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What is written in Baudelaire's Les Fleurs du Mal that impacts Takao so badly?
In the manga Aku no Hana (Flowers of Evil), a lot of the main characters read the book Les Fleurs du Mal by Baudelaire. But what is written in there that affects Takao and Nakamura to the point where they wish to commit suicide so badly?
How did the text of that book impact the characters in the series the way it did?

+1 Good question, but I think your wiki link answers it: themes relating to decadence and eroticism. The last part of the book is about death. On a side note, this series was one of the weirdest I have ever read...

@krikara I know the themes and that the last part is about death but to be fairly honest I suck with literature and cannot see how only the theme of death and eroticism could have such a impact on the character as a whole and would like that explained a bit :)

True ~ It's hard to say because if I read that book, I wouldn't have turned completely psychotic like these two main characters. I think these two just took nonconformity to the extreme and began acting in a ridiculous manner.

@krikara Indeed and I just cant understand why. Why would the writer of the book intend on that. Or even the manga writer. How did this book affect him that he would something like this about it ?

On a second thought, if I was completely miserable and read this book, I might just commit suicide too. As for why - I honestly have no clue. This just ain't my type of philosophy.

First, check out this link. It contains an original poem (Death of lovers) of Death in Les Fleurs du Mal by Baudelaire as well as various interpretations in English.
From what I can gather, it seems like achieving death is some sort of bittersweet enlightenment.
In the following link, you can scroll down to La mort des artises (Death of artists) where they have an English analysis on the poem. TLDR: Life is pointless, might as well die in order to seek the pleasurable afterlife.
It seems like a reoccurring theme in this book is the negativity in life. Thus death is actually something to desire. Life is full of pain to begin with, and if we die anyways, then all the happiness means nothing. Either we enter the afterlife and achieve true happiness, or the afterlife doesn't even exist making our everything in life meaningless.
Takao and Nakamura probably became deeply indulged with these themes because they were both persons that have been alone their entire lives. Interestingly, after the failed attempt of suicide, Takao's life appeared meaningless for the longest time (until he met Tokiwa). Tokiwa brought up the book again (Les Fleurs du Mal) and this is what changed Takao's life around.
People may interpret differently when reading a book the second time around.

That pretty much rounds up most of it ;)  Nice answer. As a side note if read weirder stuff ;)

God I don't want to think about this Manga anymore. It's just depressing lol.

time to find some more good questions about it to depress you some more ;P

I bought an English adaption of Baudelaire's Flowers of Evil, and hopefully I can answer your question.

Because they share the same title, I will refer to Baudelaire's work as "The Flowers of Evil" and the anime/manga as "Aku no Hana".

Prepare for some reading:

Similarities between the Aku no Hana's Story & Baudelaire's poems
Muses:
Both Baudelaire and Kasuga have an obsession with a female "muse", In Kasuga 's case - Saeki.
Baudelaire has several poems with Muse in the title that refer to her grace and perfectness in a world full of woe (for him at least).  In many of his other poems, his muse is mentioned through other features of the world - like "the brilliant sun".
He idolizes this woman, wanting her to remain untouched by the evil of the world - that she finds her happiness, of course not with himself - he isn't worthy.
We see this in Aku no Hana repeatedly, when Kasuga refuses to believe Saeki can be happy with him as her boyfriend, the fact that he steals her gym clothes, when he
explicitly calls her his muse.

Hating the world, but wanting to love it:
Both Kasuga and Baudelaire experience the world in a despairing light, generally the blame is placed on themselves for not being able to see the wonder in the world.
Extract from The Evil Monk:

My soul is a tomb where - bad monk that I be -
I dwell and search its depths from all eternity,
And nought bedecks the walls of the odious spot.

For the majority of the story, Kasuga is coaxed by Nakamura to do perverse deeds - Kasuga generally resists, wanting to be a normal citizen and enjoy his life if he can.

Acceptance that they cannot enjoy the world:
As time grows on in Aku No Hana, Kasuga more readily accepts his depravity and falls to Nakamura's ideas quickly, as they slowly become the only excitement that exists in his life.
Baudelaire also accepts that he will never enjoy the world as other people do.

The allure of evil & the evil Beauty
Baudelaire has a second female figure in several of his poems - perhaps it is a concept of beauty itself or someone particular in his life. This figure is of immense beauty, but revels in despair. In the poem "All Entire", the Devil himself comes to the poet's side to complain about this figure's alluring evil.
If Saeki is the muse, this figure is certainly Nakamura in the anime. Kasuga slowly falls into complex feelings for her, knowing she is a bad influence, but clinging to the enjoyment that life provides.
The show depicts Nakamura in a constant evil light. The only time we gain an insight into her true self is a glimpse of her diary, where it is written about her joy of finding a pervert equal to herself. In a way, Aku no Hana is actually about Nakamura's unveiling rather than Kagura's fall into despair.
Extract from Hymn to Beauty:

From God or Satan? Angel, Mermaid or Proserpine?
What matter if though makest-Blithe voluptuous sprite-
With rhythms, perfumes, visions- O mine only queen!-
The universe less hideous and the hours less trite

The final lines show a little bit of the relief Baudlaire recieves from embracing this Beauty's evil. We see this in Kasuga's actions too when he gradually starts to enjoy the despair and Nakamura's wiles.

Additional Notes
As a side note, we can see Kasuga's conflict of loyalty to Saeki or Nakamura to be a reflection of his internal conflict to either conform or reject society. Saeki selflessly forgives him repeatedly, willing to accept him. Nakamura, on the other hand is full of angst and rejection.
A good few themes are in Flowers of Evil that don't appear in Aku no Hana. Baudelaire makes repeated use of seas, waves and water in his poems is one that springs to mind
As mentioned in  @krikara's answer, there is indeed a few poems mentioning death, Baudelaire seems to alternate these poems between the theme of erotisism of the darkness in death and treating  Death as a proof to his meaningless existence - that it is all for naught once you are dead.
He also often sees the world through lenses of death, in which he describes beautiful surroundings, but through images of decay, loss and ruin.

So? Get to the point already!
All of these strong parallels strongly indicate that Kasuga's personality is quite like Baudelaire's, and as of such he was taken by the work. We all know it's easy to get obsessed by things you enjoy (look at all these anime questions I've answered :v) and Kasuga probably became obsessed with the book as a result of this similarity of minds.
Add in his situational circumstances - his fascination with Saeki, his seduction into darkness by Nakamura and you can see how a work would be influential on his life.

Although, Kagura does mention at one stage (on the mountainside I believe) that he enjoyed reading Baudelaire's works to feel more intelligent than the others in his class, despite not understanding them. So you can make a judgement call on that too.

I wrote this in one sitting over a few hours so there maybe be some small inaccuracies - feel free to suggest an edit/comment

Amazing answer! I would add that obsession with a work of art to the point of loss of sanity is a somewhat common theme in a lot of 19th Century work, e.g. The Picture of Dorian Grey, so Aku no Hana was working with a well-established literary trope.


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What is this Zabieru Tanegashima character a reference to?
In chapter 17 of Denki-gai no Hon'ya-san, page 9, a figure of a character called Zabieru Tanegashima appears:

Is this character fictional — as in a character existing only in-universe — or is it based on/a reference to some other series' character?
Or is it some other reference to something not anime related?

I haven't read this, but this looks like some sort of reference to Francis Xavier (ザビエル = zabieru in Japanese), who may have made landfall in Japan at Tanegashima (there is debate on this point), and who is any case "associated" with Tanegashima, since that was where the Portuguese entered Japan in the 1500s.

@JNat I think it's exactly as senshin described, it's just a moe-fied parody Francis Xavier and his visit to Tanegashima island. It's akin to making a historical figure like George Washington into a superhero action figure.

As was suggested by senshin in the comments, this is a moefied version of the missionary Francis Xavier, the first Jesuit missionary to arrive in Japan (in 1549), as well as the island Tanegashima. It is a source of some debate among historians as to whether Xavier ever actually went to Tanegashima (see for instance this article) but in any case Tanegashima is the first known point of contact between the Japanese and the Europeans, by a Portuguese ship blown off-course en route to China in 1543, and is thus associated with the introduction of European culture to Japan and indirectly (but strongly) to Xavier.
Moe versions of historical figures and other classic works are nothing new. The most famous examples are probably people from the Sengoku Period (a time period that Xavier's arrival conveniently falls in), though the Three Kingdoms era is also pretty common. Some examples of this are Sengoku Collection, Sengoku Otome: Momoiro Paradox, Oda Nobuna no Yabou, and Hyakka Ryouran. This moefication of historical figures has also been parodied in some other works, like Sayonara Zetsubou Sensei and Princess Jellyfish. This appears to be another parody in a similar vein.
For obvious reasons, Xavier is associated with Christianity in Japan. This explains the large cross wielded by the character and the head ornament, both of which are significant Christian symbols and which are the most prominent features of the character design.
After reading the chapter myself, I don't think there's anything more to the reference than that.

source: Stack Exchange

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/

sort: votes


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What is noitaminA?
I only know that noitaminA is "Animation" written backwards. It sometimes appear at the beginning of episodes of anime.

But does it mean anything? At Anime-Planet, it is considered a tag/genre. At MyAnimeList it is treated as a broadcast block. I don't really get it either way.

It's a programming block. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noitamina

@LoganM or student080705639 should post something like that comment as an answer so this is no an "unanswered" question.

@MarkS. Generally if I leave a comment like that, I don't intend to type a full answer, or at least it's not a high priority item. You can use it yourself if you want, though in this case the question has already been answered satisfactorily.

As @LoganM points out in a comment, noitaminA is a programming block on Fuji TV that initially went from 24:45-25:15 on Thursday nights (i.e. 12:45a-1:15a on Friday) and was later lengthened to 24:45-25:45.
Old noitaminA shows tended to have one major commonality - they targeted a different audience than most other late-night anime. Some good examples of this are:

Nodame Cantabile (a josei manga)
Honey and Clover (another josei manga)
Wandering Son (I don't know what demographic it targets, but it addresses serious issues of gender identity, which isn't standard fare for your typical anime)
Genji Monogatari Sennenki (a relatively dry adaptation of the classic Japanese novel)
Terror in Resonance (a high-concept anime-original show with some serious political commentary, execution notwithstanding)

While the shows aired by noitaminA do not have any single unifying feature, "not being like a typical late-night anime show" is an interesting enough feature to merit a tag or genre on sites like Anime-Planet, I suppose. One other unusual feature of noitaminA shows is that they typically (though not always) last 11 or 22 episodes, rather than 12-13 or 24-26.
Some argue that the past couple years of noitaminA have been characterized by very conventional anime, rather than the mold-breakers of noitaminA's early days, thus diluting the value of noitaminA as a marker of quality. Examples:

Black Rock Shooter
Guilty Crown
Robotics;Notes

If anyone else gets confused about the times that go beyond a 24hr clock: Why do airing shows have times listed beyond a 24-hour clock?

all_licenses: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/


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Can Pokemon aside from Meowth learn how to talk?
Meowth can speak like a human, but can other Pokemon also be taught to speak?

@Caresten Yes, it's a movie.

Pokemon can be taught the human language as stated on Bulbapedia

All Pokemon in the Pokemon anime, with no exceptions, can understand human speech. Moreover, judging, for instance, from Larvitar in Hatch Me If You Can, they are able to do this immediately after hatching, without having to learn.
The anime generally does not focus on language problems, so as a result, there is some confusion about Pokémon language and the Ability of Pokémon to understand humans. Although it is obvious that all Pokémon can understand each other, Meowth in the episode Go West Young Meowth once mentions Meowth language, and Jessie in Who's Flying Now? mentions Chimecho language, so it is not clear whether there is a common Pokémon language, or every species has its own.
As far as human language is concerned, Meowth in the same episode was shown learning pronunciation, not the language itself, what implies that all Pokémon have innate knowledge of human language, so they can understand human speech, and only have to learn how to pronounce its sounds, or be able to establish telepathic contacts to speak. Despite this, Misty in Whichever Way the Wind Blows once asked Meowth to translate her words to other Pokémon, and May taught her Bulbasaur the meaning of the word town in Grass Hysteria. Therefore, this ability of Pokémon is not well-defined in anime canon.

Beside mewtwo and meowth there are several other pokemon that can also speak. They are also listed on the link provided

I think that list missed something. Didn't Latias turn into human form and speak with Ash?

@krikara Yup you are right. It can telepathically communicate with people. Don't expect perfection from Bulbapedia lists. People try to maintain it but there is allot of different info to gather and small things like this might be forgotten.

Many Pokemon can talk via telepathy, notably Mewtwo, and (I think) Lapras.
I only recall Meowth being able to vocalize human speech, though. Other Pokemon may be able to be taught individual words.


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Where is this girl in a maid uniform holding a cat from?
I ran into this picture while on the internet. This was referred to as a fictional character, and judging from the art style it's probably from an anime or manga.

Where is this character from? I tried running a Google Image Search but for some reason nothing useful came up for me. Or is this just some fan-made original character?

This image is of (spoiler warning in links) Solne and Koma from the 2005 visual novel/eroge Ouka by Carriere. As far as I know, there's no anime or manga adaptation. They also appear in the original game Shinkirou (which Ouka was an expanded remake of), but the character design in the image matches Ouka's. As you can probably guess from the image, Solne is one of the main characters in the game, while Koma is the cute mascot animal (she's not actually a cat).
The plot from vndb:

The last descendant of a line of mystical protectors, Yuuya Furusaka has received the twin blessing of Life and Death, and now his touch has the power to save lifes or destroy them, although at the price of, respectively, his own life or his own soul.
  But maybe the key for his salvation is hidden in one of the girls around him...

In case you're unsure it's the same character, if you look at the full version of this image, you can see the Carriere logo in the lower left corner. Modified versions of this image have been used for some of their merchandise, e.g. this ZIPPO lighter.

Mine is more of a vague guess for an answer, but I was actually kind of thinking the image looked kind of like Sorune for some reason from Ouka (A game).

I am glad you found what you were looking for though. I thought it would be interesting to post this though. The picture above looks kind of similar in a way.


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Why did Kagami have difficulty using Konata's keyboard?
Why is it that when Kagami used Konata's keyboard, what she intended to type did not come out as what she wrote?
This occurred at the very beginning of episode 23.

Since nobody else has attempted an answer, I'll give this my best shot. Be forewarned that this answer will be fragmentary. Also, this explanation will probably be kind of difficult to follow if you don't already know a bit of Japanese. Suggestions/edits to make the explanation clearer are welcome.

To understand why this is funny, you need to know how input method editors work.
In order to type in Japanese, one typically uses an input method editor (IME), which is a program that basically converts Latin-script text like nihon into Japanese text, e.g. 日本 (gloss: "Japan"). Since the mapping from Latin letters to Japanese text is one-to-many, the IME doesn't always correctly guess what Japanese text you want, forcing you to go into a menu and select the correct Japanese text.
IMEs usually allow you to define your own Latin-to-Japanese conversions. For example, I've set my IME to convert toripurubaka to 驫麤. IMEs will also frequently adjust which Japanese text it automatically selects based on your previous usage patterns, so if you frequently correct e.g. saikai from 再会 to 最下位 (homographs when romanized), the IME will eventually start defaulting to give you 最下位 when you type saikai.

So.
First, Kagami types fuchou, expecting 不調 (fuchou = "unwell") but instead getting 婦長 (fuchou = "head nurse"). Then, maniaisou, expecting 間に合いそう (maniai-sou = "likely to make it in time") but getting マニア移送 (mania-isou = "transfer of being-a-fan(??)" - this isn't an actual phrase). I think these two are just supposed to be funny because of how silly they are.
After that, Kagami types josou, expecting 助走 (josou = "a run-up") but getting 女装 (josou = "crossdressing as a woman"). Perhaps this is supposed to reveal something about what Konata posts about on the internet.
Kagami then types fuinki, expecting 雰囲気 (fun'iki = "atmosphere [metaphorically]"). Note the discrepancy between the Latin input and the proper romanization - this results in the IME displaying ふいんき（←なぜか変換できない） ("fuinki (← unable to convert for some reason)"). This IME conversion failure is apparently a meme on 2ch, dating from circa 2003 (see also this answer on Japanese.SE about metathesis). The implication, I suppose, is that Konata has been posting this meme enough that she set up a custom conversion to let her type it faster.
Kagami types kuwasiku, expecting 詳しく (kuwashiku = "in detail"), but instead getting ｋｗｓｋ. As it would happen, ｋｗｓｋ (derived from kuwashiku "in detail") is basically the Japanese equivalent of "sauce pls".
Finally, she types ikitai, expecting いきたい (ikitai = "want to do ~ going forward"), but instead getting 逝きたい (ikitai = "want to perish"). Like the first two, I think this is just funny because of how silly it is.


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What are the highlights in eyes called?
In anime, character eyes usually have highlights that are usually white. They seem like a light reflection or something.

Do the highlights have a name? What are they supposed to be?

if your talking about the white within the iris (where the colour is) that is the light's reflection from the eye

see also http://movies.stackexchange.com/questions/18640/adventure-time-why-does-jake-have-inverted-eyes

@user1306322 monocles? is that what it called?

@ShinobuOshino no, that other guy is a doofus. Those are just reflections of light sources. Overly dramatic anime eyes usually reflect more light than they should for greater emotional impact.

@Memor-X yeah, I'm thinking if it has a name

see "normal eyes" as opposed to "dull eyes of unhappiness" http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/DullEyesOfUnhappiness

@user1306322 yeah I realize it happen often (eyes without catchlights), it's surprising how so little change can have a huge effect

For illustrative purposes, I have taken the first four images off a Google search for eyes (note: you may not want to perform this search yourself, as there is at least one disturbing image on the front page).

As you can see, all of these images contain a similar "white space" / highlight. That's because if you're taking a photo, you need a light source - and the eyes, being reflective, are going to reflect that light source.
These "white spaces" are called catchlights, and are naturally found in film and in photography. It is unsurprising that animators and artists would imitate this for added realism - Disney's been doing it since forever.

Of course, catchlights are somewhat more pronounced in anime simply because characters drawn in an "anime style" tend to have large eyes - and hence, correspondingly large catchlights.
For more information about catchlights in photography, see the question In portrait photography, what is a “catchlight”? at Photography.SE.

i never realized they actually had a name, +1 for finding it out

@Memor-X I'll be more surprise if it don't have a name, it will hard to say "you need that white space thing in their iris bigger" it's important part of anime, and apparently in film and in photography as well

The Japanese term for "specular highlight" or "catchlight" is 「鏡面ハイライト」 (kyoumen hairaito), meaning "mirrored surface highlight" or "specular surface highlight." 「鏡」 can be pronounced "kagami," "kyou," or "kei" and means "mirror,"「面」 is pronounced "men," "omote," or "tsura" and means "mask" (as in the word 「仮面」[kamen]), "face," or "surface."
The sort that appear in human eyes are called 「人物のハイライト」 ("jinbutsu no hairaito" = person's highlight), 「眼球のハイライト」 ("gankyuu no hairaito" = eyeball highlight) or  「眼球ハイライト」 ("gankyuu hairaito" = eyeball highlight). A specifically manga-style specular highlight can be referred to as 「漫画的に描いたハイライト」 ("manga-teki ni kaita hairaito" = highlight drawn in manga-style).


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What manga is Ken Akamatsu currently working on?
Is Ken Akamatsu currently working starting a new series or planning to release a new one this year?
I understand that Negima ended some time ago. A mangaka's gotta eat, after all.

This question appears to be off-topic because it is about time-limited "news" events. The accepted answer is already out of date since we know the new manga is UQ Holder. When UQ Holder concludes, the whole question will become irrelevant because it won't be what Akamatsu is "currently" working on anymore, and the possible edit "What was Ken Akamatsu working on in late 2013?" is easily answered with Google.

New Update- Ken Akamatsu's new manga is named UQ Holder.
Set in the same universe of his previous work Negima! Magister Negi Magi, but over 70 years later, it follows the adventures of a young boy who is transformed into a vampire and joins a secret society composed of immortal beings.

I found this out before I accessed this message. I picked it up at the bookstore. Thank you, though.

He is working on a new manga series (name unknown) which is apparently scheduled to begin some time this summer. It was originally set to be released in spring. As noted in the article linked below, he has stated that this will be his last series; he plans to retire after it.
Source: Nikkei
Translation: OK


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An emperors daughter who collects her dead fathers body parts?
I am looking for an anime that had recently came out maybe in the middle of last month. I watched this maybe around that time, but I cannot find it again and had accidentally cleared my history on Firefox.
The synopsis of the story goes like this-
A young girl with perhaps maybe long hear, probably really noticeable eyes is carrying a large coffin which contains a magical weapon/gun presumably similar to perhaps weapons in the RWBY universe. This girl is the daughter of a emperor who ruled the world in fear or tyranny or both.
In episode one from what I remember, she runs into this boy who uses some type of hunter magic. He has a sister who also uses this same type of magic. From what I remember this girl runs into him as she was crawling around behind bushes trying to make her way to a town. When this boy decides to help her, they are attacked by a deer antelope which she eventually kills. Later on she buys this boy that helped her lunch. It so happened to be owned by his own sister who destroys some tables in an attempt to maybe hurt him seriously for not helping out. The girl with the coffin eventually hires them soon after for a job, but doesn't reveal what it is she is looking for.
Later on in the episode she raids a general or very powerful adversary who was there during the battle which defeated her father. I also remember that the boy she runs into comes along with her including his sister. Eventually both brother and sister encounter this man who has the ability to control anything inside his mansion at will and maybe has physic powers too.
It may help but they refer to this adversary as a real mage which would indicate that they may not be actual mages at all but use some type of borrowed magic. At the end of the episode it is revealed that what she was after was her fathers body parts so she could give him a proper burial. The part of her father they obtained in question was the left or right hand of her father. Before they leave the raided mansion, the man insists that it is a source of great power, assumes that they want to sell it and in desperation is willing to pay anything to get it back. Please note that this desperate adversary was soundly defeated after the hand/item was taken out of this vault. After this happened he could not call upon his physic powers. It also was apparent that the hand powered the mansion and his magic potentially.
Finally all I can remember is that after the successful heist on the mansion, they are encountered by a group that wants to prevent the worlds destruction. They are then tailed by them in a truck and eventually escape in mist.

If it came out last month (and it wasn't an OVA/film), it should be on this list.

Possibly Chaika The Coffin Princess?

Yep, upon further research this sounds like Chaika the Coffin Princess. The anime came out a month ago in Japan, so it's relatively new (so I'm not completely sure, but Crunchyroll did for starters also start broadcasting it online at around the same time.)
The eponymous Chaika is the daughter of Arthur Gaz, who apparently was the former ruler of the Gaz Empire, according to the fan-made wiki. I haven't seen the anime or read the light novels, so I'm not sure, but judging from the list of names he has it seems reasonable to conclude that he was a bit of a tyrant.
Moreover, as might be suggested by the title, Chaika carries a coffin around most of the time. In the first episode, she runs into Toru Akura and his sister Akari, which is consistent with your description.
Here's the Anime News Network link.

You're welcome. For some reason a Google search actually did the trick rather well this time, but I guess princess carrying coffin does give more distinct results that I'd imagined.

I can't believe I found the answer in just 14mins. This is better than expected. Thanks Maroon.
The anime I was looking for was indeed Chaika The Coffin Princess. Plot synopsis from animenewsnetworks.com.au:

Toru Acura is a 20-year-old retired soldier meandering through life now that the war has ended. He encounters Chaika Trabant, a 14-year-old sorceress carrying a coffin, and follows her in hopes of finding meaning to his life again. The two travel with Toru's adopted sister, Akari, the employed member of the group and thus Toru's source of income.

This most definitely is it.

I also found the girl with the coffin. Her name is Chaika. Credits to Maroon.


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Are anime episodes/manga chapters really free?
I believe almost all of the people watching anime or reading manga get them from various sites like watchop.com, Crunchyroll, anime44, etc., and similarly for manga there are various sites. But are these episodes/chapters really free of cost for the audience? I know that these companies have their major source of income from merchandise and all other stuff but the episodes/chapters are available on net so easily that too for free. Aren't there any copyright violations? If there are why don't these anime/manga companies do something about it?

In theory they aren't free of cost per se - often (at least with anime) people are supposed to watch advertising at certain points in the video. Moreover with some more popular shows things are only "free" for a limited time, and there's region locking. (I can't really give more of a detailed answer but this is probably worth noting.)

Also some of the sites you mentioned aren't actually legal (e.g. the "Watch One Piece" site or Anime44). Crunchyroll is (among some other sites) but in the shows it does stream it seems to use the methods I described above.

i think site's like Funimation and Crunchyroll get revenue from the adds that appear before, bellow, around the video and a paid membership normally allows the option to remove these. ofcause since i don't use streaming sites i wouldn't no, i prefer to buy my anime on DVD

Yes, there are some legitimate websites on which you can read manga and watch anime for free. Crunchyroll is one of them. While Crunchyroll started out as a site that streamed anime without licenses (i.e. illegally), they are now fully legitimate and above-board.
Of course, Crunchyroll has to pay for licenses for the anime they stream - the producers over in Japan aren't just going to give it away for free. So how does Crunchyroll make money? I don't claim to know Crunchyroll's business model, but (as this article points out), they have venture funding, and they sell premium memberships, as well as anime-related merchandise. They also show ads to non-members. Lots of websites follow a business model in which users get lots of functionality for free - for example, this one!

Aren't there any copyright violations?

The other sites you mention - "watchop.com" and "anime44.com" do not appear to be licensed purveyors of anime, so in their case, yes - they are probably infringing on the copyright of the owners over in Japan. They presumably aren't paying the licensors in Japan a dime, so it's not surprising that they can (illegally) show anime for free. You probably shouldn't use those sites.

If there are why don't these anime/manga companies do something about it?

Allow me to quote from Logan's answer over here (emphasis added):

I'll also point out that while fansubbers and scanalators are almost certainly legally in the wrong, the number of cases related to this is quite small. There are several reasons for this. For one, the Japanese industry is built to sell merchandise in Japan, so they have little interest in prosecuting cases overseas. The licensing industry, on the other hand, was built around an already extant culture of fansubbing, and so they've always just factored that in.

Also, if I'm remembering correctly (and please, do correct me if I'm wrong; I'll try to dig up sources for this later), anime licensing deals are typically a flat fee - the licensees outside Japan pay the licensors in Japan a fixed amount in exchange for the right to stream the anime, or sell physical copies, or whatever.
What this means is that the licensors don't care how many times the anime is streamed or sold or whatever - they've already got their share, and if piracy reduces the number of people outside Japan that watch the anime on Crunchyroll or whatever, oh well! It's not their problem at that point.

Sometimes anime streaming is free, but mostly it is usually geographically monitored. E.g. Hulu uses geographical blocking to stop people from other countries and regions outside of the USA from streaming content.
The reason they have this is due to probably copyright issues. Sites like anime44 are usually considered illegal sites, but because copyright varies of many factors including location it is usually hard to shut down sites like anime44.
As said in the comments they are usually free because sites such as Crunchyrolls often get income from Premium Membership Users and products/merchandise that they sell on there site including Koruko No Basket figurines and much, much more. It is also most likely that they earn money from clicks on ads, or on how many people view ads in between the animes that you see for free. It is also likely that they might have sponsors too.
Edit: One thing that these site infringe on is:

users are entitled to several protections of their own. A user is
  entitled to make a reproduction for personal use.

Unfortunatley there are some complications to this since if you are in a country where Copyright laws arent the same or enforced then people can get away with this, and if they are streaming it online to everyone one around the world, then it isn't exactly for personal use then is it?


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Where was Homura taken?
In the Rebellion movie, just as Homura was about to become a witch and be claimed by the Law of Cycles, the Incubators trapped her Soul Gem in an Isolation Field.
When the magical girls break the field there seemed to be thousands of Incubators gathered in one place and it was quite barren. Where did the Incubators take Homura, and if it was their homeworld, how did Mami, Kyouko, Hitomi, and Kyosuke get there?

Your guess is as good as anybody's. It's probably not the Incubator homeworld, though. Keep in mind that there must be lots of Kyuubeys on Earth - whenever one of them dies (like in episode 8), another one appears from god-knows-where to take its place

@senshin i thought their homeworld because on earth they would be scattered yet they were all gathered in one place, but they are supposed to be technologically advance so that doesn't explain the barren landscape

I assume it is on Earth, but on a deserted location (or a post-apocalyptic Earth). During the movie it is mentioned that Kyouko and Mami entered the Isolation Field by coincidence (so did Madoka's parents). They could only have entered this Field if it were located somewhere on Earth.


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What anime is this blue-tinted image of a layer of skin/paint peeling off the face of a woman from?

What is this image from? I am desperate to find out.

you could always use this plugin (for google chrome) https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/search-by-image-by-google/dajedkncpodkggklbegccjpmnglmnflm?hl=en
or something else such as TinEye to find out the image source

I did Google Image Search. Maybe this is Ghost in the shell (1995).

Ghost in the Shell - Movie 1995

Synopsis

In the year 2029, the barriers of our world have been broken down by the net and by cybernetics, but this brings new vulnerability to humans in the form of brain-hacking. When a highly-wanted hacker known as 'The Puppetmaster' begins involving them in politics, Section 9, a group of cybernetically enhanced cops, are called in to investigate and stop the Puppetmaster. The pursuit will call into question what makes a human and what is the Puppetmaster in a world where the distinction between human and machine is increasingly blurry.

You are awesome buddy.

To be exact, that frame is from the original Ghost in the Shell movie, and depicts the creation of the cyborg body of the Major.  It is part of the opening title sequence - which for being 20 years ago still thrills.


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Is it common for Japanese otaku fans to create AMVs?
AMV is the term for Anime Music Videos, MEP is the term for Multi-Editor Project, and MMV is the term for Manga Music Video. Some notable favorites of mine that I watch mostly come from the YouTube channel [[MDS]] or Mad Desire Studios. I have noticed that a lot of AMVs are usually made by western otaku fans of anime - so generally from people from countries like America etc.
Do Japanese otaku usually create AMVs, MEPs, or MMVs, or is this just common for otaku who come from America?
Note: If you want to see what an AMV typically looks like, then this (Youtube link) will be good to watch and is one of my favourite AMVs.

Weirdly enough, when I was procrastinating by finding random AMV's of songs/series I like, I couldn't find any for at least one pretty famous Japanese pop song, though tbh I doubt without any more "evidence" it's hard to say.

From a quick search though, I have found some AMVs by someone presumably from Hong Kong or Taiwan, if that's of any help. Here's an example.

Yep, there are definitely a bunch of Chinese-made AMV's floating around. Not sure about Japanese but I could probably search later. I've also seen some from people who are presumably French or Belgian (and without language it's hard to pinpoint a specific country - e.g. America and much easier to just pinpoint something like Western).

The very elaborate, meticulously-edited AMVs set to popular music that you see from creators like Nostromo are, as far as I know, mostly the domain of non-Japanese fans. Naturally, I can't prove that there aren't any made by Japanese people, but I've spent my fair share of time bumbling around on Niconico, and haven't seen anything of the sort.
What Japanese fans do create are what they call "MADs" (for more, see this question). Though (many) MADs are derivative fanworks based on anime, they are, for the most part, not at all like the AMVs produced by Western fans. If I had to characterize Japanese MADs, I would point out the following features that distinguish them from non-Japanese AMVs:

The audio tracks of MADs are frequently made by editing the audio of the show from which the clips are drawn
Existing musical pieces (pop songs, whatever) are not used in MADs as frequently as in AMVs
Whereas many AMVs use footage from multiple series, MADs are more likely to use content from just a single series (or, perhaps, audio from one anime and video from another)
AMVs are often strongly identified with their creators (cf. credits footage, etc.) whereas MADs are relatively more "anonymous" in the sense that creators are less wont to plaster their name onto their creations
MADs are typically solo productions (or, at least, the work of few people), whereas MEP AMVs are fairly common.

To get a better flavor for the sorts of things that are typical of MADs, one might like to take a look at the top videos tagged with "mad" on Niconico.
In sum: yes, Japanese fans create audiovisual productions using footage from anime, but no, these productions are not very similar to the AMVs produced by non-Japanese fans.
Many anime conventions in the West incorporate AMV competitions; I suspect that this is one of the major drivers of AMV production in the West. I am not aware of any equivalent competitions in Japan. Also, for English speakers, there's at least one thriving online community for AMV creators: the Org. Again, I am unaware of a Japanese equivalent, beyond general-purpose video sites like Niconico.
(Note: this entire answer is only about the state of AMVs/MADs nowadays - I have no idea what it was like in the past, pre-Youtube/Niconico.)

I had never heard of MMVs prior to reading your question; having looked at a few on Youtube, I think (but am not sure) that these are also uniquely Western. (They also mostly suck, for obvious reasons.)

I had a little laugh when I read the last few lines of your answer (Don't know why though. xD). I agree- MMV's definitely suck.


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What does "LRIG" mean?
We know that Tama is Ruko's "LRIG" card, but is it ever explained what an LRIG actually stands for or what it means?

I was looking at some translated card game rules also, and they never referred to these cards as anything other than LRIGs. Have I missed something early on, or have they neglected to explain the term?

This is just speculation and might be completely off-base, but I think they might have just taken "girl" and spelled it backwards. I looked for this a little while back and couldn't find anything that indicated that it's actually an acronym/initialism.

Oh, I never even thought about that. It seems plausible alright

@senshin looking into it a little more, this seems to be right. The LRIG cards 'reflect' or sometimes 'invert' the potential Eternal Girls, like how both Tama and Ruko love battling, or Akira/Piriluk's hyperactive/calm combination

Looks like my guess was right - "LRIG" is "girl" spelled backwards, not an acronym/initialism.
This was stated by KawaseP (a.k.a. Kouhei Kawase, one of the producers for selector infected WIXOSS) in an interview with Akiba-Souken (Ctrl+F for 作品要素).

──LRIGs are a distinctive part of the show, aren't they?
The LRIG character designs were done by [Kyuta] Sakai, but it was Tomo Yamaguchi, who is in charge of the card game at Takara Tomy, who came up with the name "LRIG". We had a different name for them at first, but at one of the scriptwriting meetings, we decided that we wanted to go with something a bit more off-the-beaten-path, and so we decided on "GIRL" spelled backwards: "LRIG" (pronounced "loo-rig"). Up to that point, we had been making up all sorts of convoluted words, so when the simple word "LRIG" was proposed, everybody agreed.

Given the events of episode 8...

 I guess we can see why the producers decided that "LRIG" was a good choice. Girls turn into LRIGs when their wishes are "fulfilled", and LRIGs likewise turn into (human) girls when that happens. Simple and effective.


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What is the name of this song from Sekaiichi Hatsukoi?
I recently was looking at the Sekaiichi Hatsukoi OST and I came across this one I really liked. Video is here from YouTube.
Just for reference it plays during Season 1, Episode 12 of Sekaiichi Hatsukoi and I was able to find the scene here.
Does anyone know the name of the song playing?

You're most likely looking for 恋は切なく (Koi Wa Setsunaku, Love is Painful), track 15 of OST 1:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8NL-HCA67v0

You found it. Just wondering, but how did you find it? Did it pop up in suggestions on YouTube?


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How does Aizen's sword work?
In Bleach, Aizen's sword is claimed to be one of the most powerful, as it can control the human senses. As I remember, it was said that if you have seen it once, you've already lost to it. Can someone explain to me exactly what it does?

if you question is answered, could you please close this thread?

my bad :), I didn't chose the answer.

The special ability of Kyōka Suigetsu is Kanzen Saimin (完全催眠, Complete Hypnosis).

It controls the five senses to the point where it can make the target misinterpret another person's form, shape, mass, feel, and smell to be an enemy's. The initiation condition for the hypnosis is to show the enemy the release of Kyōka Suigetsu. After seeing it just once, this person will completely succumb to the hypnosis. Afterwards, every time it is released, this person will fall under the thrall of the hypnosis. The hypnosis is long lasting; the Visored are still affected by Kyōka Suigetsu even though they were hypnotized at least 110 years ago. Because the spell works when one see the ritual, those who cannot see are consequently immune to the hypnosis.
When Aizen turns off the hypnosis by force of will, the image shown melts away or shatters. The complete hypnosis of Kyōka Suigetsu is absolutely flawless; even if the target is aware of being under the hypnosis, they cannot resist its influence. The hypnotic abilities of Kyōka Suigetsu make it a highly useful tool in combat, for Aizen can create simple or complex illusions to deceive his opponents.
For example, by creating a decoy of himself, or other illusions to distract his opponents, Aizen can hide his own movements and attack with impunity. His opponent will remain focused on the illusion until it is too late to react.While the illusions Kyōka Suigetsu creates are quite powerful, those with considerable power and skill themselves may be able to note slight differences in the illusions compared to the real thing, even if they are not able to determine what exactly is different.
4th Division Captain Retsu Unohana detected something was amiss with Aizen's fake corpse, even though she did not realize what it was until seeing Aizen alive.The Reiatsu of Kyōka Suigetsu gives it away to those keen enough to sense its actual presence past the illusions created by its complete hypnosis.The sole way to escape the ability of Kyōka Suigetsu is to touch the blade itself before complete hypnosis is activated.

I haven't seen the entire series or read the manga, but from what he said before he fleed the Soul Society, it was apparently absolute hypnosis. Take this as an example:
When Ichigo attacked Aizen, he had already seen Aizen's sword, so Aizen's Zanpakuto could use the hypnosis "Aizen blocks Ichigo's attack instantly with one finger, and no one sees Aizen's counter attack"
As for how he could use hypnosis like that, maybe Aizen's Zanpakuto warped space (like how Touzen's Zanpakuto did when he was fighting Kenpachi) and created a space that robbed all senses, but because of the hypnosis, no one actually saw it, as Ohana even commented that Aizen previously showed everyone that his Zanpakuto was a water-based one, and she was shocked when Aizen revealed that he did it on purpose to fool everyone and to make them victims of his Zanpakuto.

Actually, Ichigo never once saw Aizen's Bankai, it's not an illusion that he blocked Ichigo's attack with one finger, the difference in their power was just that great.

@MadaraUchiha oh it's Aizen's Bankai which casts the illusions, that does make sense, he couldn't fake his death until the Zanbakuto Restrictions were lifted so he could use the ability of his Zanbakuto, must have forgot about all of that part

Actually, no - Aizen's ability to use Kanzen Saimin (complete hypnosis) is his Shikai ability, not his Bankai. In order for people to fall under its power, they only need to see him release his sword once. (Refer to Bleach chapter 171)

First off, Aizen is a genius of nearly unmatched brilliance for most of his entire plan. One can say that he made some bad choices later in his plan concerning his treatment of underlings, the showdown with the Soul Society, and giving Ichigo a chance. However, that's more of an issue of character flaws than him not being a genius.
The ability that Aizen uses is not his Bankai, but rather his Shikai, all according to him of course. One falls under the hypnosis when one sees his sword as he releases its Shikai by speaking its name. The hypnosis apparently lasts forever after you have seen it once, given the fact that it lasted 100 years on several other Soul Reapers.

It might be worth mentioning that Aizen is capable of withholding the hypnosis that his Shikai creates, as illustrated when confronted by Capt. Unohana shortly after he was revealed as a villain. He appears to be holding his own "corpse", which he used to fake his death, but then lets it drop while invoking his Shikai's ability. It is then revealed to be nothing more than his zanpakuto. If you ask me, that's the most frightening thing about his Shikai: there's no fool-proof way to tell if what you're experiencing is real or not when you're under its influence, even when he's not using it.


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What is this 90's anime with a dragon and a sorcerer?
Right, so there's this anime I remember watching on Netflix a while back, and I only saw the first few episodes. Upon returning to Netflix now, I can't find it, can't remember it's name, and I want to watch it. Such a prediciment...
But that's where you come in, I guess! Lemme not spare a single detail and perhaps I'll find it yet.
So, first off, it's a 90's medieval anime, starring this sorcerer dude I guess. He's teaching his apprentice magic or something when this big yellow dragon gets summoned and he recognizes it as a friend that had been transformed into previously stated dragon. That's the most prominent thing I can remember though, that the dragon was a friend that had been transformed.
Among other, smaller details, there was this chick who lived in a mansion or something that the sorcerer dude stayed in for a while so he could wait for the dragon or something. She was like, blonde or something.
There was also a scene where the sorcerer was at a bar that was owned by the father/uncle/etc of the apprentice, and he ordered this milkshake, which fell on the ground into this mess, and he used his magic to pick it off the ground and fix the cup and everything, eating it before they could say it was probably dirty from the floor. This scene was in the first episode I believe (Real helpful, I know).
So yeah, I don't know much about it, but the basic facts are:

90's Anime.
Medieval Setting.
Friend turned into a yellow dragon.
Main character is a sorcerer.
That milkshake scene (Because that will TOTALLY narrow it down).

Any help will be much appreciated, happy hunting!

Which country are you in? Netflix has different lists of shows based on where you reside

The show you are looking for is called Orphen , also known as Sorcerous Stabber Orphen
It was aired in 1999

Main character is a sorcerer -

Friend turning into a dragon -

Krylancelo Finrandi once attended the most prestigious school of sorcery on Kiesalhima continent, the Tower of Fang. He was sent there as a young child from an orphanage, along with another orphan girl called Azalie. Throughout the years, the two were very close, with Azalie becoming more and more powerful and Krylancelo looking up to her as a sister/mother figure and a best friend. It isn't until one day, Azalie's thirst for knowledge and extracurricular experimentation backfire, and she is horribly transfigured into a hideous creature, a dragon-like beast that departs the Tower in an animal fury, leaving Krylancelo behind

Milkshake scene:

About 7 minutes into the first episode, the main character spills his milkshake/icecream/parfait thing:

He then magics it back together again

Oh my god, hahahaha, I didn't expect it to be found that quickly! Only one hour or so after I had posted as well. But yeah, that's it, thanks for the help!

No problem, the icecream actually helped me verify it :D  you can mark my answer as accepted if it's definitely correct :)


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Manga about WWII in Japan
I bought two volumes of this manga about 10 years ago, but I don't remember much about it. These are some details that I remember:

I'm not sure but I think it's shounen.
I don't really like the art, so I can't really tell anything about it, but I know that the art is not really the biggest point of this manga. Or... I was just 10 y/o back then and the art is not like most shounen manga that year so I didn't really like it.
There's a scene where one boy (I believe he's the main character here) is fighting with his friends, and I think his friends are bullying him, and that boy bites the friend's finger off and eats it later. But he's eating his friend's finger not because he's psycho but because he's poor and wants to eat some meat. That's just how poor he is.
The boy has at least one little brother.
One chapter shows when an atomic bomb dropped in Nagasaki or Hiroshima, and almost everyone died there.
The atomic bomb is shown in the first or second volume of the manga so I think maybe it's a post-apocalypse manga.

The year is a little bit off but I think it's Hadashi no Gen

It's a manga series by Keiji Nakazawa. The series takes place in Hiroshima during the final months of World War II. The main character is a boy named Gen Nakaoka and his family live in poverty. It shows an atomic bomb attack in Hiroshima on first volume, where Gen's father and siblings perished in the fires, but Gen and his mother managed to escape.

There's a scene where one boy (I believe he's the main character here) is fighting with his friends, and I think his friends are bullying him, and that boy bites the friend's finger off and eats it later

It's probably this, he ate the finger afterward.

As you can see, the art is not like most shounen manga around 2000. It's because this manga was serialized from 1973 to 1985. It was published at late '90s in my country so I guess there is a possibility that this is the manga you mentioned.


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Why is "Shingeki no Kyojin" translated as "Attack on Titan"?
The direct English translation of 進撃の巨人 ("Shingeki no Kyojin") isn't actually "Attack on Titan", and the name seems like an odd translation because it implies either an attack on a person/thing named "Titan" or an attack on or taking place on a planet/place called "Titan," neither of which are the case here. Have there been any official announcements on the translation/English naming of "Attack on Titan" regarding why they gave it that name?

in Google translate Shingeki (進撃) = Advance and Kyojin (巨人) = Giant and google says the entire thing is Giant's Advance, someone probably thought it was supposed to be Advance on Giant (no being replaced with on) and changed Advance to Attack and Giant to Titan

@Memor-X Yeah, either "Advance of the Giants" or "Giants' Advance". As for "Attack on Titan", as per my own speculation, it's just a typical grammatical abomination as a result of someone trying to make a cool and catchy English title.

See also: http://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/12658/3437

Maybe you could have better luck asking here http://japanese.stackexchange.com

It turns out from recent plot developments that Shingeki no Kyojin is a proper noun; the name of a specific Titan.

Spoiler Warning! As @RyanBarrett points out, as of the April '17 releases of the manga, and July '19 airings of the show, it's been revealed that "Attack Titan" is the name of a titan, like "Colossal Titan" or "Armored Titan." It's possible that when coming up with the English title, someone advised that native English-speakers would find "Attack Titan" awkward, and presume it to be a poor translation that "should" have been "Attack on-" or "Attack of the-". This would have hurt marketability for years. (Note that this reveal took five years for both the manga and the TV show!)

The name is an apt one: the show escalates from involving attacks on titans, into attacking the geist of titanism itself

To answer your questions, one must note one important thing:

The original English "subtitle" for 進撃の巨人 ("Shingeki no Kyojin") is in fact "Attack on Titan." (See the volume one cover for reference.)

Semantically there is very little meaning that would connect the two titles, and is likely to be attributed to an error, on the part of the author or his editor/publicists.
The biggest notable change is the use of "titan" as a translation for "kyojin."
According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, titan is defined as:

capitalized:  any of a family of giants in Greek mythology born of Uranus and Gaea and ruling the earth until overthrown by the Olympian gods

one that is gigantic in size or power: one that stands out for greatness of achievement

In terms of simplicity, titan might be an very good choice of words, but in terms of conveying the actual meaning, it falls a bit short.
"Kyojin" is a very simple word, consisting of two kanji which translate as "gigantic" and "human" or "person" respectively. Naturally a more correct translation of this word would be "giant", because it's simplest way in English that we can to refer people are like humans, but are significantly bigger.
"Attack" seems like a broad and simplistic choice of "attack" for "shingeki." both share similarities to one another, the semantic connotations are a bit different. "Shingeki" is a very specific term for akin to a (swift) military advance/charge on the enemy. Using "attack" oversimplifies this, and in combination with the preposition "on" and the noun "titan" (which can also refer to one of Saturn's moon by the same name), leads to an error in interpretation. Shingeki can also be used to refer to a vanguard rally/charge, much like what the Survey Corps are.
But let's take a deeper look at the title itself and see what we can get from it. It we directly translate and take it's meaning literally, the title would be something like "Advancing Giant." This doesn't work well as a title and probably isn't what I think the author intended on convey to his readers.
If we read the English titles as it is, "Attack on Titan," grammatically one would infer that "Titan" is some sort of location rather than a person or group. E.g., "Attack on Normandy." For this we have the preposition "on" to blame. Initiating an attack "on" usually implies that whatever "on" refers to is the thing being attacked, not doing the attacking. So the combination of "attack" and "on" as a passive proposition, implies in the act of inciting an act of aggression upon the following noun, "titan."
The Japanese particle "no" (in "Shingeki no Kyojin") is often seen translated as either the preposition "of" or the possessive (-'s), as a marker of possession.
In the case of the title, "kyojin" would be something possessed by "shingeki". Therefore we can assume that the giant is something that belongs to the advance/charge, in other words a giant pertains to a military advance/charge of a vanguard.
Now what does all this mean? Is it referring to the Titans as a whole or singling out on in particular? One can imply that the title is referring to Eren Jaeger, as he is the one and only giant who fights on the side of the humans, thus the giant who leads the way for their armies to finally make a dent in the enemy forces, representing hope for the humans. So something like "The Advancing/Charging Giant," or more appropriately something "The Giant of the Vanguard." Essentially referring to the giant that would lead people towards victory/salvation.
The original title was most likely intended to convey a great deal emotional value, especially when the circumstances involved in the story. However, this might not be as easily conveyed in English so they often to go with something short and to the point for the English subtitle (which is typically only there for the "cool" factor) and never intended to be used as the localized name.
For better SEO, sometimes localizers like to include the romanized Japanese name or w/e the "engrish" subtitle might be, like in the case of Oreimo, this way they can bring already associating links from the original source material to their localized version, without needing to break the bank with advertising.

I agree with your sematinc interpretation, but I think that we must also consider a deeper insight in the manga's meaning. I think that the english/japanese misunderstanding is wanted. One could think about a (military) attack against (on) the giants, or an attack of the giants. After all, this in inline with the fact that Giants are just Humans, and Humans can become Giants. Finally, "kougeki no kyojin" stands for "Attack's Giant" as Jaeger's power.

Based on your explanation, it seems like it's more like "Attack of the Titans", referring to the Titans who are attacking the humans, rather than somehow trying to say Erin the Titan is attacking something.  Though, it could be "Battle of the Titans" too.

Both are copyrighted title so it's an obvious no go.

@YetAnotherRandomUser No, never. の is always possessive. If you translate it with "of", you need to reverse word order.

With the lack of a good answer i'll flesh my comment out.
Google Translate translates 進撃の巨人 ("Shingeki no Kyojin") to Giants Advance. now Google Translate is machine translation so not good with sentances but it does does help with single words as guidelines, so the 2 main parts of the titles are

Shingeki (進撃) = Advance
Kyojin (巨人) = Giant

Now の (no) gets translated to of so putting all together we get Advance of Giant.
Now why did the title then become Attack on Titan, well without any explanation of the translators we can assume the words was changed to make the title sound cooler as per Eric's (Listed as キルア) said in the comments to the question

it's just a typical grammatical abomination as a result of someone trying to make a cool and catchy English title

so how did they do that? well we can assume that Advance and Giant were changed to Attack and Titan but why changed Of to On, the only reason i can think of is in the original title Shingeki no Kyojin, if you did a partial translation it could be Advance no Giant, someone proably went and reversed no to on so we get Advance on Giant, do the same word replacement as mentioned above and we get Attack on Titan
Now this answer relies heavy on Google Translate, however this answer also applies logic, you can find better explanation of Japanese Language here, while it properly translates the original title and explains the use of の in it, it does to explain how Attack on Titan came about so this answer serves to add assumed logic behind such a decision.

You've got の backwards. "XのY" corresponds to "Y of X", so interpreting it as "of" here would give you "Giant of Advance", not "Advance of Giant".

authors: ฟาฎีละห์ ฟิรฮาน ฟาฎีลัน

all_licenses: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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How did the dorms get assigned their names?
in Yu-Gi-Oh GX, Duel Academy has 3 dormitories, named after the 3 Egyptian God Cards, Slifer, Ra and Obelisk with Slifer having very basic facilities and seen as the underdogs (weakest) while students at Obelisk are more privileged and seen as aces and elites (strongest).
However, out of the 3 Gods, in terms of functionality this isn't right.

Obelisk is the weakest because its ATK and DEF are set at 4000 which we have seen reached by other monsters apart from Blue-Eyes Ultimate Dragon, and requires sacrifices to destroy all monsters on the field.
Slifer is the next strongest with its HP fluctuating based on the number of cards in your hand. However, when a monster is summoned, it has an instant attack which drops the opponent's summoned monster's stats by 2000 with the chance of destroying it.
Ra is considered the strongest with its ATK and DEF able to come from the player's Life Points and also its initial ATK and DEF come from the monsters sacrificed to summon it.

So I am wondering, how did the dorms get assigned their names, and would it make more sense that the elite's dorm gets the name of the strongest god card?
NOTE: I am referring to the god cards' functionality in the anime.

The academy was created by Seto Kaiba who first owned Obelisk while Yugi owned Slifer. We can infer from Kaiba's personality that Kaiba always wants to be better than Yugi, so he placed the rank of Obelisk the highest and Slifer the lowest.
For Ra, the card was originally owned by Marik, and the only spot left the rank could be placed is in the between the ranks of Obelisk and Slifer.

Ahhhh, i didn't know Kaiba created the academy, i must have missed that but it would indeed explain it

Kaiba was the person who was directly responsible for the creation of  facilities like Duel Academy. And I can understand and explain his viewpoint of putting Obelisk at the top.
This is a school, and in every school, the more points you score, the higher the grade you get. Keeping that in mind, let's look at the 3 god cards.
First let's look at Obelisk the tormentor.
It is a monster with 4000 points of atk and def. Meaning no matter what, this monster starts off with a solid atk and def power. HOWEVER, it also has an ability to tribute 2 monsters to gain infinite attack. Meaning that from Kaiba's point of view, Obelisk was the monster that had limitless potential in terms of RAW power. This is the exact reason why Kaiba decided that the strongest dorm should be called Obelisk Blue. Which is why most students who where in this dorm, had monsters with high attack power to deal battle damage. Zane Truesdale is the best example of an Obelisk blue player who used a cyber dragon power deck to overwhelm his opponents with attack power.
Now let's look at the winged dragon of ra which is the strongest god from all of the 3.
It is a monster with unknown ATK and DEF. Soo the potential of this monster in terms of ATK power is unknown from the get go. It's ATK and DEF depends on the monsters you sacrifice for it to increase it's power, meaning that unlike Obelisk who starts off with 4000 attack and has the potential to unleash an infinite ATK power, Ra depends too much on the monsters used for it, to gain ATK . And that would not be enough to surpass Obelisk in RAW power.
However what RA lacks in terms of ATK power, it exceeds in special abilities. Ra has the ability to destroy any monster it wants, even if that monster is another god. Soo Ra Yellow was the second strongest dorm in the academy in the eyes of Kaiba. Because it had hidden potential.
Bastion Misawa is the best example of what a Ra Yellow student represent, since he used strategies and tactics that overwhelm his opponents with card effects, more than he does with attacks. Bastion managed to defeat an Obelisk blue students like Chazz Princeton. Which shows that even tho Obelisk represents RAW power that surpasses any other RAW power, Ra can overcome that RAW power with it's hidden abilities.
And last but not least, let's look at Slifer The Sky dragon. The weakest out of the 3.
It is also a monster with unknown potential in terms of ATK and DEf but not in a good way. Even tho slifer's attack can be multiplied be the amount of cards the controller holds in his hands by x1000, at the end of the turn, that player can only hold 6 cards in their hand. Meaning that slifer's attack can remain at 6000 points at best. No matter how many cards a player gets in his hands, at the end of the turn, he has to discard them so he will remain with 6 cards. And if you want slifer to become more powerful, you need to use cards that allow you to draw. From Kaiba's point of view, slifer was weak because it's attack depends too much on the cards that the player holds in his hand. And the only special ability slifer had, was to strike the opponent's monsters to weaken their ATK or DEF. Meaning that the god couldn't save itself if it lacked in raw power against a monster who could survive that ability. Making Slifer the Sky dragon, the one that is dependent too much on other cards to remain powerful. While Obelisk is not depended on other cards to keep his 4000 points of ATk. And Ra will keep the ATK it gains from the monsters that where sacrificed for it and will continue to grow without losing any power.
Ofcourse, when a slifer student improves his deck and he proves his power by wining against a Ra Yellow student or an Obelisk blue student, he will be given the opportunity to join one of the higher dorms, depending on how well he performs and which traits of the two higher dorms he display during his game.
Jaden started in the red dorm because he played with weak elemental hero monsters that where too dependent on other cards to become strong. However he improved a lot during his years in the academy and was given multiple opportunities to move out from the red dorm and become a Ra Yellow or an Obelisk blue student. When Bastion Misawa locked Jaden's polymerization with the trap  Cursed Seal of the Forbidden spell, Jaden showed that his deck had the hidden potential to overcome it's dependency on the polymerization card and find ways to win without it. This proved that Jaden was ready to become a Ra Yellow Student. However he simply refused because he felt that he wanted to stay in the red dorm since that is where he felt more comfortable. Jaden could've easly become an Obelisk Blue student as well, since he was able to show RAW power with limitless potential that was on par with that of Zane Truesdale, who was the top Obelisk blue student at the time. During their duel, Jaden managed to increase the attack of his Shining Flare Wingman to  20900, while Zane countered that by increasing his Cyber End Dragon's attack to 36900. Forcing Jaden to use the card Final Fusion to inflict damage to both players equal to the combined ATK of their battling monsters. Ending the game in a draw.
Syrus Truesdale is actually the best example of a Slifer Red student, who started as a weak player with weak monsters, uncertain of his abilities and potential. He gradually became more confident and strong, and started to play with stronger combos and stronger monsters as time progressed. This allowed him to ascend into Ra Yellow and later he became an Obelisk Blue.
Soo let's go over it one more time.
Obelisk is for limitless potential
Ra is for hidden abilities
Slifer is for Dependency
You now understand the logic behind the hierarchy behind the dorms and why Kaiba made them the way they are.
You can also understand why teachers like Vellian Crowler hated the Red Dorm and didn't want it to exist. From his point of view, the weakest students that show no potential go there.
Crowler only wanted students that showed promise right from the get go. If they didn't use RAW power or smart strategies, they where not worth the time. OFC, what Crowler couldn't understand is that the Slifer dorm was neccesary to be there, soo that students who didn't show any promise from the get go, would have the chance and opportunity to prove themselves. Which is what Syrus Truesdale and
Chumley Huffington did.
Chumley was forced to retake his freshman year after he failed his first time around. Maximillion Pegasus offers Chumley a job at Industrial Illusions as a card designer nearing the end of the first year after he wins a card-design contest by creating "Ayers Rock Sunrise". In order to determine whether or not he will be permitted to leave the school, Crowler Duels with him in one final test. Although Chumley manages to hold his own, even getting the chance to play the first card of his own creation, "Ayers Rock Sunrise", he is again defeated. Crowler, however, lets him move on regardless, impressed by how far in his studies he has come. And also pleased that Chumley expressed both RAW power and hidden potential.


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Why does Charmander die if his flame goes out?
I just found a doodle about how Charmander and Squirtle were getting high, and Squirtle accidentally extinguishes Charmander's flame, and Charmander dies. Is this true? And why does Charmander die if his flame goes out? Is there any explanation about this in the anime?
I did find a Bulbapedia page that said:

Charmander dies if its flame goes out.

But it didn't explain any further.

Altough it does not directly answer the question. Anatomy of charmander

@Dimitrimx Is that a canon image?

@Eric Cant say its 100% cannon. The artist made several, partially based on fantasy. Partially on facts given in the series.

as much as i can remember, they do die. ash rescued his charmander from rain when his fire was going to extinguish. maybe because charmander are that kind of animal who die when their fire extinguishes.

I edit my title because the answer of the first title will be obvious and already state in wiki I cite

According to Charmander article on Bulbapedia:

A fire burns at the tip of this Pokémon’s slender tail, and has blazed there since Charmander’s birth. The flame can be used as an indication of Charmander's health and mood, burning brightly when the Pokémon is strong, weakly when it is exhausted, wavering when it is happy, and blazing when it is enraged. It is said that Charmander dies if its flame goes out.

Charmander's flame is an indicator to his remaining life force.
So, saying "Charmander dies if its flame goes out" would be like saying "A human dies if he blows his last breath". Dying and having no flame would basically be equivalent statements. So even if Squirtle gets high, squirts all over Charmander's tail and the flame goes out for a second, Charmander wouldn't die and the flame would come out again if he was still healthy.
Having water on his tail will probably cause him a lot of pain and continuously being exposed to this torture could make him faint or die, but it would be because his health would drop and thus the flame would become smaller. Vice-versa, if you could somehow bind a lighter to its tail with infinite gas, Charmander wouldn't become invincible, even though his flame would never die out.

Very well answered.

Now it was a long time ago from when I watched the series but from what I remember, in the first episode Charmander appears in, Ash finds him injured (or at least very sick) in the middle of the road. Ash and his party then rescue him. After taking Charmander to Nurse Joy (I think, they take him to someone at least), they explain that the fire on Charmander's tale represents his health. The stronger the flame, the more healthy and strong he is and vice-versa. And yes, I do remember that he does indeed die once the flame went out completely, which was explained in that episode as well.
I'm sorry if the answer isn't 100% accurate but it has been about 15 years since I seen this episode.

It really has been 15 years. Good old days!! +1  :D

For reference, the episode in question is episode 11.

It's the other way around. Charmander is likely to be dead soon if his flame is about to go out on itself. As you may know already, the strength of the flame on his tail represents his health level.
I've read about this subject many times before on the net, and I think there was a bit about if you were to extinguish Charmander's tail fire while he's healthy, it would simply light up again shortly afterwards. So his tail fire's kinda like a trick candle that doesn't go out (if you remember those from your childhood).

Generation one Pokedex entry.

Obviously prefers hot places. When it rains, steam is said to spout from the tip of its tail.

So unless it's dying, it can lose its tail flame temporarily, which will later come back.

It's possible that as a Fire type Pokemon, Charmander is cold blooded and needs a high core temperature to live. As a result, if the flame goes out and isn't rekindled, its body cools at a rapid rate, eventually stopping its heart.

According to "The Science of Pokemon" on Tumblr, a charizard's tail flame keeps it warm. Without the flame, the charizard will basically freeze to death, because it has no other way to generate enough body heat to keep it alive. It's because the flame isn't just at the tip of charizard's tail. It burns inside of it's body, because of a stream of gas that passes through him. It seem like the tail flame is the flame that keeps the rest of the gas lit, so if it goes out, the rest of the fire inside goes out, too. It does indicate the health and emotions of charizard, too, but I think that's more of a side effect than something really important.

The source doesn't seem to draw reference (or if it does, it didn't cite) from any of the official material (manga, anime, games, etc.). It sounds like fan theory about how the body of the Pokemon works.

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Why don't official English sites translate the OP/ED?
Many (maybe even all) series on Crunchyroll (perhaps Hulu as well) for example have no subtitles for the opening and ending.
Why is this?

it's probably going to look ugly having the default subtitle font all over the OP/ED

The short answer is, I believe, that translation rights for the OP/ED are separate from translation rights for the rest of the show. I'll expand on this later if nobody else does.

If you'd like to read another person's version of the same answer, Justin Sevakis was recently asked this question on ANN (it's the last one on the page).

This was stated by the Support Manager??(or is that just a forum title) of Crunchyroll:

This involves getting the rights to the songs that are used as opening
  and endings for each show on the site.
So not only when licensing new simulcasts would we be going after the
  show but also the opening and ending songs.
A lot of bands are reluctant to let their songs be licensed as this
  means that the translation presented is -THE- official translation of
  the song.

Source: http://www.crunchyroll.com/forumtopic-803435/so-crunchyroll-why-not-sub-op-and-ed-songs-as-well
He also backs that up at: http://www.crunchyroll.com/forumtopic-758633/are-cr-subs-lacking-a-bit
So he does seem to be a staff from Crunchyroll.


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What's the correct order in which to watch the Yu-Gi-Oh! seasons/episodes?
I am wondering what the correct order in which to watch the Yu-Gi-Oh! seasons is.

What do you mean by "correct order"? Wouldn't the correct order be chronologically based on release?

Yeah, you are probably right. I just wanna watch Yu-Gi-Oh! again but I cant remember the order of the seasons ( from the beginning to the end ) :)

Wikipedia usually has episode lists with names and release dates, if that is what you were looking for. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Yu-Gi-Oh!_episodes

No problem and welcome to the Anime & Manga SE ^^

start with season 1 episode 1, and then order by episodes ascending, and then by seasons, ascending

Uhmm. I've started from Season 0. So I should continue with something like Season 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 and then Yu-Gi-Oh! Capsule Monsters, according to Wikipedia. Is that right? :)

Zeroth is one of the best series...so u should must watch it

As Peter Raeves points out in the comments, a useful listing is available at Wikipedia's List of Yu-Gi-Oh! episodes article. In brief:

Watch Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters (the first series, not the "zeroth" series), which is 224 episodes / 5 seasons in length. At any point after episode 144, you can, if you'd like, watch the Pyramid of Light movie.
If you'd like, watch Capsule Monsters, which is 12 episodes in length. This mini-series was created exclusively for US release (so I guess it's "non-canon" if you care about that), but it's pretty enjoyable nonetheless. It is best to watch it after episode 198 of Duel Monsters as it takes places between 198 and 199. Also since this comment was written another Yu-Gi-Oh! movie Dark Side of Dimensions has been released which takes place 6 months after the end of Duel Monsters. So be sure to watch that before starting GX.
Watch Yu-Gi-Oh! GX, which is 180 episodes / 4 seasons in length. Note that you'll have to hunt for subtitled episodes if you want to watch the fourth (and final) season of GX - it was never dubbed.
Watch Yu-Gi-Oh! 5D's, which is 154 episodes / 5 seasons in length. At any point after episode 86, you can, if you'd like, watch the Bonds Beyond Time movie. Note that large segment of seasons 4 and 5 were never dubbed. Again, you'll have to hunt for subtitled episodes if you want to watch these in their entirety. There is also a special ("Shinka suru Kettou! Stardust VS Red Demons") that was never dubbed.
Watch Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL (series 1), which is 73 episodes / 3 seasons in length. There is also a special (the one featuring Kouhei Uchimura) that was never dubbed.
Watch Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL (series 2), which is 73 episodes / 3 seasons in length. Since this series only just ended in Japan (Mar 2014), dubbing is still in progress. As of this writing (13 Jun 2014), it looks like the first 40 episodes have been dubbed, with more coming out at a rate of one per week. Once you've caught up with this, you'll be up-to-date with the dubs.
If you don't mind watching subs, start watching Yu-Gi-Oh! Arc-V, which is ongoing as of Apr 2014. Konami has licensed it for dubbing, but the dubs presumably won't start until the dubs for ZEXAL series 2 are complete.

I didn't mention the "zeroth" series (the one released in 1998) anywhere in there because it's sort of orthogonal to the rest of the Yu-Gi-Oh! anime franchise. As such, you can watch it at any point, though I would recommend watching it just before or after you watch the first series (just to see the contrasting ways in which the two series evolved). The "zeroth" series is 27 episodes in length, and was never dubbed, so you'll have to hunt down subtitles. Note also that a short film (titled just "Yu-Gi-Oh!") was produced, which you might want to watch after you've finished the "zeroth" series.

Thanks a lot, thats more clear.I've got a lot episodes to watch gonna start from right now. :)

As the answer above me stated, watch it in that order, but there is also Yu-Gi-Oh! Season 0 (or just Yu-Gi-Oh in Japan) that to my knowledge wasn't released outside of Japan. The show is less yu-gi-oh than the rest, with the very few duels, but it's kinda a prequel to the first season, Duel Monsters.

Are you talking about the series senshin mentions in his last paragraph?

Yeah, sorry. I didn't realise zeroth was season 0 (unofficial naming and all) but yeah. It's still worth a watch though, seeing as some of the events occurring in DM make more sense with the knowledge from the toei animation, for example how no one notices Yugi's changes. Oh, it also seems kinda more mature than the others, so it's enjoyable. But yeaaaaah.. just ignore my answer, seeing as i'm stupid.

But i can add something else to senshin's post that he didn't mention. Capsule Monsters, while completely optional, it does have a spot on the  timeline, between episodes 'The grand championship' & 'Dawn of the duel'  There was also apparently a movie meant to house the first six episodes of capsule monsters.


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About Kizaru's attack on the Supernovas
When Kizaru attacked Supernovas at Sabaody Archipelago, he beat some of them badly like X Drake, Basil Hawkins, Urouge and Scratchmen Appo. My question is: how did they manage to escape from Kizaru? In episodes, the scene ends with the (temporary) annihilation of the Straw Hats. But how did they manage to escape? Is it because of the Navy's carelessness?

Lets first see what happens on Sabaody Archipelago.
Chapter 508
Kizaru arrives on the island, searching for Sentoumaru. Since he couldn't find Sentoumaru straight away, he gets bored and when Kizaru is bored, he

Couldn't possibly just leave a bounty head like this sitting around...

So that's why he started attacking the super novas in the first place. He didn't really intend to do so otherwise. He wasn't ordered to do so and had bigger fish to fry.

Chapter 510
Kizaru finally contacts Sentoumaru and goes after the Strawhats.

Chapter 511
Kizaru finally meets with the Straw Hats, but is kept busy by Rayleigh.

So to summarize. They got away, because Kizaru never told the Marines about the supernova's presence. The Marines didn't know about their presence so they never ordered Kizaru to arrest them. He only attacked them, because he was bored anyway. I think he really only does what he is ordered to. He and Kuzan are the lazy type like that. Secondly, Rayleigh kept him busy for some time, giving them time to escape.

Makes sense.,,,

Simply put, Kizaru wasn't there to arrest the supernovas. He was there to execute or arrest the Strawhats, or more precisely, Luffy, since he broke the law and assaulted a Celestrial dragon. That was his primary objective. He could have arrested them but that would have wasted time and the Strawhats would have escaped. That's why he concentrated more on them.
The reason he attacked the supernovas was because he was bored and it did not take much effort, while arresting them would.
You could say that the other marines should have arrested them as they were injured anyway, but the low rank marines are still no good against the supernovas. And hence, the supernovas were able to escape.


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Where did the nickname "Poppo" comes from?
We know that all of them have a nickname, but I don't understand Poppo's nickname.

Yadomi Jinta = Jintan
Honma Meiko = Menma
Anjou Naruko = Anaru
Matsuyuki Atsumu = Yukiatsu
Tsurumi Chiriko = Tsuruko
Hisakawa Tetsudou = Poppo??

Does it have something to do with his name in Japanese characters?

After a bit of searching on the Japanese internet, I found an explanation that makes so much sense that it almost must be right. That said, I haven't found official material to back this up,1 so this may yet be incorrect.
Here's the deal: "Tetsudou", written 鉄道, means "railway". "Poppo" (ぽっぽ) is a childish/onomatopoetic word for a steam train (see e.g. the zokugo-dict entry, usage 3 [in Japanese]). So I suppose what would have happened is that the kids would've gone along some sort of chain of word associations and ended up deciding to call the guy "Poppo" because that's related to "Tetsudou".

1 Then again, there may not even be any official material to support this explanation - I think this joke/whatever would be very transparent to people brought up in Japan and so this connection would probably go without saying.

Poppo is the Japanese equivalent of the English "Choo-choo" both which are onomatopoetic words for a steam locomotive, derived from the sound it makes. It is pronounced Poe-poe, not Pop-oh. I know this because I have visited a railway and museum for tourists in Japan named "Poppo Town".


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Does anybody recognize this anime with a military parade?
I'm afraid I don't have any information about this anime except a single screenshot and the source where I got it (AMV).
Here's the picture:

And the AMV is here. The reason I'm pasting the AMV link is because it may contain more scenes from the above anime (as it did have different scenes from some animes I knew).
Thanks for any help/guesses.

What timeslot is your picture from?

This is from the third ED of Xam'd: Lost Memories.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6mU1MbPWyf8
The figure in the center is Toujirou Kakisu.


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Anime song (I think Naruto)
I have a song stuck in my head and I THINK it's from Naruto or Bleach but I am not sure. I am sure it's from an anime though.
http://vocaroo.com/i/s0su2gQh82mV
Any ideas?

You would be better of checking Youtube for the openings and endings. For example

I did but I couldnt find it

Is there any other information you recall about the music? was it during a fight or any other information it could be a sound track.

http://www.midomi.com/ Try humming it here. I tried your vocaroo, but it didn't give any results.

Yea I tried that but it can't be found there. I recall that at the part I am whistling the song it is only a voice saying something like "So re da" the first 3 notes. After the part I whistled the music kicks in which I cannot clearly remember.

I hummed the song in Soundhound and it recognized it thanks a lot guys! It's

Aqua Times - ALONES

It's the 6th Bleach opening theme song.

This tune is from Bleach, Opening 6 here.


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What is the name of the anime this pink-haired girl is from?
I saw this picture on facebook and I would like to know what anime she is from

Possible duplicate of Where is this picture from? How do I use Reverse Image Search to find the source of an anime/manga image?

That is Kazumi Schlierenzauer from Gokukoku no Brynhildr. This show is currently airing this season (Spring 2014).


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Does Knights of Sidonia have anything to do with the Muse song by a similar name?
The Muse song "Knights of Cydonia" is awfully similar in title to the anime series "Knights of Sidonia".
This seems like a very unlikely coincidence as I haven't ever come across the name Sidonia in a normal context and it seems a made-up name for a location.
Is there more to this seemingly coincidental similarity of names?

Cydonia is actually a region on Mars - the name derives from here and is not actually made up. Sidonia seems to be an alternative spelling for this.
As for the "knights" bit, the region is best known for the face-shaped landmarks that were discovered by the Viking Orbitors, It is very likely the "Knights" refer to these faces, which strike a resemblance to tapestry and stained glass depictions of medieval knights:

Some commentators, most notably Richard C. Hoagland, believe the "Face on Mars" to be evidence of a long-lost Martian civilization along with other features they believe are present, such as apparent pyramids, which they argue are part of a ruined city.

The region has been featured in more than these two mediums and in fact has inspired episodes of the X-Files, Final Fantasy IV, Invader Zim and more.
There doesn't appear to be a connection to the two works apart from the names, which may have differing spelling to avoid lawyer conflicts, for search engine & catalogue uniqueness, because of mistranslation, or a variety of other reasons.

so is it a tribute in name only... like Bleach is to Nirvana's first album?

I think they're unrelated, there doesn't seem to be any other references in the show that would allude to that being the case

It could be related in the sense of relation to Mars. There was mention of Earth being lost. Generation ship could be originating from Mars (or even, was it carved Mars moon? Size and shape allows that) and name suggested it

One thing to consider is that the original Japanese title is "Sidonia no Kishi" (シドニアの騎士), which doesn't suggest a connection so clearly.
Nihei's past series have had English titles (Blame!, BioMega), so I think if he wanted to reference the song he'd use English for the original title. I think it's just a coincidence that it's so similar to the song's name, once translated into English.

While I do not believe that the reference to the Muse song is apparent, as a former poster had already stated, it is very likely that the name for the series is a reference to the sector of Mars rather than the ancient Cretan city-state by which the sector was named after. Due to the transliteration of Cydonia in Japanese as シドンイア and then transliterating it back into English as "Sidonia," the apparent similarities become lost.


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What is "Teacher's" name?
I was watching Fullmetal Alchemist about half an ago, and it dawned on me that Alphonse and Ed call her "Teacher" and not by her actual name. What is her real name?

I don't think the OP is that familiar with FMA. The only suggestion I have is that maybe he/she carried on watching the series.

@MiharuDante: my problem with this question is that a quick internet search for fma ed al teacher will give Izumi Curtis as a result.

Her name is Izumi Curtis. I'm not sure which episode (or chapter) this was first revealed in.

She's called "Izumi" by Sig in the first episode she appears in. "Curtis" was revealed much later, though.

@Eric I think in the original series (not Brotherhood), that's episode 27, the episode she first appears in.

Yeah, something like that. It's around episode 13 or 14 in Brotherhood, though.


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Why do all one-star students look the same?
In Honnouji Academy, there are four levels of student: no-star, one-star, two-star, and three-star. However, only the one-star students all look the same. The only exception is for Suzuki, who stole a one-star uniform in the first episode.

Is there any reason why that is?

It's probably just a way to show us that one-star students don't really matter, and we shouldn't focus on them at all. Two and three starred students are what we should be watching.

I imagine it's because they are unimportant to the plot and because the animators wanted to give a sense of a hive-mind mentality.
The ranks above are individualized as they are powerful and worthy of the viewer's (and Ryukko's) attention.
The zero-star students are individualized as well. Along with this, all the slums are very different looking to each other - In contrast, the houses that the richer student live in are very regular and similar to each other corresponding with their uniform class.
A good example of the higher rank's lack of individualism is

 When Mako and Ryukko start the fight club, They start to lose their individuality that they once had in the slums and become arrogant, greedy and unloving towards each other. Once they return to the slums, they regain their own personalities again.

I always thought that goku uniform made them looked like that since Suzuki body shape change after he wear it.


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Why is the title "Yotsuba&!"?
The manga Yotsuba&! is a story about a little girl named Yotsuba. So, the title using her name makes sense, but why is there an additional '&' at the end?

This is the manga cover in English. It says Yotsuba&! and sometimes it's written Yotsubato! on some sites.

Well, to (と) is a Japanese particle that functions like English "and". If, for example, you wanted to say "Yotsuba & Tanaka", that would be Yotsuba-to Tanaka (よつばと田中).
So I suppose it makes sense that one might choose to write Yotsuba-to! as "Yotsuba&!".

As for why the title is "Yotsuba&!" / Yotsubato in the first place - I suppose it's related to the fact that all the chapter titles are of the form "Yotsuba & [something]", e.g. "Yotsuba & the Elephant" (#19) and "Yotsuba & Coffee" (#58).

but it still doesn't make sense, why the title is 'yotsuba and'?

@ShinobuOshino Oh, I guess that's because all the chapter titles are of the form "Yotsuba and [something]".

it's so that the name hints at the genre. "Someone and…" has been heavily used in naming works of a similar genre over the years, and the consumers know what to expect from a work with such name


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Manga/anime about a woman who can turn into a monster
The one that I remember is from a manga, but I know there's an anime adaptation from this manga. Here are some details from the manga I read:

I read it about 2-3 years ago, and it already has more than 50 chapters.
It's seinen.
The genre is action, and it has some explicit content with a lot of blood.
The main character is a woman with short white hair who has a sword.
This woman is a monster slayer, wandering between cities to slay a monster, and the citizens pay her. But she's a monster herself.
At the beginning, a boy decides to follow her, for a reason I don't really remember, perhaps to revenge his parents death.
One chapter reveals that she has a friend who is the same type of monster slayer as her, but she has to kill her, because her friend has been consumed by the monster inside her, and has turned into a monster.

That's all that I can remember, I hope these details are enough.

That would be Claymore

it's set in a fictional medieval island where humans are plagued by Youma, humanoid shape-shifters that feed on humans. A group known as The Organization, creates human-Youma hybrids to kill Youma for a fee. These female warriors wear armored uniforms with white body suits. The public refer to them as "Claymores" alluding to their Claymore swords, or "Silver-eyed Witches," due to their silver eyes and how they have powers beyond humans.
Evidence

it already has more than 50 chapter

According to Wikipedia the manga has 143 chapters and is still ongoing

The genre is action, and have some explicit content with lot of blood

I've only seen the anime but i believe it's action and quite bloody however the explicit content in the anime also has a bit on nudity in it, there's a scene of cannibalism and one of the characters almost allows herself to be raped

The main character is a woman, short hair, white hair, and have sword

That would be Clare (Pictured Above)

This woman is a monster slayer, wandering between cities to slay a monster, and the citizen pays her. But she's a monster herself.

Claymores go from City to City, town to town killing Yoma , they leave but before doing so notifies the people that a representative of The Organization will appear to collect the fee. all Claymores are Part Yoma , Clare herself is part Claymore because she was infused with a Claymore's Head (the woman who raise her)

At the beginning, a boy decide to follow her, for what reason I don't really remember, perhaps to revenge his parents death.

this boy is Raki who she saved, he at first begins to follow her but then Clare decides to take him along seeing herself in him when she was saved by Teresa, the Claymore who saved her from Yoma

One chapter reveal that she has a friend who also the same monster slayer like her, but she has to kill her, because her friend has been consume by the monster inside her, and turn into a monster.

As said above Claymores are half Yoma, their powers and strength come from using this side of them by using demonic energy know as their Yoki Aura, if they use too much they "Awaken" and becomes extremely power Youma known as Awakened Being. it's explained that awakening is likened to the feeling of sexual climax and Women was shown to resists this more than Men so it's the reason why Claymores are women, however later in the series Clare learns of the Male Claymores having existed however it's assumed they are all Awakened Beings now, Claymore tend to hunt each other down in order to prevent them becoming Awakened Beings.
Contradictions

It's seinen

Wikipedia says the demographic is Shōnen

@exatma the main character was easy for me to guess who it was based from experiance, have edited my answer with evidence to your question which should further prove it's Claymore, the only contradiction is the demographic however this might just be how it's presented

I thought it already had 151 chapters?

@infiniteBladeWorks Chapters 144 - 150 plus Extra Chapter 5 according to Wikipedia is not yet in tankōbon format so currently you'll only be able to read those chapters in Jump Square....though to be fair i didn't notice that, i just scrolled down to Volume 25 and saw the max chapter number