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When can chakra be seen?
The answer to this question says that chakra can only be seen in certain cases, when the person is using powerful abilities. This lines up with reactions to people seeing Chidori and being surprised that it can be see. However, there are times when chakra can be seen when it is being built up instead of being used in a jutsu.
How does this happen, if chakra only shows up when someone is using a strong ability (such as Chidori)? Or is what Naruto using in the image somehow a different type of chakra?

i know that Naruto has 2 types of Charkra, the normal blue kind and the Red Charkra of the Nine-Tailed Fox, i'm pritty sure the Red Charkra can be seen by anyone as after the Nine-Tails was sealed it's charkra could be seen which lead to the idea of havesting it and implanting it into Sora and also people can see it form around Naruto when the Nine-Tails Viel is forming

the image you have there is during Naruto's and Haku's battle and i think that's the point where Naruto thinks Sasuke is dead and the Nine-Tails gets a little freedom so seeing Naruto's Blue Charkra may actually be it having some of the Red Charkra in it before it actually turns red

A simple example is Rasengan. Its is basically Chakra moulded into a spherical form. You can clearly see Naruto's chakra being moulded into a ball shape. So basically Chakra can be seen whenever a jutsu uses it externally, like Chidori, Rasengan, etc.

This question sort of confuses me. I feel as if this topic might pertain more to detecting chakra as opposed to just seeing it. There are specific Shinobi that are sensor types, like Karin.

The question is specifically about seeing it because of the comment about chidori being impressive because you can see the chakra seems counter to the fact that we can see it around Naruto in cases like in the picture.

The confusing part is when you show Naruto's picture and ask if his chakra is different. Technically, it is different because his enormous chakra pool is credited to the Kyuubi and this picture is showing Naruto's above-average chakra. But all of this stuff doesn't really affect the answer to the question in your title. Simply put: Chakra becomes visible when concentrated. It's really that simple and a reoccurring concept in many Animes, like DBZ. As you said yourself, chakra can be seen when being built up.

In the question, you linked powerful abilities with jutsus in order to display chakra. Here are some counter examples: Opening the 8 gates, tapping into a tailed beast's chakra, and healing. They all display chakra, but the first two aren't jutsus. While healing is a jutsu, I think it is arguable about whether it is (always) considered powerful or not.

@krikara Tailed beast/ 8gates pretty much got handled in my answer. The 8 gates actually opening more tenketsu and the tailed beast falling beyond those limits

I think you should see chakra similar to heat. If it is 20 degrees celsius you dont see heat.
Now if its 40 degrees celsius you can see the air vibrating/moving.
First of, people with visual prowesses can see chakra.

Although chakra is usually invisible, those with certain dōjutsu, like the Sharingan, Rinnegan or Byakugan, can see the colour of someone's chakra. Each person's chakra apparently has a different colour.

The second point comes closer to my heat theory

It is also interesting to note the fact that sufficiently immense amounts of chakra are visible to the naked eye.

Here comes the intersting part " When does chakra count as immense ?"
We know that in naruto there is a system simalar to our blood veins, the chakra pathway system. Allong these paths there are special points called Tenketsu.

Though ninja use chakra regularly, very few ninja possess any great control over their tenketsu. Even of jōnin, the vast majority are only capable of releasing a small amount of chakra through their hands or feet to increase the power of punches, jumps, or kicks

The Hyuga clan's main attack focus on closing those Tenketsu. The The Eight Trigrams Sixty-Four Palms closes sixty-four tenketsu.

Though not explicitly stated, it is logical to say that the Hyūga clan (and Neji independently) calculated the exact tenketsu that would be required to shut down an opponent's combat ability.

With this information we can conclude that people whom can still function with 64 tenketsu shut are considerd above normal.

Neji Hyūga was shocked that Naruto Uzumaki was still able to stand after being hit with Eight Trigrams Sixty-Four Palms as his body should have been in a virtually quadriplegic state.

We can also assume that the chakra a bijuu transmits to the user surpases the 64 tenketsu limiter, also the chakra from a bijuu is considerd more pure/powerfull then a normal chakra user

The tailed beasts (尾獣, bijū) are the nine titanic behemoths within the Naruto series. They are living forms of chakra, sometimes referred to as "Chakra Monsters" giving them immense reserves of especially strong chakra that far outmatches most shinobi. The tailed beasts' chakra is coloured red

There are still some mystery's regarding chakra. But as we slowly find out more in the manga/anime a beter answer might pop up.


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Definitive answer as to whether Johan woke up to question Tenma or it was a hallucination?
When Dr Tenma visits a comatose Johan in hospital, we see a scene where Johan wakes up from coma to ask an existential question, which contrasts with this philosophy that life is inherently meaningless. Tenma does not answer; we cut to a scene where Tenma is panting in a cold sweat over a comatose Johan.
Which of these interpretations is true:

Tenma has hallucinated it entirely and Johan has never gained a conscious state, much less walked away.
Johan has indeed woken up and questioned Tenma and later escaped.
The screenwriter (or manga artist) has made this a perfect ambiguity.

Background
The scene seems open to interpretation as I later discovered. The contrasting interpretations:

I infer that Tenma hallucinated this entirely as in the next scene Johan appears to not have ever stirred. Tenma feels safe leaving him alone. Tenma hallucinated this, overcome by understanding the reason for Johan's bitter life philosophy.
Popular Wikia author (quoted below) says that there is a possibility that it's for real (Johan woke up, questioned Tenma, went back to sleep while Tenma was in a cold sweat, then later left the building). This is supported by the fact that Johan leaves his bed by escape (or death; as the same article presents this ambiguity), proving that he was physically capable of doing so.

From Wikia:

...end of the series, Tenma paid Johan a visit in the state police
hospital, where he had been unconscious ever since the massacre. After
being informed that he had [a] name, Johan sat up and began talking to
Tenma, retelling the story of his mother's choice and asking which
child wasn't needed. It is unclear whether this was a
hallucination that Tenma experienced or if it was actually real.

and

His mother's true sentiments while making the switch might have been
frightening for Johan, leaving him to question the scene for years to
come.  However, if that segment is to be interpreted as a
hallucination by Tenma, this might not be the case.

Some more info at these answers: http://anime.stackexchange.com/questions/2604/what-happened-at-the-end-of-the-anime-manga-monster

Compare these two images:
(Click image to enlarge)

The first image is from the scene at 18:31 (before the flashback of Johan's memories)
The last image is from the scene at 21:12 (after the flashback of Johan's memories)

Once you're done comparing them, in the second image, you would notice that not even a single hair is out of place. Johan's face shows virtually no expressions different from the first image. The wrinkles shown over the pillow are identical.
It is simply impossible for a person to take care of all of these things in a time of split-second, specially when somebody is sitting beside.
Johan certainly had masonic charisma, but that doesn't imply that every action of him was perfect. In the words of Hans Georg Schuwald and Julius Reichwein (Episode 36: The Monster of Chaos):
Schuwald:

How any person could ever be that, perfect?
  I imagine having one sight just confuses the matter. But I can always sense it. Yes, the presence of something so unerringly precise, like Johan. I feel as though he is not of this world at all. I do.

Reichwein:

Oh he's very much of this world, I assure you. And he has left a paper trail, just like the rest of us. And here it is.

If you also compare the scene at 20:51 and 20:59 of that episode, then you would notice that at 20:59 Tenma's  chin and eyes were in the position similar to where they were before the scene of Johan being awake was showed. But in the scene at 20:51 (during the conversation) the situation was rather different where Tenma had his chin and eyes oriented very differently.
The images are  sufficient evidence for me to consider that the ending was an imitation of the state of Johan in Episode 2, where Tenma was talking to him or rather himself but once Tenma left the room, Johan was shown to came back to his senses and was listening the entire conversation of Tenma.

In short, Johan listened to what Tenma said, but didn't respond and left the room later, which means the conversation between Tenma and Johan was hallucination of Tenma.

I noticed  a bit of conflicting evidence which challenges my proposition. I'm not certain whether it's a design fault or deliberate information introduced in the story. In any case, take a look at the following images.

The first image is from the scene at 21:02 (Tenma was done talking to Johan or rather himself)
The last image is from the scene at 18:24 (Tenma came and started telling about his meeting with Johan's mother)

Anyhow, I'm done!

I would expect the animator to reuse animation even if subjects/objects have moved for the sake of economy. I have found reused animation if it was too obvious. And mistakes like a vase getting knocked down, and it being untouched in subsequent scene are common.

I see. Well that may be the case. I've not seen many animation series to come to your conclusion though.

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Why does Last Order state her name twice?
I understand that the regular clones speak in third person from the answer here. But Last Order actually has emotions, so there is no reason to speak in third person or repeating her name over twice. What is the true reasoning behind Misaka wa Misaka wa ...?
Is there a canonical answer for this?

Mentioned here but not a duplicate.

probably because it's cute, just like how young baby would say words like papa and mama in repeated form...

I've noticed in some other shows that childish characters get very excited and will repeat the topic with wa twice, maybe Last Order's speech pattern is a reference to that.

Maybe it's because the SISTERS speak like that because they're all part of the same mental network, kinda of like if there's always another person watching do things while you do then. Last Order on the other hand is another layer on top of all that, since she is watching the SISTERS watching her

this is just what i thought so i will post it as comment. the last order is 20001, which means she is not as same as other sisters. Other sisters are Original Misaka's sister but last order is Misaka's sister's sister. In Index II episode 18 around 10:15 touma mention it. so this may be the reason

Last Order isn't just saying her name twice. She narrates herself, like all the SISTERS, but she is doubling her dialogue tags (quoting herself twice) in her narration. This isn't just simple yakuwarigo but rather due to in-universe lore reasons.
The normal SISTERS narrate everything they say because they are always logging everything they do to the MISAKA Network and the narration is there to provide context so the others can understand their situation better. The MISAKA Network is also why they speak and think in third-person: because 10000 different streams of data that are like "I did this thing." floating around in the Network at the same time is confusing.
As a side note, the SISTERS are fully capable of speaking normally. In fact, they do not narrate themselves if they are doing something which they don't want the rest of the Network to know about. This is why Last Order sometimes drops her speech pattern during intimate moments with Accelerator, she wants to keep those events to herself.
Anyway, back on topic, Last Order is unique in that she is also the system administrator. As such, anything she broadcasts to the Network could potentially be interpreted as a command to the rest of the Network. In order to differentiate the messages she logs to the network where she is simply transcribing her own activities as an individual from messages where she is communicating directions to the rest of the Network, she puts the former type of message inside a quotation, with the implication being something like "this is Last Order uploading as an individual node and not as the Admin of the Network". Thus when she is logging her own speech, she ends up having double quotations.
Basically, "MISAKA wa MISAKA wa" + "mitari" appears to function as what in programming terms is called an escape sequence.
Now let's demonstrate this with an example. https://youtu.be/401oSrxp33c?t=82
Last Order's dialogue is as follows: Anata no heya tte doko tte MISAKA wa MISAKA wa shitsumon shite mitari
There are three components to this line of dialogue:

The thing she actually wants to say
The narration providing context on her speech
The escape sequence

Translated in such a way as to preserve the distinctness of all three components without bothering with making it flow well, it would be something like: MISAKA appears to express Where is your room questions MISAKA
The dialogue of normal SISTERS lacks the third component, the escape sequence. If a normal SISTER were to ask this question, it would be something like: Anata no heya wa doko to MISAKA wa shitsumon suru
Translation: Where is your room questions MISAKA

Addendum: There is a third speech pattern among the MISAKA SISTERS, which is that of MISAKA Worst.
MISAKA Worst does not narrate her dialogue but she still speaks and thinks in third-person. This is because she is only partially connected the MISAKA Network. Worst is something like an Observer, she receives information from the Network but she cannot upload anything (therefore she does not need to narrate herself) nor is she subject to commands from the Admin.
If Worst were to ask the above question her dialogue would be no different from normal speech: Where is your room?

To understand why she speaks like this, we need to understand the grammatical rule for "wa" in Japanese. I'll admit that I do not understand Japanese fluently and I am a beginner, if anything, but let's take a look at what it can mean. For reference:
http://japanese.about.com/library/weekly/aa051301a.htm
The first one implies that the "wa" is a subject marker and she using herself as the subject. She has emotions unlike her sister clones and her having emotions mean that she can feel a variety of human characteristics. What I'm saying is that it is possible she repeats her name in this manner to draw attention to herself, to show that childish selfish characteristic. And we can see that she sometimes has no consideration about what other people feel, like how she (seemingly) unintentionally refers to Yomikawa as an old woman in one the bathroom/shower scene. Although this can be explained as her being playful, but I believe this still reflects her childish selfish nature, not that she's actually incapable of feeling empathy.
"Wa" can apparently be used as emphasis for the subject at hand, so this gives more credence  to my theory. From my reference:
"Beside being a topic marker, "wa" is used to show contrast or to emphasize the subject."
Although I can be wrong on this one.
"Wa" as a contrast does not work well as it does not explain much.
So it may be that she repeats herself in this manner to grab and draw attention to herself much like a child would. Aside from her being just a child, perhaps she does this to distinguish herself from the other clones.

I would say it is definitely a character trait or characteristic rather than a language rule or regional dialect.
@Frosteeze is on the right track with Last Order. I think it is a reflection of either her eccentricity or her childish behavior. There is a long history in anime/manga for eccentric and mischievous 2nd line characters to have some unique and often cute verbal tic.
In Shakugan no Shana, Wilhelmina ends nearly every sentence with "de arimasu".
In Saki, you have Yuuki's habit of ending her sentences with "d'jey" and sometimes slipping into a 'hick' accent (i.e. Hokkaido or Okinawa). In fact, half the cast seems to have some sort of distinctive catchphrase.
You get the idea. 'Tis is a common trope.

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What are the differences of Near in the manga version?
In Death Note, I've read that Near displays more emotions and (more interestingly) shows greater insight and deduction ability than his anime counterpart.
What are the differences of Near from his anime counterpart? Is the above statement true? (And if so, please provide examples.)
There is another question, How different are the anime and manga versions of Death Note, but that just takes into question the ending.

Appearance
In the manga, Near is only ever seen wearing white pajamas, while in the anime, his pants are light blue.
In L: Change the WorLd, Near is a Thai boy and the sole survivor of a village ravaged by disease. In the live action film, he has black hair, while in the novel he is described as the original Near in the series (while I haven't read the novel I would assume this means he has white hair).
Personality
Near shows much more emotion in the manga than he does in the anime, particularly his facial expressions. A quote from the wiki shows an example of this:

When the SPK members were killed in the anime Near has a very stern look, but in the manga he is visibly upset.

His facial expressions were probably more towards his smiling when he got things right, which was used to foreshadow the end where he smiles after seeing Ryuk, confirming to himself that Light is Kira.

Source: Death Note Wikia site

I know this answer comes late. But i still hope my answer can help you. Well in the manga he is as cold as in the anime. However, in the manga, Near is smarter than in the Anime.

Could you please clarify that a bit more?  What makes him seem smarter in the manga? I understand you cannot site a lack of him being warmer in the manga but a claim of brilliance could be flushed out.


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What happened to the Shinigami Zellogi?
In the ninth episode of Death Note, a Shinigami, Zellogi, decides to "check out on Ryuk":

A conversation with another group of Shinigami goes like this:

-Who'd want Ryuk as a pet? He's not even cute.
-Haha, you're right.
-So, what kind of human is it? Male or female?
-Who knows. I wonder.
-I'll find out myself.

I imagined that he would go to the human world and make some appearance there, but as far as I know, he doesn't. What happened to him? What did he do?

Technically the Shinigami don't need to enter the human world to see what's going on, they can see into the Human World using their gate and that's how they can find the names of people to kill, we see this with the Shinigami that sacrificed himself to save Misa as he was watching Misa though the gate, ofcause this doesn't fully answer your question

Zellogi was only seen in that one scene and wasn't mentioned after. It is safe to say that he didn't really enter the human world and just checked on Light through one of the many orbs Shinigami use to check on the human world. Such an orb can be seen when Gelus was watching Misa in chapter 27.

From the Wikia article on Human World:

Shinigami however can travel to the Human World, and watch Humans by using large spherical orbs found throughout the Shinigami Realm...


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Are real-life products always connected to the show they have on their packaging?
When I was in Japan, I remember seeing products such as razors with Neon Genesis Evangelion on the packaging, which I found a bit weird, considering that it isn't something that (I remember) showed up in the show. I was wondering: is all/a vast majority anime/real life product placement done as a mutual thing as described in this question, or are there other agreements that real life companies and anime companies have in terms of representation?

This is simply merchandising, and it has nothing to do with the show itself. It's like being able to buy Tshirts, mugs, hand towels, baseball caps, etc with the name/logo/picture of a character/etc from a certain show. It's to make money from something other than DVD/BD sales or in the case of films, box office take.
In certain cases, there's a marketing collaboration. This is almost always a mutual thing, product gets a bit of marketing by placing the anime into its products (hand cream, champagne, eye drops, shaving razors, etc) and the anime gets a bit of marketing from the people who normally buy this stuff anyways. Depending on the specifics of the contract, there could payment for either the property or advertisement or in some cases, royalties.


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What is Ms. Saotome referring to in her rant about the end of the world?
During Ms. Saotome's rather-unhinged rant about the end of the world towards the beginning of the Rebellion movie, she says the following:

とある宗教の祭礼の日にあわせて、日食と月食が６回起こっちゃうという話です！
I'm talking about how on the festival days of a certain religion, six solar and lunar eclipses will occur!

Is this a reference to a real-world practice, or is this some sort of weird Madoka-universe eschatological thing?

After quite a lot of digging, I think I've figured out what's going on here.
Apparently, over the course of 2014 and 2015, there will be a series of four lunar eclipses ("blood moons") and two solar eclipses that occur on Jewish holy days.1 While the supposed eschatological consequences of this are not entirely clear to me, they are apparently dire. As reported in The Jewish Press:

There will be a string of four "blood moons" in the year 5775 [i.e. 2014-15 CE], and one of them will shine over the Passover seder. Whenever this happened in the past, enormous events took place in Jewish history.

Notes
1 For more information, see: Red Moon Rapture; FreeRepublic; The Jewish Press.

You should consider accepting your own answer, I think it's sound.


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Is the end of Honey and Clover Season 2 the end of the series?
Warning! Spoilers ahead.
The final season of Chica Umino's Honey and Clover ended with Yuuta Takemoto eating a literal honey-and-clover sandwich made by his love interest Hagumi Hanamoto. He was crying as he ate it and said the lines (which made me tear up, just like the other moments of the series):

I’d been wondering whether there is a meaning to a failed love… Is something that disappeared the same as something that never existed? But now I know there is — There was a meaning right here.. Because despite the heartbreak, I’m still glad that I fell in love with you.
--Yuuta Takemoto (read more)

I wonder if Umino made the end a cliffhanger, an open-ended one or if there is a theory out there in the Internets that could shed a light into this. Do you guys know anything post-season 2?

since it's adapted from a manga it could continue on in the manga like with Bleach

In case you aren't aware, Honey and Clover is based on a manga (which is now finished, with 64 chapters). I'm not sure how much of it was covered by the anime - according to some guy on the internet, the anime ended in the same way as the manga, so the end of season 2 might be the end of it all.

@senshin you could probably post that as an answer.


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Why weren't Kingdom Heart volumes released regularly?
Why did Kingdom Hearts manga series release new volumes so far apart from each other?
The game has been out for a long time, so the plot is pretty much predictable.
Plus, why have they stopped KH2 in the middle, and begin with KH358/2?

No release is currently planned for Kingdom Hearts II volumes 3, 4, and 5, or for Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days, since Tokyopop having lost the license to the manga. Neither Disney nor Square Enix has had any comment on this.

Sounds very suspicious... They're the produce. After all

You can't publish without a publisher or a license.

Initially, the publications of English volumes weren't that far apart; the English Kingdom Hearts and Chain of Memories were on a release cycle around 90 days.

However, that changed in 2008, when TOKYOPOP, the English publisher, underwent a major corporate restructuring. Many of their projects, including Kingdom Hearts translations, were delayed following the first Kingdom Hearts II release. This effectively slowed the English releases of Kingdom Hearts II to a halt.
In addition, Shiro Amano (the artist) went on hiatus from Kingdom Hearts II after volume 2 in favor of Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days, so Japanese versions stopped after volume 2 as well. (I don't believe Amano or the producers had any comment on why he did this.)
Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days has been completed with 5 volumes, but shortly after Tokyopop's reorganization was finished, they lost the majority of their licenses and effectively shut down, which halted the English Kingdom Hearts series. Thus, those English volumes never saw the light of day.
On a side note: Recently, Yen Press announced that they had purchased the rights to the Kingdom Hearts series. They will be re-releasing some of the old volumes first, then:

Yen will kick things off with the first volume of the fourth series, "Kingdom Hearts 365/2[sic] days" in November, and it will release the four-volume "Kingdom Hearts" series as two omnibus volumes (dubbed "Kingdom Hearts Final Mix") in May 2013 and the two-volume "Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories" as a single omnibus in June 2014.


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Are anime and manga subsidized or actively used by Japanese government to promote Japanese culture/relations internationally?
Around 2003-2005, Japan External Trade Organization (JETRO) produces some documents highlighting the importance of manga and anime to promote Japan culture and international/business relations overseas.
The now unavailable online issue of Jetro Business Topics, "Japan's Soft Power Moves into the Limelight" (2 Sept 2004) by Tsutomu Sugiura, Marubeni Research Institute director at time, stated:

If, for instance, children overseas learn to love anime, they may continue to feel a fondness for things Japanese as they grow older. And it is possible that such friendly feelings will translate into business deals involving Japan after they become adults.

directly citing the Soft Power concept by Joseph Nye. Similar concepts are expressed here by the same Tsutomu Sugiura, identifying the phenomena as "third wave of Japonism", where animation and videogames are:

capturing the essence of Japanese character and lifestyle disseminates Japanese culture and Japanese soul to young people the world over

A document produced by JETRO Economic Research Department on March 2005 titled "Cool Japan's Economy Warms Up" associate it with the "Gross National Cool" cultural index theorized by Douglas McGray, and soft power concept is cited again.
After 7 years, are these concept actually implemented by the Japanese administration? Are there documents related to direct intervention by the Japanese government to spread or boost the anime and manga industry overseas aiming to these goals in international relations?

all those quotes are nice but many japanese pple are actually offended if japan is associated with anime and manga. They think that 'outsiders' only think of japan as a anime haven and despise that as they don't approve manga/anime

The Japan National Tourism Organization (JNTO) has sponsored many programs that uses anime to promote culture and tourism. Last year, they published an English-language "Japan Anime Map" that highlights the locales in the country with ties to anime.
The map provides info on the various real-life settings in animes such as Lucky Star, The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya, true tears, and Summer Wars.
It also lists anime-related museums and theme parks such as Sanrio Puroland, Studio Ghibli Museum, and the Kyoto International Manga Museum.
Info on anime-related shopping areas such as Tokyo's Akihabara, Nagoya's Osu Electric Town, and Osaka's Nipponbashi (aka Den Den Town). Also included are shopping suggestions for souvenirs to bring back such as Gundam plastic models, soft vinyl toys, and Nendoroid figures.
Naturally it also provides insight on on otaku culture topics such as cosplay, figures, and games, and also anime-related events such as Comic Market and World Cosplay Summit
The JNTO had previously collaborated with the Hakone Tourist Association to produce the "Evangelion Hakone Instrumentality Map: English Version," and the "Cool Japan Poster: Hakone" to cover the town of Hakone near Tokyo.
One of the more noticeable ones is the Young Animator Training Project.
In 2010, the Agency of Cultural Affairs of Japan invested 214 million yen (over 2 million USD) in the so-called "Young Animator Training Project" and entrusted the execution of the project to the Japan Animation Creators Association (JaniCA).
In the following years JaniCA produced several original anime in cooperation with different production studios, continuing to receive money from the Japanese government. Each of the single episode anime was 23 minutes long. Young animators receive on-the-job-trainings under the supervision of professional anime creators as the works are shown on TV and/or at anime events.
One of the reasons that the Agency for Cultural Affairs is supporting this initiative is the concern that more of the Japanese animation process is being outsourced overseas -- thus leading to a decline in opportunities to teach animation techniques within Japan.
For those interested, here is the trailer for the four shorts for Anime Mirai 2013 Young Animator Training Project, scheduled to premiere March 2.

Very precise answer, thank you. It covers internal industrial relations, direct subsidies and tourism very well. Talking about promotion abroad, in the last few years in Italy, a Japan stand was present in some comic conventions to promote Japanese culture among anime and manga enthusiasts (JNTO, Japan Foundation, Embassy of Japan). International Manga Award is another "reverse" promotion method among foreigners.


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Why wasn't Jiraiya brought back with Edo Tensei?
Was it ever explained why Jiraiya wasn't brought back via Edo Tensei when just about every other powerful ninja in history was?
From my understanding, the summoner only needs a good bit of genetic material to bring someone back and Jiraiya's body was intact when he died.

The point is quite simple.

 In order to perform Edo Tensei you need a sample of DNA of the deceased. If you remember how Jiraiya died, he's been in the depth of the water and it's not feasible to recover him.

And indeed in this Wiki on Edo Tensei, it is stated that

 Kabuto wanted to reincarnate him, but his "body lies at the bottom of the ocean where the water pressure is too great to reach. However, he claimed that the bloodstains on the Six Paths of Pain's weapons may provide enough DNA."

 He wanted to reincarnate Shisui Uchiha too, but he "could not find his body, though he suggested that Shisui's crushed eye, which is in Tobi's possession, may be sufficient. Later, after learning that Shisui's other eye was on the battlefield, he seemed excited at the prospect of obtaining it. However, Itachi incinerated it."

If you're reading the Manga, the fact about Jiraiya is stated in the Volume 55, Chapter 520, page 14, so you can read if you got there:

  Kabuto: Unfortunately, I had no luck finding Uchiha Shisui's corpse, and Jiraiya's body rests deep in the ocean, below unfathomable depths.  Though Danzou's right eye and the Six Paths of Pain's weapons should still carry their DNA...

So, that's a pretty simple but fundamental requirement.

I hadn't considered that the pressure was too great to get down that far. I must have missed that quote from Kabuto. Do you know which issue or episode that was in?

@MCeley Only Jirayia, Nagato, Fukasaku and Shima know where he died. J is dead (Cpt.Obvious), Nagato, too, and the latter two won't tell. How should Tobi know where he is? Also, J's body was crushed in the deep ocean, so no chance ;).

@MCeley Ah no wait, Kabuto says it. I included it in the answer.

Couldn't Kabuto could just make Nagato to tell him where he was died via Edo Tensei?

@HashiramaSenju: He knows here he died. After all, he told Tobi that he's in the bottom of the ocean, so his DNA is unreachable.

@MadaraUchiha He could send his Manda V2 to there if he wanted.

@HashiramaSenju: To the bottom of the ocean? With underwater currents sweeping away the body for months? Nah, not possible.

They are fighting a world war against the world's 5 top ninja villages and not doing an archeology project. Even if he could send someone to fetch Jiraiya's body, it would be too much trouble. He also had no pressing need to do so  when he had pretty much all major badasses from the past at his disposal (former Akatsuki members, former Kages, former jinchuriki, and a host of other legendary characters). Best of all, he had his trump card. (Never mind it didn't go according to his plan.)

@MaskedMan Exactly, I don't think it was such a pressing matter for him.


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Who are the people that know how to use Kaio-Ken?
Are Kakaroto (Goku) and Kaiō-sama (King Kai) the only people that know how to use the Kaio-Ken?
Did Kaiō-sama teach his technique for others beside Goku? For example, while training Krillin and the others.

King Kai himself was not able to use that technique, and he said that Goku was the first one who ever mastered that technique. However, King Kai tries to teach the technique to everyone who visits his planet.

Hmmm, this is probably the reason that I remember something like a Kaio-ken in the Vegeta saga (that was not from Goku, but I don't remember who did it)

@MichelAyres: Tien Shinhan uses a technique called Spirit Burst, which looks very similar.

The exact technique in question is something that only Goku was able to learn and master. King Kai created the technique but never actually had the strength to survive such an ordeal. Goku is his first pupil to actually master it, according to the king himself.
However, to go a little deeper, it's clear that the Kaio-ken is something that King Kai developed in his endless hours observing the universe. Watching not only powerful warriors but never-ending channels of energy like atmospheric pressure, and transfer of water through a planets vegetation (not to be confused with a Vegeta-Tien fusion, lol [wait...eww]) has given the Kai the wisdom and understanding of how to control the flow of ki from intake-consumption-output and recycling. The Kaio-ken technique is a way to control the ki in one's body with the power of a warrior, the control of a Tree, and the sturdiness of a stone, and EXPLODE that energy for just a moment without using the ki which allows the heart to pump and the body to survive.
The spirit bomb is important to think about, too. Unlike most ki attacks, the spirit bomb does not rely on the user's inner ki, but that which he can extract from around him. Which reminds me strongly of Goku's SSJ3 transformation, as well as all power ups, even human ascension. However, what if one were to take in that ki and allow it to flow in the ki-pool inside the body (aka chakra) instead of releasing a huge orb of energy? I think this is how Goku gets his strength, by being pure, all energy is willing to lend its power to him, and once he suppresses his energy and no longer needs the boost, he returns his own energy to the places he borrowed it from.
My point here is that while the Kaio-ken is exclusively Goku's ability, I have no doubt that it contains traces of techniques and powers all around the universe, like the original Super Saiyan of legends, King Yemma in his trip to King Kai's planet, the Namekian race who can use ki for so many things beyond fighting, and so many more life forms that we cannot even imagine.


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Is Shanks that strong?
After the War of the Best, when Whitebeard died and there was no hope for the pirate side, Shanks enters the area and everything ends on his command. So I'm wondering if Shanks is really that strong (that three admirals together couldn't defeat him) or do they just honor the saga of Whitebeard?

@user1466 shanks' haki coated sword is the hottest in the OP universe!

Shanks is very strong, though that isn't the only reason why the navy stopped. Being one of the four yonko means that his crew is one of the most dangerous in all of the Grand Line. Of course, Whitebeard was at least as strong, if not stronger, but Shanks is no weakling either. He has been able to hold his own against a number of powerful opponents, including at different times and in different situations, Mihawk, Kaido, and Whitebeard. The Marines only came prepared for one Yonko at a time. Facing both the Whitebeard pirates and the Redhair pirates would have been a lot more than they could chew.
Shanks is also not a terribly dangerous pirate in the eyes of the world government, though he is very powerful. They view him as a threat, but acknowledge that he probably wouldn't be the one to start a major conflict on his own. He is respected by a number of people in the navy, including Sengoku, who would rather avoid a conflict with the Red-hair pirates. The navy probably would have been able to win against the Red-hair pirates at that point, but they would have sustained heavy losses in the process which were simply not worth it. He is also rather charismatic, so that probably helped.
Ultimately, Sengoku decided to end the battle out of respect for Shanks, not necessarily because they could not have beaten him, but he is definitely still one of the most powerful people in the world.
Source: One Piece Wiki

Don't forget that some of his crew cornered the Admirals, such as Ussops dad Yassop pointing his gun at Admiral Kizaru

it was ben beckman who pointed the gun at kizaru not yassop

Since Shanks bounty is unknown, and we haven't seen any serious  fights that actually went down, we can only estimate  Shanks power from his brief appearances, and the dialogues about him:

He lost his arm to a Sea King in an attempt to save Luffy, then uses Conquerors Kaki(Haoshoku Haki) to scare it off.
He uses Conquerors Haki to knock out most of Whitebeard's crew, then briefly clashes blades with Whitebeard, the strongest man in the world.
He stops Akainu with his sword and saved Koby.
When he had two arms, he was in contention with Mihawk as the strongest swordsman in the world. Whitebeard himself said that he still remembers the fights between Mihawk and Shanks, and they echoed all around the Grand Line.
However, Mihawk is no longer interested in fighting him.
In Chapter 907, he went into Mary Geoise to talk with the five elders.

Based on this information, I would say that Shanks is well deserved of his title as Yonko, but not as powerful as the other three. He could also probably take on a Marine Admiral or even the fleet admiral individually. Given that the Navy suffered massive losses already at the battle, I would say that Shanks, along with his crew, is powerful enough of a threat, to stop the war at that point.

Yes. He is currently one of the Four Emperors of the New World, meaning that he is one of four most powerful pirate captains in the Grand Line. Not only that, but he clashed with Dracule Mihawk, currently the World's Greatest Swordsman, on a daily basis before he lost his arm. In addition, he was able to single-handedly(See what I did there?) Block a two-handed blow from Whiteberd's bisento with nothing but a single arm. He was also able to block an extremely powerful magma fist from Admiral Akainu (Which was hot enough to burn Whitebeard, renowned as the World's Strongest Man) with nothing but his sword, strength, and mastery over haki. Even before he clashed with Whitebeard, his presence alone started to cause physical damage to Whitebeard's ship and knock out his many men (Seasoned and experienced pirates who were able to survive the harsh journey and adventure of being in the New World), and literally scare off a Sea King with his haki, showing how immensely powerful and experienced he is. So in conclusion; yes, he is that strong.

Welcome to Anime & Manga! While we all appreciate your contribution, please refrain from answering old questions when you have nothing to add or contradict to the alread-existing ones. It's also better to include relevant sources/information in your answer.


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How does the English version of Sailor Moon differ from the original?
I know that some changes were made to Sailor Moon when it was translated into English, like that Sailor Uranus and Sailor Neptune are changed from lovers to cousins. What other changes were made?
I'm not asking about name changes, only plot and character changes.

Besides the points you made yourself... I do not believe "some" is a word I would use. I actually watched Sailor Moon with Dutch dubs (based on the English version so I got double the misery) and saw the Japanese version after that and got so confused about it. The Japanese and the English version have the same name but that is about the only thing these two have in common. So no, to me "some" does not even come close.
Each episode was different from the original Japanese version: any form of violence, nudity, death, swearing and gay relationships or gay behaviour was taken out.
Even the main theme of love was not as highly present in the English as in the Japanese. The English theme song is a superhero song:

I'm sorry I'm not straightforward,
  I can say it in my dreams
  My thoughts are about to short circuit,
  I want to see you right now

versus...

Fighting evil by moonlight,
  Winning love by daylight,
  Never running from a real fight,
  She is the one named Sailor Moon

People actually die in the Japanese version. Something that surprised me even more since I was still used to it being a naive censored version.
You are not the first to ask this and there is a website dedicated to the differences called smuncensored. It has an episode-by-episode color-coded review of all the differences. Looking at episode 1 I stopped counting at 50 differences in plot and story line. Episode 2 was skipped completely... and at episode 46 you can see that a total of 6 episodes got skipped.


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Why is Koga so different from Inuyasha?
When Inuyasha used a Shikon Jewel Shard he became a full demon and was dangerous to all of those who were close to him (probably because of the hatred and anger of his corrupted shard) but Kagome stopped him.
Also Inuyasha has become a full demon in the past even without the help of a Shikon Jewel Shard.
My question is: If Koga (or anyone else who is a full demon) can control his emotions and his temper, even when regularly using the Shikon Jewel Shards, why can't Inuyasha do the same?

Maybe it has something to do with InuYasha being a half-demon and Koga (and the other demons) being full demons? +1 for a good question!

@Souta Naraku was also half demon at the start, And he always was in control.

-< I didn't even think of that

@HashiramaSenju: Well, Naraku is the one corrupting the stone. He's evil to begin with, so he doesn't mind the corruption. In fact, the plan to destroy him in the first place was to purify the stone while he's using it.

A major difference between Inuyasha and several others when it comes to the jewel shard's effects is that Inuyasha is heavily influenced by his human side, having been raised by his mother until her death and without a full blooded relative around to teach him control of his demon side. I've noticed that half demons in the show can lean towards either being more like their human side or demon side. Jinenji and Inuyasha would lead towards their human sides with their love for their human mothers whom raised them.
Naraku on the other hand chose his demon side through and through which is only displayed so surely whenever we see him try to suppress or throw away Onigumo's human feelings for Kikyo. As such, his becoming full demon in power has little effect on his mind because he's already using that side's state of mind to begin with.
Because Inuyasha's demon blood was never trained properly and said blood is so potent to begin with, his more baser instincts are what come out when it over powers his human side. (This potency and his expected death is actually why Inuyasha's father had Tetsaiga passed on to Inuyasha because he knew the results that would come if his demon blood overpowered his human blood in life or death situations) Demons are much more blood thirsty than humans, paticularly those lower class and weaker demons who have not developed a higher order of thinking which is why they are often referred to a little more than "savage beasts". Sesshomaru has had centuries training and controlling and evolving those instincts and power with the supposed assistance and overview of both parents.
Koga too is very in tune with his wolf-ish animal instincts before he even gains his shards, and everyone else who does not seem to have major effects mentally seem to already know their place in the world and do not have questions on where they stand like Inuyasha who is constantly torn from his years of shunning in both races to wanting the jewel at all just so he can fit in to one category.
Now Kagome and the crew have thrown him for a huge loop with their ease in accepting every part of who he is now, which completely throws off everything he's learned about his kind in the eyes of just about everyone else in Feudal Japan. (And that's about 150 years of being rejected by everyone but his mom and Kikyo)

I believe it's mainly because it's those hatred and anger feelings which drive him into his full demon state in the first place.
This theme of transformation over anger is visible in many animes: Naruto, Bleach, Dragon Ball Z, etc.
The reason is because he's already angry/hateful, and the extra "evilness" the transformation gives him make him lose control entirely.

Do you have something to refer about what you said?
But still, when Inuyasha becomes a full demon he is the only one in series that losing control for no reason when he's transform.
For that matter you have the half-demon Naraku that is just like Inuyasha, and he became a full demon and still didn't become crazy at all. You also have the Sesshōmaru he most like him because they were related, Yet when he becomes his true form is not losing control.

From what I understand (and it has been a while since I watched but its a fav of mine) no one other that Kagome or Kikyo are the only ones who can safely handle the shikon no tama without befoming corrupted. Kaede explains to Kagome early on in the first season that the Jewel will corrupt even men who mean only to use its power for good, not just demons; that only in Kaygome's position are the shards safe.
um Inuysha is half human and his father was one of the most powerful demons. Koga is just a wolf demon, I assume inuysha is much more powerful because of his father.


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Does writing an alias in the Death Note count as misspelling the name?
This question is inspired by the following rule of the Death Note (source: deathnote.wikia.com):

If a Death Note owner accidentally misspells a name four times, that person will be free from being killed by the Death Note. However, if they intentionally misspell the name four times, the Death Note owner will die.

Does writing an alias, when you assume it is the real name, count as accidentally misspelling a name or intentionally misspelling the name?
Does it matter if the alias is similiar to the real name?
What happens if the alias is similiar to the real name and as a result of a misspell you actually write the real name? Will the victim die?

I think this is one of the questions where "we don't know" is the only reasonable answer.  We've never seen a case where this happens.

@kaine Does that mean that it is a bad question? Should I remove it? I've only seen the anime so far, maybe things are hidden in the manga. I've seen a lot of similiar questions with good answers.

NO, the fact we don't know the answer does not make it a bad question. Unfortunately, it just might mean that we can't give you a useful answer.  There, also, could easily be a detail or mangaka comment I am unfamiliar with. I can write what I know though.

In order for a person to be killed by the Death Note there are only 3 relevant requirements:

They have to be alive...obviously...
You have to write their true name.
You have to picture the person as you write it.

Every person has a true name which can be seen with Shinigami eyes.  That name does not change.  There are several details we don't know about how that works but a nickname will never appear there.
You have two questions:

Are repeated writings of an alias considered by the Death Note to be intentional misspellings, unintentional misspellings, or just invalid input?
What happens if I accidentally write the correct name thinking it is an alias?

If you write the correct name (spelled correctly) while picturing that living person, that person will die. You do not need to know what you are doing as you do it. So in the case of you last question, the answer is: "Yes, the victim will die."
We don't, however, have enough information to answer the first question.  When Light was writing the name of the victim from the first episode he kills in the street, he writes at least 8 different spellings of his name.  He knows only one of those could be correct.  As the name is among the first 4 (third I think), the victim dies.  Light does not die for writing the final 4 nor does the victim retroactively become immune. This is the only time we see so many misspellings of a person's name.  The last 4 either seems to be considered invalid input (as he is already about to die) or misspellings that don't make him immune as he is already doomed.
We can speculate that if the person thinks he knows a person's real name, he cannot be intentionally misspelling the name to make that person immortal.  Therefore, the owner will likely not die from this course of events.  This, however, is just speculation with a limited amount of evidence.
What we do not know at all is whether the Death Note will consider the correctly spelled alias to be a misspelling of a person's given name at all.  A correctly spelled alias is technically not a misspelling so might not count.  If the name is very different, it is possible it might not be recognized as belonging to that person so that person is not impacted at all. This is the key point to the question and at no point in the anime or in the part of manga I've read has there been anything to clarify this further.  I personally would go as far as to say the Shinigami probably don't know the specific answer to this question.


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Does the Death Note corrupt the mind of a human user?
I noticed that when Light Yagami got the Death Note he became evil, so it made me wonder if the Death Note has the ability to corrupt a human user.

All situations where a person has power gives a chance to corrupts their minds, afect their morals.

I noticed someone who bought a hotdog crossed the street slower. Thus hotdogs causes slowness.

@Tyhja Objects in motion are relatively travelling through time at a slower pace than objects not in motion, the effect of him standing still to purchase the hot dog compared to the effect of him walking from your (the observers) point of view is your witnessing of the effects of time dilation due to relativity, not directly the hot dogs fault.

"Power corrupts; absolute power corrupts absolutely."
It appears that the Death Note does not change the owner's will to corrupt him directly.  Light, though, is corrupted by his rather insane ploy for power and world domination.  While he almost immediately exhibits megalomania, he seems to try to morally justify his actions.  By the end, he views himself as a God and cannot fathom his failure or that his actions are somehow wrong. Misa Misa, however, seems detached from those under her feet and doesn't seem to give much mind to whether her actions are moral at all. It seems that the Shinigami's expect this kind of behavior from human's given this power but they are too surprised by it to be directly bringing it about.

In my opinion, a person becomes corrupt if he gets the power to kill a person. So, not only a death note, but the power to kill people is itself, evil.

The Death Note has an important difference from more mundane ways of killing someone: it's anonymous. It's like the 4chan of murder. This allows even people like Misa and Mikami, who aren't super geniuses, to escape capture for a long time.

I have the power to kill people - like everyone who can hold a knife. Does that make me corrupt? Using this power is what indicates ones corruptnes and what makes one even more corrupt. The Death Note makes killing very easy, it lowers the inhibition threshold and it thus makes it easier to corrupt oneself further.

The death note itself does not affect the users mind at all.
It is compareable to a gun just stronger/more effective.


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Do people notice Kaneki's hair changing?
Kaneki's hair turns white

 after being tortured by Jason.

In the manga, it is a little bit better explained, but the point is: in chapter 62 of the manga, Jason just walks into the room with his hair white, and Jason doesn't even notice it? I know Rize noticed it, but did Jason or anyone else do so?

Jason for sure does not care what happens to kaneki's hair. It should also have been a bit mroe gradual, as he was down there for 10 days, so Jason probably saw it in the intermediate stages. Rather, in the anime there is 1 instance, and in the manga, 2.
The beginning of the second season, Touka comments that he needs a wig if he is to return to Anteku due to its color.
In the Manga, Touka does the same thing in chapter 79. The second instance comes much later when Kaneki meets his favorite author. He is pretending to be human at the time, and she comments on his hair, Prompting Kaneki to reply that it is white Naturally.  This happened in chapter 108/109.
Its never really been the focus though. Rather, Ishida uses his hair as more of a symbol of his mental state and its changes. As it changes colors, so too does he. If he had not included people commenting about it, Fans would have made elaborate theories on how only we could see it changing and try to reason it.

thank you,so it's not just a symbol of his change but people actually notice it


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How are Sea-Prism Stone items made
Zoro couldn't cut them and they are stated to be as hard as diamond. So how are Sea-Prism Stone items made?

I think it will definitily be explained in the later Arcs, maybe when Dr. Vegapunk will appear in the manga.

@pap I think I read somewhere that Oda said a New World scientist would appear and tell us more about Devil Fruits soon. Maybe at the end of the current arc? He might also tells us more about seaprism as well.

Note that you can sometimes abrasion cut a very hard material with its own dust. This also says nothing about whether the material may be brittle or chemically active.  Very hard materials are easy to fracture and diamonds can easily heated into CO2.

If they were just hard as diamond, Zoro could have cut them (Alabasta arc). Note that not even the bird cage or Franky's beam did any harm to the Sea-Pism coated factory. Since they are SEA-Prisom stone, they may be formable in sea water.

How do you make diamond rings? Is the question.

In the Alabasta Arc, Smoker revealed that Seastone has "Sea Power" and therefore nullifies abilities just like salt water. In other words, vegapunk discovered its usage, this was revealed by Smoker and confirmed by Coby after Water-Seven Arc.
Vegapunk was able to coat ship bottoms with seastone, enabling them to pass through the calm belt without alerting the Sea monsters to their presence. He discovered a way which is yet unrevealed but confirmed by Coby back then to make tools, handcuffs, and weapons, out of seastone.


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Performers of classical music in Shigatsu wa Kimi no Uso
The anime features several classical tracks by composers such as Rachmaninoff or Beethoven.
Who are the performers behind the performance attributed to Kaori and Arima in the anime?

I edited your question for clarity, since you didn't seem to make a differentiation between composers and performers. Please confirm I didn't change the intent of your question (and feel free to edit things back in).

There is a CD release (ESCL-4302) with all the non-original tracks featured in the anime. You can find more info about it on VGMDB.
As you can see there, the violinist is Yuna Shinohara (篠原悠那) and the pianists are Tomoki Sakata (阪田知樹) and Eriko Kawachi (河地恵理子).
VGMDB also provides scans of the booklet, here is the page showing this information (red rectangle):


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Where did Princess Kaguya come from?
In the English release of Princess Kaguya, it's translated that she originally came from the moon. And it seems that way, as she looks up at the sky above a lot when the moon is out.
My question is though, is she actually from the moon - or is it something lost in translation, because during the ending scene:

 The buddha and other celestial beings come down to retrieve her.

I thought he was not from nor went to the moon, but an exceptional human being. This has me thinking that there is something out of place here.
Is 'moon' the correct translation? Is my understanding of the film off?

If I'm not mistaken, I've read some form of the original fairy tale before, and "the moon" is most definitely correct. But I wouldn't know if something had changed in the film.

Yes, she is originally from the moon (月), in both the original fairytale 『竹取物語』 (Taketori Monogatari, meaning The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter) from the 10th century (a classic of Japanese literature) and in the Studio Ghibli film. She feels sad when she looks at the moon because she doesn't want to go back there.
Wikipedia's plot description of the anime film says,

A bamboo cutter named Sanuki no Miyatsuko discovers a miniature girl inside a glowing bamboo shoot. Believing her to be a divine presence, Miyatsuko and his wife decide to raise her as their own, calling her "Princess". . . . When the girl comes of age, she is granted the formal name of "Princess Kaguya" for the light and life that radiates from her.

Spoiler:

 Kaguya then demonstrates the ability to disappear at will. . . . Kaguya reveals to her parents that she originally came from the Moon. Once a resident of the Moon, she broke its laws, hoping to be exiled to Earth, so that she could experience mortal life. When the Emperor made his advances, she silently begged the Moon to help her. Having heard her prayer, the Moon will reclaim her during the next full moon. Kaguya confesses her attachment to Earth and her reluctance to leave. . . . When the Moon shines upon Kaguya, she begs Sutemaru to hold her tightly. Despite Sutemaru's best efforts, Kaguya is torn from his grasp out of the sky. . . . On the night of the full moon, a procession of celestial beings descends from the Moon, and Miyatsuko is unable to stop it. An attendant offers Kaguya a robe that will erase her memories of Earth. . . . The attendant then drapes the robe around Kaguya, and she appears to forget about her life on Earth. The procession ascends to the Moon, leaving Miyatsuko and his wife distraught, as Kaguya looks back one last time with tears in her eyes.

The 10th century characters associate (or, we might say, conflate) the moon, which is impossibly far away, with heaven (天, ten), and therefore they think of people of the moon as living in heaven (similar to the humans in Marvel's Avengers universe assuming Thor and his friends are gods because they have superpowers and are from another place... though from Thor's own perspective, he is not actually a deity).
Spoiler:

 This is why, in the original version, the Emperor asks where the tallest mountain is so that he can be as close to heaven (where Kaguya-hime will be when she is on the moon) as humanly possible: Mt. Fuji, which is the tallest peak in Japan.

In the original fairytale, the Buddha was not named among the celestial beings, but they were clearly described both as being from the capital (city) of the Moon (月の都/京 Tsuki-no-Miyako) and also as being from heaven. It is Studio Ghibli's creative license to portray one of the heavenly beings as either being, or looking like, the Buddha. Buddhism has been practiced in Japan since at least 552 AD, as dated in Nihon Shoki, the second oldest book of classical Japanese history. Buddhism began to spread throughout Japan during the Heian period, so the original author of the fairytale might have been aware of the religion, but it is unknown how the author viewed it.

+1: I was thinking of writing an answer to this along the lines of my earlier comment, but this is a lot more detailed than I would have made it (which is a good thing).


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Do we know what happens to Spike at the end of Cowboy Bebop?
At the end of the last episode of Cowboy Bebop, Spike collapses.  It's not clear, but it looks as though he may be dead.  Is there a way to know whether he is alive or dead (something in the background, comments from the director, a continuation in the story in the manga, etc.)

According to Wikipedia:

However, in an interview, Watanabe stated, “I’ve never officially said that he died. At this point, I can tell you that I’m not sure if he’s alive or dead.”

The link to the source is here. Though it's very hard to look at it, unfortunately.

In this more recent interview to Shinichiro Watanabe by Red Carpet News TV on MCM London Comic Con 2013, around minute 8 he says:

I've never actually said whether he is alive or dead in that final scene. That's up to the person watching to decide. I think that people who watch that and think that Spike is asleep are probably right. Just sleeping.

Although he still leaves the matter up to the viewer's interpretation, he seems to suggest that he is more likely to be alive.
Later on on the interview he also states that Spike is his favourite character, but then again, that does not mean he can't die at the end.

Shinichiro Watanabe has stated:

I've never officially said that he died. At this point, I can tell you that I’m not sure if he’s alive or dead

He decided to leave it open-ended, so, even with the many hypothesis on the internet, I guess the real answer is to ask yourself.
Source is the same as in Rapptz's answer: http://mrsspooky.net/bebop/TheDailyTexan.pdf at the top of page 5.

I feel it was made pretty clear when the star winked out at the end. Spike died. Based on the quotations posted above, however, it seems the creator is giving you permission to believe that Spike is alive if you want to.

Spoilers!  I just finished watching all of Cowboy Bebop again, and I'm starting to think now that the star that winked out was not Spike's, but the star of Vicious.  The guide Jet talked to said that everyone has a star, so I would think that in the case of the final battle, we would have seen two stars wink out instead of just one.  This is my view though and could be wrong.

Spoilers again Also the ending statement says "You're going to carry that weight," which makes me think it's a message to Spike, saying you will have to carry the weight of your dead love and the fact that you killed the  man who was once your friend.


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How does Kira Yamato survive the Aegis' self-destruct in Mobile Suit Gundam Seed?
There are a few places in Mobile Suit Gundam Seed where Kira Yamato faces certain death, is presumed dead by all the other characters, then miraculously reappears in a later episode. I'm curious about one particular incident, for now: His duel with Athrun and the Aegis.
Athrun sets the Aegis to self destruct, attaches it to Kira's suit, and bails out to avoid the explosion. Kira is apparently trapped in the deadly blast, though. Assuming he's not cloned or something like that (which the humans & Coordinators of Seed almost certainly have the technology to do), he somehow managed to survive and escape from that situation.
How did Kira survive when the Aegis self-destructed at point-blank range to his own mobile suit?

As stated, this question is not answerable. Specifically which scenarios (or episodes) are you talking about? If the question were limited only to Athrun's self-destructing suit, perhaps there's an answer to be had there.

Given that I haven't the time to go back over Seed any time soon (college finals) and add other situations to the question, I'll just edit it to ask about that specific incident. Others, I can bring in as separate questions later, when I find where they are.

This incident is analogous to a similar situation in ZZ Gundam. An important character dies in a situation where their later reappearance seems impossible, everyone angsts, they return and Tomino doesn't bother explaining anything.
First, a short review of the battle. Spoilered, because it is not vital to understanding the answer:

At dawn, as it passes by an island cluster, the Archangel is attacked by the three surviving Gundam frames. Soon, the flight system is damaged, and a hard landing is made on one of the islands. Meanwhile, Kira has destroyed Duel's leg, forcing Yzak into the water and out of the fight. La Fraga shoots down Buster, and the frame crashes near the Archangel, immobilized and pinned down by one of the ship's turrets; Dearka surrenders. Kira, fighting Athrun away from the ship, receives backup from Tolle, who is promptly shot down. Witnessing his friend's death, Kira enters SEED mode; and so does Athrun. Finally, a severely damaged Aegis clings to the Strike; as the machine powers down, unable to deliver the finishing blow with its cannon, Athrun starts a self destruct sequence, and jetpacks away. The Archangel, detecting a second attacking squad, is forced off the island without the time to start a rescue operation; they send Orb a request to perform the search, and leave as soon as their engines are repaired.

Timeframes have all been taken from the show, side materials may provide more accuracy. Anyway, a review of the facts: This battle takes place around a day after the Archangel leaves Orb (the first attack is right after they leave the neutral territory; the second, on dawn of the next day). The Reverend is shown to live nearby, most likely on the same island. The Aegis' self destruct timer is ten seconds. The Strike's cockpit is open due to damage from the battle:

My theory? Kira escaped as well. He likely acted quickly: from his seat, he could not only see Athrun flying away; he could also see his cockpit opening beforehand. This is the last scene we see where Kira is present, and at this point, he has had two to four seconds to figure things out - he probably fled immediately after (we see him with a look of realization shortly before; he is also in SEED mode, presumably more aware than normal).
The power of the explosion is significant - Athrun, found by Orb either later on the same day, was flung by the blast, incapacitated before landing or due to it, and lightly wounded - and that was even though he employed the best way to escape, starting at the earliest possible moment and with a jetpack.
Kira's wounds are more severe - the next time he is shown, he is lying in bed in one of the colonies. I have no idea how long it would take to transport him there; but unless the Reverend used his priestly powers, it probably took at least a week. His awakening in Lacus' presence is implied to be his first one since he was found - yeah, in comparison to that, Athrun walked away with just a few scratches.
But where did he escape? If he had a jetpack, the answer is clear. Even if he didn't, there's yet one place he could have fled - behind the Strike. You see, when the Aegis latches on Kira's machine, we are shown a shot of both; the Strike is standing. Later, during the rescue operation, the Strike is shown mostly intact - the outside layer of armor is partially melted, as well as the exposed cockpit, but the machine itself is fine. The blast has toppled it over - it is only a question of whether Kira was lucky to be hiding in a place where he would be crushed or not. In any case, the torso and the power pack of the Strike form a neat bomb shelter.

Did he have a jetpack then? Probably - Federation pilot suits seem to come equipped with a retractable unit, just like ZAFT-issued ones.

/endofconvolutedplotholecoverup. I'm not sure what the stance on screenshots from shows is. If copyright prevents it, feel free to remove.

This is… incredible. I'm going to leave the question open for a while to see if more information comes in, but it looks like you're a shoe-in for the acc. Thanks!

When Aegis exploded Athrun was pushed instead of absorbed into the blast and killed, Kira may have gotten out of the Strike but was then pushed by the blast, but more severely than Athrun as he was closer.


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Why does Alucard have so many eyes?
When showing his power, Alucard tends to exhibit multiple extra eyes.  I'm wondering if this signifies something.  I've seen this trope in other Anime before when somebody or something is being shown as being powerful and creepy.  I want to know if there's some sort of deeper meaning than that.

That's a good one. Don't think there's an answer for it though

no articles that directly links it but might have to do with the jewish religion's version of angel of death -- depicted to have many eyes since the anime also shows the usage of items and words related to religion https://books.google.com/books?id=PASL_g8JDqsC&pg=PA52&lpg=PA52&dq=multiple+eyes+symbols&source=bl&ots=RaZ51DQvsP&sig=oTRWDC3JIXSd_WUJQZpo8nGYnBU&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=multiple%20eyes%20symbols&f=false found with a bit of googling for a character with multiple eyes

Alucard has so called release states those make him less weak. In the manga (Chapter 9 Page 23), when he uses them the first time, you can clearly see that a lot of eyes open on his whole body. The eyes that you see on the picture are most likely the same ones. The reason why he has them is unknown.
It could be that all those eyes belonged to other humans that he consumed during his lifetime. However, this is just an assumption.

The release states don't make him more powerful, they make him "less weak", removing restrictions set on his power gradually up to level 0.

@MadaraUchiha well that's true. he is to powerful to begin with, i wan't to see a battle from you two against each other ;)

I've actually had a very long debate about it with two of my friends. Come to chat if you want to discuss it :)

The way I understand it, is that the vampires in the Hellsing series (at least Alucard and Seras) have a third eye. This allows them to see things far better than a human. Perhaps Alucard has multiple "third eyes" that make him able to see attacks coming from every where.
It's kinda like how people say that mom's can see from the back of their heads.

Prenote: in America, we generally use the mouth to denote extract other people's emotion, but in Japan and other oriental nations, they generally look at the eyes because it is harder to fake. Thus comes the saying, "the eye is the window to the soul."
That being said, I believe Hellsing takes it one step further, that being that the eyes are the soul.
Vampires are said to possess a third eye that lets them have near out of body experiences when using it, and I believe the difference between a standard vampire and Alucard is the manner in which they feed.
For most vampires, the only soul they will accept into their being is their own, therefore the only eye they gain is the third one. This causes Alucard's disdain for them not being a true Vampire. However, Alucard accepts the souls he feeds on into his being allowing for the growth of additional eyes and additional power.
Therefore, the eyes we see in the show are just some of the people he has consumed and accepted.
That's just my opinion anyways.


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Why does Muzan Kibutsuji Crossdress?
At the end of season 1 of Demon Slayer you can see Muzan Kibutsuji the demon who looks like Michael Jackson dressed in a yukata of some sort wearing makeup and lipstick.
Has anyone who read the manga know about anything related to this topic?

It is one of his ability called Shapeshifting
Muzan can control his body's shape and even his presence, making him able to transform into someone completely different, without even those with extrasensory perception noticing, though he cannot fool Tanjiro Kamado's sense of scent. This shapeshifting allows him to become a child, and adult, a woman, or even to become a pillar of flesh, eyes, or mouths to eat others, or a cocoon of flesh to dilate and adapt to poisons.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Why does Hori treat her father so bad?
In the manga Horimiya, the main heroine always treats her father poorly. Is there a reason as to why she does so? In the latest chapter (57) she states that there is no room for her father in the Kotatsu. In the chapter before, she doesn't give her dad any extra stew. From what I remember, both the mother and Hori treat her father unreasonably, but I don't remember a reason why. Is there a reason, or is it just some kind of running gag for comedy purposes?

It's supposed to be a running gag, the way my friend and I see it.
Although, an in-universe reason for Hori to treat her father badly would be because of the absence of her father for most of her childhood, which forced her to manage her stuff by herself, thus giving rise to frustration.
As the Wikia page on Hori Kyousuke states:

According to Hori, Kyousuke is rude, selfish and forceful. He jokes around on serious topics and has a knack to leave for long periods of time. He is also cheap, as when he was asked by his family to eat Beluga Caviar or Sharks's Fin Soup, he flatly denied them.

Their relationship is stated on the same page as:

Despite being Hori's father, she acts cold towards him. Hori doesn't mind physically hurting her father and performs an axe kick on him, when Kyosuke tried to act cool in front of Miyamura. Later on, when Kyosuke asks Hori to prepare him some food, she comes back with a bowl of soup and purposely jams it into the back of his head. He then apologized to Miyamura for Hori's "crazy domestic violence habits".

Hence, the way I see it, these scenes depict Hori taking out her frustration on her dad in a comedic way for the users to read.
However, she definitely doesn't hate her dad, as can be seen in this page and in few other scenes.


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Why does Naruto have a catch phrase?
In both the anime and manga Naruto often ends his sentences with either "dattebayo" or "believe it" in the English translations.
Why is this a thing?
Is it meant to further his character or provide a bit of remembrance of his character to the reader or viewer, or even other characters of the series?

I actually stop hearing him say that in Naruto:Shippuden.

In chapter 498 of the manga, it is mentioned that Naruto inherited this habit from his mother, Kushina, who would instead end her sentences with "(Da)-ttebane" ([だ]ってばね) when she got excited or angry. She also mentioned something along the lines of hoping that her son wouldn't inherit this habit.

Just what I was looking for!

After 489 chapters the mangaka reveals a great mystery, why Naruto ends his sentences a certain way... or he just decided why not make something up... that sounds more likely to me since Naruto started as a one-shot :)

Than after Naruto had kids, his older son, Boruto, inherited that too.

Dattebane - Kushina, Dattebayo - Naruto, Dattebasa - Boruto.


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What is the difference between doujinshi and manga?
Doujinshi seem to represent usually works of amateurs, but that is a subjective measure. What is the objective difference between both works?

Doujinshi is closer to what we think of as "indie/self-published" comics compared to manga. Professionals can produce doujinshi as well as amateurs, and many mangaka will produce doujinshi on the side when they're otherwise unable to produce a certain work for legal reasons.
Doujinshi are often, but not limited to:

Fanart of pre-existing intellectual properties
Ecchi material
One-shots

The quality of any given doujinshi can vary as a result, since literally anyone can produce a doujinshi without any sort of editorial oversight.

Since you mention the fanart aspect, I think your answer is more complete.

Well, if it's self published, it is called doujinshi.  If it's by a manga publisher, it's manga.  Note that this distinction makes no mention of relative quality...simply who is doing the publishing (and presumably paying for) the work.
Wikipedia highlights this in the first paragraph:

Dōjinshi (同人誌?, often transliterated as doujinshi) is the Japanese
  term for self-published works, usually magazines, manga or novels.
  Dōjinshi are often the work of amateurs, though some professional
  artists participate as a way to publish material outside the regular
  industry.

Note, professional artists can produce doujinshi if they're self-publishing that particular product.

This is only really true for the english term 'doujinshi'. The Japanese word means something slightly different.

Doujinshi just means you published it yourself, so the difference is that non-doujinshi manga is published by a company, while doujinshi manga is a self-published manga


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How could Aang stay alive for 100 years?
Is there any clear description as to how Aang survived for 100 years inside of the iceberg?
Can Avatars do that? If they can, then why didn't the other Avatars stay alive for long time periods? And whatever was the case, how did Aapa stay alive too?

The Avatar cant age all because he was in the Avatar state when he wrapped himself up with the iceberg

From Avatar Wiki:

However, Aang later discovered that he would be sent to the Eastern Air Temple in order to complete his airbending training far away from Monk Gyatso, whom the other monks thought was too soft on him. Afraid and confused, the young airbender ran away with his flying bison, Appa, though they became caught in a storm shortly after, which caused them to crash into the water. Aang saved himself and Appa from drowning by semi-consciously entering the Avatar State and freezing them both in a sphere of ice through a combination of airbending and waterbending. The Avatar State kept him alive, albeit not fully conscious, in the iceberg for about a hundred years while the war raged on.

"The Avatar State kept him alive, albeit not fully conscious, in the iceberg for about a hundred years while the war raged on." is unsourced :(

In the Avatar universe, much like in the Futurama, Frozen or Once Upon a Time universes, some people who are frozen under certain conditions have their metabolisms pause.
In A:TLA, Aang, after freezing himself and Appa, is sustained through the Avatar State according to this currently unsourced portion of Aang's page in Avatar Wikia:

The Avatar State kept him alive, albeit not fully conscious, in the iceberg for about a hundred years while the war raged on.

I am guessing the Avatar State also sustains Appa.
This does not really happen in real life except for things like Cryptobiosis but is seen in much fantasy and scifi.
Further reading

Wikipedia - Suspended animation
TvTropes - Human Popsicle
Zidbits - Can A Human Be Frozen And Brought Back To Life?
Wikipedia - Cryonics


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What are the Four Noble Families of Soul Society?
What are the names of the main Four Families that live in Soul Society?
Is there any information on how they came to be? Or how they became such? And do each of these clans commonly exceeds at a particular area (like the Shihōin clan were usually the heads of the Correction Corps, and experts at Kidō and Shunpo)?

Here is a compiled list of the noble families compiled from the Bleach Wiki
They are currently 4 greater noble families, but only 2 have been revealed:

The Shihouin Clan are tasked with taking care of various treasures and weapons. Yoruichi was formerly the head of this family. The head of this family typically served as the head of the Onmitsukidou.
The Kuchiki Clan are charged with protecting the history of the Soul Society. Byakuya Kuchiki, Captain of the 6th Division is the head of this family. The Shihouin Shield is used by Juushiro Ukitake (13th Division Captain) and Shunsui Kyouraku (8th Division Captain) to destroy the Soukyoku.

There used to be a fifth, the Shiba Clan, equaling in prestige to the two know greater noble families, but after the death of its most prominent member, the former lieutenant of the 13th Division, Kaien Shiba, the family's prestige seems to have fallen. They seemed to have specialized in fireworks. In Chapter 529, it is revealed that Ichigo's father, Isshin, is from a branch family of the Shiba Clan and former 10th Division Captain.
The Ryoudoji were also once a noble family, but they were exiled over 1000 years ago from the current series timeline.
There are also various lesser noble families that serve the greater noble families, here are the known ones:

Feng Clan, served as assassins and executioners for the Shihouin Clan. Sui Feng, Captain of the 2nd Division & General Administrator Commander of the Onmitsukido Special Forces, is the head of this Clan.
Kyouraku Clan, not much is know about this family but the fact the it is quite old and prestigious. Shunsui Kyouraku, the captain of the 8th Division is the second son from this family.
Ukitake Family, is another lower noble family. Juushirou Ukitake, the captain of the 13th Division is the eldest son of this family.
Oumaeda Family is a family in service of the Shihou Clan and the Onmitsukidou special forces. The current Lieutenant of the 2nd Division and Corps Commander of the Patrol Corps of the Onmitsukidou, Marechiyo Oumaeda is the eldest son of this Family.
Kira Family is another lesser noble family, Izuru Kira, Lieutenant of the 3rd Division, the a member of this family. His status within the family has not been mentioned.
Kasumioji Family, they are famous weapon-smiths in Soul society. The members are predominately female.
Kannogi Family, the appear in to be connected to the Kasumiouji in the anime.

There is a post by new user mentioning Kasumioji clan. Not sure if it is accurate or not, but if it is, would you please update the answer?

You might want to add that Kuchiki Byakuya's grandfather was the Captain of the 6th Division before Byakuya. While it is not certain, this gives the same impression as that of 2nd Division in that the head of the Kuchiki Clan is always the Captain of the 6th division.

Based on this wiki page

The Noble Houses of Soul Society have an unclear role in the culture, social and governmental aspects of that dimensions existence. The Four Noble Families carry the most weight and appear to have some influence over the governmental institutions (i.e. Central 46 Chambers) and even institutions outside of the government (i.e. Shin'ō Academy). The military (i.e. Gotei 13, Kidō Corps & Onmitsukidō) have no authority to act against a noble family without evidence that their actions are treasonous to Soul Society.

Only two clans were revealed thus fur:

Shihōin Clan
By tradition, the head of the Shihōin family leads the Onmitsukidō.
  Also known as the Tenshiheisōban (天賜兵装番, House of Godly Gears),
  they are the Caretakers of the Hōgu (宝具, lit. "Treasure Tool") and
  Bugu (武具, lit. "War Tool") said to have been bestowed on them by the
  gods.
Kuchiki Clan
There is reason to believe that the captaincy of the 6th Division runs
  in the Kuchiki family, as at least two members, both of them were
  family heads, have held the title captain and two other known members
  have been lieutenant and 3rd seat respectively. Members of the Kuchiki
  family have been known to wear Kenseikan (牽星箝, lit. "Star-Pulling
  Insert") in their hair, which symbolizes their nobility as one of Four
  Noble Families. The Kuchiki family also has a white scarf made by the
  master weaver, Tsujishirō Kuroemon III. The scarf is made from the
  Ginpaku Kazahana no Uzuginu (銀白風花の紗, Silks of the Silverwhite
  Wildflower), a silver-white, windflower light silk, and is a family
  heirloom that is handed down from generation to generation and is
  given to each Kuchiki family head. The scarf alone is worth enough to
  buy ten mansions in the Seireitei. By tradition, the family has
  been charged with compiling and protecting the history of Soul
  Society. The family resides in the Kuchiki Family Manor.


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How did Kushina survive the extraction of the Kyuubi?
While Kushina gave birth to Naruto, Tobi came in and used her weakness to extract the Kyuubi. That was the first shown event, where a Jinchuriki survived the extraction of the tailed beast. How could Kushina survive that?

The title has spoilers, but I don't know how to change that.

Well, technically, she didn't :P It just took a while longer.

She got killed not because of extraction @MadaraUchiha! she could have survived .. but you know what happened ..

@Sai: I guess that was a joke ;).

@Sai: Actually, I'm pretty sure she would've died anyway. "Even extracting a bijuu won't kill you right away". "I'll seal the kyuubi and take him down with me". She knew she was about to die soon.

Looper, Madara, I see .. :)

Kushina survived the bijuu extraction due to the Uzumaki clan's incredibly strong life force.
(Chapter 501)

Spoiler Block:

 (Chapter 579)

One trait of the clan is that they have immense amounts of chakra in their reserves and are unrivaled when it comes to sealing techniques; as shown by Minato Namikaze who was taught by Kushina Uzumaki, his wife. They also were known for their extremely long lives and will to do what they need to do. such that they can even survived after the extraction on which gaara wasnt able to do when the shukaku was extracted from him.
The members of this clan possess incredible longevity and vitality seemingly inherited from their Senju ancestry. One notable case is that of Mito Uzumaki, who lived from before the founding of Konoha, to well into the term of the Third Hokage's reign. This vitality was the reason Kushina survived the extraction of her tailed beast, though she was greatly weakened.


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Does Shinigami powers transfer occur only with stabbing through the chest?
To make Ichigo a Shinigami in episode 1 of Bleach, Rukia has Ichigo stab himself in the chest with her Zanpakuto.
Is there any in-canon reason given for it being the chest that has to be stabbed?

There may be two reasons for this.
The first one is less directed to the plot, so I'll start with it first. Obviously, the chest is the best part to do it for two reasons. First, it's easier not to miss (hehe :P). Second, it looks cooler. Imagine Rukia piercing Ichigo's head to five him the power. Or his left elbow. Or his knee. That wouldn't look too good, right?
Now, for the second reason, which is more important. As you can see in the very end of the anime (spoiler up to the very last episodes),

 To give him his powers back, Rukia pierces Ichigo's chest in exactly the same way as the first time:

Now, usually, this is also the place where the hollows have their holes. Why there? Because it is the place where one's Chain of Fate is connected to the body.
Although shinigami do not have the Chain, that place is as much important for them too. This place is known as Saketsu, and acts as a boost in spiritual power, the source of which is another spot, called Hakusui. If those points are pierced, one loses his Shinigami powers.
You can recall that from the episode where Byakuya first appears, and defeats Ichigo with his favorite move called Senka, which is basically a quick shunpo to move to the opponent's back and strike his Saketsu and Hakusui. So, if those points can be pierced to block one's spiritual powers, it is safe to assume that this can work the other way too, and this is the reason why Rukia pierces Ichigo's chest exactly there.


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Is it possible to duplicate eyes?
This question contains spoilers for anime viewers and early manga viewers.

 When Nagato was revived with Edo Tensei, he had Madara's eyes. When Madara was revived, he had his original eyes too (Rinnegan, much like Nagato).

Is this exploitable? Can I repeat this cycle of transplant and revive to duplicate strong eyes? How does that work really?

I think the same day KISHI wrote that he went to sleep too much late.

Even if this duplication worked, obviously only ONE of the pairs of eyes would be in a "living" person - the rest would be copies in zombie bodies.  In other words you could duplicate zombie eyes but not living ones.

Although never explicitly stated (till now), it seems Kabuto's upgraded Edo Tensei allows him to revive a shinobi with a mix of attributes from different portions of their lifetime. Shortly after showing the last coffin to Tobi, Kabuto exclaims that he had surpassed the Second Hokage and Orochimaru. It is very likely this is what he was referring to.
It is possible to have multiple copies, and this has already been exploited with Itachi's Sharingan and Madara's Rinnegan.
Both Itachi and Sasuke had Itachi's Sharingan at the same time. The revived Nagato and Tobi both have Madara's Rinnegan. If Itachi had not sealed Nagato, there would indeed be three copies of Madara's Rinnegan active at the same time.
The Madara's Rinnegan case shows how it could be exploited multiple times. If Obito dies and is revived, while his Rinnegan is transplanted to someone else, you could then have four Rinnegan, which are all really Madara's Rinnegan.

Though your answer may have been before this was revealed, but when Madara was revived, he lost his Rinnegan and went blind. I recall someone also said Edo Tensei Rinnegan were fake Rinnegan which could not summon the Gedo Mazo. Also, its likely that, like all other damage done to Edo Tensei bodies, the eyes would crumble to paper like scraps and then try to remerge with the body, or remain useless and new eyes would form.

Madara lost his eyes when he was revived with the Rinne Tensei, he had his Rinnegan when he was revived by Edo Tensei. Those are two different jutsus. The Edo Tensei Rinnegan could not be used to cast the Rinne Tensei, that is why Madara needed to use the real Rinnegan (which was with Tobi at the time).

That said though, Kishimito-sama seemed to have hurried through the final battle at times, and was not always consistent. For instance, Madara somehow summoned Susannoo without eyes at one point even though it was explicitly stated earlier that it required Mangekyou Sharingan in both eyes.

It was originally stated by itachi that when you master the Amaterasu and Tsukuyomi, you get Susanoo, but Sasuke, Madara, and Kakashi do not have both of those techniques, but got Susanoo. It was kind of changed to be more related to mastery of the technique each eye gives you, but then, that implies that only mastery is required, and having the eye or not becomes irrelevant after that. It is strange though.

the Susanoo Wiki entry "The third databook states that the user must first unlock Tsukuyomi and Amaterasu before they can gain Susanoo,[1] though this was only the case for Itachi. In the fourth databook, acquiring this technique is done through the user manifesting both Mangekyō Sharingan." Seems to support that idea. Manifesting both Mangekyou  is how you acquire the technique, but not a requirement for using it afterwards.

Actually, you need to activate Mangekyou in both the eyes to be able to use Susanoo, those techniques need not be Amaterasu and Tsukuyomi. Itachi's Mangekyou gave him those abilities, so he may have been referring only to himself. That was also why Kakashi could use Susanoo after Obito "gifted" him both the Sharingans (which is another strange development by itself). In Obito/Kakashi's case, the Mangekyou powers happened to be the long-range Kamui and short-range Kamui. Sasuke did activate Amaterasu and Tsukuyomi as his Mangekyou powers, and we don't know what Madara's Mangekyou powers were.

Let us continue this discussion in chat.

I've found some information on this site why Madara got his eyes and his young body.

Due to the manner of his revival and the experiments done by Kabuto, Madara retained access to abilities he obtained late in life (like his Wood Release and Rinnegan), while at the same time retaining the youthful body of his prime.

So he hasn't been revived "normally"
Since Nagato never lost his eyes he's revived with them too. So Madara actually did duplicate his eyes with the help of Kabuto. Since we don't know what would have happened if he would have been revived "normally" (at least not yet) we can't say whether it is that easy to duplicate the eyes or it was a coincidence that the eyes are now duplicated.
Long answer short:
It is possible to duplicate the eyes.

As far as I understand it, let's say you reanimated Itachi. Sasuke, for arguments sake, doesn't have an eternal mangekyou, so he needs to switch eyes with someone. If he switched with Itachi, Sasuke would have good eyes, and Itachi, the worse ones.
I'm almost certain you can't reanimate a person twice at the same time, otherwise we'd have seen a lot more Kages in the fourth shinobi war. This means because you can only revive someone once at a time, and upon death/revival the reanimated body's eyes flake off and diminish, only four of a certain set of eyes can exist at a time because the eyes destroy themselves when the reanimation is destroyed.
This means, at a time, you can only have 4 eyes in existence (Two in the reanimation, and two in the reanimated persons original body in a coffin, if they haven't rotted away already) .

Yes, but let's say Person A has a rinnegan. Person A dies and his eyes are taken to person B. Person B dies and his eyes are taken to person C. Person C is still alive, and Persons A and B get reanimated. There are now 3 pairs of the same Rinnegan in existence. The real ones on Person C, and "fake" ones on A and B.

It kinda does. If Itachi hadn't have sealed Nagato, when Madara was reanimated, Nagato, Tobi and Madara would all have the same Rinnegan.

Also, I removed the spoiler block because the question itself states that answers will be spoilers to anime viewers.

That's fine, and I see where you're coming from now. Also, I guess it is possible, as the re animator can choose what aspects of the person they are reanimating to reanimate, e.g. a certain time of their life when they were most powerful, but with advanced jutsu they learned later in life.


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Does "Saint Seiya Omega" series have a prequel?
When Saint Seiya Omega starts, there is an evil character named Mars, which seems to be defeated by saints before. But I have never seen him in the previous series. Some of the plot is built on past events about which we are assumed to have a priori knowledge. It is strongly like this series have a prequel.
I have watched these TV series:

Saint Seiya
Saint Seiya - Hades Chapter OVA - Sanctuary
Saint Seiya - Hades Chapter OVA - Inferno
Saint Seiya - Hades Chapter OVA - Elision
Saint Seiya - The Lost Canvas

But still I can't tie up any of them with the currently ongoing Saint Seiya Omega series.
Does "Saint Seiya Omega" have a prequel?

The only thing which comes between Elision and Omega is the movie
Saint Seiya: The Heaven Chapter - Overture. The Lost Canvas is a prequel.
However, according to Wikipedia, it is an anime-original story separate from the original continuity, and you aren't assumed to have watched all the previous series. As far as I know, Mars only appears in Omega, so there are definitely some unexplained points which might get answered in flashbacks or might remain forever unexplained.

Saint Seiya Omega Does not have a prequel.
Mars was created exclusively for saint seiya Omega, and all the background we get from his previous battle against the saints is told during Saint Seiya Omega.