text:
Does the Rinnegan have different abilities depending on the user?
The pattern of the Rinnegan on Madara and Sasuke are different. Looks like Sasuke's Rinnegan have different abilities compared to Madara's. Likewise, Mangekyou wielders have their own special abilities.

IMO the Rinnegan powers don't differ from shinobi to shinobi but is rather experience and origin dependent . Although the case is very different when it comes to Kaguya. Since she is the progenitor of chakra itself.

Even Madara's eye... differs functionality with its wielder, nagato and obito. @EroSennin

sorry my bad, I completely forgotten the answer was provided. but if you have a diff better answer please proceed to post a new answer. @EroSennin

Madara's eyes were the first to awaken the Rinnegan. He then transplanted them into Nagato. Obito took one of the Rinnegan eyes and transplanted into himself.

The Rinnegan offers a vast array of techniques:

Absorption Soul Technique
Amenotejikara
Animal Path
Asura Attack
Asura Path
Banshō Ten'in
Blocking Technique Absorption Seal
Chakra Receiver Manifestation
Chibaku Tensei
Demonic Statue Chains
Deva Path
Flaming Arrow of Amazing Ability
Genjutsu: Rinnegan
Human Path
Indra's Arrow
Limbo: Border Jail
Naraka Path
Outer Path
Outer Path — Samsara of Heavenly Life Technique
Preta Path
Shinra Tensei
Six Paths Technique
Six Paths Ten-Tails Coffin Seal
Six Paths of Pain
Six Paths — Chibaku Tensei
Six Red Yang Formation
Summoning Rinnegan
Summoning: Demonic Statue of the Outer Path
Tengai Shinsei

First we look at Nagato's case.
Nagato inherited both the eyes through transplantation. Meaning: those weren't his original eyes. He was capable of using several of the above mentioned techniques.But not all. From Nagato's wiki article (emphasis by me):

Though he was not the eyes' original owner, being an Uzumaki allowed him to use the Rinnegan to their full potential

Obito took one of Nagato's eyes as a replacement. He was seen using several techniques too. From Obito Uchiha's wiki article (emphasis by me):

Although he used only one eye and was not its original owner, Obito nevertheless gained a great deal of power from it. He is capable performing all of the Six Paths Techniques with the Rinnegan, but he is only ever seen using abilities of the Outer Path: he can summon the Demonic Statue of the Outer Path, create chakra chains to restrain targets, and use Outer Path — Samsara of Heavenly Life Technique to revive the dead in exchange for his life.

Obito and Nagato were seen to have almost the same set of Rinnegan skills (Rinne-Rebirth, Six Paths of Pain Techniques, etc.), although Nagato was better experienced with their use.
From the above, it is safe to presume that the Rinnegan's abilities don't have different set of Rinnegan-based skills. Since Nagato and Obito aren't the original owner(s) of the eyes, there is a certain degree of extent to which they can use the Rinnegan eyes.
From the Rinnegan wiki article:

The various abilities of the Rinnegan remain intact upon being transplanted into another individual, but only when both eyes are wielded by the original owner can their full power be accessed.

Hence Madara-

Because Madara was the eyes' original owner, only he could use them to their fullest power.

This also explains how he was able to use Limbo, as he was the real owner and knows techniques of the Rinnegan better.
Coming to Sasuke's Rinnegan, it is practically the same as the standard Rinnegan .
Conclusion: The Rinnegan abilities don't differ from shinobi to shinobi. It is kinda like, the original owner has the complete mastery over it whereas the ones who borrow it have a piece of the action.
Note: Rinnegan and Rinne-Sharingan are not the same.
Sume-mase's answer is wrong because :

Kaguya and Sasuke's dojutsu aren't the same. Kaguya has the Rinne-Sharingan while Sasuke has a Rinnegan (evolved from a Sharingan).
Sasuke having the tomoe pattern on his Rinnegan has nothing to do with Kaguya. If it had been like that , Madara's Rinnegan would also have the tomoe pattern.

The Rinnegan user is said to be possess the ability to use all known ninjutsu abilities (including the list of jutsu's exclusive to it). I believe it comes down to the user on their preferences on what jutsu's they want to use and how they use it. Because a rinnegan user can use all ninjutsu this begs the question, are the jutsu's listed with Rinnegan truly unique or just another rare jutsu the user has access to?

@Quikstryke I agree with the preference part. But it also comes down to the experience the user has. And as for your question, IMO its both. The Rinnegan's jutsu are unique to the eyes and only the user of the eyes has access to it(which again depends on the origin)

Sasuke has a unique Rinnegan from my own point of view. I think Sasuke's Rinnegan is somehow between the usual Rinnegan and the Rinne-Sharigan. Here are my reasons:
First the person that ever awakened the Rinnegan was Hagoromo Otsustuki which is basically a mutation of Rinne-Sharigan and Byakugan which are his mothers original Doujutsu and Madara obtaining power from the combination of Indra and Asura's Chakra created Hagoromo's Chakra thus giving him the Rinnegan. The Rinnegan when awakened manifests in both eyes, if you recall after the battle between Madara and Hashirama, Madara died but he already foresaw his losing to Hashirama and made a time activating Izanagi at the cost of losing the sight in one eye but when he manifested the Rinnegan he regained sight in both eyes, therefore the eyes Sasuke has is not a Rinnegan and also not a Rinne-Sharigan but a mutation because he activates it in one eye and it looks like Rinne-Sharigan which has just one eye and he has six Tomoe in his Rinnegan while the Rinne-Sharingan has 9 tomoe i think the reason why sasuke does not have the full Rinnegan is because Hagoromo shared his power between him and Naruto and since he did not get Naruto's DNA or cells into him but a much tinkered cell of Hashirama perhaps that is why his Rinnegan mutated.


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Who is Acnologia?
Is Acnologia a human or a Dragon? In Fairy Tail, it is shown that he was a Dragon Slayer who had transformed into a Dragon. But, who was he before becoming a Dragon?

...Reading this http://fairytail.wikia.com/wiki/Acnologia it doesn't say.

As Quikstryke's answer said, Acnologia was one of the first Dragon slayers. The more he fought with dragon magic, the more he became dragon-like.
In a recent manga chapter, it is revealed that

 Igneel and the other dragons were "alive/dead" inside the dragon slayers, and as the dragon slayers matured, the dragons inside them prevented the dragon magic from consuming them and turning them into dragons like Acnologia's case.

gotta look for it but pretty sure they said as he bathed in their blood he started changing.

He was definitely a human.  Not sure if you're reading the manga or watching just the anime, but its pretty evident he was a human who was taught dragon slayer magic.  They said as he killed more dragons he started transforming into one.  Dragneel and the other dragons prevented this from happening to the current generation dragon slayers.

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text:
How did Isaac and Miria became immortals?
In one of the final episodes, Chez notices Isaac is immortal when he's trying to save him from falling off the train.
Isaac also got shot, and beaten down.
However, he didn't drink the "sake" he and Miria stole from the mob, did he?
How did he and Miria became immortals?

Same way as Gandors and Martellos.

Box with elixir of immortality went from what's-his-name brewer to Dallas Genoard, who then left it at Gandors' place. On Scilard's orders, Dallas recovered the box, but then he was robbed by Isaac & Miria, who took the box with them to Firo's inauguration party, where all present drank the elixir.

it differs very slightly between the anime and novels, but the answer is, they drank it during Firo's promotion party. (though when and how the elixir got there is the main difference between the versions).
In the anime, there's 1 party, where as in the novels, there's 2. (the night Szilard shows up is basically an impromptu after-party after Issac and Miria steal the box from Dallas and finding out it's liquor and decide give it to the Martillos for treating them the night before during Firo's promotion (which is where the real elixir was drunk)).
In the novel Firo was actually the one who stole the Elixir, and the box everyone was chasing around all book long was just normal alcohol Firo had traded out with the elixir while Barnes was unconscious.
Novel Firo is kind of a jerk, and basically decided to "test" Barnes. If he was nice and respectful for being saved, Firo would give the liquor back, if he was a dismissive jerk, Firo would keep it. Now it does make some sense, as the Begger/Mugger who attacked Firo actually happened that morning (Novel Firo beats the tar out of him without a scratch) and he was fuming over someone attacking him after he'd tried to do a good deed for them, and decided to test Barnes because of it, see if he was also an ungrateful asshole.
Since he thought the stuff Barnes had and was so protective of was some extremely high dollar imported liquor, where as the stuff he was originally bringing to the party was a bit on the cheap-side.

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What happened to Shishui Uchiha?
In Naruto anime, though at first Itachi was accused for murdering his best friend, Shishui Uchiha. But later, it was revealed that Shishui gave one of his eyes to Itachi. But the next day, he was found dead. But what happened to Shishui? Did Danzo kill him?  But he already snatched his other eye before Shishui met Itachi. I did not understand if it was shown in the anime.

You can search on the wiki about the character..

What you have seen in the anime, contains more story than in the manga.
The only thing that we learned from the manga was that, Shisui gave one of his eyes to Itachi because Danzo had the other eye already. In order to hide his other eye from Danzo, he found Itachi and gave him the eye.
The truth about his death is as explained (from the wiki):

Fearing that Danzō was right in Shisui's inability to stop the
  Uchiha's revolt and that the elder would continue to pursue his left
  eye as well, Shisui entrusted it to Itachi, telling him to protect
  both the village and the Uchiha name. Shisui wrote a suicide note
  telling his clan he cannot follow through with the coup d'etat, but
  his clan's narrow mindedness made them unable to understand this,
  believing he would even sacrifice innocent lives for the sake of the
  Uchiha Clan. The contents of the suicide note also made it appear as
  though he had crushed his eyes when jumping off a cliff into the Naka
  River to kill himself in order to prevent conflict from arising over
  his eyes within the clan. He, at the same time, was able to erase
  his existence, leaving no corpse behind. In the anime, Shisui
  was also hoping to use his death to awaken Itachi's Mangekyō
  Sharingan, succeeding in the goal.


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Why had Portgas D. Ace refused to take his father's surname?
Why did Portgas D. Ace refuse to take the Monkey D. name?
What had his father done to him to resent him that much?

First off, his father is Gol D. Roger so his birth name was originally Gol D. Ace. However, he did get adopted by Monkey D. Garp. And before his execution, many assumed that he's Monkey D. Dragon's son.
Moving on to your question as to why he rather chose his mother's name that his father's was that he felt grateful for her mother's willpower and sacrifice just of keeping him in her belly for one year and a few months after just to save him from the Marines of finding out he's Roger's son.

"Just before passing away, Rouge gave him the name Gol D. Ace. However, Ace, grateful to his mother for her sacrifice, chose to take her name instead." (taken from Wikia)

For your second question, it also has been revealed in the manga that he did not resent Roger that much in fact from the flashbacks, Ace would get violent to anyone who would speak ill of his father. Let's just say Ace was indifferent to the idea of Roger being his father. Because after all, Roger was already dead wen he was born.
Of course, for proof you could check out the wikia page of Ace.


text:
How many Dragons are there in total in Fairy Tail?
Some of the Dragon Slayers were trained by Dragons, while others gained Dragon Slayer Magic by means of Lacrima implants (as in the case of Laxus). For Lacrima implants, the Dragon Slayer Magic has to be extracted from a Dragon (that's my assumption). So how many Dragons in total, living or dead, exist in Fairy Tail? If possible please provide their names.

13 dragons were named in the series (5 dragons that raised humans from the current time line, Acnologia and the 7 dragons that came through the Eclipse Gate). 400 years ago, there were thousands or maybe millions of dragons, but they got extinct.

I mentioned the 13 named ones in my question Are the dragon names based on anything

According to the Fairy Tail wiki, there are 18 Dragons who have been given a name.

 However in the Grand Magic Games arc we learn that 400 years ago the world was ruled by dragons. Many a Dragon were slain, and thus, the humans became known as Dragon Slayers.

Dragons with titles:

Igneel - The Fire Dragon King
Metalicana - The Iron Dragon
Grandeeney - The Sky Dragon
Acnologia - The Black Dragon (The Black Dragon of the Apocalypse)
Weisslogia - The White Dragon
Skiadrum - The Shadow Dragon
Zirconis - The Jade Dragon
Atlas Flame - The Fire Dragon
Belserion - The Sage Dragon
Irene Belserion - Queen of Dragons
Elefseria - The Law Dragon
Mercuphobia - The Water God Dragon

Other named Dragons:

Motherglare
Scissor Runner
Levia
Dark Dragon
Rock Dragon
Animus

There are thousands, but the main ones (that trained the dragon slayers) are of a number of 5. (Igneel (Natsu), Grandine (Wendy), Metallicana (Gajeel),  Skiadrum (Rogue) and Weisslogia (Sting).) There is also Acnologia, making a total of 6 main dragons. There are a lot of other ones, but these are the dragons worth remembering. Especially Acnologia. There are other minor ones, but I don't think they are really important to the plot. The number of names mentioned is of 13, though.

Pretty sure it was "Igneel" instead of "Ignir".

My bad. Ignir is the french/japanese way of saying it.

@Alagaros If you think someone made a spelling mistake, it is allowed and encouraged to edit the post yourself instead of commenting :)

there are several dragon slayers (if u look at the dragon war era), but the ones that actually played a role in the story are:

Natsu (Fairy Tail)
Gajeel (Fairy Tail)
Wendy (Fairy Tail)
Sting (Sabertooth)
Rogue (Sabertooth)
Laxus (Fairy Tail)(Lacrima)
Eric (General Cobra)(Crime Sorcery)(Lacrima)
Irene (Erza's mother)(Spriggan 12)
Acnologia (Dragon King)
God Serena (Wizard Saint)(Spriggan 12)(Strongest Man on Ishgar)

That makes a total of 10 dragon slayers

There are 18 dragons:

Igneel
Metalicana
Grandeeney
Acnologia
Weisslogia
Skiadrum
Ziroconis
Atlas Flame
Motherglare
Scissor runner
Levia
Dark Dragon
Rock Dragon
Belsrion
Irene Belserion
Animus
Elefseria
Mercuphobie


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Why are the numbers of Logia and Zoan Devil Fruit users lower when compared to Paramecia users?
From the wikia:
                    Canon   Non-Canon   SBS
Paramecia -          49*       15        2
Zoan -               17         3        0
Logia -              11         3        0
Unspecified -         0         1        1
Total Devil Fruits - 77*       22        3

It is clear that Paramecia users outnumber both Zoan and Logia users. Is there any specific reason for that?
I think that more Zoan users mean more animals, so it will have less creativity (for attacks) compared to other Devil Fruits. So that may be a reason for less Zoan users till now.
But what about Logia? Most Logia users are big-shots.

101 Devil Fruit users (including unnamed) seemed only a little, but it seems that Oda only slowly introduced them, but after entering the Grandline more are introduced at a faster pace. He introduced 2 fruits in '97, 1 in '98, 4 in '99, 13 in '00, 0 in '01, 5 in '02, 1 in '03, 3 in '04, 1 in '05, 6 in '06, 6 in '07, 12 in '08, 17 in '09, 2 in '10, 1 in '11, 9 in '12, 12 in '13, 5 in '14 and 1 in '15.

The answer is because Oda chose it to be this way.  He could have Zoan be far more common (there are quite a few more than 49 animals in the world) but chose this to be the way the world works. As to why he chose that... that is why this is a comment.

I think the answer is pretty simple. Logia Devil Fruits give you the power to become an element, Zoan fruits give you the power to become an animal, Paramecia fruits are those which allow you to do anything else.
Imagine if you divided all cars you saw into Volvos, Peugeots, and Others. You'd expect far more of the third category because it's definition is broader. So out of all the Devil Fruits in existence, you'd expect more to be Paramecia than others.
I think Logia should be even more under reported than they are, as they are stated to be the rarest and most powerful of the three types of fruit, but at the Whitebeard War, many of the most powerful men in the world were shown, so the fruits we've seen are skewed towards the more powerful.

Just wait until Kaido shows up and Zoan will skyrocket!

@PeterRaeves But kaido uses artificial devil fruit.So will it count?

@userXtreme You would end up having 4 categories, namely Volvos, Peugots, Landwinds and Others or something, but depending on how many Oda introduces, you might need to change your reply if he introduces thousands lol.

But if you look at the Zoan wikia page, they will just put artificial zoans with regular zoans, since Momonosuke face is put together with the other Zoans

Additional to Qiri's answer, here is the SBS where Oda basically mentioned the same Qiri did.

Reader: Oda-sensei, I was curious; is Foxy the Silver Fox's Noro Noro no Mi a Logia type, Paramecia type, or Zoan type? I'll be too anxious for your reply to use the bathroom, so hurry it up.
Oda: It's a Paramecia (superhuman) type. Logia (nature) type can turn their bodies into something completely different. Zoan (animal) type can turn into animals. Everything aside from those is lumped into the Paramecia (superhuman) category. However, there are some Paramecia who can change their own bodies, as well.

Oda indeed confirms that Logia and Zoan are a specific Devil Fruit, but everything else would be considered superhuman and is lumped into that category, so it would make sense for it to be the largest category.


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Does Kakashi's Sharingan use more chakra than the Uchiha clan members?
As in Naruto, Kakashi used his Sharingan only during a combat.
Where as the Uchiha clan members (mainly Itachi and Madara), used their Sharingan almost all the time.
So, does the Sharingan consume more chakra in the case of Kakashi as compared to an Uchiha?

I have edited your post , if it change the content you can roll back

The main reason is, Kakashi is not an Uchiha

@mirroroftruth That's what I want to know. In his case does it consumes more chakra?

yes it does consume , and he is not uchiha so he can't deactivate it so he cover it when not needed

Alright, could you pls add some more detail and post it as an answer?

To directly answer the question, NO, it doesn't.
Theoretically, I think the consumption/amount of chakra using Sharingan comparing to other Uchihas is the same. They only differ on how they use them with their bodies. We all know that Uchihas (mainly Itachi and Madara) has bodies mainly adapted to use Sharingan thus making them efficiently use it in battles. On the other hand, Kakashi retains his body (which is not Uchiha's) causing him to use Sharingan inefficiently which in return produces waste chakra during its usage.
Sharingans are like weapons - same weapon requires equal strength in order to use them. But no different body can use the same weapon.

Don't get me wrong, the other answer is still correct. But does not necessarily answers the question.
Update
In addition, as per @mirroroftruth, Kakashi can't deactivate his Sharingan. Active Sharingan constantly use chakra.

your answer is also right ,for one reason you should still say that Kakashi use more chakra than Uchiha because he can't deactivate sharingan, active sharingan definitely use chakra,

The answer comes right from the wiki as @mirroroftruth said:

When he first recieved it, Kakashi's Sharingan only two tomoe. Later,
  the traumatic loss of his dear friend Rin Nohara at his own hand
  caused Kakashi's Sharingan to fully mature. Because he is not of
  direct Uchiha heritage, Kakashi was unable to deactivate this dōjutsu.
  This forced him keep it covered when not needed as it also consumed
  much greater chakra reserves than an Uchiha, leaving him bedridden if
  overused. Because of this, Kakashi only relied on it when absolute
  necessary. In Part I, he could only handle using it for a short while
  in battle before suffering somewhat crippling effects and severe
  fatigue. In Part II, his efficiency with maintaining it greatly
  increased, able to use it for seemingly an entire day without any
  adverse effects.

Well, as explained by the Second Hokage :
Strong feelings in the Uchiha clan folks had the potential to release a certain type of chakra in their brains. This was visible in their eyes as a red color, which is the Sharingan. The stronger their emotions, the stronger their Sharingan powers grew. They were able to awaken Mangekyo in cases of extreme mental trauma [either self-inflicted / suffered]. Very few have actually done it in the series.
Having said that, Kakashi did not awaken a Sharingan, it is Uchiha Obito's eye.
He was able to use it by means of his own chakra, but since that did not originate in him, the amount of chakra consumed was higher. Similar to using a scroll for a Suiton [Water] style jutsu, without having an affinity for that type.
Since, he could not control the sharingan to the level of actually using whenever required, he covered it with his headband. This doesnot mean he was using the sharingan always, he had to lift up his headband to use it [during combat / when required]
He does have vast reserves of chakra as displayed by his use of copied techniques, body activation and his own elemental manipulation, which are not easy without that. But Sharingan is something external to him, and he needs to focus more chakra to it.
Wanted to add upon the wiki reference with some additional info.
HTH.

Seeing as though Kakashi is not an Uchiha by blood, his body does not have the required physical strength to use the blood trait of the Sharingan therefore it requires a lot more  of his chakra to use in comparison to an Uchiha's usage of the Sharingan.
This works for any and all Dojutsu, if you are not the original wielder and don't have the genetics for it, it will be extremely difficult for you to wield.
While Obito did in fact have the spiritual energy to use the Rinnegan, he didn't have any bloodline relations to the Senju or Uzumaki and couldn't use the Rinnegan at all.


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Is Platy really a Platypus?
In Sabagebu! episode 4, Mokarin tries to find out where Platy comes from. Everyone thinks that Platy is a platypus but they aren't able to confirm it since it doesn't do anything a platypus does.

So my question, is it actually a Platypus?

I think so, although it's never revealed - the name Platty (and in Japanese Kamo - short for Kamonohashi [platypus] ) and his appearance is pretty indicative of it.
If we use the Duck Test:

if it looks like a duck, swims like a duck, and quacks like a duck, then it probably is a duck.

Platty:

Looks like a platypus
We don't really get to see Platty swim, but he does enjoy a hotspring - where platypuses can reside. article about an investigation of Platypuses in Lake Kinrin hotspring water

He sorta sounds like a platypus https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dsd7ZfdZcNU , but it's more of a quack noise.

Conclusion: Maybe? (I don't think we're supposed to know)


text:
Is Blackbeard afraid of Luffy?
Why does Blackbeard send Burgess to assassinate Luffy? Is he afraid of him?
I mean with his 2 Devil Fruit powers, he is overpowered.
Even just with his Yami Yami no Mi, he won quite easily against Ace, and now he also has the Gura Gura no Mi and a strong crew.
So is there a special reason for him to kill Luffy? And why not do it himself? Does he fear the D in Luffy's name?

Blackbeard did not send Burgess to kill Luffy, he did not even know Luffy was at Dressrosa to begin with. Blackbeard originally had send out Burgess to Dressrosa to get the Fire Fruit. Later it was Sabo who ate the Fire Fruit, but it looks like not much people knew about this. The only thing most people really knew, was that Lucy had eaten the Fire Fruit.

Later when Sabo blew up the colosseum, Burgess realized that Lucy was not Luffy any more, because Luffy already ate a Devil Fruit before and could not eat a second. He just did not know who actually ate the fruit and thought that person would have been long gone by now. That's why he went for the next best thing, not having to go home empty handed. Though, when Sabo showed Burgess, that he had eaten the Fire Fruit, Burgess completely forgot about Luffy and turned his attacks towards Sabo instead, still hoping to get the Fire Fruit eventually.

On a side note: Blackbeard never targeted Luffy for personal reasons. He originally wanted to kill Luffy to make a name for himself, but after he became a Warlord, he did not care much for Luffy any more. He could have easily destroyed Luffy at Impel Down, but he had other ambitions by that time, other than the one he had at Mocktown, Jaya.

oh really i didn't recognize that. Burgess was also in the tournament right?
i have to read it again. But then Burgess should take Doflas fruit... thinks is more powerful. Or Law couldn't even move. strange...

@BBallBoy when luffy released conquerors haki during his fight with Don chinjao Burgess got curious and replied "its getting interesting" when he heard it was Luffy. He later told BB on the snailphone. BB said that he was happy Ace would be joining his crew in the form of the fruit. He didnt have any intention of going after Luffy.

yeah you were right, he was after Ace devil fruit. So he must carry a fruit with him, otherwise he couldn't get luffys power...
but i'm still confused, he could easily go after sabo and try to kill him, because this was his mission, to get Aces power.

@BBallBoy I updated the answer with the reveals from today's chapter. It looks like he indeed could have gone for Sabo, he just didn't realize Sabo was Lucy. Now that he does, he indeed goes after Sabo.

oh nice, the new chapter is out! :D thanks for your effort :)

At the moment I reckon this is all just speculation. I think he wants to kill Luffy because of his ability to inspire the people around him, as often noted by Kuzan.
At the battle of Marineford Luffy continuously inspired the other pirates to rise up and fight, just by being himself. This alone is a force to be reckoned with that could well be used against Blackbeard.
I personally think that he doesn't see luffy worthy enough to be have his personal attention when it comes to the assassination. It's almost the same as Luffy not bothering with alot of minor henchman of the bad guys he encounters. Often the crew just take care of those.
As for the fear of the D in Luffy's name concerned. I highly doubt thats the case, since (spoiler alert)

 Blackbeard is a D. aswell, Marshall D. Teach

Time will tell what Oda has in store for us tho

yes i now this about Blackbeard, but if he knows about the legend of the "D" and he could kill Luffy, there is one D fewer in his way to get Piratking.


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How is Armament Haki obtained or learned?
Armament Haki is being used by a number of users, namely Luffy, Sabo, Garp, Chinjao, etc.
So, has there been any explanation given about the process or training involved in obtaining this Haki ?

No, as far as I remember, there hasn't been any explanation how to train Haki.

The closest we came to knowing this was when Rayleigh was teaching Luffy on Rusukaina Island. He makes a very abstract statement about the need to train to develop one's Haki. However, we do not actually see Luffy's training, so we don't know as of now. This question is unanswerable as of now, but if a future flashback shows us Luffy's training, it would be answerable.

I am voting to reopen this question based on this meta post: http://meta.anime.stackexchange.com/a/307/99 There is a realistic chance of Luffy's training at Rusukaina being shown in more detail in a future flashback, so this question would become answerable then.

@MaskedMan thankx mate. I was just curious about it and yeah I will be waiting for that future flashback

Oh well, I thought I should open a meta post (after posting in chat) to ask for reopen votes http://meta.anime.stackexchange.com/q/2368/99, and by the time I finished that, there are 4 votes already. I suppose I just did a There Is No Kill Like Overkill? ... "So, Ohnoki, what will you do about the second one?" ;-)

@MaskedMan yeah saw the meta post and thanks for making effort

@exexzian It is one of those unwritten "community obligations" of a Trusted User. :-)

I would like to say that, as we have seen so far in the OP universe there was never a proper explanation from manga (because this is where we see what is really happening) for any skill from Luffy. We all remember that in the CP9 arc. Luffy show us 2 techniques that they were never mentioned or even properly introduced before. So, I don't think that we will have a chance to see any explanation. Also we can all see that Oda has a lot in his mind to show us, so I don't see he will have the proper time to explain. Maybe in a SBS he will tell us.

Well, althoug many don't like to take non-canon as reference: You can see how Luffys developed some of his techniques: karakuri castle, when Luffy is fighting the giant robot, you can see him using Gear 2 by accident, some of his development of his haki can be seen while fighting Burndi World.

Yeah but it's not like they gave us how he obtained or how he trained to do gear 2

As an introduction I will quote the wiki page on Haki:

Haki is a mysterious power that is found in every living being in the world. It is not that different from the normal senses. However, most people do not notice it or fail to awaken it. Broadly, there are two types of Haki common to everyone, given the proper training

As mentioned here, everybody has the ability to learn Haki, given the proper training. We have seen lots of examples of people who had obtained Haki through training, like the girls from the Kuja tribe, Luffy during his training with Rayleigh, Cobi during his training with Garp, etc. Almost every person we have seen, that uses Haki has gone through some kind of training from a Haki expert. The problem is that none of these training sessions have been shown as of writing.
Training is not the only way to obtain Haki though. As mentioned in the introduction, Haki is not different from your normal senses and that means that you can also obtain Haki subconsciously. We have seen a handful of cases, where people had obtained Haki on their own, without any training whatsoever. Examples of this are Ace and Luffy obtaining Conqueror's Haki, Cobi and Usopp obtaining Observation Haki or Sai obtaining Armament Haki. So it does not mean you have to take training per se to obtain Haki, but it is well advised to take training to fully control your power. Ace for example was shown to have Conqueror's Haki, but it did not look like he ever learned how to control it properly.

You really think they will show haki training? I reckon some people would probably spend years after that trying to get it right :)

But where did we see those instances of haki without training? I don't remember Ussop or Ace

@TGamer another example is child Doflamingo's Emperors Haki being awakened. This happened due to his internal revelation rather than any training.

@JesseBarnett Yes but Ussop? Even Ace can be expected but Ussop is like the last character in the whole series who would actually awaken it

@TGamer clearly you have not read far enough. One working example is enough for proof in this answer, if you want to find out about Ussop then I suggest asking a new question yourself

I think to obtain certain haki, you have to do special training or learn some kind of technique, for armament haki you would have to boost your strength and fighting spirit to concentrate enough power to learn armament haki. For observation haki, i think you would have to learn to concentrate on listening, hearing, seeing and smelling. Or(For people who want to learn it the easy way)you could meditate and begin to be more at peace, so you would be able to not only see, but also hear your surrounding better, so it's harder for your opponent to hit you. To learn conquerers' haki...
I don't know, that's really never been cleared before. Well hope this info helps those who want to learn haki.

if you have no reference for what you say or if what you say is just speculation and guesses, please consider leaving a comment.

You have to be at a certain level of skill before you can learn haki. All the characters have shown usage of haki before they went into special training to get better at it. If you picked the weakest person off the street you would first train them in combat for at least one to two years before they start to show signs of being able to use haki. Ussop is a good example because he was very weak and grew to some extent from battling with the straw hats. Even then he wouldn’t have been able to get training for haki. It was only after two more years of training and a stressful situation did he finally use observation haki to save Luffy from Sugar.


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What does the Namekian password for the Dragon Balls translate to?
In the Namek Saga, we found out that the Namekian Dragon Balls need a password to be activated, which Dende uses on behalf of the Z Warriors. Since he says it in Namekian, I am wondering if there is a translation of what he is saying?

i bet it's the same as for shenglong :D

@Mintri funny you should mention that because i thought up this question when i was thinking why shenglong has no password or if the invocation for shenglong was a password

There is no known explanation for the password in manga AFAIK. According to the Dragon Ball Wikia, only a few words of the Namekian language are explained. Piccolo and Porunga are the two words really explained and the others are in filler episodes.
The password is "Takkaraput pop porunga pupiritt paro!" . As far as you make it out, Porunga is part of the password. And the episode is named as "Password is Porunga". So the best guess is something like calling Porunga. Also for Shenron, replace Porunga with Shenron in the password. So the password isn't a randomn mystery but some sort of calling to the dragon's name. It is however a guess as there is no official translation.
To quote the wikia on this:

The Namekian language is a fictional language spoken by Namekians,  individuals native to Planet Namek. "Piccolo" and "Porunga" have been defined in the Dragon Ball manga; other words appear as filler material in episodes of Dragon Ball Z. In Dragon Ball, Piccolo and Kami speak in Namekian language to each other during the 23rd World Martial Arts Tournament; although their actual words are translated, Namekian letters appear on the screen.

Here is a list of known Namekian words, some translated:

"Avishta" – never explained, although it may have some relation to 'hello', as Krillin says this during the Namek greeting gesture he  makes to Raiti.
"Butla antu" – "bed", literally "sleepy time"
"Dablirobe" – never explained
"Dorigelop crafca" – ''fly to''
"Onska ropeca" – never explained, although it has some relation to 'turn around', as the phrase causes the Namek spaceship to turn while in flight.
"Piccolo" – "from another world" or "open"
"Porunga" – "dragon of dreams" or "dragon of law"
"Seata belta" – "toilet"
"Stando boomsca" – never explained, although it has some relation to 'fire', as the phrase activates the Namek spaceship's beam cannon.

According to Naroka's Namek to English translator, these are the remaining words that have been translated from Namek to English in the whole manga
"

"Stando boomsca" – Relation to 'blast' or 'fire'
"Pikonatto" – "good day"
"Kistan" - *"Guardian" *
"Dimo" - "I'm" or *"I am" *
"Matto espen" - *"What is your name" *
"Kado" - "Hey"
"Ba soun" - "Over there"
"Ne sinti" - Phrase, "He/She seems well/nice"
"Sinti" - "Nice/Well"
"Kabo ko" - "Still"
"Bäsa" - "Unsure"
"Horou" - "Do you"
"Sä" - "It/It's"
"Irra Pokabo" - "Possible"
"Kogata ro sa shikohama" - "Do it or die"

As you can see, the Namekian password has never been translated in the manga too.
Source: http://dragonball.wikia.com/wiki/Namekian_language
http://wodsouls.freeforums.net/thread/1299/naroka-ukares-namekian-english-dictionary


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Does anyone know this song from Naruto Shippuden that plays in this video?
I've been looking for the name of this OST, but I haven't had any luck finding it. It's the first one played here. It's also played on the 6:07 mark in episode 343.

It is an unreleased OST titled (for now) as "Konoha Peace Theme".
It is said that the soundtrack will be included in the Naruto Shippūden: OST III.


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Does the Uchiha:Senju DNA ratio matter in awakening the Rinnegan?
Is it possible for a Senju to awaken a Rinnegan? Suppose that a Senju got an EMS from an Uchiha and implanted it, would he also awaken the Rinnegan just like an Uchiha did, given that the ratio of Uchiha and Senju DNA is different than if an Uchiha awakens it?

Just any Uchiha cant awaken the Rinnegan. Nor can a common Senju. It is not the Uchiha:Senju DNA ratio that governs the Rinnegan's existence. It is the Asura and Indra chakra mixing. Also, IMO the chakra ratios doesnt matter as we see in Madara's case. Although more chakra can maybe speedup the process of Rinnegan formation.

@EroSɘnnin Do you think Madara was able to awaken the Rinnegan because he was the reincarnation of Asura ?

@KaguyaOtsutsuki Madara was Indra's reincarnation. And to your question, partially yeah. But the main reason was because he obtained Asura's chakra.

@EroSɘnnin Thanks for the correction. Even Obito had Asura's chakra through first hokage's cells. Do you think Obito could've awakened Rinnegan if he had Eternal Mangekyo Sharingan ?

@KaguyaOtsutsuki So did Danzo. I'm not entirely sure about the concept of an outsider (non-reincarnation) getting a Rinnegan. Related: https://anime.stackexchange.com/questions/18616/is-it-possible-to-get-the-rinnegan-by-injecting-senju-and-uchiha-dna-into-yourse?rq=1

@EroSɘnnin I didn't see your related reference, now its clear. cheers

Answer given by @Ero Sɘnnin in the comments.
Not every Uchiha is able to awaken the Rinnegan. Nor can any common Senju.
It is not the Uchiha:Senju DNA ratio that governs the Rinnegan's existence. It is the Asura and Indra chakra mixing.
Also, I think the chakra ratio doesn't matter as we see in Madara's case. Although more chakra can maybe speedup the process of Rinnegan formation.
Related: What if Hashirama had implanted Madara's cells into his body?

He didn't post it as an answer in 2 days, posting it as your own and giving attribution is fair play. +1.

It is never stated that random Uchiha or Senju awaken the Rinnegan via the reincarnation process, but rather, the Indra and Ashura reincarnates.
I highly doubt the portion of chakra you have between the two matters, as Madara is 100% of an Uchiha and merely biting a Senju still got him a Rinnegan, but awakened it when he was very old. It is not the amount of chakra, but rather, the fact that you possess Indra and Ashuras chakra.
It is safe to assume, as Alfro said, if you have more chakra of a Senju, the process will speed up.


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Why do we generally see only one person per type of magic?
Why do we usually see only one person using a type of magic? Look at Cana's magic for example. Out of everything shown via the Anime, no one else has used it on their own. Same with Reedus, Makarov, Evergreen, Bickslow, Gildarts, Jura, Erza (Knight), and many other people.
I can understand why limited number of people use the rare/lost magic (Dragon Slayer and other lost types), but what about the more modern magics?

There have been users with the same type of magic (eg Lucy and yukina), but from a reader's point of view it would be rather boring to see the same type of magic over and over again (cfr All the different dragon-roars are basically the same attack), so I think plotwise it would make more sense to stick to different types

In Episode 222 of the Anime, Lucy want to learn transformation magic from Mirajane (and some others join in).
So it is possible but really hard and requires a large effort than mastering his own type of magic. Besides it was too complicated for her.
It is like talent. Additionally not all types of magic are accessible to everyone because of missing prerequisites, such as dragon slayer and god slayer magic, which requires an dragon teaching an infant from the beginning or a lacrima crystal implant.
There are also magic wilders like Rufus Lore who creates new spells based on those he memorizes. Although one might argue that it's his magic which allows him doing so.


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Was Blackbeard strong before eating the Yami Yami no Mi?
He gave Shanks a brutal scar, years before he found the Yami fruit. This instantly makes me think he is strong as hell, with or without a Devil Fruit.
He almost broke Ace's neck during their battle. Breaking someone's neck just by chopping, especially when it was a quick jab-like chop, which didn't have much effort put into it, makes me believe he is pretty strong.
So why does he act like a coward when he is in battle? With his Devil Fruit abilities plus his personal talents, he should be a little more secure.

The only thing we really know about Blackbeard from before he ate the Dark fruit is that he cut Shanks and killed Thatch. The problem is that we don't know how these fights went down. The fight with Shanks was over 12 years ago, so we don't know the extent of Shanks' power at that time. After reading wayzz's comment, I reread the conversation between Whitebeard and Shanks, and it gives a pretty good idea of Blackbeard's power. If any, you should read chapter 434 again, to get a grasp of his power.
It was mentioned by Hawkeye and later by Whitebeard that, Shanks and Hawkeye used to fight many times. Despite fighting many times, there was never a clear winner, so we can deduce that Shanks' strength must have been similar to that of Hawkeye's. Now getting back to the fight between Blackbeard and Shanks, Shanks mentioned that he wasn't being careless and despite that, BB could give him the scar on his left eye. He mentions that

Shanks: Blackbeard was waiting patiently for an opportunity... He didn't take the position of captain, nor did he become renown (by taking the position of division commander). He hid himself behind a large shadow called Whitebeard!

So being in the Whitebeard Pirates for many years, being able to scar Shanks in a real fight, being able to take down the fourth (Thatch) and second (Ace) division commander of the Whitebeard Pirates makes him a worthy opponent. Don't forget that two of the Yonkou got nervous about Ace fighting him. Both Whitebeard and Shanks wanted to stop Ace from pursuing him, because they felt like this was not going to end well, and it didn't. So it is safe to say that he didn't become the new Yonkou based just on his Devil Fruit powers alone.
I think Blackbeard's seemingly cowardly appearance might have something to do with his Dark fruit. The Dark fruit increases the amount of pain received by Blackbeard. So he might not be scared of losing the fight, but he might be scared of the pain that follows a single blow. His Dark fruit absorbs the punch even more than a regular person would, making it hurt much more. It hasn't been confirmed, but this might be the reason why he seems scared. Unless if you were talking about the Marineford Arc. At that time, I think he was honestly worried about losing, or at least getting his crew hurt or captured, because he would have never been able to fight both the Marine Admirals and one of the Yonkou at full strength. At that time, he chose wisely to retreat. This would give him more time to really master his newly absorbed Devil Fruit powers.

Ah okay,so he may have sneak attacked Shanks and the dude he stole the DF from.

And just add one more thing..blackbeard indeed has extraordinary body that allows him to eat more than one DF without dying. I think that it makes him extraordinary strong as well.

Oh I thought his ability to do that was from the shadow fruit.

To comment on the beginning of your answer: I think Shanks was already a bit powerful while in East Blue because when Shanks met Whitebeard to discuss Blackbeard, Whitebeard stated he was surprised to see Shanks without his arm, making us believe that Shanks was already a little powerful at the time of East Blue.

@wayzz Totally forgot about that. I'll edit that part, because you are right.


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How did Koro-sensei prevent the Moon from falling onto the Earth?
After blowing up the Moon, making it lose more than half of its mass, what did Koro-sensei do to prevent it from crashing onto the Earth? Given the loss of mass, the Moon would have lost the centrifugal force that kept it from crashing onto the Earth. So, there must be something that he done to prevent it, because if not, the World Leaders would've noticed and said something about the Moon getting closer.

I'm no physicist, so I have no idea how the loss of mass would affect the Moon's centrifugal force, but I know that mass affects gravitation. Wouldn't that cancel out the loss of centrifugal force?

Fun fact: there's no such thing as a centrifugal force. Only centripetal force.

@Madara'sGhost “Centrifugal force [noun] an apparent force that acts outward on a body moving around a center, arising from the body's inertia.“

Physically speaking, assuming there weren't any debris from the moon blowing up and hitting the earth, there's no real reason for the moon to fall down.
Gravity is determined by (among other things), the product of the Earth's and the Moon's masses. The acceleration is determined by the force of gravity divided by the moon's mass, so if you do the math, the only thing that matters in this problem space is the Earth's mass. The moon has no say in it.
It's similar to the reason all objects fall at the same acceleration on Earth, regardless of mass/weight.

Taking the explosion which destroyed the moon into account, I think there should be some sort of disturbance to the orbit of the moon, or maybe how it rotates?


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What is a Grail vessel?
In Fate/Zero, Irisviel was created to be the Grail vessel. In Fate UBW, I think Illya was one as well. (I think it's also the case in Fate/stay night in general, but I'm not sure).
What is a Grail vessel? Is it required to summon the Holy Grail? Because if that's the case, what if there is no Grail vessel in the war?

The vessel to the Holy Grail, known as the Lesser Grail, is used to summon the Greater Grail, which resides in the cavern underneath Ryuudou Temple. It is the Greater Grail, which allows a magus to access the Root or re-obtain the Third Magic, so it stands to reason that it is also meant to grant the promised wish to Masters and Servants.
Up until the end of the Third Holy Grail War, the Lesser Grail was literately a cup, but during the Third War it was revealed how the ceremony could easily be interrupted, as the Lesser Grail was damaged before the war concluded. Since the Lesser Grail failed to function properly due to damage, it could not call forth the Greater Grail, and thus the ceremony was meaningless.
In preparation for the Fourth War, Jubstacheit von Einzbern, the head of the Einzbern Family, used the families expertise in the Thaumaturgical School of Alchemy to create a Homunculus to "cover" the Lesser Grail in a humanoid shape in order for it to be self-managed (i.e. be able to protect itself). This led to Irisviel being created.

Up until the third Grail War, the vessel for the Grail, also called the Lesser Grail (小聖杯, shouseihai), was a literal "cup". However, during the events of the third War, it was damaged in battle and the ceremony was interrupted; for that reason, it had to be made as something that could manage and protect itself.

Source: Holy Grail - Container
Because the Einzbern's seek victory over all else, both Irisviel and Illyasviel will slowly lose aspects of themselves as each servant is defeated.

As each servant dies, its energy would flow into her artificial body. When six servants die, her body would be destroyed and give birth to the Holy Grail. Thus, by having Homunculus participate in the war, the Einzbern master would never be able to make a wish even when they win.
[...]
As a vessel of the Grail, Illya's body can only take up to 4 servants and if she absorbs the fifth servant, she wouldn't function as a human any longer.

Source - Illyasviel von Einzbern - Vessel of the Grail
As seen in Fate/Zero, as Iris began to get weaker, Saber was necessitated to drive and carry her things, and she ultimately showed Saber how weak she had become by trying to squeeze her hand. The same happened to Ilya in Fate/Stay Night, where she was shown to get weaker and become bedridden.
After the Fourth War, Zouken Matou collected the fragments of the broken Lesser Grail (the Cup the appeared from Iris's body) and used them on Sakura through his worms

At the end of the Fourth War, Zouken acquired the fragments of the destroyed Grail. He combined the fragments with his Crest worms, which he put inside Sakura's body. Though she was incomplete, this turned her into a second Lesser Grail.

This would prevent Zouken from having to fight for possession of the vessel while taking care not to damage it. However, Sakura can be seen as the Black Grail1, as it is through her that Angra Mainyu could achieve its desire to be born. Ilya, having knowledge of Angra Mainyu and its corruption of the Greater Grail, was never manipulated by it, and thus remained a pure White Grail1
Because the Greater Grail is hidden, it stands to reason that anyone outside the Einzbern's and Zouken (and possibly the Tohsaka's, though I can't remember if Rin knew about the Greater Grail before Ilya's explanation in Heaven's Feel) wouldn't be able to have their wish "granted" if the vessel was destroyed, as they wouldn't know where the Greater Grail was. It's also hard to determine what would happen should someone try and use the Greater Grail without the Lesser Grail, as the only people to "use" the Greater Grail are Lesser Grails themselves (Sakura used it as a Prana Source during her fight with Rin in Heaven's Feel, and Ilya used the Third Magic to save Shirou in the True End of Heaven's Feel).
Also, depending on when the Vessel is destroyed, the Prana can build up from previous wars. Each war is supposed to take place roughly every 60 years, because this is how long it is needed for the Greater Grail to "recharge" to begin the next war. However, as the Vessel was destroyed in the Fourth War before the Greater Grail was used, there was a build up of Prana, allowing there to be only a 10 year gap between the Fourth and the Fifth wars.

1 This is just my terminology, as Ilya wore white when she was about to use the Greater Grail, while Sakura wore black when she accepted The Shadow.


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What would have happened if Dende could have made new Dragon Balls?
This is of coarse a hypothetical question cause I do know that he needed to make the old ones reappear in order to do the thing with Cell. But this is only part of the question if Dende created new balls would the seven Dragons appear? I think not because there should be no negative energy in the new balls but im curious.

I don't think there is an "official" answer to this question as technically GT is anime-based only (Toriyama did not make the whole story himself), but a fair guess would be that it is irrelevant - the seven dragons would appear as long as enough wishes were asked of from Shenron. According to the anime, the only important factor (other than the content of the wish itself) that influenced and kept the dragons from appearing was the time lapse between successive wishes, which was dramatically reduced after Bulma invented the dragon radar.
Of course, there are all sorts of fan-based speculations as to why the dragon balls weren't simply kept in the hyperbolic time chamber after every wish (since it is quite possible to catch the balls after a wish before they are dispersed, as was once done by Goku) so that the negative energy would dissipate, but they are just theories.

It would take longer, but they would appear eventually. Humans would keep on wishing for stuff, adding to the negative energy stored in the balls. So I guess they could renew the balls from time to time, preventing the negative energy from building up, but where would the energy go and what would happen to the balls? The negative energy is still around, so I think even if the balls would be renewed over and over again, the cumulative negative energy would eventually make the seven dragons appear. I think it was Earth's destiny for it to happen. We should all be happy that at that exact time, Goku was coincidentally strong enough to defeat them. Imagine what would have happened if he was still only a boy.


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Why is Tokyo Ghoul's second season called √A?
As the title says, why is Tokyo Ghoul's second season called √A?

√A ("root A") is a reference to and pun on the Aogiri Tree organization, which is the focus of the second season. "A" is simply the first letter of the organization, and the root is a pun on tree root (since it's the Aogiri Tree).

There is another theory that it's "Route A", since the anime has some deviation at the beginning of the season.

@nhahtdh Interesting. I could see that being a plausible explanation, too.

nhahtdh's theory is the one that I have heard.


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The Irregular at Magic High School episode 17 French rap credits
I am trying to find the name / info on the French rap song played at 21:30 of "The Irregular at Magic High School" episode 17.
Does anyone know anything about it?
Is there a database that holds the music credits of anime?
I have googled everywhere and even shazam'd the song on my iPhone but did not find anything .
Any insight will be great

The name of this song is Metaphore 2.
It's found on the The Irregular at Magic High School Original Soundtrack 2 as song #20.

Ero, Hashirama, thanks a bunch.. this is the song i am looking for.  i will mark this answered.  but do you happen to know the credits, i.e. what group made that song?  Amazon.com has "Framemain Rockfeir" as the artist for the OST2 album.  i am not sure if he is also the artist for this particular song.

@FawziMasri I edit my answer for you.

@FawziMasri I have no idea who "Framemain Rockfeir" is, but there is no person of that name credited on the album. The vocalist for Metaphore 2 was IGOR (also the lyricist). The composer was Iwasaki Taku (same as the rest of the album).

@HashiramaSenju I removed the Amazon link you included because it is almost certainly illicit - full anime OSTs are almost never available for download on Amazon US, never mind singles. This "Framemain Rockfeirr" person seems to be some sort of scammer or something.


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Hinata's & her children's family name by the end of Naruto
What is Hyuuga Hinata's family name after she married Naruto? Is it still Hyuuga, or has it changed to Uzumaki? And what about their children? Are their surnames Uzumaki or Hyuuga?
Please also post the proof of them being called with their family name and not just quoting their name in Wikia, as the Wikia page currently doesn't have the proof of them being called with their family name (by 29-04-2015 4:20 PM GMT+7 time).

I'm gonna have to say that Hinata's surname will remain as it is. Because, if we take the case of two other couples, who were from different clans and had offsprings, we can see that wives' surname remains as it is. Examples are:

Minato Namikaze and Kushina Uzumaki
Asuma Sarutobi and Kurenai Yūhi

In both cases, even after their marriage, their surnames were kept the same. So this leads me to believe that Hinata will retain her surname as Hyuuga.
Taking the same examples for the case of the offsprings,

Naruto
Mirai Sarutobi

Mirai's case, she retains her father's surname. While Naruto's official surname is Uzumaki. But the Uzumaki surname was given to him because it was a means to protect him and his identity (from enemies). I think there was a chapter which discussed that incident. Therefore, his original surname was Namikaze.
From these examples, I think its safe to say that the child recieves the surname of the male parent. Which means the names will be Boruto Uzumaki and Himawari Uzumaki.

Update: (credits to @AyaseEri)
As for physical evidence, the 8th official guidebook, Zai no Sho (released Aug 7th 2015) confirms that Boruto and Himawari have their surname as Uzumaki:

Boruto Uzumaki (page 26)
Himawari Uzumaki (page 31)

But it seems my logic with the wife's surname being preserved is faulty. As in Zai no Sho, Hinata's surname is not Hyuga, but Uzumaki (page 31). Therefore, her official name after marriage has become Hinata Uzumaki.

Asuma & Kurenai never got married.

@MaskedMan The marriage has been confirmed in Retsu no Sho

Oh, I didn't know about that. I always thought Asuma died before they could get married. Thanks for that info. :)

@EroSɘnnin You can update the physical evidence now, I think.

Kurenai changed her name after her and Asuma married. I believe you can find the info in Retsu no Sho like Ero Sennin said. Pg 32, if I recall.
Further expanding on this, Sakura takes Sasuke's name. I do not recall, however, if Temari ever got a last name from marrying Shikamaru. And I believe the case with Sai is unique due to Sai being male with no name. Would he then take the Yamanaka name?
As for Naruto's birth name; while I don't doubt that his surname was chosen as Uzumaki to prevent people from coming after him, I have doubts that his birth surname would've been Namikaze as the Uzumaki clan is a prestigious clan in Konoha, therefore an explanation as to how/why Hinata bore the Uzumaki name rather than the Hyuuga name. (That and personal preference by Hinata.)
In feudal Japan (estimated time Naruto takes place, apart from certain advances in technology, such as fridges and headsets), clan names were an important thing and if you were a male marrying into a prestigious clan, unless you yourself came from an equal or greater clan, you bore that clan's surname instead of your wife bearing yours. And Minato wasn't from a prestigious clan himself, though he personally was prestigious enough to retain his own name.

Hi and welcome. The preferred Stack Exchange way to ‘reply to an existing answer’ is generally by posting a correct stand-alone answer. If the issues are minor (e.g. somebody obviously just got two characters mixed up), you can also suggest an [edit] (that link will lead you to editing your own post, but under every post there is an edit link) which will be reviewed by the community. Note that SE explicitly endorses multiple different answers to questions so the best answers can get voted up. Also, feel free to take a [tour] of the site.

Well, I was trying to reply to Ero Sennin's answer specifically, but couldn't figure out how. I do believe that adding more comments onto their answer has been disabled for whatever reason, though. Thanks for the information, though!

@HadakaKyoujin Once you have earned 50 reputation (which is equivalent to 5 upvotes on answers), you will be able to post comments on other people's posts.

Ah. Thank you, Senshin. That would explain it, then.


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How did the Earth Dragon Balls revive everyone killed by Frieza?
The Earth Dragon Balls were only capable of reviving one person at a time and that too, only once. Then how did they revive Vegeta and all the Namekians on planet Namek when the dragon was asked to revive everyone killed by Frieza?

I can understand your confusion. you would think that the huge dragonballs can do more than the small ones. But nope. Earth dragon balls(Piccolo OP) can even wish an entire planet back to life whereas the namakean ones cannot.

At the beginning of the Namek Saga they said Piccolo was one of namek's more brilliant minds and made the earth dragon balls more op than the original ones on namek.

You are mixing the powers, Namekian DBs could revive any 1 individual any number of times. But the earth dragonballs could revive any number of individuals just once.

Um... they weren't limited to only 1 person at a time.
It was the Namekian Dragon Balls that were limited to 1 at a time.  The Earth Dragon Balls had no such restriction. In fact, they were used before to revive multiple people that Piccolo killed at the end of the Piccolo saga
Further reading : Dragon Ball

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text:
Did Sola-Ui truly love Lancer?
Sola-Ui Nuada-Re Sophia-Ri, despite being Kayneth El-Melloi Archibald's fiancée, is shown not to particular like him, criticizing him about his strategy for not facing the other Masters face to face and hiding in the shadows while Lancer does all the work. However during the series it's shown she has developed feelings for Lancer.
Lancer however possesses a curse known as the Mystic Face which takes the form of a beauty spot on his face and causes any woman who looks at his face to instantly fall in love with him. During their first encounter at the port Saber was shown to be immune because of the High Magic Resistance those of the Saber Class obtain and pointed that out to Lancer (which lead to Lancer's identity).
So I am wondering, did Sola-Ui truly love Lancer? or did she fall in love with him only because of Lancer's curse?

Kayneth himself tells us that even the lowest class of Magi (anyone with magic circuits and some training in using them at the simplest levels) are functionally immune to Lancer's enchanting beauty mark.  All they have to do is cycle their prana and it will wipe out the effects of the curse.  In the anime in particular you actually see Iri start to come under the effect of the curse, only to immediately break it as soon as she suspects something unnatural is afoot. This happens in the novel, as well.
Sola-Ui herself is from a respected magus family, and while not the heir to the crest she was not ignorant of such basic techniques (by Kayneth's remarks).  Her marriage to Kayneth is specifically an attempt to combine two high quality magi in hopes they will have similarly gifted children, which is itself an attempt to counter the degradation in the quality of magecraft and magi in the modern age.
However, the curse breaking only triggers if the affected person actually does the prana cycling, and so anyone unwilling (or unable) to do so will be subjected to the effects of the curse normally.  I don't recall the novel ever giving us any of Sola-Ui's motivations direct from herself, but it is heavily implied that she intentionally allowed herself to be subjected to the curse.  In the anime there is a sequence where she looks upon Lancer, we get a close-up of his beauty mark (the embodiment of the curse), and then a shot of an obviously entranced Sola-Ui, and a reaction shot of Kayneth suggesting he has noticed something happening.  Kayneth also notices this in the novel, specifically telling the reader (through his internal monologue) that any magus should be immune as long as they try to resist, and then wrestling with the implications of whether Sola-Ui just intentionally let herself come under its influence.
So the answer to your question depends heavily on what one interprets that choice to mean.
Given that the novel was written by Urobuchi, who is well-known as a writer of tragic or at best bitter-sweet stories, would suggest that the correct interpretation of Sola-Ui's motivations here are lust and escape from an arranged future she does not desire.  Romantic relationships in Fate/Zero, as with Urobuchi's other works, are inherently all flawed and tragic.  As you said, she was not particularly interested in Kayneth, and certainly not in love with him (and even Kayneth himself acknowledges this, but hopes that with time she will come to love him in earnest).  Lancer, on the other hand, was very attractive, mysterious, and possessing a romantic legend.


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Would Nyu have developed murderous tendencies after enough time had passed?
When Lucy is forced into her 'Nyu' personality, she is reduced to a basic level of intelligence, with a diminished vocabulary and no access to her vectors. As the chapters progress, we see her begin to learn - specifically new words, like 'Kouta' and 'Yes'.
Early in the story, we learn that Diclonius children gain access to their vectors and begin to kill humans at around the age of 3. Given that Nyu is in a childlike state, and that she's learning much like a normal Diclonius child would, does that mean that she too would begin to murder humans after around 3 years?
Or would the fact that she isn't actually a child mean those consequences wouldn't occur?
I've already finished the story, so no need to worry about spoilers.

Side note:
If I remember rightly, at some point in the later chapters (just before Kaede house is attacked), a particular event occurs where Nyu regains most of her intelligence, and can string together proper sentences. I can't remember exactly what happens, since it's been a while since I've read it, but for the question's sake, let's just assume that never happened, and Nyu stayed as she originally was.

I don't think anyone will be able to answer this question definitively as only the writer would know. I'd like to think that she wouldn't be murderous though, having now experienced the kindness of humanity

@ToshinouKyouko This has been confirmed by the author in chapter 87. I'll post the answer now

Well, I always thought that the main idea behind Elfen Lied was that the diclonii would start using, or trying to use, their vectors for self-protection when being treated badly, and killed people only by accidentally letting their emotions run wild and take control of the vectors. And they were treated badly a lot because of their weird horns. IMHO, the entire idea was that humans made the diclonii into murderous monsters with their own hands with the power of discrimination, and then labeled them total evil and the ultimate threat to mankind.

Fyi: The snapshots are nsfw, so they are put spoiler tags.

Kaede has been able to use her vectors in Nyu-mode and is also able of speaking properly. During the 6 months timeskip of chapter 72, Nyu was able to learn speech and in chapter 87 she unlocked her vectors in Nyu-mode. See below for more details. It hadn't been three years, but you were right in thinking that she would be able to grow her second personality the same way she did her first. I guess she could learn faster at this stage, as her brain was fully grown by now, compared to when she was still a child. Kaede was also always seen as the more intelligent Diclonius, because she was able to reach a high age without being found out. And if it wasn't for her friend, she would have never been caught, despite being a child.
When Kaede was taken hostage by Chief Kakuzawa in chapter 86, he claimed that she had a split personality and that her Nyu-side could not use her vectors, just as you claimed.

This argument was countered in the next chapter though. In chapter 87, we can see Chief Kakuzawa push Nyu to her limits, claiming that she has no place to go to and that they should create a new world together filled with real demons. Getting fed up with his story, she snapped and Nyu became able to release her full power, despite staying in Nyu-form. Chief Kakuzawa (and thus Lynn Okamoto himself) confirmed that she hadn't changed back to Lucy-form, despite releasing really powerful vectors.

This is more about being able to use her vectors, rather than developing murderous tendencies - did she do anything malicious to Chief Kakuzawa during this scene? (I can't quite remember myself)

@ToshinouKyouko She tried to kill him and after that she attacked Anna, cutting of her arm. But by using such power, she started killing her own body, melting in the end.

Ah yes. I'll retract my close vote then


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What is up with the World Map?
In episode 10, inside General Yan's room there is a world map. The thing I got confused with is that, the story takes place in Tokyo but what the hack is with this map? Why doesn't it have the original world map?

This is not a world map. It's a map of Japan (tilted about 45° clockwise).

This question is a bit unrelated but if your Japanese could you answer it too. Is it a regular thing to show Japan as 45° clockwise in a map or the regular style is the one you posted?

I'm not Japanese, but I notice that typically the map is rotated somewhat (just not this far). You can see some Japanese maps of Japan on Google Images which might help answer your question. (I think the primary reason it is rotated in the show is because his map is very thin height-wise.)

I believe it's commonly rotated so that it fits on a page easier for maps


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Why can Naruto still use Rasenshuriken?
When Naruto first used Rasenshuriken against Kakuzu the effect was massive. He destroyed   two of Kakuzu's hearts, but there were a huge after effect to him. If I'm not mistaken, Tsunade advised Kakashi to ask Naruto never to use the technique again due to the huge risk. So why is Naruto still able to use the technique and have no side effects after that battle? I may have missed out on something.

Naruto only used this jutsu one time in normal form (against Kakuzu, and got many side effects, like you said), the other times he was at Sage mode, at this state he didn't damage himself.
According to Naruto  Wiki:

Naruto later improved the Rasenshuriken with Sage Mode. This allows
  him to throw it at his opponents, and removes the threat of damaging
  himself with the technique.

So naruto can't use rasen shuriken without throwing it or else it would damage him?

@Sarenya Precisely that. Rasen Shuriken explodes on impact, creating a huge area of damage. If Naruto was in the area, he would be damaged just as much as the bad guy.

@Thebluefish agree with you, but we all know that naruto is capable of using flying thunder god technique. Furthermore, naruto also can just use a shadow clone, a kamikaze attack wouldn't hurt tough.

@3.1415926535897932384626433832 Naruto never learned the Flying Thunder God technique.

Actually, I think that in sage mode his healing ability increases significantly, he recovers faster. Thus the damage done is him is minimal as healing happens consecutively.

To expand on Rikkin's answer, the damage is only done on impact.
When Naruto first tried to use it on Kakuzu, his arm was at the very center of the damage radius when it impacted, which caused the damage.
While training for Sage Mode, Naruto learnt to throw the Rasenshuriken, which allowed him to only damage his opponent and not himself by staying out of the damage radius.

When Naruto first created the Rasen-Shuriken, the technique was only half-completed. It wasn't stable enough to be thrown, so Naruto has to use it as a melee attack like the standard Rasengan. However, the kickback of the jutsu is extremely dangerous.
The when the Rasen-Shuriken strikes, it dissolves into a veritable armada of microscopic wind blades that attack every cell in the opponent's body, severing the the victim's Chakra network. However, due to his close proximity to the point of impact, Naruto experiences similar aftereffects in the arm that wielded the technique. While the damage to his Chakra network wasn't nearly as severe, if overused, it would render Naruto permanently incapable of molding Chakra.
However, after Naruto learns to enter Sage Mode, he can use the Sage Chakra to stabilize the Jutsu's form, allowing it to be thrown like a real shuriken. This is also true for when Naruto gains control over the Nine Tails' Chakra.
As a long range technique, the Rasen-Shuriken no long poses any danger to Naruto.

Naruto is able to use the Rasenshuriken freely basically because he enters sage mode which allows him to throw the Rasenshuriken because of the nature energy and his own Charkra combined granting him the ability to throw it, in his base form he couldn't he had to attack Kakuzu up close like an regular rasengan, which damages both the user because he had to get up close, and the victim.

This is true, but already stated in an above answer.


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How strong is Owner Zeff?
Owner Zeff (in the Baratie Arc) was said to be a famous and fearsome pirate from the Grand Line.  However, there has been no mention of him since then by other pirates/marines.  So was he really a famous and strong pirate or was he just strong compared to normal pirates in the East Blue?

A better, more descriptive question title could really help improve the visibility of your question.

He was strong enough to kick a mast in two with apparent ease.

All we know about Zeff is that he was strong enough to sail his crew around the Grand Line for a year.
This was a big deal in the East Blue, where even Don Krieg couldn't last a week in the Grand Line, but doesn't tell us that much about his power.
Before the timeskip, Luffy and Zoro had been in the Grand Line for less than a year, and had both become pretty strong, so he could potentially be even much stronger than they were, but also pirates like Foxy and fake Luffy seemed to be quite relaxed in the Grand Line and weren't anywhere near as powerful, so there's a pretty big range in what strength a year in the Grand Line might get you.
It was ten years ago that Zeff travelled the Grand Line, and the only two things that really bought the Strawhats fame were defeating Rob Lucci and Luffy's actions in the Whitebeard War. Zeff might have done some impressive things, but wouldn't necessarily become super famous, and ten years is quite a while for people to forget him.
Also, having lost a leg and gotten older, it's pretty sure that he's a lot weaker than he was, and it's unlikely at best that he would be as strong as the Strawhats these days.

I think Zeff was just a great pirate in the East Blue, because as far as we know, he was one of the few pirates who made it to the Grand Line. From an actual point of view, he would be a weak pirate in my opinion. (No offense against Zeff fans ;)
After all, he was on the Grand Line for just an year.

Zeff originally made a name for himself as captain on a pirate ship. He became both great at being a chef and a pirate. His dream of finding the "All Blue" led him to the Grand Line. After one year of traveling around the Grand Line, he left that sea.

Further reading:
http://onepiece.wikia.com/wiki/Zeff


text:
Why doesn't Donflamingo control Luffy?
Donflamingo can control people using his strings. Why doesn't he use his ability to control Luffy, or Law instead of fighting them?

I think Doflamingo can only control those who are weaker than him with his strings.
The most powerful man he has been shown affecting with his strings by far is Jozu, but he didn't control him in the same way he did Bellamy, he just froze him still. Jozu couldn't move, but Doflamingo didn't move him around like a puppet either, whether because he couldn't or just didn't bother isn't clear.
I suspect that for people far weaker than Doffy, like Bellamy or Riku, he is able to completely control their movements, for those weaker than himself he is able to stop their movement, but not move them like a puppet, and that those stronger than him, like presumably Kaido, are able to move freely even when he's trying to control them.
Almost no-one in One Piece has any absolute powers, I don't think Doflamingo's puppet ability is magic, I think he is just able to exert a great deal of his strength through his strings. I think Luffy and Law are at the level that Doflamingo could perhaps stop their movements, but he wouldn't be able to puppet them around like Bellamy.

The same goes for Sanji. Whether he's stronger than Jozu, I'll leave open for debate.

Also off-topic, Doffy-sama seems to be able to unconsciously control people (like Bellamy), which he probably wouldn't have been able to do with stronger opponents. I too believe he puts force on them with his strings, although it wouldn't explain how he does this unconsciously though. Does he connect them with his nervous-system or something? I mean, he is controlling hundreds of people, keeping up a cage and could still troll around Law...

Has he controlled someone who knows haki yet?

@kaine Yes, Sanji and Bellamy.

@peterraeves when did doffy control sanji? He held him still when they fought, not moved him. After that sanji took the boat away right?

@kaine yes thats true. He did move bellamy though and bellamy knows haki.

@Qiri Not sure whether this answer should be updated with the latest events, but the most powerful man he has controlled now is Luffy. He could even manipulate his movements. Also I just noticed but not sure what you mean by Jozu is als?

As Peter Raeves said, Doflamingo managed to control Luffy with his strings. The reason why he didn't attempt to do it earlier wasn't explicitly explained, but I suggest it was either because Doflamingo didn't deem it necessary, or because he expected Luffy, who was in top condition when they first fought, to break free. Going with the answer Qiri provided earlier, Luffy was heavily weakened by the time Doflamingo used Parasite on him, giving Doffy an opportunity; though even then, to Doffy's surprise, he managed to break free anyway.

I think he has to make them weaker and break their mind psychologically before he can control them, like he does with Bellamy.

like capturing pokemon ? :D

Yeah sort of .:p

In my opinion, Doflamingo is only able to control opponents  stronger or equally strong as him in a limited amount of time, while the latter still don't figure out yet what Doflamingo's power is about.
After they realize his strings Devil fruit power, they can use Haki to break free. However, their Haki must be strong enough to free themselves from Doflamingo's non-Haki strings, and stronger than Doflamingo's Haki in order to overcome his Haki-imbued strings.

 Like when Luffy very recently did it with Gear fourth.

I hope I made sense in the comment above :)

You don't need to add spoiler warnings, because due to the spoilertag I added, we all know the hidden text will contain a spoiler. That's the great thing about having a spoiler tag, it will hide spoilers automatically :)


text:
What killed Broly for good?
So in The Legendary Super Saiyan 2, Broly dies at the hands of a three-way Kamehameha, he got blasted into the sun, but was this just an unfortunate but cool event and he would have died at the hands of the powerful Kamehameha anyway, or, was it actually the heat of the sun that killed him?

In my opinion, the fact that he's blasted and not disintegrated like Cell for example is the proof that the sun burned him to ashes.
Would he have survived if the sun weren't there ? Well you can't be very close to the sun without dying anyway (radiations, burning~~) so the distance he made to reach the sun should have been enough to disintegrate him if the Kamehameha was enough to kill him. Conclusion: it was powerful but only enough to restrict his movements and push him into the sun.


text:
Sengoku as General Inspector?
After the War, many things changed with the Marine.
There are new unknown Admirals, but does anybody know what Sengoku's new position is?
(After timeskip, he doesn't seem very serious any more)

I found this in the Wiki:

Sengoku the Buddha was the fleet admiral of the Marines during the
  first half of the series. He was the successor of Kong and the
  predecessor of Sakazuki. He was also one of the major figures along
  with Whitebeard, Shiki, and Monkey D. Garp during the times when Gol
  D. Roger was still alive, and still continues to be in the present,
  even after his resignation from the Marines. Sometime during the
  timeskip, he became a General Inspector.

Does anybody know what "General Inspector" is?

I think its a position that guides newbies. Like Garp was suggested to do too.

The people writing the wiki on Sengoku just forgot to link the rank's name to it's corresponding wiki page, because if you read the wiki page on General Inspector you can read the following:

"General Inspector" (大目付 Ōmetsuke?) is a special rank which has the duty of detecting and investigating instances of maladministration, corruption, or defection in the Marine organization. The only known General Inspector at the moment is the former Fleet Admiral Sengoku.

So I was wrong in my comment, thinking both Garp and Sengoku received the same rank. In chapter 594, as shown in the picture, Kong indeed suggests Sengoku to stay for the young marines, the same way Garp did. And according to the wiki Garp supposedly became an Instructor, while Sengoku became a General Inspector. Both cases have not been verified by the manga though.


text:
Are the peculiar One Piece laughs based on anything?
In One Piece, there are several strange laughs such as

Donquixote Doflamingo with his Fuffuffuffuffu
Dorry with his Gegyagyagyagya

Are laughs like these based on anything? Or are they just randomly chosen for comedic purposes ?

Odachi in an SBS said that he likes to give different laughs to his characters. Don't know which SBS though.

The characters' way of laugh may only be a flavour to the anime itself. Shinononononononononono

In One Piece, the laughters are very unique and can be based on personalities or appearances of the said characters.
By giving them different laughs, IMO, gives a sense of their aura and keeps the character entertaining.


text:
Is there a slug based Sage Mode?
As we know, Naruto (Jiraiya's apprentice) has mastered the Sage Mode of toads. Also, Kabuto (Orochimaru's apprentice) has mastered the Sage Mode of snakes. So, my question is, is there a Sage Mode of slugs (related to Tsunade)?

It is possible and somewhat likely. It has not been ruled out anywhere, but it hasn't been mentioned anywhere either.

Answers can be merely speculation but I do have a theory.

The Sage Mode of the slugs is somewhat related to the Sage Mode of Hashirama Senju (First Hokage). He learnt Sage Mode in Shikkotsu Woods/Forest, a legendary place that is equally famous as Mount Myōboku (toad) and Ryūchi Cave (snake). It is the home of the slug Katsuyu, parts of which are summoned by Tsunade and one of her disciples, Sakura Haruno.
Evidence:
In Hashirama's fight with Madara, it appears that he enters a Sage Mode (bottom right corner) similar to Tsunade's, with a diamond shape tatoo-like symbol in her forehead.

Though it is not explicitly said neither in the manga nor in the anime that Tsunade enters Sage Mode, it is clear that Hashirama did.

I was thinking same.

@berserk, you can marked it as an answer if this satisfies your question.

Hashirama Senju (First Hokage). He learnt Sage Mode in Shikkotsu Woods/Forest can you provide details to support this?

Sages use nature energy.  Tsunades "100 healings technique" uses her own stored chakra.
Also, Hashirama does not use the same healing technique.  His is called "Mitotic Regeneration" in his sage mode and it works by increasing the speed at which his cells replicate through mitosis which replaces the damaged or dead cells.
I'm too lazy to find the exact episode, I just watch/read a lot of Naruto..

I think hashirama does use slug sage, and I think that his wife mito uzumaki tried to imitate him, but with out the risks that sage training has sense she os the nine tails jinjuriki, and developed an jutsu, seal (being and uzumaki which is a clan known for their seals) , to imitate what her husband learned and created the hundred healings jutsu. I also think this because madara stated that tsunade’s 100 healings jutsu was the same as hashirama’s, but he didn’t use the hundred healings like his wife, or else he would have had the mark, so you can say that these two jutsu are based around the same thing. Slug sage. I also think the 100 healings seal is on the fore heal and spreads all over when activated because Mito most likely tried to imitate the forehead circle as well. So you can basically say the 100 healings technique is an off brand slug sage.

Actually I think Tsunade created the ability

I also assume that Hashirama used the Slugs-based Sage Mode. I noticed the name Shikkotsu Forest/Wood, "wood" is in the name of the jutsu Hashirama used - the Wood style. This observation makes me conclude that Hashirama is a Slug Sage. I also noticed that Hashirama got a healing jutsu which the slugs used. The jutsu was also inherited by his granddaughter (Tsunade-sama), who also passed the power to her apprentice (Sakura-chan).

Can you elaborate a bit more? - I'm not following the wood -> slug jump

The jump in logic is from Shikkotsu Forest/Wood to Wood Style doesn't make any sense.

yeah it logic.and,most of the times logic solve's problem that are mystery.


text:
How do Luffy's Gear attacks work?
Might just be me missing an explanation part in the manga, or just not properly understanding at the time. But how does Luffy's Gear 2nd and 3rd attacks work?

Would you mind evaluating the answers which are posted after you accepted the answer? An anonymous edit came in and it seems to contradict the content in the accepted anwer. Thanks.

@nhahtdh I reviewed the edit, and found it to be inappropriate, and should have been a comment instead. As it does add information, but goes against the original authors intent. I do agree that there is a answer that deserves to be accepted instead, as it is more complete, and accurate, and so I changed it. Thanks for the heads up

Gear Second

With gear second, Luffy increases his blood circulation by pumping his blood through his body at higher speeds than normal. A normal human wouldn't be able to withstand this kind of pressure on its veins' walls. If Luffy wasn't a rubber boy, they would burst. The increase in blood flow results in a higher discharge of red blood cells, which provide the human body with oxygen and nutrients. The additional oxygen and nutrients would make the muscles work more efficiently and thus result in higher speed and power. In sports this process is called blood doping. In blood doping, the discharge is increased by adding additional red blood cells, which were extracted at an earlier time, instead of letting them flow faster.
Gear second also comes with side affects. The extreme oxygen usage would result in an acceleration of his breathing and the increase in his metabolism causes him to be hungrier than usual or even have a paralysis type effect after prolonged use of it, like in the second fight with Rob Lucci. Due to the acceleration and thus friction inside his body, he turns quite hot, which results in his sweat evaporating right off his body. This explains the smoke and redness of his skin.
Luffy obviously needs to keep pumping or the effect wears off. As it would deplete his energy storage quite rapidly, he doesn't use gear second constantly during fights. The increase in metabolism might also affect his life expectancy as mentioned by Rob Lucci.
Gear Third

With gear third, Luffy bites into his thumb joint, making a small opening, and blows very hard into it, which inflates his arm. He blows the air inside his bones and since our skeleton fully connects all our joints, he can then rearrange the amounts of air as he pleases through his body, without releasing it accidentally. Luffy basically pushes the air towards his hands, stretching his body, but also increasing the air-pressure. This would result in Luffy having a larger area of attack (eg: the size of a giant's hand), and an increased hardness due to the air pressure.
After the time-skip we can see how Luffy decreased the size of his arms, but focused solely on the point of contact. He pushed all the air in his hands, increasing the air pressure and thus hardness of his attacks. The air in his arms would be wasted otherwise anyway. Also since it is air he is carrying, it doesn't cost him much additional strength to move those large hands, but the additional damage done due to the vast increase in area of attack is well worth it.
Gear third also comes with side affects. Before the time-skip, we could see Luffy become tiny after using this attack. After attacking, Luffy blows out all additional air, resulting in a rapid decrease of body size. The rapid decrease and massive amounts of energy needed to inflate and keep the air where he likes it, makes him unable to retain his original size. I think it is mainly due to the energy he needs to position the air where he wants and keep it there, since Luffy didn't shrink after using his balloon attack. After the timeskip and training with Rayleigh, Luffy became strong enough to keep his body intact after using the 3rd Gear.

 Gear Fourth

 With gear fourth, Luffy, similarly to gear third, bites down on his body and blows air inside. The difference this time is that he bites down on his forearm and blows air into his muscles instead of his bones. By having air inside his muscles he can control their expansion and contraction and can thus control his muscles by displacing the air inside of them. People's muscles aren't as strong as their bones though, so if a normal person or even a normal rubber man would blow such amounts of air inside his muscles, they will explode due to the massive amount of pressure. That's why Luffy can only use gear fourth when coated in Busoshoku Haki.

 He then uses his Haki coated body, to further increase his manipulation over his body. By changing the amounts of Haki he manipulates the elasticity of his rubber. As a child you might have played around with rubber bands, and you might have noticed that the harder the elasticity, the harder the rebound will be. This is exactly what Luffy uses with his attacks. Before Gear Fourth, Luffy would throw his arm back to increase tensing, but now similar to Bellamy's Spring Fruit, he pushes his arm inside creating tensing, letting it hit the opponent much harder and faster.

 Having such great control over his Haki and his rubberiness, Gear Fourth has another advantage. Luffy can now bypass other people's Busoshoku Haki as mentioned here. Luffy was hit by Doflamingo, yet Doflamingo's attack bounced right off. By fusing Haki with rubber, he is now freely controlling the expansion and contraction of his rubber despite what the other person throws at him.

 Gear fourth also comes with side affects. The usage of such amounts of Haki comes at a price (as can be read here). Therefore, at the time of writing (chapter 787), there is a time limit to using Gear Fourth. Luffy can only use Boundman for 20 minutes and after that he is rendered unable to use any Haki for 10 more minutes. Another problem with having inflated muscles is that they become bouncier and thus making Luffy incapable of just standing still on the ground. Although this might change in the future, similar to the other gears. Luffy has overcome his other side-effects so he might overcome these ones too.

This deserved "Best answer", nevertheless, a +1 from myside

Dude, wth... I kinda understood how the gears worked but not in that much detail. Props to you and thanks xD

Gear 2nd:
He circulates more blood in his veins by using his legs (or arms) as a pump. This fast blood stream would shatter blood veins of a normal human. But since Luffy's body acts like "gomu", his veins stretch and make this possible.
Gear 3rd:
He bites a part of his body (usually his finger) to open a hole there. Next he inhales huge amounts of air into his lungs by stretching them. Then he blows this wind through the hole he opened to bloat up his body. So that his body looks bigger.
Of course, by doing this his body mass wouldn't increase very much, so he shouldn't be able to throw enormously powerful punches in real world dynamics as animated.

It's explained right there in the manga, and it's due to Luffy's rubber body
Gear 2nd

Luffy uses his rubber body like a pump, to pump the blood through his system quicker. This strengthens his abilities. It's also not healthy for his body.

Gear 3rd

Luffy bites a hole in himself, and then blows up a part of his body like a balloon.  He is able to increase the size of his body this way (and since air actually does have mass, he increases the effective mass of his blows too). The first few times Luffy had done this, it has left him small briefly after using it, but apparently, this has stopped happening. He probably learned to do it without becoming small during the time skip.

To add to the other answers here, it's important to note one of the reasons why Gear Second works - one of Luffy's Required Secondary Powers is to generate excess blood as he needs it. (This is how he can expand his limbs without oxygen starving any tissue/drastically changing his blood pressure/etc.) From TVTropes:

Luffy can bleed so much without dying because one of his secondary
  powers is a circulatory system that can make extra blood
  instantaneously to pump into his stretched out limbs. In fact, his
  rubberized organs, bones, and indeed every single vital part of his
  anatomy is the only reason he is able to withstand the stresses
  inherent in his Gear Second Super Mode. According to Rob Lucci, if
  anyone but Luffy were to use something like Gear Second, their heart
  would explode.

awesome information :o. I do wonder thou, why did he need a blood transfussion then on fish man island o-o

Where are you quoting from, because I don't think Luffy can actually generate blood.

@PeterRaeves the quote is from the linked article.

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text:
Are Doflamingo's Fakes waterproof?
What would happen if Doflamingo's Fakes touches water? Are they proofed against water?
In the Chapter 752, Doflamingo appears as a "Fake" Doflamingo

Would Doflamingo lose his power?
Would the fake Doflamingo lose his power or is he immune against water?

I think he would lose power since the strings are still part of his body being a stringman.

At least for Paramacia the sea only affects the user and not the effects of the fruit.  Example: Luffy's neck was still stretchable after being submerged in water during the Arlong Arc, while Luffy himself was not able to move. Vander Decken IX's tracking ability worked even while it went underwater, as well as Whitebeard's earthquake fruit got transmuted through the sea to the ocean floor.
So as long as Doflamingo's not in the water himself his powers or extension thereof shouldnt be affected.
@Rajven What is the basis for this? His clone could have ended due to the attack it sustained from the other revolters.

to support your answer there another case where Aokiji use ice age to freeze sea water while fighting with White Beard and when Luffy meets him for the first time.

But isn't the string part of his body? Isn't his body made of strings? Or is that only the clone's?

@Peter Raeves so far only the clones have been shown to be all string.  Even when the head was cut it was a clone. They have yet to reveal if he is made of string or can generate/control things with string.

@Quikstryke I hope he is entirely out of strings, the same way Luffy is entirely out of rubber. That would make him even more badass then he already is.

I just went through some of the wikis. Seems he is paramecia and can generate and control strings.

We see in the manga Devil's Fruit powers emanations that falls in the see, have effect and then disappear much or less slowly.
The string clone'd encounter the same end in the water.

They are waterproof.

Paramecia is one of the three Devil Fruit types. These fruits give the users a power that can affect their body, manipulate the environment, or produce substances.

There are three different types of Paramecia, and Doflamingo seems to be the third type. He can produce strings, rather than his body being made of strings. We have clearly see him get hurt and bleed and additionally have we seen strings separated from his body, still being intact (eg: birdcage). The strings that he produces come out of his body and are thus not part of it any more. He can manipulate their shape and structure, and he can use his parasite technique to make them move, but they are just strings and nothing more.
Proof that they are indeed separate and do not affect him, has been given in chapter 787.

 When Franky and the Tontatta try to push back the birdcage with the seastone factory, the strings are basically touching seastone, yet we don't see them nor Doflamingo get any weaker. So whether it be the birdcage or the string clones he makes, regardless of them being touched by water or seastone, they will not lose their power.

On a sidenote, it seems that this effect happens with every paramecia that produces things, except for Robin. I think, Robin would be affected if her hands touch the sea(stone). I'm basing this on the fact that she could be turned into a doll, by touching one of her limbs, while similarly it does not seem like Doflamgino would be turned into a doll if his cage or clone was touched.