text:
Can a reanimated Rinnegan user use the Outer Path to revive someone?
The reanimated Nagato used the Six Paths Techniques while fighting Naruto and Killerbee. When Madara was reanimated, he thought he had been revived by Nagato as planned. Can Kabuto or Tobi not make Nagato use the Rinnegan's Outer Path to revive someone, such as Madara, so that they would not need to use the Edo Tensei on him?
Please disregard the fact that Kabuto wanted to control Madara, so he had to reanimated him using Edo Tensei.

If thats the case, why not let reincarnated lady chio to revive Madara using reanimation jutsu (the justsu she used on gaara) ?

@Happy you are needed here :-)

I think you did stumble upon one of the many plot holes here though. In order to revive someone, you are supposed to use the Rinnegan. Obito took Nagato's eyes out and yet he came back with them. Yet there was another instance when someone came back lacking a weapon (I can't remember who, but I think it was a sword). Sometimes people come back with their possessions and sometimes people don't.

@krikara That's not a plot hole. Nagato's eyes are a part of his body, the sword is not. If you stretch it a bit, Edo Tensei itself is a plot hole, because the dead person's corpse is (usually) destroyed, so none of their body parts should return.

But then by that logic, we can spawn infinite Rinnegans. And we don't need a dead person's corpse to use Edo Tensei, we have plenty of Zetsus :D It just doesn't make sense that some things return and not others.

@krikira Related:
Does Summoning: Impure World Resurrection automatically equip the reincarnated shinobi?, Is it possible to duplicate eyes?

@krikara Yes, absolutely. Right now, we see Obito and Madara both using Rinnegan, and if things had gone differently, Edo Tensei Nagato might have been still around with his Rinnegan, though they are all just Madara's Rinnegan.

@RikuduSennin, I think on Chio's technique requires the own life force of the user, thus making her incapable of using such technique since she is an Edo Tensei.

The reanimated Nagato can use the Outer Path to revive someone. Kabuto was even planning to make use of this to capture Naruto and Bee, without letting Tobi know.
Chapter 551 shows that Kabuto's plan was to have Nagato temporarily kill Naruto and Bee by pulling their souls with Ningendo (Human Path), then hide their souls and bodies with the Jigokudo (Naraka Path), have Nagato come to Kabuto's hideout, where he can revive them using the Outer Path. (See image below.)
He doesn't use it on Madara, because he won't be able to control Madara if revived through Edo Tensei, as you mentioned.

Thats it, I forgot about Kabuto's plan with Naruto and Bee. So there is a way to repeatedly use Rinnegan's Outer path to fully revive someone.

Actually, Madara also ask Nagato through Obito to summon him using the Outer path of the Rinnegan. But since Nagato is dead, Obito would likely use the Edo Tensei Nagato.


text:
What does "It will restart in issue #1" mean?
The last page of Naruto Ch. 655 says,

"Next week the series takes a break. It will restart in issue #1."

I don't understand what issue #1 means. Could someone kindly explain?

Maybe next week we can answer this question.=)

Issue#1 is the Weekly Shonen Jump issue to be released in the week of Nov. 25, 2013.1 Naruto Chapter 656 would be available in that week, which I guess, is the main motivation for your question.
A literal translation, with absence of context, such as the one below may have led to a misinterpretation that Naruto is taking a break till end of 2013. It is actually taking only a one week break.

Weekly Shonen Jump, as the name suggests, numbers its issues by weeks, from 1 to 52. The issue which carried Naruto Chapter 655 was issue #51, released in the week of Nov. 11, 2013.

1. Due to time zone difference and other reasons, different readers may get chapter translations on different days of the week. Hence, referring to the week by its Monday date to avoid confusion.

Ive been reading mangas for years. But its just this time that I understand what Weekly Shonen Jump really is. Thanks =)

source: Stack Exchange

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/

sort: votes


text:
Why didn't Boa Hancock's attack affect Luffy?
Why didn't Boa Hancocks attack convert Luffy to stone?
It didn't look like he used Haki or something which would nullify the effect!
Is there any possible explanation for it?

From the One Piece wiki page on Mero Mero no Mi (Hancock's Devil's Fruit):

The Mero Mero no Mi is a Paramecia-type Devil Fruit that allows a range of attacks which use emotions of lust or perversion to transform opponents into stone.

Luffy did not have any lustful feelings towards Hancock, so her Mero Mero Mellow attack had no effect on him.

This was answered long ago but I'm curious, does the person have to have lustful feelings towards the user of the fruit or to anything?

The way Boa Hancock's powers work is by turning those who feel lust in their heart to stone. This works pretty well for her, as the most beautiful woman in the world, so her classic attack is to strike a pose which inspires lust, then use her powers. This fruit only has an effect on anyone because they lust for Hancock, if Lola, or some other less attractive character had eaten this fruit it would be far less effective.
In theory, Luffy was immune because he felt no lust in his heart, so the Mero Mero Mellow attack which turns the lustful to stone simply passed through him without any effect. Although it gets pretty dodgy when you consider that she can turn other women, Pacifistas and even cannon balls to stone, so apparently Luffy actually feels less lust than a typical inanimate object.

It's very simple. Actually, Luffy is innocent-minded, so he has no interest in falling in love or getting married. In my opinion it's because it would slow him down.

Though Oda did mention in an SBS that Luffy is interested in her looks (though Usopp is a bad influence on his part), the real reason Luffy is immune is that he has a pure heart. With a pure heart, he has no evil or vile thoughts inside him.

all_licenses: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/


text:
Can a Sharingan eye that has used Izanagi or Izanami be replaced by another Sharingan?
If one were to use Izanagi or Izanami, the light in that eye would be lost forever. When Tobi used it, he replaced the eye with a Rinnegan. It isn't stated clearly, but they made it sound like he couldn't have used another Sharingan to replace it.
That is my question: could one transplant a new Sharingan eye into that socket and have light in that eye again?

YES, a new Sharingan could be transplanted into the eye socket replacing the eye which used Izanagi. Use of Izanagi or Izanami causes the eye to permanently lose its light, but it does not damage the optic nerve that connects to the eye. If it did, Tobi should not have been able to transplant even a Rinnegan there. For that matter, he could have transplanted a Byakugan or an ordinary eye there.
Tobi wanted the Rinnegan for its own sake, not because he had to somehow replace "permanently closed" Sharingan eye. In fact, he wouldn't have known beforehand that he would be forced to use Izanagi in the fight with Konan. Hypothetically, if Konan had simply handed over Nagato's Rinnegan to him, he would have taken out the left eye anyway and replaced it with the Rinnegan.


text:
How did Madara know that Sasuke is the last surviving Uchiha?
SPOILER ALERT: If you haven't read Chapter 657 of the manga, read further at your own risk.
In Chapter 657, the reborn Uchiha Madara asks Sasuke to join his side, remarking that they are the last of the Uchiha. However, he died before the Uchiha clan massacre, and was reincarnated with Edo Tensei only during the fourth World War. He fought with the five Kages, and then headed to the battlefield where Obito was fighting Naruto's team. Obito didn't have a chance to tell him the story of what happened after his death.
How come he knows that Sasuke is the last surviving Uchiha?

Zetsu told him :)

Uhm, yeah, I did think of it, but I read through the chapters again, and there wasn't any time when they could chat.

@Happy, I think the question is "how he knew" instead of "why he knew". Nevertheless, as an ultimate Uchiha, he will search for his clansmen and as a result, he then gain information of what really happened to them.

@NaraShikamaru Of course, Madara still might not know about the Uchiha massacre. All he needs to know is that the only Uchiha alive are Sasuke, Obito, and himself.

He may knew it by Zetsu imbued by his will. They can communicate to each other even they were apart so far.

@NaraShikamaru You are right, Madara doesn't necessarily know of the Uchiha incident. I removed that statement from the title, even though it is a little inaccurate now. I really didn't want to write the title as "How did Madara know that all other Uchiha besides himself, Obito and Sasuke are dead?" Tobirama would be furious at such a long title, so please bear with it. :D

In pages 11, 12 and 13 of chapter 657, it is clear that Madara and Black Zetsu (Madara's will) are able to communicate with each other:

Black Zetsu adds (in page 11) that both him and Madara were underestimated. And in the two pages that follow, he 'shows us' flashbacks in which him and Madara have been communicating during the war.
Given this, I'd say it's safe to assume that Madara got the information from Black Zetsu:
Either because he told him everything directly; or Madara may have gotten the information 'instantly' as soon as he was revived, since Madara and Black Zetsu share a deeper bond, since the latter is the former's will.

I figure two possible solutions:

Zetsu told him
When absorbing Hashirama's chakra and gaining access to Sage Mode, he can identify people's chakras further allowing him to determine if any of the shinobi in the vicinity are Uchiha

Keep in mind, Madara basically made Sage Mode look like a joke in almost every aspect possible :)
EDIT : Or perhaps we can call this a plothole :S
I should also add that maybe Madara doesn't know about the Uchiha massacre, but rather just knows that he and Sasuke are the only Uchiha alive (excluding Obito because of his situation).

I very much feel that it was the 1st of the reasoning that you gave. Black Zetsu is Madara's will, which is very much an integral part of Madara. Madara and Zetsu have been shown to communicate with each other over large distances, so maybe sometime after madara was revived using edo tensi zetsu gave him an idea of the current scenario. Though this has not been mentioned in the manga and is only my speculation, but it kind of fits into the puzzele. :)

@debal Both seem very valid. It takes 2 seconds for Zetsu to say that the only Uchiha alive is Madara Sasuke Obito. On the other hand, Sage Mode is more than enough to identify other Uchiha as well.

@kirikara, it is possible that sage mode allowed him  to know that, but saage mode has a range of sensing right? Beyond a range he can't sense chakra, so what happens if the Uchiha's were alive and they were sent to some far off place for what ever reason. Does madara presume that Uchiha's are dead just because only he and sasuke is present in the battlefield. :) (Naruto did ask Tsunade, since he can't sense Kakashi's chakra was he out of the village on some mission)

That is possible, but one can always assume that all Uchiha would be participating in this shinobi war, and if they are injured, they are probably nearby in a healing tent. Recall that the hokages revived by Orochimaru were also able to sense the chakra from a far distance.

Madara is a sensory type. He can feel a person's chakra from a continent away even before sage mode. The second was able to tell Karin's clan not only by her red hair but also by her chakra type. So Madara being a sensory type, once revived, came to his own conclusion of why he couldn't sense his clan's energy/chakra and like most of the time was right about their untimely demise.

all_licenses: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
In the Dressrosa Arc, why doesn't Luffy use Gear Second to quickly reach Doflamingo?
In the Dressrosa Arc, Luffy runs or rides constantly in order to reach Doflamingo - first he rides the bull Moocy, then he rides Cabbage's horse, and later starts running himself.
Why doesn't Luffy use his Gear Second instead to quickly reach Doflamingo? We have seen how swiftly he moves and jumps from one place to another in Gear Second.
I get the point that he was carrying Law with him, but I guess that shouldn't be problem for him.

He isn't really running endlessly. He is taking the shortest route towards Doflamingo every time. In the palace, he did not take any detours and barged straight into the castle, going straight for Doflamingo. Then later, when the palace was relocated, again, just jumped straight down into the city, running straight towards Doflamingo again. Remember how he originally went over the stone statue, as he thought it would be a short-cut, the same with the well. There was no instance where he just endlessly ran about.
In short, it would not make much sense to use up your stamina even before the game started. Imagine Marouane Fellaini, imagine him having an important football match in a few hours, would it make sense for him the give it all he has got and run towards to stadium to get there faster? It wouldn't, because the run is not important at all and he would not be able to last until the end of the match to his full extend. The same would happen to Luffy. Luffy is well aware of the fact that he will need every last bit of energy he has got to take down Doflamingo.
Additionally, as explained here, what happens with Gear 2, is that Luffy is drugging himself, by making his heart pump his blood around much faster. Originally it was introduced as a major drawback as it would eat away at his life, since his heart would have to pump at abnormal rates. Assuming that it is still true to some extend, it would not really make sense to shorten your life for no aparent reason. Keep in mind that at those times, nobody was in real imminent danger and there was no real need for him to get to Doflamingo asap.
On top of that, Luffy was never running alone. There was always someone slower with him (Eg: Zoro, kinemon, Violla, Law, Soldier, etc), so if he would just run off alone, he would basically leave his friends behind, unable to protect them. So by going together, he does not put pressure on his heart, is able to protect his friends and can have some fun along the way.

ohh didnt knew about gears shortening life span

@exexzian Every gear has it's drawbacks, as I explained in the linked question, but only Gear 2nd shortens his life though.

@exexzian It does look like he has completely gotten rid of the side-effects though after the time-skip as mentioned here. So I guess I'll have to edit that part when I get back from uni.


text:
Can Minato teleport to his special kunai from Kamui's dimension?
During his fight against Minato, it seemed that Tobi was trying to send Minato to Kamui's dimension. Even if Tobi had succeeded, couldn't Minato just teleport to one of his special kunai using the Flying Thunder God technique? Tobi knew of the Flying Thunder God technique, so what did he want to accomplish by sending Minato to Kamui's dimension?

Except that he probably can't teleport back if only half of him is sent there? Or one of the other possible witty guesses anyone can come up with without reading Tobis thoughts in the situation.

From this page about Kamui's abilities:

Despite not always being present, Obito could keep targets under genjutsu while they were confined inside this technique's pocket dimension, thus keeping them incapacitated for extended durations.

Tobi knew that he cannot defeat the Fourth Hokage so easily while keeping Kyuubi under his control, since controlling Kyuubi itself consumes a lot of chakra. Hence, he may have tried sending Minato to Kamui's dimension to keep him out of the equation.
Minato can teleport to his Flying Thunder God formulas (specially marked kunai), but it isn't revealed whether he can do it from a different dimension.

Thanks for answering this qn without posting a snarky remark.

maybe the toad can reverse summon him though. . .

Just to add to the already given answer. From the wiki page of Space Time Ninjutsu

It appears that each specific space-time technique has its own unique
  dimensional void that other techniques cannot normally access.[5]
  However, a user can synchronise their respective dimension with the
  other one to gain access to it. To achieve this feat, however,
  requires an enormous amount of chakra.[6]

LINK


text:
How does the healing jutsu work?
In Naruto, when the medical team starts to heal wounds, they use their chakra. Does this only heal and restore chakra, or does it also help regenerate the skin cut by kunais?

Medical ninjutsu can be used to heal wounds, such as those cause by kunai. It is used for a number of purposes, including:

Healing: Healing Chakra Transmission, Healing Resuscitation Regeneration Technique
Treating internal and external injuries: Mystical Palm Technique
Treating poisons: Delicate Illness Extraction Technique
Performing autopsy or surgery: Chakra Scalpel
Healing oneself: Creation Rebirth, Strength of a Hundred Technique
Offensively in several ways: Body
Pathway
Derangement,
Poison Mist Needle
Shot.

How does the healing jutsu work?
It works by channeling the healer's chakra into the patient's body, in order to help the regeneration of skin, cells, chakra flow, etc. The medical-nin can also use medical ninjutsu in himself. This type of technique requires great chakra control, because excessive infusion of chakra may cause unwanted problems. Healing jutsu have a wide range of uses, such has physical injury healing, poison healing, or even offensive uses.
Does it also help regenerate the skin cut by kunais?
Yes, there are some examples:

The Mystical Palm Technique helps in the regeneration of injuries, both internal and external. This technique requires great chakra control, for excess of chakra infused can drive the patient into a comatose state. For this same reason, this technique can also be used as an offensive technique (as seen in chapter 103, pages 9-10, when Kabuto used it against Kiba). This technique's usage has been seen (among others) in chapter 296, pages 12-13, when Kabuto (who can use this technique effectively at a distance) healed Sakura's wounds (caused by Naruto in Four-tailed form). Also, in chapter 297, Sakura heals Naruto's skin after it had been damaged by the Kyuubi cloak.
Also, Tsunade's Mitotic Regeneration is able to regenerate physical injuries, at the cost of reducing her lifespan. We've seen her heal herself after she was trespassed by Orochimaru, using the Kusanagi sword, in chapter 169. After having been inflicted these wounds that would otherwise have been fatal, she regenerated herself fully, eliminating every cut in her body.
There are also techniques that can resuscitate, healing the injured body parts in the process. This was the technique used when reviving and healing Neji (chapter 235, page 9), after his fight with Kidomaru. In this fight, Neji was trespassed by an arrow (with considerable diameter), that brought about his collapse. With regular healing techniques, such as the Mystical Palm Technique, the healing of such wounds would've been impossible.


text:
Is the reanimated Minato much stronger than when he was alive?
In Naruto chapter 618, all the souls that are bound inside the shinigami of the shiki fuujin were pulled out by Orochimaru. It includes the souls of the four previous Hokages. Now, before his death, Minato was able to seal half of the nine tails chakra into his own. Does it mean that he is much stronger than he when was alive? Does he have any chance on using the kyuubi's chakra for himself just like what Naruto did?

The resurrected Minato is stronger than when he was alive, but that is due to the properties of Edo Tensei (unlimited chakra, near-unlimited stamina, and automatic regeneration of any damage taken).
Minato does not have Kurama's chakra inside him. The Yin-component of Kurama's chakra, sealed by Minato, is still inside the Shinigami's stomach. Shiki Fuujin does not seal the target's soul into the summoner's soul. They are both sealed together, but independently, in the Shinigami's stomach.
This can be confirmed since Orochimaru first recovered the soul of his arms and then the four previous Kage at once. If the Shiki Fuujin sealed the target's soul into the summoner's soul, he would have to first recover Hiruzen's soul, and then the souls of Hashirama, Tobirama and his arms from Hiruzen's soul.
Minato does seem to have Kurama's Yin part inside of him. As proven by the recent chapters. Which undoubtedly proves that he's much stronger compared to the way he was before his death.
Note: This answer is based on events seen till Chapter 623. The answer may become obsolete after subsequent chapters.

So that means that Yin-Kurama is now released somewhere? The Shiki seal was broken, after all.

It's not clear yet (to me, at least), but my pure speculation is that Kurama has a Yin-soul and a Yang-soul. Kurama's Yang-soul was sealed within Naruto (along with the Yang-chakra), while the Yin-soul and Yin-chakra is still in the Shinigami's stomach. With the Shiki Fuujin seal broken, it can be summoned using Edo Tensei.

Further, my guess is that once the focus shifts back to Madara's battle, he will realise that Kurama's Yin-chakra is missing within Naruto, and so summon Yin-Kurama with Edo Tensei. Unlike Obito, Madara wants to revive the Juubi perfectly, so he will need the Kyuubi's full chakra.

@MadaraUchiha do you really agree with resurrected Minato is stronger than when he was alive, but that is due to the properties of Edo Tensei (unlimited chakra, near-unlimited stamina, and automatic regeneration of any damage taken)? Then why did you used obito to bring you back to alive? Why was third hokage was able to defeat the first and second without much trouble?

No. The Shiki Fuujin seals the souls. That means that the chakra of the Kyuubi is sealed independently from the soul of Minato. If you revive a soul, you only revive the own soul, but not anything that was sealed inside his body.

what about the chakra of the kyuubi? where is it?

@janbert: Maybe it's back to the kyuubi. It isn't clear, maybe it'll be clear in later chapters.

Kurama's chakra has not been explicitly taken out and so is still inside the Shinigami's stomach, IMHO.


text:
What is the One Piece's "Episode of Nami" categorized as?
The One Piece's "Episode of Nami" is not an anime episode because of its length. What is that episode categorized as?

Episode of Nami: Tears of a Navigator and the Bonds of Friends is a TV Special of the One Piece anime. It aired after Episode 560.

(From the One Piece wiki Episode of Nami)
It is the 5th TV special to be aired. The list of TV specials so far:

Adventure in the Ocean's Navel
Open Upon the Great Sea! A Father's Huge, HUGE Dream!
"Protect! The Last Great Performance"
The Detective Memoirs of Chief Straw Hat Luffy
Episode of Nami: Tears of a Navigator and the Bonds of Friends
Episode of Luffy: Adventure on Hand Island


text:
What is the significance of the name Bleach?
The name "Bleach" seems to be having no relevance to the plot unlike most other series. Was it just chosen at Kubo-sensei's whim or does it have some significance? Maybe some cultural significance associated with shinigami, etc. that I am now aware of?

Kubo himself has commented on this. Below I've taken the quote from Bleach Answers Wiki:

The title wasn't Bleach when Tite Kubo decided to draw a story about Shinigami. This was before he drew the one-shot manga that appeared in Akamaru Jump. The weapon wasn't a sword, but a scythe. Only Rukia had a scythe and the other characters used guns. At that point, the title was Snipe (as in "Sniper"). Right before he started drawing, he began to think that a sword would be better and realized he couldn't use Snipe as a title anymore. He began looking for a title that grasped the bigger picture. Shinigami are associated with the color black, but it would have been boring to use "black". "White", on the other hand, can suggest black as a complementary color. So Tite Kubo chose "Bleach" to evoke the impression of the color white.

I've also heard other theories, which aren't as well supported by interviews with Kubo but still seem to have some evidence supporting them. One is that shinigami "cleanse" souls, similar to what bleach does (Kubo himself mentioned this in an interview, but it's not clear whether he noticed this before or after deciding on the name). Another is that Kubo is a fan of the band Nirvana, and their first album is Bleach. So there might be more than one reason, but the quoted one above is the one he usually gives when asked about it.

According to the creator, Tite Kubo, when the Shinigami strike a Hollow with their Zanpaktou, they bleach (i.e. clean) the darkness and evil in the Hollows.

Or maybe Ichigo is bleaching his hair to that color so it would be closer to a version he remembers his mother having? And the title is about him - who is the main character, after all?

Welcome to the anime/manga SE! Would you have something to back this up?


text:
Can Naruto go into Sage Mode repeatedly by using idle shadow clones?
Naruto can apparently have only 5 shadow clones gathering natural energy to enable his sage mode. Why not use the following approach?

Create 4 shadow clones for storing energy and one shadow clone doing nothing (at present)
When one shadow clone is released, have the idle shadow clone create another one.
Repeat as long as required

This way there will always be 4 shadow clones gathering natural energy and there will be no limit of times Naruto can go into sage mode.
Please bear in mind that I've not read the manga and have seen the anime episodes till 264.
Thanks

This seems like it's asking for speculation.

I guess it is a bit at that. Is this covered in more detail in the manga or any databook? Basically, the anime has no explanation, so I'm forced to look elsewhere

Every time shadow clones are created, the user's chakra is divided equally among the clones. If a clone creates further shadow clones, that clone's chakra would be evenly distributed among the newly created clones.
According to what Frog Sage Fukusaku explained to Naruto, to enter into sage mode, the user needs to gather natural energy while balancing it with one's chakra. It is difficult to maintain that balance with lower chakra. The user turns into a frog if the natural energy overwhelms the user's chakra. Moreover, if any of the shadow clones turns into a frog, the original user too turns into a frog.
Hence, repeatedly making shadow clones to go into sage mode increases the risk of turning into a frog, and hence, Naruto cannot use this trick practically.

I think the question can be satisfactorily answered without speculation, using canonical references. At least I am satisfied. :)

if any of the shadow clones turns into a frog, the original user too turns into a frog - Is it true!!!!! ?

@krishna-Itachi'sfan Yes, read/watch Naruto's senjutsu training at Myobokuzan. Fukusaku first hesitates to let Naruto use Shadow Clones to speed up the training because that raises the risk of him turning to a frog. He finally agrees to let Naruto use it, but on the condition that if he senses any clone turning into a frog, he would hit that clone with his big stick. He further asks Naruto to not create more than 4 clones because he cannot watch more than that many at a time.

if a clone turns into a frog, then when released, all the chakra that made it do so would go to naruto, which would turn him into a frog, though arguably to a lesser degree thanks to the increased amount of total chakra the 2 togeather would have, but it is still a risk, especially with more clones. That being said, it is more realsitic if he would manually create the clones himself, have them go hide and do so, then when both of them are gone(possibly leaving no other clones at all), he can create new ones (like we know he can do) and send them off to replenish, possibly having down time.

Every time a Shadow Clone is dismissed, all of the knowledge/chakra/experience he has goes back to all of the other clones (as demonstrated when he asked for Asuma's advice about the wind element).
This means that eventually, the "spare" clone would also enter Sage Mode (and his Sage chakra would supposedly increase more and more), eventually, that clone won't be able to maintain balance (due to the overflow of Sage chakra, and the division of his own chakra), and turn into a frog. Once the clones turns into a frog, the original does too.


text:
How did Naruto defeat Edo Tensei Third Raikage?
In the manga Chapter 554, Naruto notices a prominent scar on the Third Raikage, which leads him to think that if the Hachibi managed to inflict damage, there's no reason why Kurama's chakra can't. But it turned out that it was the Raikage's weakness that hurt him. Using this information, Naruto managed to defeat him.
Could someone explain the nuts and bolts?

The raikage got heart by his own hands, it's the one finger technique that could pierce his difference, that's why he never spoke about his scare.

It seems, you've kind of answered your own question!
So what exactly do you want us to explain? :)
As far as how naruto found out how to defeat the raikage . He was communicating to Hachibi and taking tips and he also had many attempts before he actually succeeded!

I'm still confused over how Naruto used Raikage's weakness to defeat him :)

After talking to Gyuki (Hachibi), Naruto guessed that the scar on the Third Raikage chest may have been made by his own Jigokuzuki (Hell Stab). Based on that, he prepared a plan to make the Raikage stab his own chest.
He went into Sage Mode, prepared a Rasengan, and ran towards the Raikage as if to hit him head on with the Rasengan. The Raikage too ran towards Naruto aiming to stab him with his One-Finger Nukite.
Naruto's Sage Mode allows him to better sense the enemy, so he could dodge the Raikage's finger at the last moment. It also give him better speed, so he could quickly redirect his Rasengan to aim at the Raikage's elbow, before the Raikage could dodge it. This impact bent his elbow causing his attack to pierce his own chest.

Arigatou, Happy ^_^

This might explain the sequence of events:
On Naruto Manga Chapter 555:"Contradiction", Naruto used the Sage Mode to defeat the third Raikage. After talking to the Eight Tails, Naruto realized that the pierce in his chest was made by his own technique (The Hell Stab) thus making his weapon more powerful than his armor.
See picture below:

Naruto on sage mode can react on split seconds and he was aiming for his arm to redirect the attack towards himself.


text:
Could someone transplant the Rinnegan from one of Pain's paths?
Could someone transplant the Rinnegan from one of Pain's paths?
For example, from the male Chikoshodo (summoning) Pain that the Leaf had in their possession.

Excellent question! Kishimoto would have a hard time explaining it. :)

As Happy put it here,"The multiple Rinnegan's are like 'projections' or copies of [the user's] own Rinnegan, transmitted through the chakra rods." But this does not explain why the Rinnegan remains even when the rods are removed.

@TAAPSogeking - You've got any references for this sentence, But this does not explain why the Rinnegan remains even when the rods are removed. I'd love see that, because I seemed to have missed it.

I have to say NO.
My reasoning is based on the time when Tobi is hunting for the Rinnegan after the death of Nagato. After he kills Konan, he finds the corpses of Yahiko (who was also the Tendo's body) and Nagato, and pulls only the body of Nagato to his dimension and leaves the body of Yahiko in the same place. If he would have been able to use Yahiko's eyes, I reckon Tobi would've picked that body as well. Seeing how he chooses to ignore Yahiko's body would suggest that only Nagato's eye truly matters and it's the real Rinnegan.

NO, transplantation of the Rinnegan eyes from one of Pain's paths would not work. As soon as the eyes are detached from the corpse, they lose contact with the chakra receiver rods, and turn back into ordinary eyes that the corpse originally had. In Chapter 565, Naruto and Bee discuss this when they are fighting against Tobi's Six Paths of Pain.

The Chikoshodo Pain's corpse in Konoha's possession still had the Rinnegan activated, but it also had about 20 chakra rods when Shizune is shown examining it in Chapter 406.1 We were never shown the corpse's eyes with all the chakra rods removed.

1 We have to make an assumption that although the chakra reception weakens over distance, it will not completely die down. Without this, the corpse still having the Rinnegan activated becomes a plot inconsistency, if not a plot hole.


text:
What is the striped thing on Jango's chin?
Jango is an antagonist, who first appeared in episode 9, during the Syrup Village arc. What is the striped thing seen on his chin? (Encircled in the image below.)

According to Eiichiro Oda, the striped thing on Jango's chin is a leftover mushroom!
Before becoming a pirate, Jango was a wandering dancer. Business wasn't good, so all he did was sleep. He did not even take baths. Eventually, a striped fungus grew from his filthy chin. Jango was so hungry, he tried eating the cap of the mushroom, and found it disgusting! He gulped it down anyway, and after than he somehow gained the ability to hypnotize people. The trunk of the mushroom was left on his chin.

Source: One Piece SBS, Volume 6.


text:
Can users exchange their Sharingan eyes?
Does the donor of the Sharingan eye have to die so that it could be used by another user, or could they just exchange their eyes so that they do not go blind over obtaining the Eternal Mangekyou Sharingan?

I believe that more will be revealed soon, going by the "activation of the Sharingan through hatred" line of thought in the recent manga chapter.

There is no evidence to suggest that the eye "donor" has to die to donate his eyes for awakening the recipient's eternal Mangekyo Sharingan. While it seems to be theoretically possible to exchange eyes, it just so happens that in both the known instances of activating the eternal Mangekyo Sharingan, the donor died shortly before or after the transplant. Hence, the idea was left unexplored.
Izuna gave his eyes to Madara when he (Izuna) suffered a life-threatening wound, but it seems that he could have given his eyes to Madara earlier if he wanted to. However, since Madara loved his brother, they probably did not even think about that option.
Itachi's eyes were transplanted to Sasuke after Itachi's death, but again, he perhaps could have given his eyes to Sasuke without dying. He could not do it as he was pursuing other plans.
Eternal Mangekyo Sharingan can only be obtained by receiving eyes from close relatives. It is relatively rare for one person to achieve the Mangekyo Sharigan, much less for two people from the same family. Moreover, the Uchiha clan massacre eliminated whatever little possibility of that happening, so the idea of exchanging eyes has been left unexplored.
It is also possible that the author did not think too deeply about exchanging eyes and other possibilities, given that there are only two known instances of awakening of the eternal Mangekyo Sharingan.

Note This answer is based on events covered up to Chapter 624.

I think it's the first point, as Madara was already blind, imo. And it says: Once a sharingan goes blind, it stays blind. Or something like that. I've never read the Englisch texts.

Yes, that is the most likely explanation. If they had planned it from the start, they could have exchanged their eyes sooner. Most likely, Madara only felt the need to transplant when his eyes had gone too bad, which is similar to how people ignore their health until it gets really bad.

Also, I think the once blind stays blind was mentioned in the context of Izanagi. I don't remember if it was mentioned about Madara's sharingan specifically.

Nice answer! I missed out on Madara and Izuna

Well, when Obito gave Kakashi his Sharingan eye, he was not dead. So I'd say that this would be possible. Also according to the wiki,

Apparently, if a living Uchiha gives away their Sharingan, they will
  still have a link to the detached eye, and will be able to "see" what
  the eye sees in some instances, though this seems to be limited to a
  certain range

One more factor to be considered is how many users have actually unlocked the Mangekyou Sharingan. If it is not very common, the transplant candidates may be difficult to find

It can be done as madara exchanged eyes with obito and both did not die. Madara first stole kakashi's eye and went into the kamui dimension. In there he exchanged the eye that he took from kakashi with his original eye that is with obito.

please refer to the new edited answer


text:
Couldn't the Chimera Ant King be trapped in Knov's Nen dimension?
I enjoyed the anime a lot. Most of the time, no main character made bad decisions in fights or at progressing. However, in the Chimera Ants arc, wouldn't it be easier to trap the Chimera Ant King in one of the special rooms in Knov's Nen dimension? Are the rooms to weak to keep him in there?
They could just let him starve there. I know Knov was scared of the Chimera Ant's Nen, but he created those rooms before the battle, so one of the others could move the King there.

there is a spoiler markup for Q&As with spoilers

The plan required the Hunters to somehow force the King to move into Knov's Nen rooms, which would be almost impossible. Knov creating a Nen portal close enough to the King and pulling him into the room is ruled out. As you mentioned, just coming into contact with Royal Guard Pouf's En caused him to suffer a mental breakdown.
The next option is for the other Hunters to move the King into Knov's rooms. The Hunters could not realistically hope to achieve that given the gap in power between Chairman Issac Netero and the King.1 The Hunters were aware of this gap before entering the battle, so they wouldn't consider it.
The plan was also risky because the extent and nature of the King's powers are a big unknown. Even if they succeeded, what if the King's Nen could destroy Knov's Nen once he is inside the room, or if it could "hijack" Knov's Nen, analyze how it works and obtain the Master Key? (and so on) The Nen abilities in Hunterverse vary from compound interest to teleporting gorillas, so the King having some troublesome Nen abilities could not be ruled out.

1 The anime confirmed this gap of power rather beautifully later when one of Netero's strongest attacks scores a direct hit on the King, who was sitting on the ground, but the King just wipes some blood off his cheek.

Well thats quite acceptable. But they also persuaded the King to follow Netero to an unknown place und he (coincidentaly) accepted it. So Netero really has to be shure that the rose bomb will work. Otherwise this part of the world (and maybe also the unknown part) wouldn't be safe.

@Phil It was actually the King who suggested that they fight elsewhere because Pitou was treating Komugi in the palace. It was convenient for Netero because he wanted to separate the King from the Royal Guards. We do not know what Netero and Zeno's original plan was to move the King to the testing ground. If it involved binding or capturing the King somehow, then yes, they could have moved him into Knov's room instead. But perhaps, they knew some limitations of Knov's Nen that we don't know. There is too much speculation already, or it could be the plain old "the author didn't think of it". :)


text:
How many tails did Naruto get during his fight with Pain?
During Pain's destruction of Konoha, he fought Naruto. When fighting Naruto, Pain hurt Hinata which made Naruto get mad. After a couple of seconds of being mad Naruto started to transform into Kyuubi.
How many tails did he transform to? I've heard and seen people say that he only got six tails, but I always thought he got all nine of them. Or almost got nine, until his dad stopped the transformation.

We see Naruto reaching six tails and fighting Pain, that much is certain.
The wiki claims that after that, we see eight tails, here:

And we later on see Yamato's hand with the number nine, to which he says he was too late.
However, due to Minato's interference, we do not see Naruto with nine tails.
So, yes, Naruto has gone onto nine tails (He in fact wanted to remove the seal), but we do not see it, and Minato stops it very quickly.

When Naruto's fight with Pain reaches it's peak, Pain uses one of the Sage of Six Paths move called Chibaku Tensei and to overcome the Heavenly body that traps him, Naruto while in 6 tails form is tempted by Kyubi who offers him complete power of the 9 tails in exchange for ripping apart the seal and Naruto does that

Now keep in mind that he hasn't torn apart the seal completely it might be 99% broken, that is the seal is still in place and before Naruto breaks the seal 100% his dad appears and reseals Kyubi by means of his own Chakra that he had added to the seal before he passed away at the time of Naruto's birth.
So he reaches 8 tails completely and 9 tails to about 99%, also we can confirm that Naruto almost completely reached 9 tails during the fight because Yamato's palm has the sign for 9 appear, and he says that 'it's too late' see :

Naruto fight with pain cause him to get nine tails. But when he got all nine, he didn’t die or turn into the Kyuubi, instead he was being controlled and forced to break the seal. Fortunately, minato sealed his remaining chakra into Naruto as a baby just in case for this specific situation so he’d reseal the Kyuubi. Same as when he sealed kushina chakra into Naruto to help with the fight Naruto had with the Kyuubi.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Source of Ichigo's shinigami power

 In Bleach chapter 673 it says that Juha is Ichigo's true father, so with his mother also being a Quincy,

...where did Ichigo get his shinigami powers from? (Up until this chapter, I thought he got his shinigami powers from Isshin.)

What? Really??? Wow I need actually start reading bleach. I don't get why that series didn't stick with me for some reason....

Short answer, from his father, Kurosaki Isshin.
Long answer is provided below with history of Ichigo's life.
This answer contains massive spoilers
First of all, you need to understand that Ichigo is unique in that he was born from a Quincy mother (Kurosaki Masaki) and a Shinigami father (Kurosaki Isshin, formerly Shiba Isshin). Because of this, he has the power of both Quincy and Shinigami.
During her mother's high school age, Aizen was experimenting with Hollowfication and created a hollow called White, who caused Hollowfication on Hirako Shinji and other captains of Gotei 13 to turn into hollow. The hollow, White, was then sent to attack Shiba Isshin (Ichigo's father, his family name was Shiba before he married Masaki and uses her family name). Kurosaki Masaki rescued Isshin from the Hollow but was Hollowfied herself. This caused Ichigo to have hollow powers in him as shown by White having a similar looks to Ichigo's Hollowfication form.
Isshin married Masaki and Ichigo was born. It was shown that Ichigo was able to see spirits since he was elementary school student where he saw Grand Fisher's bait and attempted to save it thinking that it was a girl who tried to drown herself. This attempt of his caused his mother's death.
Years passed and Ichigo is now 15 years old. A hollow attacked his house and Kuchiki Rukia saved him by transferring her Shinigami powers to him. This act awakens his dormant powers that he inherited from his parents. He later lost the powers Rukia lend him from Kuchiki Byakuya's attack. He regained it after training with Urahara, but this time it was his own dormant "Shinigami" powers. Notice the use of double quote there.
Ichigo fought the Shinigami to save Rukia, learned Bankai in the process. Then he fought Aizen's Espada to save Orihime, and eventually Aizen himself to save Karakura Town. To fight Aizen's godly powers he learned a forbidden technique from Kurosaki Isshin, called the Final Getsuga Tenshou. This technique caused him to lost his "Shinigami" powers.
He then regained his "Shinigami" powers after the captains of Gotei 13 and vice-captains Abarai Renji and Kuchiki Rukia transferred power to Ichigo during the end of the Fullbringer Arc. Then the Quincy attacked, lead by their king, Ywach (some called him Juha Bach). During the fight his Zanpakuto was destroyed and to forge it he went with the Zero Division to meet the maker of Zanpakuto, Nimaiya.
It was during the forging process that it was revealed that the so called "Shinigami" power he has been using was actually his Quincy powers, which also explains why Ywach looks so much like Zangetsu. Now he awakens his true Shinigami power which Zangetsu has been suppressing.
So in conclusion, the "Shinigami" power that he has been using before he broke his Zanpakuto was actually his Quincy power which he inherited from his mother. His real Shinigami power is obviously from his father Kurosaki Isshin since Isshin is also a Shinigami. He can use Hollowfication since his soul was infused with Hollow Kurosaki Masaki sealed, the hollow White, inside her body.
As for what it means by

In Bleach chapter 673 it says that Juha is Ichigo's true father, so with his mother also being a Quincy,

it is more in a spiritual meanings. Just like Odin was called the Allfather (means father of all), Ywach is the father of all Quincy since all Quincy's powers was born from him. This makes him Ichigo's father in spiritual means, just like Odin was father of Norse people.

a bit off there. Masaki was a high schooler when she killed White, who had already hollowfied her instead of his original target Isshin. Its years later before Ichigo was born, but the Hollow itself still went with him instead of staying inside his mother. Proven when ichigo goes hollow, isshin is freed, so the hollow he was suppressing was only in masaki and/or Ichigo, both of whom had that bond severed (if it didn't all transfer to ichigo, it was definitely broken on Masaki's death, and too much power with ichigo overwhelmed it)

Whoops, you're right, @Ryan. Thanks, I'll edit it. It's been a long time since the last time I watch that chapter.

@HiEnZ no, they were suppressed to maintain a special seal on Masaki's Hollofication. The instant that bond was fully broken (with Masaki dead, ichigo was the only one left with the bond, which his hollow then forcefully overwhelmed and broke) he got all his powers back. Why Ichigos sisters dont have it is unknown, presumably the hollow itself escaped Masaki's body through ichigo, hence a one time deal.


text:
Was there any canonical or production-related reason for the fights in Dragon Ball Z being dragged out?
A person and I had a chance to discuss DBZ over this weekend, and they weren't one of the few people that grew up watching it, but were trying to catch up.
However, they were very put off from the length of the fights with major protagonists, and I for one don't blame them.  I can't recall specifically were they were starting, but the phrase "are they still on Namek?" has already reached meme status.
So, I'd like to know if there was any official reason as to why these fights were dragged out as long as they were.  This also includes the fight with Cell and the fight with Majin Buu (although I don't recall watching the end of that one).

From what little I read of the manga, it seemed to have much faster story progression than the anime, so I've always thought the fights were dragged out so the anime wouldn't catch up to the manga and filler would be minimized. I don't have any proof for this, though.

I think there's largely two reasons for these fights being so long and dragged out:

There were points when the anime was being released faster than the manga was being published. This is a common issue in the anime industry. When this happens, the producing studio has two choices. They can either add in filler episodes (like DBZ did, also see Naruto), or they can veer from the original plot of the manga (see Fullmetal Alchemist). Thus, when the anime was caught up with the manga and had to release a new episode before the next chapter of the manga was published, they'd simply drag out the plot of the fights or add in other filler content to give the manga some time to get ahead.
It makes the studio more money. This reason probably had less of an effect on the 'dragging out' of episodes as the first reason, but it is still viable. Making fights longer means making more episodes, which in turn makes the producing studio more money. It's more of a secondary reason, or an effect of the anime being released faster than the manga, if you will.

My answer is quite contrary to what people think in general here.
The very author Akira Toriyama is talking here

－－　『ドラゴンボールＺ』というタイトルは先生の発案と聞きましたが。
The interviewer : The title "Dragonball Z was created by you, sir, is that correct? ( asking Akira )
鳥山　あ、そうですね。
Toriyama: Uhm, yes.
－－　ウワサで、「Ｚ」が名前につく精力剤からタイトルをつけた、って聞いたんですが。
Rumor says, you sir put the last word Z borrowing the name of an energy enhancement medicine with the name Z.
鳥山　違いますよ～（笑）。「Ｚ」はアルファベットの最後の文字じゃないですか。で、当時からもう、本当に原作を終わらせたくて（笑）、だから「これでもうおしまいだよ～」って意味でタイトルは「Ｚ」にしたんですよ。精力剤なんて、一言も言った覚えないですよー、もーウワサっていい加減だなぁ（笑）。
Toriyama : Where did you hear that! lmao. You know, the end letter of the English alphabet is Z, right? At that time I really wanted to end the series so that I put the word Z. Energy enhancement medicine? Come on, I haven't uttered a word such never. Rumor always walks alone. lmao.

What about Wiki?

番組タイトルの「Z」は鳥山明本人によって命名されており、鳥山によれば「ドラゴンボールを早く終わらせたくてアルファベットの最後の文字である『Z』にした」とのことである[3]。本作放映直前のジャンプ1989年18号収録の『ドラゴンボール』ピンナップポスター裏に書かれた特集記事の見出しでは、『Z』とは「究極」「最強」と説明されていた。
The title of the program Z was named by the very author Akira Toriyama, and according to him "I wanted to end the Dragon Ball series ASAP so that I took the last letter of the alphabet. On the caption of the special article written on the back of the last Dragonball, 18th published in 1989, before it went into broadcasting, "Z stands for the "ultimate", "the strongest".

So on the contrary? to the first intention of the author, the story became even longer than the original. I think that happens sometimes, see how many sequence Matrix or Star Wars has.......

How does this answer the question of why it became longer?

I am trying to say, there was no "canonical" nor "production related" first, because the AKira says so. If you doubt my translation, please go to Japanese site.

No one doubts your translation, but the question wasn't asking about the title or about the length relative to Dragon Ball; it was asking why events in the Dragon Ball Z anime seem to be dragged out longer than the same events were in the Dragon Ball Z manga. So this is an answer to a different question than what was asked.

I think I am answering to the question in the last paragraph.


text:
How are short anime scheduled to be broadcast in Japan?
Normally, anime is about 23 minutes long. With the addition of ads, it will take about 30 minutes for one episode to air which is what one time slot normally is. Yet, some anime like Miss Monochrome and Tonari no Seki-kun are not 23 minutes long. They are just around 6 minutes long, approximately a quarter the length.
How are these shows scheduled? Do they air along with other short anime so that they can make a total of 30 minutes in a time slot?

I wrestled with the [tag:japan] tag on this one; not sure what purpose it serves entirely.  Can you think of a excerpt for it to better scope its usage?

@Makoto FWIW, when I initially proposed country tags (http://meta.anime.stackexchange.com/q/2702/), I suggested that we not have [tag:japan]. I still think that's the right way to go - having looked at the questions that currently have [japan], I'm not seeing much use for the tag. Questions about anime/manga have an inherent Japanese character to them, after all.

Bundling multiple shorts into a 30-minute block is reasonably common, yes. Ultra Super Anime Time is perhaps the best known block of this sort, bundling three ~8-minute shorts into a contiguous 30-minute time slot. It was home to seasons 2 and 3 of Miss Monochrome. A couple seasons ago, both Sekkou Boys and Kagewani Shou were on USAT together, which resulted in this bit of hilarity:

However, it's also fairly common for shorts to just be squeezed in between other shows. Japanese television programs don't tend to be rigidly slotted into exact 30-minute time blocks, so you can just kind of put shorts wherever there happens to be room. To use Tonari no Seki-kun as an example - when it aired on TX back in winter 2014, its slot was on Sundays from 26:35-26:45. It was preceded by Saki Zenkoku-hen from 26:05-26:35, and followed by Ichiyazuke (some sort of infomercial) from 26:45-26:55.
Same deal with Miss Monochrome season 1 - on TX, its slot was Tuesdays 25:35-25:40, preceded by Bijo no Kareshi ga Mitai! Osusume (I don't know what this is) from 25:30-25:35 and followed by Gifuu Doudou (which is unintentionally hilarious, by the way) from 25:40-26:10.


text:
How does the English Sub/Dub system work?
As far as I know, In China, groups of people gather together to translate and add Sub/Dub an anime/manga, there will be a translator, an edit, and other people that is needed for the job. some of these groups are people who are fans of anime/manga and no funding from outside sources are used, there are however a lot of professional ones that does gain money and pay the workers and is liscensed. Most of the time, 1 anime/manga would only have 1 group to sub or dub it. Is the English sub/dub system similar to this?
TL;DR or if you simply don't care about China, explain how the English Sub/Dub industry work.

FWIW my sense is that Hong Kong dubs into Cantonese don't work that way: the quality and staffing is reasonably professional, and the contents often find their way onto television.

The concept you're explaining is called fansubs, and this concept transcends borders outright; groups of fans will get together to translate a work that they are fans of for their language.
This radically differs from actual, licensed subtitle jobs done by bigger companies, with these key differences being present in the officially licensed subtitle jobs, but not the fansubs:

The work is officially licensed for translation, meaning that a consumer will be directly supporting both the original creator and the team who made the translation possible;
The translated work is done professionally and accurately, especially given the nuances found in Japanese language which may not always accurately translate to English;
These works are often placed into stores and shops for regular retail purchase, or may be streamed in your country, depending on the license acquired.

I have very little insight into the industry, but the key similarity between the two is that the translation is done in rough, proofread, and perhaps tweaked for tone and/or localized (again, jokes or concepts may not translate well across languages).
I'd like to highlight the third key difference, which is that the work is generally made widely available to the public for legal purchase in that region.  One of the major reasons that fansubs exist is due to the lack of general availability of the work, which means that in order for a region to enjoy the work, it must first be brought to that country, which may or may not have legal ramifications.
Note that I am not a lawyer, but I've read some things on fansubs and piracy before; in general, the industry isn't all that happy with it.
Distributors of fansubbed work may face repercussions due to the fact that the work may not be licensed in that country or that region, and the translators are effectively pirating the work.
I can't speak to China's anime climate, but I will state that official translations must be licensed for distribution in that country.  I encourage you to find licensed work in your country and support that, as that will ensure that more licensed works come over due to it being a more viable market.

there are a lot of legal and licensed sub company which i didn't mention because it wasn't the main focus of the question, so it's OK, 99% of the anime/manga are legal. and you focused more on how the industry is different from fansubs which is not what i'm looking for but i do blame it on the question for not making it clear, i apologize.


text:
The Fastest Ninja in Naruto?
Namikaze Minato and the Fourth Raikage are considered to be the fastest moving ninjas.
However, in a fight between the Raikage and Naruto, Naruto dodges the Raikage's full speed.
In terms of speed, did Naruto surpass Minato?

Where does Shisui Uchiha come in on the list? He could create a half dozen or more "clones" just out of afterimages without any actual teleporting.

First of all, people need to define what speed is.. It is the time taken to move from one place to another. Doesn't matter whether it's by walking, running or teleporting. The person that consumes minimal time to do that will be the fastest. So my opinion would be Minato, Tobirama and Obito (including Sasuke and Shisui) are faster than Raikage and Naruto

Technically, Minato Namikaze is still titled as the fastest ninja. Take a look at the signature Ninjutsu of Minato, the Flying Thunder God Technique. It's classified as one of the Space-Time Ninjutsu, which are techniques that allow the users to teleport to another location instantaneously. No one can exceed the speed with using only physical power.
If you're talking about the comparison of raw physical speed, Fourth Raikage takes the lead. Naruto Uzumaki is still pretty fast, but he only surpasses the Fourth Raikage when he's in Nine-Tails Chakra Mode.

Is minato faster than tobirama senju?

@Joze Tobirama mark the seal with only using his hand. So when he want to teleport to further place, he need to first visit the destination and mark the seal, and now he can teleport to the destination whenever he want. While Minato, he most commonly applied the unique seal in advance to his special kunai, which he would scatter all over his desired destinations. This would make Minato teleport faster than Tobirama.

@HappyFace What makes you say that Tobirama cannot do the same as Minato and mark seals on kunai and scatter them at desired locations as Minato does? Tobirama is capable of doing the exact same thing. So since its the same technique, we might say that both Tobirama and Minato stand at same speeds

I believe it depends on whether you mean dead or alive. Alive, I believe the Raikage is the fastest ninja, because Naruto is very fast while dependent on the Nine-Tails' chakra. The Raikage built up that speed on his own.
If the dead counts, I believe it's Minato Namikaze. Although he did use his Flying Thunder God technique, he did have to train to build enough speed to even use the teleportation technique.

Tsunade said Naruto is on par with the speed of the 4th Raikage in biyuu mode so either one. Minato teleports and Obito moves between dimensions so they dont count

No. Minato's speed is attributed to his Flying Thunder God technique (Hiraishin), which allows him to travel to any marked place on the planet nearly instantly.
Naruto is very fast for short distances, but purely by feats Minato still wins in terms of speed.

The fastest ninja is actually Might Guy.
Watch the fight with him and Madara and you'll see. Minato does have anything on him.

Naruto. He has already outrun the 4th Raikage.
People say Naruto is only as fast/strong due to the Kyuubi.
To be fair, I think 9 Tails Chakra Mode is a part of Naruto. Just because they can remove it or grant it doesn't mean it's not a part of him. Same as Uchiha, just because they can remove the Sharingan doesn't mean it isn't a part of their abilities. A lot of people exclude the Nine Tails Mode from the list of Abilities Naruto possess which is unfair. Although it's not a Natural ability that he inherited from birth, there are a lot of abilities from strong characters that came from outside sources (ie. Kakashi, Bee etc), or Jinchuriki's that didn't reach anywhere near the Skill and Chakra Control Naruto possesses.
I would understand the assumption that he's just some noob if you would take scenes from the early days (Orochimaru vs Naruto) who simply used the Chakra Leakage from the Kyuubi once in a while without really developing/controlling/mastering/enhancing it, but that's definitely not the case.
Source: Episode 282-283 Naruto Shippuden (Naruto vs Raikage).


text:
What does "gal" mean in Hajimete no Gal and/or Japanese culture?
In the anime Hajimete no Gal (aka My First Girlfriend is a Gal), it's made abundantly clear in the first episode that "gal" is not just another feminine pronoun.  Based on the 2 "gals" in the show, and compared to the other girls in the show, it seems there's a marked difference in style, personality, and appearance to be labeled a "gal".
What is a "gal" in anime or Japanese culture?

possibly related: What is a “gal wife”?

That was an auto-recommendation, and it's not related.  That question is very specific to the anime/game the OP is asking about.

actually it wasn't an "auto-recommendation". rather i thought it was possibly related in which a gal girlfriend might be similar to a gal wife. i could be wrong however which is why i said possibly related rather than duplicate

An article on Crunchyroll about the series touches on this topic: http://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-feature/2017/07/20-1/elite-classrooms-and-gal-friends-get-hooked-on-these-new-summer-anime

@memor-x By "auto-recommendation", I meant the site recommended it as I was typing up the question.

I'm guessing Galo Sengen has already faded from public memory?

"Gal" is the English transliteration for gyaru, which is a fashion trend in Japanese culture.  This fashion trend includes things like:

Tanning/darkening the skin
Wearing lots of shiny makeup (traditional Japanese culture is very modest with makeup)
Wearing lots of jewelry and has lots of accessories (fake nails, excessive nail/toe polish)

Effectively, the "gals" in My First Girlfriend is a Gal are following the gyaru fashion trend.

Can't comment yet so I'll add an answer.
ギャル (gyaru) is actually the way they imported the English word "girl".
Then they imported the English slang "gal" on top of that as a back-Romaji-ized name for the current fashion.
(In addition to what Makoto said.)
If you can read the Japanese, here's a dictionary entry, but it doesn't help much:
https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/srch/en/ギャル/m0u/
Here's a wikipedia entry:
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/ギャル
And here it is in English:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyaru
The Japanese is more complete and more interesting, of course.

There is also a bit of a deeper meaning and as to why this trend came about. It goes way back to the World War 2 and a bit before. After occupation to make money, girls would well prostitute themselves, so a tanned girl was also a sign that they were out on the corner a lot. In the rebellion days of youth, in the 80s, it was a way to rebel in Asia, so it became a popular trend.
This is why you also get that "gals" are sluts or whores. In the west though, tanning became a positive thing while in the east it became a negative thing. Also why in the anime and the manga of Hajimete no Gal, the ex calls her a "slut". Also, Hajimete no Gal directly translates to "first time gal".


text:
Was Goku using his full power against Kale?
In Dragon Ball Super episode 100,

 Goku attacked Kale Super Saiyan green "berserker" mode with a Kamehameha in Super Saiyan blue.

Was Goku using his full power when he did it?  If so, does this mean that...

 Super Saiyan green "berserker" is more powerful than Super Saiyan blue?

Goku states when he goes SSJB that he's going to use "a little more power" (when I return home tonight I'll get the timestamp).
My take from this comment is that he did not go all out.
The only times he has gone all out, he also uses Kaioken in his SSJB form. Until we see him do so, I'd suggest he's holding back on power.
Edit: He actually says "Let out more power" at 17:38 of Episode 100. This is still useful as "more" is less than "most" or "all".
As to your second question, I'd say that this LSSJ (as was the name for it with Broly, which this is an homage to) transformation, cannot yet to be claimed to be stronger than SSJB. Yes, Kale walked straight through a SSJB Kamehameha, but she was completely taken out by Jiren from Universe 11 - admittedly she wasn't prepared for that hit, but it didn't look like Jiren was trying either. Once we see how Goku fighting serious fares against Jiren fighting serious, we can get an idea of how LSSJ and SSJB stack up.

yes that's important to keep in mind, I didnt realize about that detail, thanks!

btw, I meant going all out in Blue, not counting kaioken. We know he can give more with kaioken

The battle between the Kale and Goku was much similar to the battle between Goku and Broly

@IchigoKurosaki I agree and don't think this was a mistake. If you go back to the first film you see they capture all the best parts: "no-selling" a Kamehameha; dragging Goku by his face through rubble; Vegeta claiming it to be the true form of Saiyans; the "colour-shift" on charging up the green energy blast. More too, but I'd have to go back to the Broly film to remember them. As an homage to Broly, I loved it.

I don't think so. Remember, it's a battle royal so he has to conserve his power for the long haul and you can't kill anyone. So the Kamehameha that was launched at Kale wasn't meant to kill, at most probably push her back but that didn't work...

So no I don't believe SSB Kale is stronger than SSB Goku, but under these circumstances than yeah because kale has no control of her powers as weall as stated by piccolo

Those are very valid points, but he didnt make it a single scratch!


text:
Why does Heathcliff (Kayaba) smile at the end in episode 14?
In episode 14 of SAO, at the 14th minute mark:

 Kirito kills Kayaba.  He did not try to stop Kirito, and died smiling. Was he waiting to be killed by Kirito?

Did Kayaba expect it?

Can you elaborate a little more on your question--what episode/chapter it occured in, etc.? Additionally, your title seems to be asking a different question from the body of your text, so please clarify what you want answered.

@kuwaly I am specifically talking about episode 14, minute 14. He does not look surprised when Kirito is revived, and does not block Kirito from killing him.

From the SAO Wiki:

The happiest moment to Akihiko during SAO was when Kirito saw through his true identity on the 75th floor, as Akihiko then realized that he (Akihiko) was nothing more than another player.

- Q&A session in the third popularity contest held by Kawahara Reki as Kunori Fumio, 2005

If I remember correctly it's never said. But it's probably to do with the fact the Kirito defied the system, as Kayaba does mention something similar in the final episode of Season 1.

Kayaba is smiling thruout his battle with Kirito, during one part he smiles because he knows Kirito is beaten. He only frowns in displeasure of Kirito's lack of fighting spirit after Asuna dies.
Kayaba is smiling because it is an amusing turn of event for a story. He is not looking at this normally because he has already accepted his death and knows this is the best time to end this story.
I say this because Kayaba originally excused his involvement with the game as a player by saying it would be a nice twist if the #1 player becomes the tragic last boss.

Kayaba had his own adventure aswell. Full of love, and heartbreak.
Kayaba loved his wife, but was so driven to make his dream of the steel castle real that he ruined his marriage.
Kayaba met someone in game who made him happy named Minami, and she knew from the start about Heathcliff being Kayaba, and she saw beauty in his world, but she was killed in an off screen boss fight.
So when he smiles it's because not only did he want to die, but he saw how fitting it is for his own game to kill both his marriages, and himself.

Kayaba never had a wife but he had a love interest who took care of his body while he was in the game and the only Minami i can find any mention of is the Manga's artist Minami Juusei


text:
Are high school and middle school students not allowed to use a backpack?
In Ajin-chan wa Kataritai, there are a dullahan student named Machi. In chapter 23, it was said that the school wasn't allowing her to use a backpack, and she could only use a standard school bag or a tote bag.

At first I thought it was only their school regulation, but then I recalled in Yuru Yuri, on the first day of school Akari used a backpack because she forgot that she's already in middle school. Later she changes out her backpack for a tote bag.

I tried to take a quick look at a few high school anime I have, most of them use the exact same tote bag (school bag I assume?), but there are a few anime where each student uses a different bag. It seems like none of the students use a backpack.

In D-Frag, each student uses a different bag, but none use a backpack.

IIRC Kaizaki Arata of Re:LIFE use a backpack on his first day of school and he was 3rd year of Senior High.

Short Answer
To answer your question: some schools specify bags students use, while others don't; it varies.
Long Answer
Like uniforms, bags are also specified by schools, which means the level of strictness varies from school to school. Some schools allow students to bring whatever bag they choose, while others will require students to buy from a specified maker, so that all bags have the school emblem.
While the hand-carried bags often seen in anime were once the main type of bag, most schools today use a 2-way or 3-way bag, that allows for multiple ways of carrying: by hand, diagonally over one shoulder, or on the the back. Also note that some schools use different colors for male and female students.
It should also be noted that the "backpacks" you are mentioning in Yuru Yuri and Nichijou are not backpacks in the broad sense (which would be リュックサック (rucksack) in Japanese), but ランドセル "randoseru" or "ransel", which are backpacks specifically for elementary school students. Wearing one above that age would definitely look odd to the a Japanese person.
Even when use is permitted, backpacks aren't always the first choice. While backpacks hold a lot, spread the weight between the shoulders, and allow for free use of both hands, they also have demerits, such as having to remove the backpack to access it, being unwieldy in tight spaces like trains, and making the back sweaty, especially in the summer.
Because this school-specified bag rule is common knowledge to the average Japanese viewer, any explanation is omitted in the work. So when an average viewer sees that everyone has the same bag, he/she would automatically assume that the school in this anime specifies the bag to use, and when another anime has different bags, then he/she would automatically assume this anime's school has no such regulation.
Wikipedia reference
Bag maker reference

Like I said in the comment, Kaizaki Arata of Re:LIFE uses a backpack and he is a 3rd year of Senior High School.

However, Yoake Ryo uses a tote bag.

Another guy, Ohga also uses Tote bag.

Thus, like you mentioned in your question, most students in Senior High School uses tote bag. But, seeing that Kaizaki can use backpack just fine, it means that backpack is not forbidden.

point taken but then Hakase comment doesn't makes sense

Isn't it more like, "you're in high school, you can just carry a tote bag." I don't think Hakase is saying that backpack is forbidden. I don't read the manga though, so I wouldn't know the context of the story.

Are you saying that elementary not allowed to use tote bag? because they certainly are (the girls from non non biyori and ichigo mashimaro use it). But now that I think about it, maybe she was referring their high school, not all high school since everyone on their high school use the same tote bag, it's probably their school bag. Thanks for your answer


text:
How did Madara start the Infinite Tsukuyomi without the Divine Tree?
What was the thing about the third eye and him sucking up the tree?  I thought he already had the Ten-Tails inside of him.

i haven't seen the series up to that point but it looks like your asking 2 different questions, one in the question title and one in the question body.

Madara doesn't need the Divine tree for activating Infinite Tsukuyomi.
The only requirements to activate the Infinite Tsukuyomi are the ten tails chakra and the Rinnegan.
The divine tree is just a Jutsu that complements this.
For more information about the 2 Jutsus:
http://naruto.wikia.com/wiki/Infinite_Tsukuyomi
http://naruto.wikia.com/wiki/God:_Nativity_of_a_World_of_Trees

oh!! So it can be activated with either the Sharingan of the Divine Tree, or it can be activated with a rinne sharingan which can be obtained by having 2 sharingans! Thats why Obito couldn't get the rinne Sharingan and had to use the Divine Tree as he only had 1 Rinnegan whereas Madara had 2 so he didn;t need the Tree's Sharingan, he had his own!

Mmmm not exactly but is one explanation. Consider accepting the answer if it answers your question.


text:
How to explain to my 10 year old niece that Puella Magi Madoka Magica is not a kids show?
My 10 year old niece loves watching cartoons, and she has a Netflix kids account for her with all parental controls. But while I was browsing my account, she took notice of the Madoka Magica cover and became quite curious and interested.
Logically for her (and many people who see it for the first time) it shouldn't be a problem because it's a colorful anime with magical girls with cute designs.
How do I explain to her that this one is not like the others in a way that makes sense?

i think this question would be more suited for Parenting Stack Exchange but then i don't know how many parents there know of Madoka and how the cute cover designs betray some of the themes and scenes in it. i can't even suggest teaching her about ratings because Australia's ratings board rated Atelier Rorona Plus R18+ when the previous version of the same game was rated PG as such ratings borads might not always be correct and i don't know what Madoka is rated where you are

@Memor-X I posted this here because i think the chance of a parent having a similar experience here is higher. Should I move to Parenting Stack Exchange and provide more information about the show itself?

Shows like Rick and Morty, South Park, Archer and Bojack Horseman are easier to explain since they are marketed as adult shows. Most of their characters are Adults doing adult things like drinking or smoking, so it's not as appealing. But Madoka is porpusely marketed as a typical Magical Girl show because it's intention is to shock viewers and get them by surprise.

Anime in general tends to deal with serious topics like emotions and death more often than western cartoons (in a more thoughtful way than some thugs killed in a superhero brawl). So if she understands that about anime, maybe she is prepared for what awaits her in Madoka.

Here's a relevant vid which you should see yourself first and then you might get an idea how to handle this situation (minutes 5 through 22 are what you need).

Have you considered just letting her watch it? It's dark, but I don't remember it being overly violent or sexual. Maybe explain beforehand that it's a dark, sad show where a lot of bad things happen to the characters, but leave open the option to still watch it if she's curious. I showed my younger sister Full Metal Alchemist when she was 10, and she ended up finding the dark moments, like the Shou Tucker episodes, compelling and different.

She'll be fine. We may find the show dark because it deconstructs conventions that we're used to, but I doubt that a 10yo would be aware enough of them to really get the deconstruction element. She may have a(n) (un)natural disdain for white cats afterwards though.

Perhaps by letting them know that in Japan, Puella Magi Madoka Magica is a late night anime, not a children's anime?
Children's anime in Japan is an anime that caters to audience from baby up to middle schooler. Examples are Pretty Cure series (and most of magical girl anime), Doraemon, Hello Kitty, and Pokèmon. The screening times are either morning (weekend) or evening, where children are on their free time (not school time).
Late night anime, on the other hand, tends to cater to audience from teenage to young adult, usually with more serious & in-depth plot, and even violence and sexual topic. Other examples are Cowboy Bebop, Rozen Maiden, and Attack on Titan. The screening time may start as early as 10pm, up to 2am, the time which children should have been sleeping.

For your 10-year-old niece case... I think I can agree with other answers: let her watch it with  parental guidance (though I wish their parents should have known about this anime first), then let her judge the anime by herself.

P.S. Sailor Moon series is also listed as children's anime, and I could argue with myself that the series sometimes also has dark and adult-oriented theme that can only be understood by older viewers, so...
Most of the info was taken from Japanese Wikipedia, not its English counterpart, since it's more descriptive.

Main problem: In another countries, cartoon are only for children. The children itself doesn't understand a cartoon who they cannot see.
Also, as a source: Shin chan in Japan is night anime, I don't remember if it's R18 or a bit lower but not for kids. But for example, on Spain, it's censored and placed for kids (on kids TV time).

I'll break this response up into two parts:

What you should say to your niece, and
Why you should or shouldn't let her watch the show.

Do forgive me for plastering the word "cartoon" here; my gut feeling tells me that this is the animation age ghetto which Anime just loves to be pigeonholed into.

Not all cartoons are meant for children.  There are some which are meant for a more mature audience, like teenagers or adults.  In this specific show, the characters deal with harsher and more serious topics than you've ever watched in a normal show; this is something that I'm not sure you'd be able to handle at your age.
It's not only important to look at the cover of the show to give you a rough idea of what it's about, but also its age rating.  The rating says it's 13+ because of the things it discusses:  violence, horror, and a lot of psychological ramifications of being a magical girl.
Even after what I've said, if you're still interested in seeing it, let your parents watch a few episodes first.  Make sure they give you the OK before you watch it.
Just so you understand, this isn't the same type of cartoon you're accustomed to watching, and you may have a lot of concerns, confusions, or fears from watching it.  If you want to talk about it or ask questions, I'd be happy to answer them for you.

So, should you let your niece watch it?
Well, it isn't your call.  It's her parents' call.
In the response above, I ensured that the responsibility of making that judgment call was given to her parents and not you, since you don't want to be on the hook for introducing your niece to something she might not have permission to see.  That said, so long as said permission is obtained, there's no further objection on that front.
In my opinion, she might actually like the show.  She's at an age at which a deconstruction of a work she's familiar with may give her a new perspective on the genre as a whole, which could serve to mature her and frame her opinion on anime and manga altogether in a way that isn't terribly one-dimensional.  You also have to balance this with the possibility that she never trusts a label that has colorful pictures and magical girls on it ever again.
It's important that you treat this as a recommendation you'd be making to a friend.  It's just that the "friend" you're recommending this to would be your niece's parents.  The niece has to understand that this isn't something you can simply cosign on and say it's okay to watch, and the parents have to understand what it is they'd be getting their daughter into.

You know your niece better than I do, but as I said in my comment, if I were you, I would consider letting her watch it.
Madoka is a dark and tragic story, but I don't believe the violence is too much for a ten-year-old. The most brutal scenes are shot in a way that you understand what's happening without needing excessive gore. There's no sexual content; the only possible sticking point is the lesbian subtext in Homura's relationship with Madoka, but it's subtle enough that she probably won't notice it, and if she does notice it, it could be a good chance to have a talk with her about same-sex relationships.
I'm recommending this because I think she might actually enjoy Madoka, though maybe not for the reasons she thinks right now. These kind of anime seem to be a good bridge between simpler, more formulaic stories for children and more ambiguous, sophisticated material for adults, because they deal with mature themes but still do so from a young person's perspective. They're spiced up with reality without being wedded to it, and from that they attain a kind of truth that speaks to older children and teenagers. I first got into anime beyond Pokemon and Dragon Ball Z when I was eleven, and it was because I watched Evangelion, which is a very dark show, and was entranced by how it subverted expected tropes about heroes, villains, and piloting giant robots. I showed my younger sister the 2003 Full Metal Alchemist when she was about ten, and the quite dark Shou Tucker storyline from early in the series made such an impression on her that she mentioned it to me again years later.
I would sit her down beforehand and explain that Madoka is different from Pretty Cure (Glitter Force? Is that what Netflix is calling it?) and whatever other magical girl shows she might have seen, and she might not like it. Explain that it's a dark, sad show where lots of bad things happen to characters we like and there is no happy ending. Once you've explained, ask her if she still wants to watch it. If she does, I would let her.
Because it is so different and so shocking, she might want to talk about it. Take her questions seriously and do your best to answer them in a way she can understand. This could become a very good opportunity to talk about all sorts of mature topics. The difference between violence in movies and in reality, for one, since Madoka derives part of its shock value from how it treats fantasy battles between girls with magic powers and weird alien creatures, which in other magical girl shows are trivial or even fun, as serious warfare that can leave the girls scared witless, traumatized, or dead. Or there's the parallels between the magical girls and child soldiers forced to fight in real wars. There's the resemblance of Homura's mental state to PTSD. There's Kyouko's being a homeless runaway who steals food to live. There's the presumptuous imperialistic meddling of the Incubators, who've decided for us that we'd rather they kill off our children to keep their society going so that we can find them when we develop warp drive and go off into space. Of course, it's better to wait and see what questions she has about the show, rather than try to turn the viewing into a film studies class, but these are all things you could mention if they come up.
If she gets scared or bored and decides that she doesn't want to watch it anymore, don't judge or say "I told you so"; just leave it alone. Better to let her find out for herself instead of trying to stop her; forbidding her will probably just make her more curious.

Pretty Cure = Glitter Force on Netflix!? my god what are they doing!

@Memor-X Yeah, they did a 4-Kidz on it. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glitter_Force. I haven't checked it out yet so I don't know if the dub is okay or not, but that title, geez.

I'd be surprised if a kid ever inferred sexual/romantic undertones to this.  That's an imposition of an adult perspective which can't imagine two young girls (or two anythings, really) being fiercely protective of each other without sex/romance involved.  I expect less warped/younger viewers would simply view it as a powerful friendship. It's a common theme. I expect many children would think it a cool idea that a group of friends would fight and alter reality to save each other and the world, purely because it's cool. That was what got this story's ball rolling, after all.

@zibadawatimmy I agree, at least until you get to Rebellion (and even then it's ambiguous).

I did a bit of an experiment and watched this show with my 7 year old daughter. I knew what was coming so I could explain it all as it came. I let her know ahead of time it’s a sad story and it’s dark. She still wanted to watch it.
Overall the experience was pretty positive even though episode 12 scared her a little (and I don’t blame her). She and I talked about what was going on beyond the surface of the show kinda like a literature class dissects a work but simple so she could understand. She came up with some of her own logic and opinions that was just wonderful.
What I love about Madoka and Evangelion (which I saw going in blind as a 14 year old) is the shows are so deep that you can really get those cognitive juices flowing and get people to think. So part of the enjoyment watching it was not only talking about it but seeing her actively think critically about it. Things overall seemed fine.
However, months later she had an outburst where she admitted it scared her. A solid few months have passed since that outburst and now she told me he doesn’t like the show. I’m not regretful showing her this show at her age despite the delayed negative responses. Had I known about it in advance I might have picked a lighter show to dig in deep, but then again it’s deep because of how it explores the darker places it goes. I didn’t know there was going to be an issue (and really it isn’t one) until months after we finished it.
Ultimately let her parents decide, but if they’re okay with it I’d recommend watching the entire show so they can explain and talk about it deeper than just the story. There’s a lot of stuff to talk about and that’s where the enrichment this modern classic of anime comes from in my opinion.

To me, it depends on her parents, and not you.
Ask these questions to yourself, can she handle gore, violence, 1 second shots of brief nudity, and mild swearing? Let her know this is not what it seems like, and shots could be disturbing depending on what she can handle.


text:
Does Sasuke have only one Rinnegan eye because he only got half of Hagoromo's chakra?
To awaken the Rinnegan, you need Hagoromo's chakra, the first user of Rinnegan.
Madara had acquired Asura's chakra, which let him awaken Hagoromo's chakra. Even though the chakra eventually gets depleted, his Rinnegan still functions while it feeds on Madara's chakra. In this case now the six path chakra is not in half, it was full.
Sasuke only received half of Hagoromo's chakra. His Rinnegan also has tomoe, and consumes chakra when it's active, even without been used.  That is something which doesn't happen with the normal Rinnegan.  This suggests that Sasuke still retains the Sharingan in his left eye, yet has access to the normal powers of the Rinnegan, despite that eye not being "fully" evolved.
Because Sasuke only got half of Hagoromo's chakra, is this the reason that his Rinnegan is imperfect and in only one of his eyes?

i have edited to be a question about the series rather than a fan theory keeping to the suggestions made here. i belive i have still retained the purpose of the theory abotu if the reason why Sasuke has only one Rinnegan is because it's incomplete from him only getting half of Hagoromo's chakra

For context into the edit, please refer to this Meta discussion.

Prob because you need more chakra to awaken two rinnegan. Hagoromo only gave him half his cahkra, so lo and behold, one reinnegan!

Related: Why does Sasuke have only one Rinnegan?

The reason why Sasuke only has one Rinnegan has never been mentioned or explained in the Anime or Manga. This obviously hasn't stopped speculation from surrounding it though.
My speculations for why Sasuke only has one Rinnegan would be:

Like you said, Sasuke only received half of Hagoromo's Chakra and therefore only manifested one Rinnegan
Sasuke's Six Tomoe Rinnegan is special and does not come in pairs like the common Rinnegan
The Sharingan is such an iconic part of Sasuke's appearance that Kishimoto did not want to completely replace it.

On a side note, Sasuke's Rinnegan is not considered imperfect. Although, it does retain the abilities of his Sharingan, this has been observed in other Sharingan/Rinnegan users, such as Hagoromo and Madara. It also doesn't feed on his chakra if he's not using it, but he does have to close his Rinnegan if he overuses it.
I hope I answered your question and please correct me if I'm wrong on any points.

i agree with you

That is partly the case. You see, Hagoromo is the son of Kaguya, the fruit of chakra. So, he is the descendant of the creator of chakra. He creates the yin release and yang release. Naruto gets the yin half, while Sasuke gets the yang half. Anybody with the yang half can get the special type of Rinnegan, called the Magatama Rinnegan (I think).

am not satisfised with that answer


text:
How did Tobi control the reanimated jinchuuriki and their tailed beasts?
Did he control them with chakra rods, with the reanimation jutsu or with his Sharingan?

He controlled them using Chakra rods. Tobi controls his Six Paths using a single black receiver embedded into the left side of each of their chests, which were hidden from view.
Tobi combined the reincarnated bodies of the Jinchuriki with his own "Paths of Pain" Jutsu of the Rinnegan. Similar to the paths of Pain retaining the eyes of the caster, each Jinchuriki had a Rinnegan and Sharingan, allowing them the benefits of the Ocular Jutsu. He also seals their respective tailed beast back into their bodies, which he maintains control of through the Demonic Statue of the Outer Path.
He doesn't however channel the Six Paths Techniques through his "Pains". This is presumably because of the effort required to keep six tailed beasts under his control.
More Reading - Paths of Pain - Tobi
Black Receiver Embedded in the Chest of Yugito Ni.

oh!! But couldn't Tobi just control them with his Sharingan genjutsu? Just like he can do with Kurama..and also when Naruto and Kurama became friends and battled the tailed beasts, couldn't he just use his genjutsu to control to nine tails?

He could. During the Nine-Tails attack on the day Naruto was born, Tobi controlled the Nine-Tails with his Sharingan. But he can't control ALL the Tailed beasts or revive their hosts using Sharingan. Sasuke was able to control all the Tailed Beasts using his Sharingan though.

oh, so in tobi va naruto..why didn't Tobi control and force out nine tails from Naruto like he did with Kushina?

@MartianCactus You should check out our chat to discuss theories etc. This is not a forum/Chat thread. If you have any other query, I'd suggest ask a new question. If I've satisfactorily answered your Originl question please "Mark it as correct" and upvote if it helped. http://chat.stackexchange.com/

@MartianCactus Tobi could draw out the Kurama from Kushina not because of his sharingan but because a Jinchuriki's seal weakens during childbirth. Only through force and lots of time can Tobi take out the Tailed Beast. (Like they ACTUALLY do for other JInchuriki). Sharingan can control a Tailed Beast, Rinnegan allows him to channel the powers of Tailed Beasts through the Re-animated Jinchuriki.

oh!! Now I get it!! The seal has to be weakened!! Thats why he chose the time of childbirth!! So while using sharingan he CAN control tailed beasts but he cant make them break the seal!! BUT Naruto's seal was already undone when they became friends...couldn't Tobi then force out the nine tails?

Tobi used a jutsu, exclusive to rinnegan users, called The Six Path Reanimation Jutsu. With this, he can control their corpses remotely as well as their chakra flow.
In ordre to do this, he used chakra rods, impaled within the corpses which transmit he's order to them.
note that he was using this jutsu on previously reanimated corpses(via edo tensei) as you can tell by there eyes.
One characteristic of this jutsu is that the puppets inherit the puppeteer's Kekkei genkai.


text:
Why did Mayuri kill 28,000 Rukongai citizens?
In The Thousand-Year Blood War arc, Mayuri killed 28,000 Rukongai citizens in order to balance the soul count. According to him, this was done because there were a lot of Hollows disappearing, causing an overflow of souls in the Human World. If Mayuri 'killed' souls in Soul Society, wouldn't they reincarnate in the Human World, causing even more soul overflow?

Not exactly.
The way the balance works is thus:

A human soul existing in the Human World does so either through the birth or death of a human.
This soul can either be purified and transferred to Soul Society by a Soul Reaper, or transform into a Hollow either through worldly attachments or possessions, or if a Soul Reaper doesn't get to them quickly enough.
Soul Reapers can purify the transformed Hollows which allows their soul to re-enter the cycle.
Souls that exist on the other side in Soul Society can eventually re-enter the cycle.

Ultimately, the objective is to maintain net-zero - there are enough souls that are either Plus, in Soul Society, or are Hollow - but none should be taken from the cycle.
The way that a Quincy destroys a Hollow would prevent their soul from ever re-entering the cycle, thus the balance becomes lopsided.  If the Quincies destroyed 28,000 Hollow, then there would be a surplus of 28,000 souls in Soul Society.  Thus, to maintain the balance, those 28,000 souls would have* to be destroyed; they can't reincarnate since that would preserve the imbalance.
*:  Although this does raise the question, why not allow half to reincarnate immediately, but...Mayuri's methods are pretty blunt and direct.  The thought may have never occurred to him.  Plus, there's no directly stated method that a Soul Reaper can cause a soul to immediately reappear in the Human World.

how come its surplus? "The way that a Quincy destroys a Hollow would prevent their soul from ever re-entering the cycle". From wiki, "Quincy completely extinguish Hollows, thus the souls that come to the Human World do not return to Soul Society and therefore the souls would increase only on the side of the Human World." Thus, 28000 souls should be in Soul Society, but instead just come back to Human World. This means Soul Society is missing 28000 souls and Mayuri killed 28000 more souls in Soul Society, so human world has 56000 more souls than SS. Mayuri should have killed humans instead.

For future readers who might have the same question but cant find the answer here:
Quincies kills hollows. They dont purify hollows like Shinigamis do. When a hollow get purified, their soul will be either send to SS or Hell depending on what they have done when they were still alive and after x amount of years, they will be reincarnated back to the world of the living(Hell unknown at the moment).
Quincies prevents that, aka the souls will never be reincarnated as a living person anymore. This ruins the balance betweent the world of the living and the world of the spirit. There will be more souls than living beings since spirits ages slower and every day SS gets filled with new souls from deceased humans or purified hollows.
This is why Mayuri killed 28k rukongai citizens, to force them to reincarnate back into the world of the living to maintain this balance.

Sorry, was my answer incomplete or something?  What about this answer addresses the gap in that?

You are correct. This is very likely a writing oversight. The nature of the reincarnation cycle in Bleach and the numbers of it have always been dubious and fall apart under scrutiny.
We don't exactly know what happens when souls die, but we know that they continue through the cycle at some point. Mayuri's kill just prepped 28000 more souls to likely be "reborn" as humans. But that just further imbalances the souls. The balance of the world is regarding Humans and Souls (both whole and hollow). Thus the destruction of hollows (souls) meant that to preserve balance, humans should have been converted to souls to bridge the imbalance. If 28000 souls had been erased in the form of hollows, then killing 14000 humans (and thus converting them to souls) would have sufficed to return to a temporary equilibrium.