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How many times was the moon destroyed?
In the original Dragon Ball series, Master Roshi (Kame-sennin) realizes that Goku turned into a rampaging ape due to the effects of the full moon, and comes up with a characteristically Dragon Ball solution—just blow the stupid thing up! After all, who needs it?
After this, the moon is restored by the Dragon Balls, if I recall correctly. Later, Piccolo blows it up again to stop Gohan's rampage during their training.

It's become sort of a stereotype of Dragon Ball that people are constantly blowing up the moon, and that sometimes when they do it, the moon has already been blown up and yet mysteriously reappears just to be blown up again. My question is, just how many times was the moon blown up? And how many of those instances were plot holes, if any?
This forum thread makes some unsourced claims about the answer to this question. I wasn't exactly filled with confidence in its accuracy, though.
Answers covering any of the available material (the manga, the Dragon Ball and Dragon Ball Z anime, the movies, and the Dragon Ball GT anime) are appreciated.

The moon was destroyed twice and recreated twice.
The first time, it was destroyed by Jackie Chun, by using a MAX Power Kamehameha in the 21st Tenkaichi Tournament.
It was later recreated during Goku's training with Kami, after Kami removed Goku's tail. This was revealed during the 23rd World Martial Arts Tournament.
It was then destroyed by Piccolo during his training with Gohan.
From Dragon Ball Wikia

After this, the Earth's moon was never shown again until the Trunks Saga.

Now moving on to the questions from the forum:

that one guy(his name escapes me at the moment) who looked like Goku blew it up in DBZ the movie the Tree of Might

The "one guy" mentioned here is Turles.  And what he blew up was not the moon, but a Power Ball. He had created the Power Ball to make Gohan transform into his Great Ape form. He then destroys the Power Ball to prevent himself from turning into a Great Ape, as he claims that he would lose his wits if he does.

and didnt it get destroyed in DBGT when Baby come to earth?

Highly unlikely, because I recall in the fight between Goku and Baby on New Planet, Goku transforms into the Golden Great Ape due the reflection of the Earth and

the people present for the battle questioned where the moon was, including a brainwashed Bulma and Baby himself, giving an elusion to the moon whereabouts.
source: Dragon Ball Wikia

But from the Wikia itself,

In Dragon Ball Z episode 118, "Frieza's Counterattack", the moon can be seen while the Earth is briefly shown from King Cold's spaceship. The moon also appears in the sky in one scene of the movie Dragon Ball Z: Wrath of the Dragon. It is possible the moon was restored when it became clear that there would no longer be threats from evil Saiyans/Great Apes

This reminds me of Dragon Ball GT's inconsistencies. Nevertheless, the official number of times it was destroyed was 2.

So essentially, after Piccolo blew it up, it was gone, until it was recreated at some unspecified time as we see later when Freeza and King Cold come to Earth.

Since the second re-creation is never shown onscreen, that's probably why there's so much confusion about just how many times it was actually destroyed and whether it had been recreated each time it was destroyed. In any case, +1 for a thorough and well-sourced answer.

GT is since the release of Revival of F deprecated. It isn't canon anymore so you can ignore anything relating to GT story wise

I'm watching DBZ right now, i'm on ep 18, Goku is at near end of Snake Way (finally) and Gohan is training with Piccolo and i've just seen the moon after he's already destroyed it.
That's how I found this page so, you do see it again before Trunks Saga. Plot hole maybe? Animators mistake.

@Lee Welcome to Anime.SE :) And yeah it would be a mistake from the animators' side. But there's some reasoning given in DBZ: Kakarot (2020 video game), that justifies the moon's appearance during Gohan-Piccolo training.

If I'm not mistaken, twice.
As like you said, after the first time, the Dragon Balls were used to restore it. After the second time, I remember a time where Goku's spaceship (in which he came to earth) projected the moon so Gohan(?) could transform again, after which it was destroyed by Piccolo.
That's the reason why Vegeta had to use a special technique to transform into a Great Ape in his fight with Goku.
Finally, in GT, they had to use the earth as a "moon" during the fight with Baby, and a Blutz waves machine during the fight with Shenron.
I can't remember any other time the moon was involved. So I think it was destroyed twice.


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What is the extent of the power of the Dragon Balls?
I have recently started watching Dragon Ball Z(Remastered Edition)* after a long break. There is this scene in S01E21 (Counting Down) in which Master Roshi and others summon the dragon to wish Goku back. Just before they can wish him back, Oolong (the pig) says:

Excuse me, Mr. Dragon could be possibly destroy the Saiyans that are on the way to Earth right about now.

to which the dragon replies:

Your wish cannot be granted because the guardian of Earth created me. I cannot grant a wish which exceeds his power.

Now, this has put me into dilemma. If the dragons' power was only limited to Earth, why was everyone around the universe after these Dragon Balls?
Here are few questions that bug me:

When the dragon says "wish which exceeds his power", does he mean that he can only use his powers on/for the Earthlings?
If yes, how could they wish Goku back, because technically, he is not born on Earth?
If not, why did destroying the Saiyans exceed the dragon's power?
Everyone around the universe was searching for Dragon Balls because they could fulfill anyone's wish. Does it mean that it is not mandatory to be an Earthling, but it's compulsory to be on Earth to have your wish granted by the dragons?
If yes, why didn't they ever wish to destroy the enemies after they had landed on Earth and within the effect of the dragons' power?

You misunderstood Shenlong's words. Shenlong was created by the guardian of the Earth, Kami, in chapter 165. Therefore, Shenlong could not have greater powers than his creator. Shenlong's powers are not limited to the Earth nor are they limited to Earthlings. That's not how it works and it is not what he meant by that. They are disallowed from killing others, creating love, or anything that Kami wouldn't have been able to do with his own power.

Although the above statement is still rather vague. I mean, does this imply that they could wish for weak Earthlings to die, because Kami has the powers to do so? Or could Kami himself grant immortality, since his powers should be greater than or equal to those of Shenlong's? Those rules aren't ever explained in detail in the manga as far as I know, and it is never explained whether Shenlong can't kill anyone or only those stronger than Kami, but it is clear that Shenlong couldn't kill Nappa, Vegeta or any other villain Earth has encountered, because neither Kami nor Dende were that strong to begin with.
Dragon Ball wiki page
You can read more about the Dragon Balls' or Shenlong's powers on the wiki page.

The Earth Dragon Balls are about 7.5 cm (approximately 3 in) in diameter, and they summon a dragon named Shenron. They were created by Kami, and later re-created by Dende. Shenron can grant a wish within its powers as long as it does not kill, create love, repeat a wish he previously granted, surpasses its creator's power, and a few more restrictions. Legitimate wishes include eternal youth, immortality, bringing back a scorched forest or even an annihilated planet. Also, it is possible to return a person to life, although only if they meet certain criteria, like dying of unnatural causes or within the time-frame of a year (half a century according to the Ocean Dub), and each individual can only be brought back once. The Eternal Dragon will grant the first wish uttered after it was called, by whomever is present.

Interesting. The wiki answers do clear the cloud.

You should really use Kanzenshuu as a citing source for these sorts of things. Because that wiki page is clearly wrong on a few things. For example. The one year time frame was only stated to be the case for mass wishing. For instance, you can not bring back the Saiyan planet and bring back all the Saiyans. But it is certainly possible to bring back one or two or even three Saiyans(with individual wishes).
If it were the case that the dragon balls couldn't bring back people after a year then they wouldn't have been able to bring back Freeza in the Fukkatsu no F movie.

As far as I remember, Goku was sent to destroy Earth. But for the whole time, he did the opposite to that . The 2 Saiyans that you are mentioning about, are Vegeta and Nappa. Both come to find Goku and destroy him along with Earth.
Shenron couldn't grant this wish because he said that he can't use his powers to kill or forcibly against anyone stronger than his creator.
Later on, Dende becomes the guardian, and recreates the Dragonballs because the old ones disappeared when the combined Piccolo/Kami died. After he recreates them, some time passes and he improves them, allowing three wishes to be granted instead.

This doesn't seem to address any point in the question.

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Is there any anime series of Dragon Ball after Dragon Ball GT?
I am a great fan of Dragon Ball, and I have watched almost every series and movies of Dragon Ball. However, I'm not sure if there is any other series after Dragon Ball GT.

There are a ton of Dragon ball  films that you could watch, but no new series has been made since '97. I think you have to wait until DBZ Kai ends. They can't revamp DBGT to be "closer to the manga", since there is no DBGT manga, so it might be that a new series arises, but only time will tell. I haven't heard of any news related to this, so you shouldn't get your hopes up :(

Will it be broadcasted on cartoon network? @Ketan

This question will answer yours ;)

There is no anime series of Dragon Ball after Dragon Ball GT.
Dragon Ball Kai has no independent story but is basically the story of Dragon Ball Z itself.
Instead of an anime series, the movie Dragon Ball Z: Battle of Gods was released which is in official continuity with Dragon Ball Z and therefore, before the events of Dragon Ball GT.
This year (2015) the sequel to Battle of Gods - Dragon Ball Z: Resurrection 'F' will be released.
Update
A new anime series Dragon Ball Super is going to be aired from July 2015 onwards. It's story will pick up after the events of Resurrection 'F'.
Since the story of Dragon Ball Z has taken a significant turn by introducing the Super Saiyan God ability and other plot events, the fate of Dragon Ball GT is left hanging in the balance. At this minute, there is no official word about whether it will still exist in the continuity of the Dragon Ball Universe or not.

I think you are right. Your explanations seems legit. :)

Happy to help a fellow Dragon Ball fan!
:)

Maybe this answer should be updated by including the planned Dragon ball Super anime series

@PeterRaeves updated the answer!

After Dragon Ball GT came Dragon Ball Z Kai.
Dragon Ball Z Kai is a high-definition remastered and recut of Dragon Ball Z, done for its 20th Anniversary. The series' plot focuses more on the manga style. The total episode count for the series is 167, comprising of :

Saiyan Saga (26 Episodes)
Frieza Saga (26 Episodes)
Androids Saga (25 Episodes)
Cell Saga (21 Episodes)
Majin Buu Saga (35 Episodes)
Evil Buu Saga

For more details on the episode list, click here.
Related : Will I miss anything by watching Dragon Ball Z Kai instead of the other series?

EDIT:
A new Dragon Ball series has been announced, titled: Dragon Ball Super
From Dragon Ball Wikia:

The plot framework and character designs were created by original author Akira Toriyama. The series will be developed by Toei, in a similar process to the Dragon Ball, Dragon Ball Z, and Dragon Ball GT animes. The beginning of the series plot takes place after the Majin Buu Saga, potentially putting it in either the 10 year gap towards the 28th World Martial Arts Tournament, or afterwards.

Dragon Ball Super is set to begin airing in Japan on Fuji TV, July 5th, 2015.
source: http://www.dragonballinsider.com/2015/05/03/dragon-ball-super-start-date-of-july-5-2015/

I have seen Dragonballz Kai , it focuses on the story of Kai's supreme Kai, etc . Dragonball Gt consist of new transformation known as super saiyan 4. So Dragonball GT was the latest anime series of Dragonball according to me @Ero

What do you want to prove? Goku is the main character of the story , it's obvious that he will be given the major importance. No doubt the dbz Kai focuses on world of Kai's. Kai's have important role till the end of the dbz .

Yeah..! I forgot to mention the importance of Goku but you take that seriously.

Can you explain the meaning of sarcastic in this situation?

Maybe this answer should be updated by including the planned Dragon ball Super anime series

Following the storyline, after Dragon Ball GT, there was Dragon Ball GT: A Hero's Legacy.
The story ends with the TV special mentioned above.
Meanwhile, the same series were remastered/revised (Dragon Ball Kai, Dragon Ball Kai (2014)), also two new movies Dragon Ball Z: Battle of Gods and Dragon Ball Z: Resurrection ‘F’ (this movies takes place on Frieza Saga).

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Why don't Saiyans age?
I have seen many Dragon Ball series like Dragon Ball, Dragon Ball Z, Dragon Ball GT. One thing remains same is that Saiyans never look aged.
The last episode of Dragon Ball GT shows Pan as a grandma, but Goku was looking as young as he was in Dragon Ball Z. Why don't Saiyans age?

What do you mean? They clearly do age. Goku being the best example of them all. Goku was a little squirt at the beginning of DB, then after his training at Kami's lookout he was a tall squirt and then at the start of DBZ he ages further looking like a real father-like figure.

About the last episode of Dragon Ball GT: http://anime.stackexchange.com/questions/19816/what-happened-to-goku-after-he-left-the-earth-at-the-end-of-dragon-ball-gt It seems that your assumption is flawed?

To my knowledge, they do age, just very slowly in adulthood. This is a genetic trait, I assume, to reach longer duration of physical demands. They are designed to be fighters, and longevity of a lifespan is only practical. Vegeta confirmed this towards the end of DBZ: "So they can fight longer".
From a quick Google search:

According to the Daizenshuu, Saiyan's lifespan is about the same as an average Human (70 to 90 years, with exceptions, of course), but keep in their peak longer. Unlike Humans, Saiyans remain in their youth and prime much longer. As explained by Vegeta near the end of Dragon Ball Z, they stay young longer because they live for and are built for battle

From Saiyan article on Dragon Ball wiki. (Visit the link for more examples, and a more definitive explanation).
Something else to consider: they stay in their prime longer because they are full Saiyans, whereas Pan is only quarter Saiyan.

I just have to add something else:
Goku shrunk back to being a little kid during DB GT, right? And if I remember right, he never got the chance to grow back right away but grew up naturally.
Might add as to why he looked the same as he was in DBZ when Pan found him.


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What is the name of the soundtrack in Dragon Ball Z that plays whenever Goku is about to start a fight?
I am trying to find the Dragon Ball Z sound track which plays whenever Goku is about to start a fight and other heroic moments. I have browsed a ton of videos but no success. The sound track starts with beats of drums (3 beats), then pause, then 5 beats and so on. Can someone help me out?

can you find a youtube video of an episode where the music plays?

I have been trying a lot, but no success so far. I browsed the fight scenes but its always another music, not the drum one. I can remember the music only as a faint memory. Its sort of inspirational kind of music, and as far as I remember, plays when Goku is sort of angry( not sure about the exact moment though). In short the details are a bit blurry, and I only remember those drum rolls.

its really hard to notice which one by just reading the beats so try this for sound track and this for sound track series.

Oh boy, i would take that as a last resort. Let me clear the track. It consists of only drums, nothing else. A starting 3 beat(less than a second), then around a 3 sec pause, then 5 quick beats, another 3 sec pause and so on. Can you narrow them down based on this ?

@Plutoniumsmuggler Isn't that the theme you are looking for ?

No. It doesnt contain any other music. Just drums. This one has music as well. Its a short track I can remember now.

@AGuif....here is one video...https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=HoIlfSw2syw   but the tune in it is very very short compared to what I am looking and not exactly same, but pretty close..(listen carerully drums when goku pats gohan).

@Plutoniumsmuggler In which episode/fight did you hear that sound?

I dont remember it..it was long time back..I gave a link of a video above..did you got something from that ?

It is the Genkidama (spirit bomb) theme in the Japanese ost I think it als plays when Goku makes the Super Saiya-jin speech

Thanks a lot. I m really glad someone finally found this. I found the link : http://m.youtube.com/watch?v=jK5z1jU3SMQ . (Good old memories)

DRAGON BALL Z -Orquesta Sinfonica
It's the music in this video at 0:45. I can't remember the name in the original soundtrack collection. The majority of the DBZ OSTs come from the movies; this one I believe is from some movie between Freeza and Cell saga.

What you shown it's a OST of the original japanese from this scene.
What Plutonium smuggler asked belong to the remastered version (you could easily see it in his comments)

@dragonballfreak . Its very close. But not exact. The beats in my track are slower and little detailed. Thanks for effort, although I doubt I'll ever find that tune again.


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Who has the highest official Dragon Ball Z power level?
I remember Captain Ginyu exclaiming that Goku had a power level of 180,000 in the Ginyu Force arc, but I don't recall a higher scouter being shown/read aloud in any other episode/movie of DBZ (I'm not including Frieza's 1 million bluff).
Does anyone have more information on this from a credible source? If official data is available, I would also want to know the power levels of a regular Super Saiyan, SS2 and SS3 as well.

I'm not sure how credible you consider the Dragon Ball Wiki, but they have compiled a list of power levels of most characters mentioned throughout the series, including GT.
The highest power levels in that list would be the old Supreme Kai's at at most 120 billion, while the next largest power level would be Gogeta SSJ4 at 25 billion.
See here for a more exhaustive list.

From the image, it seems that Gogeta's power is 2.5 billion.

@nhahtdh The list states that Gogeta can get a multiplier of 10, making it 25 billion. I don't really remember how he could get the multiplier though.

So in the series the old supreme kai could have easily squashed evil buu with just one finger or am I understanding this wrongly?

@Thomas if he wasnt cursed by the old witch for such a long time he might have. But even in his prime he would probably still have lost the same way the others supreme kais did. Fighting is ofcourse more than power level alone, which kid buu proved centuries ago.

By the end of the series, power levels seem to have grown to the point they don't mean much. I think Vegeta said at one point power levels were pointless because fighters like them could change it at will (such as when they are hiding their presence).

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Which character has the most deaths to his/her name?
In the Dragon Ball series, we see tons of people dying and being revived by the dragon balls.
This triggered my curiosity to know which character has the most deaths to his/her name in the whole Dragon Ball series. Who is it, and how many times did he/she die?

is it even necessary to ask? its Krillin little bald dude always gets it lol his longest streak of being alive was in dragon ball I'm pretty sure haha He is the fodder for DB and DBZ

@Dupree3 Thats what I originally taught aswell. Then I started hearing rumours that it was actually Goku that died most. As I did not watch all of them yet, and am not directly planning on I figured ill just ask and let facts support it ;P

Pretty sure Goku only actually dies three times tops in every version of DB combined.

Krillin died the most number of times. xD
Here's the list (Krillin vs Goku):
Krillin:
Tien Shinhan Saga (Dragon Ball)

Krillin: Killed by Tambourine. After the Tournament, he is killed by Tambourine, who was out to kill all of the greatest martial artists so that King Piccolo would go unchallenged.

Saiyan Saga

Krillin: Killed by Frieza. Frieza lifted him into the air with his mind and blew him up, inducing Goku's first Super Saiyan transformation. He was later revived with the Namekian Dragon Balls. (Note: This was Krillin's second time dying, as he was killed by Tambourine in Dragon Ball). Ep.95

Fusion Saga

Krillin: Turned into chocolate and eaten by Super Buu. Was later revived with the Namekian Dragon Balls.

Super 17 Saga

Krillin: Killed by Android 17, who was brainwashed by his clone created from the depths of Hell. After Krillin tried to help 17 remember how much he hated Dr. Gero, Android 17 shot a Photon Flash through Krillin's chest.

In alternate timeline

Future Krillin: Killed by the androids.

In second alternate timeline

Presumably killed by Goku Black

Goku:
Saiyan Saga

Goku: Killed by Piccolo, though he sacrificed himself. He held Raditz in place so he could not escape, and Piccolo shot a Special Beam Cannon through both of them. Goku was later revived with the Dragon Balls. Ep.5

Cell Games Saga

Goku: Killed when Cell self destructs, after Goku took him to King Kai's planet. He is revived several years later when Old Kai gives him his life.

In alternate timeline

Future Goku: Died of a heart virus.

Hit Arc

Killed by Hit (Dragon Ball Super episode 71)

Second alternate timeline

Killed by Goku Black when he and Zamasu switch bodies.

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Not so surprisingly the answer is Krillin. While this page shows he died 3 times in total in the short summery and trivia part, but I found him dying a total of 5 times including everything. Goku seems to have died only twice.
Total List of all character deaths can be found here..

ohh lol.. you beat me to it. I was compiling my list from the same link. xD

btw in the same list Krillin's death toll is 5.

I did say krillin died 5 times. but your answer looks more detailed then mine. :)


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Is there a reason Gon never speaks to his grandmother?
In the 2011 anime version of Hunter x Hunter, Gon never speaks to his grandmother.  I have rewatched episode 1, 37, and 38, but he never addressed her.  We don't see him telling her goodbye or hugging her either. Nor is Killua shown to acknowledge her.
Gon's body language in 37 and 38 seems to pay attention to her when she speaks, though. And in the non-canon re-hash episodes 13 and 26, his letters begin, "Dear Mito-san and Grandma,". Countering these instances, at time-mark 9:25 of episode 37, Gon converses with Killua and states, "Since Mito-san raised me by herself". Although in episode 1 of the 1999 version, we do see both Gon and Kite speak to her.
Until I found the instances of acknowledgement, I was beginning to wonder if by the time he turned 12 his grandmother had become a ghost that only Mito saw. It seems clear that Gon sees her, too, though.  But alive or a ghost, why does he never speak to her? I guess it is possible that it is abnormal in Gon's culture to speak to a grandmother when your parent (figure) is there.  At 14:57 of ep.1(1999), the point Gon speaks to her, they are alone in the kitchen, with Gon asking, "Where is Aunt Mito?".  Once Mito shows up, he doesn't speak with his Grandmother again. (This is the scene where Mito brings Gon his father's fishing rod.)
The simplest explanation is that the animators and/or Togashi simply had nothing for Gon to say to his grandmother. Still, it seems at best awkward that he tells Killua that Mito raised him by herself, and that, during his extended goodbye to Mito before leaving for the exam, he ignores his grandmother.

Now that you mention it, I, too, could not recall there being a conversation between Gon and his grandmother in the manga.

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language consistency in anime credits
The languages used in displaying anime credits varies from series to series. The second season of Big Windup brought my thoughts on this issue to a head. It is Japanese dub with English sub. The credits during the opening are in Japanese, while the credits in the ending are fully in English. From my experience, this is rare. Subs tend to credit in either the subbed language or Japanese plus other languages.
The latter appears to be the most common choice, at least nowadays.  In this case credits tend to be given in the language of the person or company being credited. Japanese nationals will be credited in Japanese, Korean folks in Korean, Filipinos (and other countries using Latin alphabet) in English, etc. I'm not sure about Chinese folks, because I haven't learned to tell the difference between Chinese, and Japanese with a lot of kanji. If a Thai graphics studio worked on the CGI, their credits might well be given in Thai. Anyway, frequently one sees multiple languages on one page of credits.
Is there a style for giving credits that is developing over time, or are they portrayed however the individual studio (or licensee) feels at the time?

My opinion is that from what country the studio originates from has that language, and let us say a Japinese movie is going to be dubbed. Well, they aren't going to redo everything or it wouldn't be the same... So they change the voices and the ending maybe because of the intro. If it stays in the Japanese language, maybe it shows where it originates and they add the subtitles so some viewers know what the song is saying.


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Anime Strike just got absorbed into Amazon Prime. What high profile series just opened up there?
I just learned that Anime Strike just got absorbed into Amazon Prime! I just watched the first episode of Made in Abyss. For Amazon Prime members like me, who were too stubborn to pay extra for Anime Strike, what series which were not available on other streaming services are now available?
Note that I live in the USA and subscribe to Crunchyroll and Funimation.

Could you be more specific on "other streaming services"? Is it US-only, or..? Otherwise, I think it's too broad (My first impression is global including Japan). Also, is the question only about what addition comes from Anime Strike (as per title), or also comparing other streaming sites (as per question body)?

Yes, USA.  I live in the US and subscribe to both Crunchyroll and Funimation. Also, I don't know outside the USA what Amazon Prime Video makes available. For me, though, my Amazon Prime subscription just became a lot more valuable.

I think you have to mention that info on the question. Crunchyroll's contents depend on the country, and Funimation is not available in my country.

Decided to search again. The first time I searched on their site with "prime video anime", there were 400 result pages.  I just searched again, and it is giving me 20 pages of "most relevant results". Here are some series that stuck out for me:

Land of the Lustrous
Re:CREATORS
Welcome to the Ballroom
Dive!!
The Great Passage
Made in Abyss (retyped here so they in one spot)

These are recent series I don't remember being available on Crunchyroll or Funimation in the USA.
// 6 Jan 18
A new YouTube video posted today which includes mention of a lot of good Amazon Prime titles, even ones not super-recent.  See Ding-Dong! Anime Strike is Dead. What Now?


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Hilarious, but is it a "burger"?
The team is eating breakfast at cycling camp in Yowamush Pedal episode 13, beginning at about time mark 2:45. We see the MC Onoda eating:

One of his third year senpai, Tadokoro, sees this, and isn't having it:

Hey now! What are you eating?!
  Is that a snack? It's so little!
  You have to eat more!
  You'll drop out after the second day!
  I'll share my Tadokoro Bakery Tadokoro Special Burger with you.

[A Tadokoro Bakery food truck had just been shown. I don't know if it is related to the character's family.]
Don't hold back. Eat.
  (Onoda): There's no way!

In addition to the over-the-top (I assume) hilarity , the word burger stood out. Is that a poor translation of the Japanese word for sandwich? Or maybe they are the same word in Japanese? (There is a long-running (since 1930) American comic strip named Blondie, and her husband is named Dagwood. Since he loves huge, multi-layered sandwiches such as these, they were known as Dagwood sandwiches. I'm not sure that term is still known generally, though.)
The scene takes place during the second day of their camp. Each team member must ride 1000 km over the course of four days. I realize they will be burning calories like crazy, but -- geez!

They're not the same word; Japanese has borrowed the English words for these, so "sandwich" is sandoitchi and "burger" is baagaa or hambaagaa. If you watch the scene again you can try to listen for one of these words, but as far as I know, that's a sandwich in Japanese just like it is in English.

But really, what is the difference between a burger and a sandwich? One uses a round bun, while the other uses square slices of loaf bread, but they're pretty much the same thing. (In any case, Tadokoro does in fact say バーガー baagaa, which, as Torisuda points out, is separate from サンドイッチ sandoicchi.)

@senshin I agree that the two words overlap, and if one listens to staff at burger places, they often refer to what they made as a "sandwich". But in the USA, the broad connotation of a burger is very specific -- a hot, cooked piece of meat (usually ground beef, but could even be chicken or a "veggie patty") on a round bun with various vegetables and/or condiments. I'd never think to call what was shown a burger. From Torisuda's comment, I'll assume it would not be common in Japan either. So perhaps his usage of baagaa is some form of intentional wordplay -- understatement perhaps?

I feel like this is a question for [cooking.se]

I can't really answer this, but anecdotally, there's a game Burger Burger in Japanese where you are working as a manager of burger chain. One of the feature is to create your own burger with available ingredients, and one of its component is the bun. The bun itself has choices from: plain round bun, rice bun, muffin, melon bun (which is not from melon), sesame bun, and square sliced bread (sandwich).

So, yes, it's complicated, but even more complicated in Japan where the term burger is not originated from there. But one certain thing, it's not a wordplay at all.

@AkiTanaka I responded in "answer" form because it includes a picture.  Thank you for the links.

I don't know the creators' intentions, so it may be have been a mistranslation. But two of the claimants of the invention of a hamburger served the patty between two slices of bread. In the last hundred years, the meaning of "burger" may have changed to exclude preparations made with sliced bread, except for the fact that the descendants of one of the original inventors still serve it that way, and still call it a "burger".

To quote from http://louislunch.com/menu/,

The birthplace of the hamburger sandwich, Louis’ Lunch is a family-owned restaurant located in the heart of New Haven, CT. Currently run by the 4th generation, our restaurant has been satisfying customers’ hearty appetites since 1895. We have served customers from across the U.S. and are proud to be recognized by The Travel Channel, The Food Network, and many other television and print organizations.
Louis’ Lunch is committed to serving a classic hamburger that is hand-rolled from a proprietary blend of five cuts of meat, ground fresh daily. All of our burgers are cooked to order in the original cast-iron grills dating back to 1898. We want you to experience the meat’s true flavor, so we serve it on white toast with only cheese, onion, and tomato as garnishes. [emphasis mine]

In conclusion, their usage of the word "burger" may get them funny looks by most people. But historically, people may not have found their usage odd. And there are still people around who would serve (and accept) sliced bread for burgers.

Thank you.  I've see Louis' Lunch on Food Network, and one day I'd love to try one of their burgers. I certainly don't argue with their name for that food! Another good example would be from my own childhood. There were 5 kids, and on at least 2 occasions we ran out of buns during a meal of hamburgers. After that, the patty was placed on bread slices, and none of us would have thought that it was not a burger because of the shape of the bread. Still, a huge, multi-layer "dagwood sandwich" is not something most Americans would refer to as a "burger", IMO.

(This "answer" is technically a reply to a comment, but it includes a picture.)

But one certain thing, it's not a wordplay at all.  – Aki Tanaka

I can accept that the word burger in itself may not be wordplay. That may well have snuck in due to the overlap in meaning between sandwich and hamburger. But let's compare the anime scene to the same panel from the manga by Wataru Watanabe:

(acquired from this Wikia page; I love this panel because the rye bread is called out, as well as Onoda's final line, And the banana's sticking out!!)
Compare Tadokoro's description:

(manga) Tadokoro Deluxe Special Burger
(anime) Tadokoro Bakery Tadokoro Special Burger

Why did the anime add the extra complexity? I have listened to that part several times; My non-Japanese ears do not hear anything special, such as rhyme or tongue twister. If it were that, a commenter would have likely mentioned it. But I believe there is a reason the anime intentionally repeated "Tadokoro". The only reason I can think of for doing so is some sort of wordplay in those five words.
Theory (added 16:45 10feb17): There is subtle wordplay. It involves both Tadokoro and burger. Most Japanese are well aware that their pronunciation of the latter ("baagaa") lacks the r sound from the original English. Yet here is a guy whose surname actually contains an r sound -- I can hear it in the anime. The two Tadokoros supply the rs missing from baagaa. ... I'm not saying this theory is likely or even broadly funny, but it is what my subconscious came up with. It is a subtle joke of the ear, mind, and context, which may be why the animators could add it to a scene which was already really funny.


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Why is Smith's wall clock open at night?
Episode 13 of March Comes in Like a Lion includes an extended sequence focused on the side character named "Smith". At around time mark 4:20 we see him get up in the morning and go through some of his morning ritual. One of the things he does is close the door on the face of his wall clock.

Does anyone know why the door is even open? I saw no context concerning this. He gets out of bed and closes the clock door -- that's it, apparently very routine. Is leaving a wall clock door open something that a Japanese person could relate to? His morning routine is quirky and a bit funny. Maybe this is just part of Smith's own quirkiness.
This may or may not be significant -- I did not fully understand what they were saying, but I've read two comments to YouTube reviews of this series that implied that the sequence of him eating breakfast was a parody from an old Japanese series. (They didn't say live action or anime.) They only referred to the breakfast-eating, which occurred after, and did not mention anything about a clock.
/edit add 2 hours after original post
I just watched episode 14, and then a review of it. The reviewer provided a link to a 2-minute side-by-side comparison of Smith's breakfast and the live action drama it was parodying. It was funny and included the original guy getting up and closing the face of his wall clock. My question doesn't go away, though. Is there something Japanese people can relate to in getting out of bed and shutting the door of your wall clock?
If it matters, the original drama is called Kizu darake no tenshi (1974). The music in the video switches from the drama to the anime and back. A speaker symbol will be below the source of the music currently playing.


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Is this end card fan drawn, or from the manga or anime?
Episode 4 of All Out!! closes with the following end card, on screen for 10 seconds beginning @23:50

It appears to be a signed image, and my assumption is that neither the mangaka nor the animation staff drew it. This looks like fan art to me, something they might have found at Deviant Art and got permission to use.
I know the high school rugby players of the series tend to be very muscular in the body-building sense. This drawing, though, seems to overdo it.  Their pecs are more reminiscent of a women's breasts than male anatomy. In the other sports anime I have seen, Haikyuu!, Free!, and Yuri on Ice, the athletes are well-developed, but lither. I can't tell if this image was drawn by a muscle fetishist or just someone who had not yet mastered anatomy.
Checking episodes 1-3, I see they all also have 10-second end cards, drawn in a different style than the anime. The episode 1 end card is another grey-scale image signed by the same person. The pecs are not as exaggerated, though. (I assume that Japanese text is a signature -- for all I know, it says, "Hi, mom!"  )
Does anyone know if these end cards are amateur works, draft images done by the animation staff, or by the mangaka? I like them; they give extra personality to the series. I'm curious because I don't remember seeing this sort of thing before.

FWIW, it's called "end card", and the Japanese text says 神高 (JinKou), the name of the (school) team. Regarding the real question itself, usually they are not done by their own animation staff nor mangaka. However, they might not be done by amateurs at all. Example from Monogatari Series shows they were done by artists from School Rumble, Fairy Tail, ∀Gundam, FLCL, etc...

@AkiTanaka thanks!  I edited the question, replacing "plate" with "end card". The Monogatari examples were cool. It sounds like the artists might be doing end cards for other series as a recreation.  Fans, but professional ones.

I just watched the first episode dubbed at Funimation.  I was surprised to see that they had eliminated the end card, and the episode is shorter, 23"41".  The Crunchyroll episodes are exactly 24 minutes, and the final 10 seconds of every episode is the end card. There is another card, too, also eliminated by Funimation. I'll call it the "after first commercial" (AFC) card.  In Japan there must be a commercial after the OP. When the episode restarts, an AFC card shows for about 9 seconds. This one is in the style of the anime. Those 2 cards account for the missing 19 secs. of a dubbed episode.


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Is "The Best Meat Buns" a double entendre in Japanese?
Here is a shot from Baby Steps, episode 20 at time mark 16:46:

I think "The Best Meat Buns" is the English translation of the sign Nat-chan is wearing on her back. She is considered one of the prettiest and most popular girls in her high school. She is wearing a maid-cafe outfit for the cultural festival, and her group is selling meat buns. In English the sign is an obvious double entendre. What is the literal translation of the sign? Would Japanese folks see it as a double entendre too?  (Maybe in Japan, "buns" just means buns.)
I think if it is a Japanese double entendre, Nat-chan would be in on the joke. She is not portrayed as just a clueless girl.

It's not really a double entendre, other than in the sense that if you try hard enough, anything can double your entendre. 肉まん nikuman is just a particular type of meat-filled dumpling; １番 ichiban just means "number one" or "the best".

@senshin From your translation, it sounds like Japanese folks would interpret the sign with no extra connotation than "really good meat-filled dumpling". // Maybe I'm just the classic "dirty old man".  If so, I was a dirty young man as well.  Buns has had the connotation of ass-cheeks since I was about 7.  I probably started seeing "meat" used with an extra connotation when I was about 20.  I'm not alone in the double entendre interpretation, though -- a Google search found several forum posts giggling at her sign.

You might be overthinking this.
Remember that this is at a cultural festival. Natsu with the ad on her back, wearing a China dress, is more likely out there to be a poster girl of sorts to advertise her class's themed cafe,inside the building.
If a double entendre was intended it would make more sense to put the ad on the front versus the back, below the actual goods. Even if this were true, why advertise the class when the advertised product is right there?

That is definitely possible -- I'm good at that! // Hmm, IIRC there used to be another answer to this question which showed that, if there is an association in Japan, it is with meat buns and breasts, not ass-cheeks. This is in-line with your answer, in suggesting that a double entendre would have moved the sign to her front. But in my frame of reference, the sign is near her, um, buns. // Bottom-line, I agree with you and @senshin and the mystery answerer -- there is no double entendre intended.


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Is Tanaka's high school more fancy than most in Japan?
The main setting of Tanaka-kun Is Always Listless appears to me to be extraordinarily fancy, at least by my American experience of going to high school in Wisconsin.
Outside:

Do those poles along the building support a net, maybe to protect windows from stray balls? The surrounding area is beautiful, with a rural forested feel and located near a river.
Inside:

It appears as if one end is open, and there are other shots of small patios upstairs. Apparently they do not air condition the middle area -- it is sort of a breezeway, albeit with one end partially closed off.  I am impressed by the sunroof, the middle downstairs area which appears to be some sort of courtyard or atrium, and the upstairs walkway which reminds me more of an indoor shopping mall than a high school. I don't remember other anime where the high school itself was so interesting.
Wow, a Google search for Japanese high school architecture starts off with 5 more affluent-looking schools.  Maybe the word architecture tuned the search for high end samples. It gets even more impressive if you click over to Images. This ain't Wisconsin.

I've always gotten the impression that the Japanese government spends a lot more money on schools than the US government does. It's also apparently common for parents to send their children to expensive private middle schools and high schools.

In the USA school spending in most states is supported locally.  So some schools can barely afford books for the students, while others can give each student a computer.  I'm sure we have some very fancy public schools, but the current political anti-tax climate is probably starting to strangle even affluent districts.

The school in Tanaka-kun is heavily modelled after Motomachi High School in Hiroshima, which is just about as fancy. You can find pictures of it by searching for "広島市立基町高等学校". Google Maps has Street View around it as well. Hiroshima Castle (not the original; a replica was built after the atomic bombing) is just across a moat from Motomachi HS.

It's worth noting that the adult:child ratio is high and growing faster in Japan than probably anywhere else, which (combined with Japan being one of the wealthiest nations in the world) I would imagine means relatively more tax dollars for education per child in Japan than in most places. (And if you think you've seen impressive anime schools, wait 'till you watch Madoka or Bakemonogatari!)

@senshin thank you for the link and info!  From an image there, one can see that the ground floor hall is an actual atrium.  The building also appears to have 2.5 or even 3 stories, with a basement or half-basement. The page also has a poster for their upcoming cultural festival.

If you've seen the film "Your Name" (Kimi no Na wa), Taki's high school is also modelled on the Hiroshima Motomachi HS, despite it being located in Tokyo.

@ConMan I have not seen Your Name yet, but I look forward to it.  The film has only been shown for 1 week in 1 or 2 USA theaters.  It is expected to get wide release later this year.  That aside, it is cool that people other than me think this high school is worth recognizing.

@RichF It's such a distinctive school (even with a slightly different colour palette) that after I saw the film I did some detective work to confirm that they were the same. (It's been running in Australia in most capital cities for two months now.)


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Do the episode titles in Kado mean anything?
The currently running series, Kado: The Right Answer, has short, untranslated, episode titles. I can only understand some of them. What do they mean in Japanese, if anything? (Names taken from Wikipedia article.)
0: "Ninovo" (ニノヴォ)
1:  "Yaha-kui zaShunina" (ヤハクィザシュニナ) -- name of protagonist alien/god/whatever
2: "Novo" (ノヴォ)
3: "Wam" "Wamu" (ワム) -- name of infinite energy source
4: "Rotowa" (ロトワ)
5: "Nanoka" (ナノカ)
6: "Tetrok" "Tetoroku" (テトロク)
6.5: "Ekwari" "Ekuwari" (エクワリ)
7: "Sansa" (サンサ) -- name of device that removes need to sleep
8: "Talnel" "Taruneru" (タルネル)
I also don't understand why some of the titles have two Romanized forms.

I haven't seen any of Kado other than the "prequel" episode, but the reason that some of the titles seem to have two romanised forms is probably because of limits to how words can be written with katakana. A short version, based on my extremely limited understanding of Japanese phonology: other than the final N, Japanese requires that syllables end with vowels, although the sounds /u/ and /i/ can be "dropped" in certain circumstances. Similarly, katakana transcriptions of syllables with the L sound will use katakana that gets romanised with an R (hence the ep. 8 romanisation).

Yaha-kui mentioned the word "Novo" early on (in episode 2 or 3), though I don't believe we've gotten a full explanation of what it actually is. None of them mean anything in Japanese; I assume they are all anisotropic concepts that Yaha-kui is going to explain at some point.

@senshin I was thinking that was a possibility, and you are likely correct. What made me consider it less likely was that the recap episode 6.5 also has such a name. Would a recap have a new concept? I guess for a series designed to make us think, it's working.

Most of the titles are words native to the Anisotropic Language. Often you can infer their meanings from the contexts of the episodes, though this is speculation for any unconfirmed.
But this also means there is no translation of the Japanese.
One is the "official english" style title, and the romanized form comes from the fact that they are written with Kana - which is often used for borrowed language AKA words that aren't inherently Japanese, so that the Japanese know how to say them.
Borrowed language isn't translated, only romanized as the kana tells the japanese how to say something in the language it's written. (Such as when kana reads "SUTORI" it's them using the English word "Story".)
There is only one episode where you could actually use the Kana, write it in hiragana/kanji and it would have meaning. And that was Episode 10's towanosakiwa (written in Japanese you would get 永久の先は which is actually rather abstract still, meaning either Eternity's Future, OR, Eternity's Past). This could also be a sign of zaShunina's progressively becoming more human state, that the choice of word though still written as though borrowed from the anisotropic still holds meaning in Japanese.
Not all episodes were given direct definitions.
Episode 2 zaShunina explains "Novo" is the name of where he comes from (but he translates it to iho/Anisotropic for the Japanese to understand).
Episode 4's Rotowa is assumed to be the "resolve" that zaShunina needed from the Japanese populous and Prime Minister.
Episode 12's Yukika title is, like Episode 1, the name of a character.
I'm hoping a more definitive explanation for each Anisotropic word will be given, perhaps in an interview or official merchandise/information in the future.
But for now all that can be taken from them is the suspected meanings.

Episode 0: Ninovo - From Novo
Episode 1: Yaha-kui zaShunina - Name of a character
Episode 2: Novo - the anisotropic word for the anisotropic
Episode 3: Wam - a device from the anisotropic
Episode 4: Rotowa - resolve
Episode 5: Nanoka - could be related to the beginning of the
"revolution"
Episode 6: Tetrok - related to Kado's movement/placement/location
Episode 6.5: Ekwari - related to recall/recap/memory
Episode 7: Sansa - a device from the anisotropic
Episode 8: Talnel - perhaps evolution-related
Episode 9: Nanomis-hein - a device from the anisotropic
Episode 10: Towanosakiwa - Eternity's Past / Eternity's Future
Episode 11: Wanoraru - Wandering (in a figuratively lost sense)
Episode 12: Yukika - Name of a character


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Is there a reason that the opening premise of DAIMA is the same as GT?
As I watched Dragon Ball DAIMA, the premise was very familiar.  "Evil guy turns Goku into a kid."  DAIMA goes a bit beyond that, de-aging the entire Dragon Ball crew.  But it still seemed odd that they would repeat the same plot device.  I know GT was not canon, so maybe the author wanted to show, "if you are going to do that, here's how it's done, son." ?

Probably they made the characters too powerful so they have to de-power them because they wouldnt have anything else to destroy. In the Buu saga they were already able to tear apart our dimension. In the Super Saga they had to fight in an arena built with the hardest material in the universe yet they still destroy it


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Why is "-the Maxim-" in the title?
I suspect there may be a Your Lie in April title spoiler situation here, or quite possibly I'm just dense. I'm on episode 10 of Parasyte -the Maxim- and I have been wondering the whole time what the title means.  At a guess, it could involve how episode 1 starts and ends.

start: Someone on Earth had a sudden thought.
end: Someone on Earth had a sudden thought. "Life must be protected."

(The end quote appears at time mark 20:40.) The Google dictionary defines maxim as "a short, pithy statement expressing a general truth or rule of conduct".  So is that the maxim, Life must be protected.? If so, there will probably be a further reveal late in the series. Or am I way off base?
If the actual answer is a spoiler, please put it in a spoiler block. I'll hold off reading that part until finishing the series.

I believe you are right on the mark that the maxim is "Life must be protected."
From what I remember, the theme is pretty consistent throughout the entire series, but the overarching idea tied to the maxim is that all life is valuable, regardless of species.
It's a bit philosophical for an anime about aliens that hijack human bodies and blend in so they can eat other humans while no one is looking, but bear with me.

One way that the series plays into this maxim is by seemingly asking "Who is really a monster?", as in "Who really deserves to live/die?"

After the initial brutality of the Parasites, some of them start to realize that the best way to continue their existence is to co-exist with the humans. However, most humans oppose this idea completely, due to first impressions and not-so-peaceful Parasites. This idea comes to a climax in episode 21 where the presumed Parasite mayoral candidate Hirokawa condemns humans for not being able to live alongside Parasites and is shot to death. Only after this is it revealed that Hirokawa was fully human the entire time.

Another scene that depicts Parasites as not complete monsters is in Episode 18,

when Reiko sacrifices herself to save her son.

The other way that this maxim is used throughout the series is the idea of survival.
That is, the Parasites simply seek to survive, and

as mentioned above, seek to cooperate with humans, though they are rejected entirely and effectively forced into hiding, lest they be hunted, as seen in Episodes 19-20.

Thank you for the answer and especially the spoiler blocks.  I haven't peeked!  I think there may have been a hint in episode 10 (?) too.  It involved a conversation between Reiko and some boss parasite guy.  I won't say what it was because I don't think we can use spoiler blocks in comments.

@RichF yeah, comments don't allow a lot of the markup that you can use in answers, so good call there. It's been a while since I've watched Parasyte, honestly. I had to re-read up on a bunch of the plot to write this answer, but life is a very prevalent theme throughout the show. Hopefully, once you're finished with the show, you can look back at this answer and agree with what I've said! :-)

Just finished the series; it is really good.  I have also read your spoilers now, allowing me to mark this answer as the one I accept.  Of course right now it is the only answer, but it is a good one!

I remember in the series there was a bit where Migi shows his new dividing ability that he has learned to use. He says that because each new entity will contain a fraction of the thinking power of the original, he gives a simple maxim to each 'come together as one'. Not sure if its the right answer tho.
I like the 'life must be protected' idea Vemonus posted, that is a good answer.


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Was "defenestrated" simply a literal translation, or part of a bigger concept or joke?
WorldEnd: What Are You Doing at the End of the World? Will You Save Us? (aka Shūmatsu Nani Shitemasu ka? Isogashii Desu ka? Sukutte Moratte Ii Desu ka? (終末なにしてますか? 忙しいですか? 救ってもらっていいですか?), commonly called SukaSuka) is a currently airing anime of Spring 2017. It should be obvious from the title that the author is very particular and non-traditional with their word usage. As strange as it sounds, the title of the series fits excellently. The English sub translation has flowed very well.
However something in episode 8 struck me as odd at time mark 14:00 (if watch, start 30 seconds earlier for context).  Willem, the main character is speaking with Chtholly, who is in love with him. He is defending himself from light jealousy. When she counters an argument of his with an alternative case, he says with wit and resignation:

Defenestrated in two seconds flat.

I did not know what "defenstrated" meant (basically, in this context, he acknowledges she has completely dismissed his argument and admits defeat.) It is not often I need to look up a word while watching anime, and on top of that figure out how that word fits the situation.
What I wonder now is if the translator used "defenestrated" as simply a literal translation of a Japanese word, without any real thought.  My suspicion is the opposite, that this is a contextual translation which would probably seem just as odd (and as oddly appropriate) in Japanese as it does in English. What kind of translation was it, and does it carry the Japanese intent well?
Update
HotelCalifornia (HC) further researched this question, and it turns out my original interpretation of "Defenestrated in two seconds flat." was incorrect. I had assumed the meaning to be [My argument was dismissed in two seconds flat.] As HC learned in the Japanese SE, a much better meaning uses a different subject and adds an object (both absent in the literal Japanese as well). So a translation that better fits conversation flow is:

I would have thrown Nygglatho out the window in two seconds.

(Nygglatho is the attractive female adult leader of the "warehouse", and Chtholly had just asked what Willem would have done if she had crept onto the couch where he was sleeping, instead of the teenage female who had actually done so.) So the primary meaning for defenestrated was the proper one, not the figurative meaning of dismiss.

After listening to the exchange a number of times, it sounds to me as if he is saying

「2[秒]{びょう}[以内]{いない}に[窓]{まど}から[捨]{す}ててるな。」
Ni byō inai ni mado kara suteteru na.

To break it down:

Ni byō: two seconds
mado kara suteteru: throwing out from/through a window

(the rest of the sentence is mostly structure, and immaterial to this answer)
My translation of the line would be something along the lines of:

[My argument] didn't last for two seconds before being thrown out [a window].

In other words, the translation (though the word choice may have been odd) was a literal translation, while also carrying some of the Japanese intent.
Update:
I asked about it on the Japanese SE, and have determined two things:

I misinterpreted the subject of the phrase- rather than his argument being dismissed, he is referring to what he would do "if it was Nygglatho" (namely, throwing her out the window). This applies to Crunchyroll's English translation as well.
The phrase 「窓から投げ捨てる」 (to abandon by throwing [something] out through a window) is a slangy phrase usually used to tell someone what they can do with an inferior product (akin to the English phrase "shove it up your ass." So, the Japanese phrase is figurative in a different way than the direct English translation.

An updated translation could be

[Nygglatho? I'd] throw her out the window in two seconds.

Cool, thank you! It is interesting that both Japanese and English would use the concept of "throwing out a window" in the same figurative meaning as "dismiss" or "ignore". There are many other concepts which could be used, such a "thrown out a door", "fed to rats", or "written with no ink". Yet both languages settled on the window thing.

Yeah, that is interesting. I'm still puzzling over it, in fact- I can't imagine that using that phrase figuratively is all that common in Japanese. Doing a sentence search on jisho.org didn't result in any similar uses of まど and 捨てる that I could tell, and a Google search yielded a few examples of throwing things out of windows, and one possibly figurative use. Could be an interesting question for http://japanese.stackexchange.com

I'm glad you pursued this in the Japanese SE.  I'll correct my original question.

FWIW, for anyone reading this in the future, the "slangy" use is (or used to be) common in English too (and often about ideas rather than physical products - I have always used the phrase "[Well, ] that's that one out the window then" to mean "I see that [argument, plan, idea] has been dismissed already, then" if it got a lukewarm response, or further information revealed that the idea "wouldn't fly").

@WillCrawford i'm not familiar with that use of "that one out the window"---perhaps a regional/dialect-specific idiom?

@HotelCalifornia possibly a bit on the Northern side: here, here and here.

To "defenestrate" is the act of throwing somebody out the window. Maybe what he was saying was that an idea or an argument by him was shot down very quickly by the girl. I have not watched it yet, but from what you said, it may be that he is saying that anything he said was not cared for and simply "thrown out the window" very quickly. It is rather a literal translation but I think it might actually have been on purpose to show that his argument was ignored completely.

I don't quite follow you. I understood that "thrown out the window" is the primary meaning in English. I also agree with your characterization of what the intended meaning is. Where I get lost is you saying it is a "literal translation" contrasted with you also saying you haven't watched it yet. That implies to me that you have not heard the Japanese, so what exactly do you mean by "literal translation"? It won't surprise me if Japanese actually used word(s) that literally mean "thrown out the window", but is that what you are saying?

Well, a lot of subbed videos have the literal translation where the vocabulary may not exactly fit with the meaning. Others are translated based on the meaning. The term "defenestrated" here is a bit weird because "defenestrated" is supposed to be for people- not something intangible like ideas. So the character may want to say that the idea was thrown out the window but the literal translation was "defenestrate".


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Cost of 'Original' vs Adapted Anime
Does anime that isn't from a manga or light novel cost more to make than adapted anime? If so, why do they make original anime if studios only want anime that makes money?

If anything, anime adapted from a manga, light novel, or visual novel should cost more to make because there would be costs associated with working with the owners of the original. But make no mistake, studios do only want to release anime that make money.
Why are so many anime based on existing properties?
The focus on anime based on existing properties is not about production cost; it's about risk management.
Whenever you're selling creative work to a mass market, you're taking a huge risk that it won't catch on and you won't make back what you spent on it. If you're selling cola or toilet paper or office furniture, it's relatively easy to do some research, figure out what consumers want, and make that. It's well understood what consumers want out of these products, and you can distill your consumers into a small number of profiles that you can serve by a line with two or three varieties of your product.
But this is much harder when it comes to creative work. You can get together a focus group and give them surveys on what they like about Naruto, One Piece, and Dragon Ball Z, and then try to make an anime series based on that knowledge, but it will fail. Audiences can tell when you're making a creative work based on market research, and they will hate you for it. Well, to be fair, this isn't always true. You can sometimes get away with cloning an existing series, especially with properties aimed at children. It always boggled my mind that Beyblade became so popular when it was such a transparent knock-off of Pokemon, Digimon, Yu-gi-oh, and Monster Rancher. But you can only get away with this for so long; children will grow up, and even the least discerning audience will notice after your third clone of Naruto that you're just repeating yourself. Audiences want certain comfortable tropes to stay in place, but they also want a certain amount of novelty. And no focus group will ever lead you to true originality.
But originality is risky; there's always the chance that audiences won't respond, and your sales will suffer. As one example, consider the two concurrent yonkoma manga of Satoko Kiyuzuki, Shoulder-a-Coffin Kuro and GA Geijutsuka Art Design Class. Both are seinen yonkoma series that started in 2004, which means they were expected to be schoolgirl moe slice of life cuteness. GA is; it's a conventional moe yonkoma about five high school girls having fun at art school. Kuro is not; it's a dark fairy tale with only the lightest of moe elements. Guess which of these two got an anime adaptation?
However, if Kuro had turned out to be a massive breakout success, I'm sure it would have gotten an anime adaptation, because that's why so many anime are based on existing properties: the anime studios let sales of the original work tell them what kind of potential an anime based on the property has, and if the numbers tell the right story, they'll pull the trigger on an adaptation. This is why there are anime based on Oreimo, Oregairu, and One Piece, but none based on The Circumstances Leading to Waltraute's Marriage, The Zashiki-Warashi of Intellectual Village, Guru Guru Pon-chan, or Enmusu (despite the first two being written by A Certain Adjective Noun series author Kazuma Kamachi).
Why are original anime still made if they're so risky?
A lot of us older fans like to focus on the business side of anime, because younger fans tend not to understand how much the business side influences the creative side. They tend to think that anime is always made with the creative impulse at heart and the creative people are in charge, and thus struggle to understand why certain artistic failures happen. I definitely thought this way when I was a younger fan.
But while there is a cutthroat business side to anime, and there is a lot of cynical, money grubbing behavior in the industry, the creators do still have some control, and sometimes, after they go out and rake in the cash for the studio with stuff based on existing properties, they want to exercise their creative muscles a little. Take Cowboy Bebop: if you believe director Shinichiro Watanabe, he was pretty much given free rein to do whatever he wanted with it after the toy companies pulled out, and he made something experimental and original which wasn't a massive financial success, but is beloved by fans. Bandai Visual trusted Watanabe to deliver based on the strength of his premise and his previous successes with Macross Plus and Mobile Suit Gundam 0083: Stardust Memory. Madoka? Similar story: director Akiyuki Shinbo, who had just recently finished reaffirming his value to Shaft with Hidamari Sketch and Bakemonogatari, pitched his plan for a new magical girl series to producer Atsuhiro Iwakami, who trusted Shinbo enough that he consciously decided to let Shinbo build his own original work instead of tethering it to an existing property. Iwakami himself says that after helping assemble the team of Shinbo, writer Gen Urobuchi, and character designer Ume Aoki, he purposely stood back and let the creative people work:

ANN: At the Q&A you also mentioned that you had asked Urobuchi specifically to write something "heavy." How much guidance do you offer on the creation process?
AI [Iwakami]: I was the one who said "let's do a show using these creative talents." But after that I don't matter much; it's up to those talents to do their work. If something comes to a stand-still I might intervene, but they did an excellent job and I was very happy seeing the results in episode one. When I saw the character designs that Aoki did, it was exactly what I was hoping for, so everything was in the hands of the creative team.
From Anime News Network

Original anime are riskier to make because there's always a chance they won't catch on with audiences and the studio won't make its money back. But they can also pay off in a huge way. If every single anime that comes out is based on an existing story, there are people who will stop watching anime altogether; they'll either read the original work instead, or they'll move on to an entirely different medium where originality is more prized.

Great answer, I see a lot of animators complaining about anime being too formulaic, so there is a bit of struggle between those who draw and those who manage

@ToshinouKyouko Yeah, it seems like recently, the decision makers in the anime industry have become insanely risk averse. It's kind of sad; it's always been an innovative medium, but I don't think that innovation is being allowed to filter through to audiences anymore because studios think they're one bad show from total ruination. I've been doing a lot more Western films and comic books these days because it's easier to find stuff that's emotionally truthful.

There shouldn't be much difference in budget for anime aired in the small hours (~$3M for 1-cour anime) and it's not that adapted anime always makes more money than original anime. I guess adapted anime can gather money from investors more easily.


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English, Hepburn, English, Hepburn, alternating in OP and ED. Why?
The anime series Big Windup has a full English dub, and it does it does something interesting with its openings and endings. (I just checked, and the same thing occurs in the sub.) By "full dub", I mean even the credits are translated. The interesting thing is that in odd episodes, the opening and ending songs are shown in English subtitles. However, even episodes show the song text in Hepburn (Japanese with Latin characters). At least I think it is an odd:even pattern; I'm only on episode 5.
I can think of a sort of practical reason to do this.  For English speakers who want to know what the songs mean, they see that in the odd episodes.  For English speakers who would like to sing along, they can do so in the even episodes. Is that the reason, or is something else going on? Have other series done this?
----- added next day -----
I completed season 1, and have begun season 2.  It isn't on Funimation, though, but it legally streams on YouTube on Nozomi Entertainment's channel (Japanese dub with English sub). They continued the subbing of opening and ending songs.  This time, though, both the English and Hepburn text are displayed each episode. (Nozomi licensed season 2, Funimation season 1.)

I suspect the reason is just what you've suggested - so that English speakers can both sing-along and understand what the lyrics mean. I recall that the dub of Martian Successor Nadesico that I watched 15-ish years ago did the same thing for its OP (maybe also the ED, but I don't remember).

IIRC this also happens in the Funimation YouTube upload of Noir. It's also available now on Crunchyroll, and there they only use English subtitles during the OP/ED.

@senshin Our thinking is pretty much confirmed in Season 2.  See addition to question. If they are going to do it, do it all out! (oops, wrong sports anime  )

This isn't unheard of and this is actually an older tactic than you may think.  Funimation's dub of Outlaw Star, for example, does the same thing has in the past done the same thing with its opening and ending songs, alternating between English and Hepburn.
For whatever reason, the dub on their site for free users no longer alternates.  Some older DVD releases do, though.
You surmise correctly in that this helps the English speakers follow along with the song, and understand the meaning of the lyrics, too.  The Hepburn addition allows non-native Japanese speakers to at least get a feel for how the words are pronounced.


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"I'm going to mess with her." -- but what did she do?
Near the end of episode 1 of Tsukigakirei, beginning around @21:45, we see Akane and her sister in their room. Akane gets a text from Azumi as her sister is doing something with her own smartphone. Her sister gets up, sees the text and teases Akane, asking if that is her boyfriend. This slightly embarrasses Akane. When her sister leaves the room, Akane picks up her sister's smartphone.  She says to herself, "I'm going to mess with her." At that point she presses something multiple times.  The smartphone is on, but it appears no app is active. So what did Akane do?
BTW, I'm sure there was nothing malicious involved. It was just two sisters being playful.
I checked the next episode, but there is no clarification. Maybe I'm just clueless about Japanese smartphone usage. The common communication app they all use appears to be LINE.  It is a real app, very popular in Japan.  It combines texting, telephony, and instant messaging (over the Internet, not telephone lines). We didn't see if this is what her sister was using before she left, but that would be my best guess.  Yet how would one mess with it without it being open and active?

Her sister's phone appears to be a recent-model iPhone. Pressing the Home button and the Sleep/Wake button simultaneously is how you take a screenshot.
So she now has a bunch of photos of her lock screen taking up space on her phone. Take that, Akane's sister!


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Why would a studio intentionally mistranslate the title of "Toilet-Bound Hanako-kun"?
A new anime started this week called, in English, Toilet-Bound Hanako-kun. I thought the first episode was pretty good, but the title was kind of a turn off.  If I hadn't seen reviews saying it was good, I probably would have skipped it due to the title alone.
Later I found out the title is actually mistranslated.  It should be "Earth-bound" not "toilet-bound".  Yes, the ghost being contacted at a certain toilet stall is part of his backstory, but that is a relatively minor point that didn't need to be in the title, especially if they have to mistranslate it to do so.
Why would the translators of both the manga and anime do this?

i think it might have something to do with the Japanese Urban Legend of Hanako-san who is a spirit who haunts school bathrooms. atleast when i saw "Toilet-Bound" and "Hanako" i right away thought of Hanako-san

@Memor-X You are correct, but that urban legend is little known in the West.  Throwing the word "toilet" in the title does not inform us that this story is based on that legend.  It just implies bodily functions that a large number of folks would not want in their entertainment.

@AkiTanaka I'm not questioning their motives or ethics, just their understanding of western (or at least North American) culture.  Plus, calling him "toilet-bound" is incorrect because we see him follow Yashiro around the school.  "Toilet based" would be factually correct, but still a mistranslation.

While translating 地縛 (jibaku) literally means "earthbound" (land + bind), the 地縛 in the official Japanese title 地縛少年花子くん refers to 地縛霊 (jibakurei), which means "ghost bound to a specific physical location (usu. where death occurred)".
The definition of 地縛霊 from Daijisen (a general-purpose Japanese dictionary) used by Japanese Wikipedia is

自分が死んだことを受け入れられなかったり、自分が死んだことを理解できなかったりして、死亡した時にいた土地や建物などから離れずにいるとされる霊のこと。
A ghost whose exists on a place (e.g. a land, building, etc.) at the time of their death and cannot wander off from there because they do not accept their death or understand why they died.
(Emphasis mine)

As an aside, the English term is "residual haunting" or Stone Tape.
The Japanese title replaced the kanji 霊 (ghost) to 少年 (boy). Thus, the literal translation of it is "Hanako-kun, the boy who is bound (to a certain place)". It actually does not refer to any place at all.
Regarding the official English localization by Yen Press, this is just a guess, but they possibly chose "toilet-bound" due to the origin of the tale and the character's in-universe background. Regarding if "bound" is correct or not (in refer to the anime), the official Japanese title refers to "bound" though.
*地縛 can also be read as jishibari, though it is unrelated to "earthbound" at all. On the other hand, the Japanese never uses 地縛 for "earthbound".


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What is the actual English spelling for "Kono Oto Tomare!"?
Here is a shot of the title screen for the music anime Kono Oto Tomare! :

Note the line of Latin-alphabet letters at the bottom. The Funimation English overlay at the top shows three words, yet the bottom text is spaced as if it is seven words.  My guess is that the top is correct, which leads me to wonder about the bottom.  I can think of three possibilities:

The bottom is simply breaking up the Japanese on a letter-by-letter basis as purely a stylistic choice.
The bottom is the syllablized form to help westerners with pronunciation.  (Like I do trying to convince a friend the word is pronounced "sub scribe" not "sus cribe".  )
The bottom is actually accurate but Funimation just squeezed it together.

The Romanized form would be Kono Oto Tomare!  What you see is correct.
The Japanese language does not require that sentences contain spaces except if the sentence comprises only of Hiragana and Katakana, which at that point it becomes optional for clarity or to disambiguate what's being said.
The likely explanation as to why it's stylized in that way is for stylistic purposes, or to give an indication as to what each individual character was in terms of pronunciation.


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Is Rascal correctly wearing a real type of backpack?
In the first set of opening credits for Rascal Does Not Dream of Bunny Girl Senpai we see a short scene of Rascal wearing an unusual type of backpack in a way I have never seen before.

I have only watched the first three episodes, and I don't believe there has been context for this picture presented. I've never seen such a narrow backpack before, but I'll assume they exist.  Several characteristics strike me as odd:

By as low as it sits, it is as much as a "butt pack" as a backpack, at least as Rascal is wearing it.
The upper straps are shown restricting his arms. Is he unnecessarily binding his arms, or is that the proper way to wear it?
If the backpack were raised high enough for the upper straps to fit over his shoulders (common for most backpacks I believe), then the lower strap would seem to fit around his upper chest, which also seems unusual.

Is this a real world item being worn the way it is supposed to be?

I believe it's the same type of bag that the other students have, but he is wearing it on his back, wrapping his hands through the straps instead of holding it over his shoulder.
User Gorzius illustrated this for us below!

I'll admit it looks slightly disproportionate in the photo from the opening.

To answer your question then, I would say yes, handbags like this are real.

I used my extraordinary drawing skills to show how the straps go around Rascal's arm, and that they're not top and bottom straps at all, but left and right.

Nice! Do you mind if I add that to the post? @Gorzius

Feel free, that's why I made it! - But now I see I forgot to mention that -_-  @Michael McQuade

Once I got my eyes to envision what @Gorzius drew, I see the left & right looped straps now.  So I accepted this answer, which really belongs to you both.  The backpack still seems to be riding really low; perhaps it slipped down from his shoulders.

@RichF I don't think it slipped down, he's just wearing it like that for whatever reason or without any reason at all. I remember when I was in school I used to slip down my backpack in a similar fashion. As of why? I don't know. Probably because why not.


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Is the Degenerate skill name used as a noun or a verb?
In episode 9 of That Time I Got Reincarnated as a Slime (time code 7:44 at Crunchyroll) Rimuru uses a new skill he got from Shizu, called Degenerate.

I wanted to test out Degenerate

I think this may be an awkward translation.  First, its pronunciation is different between its noun and verb forms, with the verb using a long "a" sound in the final syllable.  Second, most other skill names are nouns (Body Armor, Paralysis Breath, etc. -- an exception being Mimic). But as a noun, the word "degenerate" does not fit at all.  The in game description is that it uses unification and separation to form a new skill from pre-existing ones.  "Degenerate" as a verb can sort of fit, though not well.
Is this just a poor translation, and is it a verb or a noun? A better term for what is being described would be "Recomposition".

Some minor spoilers ahead.
I think it is a noun. Its other name is 'Deviant', which is used as a noun or an adjective. Furthermore, it was noted in the wiki that

The kanji for Deviant translate to both Shapeshifter and Deviant (Degenerate or Pervert)

which

 is where the pun comes from when Rimuru teases the spirit of Shizue inside him at a comedic panel of the manga at the end of the chapter.

From these two translations, it is also used as a noun.
Degenerate, according to Wikipedia, is someone who has fallen from a previous state whereas deviant is something that departs from the norm. The skill releases properties inherent to the target, which is quiet similar to what happens when one becomes a degenerate or if someone becomes a deviant.


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Is it known if Rimuru's magicule supply is growing rapidly?
Rimuru, the protagonist of That Time I Got Reincarnated as a Slime, has powerful magical abilities.  In that world, "magicules" are basically particles of mana and are the fuel for magic.  In two episodes we see him depleting magicules to below his minumum reserve point, at which point he shuts down for three days.  When he awakens, his supply is fully restored.

 In episode 3 he names about 100 goblins and, lastly, the direwolf alpha.  (Later we learn that naming the alpha (Ranga) allowed the name to be shared by the entire pack.) Then he shuts down due to insufficient magicules.  In episode 6 he names about 500 more goblins before shutting down.  Even if naming Ranga counted as 100 named wolves, that was still only 200 total beings named the first time.

Could he actually store about 2.5 times more magicules after about 10 days?  That is the simplest explanation for the greater feat.  If so, is it known if his magicule storage continues to grow at that kind of fast pace?
A second possibility is that, in the first instance, simultaneously affecting a whole pack acted as sort of a short circuit on magicule usage.  Doing it one at a time might have used much less total. This case would not require the kind of magicule storage growth seen in the first.
A third possibility is that as he learns to use his abilities, he gets more efficient in using them.  So the second time he could accomplish a lot more with the same amount of magicules.
A fourth possibility is that I'm way overthinking this...

I think 3rd and 4th possibilities are the most probable

Episode 10 offers a pretty definitive answer regarding the example that prompted my question. (Link should become freely available (with commercials) sometime 10 Dec 2018.  As I post, you would need a Crunchyroll subscription to watch ep.10.) First I'll state that nothing in the anime so far has indicated Rimuru's magicule supply is growing rapidly.  His number of skills continues to increase, but that doesn't mean he has significantly gained in magicules (i.e. mana).
I'll again hide the example info as a spoiler Since it includes definitive info from the series.

 The stronger the monster being named, the more magicules it takes to name them.  Goblins are near the bottom on power level, so naming 500 at once was doable.  The first time though, naming close to 100 Goblins and, as it turned out, 100 Direwolves, used up all his magicules because Direwolves were stronger than Goblins.  When he names just 6 Ogres in episode 10, that pretty much depleted Rimuru, more than either of the previous two naming sessions.  Ogres are considered very strong.

I didn't spot anything in the wiki or manga that indicates how his magicule capacity works. I guess your 3rd possibility is quite plausible since most RPG worlds like this have abilities powering up as the user powers up. There might be some growth in the magicule limit, but I don't believe it would be too explosive.

I think there's another possibility: The more monsters he eats the more his magicule storage grows.


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Why did the storm dragon's name change from Verudora to Veldora in the anime?
In the first episode of That Time I Got Reincarnated as a Slime, we are introduced to a storm dragon named "Verudora" (episode 1, time code 16:38 at Crunchyroll). From episode 2 onward, the dragon's name was altered to "Veldora". The show's English wikipedia article shows his/her name in Japanese as "(ヴェルドラ Verudora)". So why did the production company start with one pronunciation and immediately switch to another on the next episode? I remember that some reviewers on YouTube had problems pronouncing the dragon's name for that first episode, but it's really not that hard, just four short syllables, each ending with a vowel.
(Note that I went ahead and asked my question, knowing that the episode 1 sub script has already been altered in the last few weeks to use "Veldora", just like all the other episodes.)

my guess would be that the first translation, "Verudora", was chosen because it matches the romaji, and was changed to "Veldora" to match the pronunciation more closely (when read with an average english accent)

Related? Why do Japanese names change within a manga to have various forms at different times?

The japanese writing system doesn't have a symbol for just the l sound. The closest they have are the symbols in the r column in the kana table. The u row is most often used when the vowel is silent. So you end up with ru: ル. Which means that if you ask someone to write Veldora in katakana they would effectively write Verudora.
However when translating to a latin alphabet and you only have the katakana to base yourself on you must try and divine what the author wanted with the name. Official translators can ask the author though sometimes there is a delay with the reply. So the translators have to go with something until they got the official answer back.


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Mjolmire and what does it profit a man?
At time-code 20:45 of episode 21 of That Time I Got Reincarnated as a Slime, the merchant Mjolmire is considering Rimuru's offer to go to his capital city and help teach the folks there about trade. He says something I find strange:

"So we would both profit... I mean benefit!"
Why would he feel the need to reject the word "profit"? It seems perfectly natural to me. Rimuru's nation might be an ideal communist society (debatable point) but even communists would understand that a traveling merchant seeks profit. Or is the issue something else entirely?

I just assumed he didn't want to sound too greedy. I might also be that in the original Japanese dialog the word(s) used had a more negative connotation, but I have no idea if that's true or not.

Profit implies that it's all about the money, and usually it connotates selfish gain. Benefit implies that it's more than just money, and in this case, it's more than just about those two. In this situation, benefit suggests it's also about the relationship and it's also about how the country benefits, not just Rimaru and the merchant.

The whole merchant part of the manga/LN changed in favour of ending the anime at a certain point. That line isn't even in the manga. That is why there will be two answers to this question:
Anime-only:
Rimuru is the representative and the highest ranked official in his country. Usually while doing deals like this, you have to pick your words carefully such as this example. You should seek things that will benefit your country and people live in there. A corporation, on the other hand, should seek profit. Profiting is a financial type of benefitting. However, this merchant aims higher than just financial gain which brings me to manga spoilers.
Manga Side / Spoilers

 In his word, the merchant simply wants to "invest in Rimiru". As we know, the country Tempest is trading very high-quality potions and geographically placed in a very good trade route. Knowing the leader of this country won't simply profit you, but there are many more merits/benefits to that. So he is betting on this idea.


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Kurapika's initial disrespect for Leorio, "Rewolio"
In the various English versions of Hunter x Hunter, Kurapika shows his initial disrespect for Leorio in various ways:
1) 2011 sub: calls him "Leorio" instead of "Leorio-san"
 2) 2011 dub: calls him "Leorio" instead of "Mister Leorio"
 3) 1999 sub: calls him "Leorio" instead of "Mr. Leorio"
 4) 1999 dub: calls him something like "Rewolio" instead of "Leorio" ( https://youtu.be/LaQEBndn-JQ?t=795 )
This discussion takes place in episode 1 of 2011 and episode 3 of 1999.
I'm pretty sure the disrespect is due to the way Leorio had been being rude to the Captain and Gon. Anyway, I'm most curious about #4.  What exact name is Kurapika using? It is hard to tell with no text.  Does the actual word mean anything in either English or Japanese?

What exact name is Kurapika using? For me I hear Rioleo, which coincides with the official English translation of the manga.
Does the actual word mean anything in either English or Japanese? I have not seen the original raws for the particular chapter or scene but the English does not mean anything since it just looks like two parts of his name switched in order (Leo-rio switched to Rio-leo) which was probably his way of showing disrespect by getting the name wrong.


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Why did Majitani's surrender not count in his Trick Tower fight with Kurapika?
In episode 9 of the 2011 version of Hnter x Hunter, Kurapika's fight is with the prisoner Majitani.  They agree to a battle to the death.  Once Majitani realizes he is hopelessly outmatched, he says "I surrender!" (time code 18:41)  Kurapika is already in the process of punching him, and knocks him out. The surrender is never acknowledged, and there is a verbal dispute over whether Majitani is dead.  The other prisoners claim that Kurapika's match must end before Leorio's can begin. Majitani's surrender is never brought up by either side.
One might argue that in a death battle, surrender is irrelevant.  Yet the first match, between Tonpa and Bendot, was also a death battle.  Tonpa was allowed to surrender. Presumably this was because when the examiner Lippo explained the rules, he stated, "A winner is declared when the opponent admits defeat" (episode 8, time code 14:17).
(following paragraph added next day)
Everything Majitani said and did prior to and during his match with Kurapika was meant to intimidate. Calling for a death match was part of that strategy. He knew he was not really a strong fighter, so I believe his goal was to get Kurapika to surrender.
Why did Majitani's surrender not matter?
One might claim that no one heard it, not even Kurapika. But then dramatically, what was the point in having the surrender in the first place? If it's just going to be there, unexplained and unmentioned, it will just cause some nerd to come to a q&a site and ask about it.
If a tree falls in the forest ...

Why did Majitani's surrender not matter? I compared both anime and manga (official translation) scenes and they seem to be different. In the anime, Majitani was able to at least say that he surrenders. In the manga, he did not get the chance to do so.
Before Majitani can say anything more than 'Lay off, okay? I-', he was punched by Kurapika.
Based on what he was able to say before being knocked out cold, I do not think that can even be considered a formal surrender nor an admittance of defeat. He was only able to say 'lay off', not say 'I give up', and while he might be on the verge of surrendering had Kurapika not punched him, he was unable to do so. Therefore, I think this means that 'his surrender', if he ever meant to, will never count.
One might claim that no one heard it, not even Kurapika. Yes, Kurapika certainly did not hear it. Later on in Chapter 18, he admitted that even though he knew the tattoo was fake, he was unable to control his emotions. From the manga:

Kurapika (to Gon and Leorio): My mind perceived that tattoo was a fake..but my emotions..I just saw red..and..to be honest..whenever I see a spider, any spider..my rationality collapses, and I turn primal!

This explains his actions, and seeing 'red' seems to be real, as seen here. Even if Kurapika knew that Majitani was going to surrender, he let his emotions get the better of him (despite this, he technically did not break the rules as Majitani, again, was not able to fully say that he surrender or give up). In addition, I also know someone personally who cannot remember what he/she did or what happened after he/she saw red when he/she was so angry at someone, similar to what Kurapika experienced.
What was the point in having the surrender in the first place? Well, nothing other than the fact that it would also work for the prisoners especially if they feel that the hunter examinees they encounter are too strong for them. In the case of Majitani and Kurapika's bout, it was not that the rule was discarded or ignored. It was that Majitani was not able to fully state his surrender, mainly because of Kurapika's actions, so that it looked like the rule was ignored, when in fact it was not. If I remember correctly, there are no rules not allowing someone to prevent his/her opponent from surrendering.

Heh, that was unexpected.  Out of curiousity I checked chapter 13 of the 1999 version. At TC 14:53 Kurapika is holding Majitni up by his chin, and the latter manages to get out just, "Okay! I...".  He did not say, "I surrender!". It seems weird that the 2011 version would show that he did.

@RichF Yeah, it sure is. I just started reading the manga last week (haven't gotten around to watching the anime yet) and after looking up differences in the 1999 and 2011 anime from the manga, I feel like the 1999 anime is more faithful compared to the new one. They probably thought some of the changes made in the 2011 anime are small and would go unnoticed, especially those that they probably thought would not affect the plot significantly. Why they would change details like these, when they could just follow what the manga depicts in the first place, is a mystery to me.

Some people say they don't like the 1999 version because of filler. Yes, it has some non-canonical stuff, but it is all really good and adds a lot to characterization. Besides, I'd rather have extra stuff than leave out a major character for 70-odd episodes, which 2011 does.  What's the opposite of filler?  "Drainer"? One such non-canonical scene is one of the best, almost silent, expository scenes in anime.  If you've read through phase 3 of Hunter Exam, take a look at the first 11 minutes of 1999's episode 24. Gon is still paralyzed ...

@RichF 'I'd rather have extra stuff than leave out a major character for 70-odd episodes' Agreed. I don't really mind filler in anime, and especially in this case because Gon's character and past were never explored that much in the manga, at least in the early chapters. I was also really surprised after finding out a character was left out in the early parts. For me, it's a significant change as their meeting and conservation was also part of the reason that solidified Gon's goal of becoming a hunter and finding his father.

I don't know about the anime, but in the manga, Bendot explicitly said, they would fight until one of them surrenders or dies.
In Kurapikkas fight they agreed to fight to the death. The rest is as you said. He wasn't dead, so the fight was not over. But Kurapika heard the surrender of Majitani, so he refused to kill him.

In the 2011 version of ep.8, Bendot only says, "I propose a death match." No option of surrender is mentioned. Ep. 13 of the 1999 version is like you report the manga says, including Bendot saying "admits defeat or one is killed" at 15:22. Prior to that he also delivers the speech Lippo gives in 2011, including a match is over when one side admits defeat.  So I see your point, but I remain unconvinced that the general instruction (allowing admission of defeat) is not valid for all matches.


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Silver-haired humanoid?
In episode 16, timecode 9:10, of That Time I Got Reincarnated as a Slime, Milim refers to Rimuru's human form as being a "Silver-haired humanoid". Here is Rimuru (right) and Milim:

Did they just have a bad translation, or does "silver" refer to some broader range of hues in Japanese? Or maybe Milim has some sort of weird color blindness, or sees only in black and white? I'm pretty sure most watchers have assumed Rimuru's hair color is blue, the same color as his slime form.

Well, in the original web novel Rimuru's slime form is silver and the human form is described as having silver hair. But in the light novel and manga adaptations they changed it to blue. The anime's art and story are more closely based on the manga than the webnovel, so I'd guess that's why he appears as having blue hair in the anime too.
In the scene you're referring to, Milim does actually call him silver-haired and it's not a bad translation. Maybe blue just looks better on screen, I don't know why they do this. Although, there are some other anime too where the hair color looks different from what it's supposed to be, I don't pay it much heed.

Oh, so Milim could be making a sort of Easter-egg callback to the web novel? With Rimuru out of the loop, and having to ask her, "Is this the form you are referring to?"

Actually, if you see the manga, Milim asks Rimuru about the silver-haired human she saw in Gelmud's crystal ball because she is as of yet uncertain if that was Rimuru himself. To which, Rimuru transforms, and says "Might this be the form you're referring to?", thus clearing Milim of any doubt that it really was him.


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Motorcycle information? Ryoko Hakubi I think,

So I printed off this picture probably almost a decade ago, can't remember where I found it and can't find it again. My question is this: I'm interested in the bike, does it actually exist, or is it fan art? If it does exist, can you tell me what episode or issue is from?
I think it's Ryoko Hakubi from Tenchi Muyo, but I know nothing about that series. Thanks in advance!

Thanks, senshin. I didn't think about formatting ;-) Additional info, I came across this in some gallery that I think consisted of animated characters and their motorcycles. No real info at that time.

We'll help you identify the source of the image in question, but I identifying the bike is off-topic. This is a fan-colored version of the Vol. 6, chapter 3 title page if the Tenchi Muyo manga BTW.

I'm voting to close this question as off-topic because    it's about identifying a motorbike.