/in-danganronpa-how-can-a-classroom-trial-be-called-if-there-is-no-corpse or that? https://anime.stackexchange.com/questions/29268/danganronpa-what-is-supposed-to-happen-if-there-are-2-or-3-players-left

I posted an answer. Lemme know what you think please. My answer: A drawn vote is the same as if there's a majority vote and it's not the killer: The killer is technically not majority voted.
Therefore, the killer wins.


text:
In Danganronpa, how can a classroom trial be called if there are only 2 witnesses available?
Unlike the games in Liar Game, the rules of a Danganronpa game are sometimes made up or stated midway, which for me kind of sucks but is tolerable so long as the rules are consistent.
In Liar Game, afaik, the dealers have always accounted for all possible situations so whenever there are changes in the game, they state it outright. For example, in games involving voting, the dealers have stated what happens in the event of a draw.

Suppose in a Danganronpa game starting with 15 students,

all murders are committed by exactly one person (no collaborative murders during the act, but before or after the act is fine, assuming there would be some incentive) and to exactly one person (no multiple victims)

all murderers are successfully guessed and convicted (iirc, this is by majority vote) so long as there are more than 3 players

No one dies in a way other than being murdered. So, no one messes with Monokuma, dies of an accident, dies of health conditions (eg asthma) or naturally (eg old age), etc, but suicide is fine.

No murders will be hidden from the other students indefinitely, as in all corpses will be discovered or if the body is burned, then there will be enough evidence to say a murder has taken place and thus enough evidence for a classroom trial to be called.

Assuming the above situation is consistent internally and consistent with the initial set up of a Danganronpa game, such game will eventually come down to 3 students, whom I'm going to call Kotonoha, Yuno and Mion.
Assuming the game continues (so it's not declared a draw between the 3) and Yuno dies, then only Kotonoha and Mion will be able to see Yuno's corpse, if there would be one. So assuming there is a corpse (body is not burned or anything), and it is discovered, or there is no corpse, and the death is discovered in another way, how can a classroom trial be called?
Perhaps Monokuma will adjust the rules, and a classroom trial will be called anyway, but I would like to know what are the stated rules regarding this, if any, and from any media.

If I made any logical errors either internally (inconsistent with itself) or externally (inconsistent with Danganronpa), please point them out.
PS I'm done with the anime. Go ahead and spoil other media. But please use spoiler tags for others.
PPS Re 'Kotonoha, Yuno and Mion'

 Don't spoil please re 'Mion'.

Comments are not for extended discussion; this conversation has been moved to chat.

This is an answer to both these questions:

In danganronpa, what happens in a drawn vote?

In Danganronpa, how can a classroom trial be called if there are only 2 witnesses available?

Part I - Guess for the in general case

A drawn vote is the same as if there's a majority vote and it's not the killer: The killer is technically not majority voted. Therefore, the killer wins.

Consequently, this explains...
1 - why Monokuma didn't say anything about a drawn vote: There's no need to say this because it's already included.
The point is the killer has to be voted out. A drawn vote does not accomplish this. There's no need to say that killers have draw odds like chess / 9LX armageddon because it's implied.
Of course, it would've been nice for Monokuma to just say this to clarify / emphasise anyway.
Credit for guess: clueanalysis2596 from YouTube
2 - the difference with Liar Game's Minority Rule:

In the event there are 2 remaining in Minority Rule, the 2 are symmetric. There's no reason to favour 1 over the other, but of course you could force a tiebreak by making them play poker or whatever.

In Danganronpa, there's definitely an asymmetry between the killer and the non-killer. It's the same asymmetry that forms the basis for the principle of innocent until proven guilty.

Part II - Guess for when it comes down to 3 people:
Whoever kills someone 1st wins the whole game assuming a trial is called despite insufficient witnesses.
In the trial, each of the 2 remaining people just vote the other off. There's no majority against the killer, and that's that.
Part III - the assumptions
A big assumption here is the 1 murderer - 1 victim thing. If there were 4 people left, then maybe the next killer would likely kill 2 people instead of just 1 person.

Danganronpa V3 addresses this
Note: I am putting it as a spoiler even though it is presented to you before the first chapter.
In the most recent game, DRV3, A school regulation is created by Monokuma. stating:

 #6: If innocent students (hereinafter referred to as "the spotless") continue to survive the class trials, the killing game will continue until only two students remain.

From this regulation, it seems the game will end immediately when only two students are alive. In the situation you presented, one of the final two will be the blackened. However, the regulation states "two students", not "two spotless students". This means that the game will end with two students, regardless of their blackened status.

thanks penguinswin3! what happens next? https://anime.stackexchange.com/questions/29330/in-danganronpa-what-happens-in-a-drawn-vote

i posted an answer let me know what you think please. assuming people get killed only 1 by 1, then i don't think we'll have only 2 players left. the least is 3 and whomever kills 1st wins because they have draw odds in the classroom trial.

As of this moment, in both Danganronpa games and the anime adaptation of the first game, in the case there are only two witnesses avaiable, being that one would be the murderer...

 There are no rules about how such thing would be dealt with. No such scenario happens, and no person seems to ever plan to go to such lenghts and question Monokuma about the rules for such situations, leaving us only with speculation on how this specifc situation would be dealt with.

i posted an answer let me know what you think please. assuming people get killed only 1 by 1, then i don't think we'll have only 2 players left. the least is 3 and whomever kills 1st wins because they have draw odds in the classroom trial.


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Why are Houjou and Hamaguchi in the same folk dance when they're in different classes?
In S02E07, Houjou and Hamaguchi are in the same folk dance even though they're not in the same class. Why? Does the folk dance combine classes or something?
Here's an image where they're both in the same folk dance. (Note: This image is marked as spoiler to hide whether or not they are holding hands at the end of the dance, if this image is takes place at the end of the dance.)

 They are indeed holding hands at the end of the dance.

Most likely they are combining classes. See Houjou's class photo at the start of the episode. There are 30 students consisting of, I think, 13 boys and 17 girls. (Even if I mistook some boys for girls, I think there are still more girls.)

But later Tanabe-sensei says there are more boys than girls.


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Attire for a Japanese summer festival: Why don't the boys dress up for the summer festival while their dates do?
Maybe related: Attire for a Japanese fireworks festival: Why does Miyuki (Shirogane) REALLY attend in school uniform?

In the s2 finale, Takao, Nakai and Nishikata don't wear yukata's while their dates / companions (resp Kimura, Mano and Takagi) do. What's up with this? Is it something specific to this series? Or in Japanese culture in general are girls more likely than boys to dress up?

We can see this trend continue when Nishikata observes other couples / pairs:

Hamaguchi (with Houjou) is an exception though. Good for Hamaguchi:

Kimura (with Takao) is an exception too.

in Japanese culture in general are girls more likely than boys to dress up?

Yes. Girls just like dressing up pretty more than boys. I guess it is universal.

A quick search gave the following.
It shows the answer to question 'Do you have yukata?'. Only 23% of men(男性) have it while 66% of women(女性) have yukata.

This is just personal opinion, but generally Japanese traditional wear (kimono, yukata) are less convenient than Western clothes. It is less comfortable to move in, harder to wash, usually more expensive. So men, who generally care less about attire, don't bother to wear them, except perhaps in traditional Japanese inns (ryokan), where yukata's are provided as a kind of bath robe.

Part of it is historical. In the Shogun era, merchants began to get rich, and their conspicuous consumption caused the aristocrats to write draconian sumptuary laws that stated what commoners couldn't wear. They didn't worry about women so much, but men's garments became very plain. Also the merchants decided that if they displayed too much wealth in public they were likely to be robbed by samurai.
So men's yukata and kimono have been pretty dull ever since- commonly indigo.
Also, it seems like guys don't like to call attention to themselves, so they're less likely to dress up.
Most modern yukata and kimono for men are dull as dishwater.
The exception is the juban, which is an under-kimono, which wouldn't be seen in public. Those often feature hand-painted artwork, often signed.


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Erasing Flare is really Keyaru's revenge?
It appears Keyaru just rapes Flare exactly once (as Flare) and then erases Flare to become Freia.

What's the point? Well yeah now you're getting your revenge on Flare's BODY. I don't see the actual revenge on Flare. Why not just continue to drag Flare around as still Flare? Like somehow Keyaru, now Keyarga, really derives vengeful pleasure from this erasure and just the ONE time ? Or is Flare actually still at the back of Freia's mind trapped in some mind prison?

If the eventual goal to erase Flare to become Freia, then why rape Flare (as Flare) exactly once? Why not zero times? And if not zero times, then why not, like, 10 times? Is Keyaru really satisfied with exactly one? Or can Keyaru turn on/off the Freia persona, like temporarily bring back Flare for more?

Just finished S01E02: I don't see any indication of an on/off switch or of a mind prison.
Update: Just finished s1. Don't really get it except maybe they don't have the luxury of staying in the room forever because eventually they gotta escape and save the world.

Update: Just finished s1. Don't really get it except maybe they don't have the luxury of staying in the room forever because eventually they gotta escape and save the world.
I guess Keyaru calculated 'Hmmm...I got time for only 1 orgasm and 10 broken fingers. After that I think the guards will come.'
Also... (spoiler for the rest of s1)

 I think there is an on/off just like how Keyaru can switch between Keyaru and Keyaruga and Keara. Then again that's just physical appearance not actual personality.

But...
(spoiler for manga / novel)

 Based on what I've skimmed in the manga and what I read in forums, I think Keyaru, now Keyaruga, does sorta have an on/off switch for Freia / Flare and Ellen / Norn. But idk I don't think Keyaruga used this switch in s1. I think Keyaruga currently doesn't have such power but can eventually obtain such power.

And

 Ultimately, if there isn't a switch, then I think Keyaru thinks like 'Eh sucks, but at least what I did before changing Flare to Freia is pretty good revenge / justice anyway.'