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What is inside the Gate of Truth?
In FMA and FMA: Brotherhood, the Gate of Truth is shown to have an eye and a bunch of arms inside of it. The arms drag people into the gate during human transformation. I know that the creature sitting in front of the Gate is Truth, but what is inside of the gate (i.e. the arms and the eye)?

This answer may answer your question.

I had read that. If there aren't any more specific answers given in canon, then I'll just take that answer, but I was hoping there had been a bit more description in-canon than just "God".

I'll see what else I can find. There is a bit more to it, but that's the general idea.

In the manga and Brotherhood, there are two things within the Gate of Truth: God, and all alchemical knowledge that has ever existed or will ever exist. The Fullmetal Alchemist Wiki says it best:

It is the source of alchemical knowledge and the entrance to God's domain, where no mortals are meant to tread.

As is stated in this answer, this is where mortals end up when they attempt human transmutation. They pay a toll, and are granted access to all alchemical knowledge within.

While an alchemist is within this realm (the realm of non-reality), they will inevitably learn something about alchemy, and in fact anyone in the series who recalls this information gains the ability to perform transmutation without a circle.
In the 2003 anime, there are some differences. Notably, the realm itself is the source of alchemical energy (rather than knowledge), and the Gate acts as a portal between that energy and the FMA universe. You can read more about the differences on the FMA Wiki.

When truth announces who he is he is one or all or also known as god the universe or truth behind the door is nothing but not nothing it is what you think it is a fragment of your missing mind... Presented in one of the episodes the door leads to many things presented in a cross over of Hitler and the Nazi war Edward Elric entered the portal or gate way what ever you wanna call it and entered our world when the Nazi War happened. Regarding the gate way to truth that is truth the gate way takes different forms if you ever followed the story correctly it specifically states that Gate Way is a kinda door or portal to what ever your dreams can imagine. The professor from the Germany side of the door talks among parallel worlds that are connected invisibally and can't be seen and in different dimensions there is another type of you that has it's own personality. Clearly though you can only do this by being in the Full Metal Alchemist world specifically the gate way can lead to many places. ^^' That's why there is no point to the universe because everything is infinite just read the Manga and watch the show and decode what it is trying to say... ALSO An edit even though you have different yous in different dimensions supposedly the real you is in the Full Metal Alchemist World since other dimensions logically don't exist... Who ever you are is not what you are but what you are is in the FMA world... Truthfully the show talks if you play god it back fires but also we already know everything because the answer to everything is clearly NOTHING.

Can you clarify what you're trying to say here (and if possible provide some sources)?

The Gateway of Truth is the meeting point of infinity, which was theorized when the being inside of it describes himself as God, The Truth, and yourself. Edward comes to discover that the gateway you see is actually your perception of the truth, explaining why Alphonse's and Izumi's gates look different. You can also see all of Edward's memories when he was inside the truth. However in the original Fullmetal Alchemist anime, the gateway is access to all universal knowledge, explaining why you can see John F. Kennedy and moments from World War II.


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What are the anime censorship laws in Japan?
I know that there are censorship laws in Japan (which is why you end up with things like tentacles instead of genitalia). What are the laws, and are they the same as the laws for live-action television programming?

The law that most people cite as the reason for Japanese censorship is Article 175 of the Criminal Code of Japan (passed in 1907). Interestingly, Article 21 of the Japanese constitution prohibits censorship, so legally Article 175 isn't actually censorship, though it's pretty hard to argue this in practical terms. The translation of Article 175 of the Criminal Code given in this article (via
 the Internet Archive Wayback Machine) (potentially NSFW for obvious reasons) is the following:

Any person who distributes, sells or publicly displays an obscene writing, picture or other materials shall be punished with penal servitude for not more than two years or be fined not more than two million and a half yen or minor fine. The same shall apply to any person who possesses the same with the intention of selling it.

This law doesn't specify any differences between anime and other materials, so strictly speaking anime is treated no differently at least according to the letter of the law. The big question is "what defines 'obscene'", which the law doesn't answer. For this reason, the law is rather vague, and the definition of what exactly is "obscene" is impossible to give. At the very least, it seems to only include the material itself, and not the sorts of acts that are depicted, so things like bestiality or incest aren't covered by this law.
Nowadays the law is usually interpreted as banning depiction of adult genitals and (often) pubic hair unless they are obscured. However, this is not strictly the legal interpretation of "obscene", which is vague and in some sense up to the police enforcing the law and the judges ruling on the case. Rather, this is a self-censorship guideline that almost every producer in the industry follows. Most producers of both animated and regular pornography partner with one of a few independent quasi-legal organizations which inspect these videos to check that the material is not "obscene". The most famous one of these was the Nihon Ethics of Video Association, which was itself the subject of an obscenity trial in 2008 because the mosaics they were using were too revealing. There is no legal requirement to have pornographic works inspected, but it reduces the risk of accidentally violating this law. In the case of anime, it's more common to sidestep these restrictions by drawing the scenes differently or using things like tentacles rather than genitalia, but there are some hentai anime which do use these sorts of inspections.
Despite all of that, the laws are very rarely enforced. A fairly recent conviction was in 2004 for hentai manga Misshitsu. Before that there was a period for over 20 years with no convictions under this law. Since 2004 there have been a few other cases, most notably the one mentioned above. Partly this is because self-censorship has been very effective at removing things that would potentially violate this law, and partly it's because it remains unclear exactly what is supposed to be banned.

There are some other laws which are sometimes framed as "censorship" laws, such as the infamous Tokyo manga ban (which, as of 2012, had not banned anything at all). Strictly speaking these are not censorship laws. Rather, they put legally enforced age restrictions on certain types of content. The restrictions themselves are pretty severe and can result in a chilling effect whereby publishers will deliberately avoid titles that could be affected. This is especially true for magazines, as a single title being banned could lead to the whole magazine being relegated to 18+ corners of stores and consequently losing a significant number of sales. These are usually done at the prefecture level or more local levels and so don't impact national policy, but the Tokyo one is significant since Tokyo is a very large market for anime and manga.
The only other laws that are sometimes discussed in the context of censorship in Japan are child pornography laws. These ban distribution and creation of child pornography. They don't currently apply to simulated or artistic depictions of children, so anime is excluded. However, there have been recent efforts by the LDP to strengthen the existing laws, which could then apply to materials such as anime and manga. In their current form the proposed law is pretty broad (applying to any depictions of underage characters which could be sexually arousing, whether or not they contain nudity). This is being lobbied against by a number of publishers and producers, mostly represented by mangaka Akamatsu Ken. We really don't know at this point what will be the fate of this proposal, though there will probably be more information in coming months.

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Who was the first avatar?
I have seen the complete series of The Last Airbender and also waiting for the 2nd Book of Avatar: Legend of Korra. But yet i haven't heard of who was and which element was the First Avatar. Is there any information about him/her?

Avatar Wan was the first Avatar, and he lived about 10 thousand years before Korra. He was succeeded by a firebender, implying that he was an earthbender originally, but as far as I know, it hasn't been specifically said if the cycle followed perfectly from the first Avatar to the second.

He was not an earthbender, he was a firebender first.  It was the first element he was given by the lion turtles and he mastered it by training with the dragon in the wilds.  He then went around to different lion turtles and gained the other elements with raava and this is the order of the avatar reincarnation cycle.  Fire > Air > Water > Earth.

How do you know he was succeeded by a firebender?

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What happens to Yin and Hei after the ending of season 2?
Is it intentionally ambiguous as in they didn't want to commit to a true ending or are they both alive?

Well, Hei is alive, that's for certain; however, what happens to Yin isn't entirely mentioned.
One thing that could prove that Yin is dead is because on near the end of the anime, Yin appears (the one in the white suit) and asks Hei to kill her, in which he agrees. In the OVA, she also says her final goodbye and confesses her feeling for Hei.
However, in the OVA, Izanagi does say that he'll grant Yin's wish which would be to be with Hei, and Izanagi did grant July's wish to be with Suou.
Also, Bai's power allows for molecular manipulation. It is how Hei is a Contractor since she fused with him near the end of Heaven's War and how the plan to destroy all Contractors by destroying Hell's Gate failed and how Heaven's Gate cannot be touched.
At the end, Bai's star which disappeared because Bai was trapped in the Meteor Core began to shine again because she was released. If Hei got Bai's power back, then he could have fused with Yin as well and (if a third season is made) is now trying to find a way to reverse the fusion so that Yin can return to her body (maybe also to allow Bai to come back). However, that is speculation, one thing I've read that while Hei is holding her body, it's glowing, which could mean she's alive, though I didn't actually notice.
I should point out that what we see is a light growing brighter when he puts his hand on Yin at the end. While he could be killing her here, the light could be the same that Hei emitted when he made Anti-Gate Particles nonexistent at the end of the first season.

Hei is alive, and so is Bai, who is fused with him.
Now there are two explanations:

The first and the best one is Hei was not able to use his powers as Bai fused with the core, and not only that but at the end, the core is destroyed, bringing Bai back to Hei. Bai had a matter-changing power that could allow Hei to remove Izanami from Yin, as she glows, there is also the answer by Memor-X talking about the Anti-Gate Particles, but I don't believe it. His star also shines brightly, which happens when the false star is in action, so Darker than Black is uncovered.
Another thing is, he could be shocking the spirit or whatever, and as he is doing it, Yin is dying. He is carrying the body at the end to her grave and Shion must've tried to satisfy all by making the boy at the end, as you know, when he was trying to make himself it became, Suou. No Suue or Suo, or just Shion's sister, male to female, so when he tried to make Yin, the reverse process took place, and it was touched with Izanagi. So it tried to kill everyone, emotionless, it was like a doll. She can die like Huang.

So at the end, Shion must've made a clone of Yin which is Izanagi and Yin herself is Izanami, the white one, so when those dudes are gone and their glowing hair and they become Yin and the mysterious boy, Hei will try to kill him in the third season, or Yin is alive and became into the heartless doll, or just became into two.
Well, just wait for Darker than Black: Gemini of the Meteor.

If you want, skip to the Conclusion below.

So it was the prophecy to which if Izanami and Izanagi met, they will give birth to a new being, a one which represents the two gates: hell and heaven. That creature at the end is the same being I was talking about.
Through the series, it is known that Yin had become Izanagi (which the OVA was about). So at the end of the OVAs, Yin fulfils her job and transform into Izanagi. Thus, the organization Hei works for (a.k.a "syndicate") is doing all it can to prevent Izanami meeting Izanagi and simultaneously trying to find another solution in case they meet: that solution is the brother in the wheelchair (Sue's brother) which he can basically copy-paste anything he wants; he is a contractor. So, he is producing more beings like him so they could copy Earth faster.
However, there is one problem, the ME which is a device meant to erase or adapt memories into beings can only "tape" a memory that will stay within the being for 3 days at its maximum. Therefore, they use a meteor fragment (found at season 1 in one of the episodes which Hei took under the syndicate's orders. I believe it was used in season 2) which can contain the being's memories until the fragment is cracked or broken. To test their theory, they create Sue (the girl in season 2) which was the sister of the wheelchair contractor and creates memories for her into the meteor fragment, which is believed he will make sure her memories will bond to her till it cracked. Near the end of season 2, it seems the theory is correct that the meteor fragment will contain the memories.
So by multiplying the wheelchair contractor, they recreate Earth: a new world without any contractors or dolls, and save all the humans' memories in a big fragment (that orange thing you see in the end, that thing has at the same room all the wheelchair copies). So, in case something will happen to the real world, they make sure humankind will survive.
With that all discussed, what happened with Hei? In case you didn't know, Hei lost his power, and with the meteor fragment of Sue, he basically delivered his contract power to her (that's why she became a contractor). Hei doesn't have his power until the end when he meets Yin as Izanami which returns Hei's powers (the scene where Sue dies) and Yin gave Hei two option:

To kill Yin and prevent the birth of the alien which might erase all humans and contractors as one; saving the earth, or
To use his power once again to separate Yin from Izanagi; by doing so he makes sure Izanami and Izanagi will meet and will bring birth to the demonic child we see in the end, the one sucking souls from anyone; using Hei's power, he will be able to get Yin and to live with her till death will be shown upon them, which might happen in the next future.

Hei chooses the second option, he gets Yin and the real Earth isn't safe anymore. So when you see Hei holding Yin and going with her, you should know she is alive and he is as well. Meanwhile, the demonic child is on earth, Americans conquer Japan, the syndicate continues his affords to prevent from everyone dying and there is another planet earth with humans only on it.
Conclusion: Hei uses his power to separate Yin from Izanagi and by that, he gets Yin alive. Earth is being duplicated but without all this messed crap. Syndicate continues to save humanity on the fucked up Earth - the policewoman is working for the syndicate.
Btw, Sue was only an experiment tool to see if the fragment can hold the dull's memory.

Syndicate was defeated by CIA

I think Hei did kill Yin, and I believe Izanagi was never revealed in the Anime. If he didn't kill Yin, then he's hiding her somewhere. Izanami is an anti-contractor weapon with Yin inside, and Izanagi is never truly revealed except for that little extra bit at the end of the episode.
We do not know for sure if Hei did or did not kill Yin, and if that boy is in fact, Izanagi, I'm assuming Hei will come back, or the new "Syndicate" will try and kill him. He's probably and Anti-contractor weapon as well from what I see. But anyway, I think Hei killed Yin, and if he didn't, she's probably more human than a doll now, since she changed a lot in the OVA's.
But since nothing is proven yet, all we have is this picture:

My opinion is simpler. The main topic of the second season is "copies" or, better, "clones". Copies of sex and character opposed to the original, but with the same power and memories.
Yin is the most striking example. Yang is inside her. She represents Ying and Yang, the two opposite eternal and primary, without which world wouldn't exist. The last scene shows Hei carrying Yin's body, that body which is now an empty shell. Hei looks at a star falling from the sky. A contractor is dead. I believe the dead contractor is Hei. He lost his power, those he loved, and if we exclude Yin's research, he is forced to work for others without being motivated. In the end, he must also kill Yin, the woman he loves. Why should he still be around? I think he dies together with Yin.
In my opinion, copies of Yin and Hei were created with same powers. Basically, in the end, we witness the birth of a new syndicate, with "old" faces. So, for me, it makes sense there are clones of Hei and Yin. Mao also has a new body.

Hei didn't kill Yin, he used his power to separate Izanami and Yin. In the picture where Hei is carrying Yin, she just faints.
He chose to save Yin instead of killing her, so the person who we saw in the "coffin" is who will bring destruction according to the documents written by Amber.

Another explanation could be that during the OVA, Yin told Hei that one way they could be together is when they become one, while she hugged him in the white form, which could be referred to his particle manipulation ability which could be used to fuse them together just like Bai and Hei did.
Regarding Izanagi's words where he said (in last OVA's last 10 minutes) that he would grant Yin a wish when Hei arrives, I suspect it could be that he makes Yin's body human so that one day Hei could reverse the process of the above-mentioned fusion and bring Yin to her now converted Human body,
--or--
he granted a wish by giving a human body to Yin but instead, it turned out to be a boy (which is due to Shion's ability's flaw that the copy he creates has one major difference) and now Yin is forever fused with Hei as the bright light of Hei's particle manipulating power indicated at the end of season 2.

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Is Amber still alive after season 1?
She was supposed to be dead. However, I was still wondering because she reappears in season 2 and seemingly so in season 3.

What is "season 3"?

I suppose she's really gone. According to the wiki (spoiler for 2nd season),

 In Darker than Black: Gemini of the Meteor, Misaki discovers a reversed message left by her on a disc, which informs her of what lies ahead. Another message left by her also informs Misaki of the true nature of Izanami and Izanagi, and Amber's goal, once again, appears to be preventing the end of the known world. She also briefly appears behind Misaki, seemingly in physical form, as Misaki turns around to see her, as if registering her presence, but finds nothing. This is most likely Amber prior to her death, traveling into the future depicted in the second season to observe it.

So I believe that what she did in the end of the first season was what it seemed to be: a noble sacrifice in order to help Hei realize what he had to do. Too bad, as she was a really interesting character.


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Where to get the end-of-episode pictures?
In season 1 & 2 (maybe also 3), each episode ends with a preview of the next episode's title on top of a picture, with a dialogue box. The pictures are visibly done by different artists and seem to be signed.
I fancy some of these pictures but have no idea if/where they could be found without the extraneous interface stuff. Have these appeared in an artbook, some online promo gallery, or possibly their respective artists' gallery?

They seem to be bundled with the limited edition Blu-Ray releases.
For example, Season 2 Volume 6 limited edition Blu-Ray comes with all these goodies, picture courtesy of the official anime site:

On the middle right, you can see two postcards. These are the endcards from episodes 11 and 12 (the episodes published on this volume) free from any text obstructions. I found screenshots of the original episode 11 and 12 endcards on a Japanese blogpost to confirm.
The limited edition Blu-Rays have a suggested sale price of 6800 yen (about 68 USD) each, and it will probably cost more to import it to another country.

I have found that the only French release of the series also has some postcards, though not as many as there are episodes in the season. It seems US releases also include a/some postcards. Bonus point: the blog you link answers my other question about which games the end interfaces spoofed :)


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Why Is Sesshoumaru a full youkai?
Sesshoumaru is Inuyasha's brother, but he is a full youkai, while Inuyasha is half human, half youkai. Why this happened? Don't they have the same mother and father? Wasn't he supposed to be half youkai too?

They don't share the same mother. Sesshoumaru's mother is a dog-type Dai-Youkai, while Inuyasha's mother was a human.


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Did Saber recognize Illyasviel in Fate/Stay Night?
In Fate Zero, Saber doesn't exactly meet Illyasviel, but she does see her, which is hard to forget because she looks pretty much exactly as her mother Irisviel, who was a good friend of Saber's.
In Fate Stay Night, Saber runs into Illyasviel multiple times, and eventually Illyasviel ends up living with her in Shirou's house. But, as far as I'm concerned, Saber doesn't seem to "react" at all. By this I mean something like:

"Oh boy, that's Illyasviel, damned Kiritusugu's daughter"
"Whoa, she looks exactly like my good old friend Irisviel"
"von Einzbern? That rings a bell"

But it doesn't seem (to me) that Saber actually realizes this.
Does Saber recognize Illyasviel? If yes, why doesn't she bring it up?

Yes, Saber's (Arthuria) situation as a Servant is unique. She is not a true heroic spirit, but rather an incomplete one (See: Fate/Zero novel, Vol. 2, Act 5, Part 1):

As Saber - that is, Arturia - is an incomplete Heroic Spirit, she would not possess the knowledge that surpasses time and space one gains when one has reached the Throne of Heroes.

According to the Type Moon Wiki:

Heroic Spirits are those who have been removed from the time axis and placed on the Throne of Heroes, while Saber can still be considered living. The hero known as King Arthur is not currently classified as a Heroic Spirit, so she cannot be called a complete Servant. She made a pact with the World as she was on the verge of death after the Battle of Camlann that will require her to become a Counter Guardian, a subcategory of a Heroic Spirit at the service of the World, after her death. These pacts are normally done by those requiring the power beyond ordinary humans to become heroes during their lifetimes, but her wish instead came at the time of her death because King Arthur did not require support to become a hero.

Having technically not died yet, Saber cannot take on Spirit Form like most other servants because she's technically still considered alive. This allows her to keep all memories of her search for the Grail, unlike Heroic Spirits don't keep their memories in order to prevent inconsistencies.
With that being said she most likely realizes the positions she is in and the recurring characters, but does not act upon it would complicate matters (singling her out as an irregularity, raise unnecessarily questions that may distract her master).

Saber recognized that Illya was a homunculus created by the Einzberns like Irisviel however Saber was never told Illya's name and assumed that Illya would grow normally during the ten years between Holy Grail War's so when Illya introduced herself Saber thought Illya was too young to be Irisviel's daughter.

Actually, IIIya wasn't created by the Einzberns. At least not in the way the other were. She naturally created through sexual reproduction.

If you pay close attention to Fate/stay night: UBW, you may be able to tell that Saber recognizes Illyasviel.
When Illya first introduces herself, she says "Von Einsburn. Sounds familiar, Rin?" After she says that, Saber tilts her head down and sighs as if she is remembering something she doesn't want to think about. Though this evidence still leaves much to be desired, Saber has never been one to submit to her feelings and often keeps them concealed within. Therefore, she wouldn't likely say, "Oh my god. You're Irisviel's daughter." even if they were alone together especially because I'd imagine that Illya reminds Saber too much of Irisviel, who is dead.
Honestly, if I were saber, I'd be acting the same way if I were in such a situation.


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What are the "specs" of the afterlife world?
Regarding the afterlife world we see in the Angel Beats! anime, I have many questions, but I think we can pack all of them as "what are the specs of the afterlife world?":

Are habitants limited to the school grounds? Can they, say, go somewhere really far away?
Is this world based on an actual place in the living world? For instance, does this school actually exist somewhere?
Do all individuals that die with regrets end up here? Surely millions of people die this way, and I'm pretty sure that we never see more than a few thousands.
Are there other afterlife worlds? Or everyone ends up in the same place?

Nice question... i assume you haven't finished yet, because the biggest part of these questions gets answered later in the anime and i don't want to spoil the fun ;)

@Vogel612: Well, I'm pretty much done with the anime. I'm just too dumb to realize it XD. I don't mind spoilers :D

So for this bunch of questions I am going to use spoiler blocks as they are explained in the anime.
Limitations to school grounds:

 If I recall correctly, Yuri mentioned something like "behind the school boundaries there is a large and wide area of nothing but grass" and that she tried to escape, but was not able to.

Based on any actual place:

 In general, buildings are partly based on real buildings or generic. I would guess this school is a rag rug of multiple buildings mixed, excluding the underground facility of course ;)

Why not everyone / other afterlife worlds:

 Well, everyone who dies with regrets seems to go to a certain place, where they can get over these regrets and live a new, untainted life. Also, most of the students are mere "filler material" / "background noise" to create a perfect environment. They were created by the "Programmer". This person wanted to create a perfect world for students to clear their regrets. Thus the school is only for students. This means a part of Japanese highschool students get to this special place created for them. For other people dying with regrets, there "must" be a different place to go.


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Why did barragan turn against Aizen before he dies?
In the fight against Hachi and Soi-Fong after being mortally wounded, Barragan the way he called them ants throughout the fight why didn't he want to take out Hachi or Soi-Fong my reasoning being he should have wanted to take out the people who costed him his life but instead suddenly turned against Aizen all of a sudden? Why did he do that?

He decided to take on the one who cost his pride than his life. He was initially the God-King of Heuco mundo and the arrogant overlord of all hollows until Aizen with Gin and Tousen made his entry and dethroned him from Las Noches with a display of his Shikai. Barragan had merely been reduced to being a henchman of a renegade shinigami from that of a king of hollows which hurt him deeply and towards his last breath decided to take out Aizen who had brought him this dishonor.

Yes, more than that, he lost his throne to a shinigami. As a hollow it should be even worse.


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If the anime came first, what is considered "canon"?
In the case of many anime where the manga came first, things that are included in the anime but not the manga (such as filler arcs) seem to be not considered totally canon to the series, indicating that manga is generally what is considered to set canon. One example of this is the Quincy arc in Bleach. For series where the anime came first, such as Code Geass, is the anime then considered to set canon?

I'd guess this varies from series to series. My guess is that the "canon" one is probably the one that the initial author had in mind, whether that be a mangaka or not.

Varies from series to series, but in many cases the original work is referred to as the "primary canon" and the new media is called the "secondary canon".

When a series is presented in several media, most of the versions will usually be said to be "based on" some other version, and whichever version is not "based on" anything of the others is canon. Under normal circumstances, that one is the one that came first.
But this is only a general guideline. Sometimes things get strange. Consider Revolutionary Girl Utena, which has no fewer than four presentations: the manga, the TV series, the movie, and the manga of the movie. The movie-manga is based on the movie, of course, but the other three are considered separate canons. Sort of. Like I said, Utena is strange.

Another weird example is the Nasuverse, because how it's considers different storylines as parallel universes which can be accessed though the application of the 2nd Magic (Kischur Zelretch Schweinorg's inventions like the Jewel Sword, the Kaleidostick(s) or his trunk) it's hard to tell what's cannon

one thing that is considered cannon is that all branching plots which create parallel universes (the theft of the Greater Grail, the incident that drain the world's Mana in the 1900's) occur after Arturia was born so the gender of "King Arthur" is by cannon female so the one that appears in Fate/Prototype is non-cannon

Canon is whatever the rights holder (people who own the IP) says it is. Canon is always changing. Just look at the American comic industry, DC and Marvel are always retconning and reinventing the canon.


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Why is Beethoven's "Ode to Joy" so prevalent in anime?
Beethoven's "Ode to Joy" is an important song in Evangelion.
The song is also important to the Read Or Die OVA.
And in the 13th episode of Gunslinger Girl, the girls start watching a meteor shower and want to listen to this particular as background music.
Why is this particular song so prevalent in anime? It may be a well-known piece, but there are lots of other well-known pieces of classical music.
According to Wikipedia, the song is played during Japanese New Year's celebrations. That would explain something, but in none of the above examples was there a New Year's celebration.
So, why does anime feature this particular song more heavily than other classical pieces?

I don't really think there's anything more to this than the Ode to Joy just being really famous.

The Ode to Joy from Beethoven's 9th symphony is one of the most well-known classical pieces of music throughout the world (most lists put it in the top 10). But Beethoven's 9th symphony is especially well-known in Japan, where I suspect it would top the list or come close. It's a long-standing tradition to hold performances of this symphony, especially the finale (which includes the Ode to Joy), during New Year's celebrations. This tradition dates back to the 1920s, and became especially prominent in the WWII and post-WWII eras. Because of this, the piece is known universally in Japan.
The piece is also somewhat programmatic, in that it has a clear meaning which doesn't require interpretation (unlike most of Beethoven's works which were purely instrumental). Since the use of classical music in anime is usually to invoke symbollism, it's more natural to choose programmatic pieces like this.
If you consider all classical pieces which are well-known and have known symbolic meaning, there really aren't that many. The Ode to Joy is a pretty natural choice among them, and it's used a lot because it fits both of these criteria well. I don't think there's a lot more to it than that, and the amount that the Ode to Joy is played in anime isn't so much that it needs further explanation beyond that.

With "Read Or Die", it was part of the plot, since they cloned Beethoven himself. With most of the other instances, it's selected background music, and I'm not sure I'd say it's even that prevalent. Schubert's Ave Maria is used in a lot of shows. Same with Erik Satie's Gymnopédie No.1, Beethoven's Moonlight Sonata or Pathetique, Pachelbel's Canon in D, Ravel's Bolero, or what about Handel's Messiah?
Aside from the obvious thematic reasons you'd want to pick a classical piece, especially in shows that are set in a classical setting or at a music school (Nodame Cantabile, La Corda, etc), sometimes the animation/scene/sequence is storyboarded/tailored for a particular piece of music. In Evangelion, you had that super long pause during Ode to Joy. In Legends of the Galactic Heroes "My Conquest of the Sea of Stars", there's is a beyond epic 15+ minute long space battle that is intricately choreographed to the entirety of Ravel's Bolero.
Oddly, while it's said that Vivaldi's Four Seasons is the most played classical piece ever, I don't think it's used in anime all that much.
There's a thread on ANN that lists some of the more common classical pieces that get used in anime.


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Did Kendo practicing helped Kirito in SAO?
At the second season of Sword Art Online we can see Kirito and his sister practicing Kendo:

In this scene, he used a similar fighting style that he used in the game. Is it possible to say that practicing Kendo or other fighting sports could help people in Sword Art Online?
I mean, being strong or fast in real life, Did it have some influence in the gameplay at SAO?
If so, people like Kirito could have some advantage?

You can see this in esports at the moment - a lot of the pro players are physically fit as well as mentally adept

Haven't seen the anime, but at least according to the Light Novels, it is implied that Suguha was better than most other players in Alfheim due to her expertise in Kendo. So answer to your first question would be a yes. It also goes in the other way around, in that skills learnt virtually can be applied to the real world, though there will be limits based on one's physical attributes naturally.
In Kirito's case though he given up on Kendo a long time ago, as kids. His prowess probably came from his inborn reflexes and his belief that both the gaming and the real world are 'real'.

Also, Suguha told who they are better on IRL after start playing ALO.

The style he uses is from the game, and is atypical of normal kendo, so the different postures and techinques mightn't have given him much of an advantage, as battle works differently in SAO.
But as a reactive sport, Kendo probably gave Kirito very fast reflexes, which would have definetly served as a distinct advantage over the average person. Especially since the nervegear simulated your character's limbs from nerve endings, that would usually work your own limbs.

The training in SAO might have given him a advantage but it might have put him at a disadvantage. In SAO you had sword skills and you could alter your weapons how you pleased. In kendo, however, there are no sword skills and you can't alter your weapon. Most likely he would be at a level that would suggest average, but he's not going to be a complete master at kendo. also in the game, you can upgrade your reflexes and strength and so on. So, it might give him an edge and it might not.


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How did Madara read the Uchiha's Stone Tablet about the history?
Madara said that finding out the history of shinobi is the reason he felt hopeless and left the village. And he learned it from the Uchiha's stone tablet.
But it was said before that the Rinnegan is also needed to read what is written on the Uchiha's stone tablet. So, if Madara only awakened the Rinnegan after he left the village and his final battle with Hashirama, how was he able to read the stone tablet without the Rinnegan?

Some sort of a timeline plot hole.

It's not a stretch to think that he managed to sneak back inside the village and read it in his spare time.
Somewhere before he connected himself to the Gedo Mazo and after he awakened the Rinnegan.
It is not explained however, so any answer you'll get here would be speculative.
EDIT: Now I understood your question, however, nothing told you that the part about the God Tree is only readable by the Rinnegan, maybe it was a part of the tablet that could be read using a Mangekyo.

But by the time he awakened the Rinnegan he already left the village, how can it be a reason for him to lose hope and leave the village?

This is possible but lack of proof. The manga never mentioned Madara have returned in Konoha after the fight against Hashirama.

Madara's right. If Kishi didn't create another plothole, then Madara read that God Tree part without Rinnegan. Therefore it is pretty safe to assume that Mangekyou can see the God Tree section, which also kind of makes sense since Sasuke seems to be having a different reaction than the rest of the crowd. Also, why are we questioning Madara about himself XD?

@krikara: You won't get anymore details from me.

I also thought of it as a plothole. But maybe Madara's right on Rinnegan is required only to read the whole content of the tablet. sorry about the doubt for @MadaraUchiha XD

It's not a stretch to think that he managed to sneak back inside the village and read it in his spare time. I mean granted, he was stuck because he was attached to the statue to drain chakra from it, but that doesn't mean he forgot how to use shadow clones. That was the main point why shadow clones was invented is for recon. What the clone learned came back to the original body once the clone is canceled, no matter where the original body is, right? That's what I am thinking.


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What characterizes an EVA pilot?
As far as I'm concerned, all the students in Shinji's classroom were candidates to become EVA pilots. That's all I know, but I don't remember if this is ever addressed:
What makes an EVA pilot? I mean, what special quality makes someone more capable of piloting an EVA than others? So basically, all the students in Shinji's classroom had this special quality? What was it?

Since inline spoiler tags are not possible and I don't want 9,001 spoiler blocks, I'll preface this by saying:
This answer contains many spoilers for the Evangelion series. If you have not watched through at least episode 24, this will contain spoiler material for you.
As a note: Everyone in Shinji's class had lost their mothers (for potential soul salvaging for the Evas), and I believe most had relatives working at or connected with NERV. Each one was also obviously the same age, as a result of being born in the year of Second Impact 14 years prior.
In general, the candidates are chosen by the Marduk Institute, a committee which selects potential pilots for the Evangelion piloting program. They so happen to have listed Tōji Suzuhara at the top of their list, and so he ends up being the test pilot for Unit-03. According to an AU, Kensuke Aida is to be chosen after Tōji, but since there is an incident with Unit-04, this is never seen. There are extenuating circumstances for our main cast, though.
Rei Ayanami was chosen by Gendo because she is, in fact, one of many clones of Yui, Gendo's late wife. This was essentially an executive decision by Gendo so that he could use her for his Instrumentality plans.
Shinji Ikari was chosen, also by Gendo, for a different reason: Evangelion Unit-01 has the soul of Yui Ikari, Shinji's mother, in it, and Yui refuses to let anyone else pilot Unit-01.
Asuka Langley Sohryu was chosen because her mother, Kyoko, was in Germany with Asuka, performing the soul salvaging into Evangelion Unit-02. Obviously Asuka made a good match for a pilot.
And Kaworu, well... Kaworu is just the exception that proves the rule: He was sent by SEELE and is actually an Angel, so he doesn't follow convention. At all.
In the Rebuild continuity, this is slightly different. Rei's reason is the same; Asuka is just a very well trained pilot; Mari has powerful connections; Kaworu works for SEELE again; and Shinji's reason is unknown as of Rebuild 3.0.

Also, all pilots were 14 - meaning they were conceived around the time of the Second Impact.

@VixenPopuli: That's interesting. Did that matter though?

Is it worth mentioning that Marduk Institute was fake, and as a consequence of such so are the childrens' selection criteria?
I forget if it's ever discussed in the show about who makes the real decisions on behalf of the Marduk Institute.

@Omega I've always felt that this link between the pilots and the Second Impact was important somehow. But I don't think the series explained why.


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What do the black and red scenes mean?
In Bakemonogatari, it often happens that suddenly, a red screen with "Red Scene (Aka)" or a black screen with "Black Scene (Kuro)" appears for a short time. (At least these are written in my sub.)
What do they mean? Is there any difference between "Red Scene" and "Black Scene" and why are they used?

I don't have any screens right now, but if they are needed, I can add them later.

There are also "White scenes" sometimes. I think I even saw a "Green" once.

Second Season adds chinaberry and cornflower scenes.

Overview
Ah, the Monogatari [color] Scenes. Before we talk about what they mean, let's look at some of them.
First, you've got the two classics: Red Scene...

...and Black Scene.

But wait, there's more! You've got various kinds of White Scene...

...different kinds of Yellow Scene (the second of which is kind of abnormal, with vertical text and a non-[color] background)...

...Lilac Scene...

...Blue Scene...

...Peach Scene...

...Light Green Scene...

...and even Purple Scene.

Note: this collection is not exhaustive - I haven't gotten around to taking screencaps for most of Bake, or for any of Neko Black or Neko White.

So, what do they mean? They aren't present in the light novel series (which isn't surprising - this wouldn't really make sense in running text), so we can't turn to that for information. And unlike all of the text-heavy 2~3-frame screens that Monogatari is so fond of (cf. 1, 2, 3), these screens aren't really being used to compress a lot of information into a small amount of time, either.
Instead, I think it behooves us to examine what is going through Araragi's head (at least for arcs in which he is the narrator) to understand why these scenes appear.

Red and Black Scenes
Let's look at Red Scenes first. The first one is at Bakemonogatari ep01 at 01:49, when Araragi, late for school, is rushing up that huge spiral staircase, right as he first glimpses Senjougahara falling. That's the only one in this episode.
We find a lot more in Nisemonogatari ep11 - when Araragi talks about how he'd die over and over for his sisters; when he first tries to attack Kagenui (while yelling about how having an non-blood-related sister is super-moe); an four times when Kagenui hits him.
In Second Season ep09 (Kabuki ep03), we get another Red Scene when Araragi yells at Oshino (not present) for having given jiangshi-timeline him a different talisman. There's also one when Araragi realizes he must have been killed by Black Hanekawa in that timeline. At the end of the episode, when the realize they're surrounded by jiangshi, there's one more Red Scene. In Second Season ep10 (Kabuki ep03), there's a Red Scene when jiangshi-timeline Kiss-shot appears, and one shortly after that when Araragi is terrified by the way Kiss-shot laughs.

Now, let's look at Black Scenes.
The first appearance of Black Scene occurs at 02:02 of Bakemonogatari ep01, when Araragi notices Senjougahara falling, stops in his tracks, and blinks. We see another Black Scene at 02:05, and again at 02:06 (this time accompanied by that "shutter" sound). After that, we don't see too many Black Scenes in that episode - one when Senjougahara staples him, one a bit after he tells Senjougahara to give him her stationery, and one right after they walk into the ruined cram school.
In general, you see Black Scenes fairly often, typically accompanied by a change in "gaze" - that is, Araragi's focus shifts to a different part of a given scene. It is worth noting that (to the best of my recollection), Black Scenes never separate different scenes.

Based on this evidence, a common inference is that Red or Black Scenes correspond to Araragi blinking. Since the Monogatari series is largely told in the first person (albeit that person is not always Araragi), the idea is that we see what he sees - when he blinks, we see nothing but darkness, since he sees nothing but darkness. This isn't strictly the case (because, of course, Araragi's eyes aren't always the camera), but it generally seems like a good perspective to adopt.
In this framework, then, Black Scenes are just what happens when Araragi blinks (sometimes). What about the Red Scenes, then? Well, pay attention to the fact that they seem to appear when Araragi is excited or under stress or in danger or angry, or whatnot. In other words, we see Red Scene when Araragi blinks while he is under the influence of some strong emotion. So, in that sense, Red Scene is just a particular type of Black Scene.

Red and Black Scenes seem to serve the same purpose even in parts not narrated by Araragi. In Second Season ep12 (Otori ep01), narrated by Nadeko, we see Black Scenes in the first five minutes mostly corresponding to Araragi blinking (with an especially nice one at 04:29). Once we move back to the "present" from the initial flash-forward, we get a number of Black Scenes corresponding to Nadeko blinking.
We also get a Red Scene at 12:04 when she first sees the medusa, startling her, and again at 19:35 when the medusa presents her with an exaggerated version of the horrific things she did to the snakes at the shrine. There doesn't seem to be much of a difference between Red Scenes for Nadeko vs. for Araragi.

Other [color] Scenes
What about the other [color] Scenes? It's difficult to generalize about these since they're so rare. Let me just identify a few examples (from Nise and Kabuki, since those are the only parts I have a full screencap collection of) and put up a few hypotheses.
There are two Yellow Scenes in Nisemonogatari - one in ep10 at 17:32, when Shinobu says something, and one in ep11 at 12:05 while Kagenui is talking (at the beginning of her fight with Araragi). There's also one in Second Season ep08 (Kabuki ep02) during a narration about Hachikuji by Araragi. I'm not seeing any common features here.
There are three White Scenes in Nisemonogatari - one in ep03 at 22:37, when Senjougahara says that Hanekawa called her (this one has cat ears in it); one in ep09 at 22:37 during some throwaway line to Hachikuji; and one in ep11 at 06:00 during a conversation between Koyomi and Tsukihi (right before she says "platinum mad"). In Second Season ep08 (Kabuki ep02), there's one at 16:20, right when Araragi is molesting still-alive Hachikuji in the past. There's also a White Scene in Second Season ep12 (Otori ep01) right after a shot of the medusa.
Here, we do have Hanekawa being "white" (as we learn much about in Neko White), "platinum" being generally "white", and the medusa is "white", too, I guess. I'm not sure how the Hachikuji ones fits in, though.

There are Peach Scenes at 01:53 in Second Season ep08 (Kabuki ep02), when Shinobu is excited to see mini-Araragi; and another one at 21:52 in Second Season ep12 (Otori ep01), when Nadeko agrees to do the medusa a favor.
There are Lilac Scenes at 12:41 in Second Season ep08 (Kabuki ep02), when Araragi responds to Shinobu's question about whether or not he understands what saving Hachikuji means for her; and at 11:05 in Second Season ep12 (Otori ep01), during Nadeko's conversation with Ougi. No idea what the deal is with these two.
We get a Light Green Scene (moegi1 - it's a sort of yellowish-green, sort of like some kinds of freshly-sprouted plants, apparently) at 03:15 in Second Season ep17 (Oni ep01), during a conversation between Hachikuji and Araragi, when Araragi points out that Hachikuji stands out less without her backpack. There's another one at 06:44 in Second Season ep19 (Oni ep03), while Hachikuji is telling Araragi how she was surprised that Araragi didn't abandon her when the darkness came upon them the first time. This might be because the color moegi is associated with youthfulness (mostly of plants, albeit), and Hachikuji is the youngest character in the cast (past-Hanekawa/etc. notwithstanding)
There's a Purple Scene at 02:03 in Second Season ep19 (Oni ep03) shortly after Ononoki walks in on Araragi and Shinobu's conversation. There's another one (accompanied by a "popping" sound) at 11:40 in Second Season ep19 (Oni ep03) just before Araragi starts feeling Hachikuji up while she's asleep. Why are they there? Beats me.

Summary: aside from Red and Black, the other [color] Scenes don't really seem to have much in the way of consistency. They see very little use, especially in Bakemonogatari.

Notes
1 The moe in moegi is the same word as the moe that serves as the origin of the otaku-jargon word "moe" meaning cute/etc.

Basically this anime heavily focuses on the so called character lenses. This term means in general that the whole story is viewed from the eye of one single character.
Now, the Studio Shaft took this to another level, making us literally viewing it from their eyes. In real life, when we see our environment, we start blinking. During the blinking, we see a "black frame" or "red frame" depending on the light.
The focus on the character lenses is shown in some specific scenes:

The scene when Kanbaru beats with the devils arm the crap out of Araragi. The background and blood color constantly changes, showing us the pain and surrealism the MC (main character) has to deal with. Notice it all disappears when Gahara suddenly enters the room, forcibly pulling his attention back to reality.
The scene when he phones to Hanekawa (I think also in Suruga monkey arc). The thing here is, that he only hears her voices. If you are wondering how suddenly she got surrounded by cars, well it is simply because she was walking down a street with lots of cars passing by.
The reason why every single car, every single bike looks exactly the same.
To understand this, let's take another look at Araragi's personal bike. For him this one bike is special, therefore it has its own design, unique in the whole anime (you won't see any other mountain bike in the whole anime). He doesn't care about things which don't belong to him. This is why everything not special to him, like other bikes, other cars, other houses, Kanbaru's ero books, looks all the same to him (though the last item might be a different reason).
The focus on some female body parts it is because Araragi as the character whom we see is a teenager. All teenage boys are somewhat affected by female body parts.

@Gao the post had paragraphs but there was only a single line break. a double linebreak is needed for them to display properly

why do this post got downvote ? for what reason ?

@Gagantous Compare the post now with its first revision: https://anime.stackexchange.com/revisions/37990/1, an unreadable mess. People don't always come back to undo their downvotes.


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What kind of puppets/dolls is Thunderbolt Fantasy using?
I have been watching Thunderbolt Fantasy and have been wondering what kind of puppets/dolls they are using.
Wikipedia says that Good Smile Company were one of the collaborators on it's production and since Good Smile sells figma one could assume they are using figma however i have noticed finger movements and figma have noticeable joints and i see no joints in the fingers
So what kind of puppets/dolls is Thunderbolt Fantasy using?

The same Wikipedia page you linked says they use glove puppetry: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glove_puppetry

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Which chapter/version of One Punch Man the battle between Tank Top Master and one of Bofoi's drone is in?
A One Punch Man wikia states there is a battle between Tank Top Master and One of Bofoi's drone. Which chapter/version of One Punch Man (webcomic/manga/audiobooks) is this battle in?

The Battle between Tank Top Master and one of Bofoi's drone happened in Vol 7 Bonus Manga 1: Big Construction.
As for their battle:

 The association thought they were under attack because of Bofoi's Drone, at that time Tank top master and other tank top heroes is at the hero association so they are deployed to "defend" their base.


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Why does Horo call Lawrence Master?
Horo calls Lawrence "mushy-o" (phonetics), which in the translation I'm watching is translated to "Master", which seems strange for a proud wolf.  I've never heard that word before, though I understand that there are several ways to say "Master".  Most of them are "Go shu jeen" (phonetics) or related though.
Is the translator wrong?  If not, why does Horo call Lawrence Master?

Disclaimer: I'm no expert in Japanese, just a die hard fan of Spice and Wolf.
Holo speaks in a dialect known as "Oiran" that often replaces the common "Watashi" to "Wacchi" among other things. The creator of Spice and Wolf, Isuna Hasekura-sensei made a few adjustments here and there so Holo's dialect is loosely based on it. There has been a bunch of people in the past discussing this here (a reddit post).
Additionally, you can see in an interview with Isuna Hasekura-sensei here where He mentions Holo's unique speech pattern (which is antique in a way), and the fact that this unique way of talking is often lost/corrupted in translation.
When Holo says "Nushi" it roughly translates to "You" when taken into the correct context. Many translators translate the word "Nushi" to mean "Master/Valued Customer", because the word "Nushi" is more commonly used by Courtesans (back in the day) to greet their guests.


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How does a wolf come to live in wheat?
How does a wolf come to live in a field of wheat?
Throughout the first season of the anime, Horo makes reference to herself as a normal wolf, but wolves don't seem to inhabit many things.  Even the other big one we see later on just acts like a regular wolf.  Presumably, she attained her deity status when she went from being a regular wolf to living in the wheat, but that has not been explained in the anime, nor on this wiki page.

Throughout the first season of the anime, Horo makes reference to herself as a normal wolf

She is probably trying to be humble or modest or is comparing herself to other wolves in Yoitsu because she isn't a normal wolf compared to others we see on her journey for obvious reasons. As per the wiki you link to,

Holo is a wolf harvest deity that was bound by a promise to the town of Pasloe for several centuries, ensuring a bountiful harvest of wheat for the residents.

I would say she was a deity from the start, or at least had the powers of one (common in Yoitsu?) as she knew that she would keep the promise (but not without caveats such as having bad harvests because of needing the land to recover)
Now, considering that she had come from Yoitsu and we don't have any information on her hitchhiking from Yoitsu like she is on the trip back, as in the anime when we see a flashback from when she first came to Pasloe we don't see her with anyone, I would speculate her binding to wheat is apart of the promise or contract she has made with Pasloe, and possibly how she is able to affect a harvest.
Her still being bound by wheat might mean that the promise is more of a binding contract between her and Pasloe, and it was Holo's decision to leave because she felt she was no longer needed.

Feeling unneeded and that she had kept her promise long enough, she skipped town with a traveling merchant named Lawrence, by 'jumping' from the villagers' wheat to Lawrence's wheat in his wagon.

If her promise is a supernatural binding contract, then she wouldn't necessarily be released from it just because she feels like it.


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Does any hero with enhanced regeneration in One Punch Man also ages slowly or live longer?
In many series, heroes or superhuman people who has enhanced regeneration also age slowly or live longer. Is this the case in One Punch Man? Does any hero with enhanced regeneration in One Punch Man also ages slowly or live longer?

Most likely not possible to tell a that point. In OPM, there is really little information about characters background.
I can only assume that you are referencing Zombieman, S-Class rank 8 hero ? There is no clue of the age of this guy, or even when he become an "undead", so maybe he doesn't age, who knows ?
all we know about him is here

We do have details about his creation, in fact.  Not hard enough to definitively nail down his creation date, but there are some pretty tight bounds from what we know.  The anime hasn't gotten there yet, but the Manga and webcomic have.


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What does this flag mean? How is it related to Raoh?
We see this flag/banner raised several times throughout the series.  It looks like a snake with wings and 3 pairs of legs.  It's our protagonist's (Raoh, the Dark King) flag.
What does it mean?  How is it related to Raoh and/or the school of the North Star?


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Is this Non Non Biyori song an existing one?
I am talking about this song. Entitled "Okonomiyaki" (お好み焼き), it is track 24 of Non Non Biyori Repeat's OST album, and appeared in Episode 8 (of the 2nd season) right before baby Ren-chon spilled the curry. It seems to have a certain quality that makes me think it's  Russian. Considering that track 14 "Soft Dekopon" (ずいずいデコポン) of the same album is a traditional Japanese children's song ずいずいずっころばし, it is not hard for me to believe if "Okonomiyaki" is indeed based on some Russian folk song, but I am not familiar with those. So please allow me to ask this question here.


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How is it possible to run out of Haki?
In One Piece, Luffy has a technique called "Gear 4th", which allows him to transform into an enhanced version of himself, further bolstered by Haki. This technique has a time limit, and when time is up, Luffy reverts back to his normal form, and cannot use Haki for 10 minutes. This is mentioned in Chapter 728.
Unlike other shounen series, Haki is an ability that is fueled by the user's willpower. It is not dependent on their physical strength or stamina. This is further proven when Sanji was able to still use his Haki normally, even when trapped in Nami's body during the Punk Hazard arc.
So my question is, how is it possible for a person -especially a person as strong willed as Luffy- to run out of willpower? Is willpower something that can just "run out" like that?

That episode/arc was the first to introduce such a Haki limitation concept. In fact, the wiki page on Haki cites that set of episodes to state that:

Despite their great capabilities, Haki is not limitless as it can be depleted from overuse, rendering the user unable to use it for a set period while it regenerates.

Also taking from that page the general definition:

Broadly speaking, there are two types of Haki available to everyone, given the proper training, but there is a third type that only a certain group of "chosen ones" are said to possess. In simple terms, Haki is an ability to sense and predict spiritual energy (Kenbunshoku), use life force as physical reinforcement (Busoshoku), and, for the rare "chosen ones", overpower enemies' willpower with your own (Haoshoku).

Thus it is only Haoshoku or Conqueror's Haki that is directly tied in to their willpower. An example of this would be:

 In Chapters 923 and 924 of the Wano arc, we see that Luffy's willpower manages to make some weaker soldiers faint even though he was knocked out by Kaido. Kaido himself says that Luffy has been glaring at him.

As you said, none of the Haki forms are specific to a user's body. So Sanji was able to use them despite being swapped with Nami. However, that isn't to say they don't have any limits at all.

 In the WCI arc, Luffy comments that Katakuri will deplete his Kenbunshou haki if he drags the fight long enough.

Now as for Luffy's drawbacks specific to Gear 4th, it is because of overuse of the Busoshoku  Haki. As mentioned on the wiki page:

When utilizing Gear Fourth, Luffy makes extensive usage of his Busoshoku Haki by coating his arms, legs and much of his torso in it to the point that they turn black from hardening.
Combined with Luffy's rubbery composition and his compressed muscle structure, Gear Fourth both adds explosive power to Luffy's attacks and grants him enhanced defensive capabilities far beyond what he can demonstrate with or without Gear Second or Gear Third

The cause for Gear 4th explosive power is not the Haki alone, but how Luffy compresses his rubber body. Similar to how he increases his speed by pumping his blood faster in Gear 2nd. This means his physical body is under a lot of strain, as Rayleigh mentions when Luffy showcases these abilities to him.

Once this limit is reached, Gear Fourth automatically deactivates, leaving Luffy exhausted and barely able to move. He is also left unable to use Haki for ten minutes after using this technique as it quickly depletes his Haki reserves. The technique also greatly taxes Luffy's stamina, as using it just once leaves Luffy so physically drained in the aftermath that he can barely stand and fight, even after he has regained his Haki and mobility.
Akin to Gear Second, using Gear Fourth causes Luffy's metabolism to increase rapidly. In fact, after Luffy stuffed himself to a bloated size in his fight with Charlotte Cracker, using Gear Fourth once made him burn off the massive amount he had eaten in a manner of minutes

The exhaustion and side effects are so great that he can't properly stand and fight even after regaining Haki and mobility. However, it should be noted that Luffy's ability to bear these drawbacks, or maybe reduce their effect, is improving as seen during his fight with Katakuri where he manages to run around and dodge a bit even after his first attempt fails.

I think it wasn't that he ran out willpower, but remember when Luffy was fighting Rob Lucci in the Impel Down Arc, after gear 3 he grew smaller. He said the reason that happened was because his body needed balance, therefore, his body had a major drawback after a major boost which was his body shrinking after growing large. My theory is that the 4th Gear is like this and since he used large amounts of Haki, his body needed balance, therefore, his body couldn't handle any Haki after that as the drawback.
P.S. To answer your question, no, you can't just "run out" of willpower.


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Is writing a manga more similar to writing a screenplay than writing a traditional comic book or even a western graphic novel?
The more I read about manga the more I realize that its skews heavily towards the visual.
I'm wondering if there's graphic novel writer who talks about the differences between writing a manga and writing a western-inspired graphic novel? Since comic books seem to put equal weight on words and pictures.
Or if there's a screenwriter who talks about manga and its similarities to film. I know that Araki cites Hitchhock as an influence but I have yet to hear a screenwriter talk about manga.

While I don't have any screenwriters to cite, the answer is no.
Here is the reason: Manga is written and published as a serial, the superstructure of the story is highly subject to change as the serialization progresses - based, of course, on reader response and the need to stay serialized, working closely with an editor to refine ideas to appeal to a broader readership. This is more like a comic book. A screenplay may see revisions, but they are not changed based on reader response. If something is very poorly received in test screenings, the production company may cut, rewrite, or reshoot some specific scenes even in the postproduction phase if it looks like they will lose money as a result of the inclusion of the original content but this is not generally a compatible comparison to a serial.
Writing a graphic novel is probably more similar to writing a screenplay. A graphic novel being a standalone literary composition visualized and set within either A) a pre-existing world/continuum, or B) independent of any pre-existing world or continuum but can at times contain known or unknown characters within a known world and may not always follow the original world's rules or patterns.
If you ask "is writing manga more similar to storyboarding a screenplay?" then the answer is yes, it is perhaps similar to storyboarding a screenplay, but probably no more so than it is for a well written comic book or graphic novel - simply that the mangaka generally does all the heavy lifting (with the help of assistants of course) where as a "comic book" or even sometimes a graphic novel has a writer, and various tiers of artists and typographers in addition to the editor, the mangaka (with the exception of collaborations or collectives like CLAMP) is both the writer and principle artist.


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Raye Penber conversation with Yagami Light following the bus incident
After the bus incident, Raye Penber asks Yagami Light to keep seeing him a secret from the police, Yagami agrees and says "I won't tell anyone, including my father". Wouldn't Raye Penber ask himself why would Yagami Light think I know his father is in the police force? Doesn't it give a hint that Yagami knows he's being investigated? Do we just accept that Raye Penbar is a dull FBI agent?

Light mentions that his father is a police detective when he passes a note to Yuri saying that he will try to subdue the bus hijacker:

Don't worry, Yuri. It'll be okay. I'm going to look for a chance to grab the guy's arm and pin him down so he can't use the gun. My dad's a detective and he's taught me what to do in emergencies like this. The guy's pretty small and weak-looking. I'm sure I can restrain him. [Translation from the fan Wikia.]

Since Raye Penber sees the note, it wouldn't be suspicious for Light to assume that Penber knows that he is the son of a police detective even if he never says so directly to him.
Note also that Light's actions suggest that he has more familiarity with what to do in these situations than the average person: beyond coming up with this "plan," he also asks Raye Penber to prove that he isn't an accomplice because it's "common to have someone hidden in the back to come help if anything goes wrong" for the hijacker. Thus, even if he didn't explicitly say that his father was a detective, it'd still be reasonable for someone to assume that he has some connection to law enforcement.
As an aside, Light's comment after Raye Penber proves his identity does seem slightly unnecessary:

Okay, I trust you, and I won't ask what an FBI agent is doing on a bus in Japan.

This indicates that he knows that Raye Penber is up to something, but then again, when he's already proved himself to be more suspicious and street-savvy than the average person, it's not that suspicious for him to say that. It's not like he's indicating that he knows that the FBI are there for the Kira investigation as opposed to something else.


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What other countries have good animation scenes?
Whenever I hear people talk about animation, it's generally either American animation or Japanese animation and I generally get the feeling that people only look to these two places for animation.
What other countries have a well developed animation industries, and what I should I watch from them?

Surely this is entirely opinion-based?

@F1Krazy I don't think this is opinion-based. Good animation can be evaluated by many objective factors. You can like or dislike a style and the story but the animation can still be good or bad.

@LiefLayer Even if it's not opinion-based, it's still asking for recommendations, which is off-topic.

@W.Are it's still an interesting question even if a little off-topic (only the recommendations part). I think it can be tolerated.

The real question is not "who make good animation" but "how many good animation they make".
Like you say Japanese and American animation are really popular and the reason is the quantity of animated product they make (and some of them are really good product).
Many other countries made good animated product but usually are a one time thing (not something you see everyday).
Example: Code Lyoko is a good animated product made in France. But there are not lot's of other France production with the same quality/popularity of Code Lyoko, while everytime Disney make a new movie is almost always popular.
La freccia azzurra known as How the Toys Saved Christmas in the U.S. (by the way, Wikipedia say the US version was cut in same scene, probably because the toys in the italian version do not save Christmas but the "Epiphany" an holiday that in italy for children means the Befana https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Befana ) is a really good italian animated movie made by animation studio Lanterna Magica (that also made the most famous Lucky and Zorba in Italian: La gabbianella e il gatto) is a really high quality product but the studio do not produce lot's of things, they just made 3-4 movies and the last one was in 2003. Also, like I said, the US version of the movie is not even complete.
Chinese and Korean animation are already a thing, but since they usually try to replicate anime the quality is still low for most product, except for some really good product like Big Fish & Begonia (also many Japanese product are made or partially made by Korean and Chinese).
There are some really good Russian animated product of tales, like the snow queen story:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Snow_Queen_(1957_film)
So the answer is yes, there are lot's of good animated product not made in America or Japan, the only real problem is that are harder to find, not popular like disney movies and usually are a one time thing.

For France, if I may, there's a big problem as we have some of the best schools of animations in the world, but the salaries for animators in France are so low they almost all move to other better paying countries. More example of good animations made in France : Wakfu, the two last Astérix movies.

@Lyzvaleska Yes I love Astérix too (I'm from Italy). Of course on my post I only made few example. I think the problem with really low salaries is not just a France problem in the animation industries (even in Japan the salaries in the animation industries are really low), but I'm not sure why.


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Do drifters age?
Count Saint Germi is regarded as one of the founding fathers of Orte and was also the first member of the aristocracy to side with Adolf Hitler in creating the Empire and that was 60 years ago. How was he able to live fo so long and not age a bit? Is this a characteristic of all Drifters? or just an ability exclusive to Germi.


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Is Natsu's Etherious form still alive?
As we read in the Fairy Tail manga,

Because of choosing to stay human, the two seeds inside Natsu's body(Dragon seed & Demon seed) was vanished

Does that mean,  END(Etheriois Natsu Dragneel) is dead?
I have another reason of suspicion because of Zeref Dragneel.As we know,

Zeref is the one who revived Natsu as his strongest demon of book of zeref, END

So now that Zeref is dead, isn't it normal for END to be dead too?

The following excerpts are from the Villain's fandom page on END, under the section titled 'Alvarez Empire arc'

During a fight between Zeref and Natsu the latter revealed his relationship to Natsu and the Dragon Slayer's status as E.N.D. Though Natsu refused to believe it at first he was forced to after Zeref pierced a hole through the Book of E.N.D. and Natsu ended up hurt as a result which proved the elder Dragneel's story. After Zeref revealed what really occurred in the past Natsu lost his patience and attempted to kill his brother as he was told that if Zeref died it would possibly mean his own death as well. Natsu ignored this and declared his intentions of wanting to kill Zeref only for Happy to fly away with him.

So yes, Natsu's life was tied to both Zeref and the book.
After that: (slightly abridged; emphasis mine)

A while later Mavis Vermillion managed to obtain the Book of E.N.D. She then met up with Lucy, Happy and Gray and lent them the Book.
(...)
They soon decided to open the Book and when they did Letter Magic flowed out of it; Lucy was shocked about what it said.
Lucy tried to rewrite the words in the Book but became affected by its Black Magic. Gray then helps her get through the pain and continues to rewrite the book. The book's changes affected Natsu during his fight with his brother; they gave Natsu the edge he needed to defeat Zeref.
Later, Zeref died peacefully with Mavis and due to the Book's link with Zeref it disappeared. When the Book disappeared Lucy claimed that she did all she could to help Natsu and worried that he could disappear along with the Book. However, Natsu showed up where Lucy and the others were saying the fight was over.

This explains how Natsu is able to survive post Zeref's death. We are to assume whatever Lucy edited managed to save him. It would be logical to assume that his END powers are gone since both Zeref and the book are gone, but there is no official confirmation as far as I know, and is thus debatable.
There is also a sequel called Fairy Tail 100 Years Quest that picks off from where the original series ends, though the author is not Hiro Mashima. I haven't read it, but the summaries don't suggest any usage of END powers in the chapters so far. But since the sequel exists, it could end up either way.

thanks for your great explanation...I'm currently reading the 100 years quest manga and there was a little sign of END being alive in Natsu.As far as I can explain that incident, the END which is now (debateably) alive in Natsu is super sensitive to powerful magic.It would be more accurate if i say that, END gains it's power from powerful magic sources like "Black Flames"...Btw, you can try reading the manga.I think it will be better than FT.


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What is the source of superpowers in the One-Punch Man universe?
Is it ever explained why some humans develop superpowers in the One-Punch Man universe?  I'm not just talking about Saitama, I'm talking about the other heroes and martial artists.  No one seems to think it's unusual that there are people who can lift up huge boulders (Tank Top Master), move faster than the eye can see (Flashy Flash), or smash through thick concrete prison walls (Pri Pri Prisoner).  Such people are just "strong" or have "trained". And then you have the esper sisters and the occasional oddball like Green.
It is implied that the Hero Association physical test looks for enhanced physical characteristics, although it's not explicitly stated as such. The series doesn't seem to want to confirm or deny that C-, B-, and A-Class heroes are actually super-powered, although there is evidence that they all must be, at least in terms of how super-powers are defined in Western comic books, i.e., physical abilities greater than a human could naturally have.
Is it a manga trope that people can naturally develop powers, or is there a hint as to why some people in this universe develop powers?

Actually, everyone does view the S-class as incomparable monsters.  The typical person who sets out to be a hero is only aiming for the top ranks of A-class.  S-class is like the impossible dream.

@Eti2d1I'm not familiar with One-Punch Man, but I don't think these are duplicates. The linked one is asking how Saitama got his powers whereas this one seems to be asking all powers as a whole.

@Wondercricket Yes, you could be right. Although the answers there insinuate the source of superpowers in OPM, it's not answering the whole question. I just retracted it.

Like many settings with a multitude of heroes, it's a grab bag of virtually every possible origin.
First, you mention a lot of S-class heroes in the post, but these are considered the exceptions; people at what is otherwise an unreachable level of power.  The following image is from the webcomic, chapter 67, which is technically a spoiler for people only following the anime or manga, but does not cover any real plot lines; it's simply part of detailing the origins of the S-class.  But I'll spoiler tag it anyway:

Known or implied power origins include:

Tank Top Master and Puri Puri Prisoner: Strength training.
Super Alloy Darkshine: Strength training, but claims his was "different" from the previous two.
Bang/Silver Fang: Martial arts training
Zombie Man: Genetic and medical experimentations by Dr. Genus. His only power is immortality/regeneration, however; physically and mentally he's an average person.
Metal Knight, Drive Knight, Genos, Blue Flame, Gatling Gun, etc: technological enhancements.
Fubuki, Tatsumaki, and other espers: power had since birth, presumably genetic or otherwise "naturally occurring".  It is possible to achieve higher levels of skill and power over time, by training.
Flashy Flash and Sonic: Ninja training and techniques.
Boros: The individual pinnacle of a race made intrinsically super strong by evolving in a harsh environment.

Of course we see many of the above (most of who are S-class, as they're the ones we have the most exposure to over time) achieve feats far greater than we would expect possible from things like strength training and martial arts.
There are a few other origins from the webcomic and manga that might suggest additional mechanics within the setting.

 Saitama's power seems to originate from ignoring his limits to the point that he ceased to have any.  Garou seems to almost achieve the same thing by the end of his arc, falling a little short but otherwise ascending to a level of power and skill that seems to surpass everyone but Saitama.  The idea of an intrinsic limiter on power is key to the series by this point.  It is reasonable to believe this is a fundamental mechanic of the setting, as it has been stated by both in-world characters as well as the "narrator". It is indicated that the extremely powerful beings just have a higher limit and have worked to reach it, and/or used experiments and such to increase it. Or in some cases simply being born at a very high level, like with Tatsumaki.  Saitama and almost-Garou break the mold by breaking this fundamental rule of existence, and that's how they surpassed the unsurpassable S-class.

 Gyoro-Gyoro created Lord Orochi (a manga and anime only character) through various unspecified experiments, and is confident they can reproduce the results with a sufficiently durable specimen; Garou is considered a candidate for surviving the process and surpassing Orochi.

 But most tellingly and perhaps relevant for future arcs, Homeless Emperor attributes his power as a gift from "God".  When he's telling this to Zombie Man he then has a vision of this "God", who says he's taking back Homeless Emperor's life and power.  Homeless Emperor then (literally) combusts and dies before Zombie Man's eyes.  Zombie Man is willing to believe there is some entity that gave Homeless Emperor his power, and is concerned about what this entity is up to.  We have neither seen nor heard of any such entity since then, but it may come up in future story arcs.  As such there may be some god-like being who grants at least some people and/or monsters their power.

Several monsters also profess that they had an intense obsession with something, which then transformed them.  Such as Crablante, the first monster Saitama is known to fight (before he begins his training). Perhaps some heroes, like Watchdog Man, have a similar origin. Possibly the previous spoiler is relevant to such transformations.  Otherwise, the best we can say right now is that the setting permits fairly arbitrary origin stories, in part because out-of-universe it is constructed as a parody and at times deconstruction of the (super)hero genres.

In Japanese shonen, characters often have unexplained superhuman powers, so it's basically just a convention. Training doesn’t explain why some people get powers (Garou) and others don’t (Charanko). This trope seems like incomplete world-building. I might explain OPM powers in one of two ways: 1. The “Limiter” is real, and a few people’s limiter is set high, so they can become superhuman by training. 2. Humans in OPM have the genetic potential to transform into monsters, but some can get the monster powers without the monster form. There are hints the series will address this point further.

@AaronC Some form of heritage (be it genetics, special clans, whatever) is a fairly common explanation in a lot of stories.  But even in these it is often the implicit assumption that human limits are intrinsically higher, and the right people with the right training can achieve things that seem superhuman to us, but is fairly natural to them. As such there doesn't have to be a reason why some people get powers; that this was possible and that you're following such lucky lottery winners is the very conceit of the story's existence.

Willpower
I think it has less to do with training, and more to do with the struggle and perseverance that you go though while training.
For Saitama, his training routine may not be objectively hard. But for him it was very difficult. He describes it as Hell and that it was so taxing that it hade his hair fall out and he became physically ill. Yet he endured, he continued to persevere through that and continue struggling, gaining his superpower as a result.
We don't see what the other heros were like during their training or before they gained powers, but with how many of them gained their powers due to strength training, I think it is evidence that perseverance and struggling is linked to gaining powers in this way.
We also see this through Garou. Spoilers ahead

His continuous, non-stop attack on the Hero Association brought him to the brink of life and death. Yet he persevered and continued his attack despite his injuries. We see this struggle up close and see him grow stronger and stronger each time he survives one of these near-death fights.


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Filler episodes for anime that has no manga original - some questions?
I know that filler episodes are often done to keep a work going, or to flesh out a character's backstory.
In an anime that is its own work (not based on any manga, and with no manga counterpart), can filler be used as a means of taking a break from the story arc?
I know this is a different example, and a western work, but American TV drama series Grey's Anatomy was accused of having filler for much of Seasons 12, 13 and 14.
Filler isn't necessarily non-canon, is it?
Is it possible for a filler episode to later prove to be important even though it doesn't seem so at the time, if a character makes reference to the events of it further down the line, and how often as this happened?
I'm not an expert in anime, but is it more common for manga-to-anime adaptation than a series being entirely anime and created from scratch?
I'd appreciate any explanations, as I've seen varying discussions on filler.

Also related https://anime.stackexchange.com/questions/2351/has-an-anime-ever-come-out-before-the-manga-was-published

Not sure if asking about filler episodes in an anime original (not sure if I've seen one, though) and filler episodes in an anime adapted from a manga, LN, etc is a duplicate. They seem to be different. Unless filler episodes in an anime original are not possible/do not exist?


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Why does Inuyasha stop using Blades of Blood after the first few episodes
I noticed that Inuyasha used Blades of Blood several times in the first few episodes of season 1, but then quits using it. I'm up to the beginning of season 3 now and he has not used the move in any of those episodes nor in Affecions Touching Across Time. Is there any explanation why? Both in-universe and out of universe explanations would be acceptable.

After acquiring Tessaiga, Inuyasha no longer needed to rely on his more basic attacks unless he was without his signature weapon and otherwise out of options.
Additionally, Blades of Blood would require him to be previously injured, since it was an attack based on his own blood.  As time progressed, Inuyasha found himself in fewer situations where that attack would be viable, due to him improving as a swordsman, and having a group of friends to help fight certain yokai (whereas in the past, he did that all on his own).


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Who is Uchiha Izumi's father?
No sure if I missed anything but there is no information of who her father is. Just said it is an ordinary ninja.

There is information about him, albeit his name was never mentioned.
In Itachi Shinden: Book of Bright Light

“My dad died in Nine Tails’s attack.” .. “Oh! My dad’s not an Uchiha. My mom’s Uchiha. After my dad died, we came back to the clan, and I became an Uchiha, too,” Izumi told him, as if reading his mind.
                                                                        “Is there a connection between your father’s death and the sharingan?” “Yeah.” Izumi sighed, and met Itachi’s eyes. Her own had returned to normal. “I was there with my dad when he died. He died right in front of me. He was protecting me. So I …” Tears ran down her cheeks. “It was like, if I just had more power, my dad wouldn’t have had to die … During the funeral, and the whole time after that, I blamed myself. ‘If only I had more power,’ I said.”

In one chapter, Second of Third Hokage says that Kagami Uchiha was a good and talented member from Uchiha's clan and says that he was the father of Izumi.

Do you have a source to back this up?

I just saw that on a memory of Hiruzen or Tobirama during the great shinobi war, maybe when the kages answer sasuke question's

But this would contradict information on the LN that his father is not an Uchiha. Can you provide a source (specific chapter or episode) for verification purposes?

@W.Are Maybe contradict, TOEJI Animation made this chapters by their own creative license.


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What are the limits of Heaven's Door?
In Part 4 of JoJo's Bizarre Adventure, we are introduced to Rohan Kishibe, who has the ability Heaven's Door. Heaven's Door turns people into books that detail their lives, which Rohan can read or write on to control those people.

We first see this with Koichi, who is directed to never attack Rohan when they first meet and who is made to forget what happened.
Later, when they are walking through an alley and Koichi turns back, despite warnings not to do so, Rohan saves him by using Heaven's  Door to write that Koichi will be flung past the boundary of the alley.
In the side story Thus spoke Rohan Kishibe, we also see Rohan use Heaven's Door on octopi to get them to save him and Tonio when the two are drowning.

What are the limits of this ability? I assumed that it was a question of what is physically or logically possible, rather like the limitations of Death Notes in Death Note.
However, I just saw the beginning of Part 5, where Koichi implies his fluency in Italian is to Rohan's use of Heaven's Door. This seems less plausible as something that could happen organically, when Koichi seems to have gone to Italy on short notice and when language acquisition takes a lot of time. While it could be interpreted as similar to memory manipulation, it's one thing for Rohan to take away existing memories, and another for him to add in something that never existed.

According to the wikia he can,

Remove memories
Alter memories
Put commands into the person's mind
Allowing the person to do things that shouldnt be physically possible, such as commanding Josuke to fly backwards at 70 km/h,  or allowing Koichi to speak Italian.
He can not read his own memory, but he may write commands on himself

Heaven's door - Jojo Wikia

From what I know and have searched, Rohan himself is the only limit. Most enemy Stand users also have a counter to Heaven's Door: since it needs to touch what it affects, as long as they aren't touched, they're okay.

He could even possibly turn himself into a vampire without even needing the stone mask.


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Evillious Chronicles: What is the reference / wordplay with the "United States of Maistia"?
In regards to the Evillious Chronicles, what is the reference / wordplay with the "United States of Maistia", the counterpart to the United States of America?
The other countries are mainly based on other countries and demons... (Vocaloid Wiki Trivia for Seven Deadly Sins)

Asmodean - Saudi Arabia/Turkey (Asmodeus)
Beelzenia - Roman Empire (Spain and Italy) (Beelzebub)
Lucifenia - France (Lucifer)
Elphegort - Germany (Belphegor)
Levianta - Russia (Leviathan)
Marlon - Great Britain (Mammon)
Jakoku - Japan (Meaning Snake Land)
Union State of Evillious - European Union (Evil)
United States of Maistia - United States
Tasan - Hungary (Satan?)

Possibly Mastema?

Could be Mastema / Mastima (マスティマ), a.k.a Mansemat (マンセマット) as Maroon as suggested.
Or, since the Union State of Evillious is so obvious as to have Evil in the name, the United States of Maistia reference could just be "魔", a.k.a "Ma" which means something like Evil Spirit / Demon / Magic.


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Why Midoriya said he remembered All for One's memories?
In manga chapter #194

 After dreaming about former One for All owners and having some dreams/memories of the original One for All, Midoriya tells All Might about this and when replying to something All Might said, Midoriya says "Yeah.. it was also technically All For One's memories.

Why Midoriya said he remembered All for One's memories? I understand him having One for All former owners memories, but All for One's ??

The one for all quirk is a  combination of 2 quirks, one of which was originally owned by all for one. My guess is that quirks passed on to other people could infact retain a bit of memories from the original owner.

Maybe he was referring to those bits where we see AFO gathering an army, though his brother technically was imprisoned then and didn't see that himself. I'm pretty sure none of what he saw was pure AFO memory, they were all related to the First in some way.


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Can Rinnegan users fly or levitate?
In the anime when Pain attacked Konoha, he levitated above the village before unleashing Almighty Push.
So my question is can Rinnegan users levitate?
If so, how? Constantly using small Almighty Pushes below his feet?

I don't think it's a combination of small almighty pushes since there's a recovery time after each almighty push. (Probably another power activated with the rinnegan)

@SahanDeSilva hmm I see. What if it's one almighty push, but he didn't push it all at once, but slowly? (at this point I don't know any other probability on how he could levitate. I mean even Rinnegan Sasuke never levitated)

I'm not quite sure since it's not mentioned anywhere. You could refer https://naruto.fandom.com/wiki/Rinnegan URL to read more on Rinnegan. :)

They can't.
In the manga, Pain's Deva Path jumps over the village and uses Shinra Tensei to destroy it. Notice the fluttering cape.

Even when invading the village, Pain's Animal Path is thrown over Konoha's protective sphere.

At no point does Pain, his paths, Madara or Sasuke fly or levitate through the Rinnegan.

My guess is probably because of the special ability of the Pain Deva Path. Deva Path has the ability to manipulate the force, in here https://naruto.fandom.com/wiki/Deva_Path it is said that the ability can not be performed in rapid succession, but it has cooling down time about 5 seconds. So by manipulating force, Pain Deva Path can seem like levitating in the air.

It is not mentioned anywhere, plus in the final fight with Kaguya, Sasuske had Rinnegan and still couldn't levitate and eventually Naruto has to help him to stay above in the air in Lava Dimension.


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Does Golden Meta Cooler have ki?
So in Dragon Ball Heroes meta Cooler appeared and he turned into Golden Meta Cooler. Supposedly meta Cooler is an android, but a yellow aura surrounds him when he transforms in Golden Meta Cooler.
Does Golden Meta Cooler have ki?

Golden Meta-Cooler is not fully an Android.
Within Dragon Ball Heroes' non-canonical events, Cooler became a cyborg through Fu's manipulations and modifications. Fu used the Cosmic Suit to convert Cooler into Meta-Cooler. A Cosmic Suit was previously used by Frieza after being defeated by Goku ; this form is commonly known as "Mecha-Frieza" within the fandom.
Cosmic Suits are built by mechanizing Bio Suits, biological pieces of clothing and armor that are naturally grown by Frieza's species over time. In essence, although Cosmic Suits do mechanize their wearer to some extent, they do not transform their holder into true cyborgs, which explains why Golden Meta-Cooler can release ki. By comparison, Metal Coolers from the non-canonical movie "Dragon Ball Z: The Return of Cooler" were built by the Big Gete Star, and were fully mechanical, explaining the absence of ki.
It should be emphasized that Dragon Ball Heroes is entirely non-canonical and mainly serves as an advertising product for the Dragon Ball Heroes game. Disparities and inconsistencies should probably be accepted as such, for the anime doesn't really aim for complete accuracy.


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Can a One for All user transfer just one of his quirks to other users?
In the manga we found out that,

 The user of One for All has the previous quirks of the former users, meaning the current user (Midoriya) has at least 7 quirks

Can a One for All user transfer just one of his quirks to other users?

The new developments on One For All are blurring its line of difference compared to All For One. Such a transfer and stacking of multiple quirks is something All For One is capable of. As for OFA, Deku seems to be the first to have triggered such a manifestation (maybe due to gradual growth of what they called the "core" of OFA), so we'll have to wait and watch

Also minor correction, it would be at most 6 quirks. Deku and All Might being originally quirkless, while the first user's quirk being the 'transfer to others' power that brought OFA into existence on combination with the stockpile power.


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Does Eren have to be in contact with a titan with royal blood or an eldian with royal blood to activate his founding titan commanding powers?
Supposedly Eren have to be in contact with someone of royal blood to activate his founding titan habilities to command other titans. Does he have to be in contact with a titan with royal blood, or can just be a human non transformed eldian with royal blood to activate those powers?

@Loading... Can you mention said episode where Eren used his Coordinate abilities without touching someone of royal blood?

@Loading... That female titan he punched was of royal blood so he activated his powers. This was already revealed way back in the manga and now revealed in the latest episode of the 3rd season, too.

According to the latest manga episode it is said that he has to be in contact with a royal blood to activate his power of founding titans and they also proved this when they recalled how the very first time eren was able to control titans, that was when he hit diana(his stepmother,a royal blood) and that time he wasn't in this titan form.
So from this we can say that he just had to be in contact with the royal blood to activate the power of titan


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Why people from Marley think once aircraft forces from other nations will be developed , Titans wont be useful anymore?
In one of the chapters of the manga,

 people from Marley think once aircraft forces from other nations will be developed, Titans wont be useful anymore. That there will be aicrafts capable of dropping large bombs and things like that.

But this doesnt happen in our reality, where ground forces are still needed and important.
Why people from Marley think once aircraft forces from other nations will be developed , Titans wont be useful anymore?

I think that phrase you mentioned answers your question? 'That there will be aicrafts capable of dropping large bombs and things like that.' Titans would have a hard time trying to reach these aircrafts. Not to mention they are faster and harder to bring down than horsemen or foot soldiers.

But in our reality there are aicrafts capable of dropping large bombs and ground forces are still useful and important. Then?

Titans aren't the only ground forces Marley has. What Marley is probably saying is that this loses them their advantage since all country fears Marley because of the Titans and because they lead in terms of technology. If even one country gets ahead in terms of aircraft forces, then they lose the Titan advantage they have since it would be harder for Titans to deal with, hence the term 'useless'.

The tallest titan is about 60m (200ft) whereas airplanes can be flown thousands of feet above the air. This height difference could be exploited and if one nation even gets ahead in terms of aircraft force, then this renders Titans against a fleet of aircraft 'useless'. Not sure how they'd counter that with Titans if it ever happens.