text:
Why did the studio make two versions of this scene?
In Bladedance of Elementalers, there is a scene where Kamito's girlfriends get jealous and feed him cakes violently. What's surprising is there are 2 versions of this scene:

His girlfriends use sticks to feed him.

His girlfriends push the plate against his face.

Why did the studio make two versions of this? It's quite rare that a studio would bother to do extra work, since one version is enough.

This was possibly a scene correction done for the DVD & BD release.
The scene happened near the end of episode 12, "Ren Ashbell". Cross-checking the reviews reveals that the scene with "cake-shoving" was initially broadcasted on TV, on September 30, 2014.

http://tiwaha.cocolog-nifty.com/blog/2014/09/tokyomx92912-b4.html (Japanese, September 30, 2014, TokyoMX)

私のケーキを食べてとカミトの顔面に押し付けるフィアナ、リンスレット、トドメはエストだった。
"Eat my cake", said Fianna, Rinslet, and Est while shoving the cake onto Kamito's face.

https://ameblo.jp/cm118466081/entry-11932644894.html (Japanese, October 1, 2014)

エリスのドレスが似合ってると褒めたカミトに詰め寄る他3人(爆)
それはケーキ食わせるじゃなくてパイ投げもとい、ケーキ投げやん！
The other 3 girls crowded around Kamito after he compliments Ellis' dress
That's not feeding the cake, that's pie-throwing, or rather cake-shoving!

http://yaraon-blog.com/archives/58516 (Japanese, 30 September 2014) showing the archive of 2ch thread, with screencaps from episodes 12 added, including the cake-shoving.

However, the scene is actually different from the original source (light novel) where the girls are forcing Kamito to eat the cake using forks instead of shoving it, and it disappointed some Japanese fans.

http://yaraon-blog.com/archives/58516 (Japanese). From one of the comments on the article,

名前：名無しさん 投稿日：2014-09-30 01:42:00
てか、ケーキのシーンは原作通り全員フォークでカミトの口に入れてあげろよ…
何であんな雑で、しかも印象悪くするようなことした

Name: Anonymous　Posting date: 2014-09-30 01:42:00 (JST)
I mean, the cake scene should be like the original source, everyone should use a fork to put it in Kamito's mouth...
Why did they do it so rough, moreover it makes a bad impression

https://sakuhindb.com/janime/7_Seireitsukai_20no_20bladedance/2014-11-02T14_33_50.html (Japanese).

【悪い点】
[...]
最終回でチョコレートケーキをカミトの顔にぶつけるシーン。食いモンを粗末にするんじゃねえ。もしこれが「ドリフのコントみたいでおもろいやろ?」とか思ってやってるんだとしたら救えない
Bad Points
The scene where chocolate cakes are shoved onto Kamito's face in the last episode. Don't waste food. If this was done with the reasoning "this should be interesting like Dorifu's skit", then it is beyond saving.


text:
Are there elite schools or private schools in Japan that teach advanced knowledge for their students' age?
At around 14:00 in the first episode of Puella Magi Madoka Magica, there are 3 math questions in the blackboard. (The following pictures are for the convenience for reference.)

Question: Let p be a prime number, n an arbitrary fixed natural number, prove that (1+n)^p - n^p - 1 can be divided by p.

Question: An integer divided by 14 will have an integer quotient with a remainder between 0 and 13.
a is an integer with a remainder of 6 when divided by 14, b is an integer with a remainder of 1 when divided by 14. The quadratic equation x^2-2ax+b=0 can be solved for an integer solution.
Find the remainder when this integer solution is divided by 14.

Question: Find all the integer solutions (a,b) for the equation a^3+a^2-1=(a-1)b.

In the anime, the characters are just middle school students, but the questions are not in a normal middle school level. The solution of the first question above uses the formula of binomial expansion, which, according to the middle school math syllabus in Japan (for reference, the school years in Japan), is not required for a middle schooler. The formula of binomial expansion is in fact in the syllabus of the high school. The other two questions are barely in the
syllabus of middle school math, yet their solutions are quite tricky, which no one would expect from a middle schooler.
I wonder if the MCs are attending an elite school, which expects more from its students. Are there elite schools or private schools in Japan that teach advanced knowledge for their students' age, say high school or even university math? (It's said that the USSR used to have this kind of schools for talented students.)

I could swear in The Quintessential Quintuplets or Kaguya-sama they were learning like double integrals or Euler's formula or something. Anyhoo, check out Mathematics of Madoka Magica

@BCLC If my middle school taught this kind of stuff, I doubt some of my classmates could manage to pass the exam. The exam questions in quintuplets are quite  easy though.

Regardless of the premise of this question, there's an explanation and commentary about these Math problems in Japanese (PDF) that these are high-school level or above. It also mentioned that the English problem (about past subjunctive mood) that appeared is also high-school level, and the author wondered whether the staff accidentally mistook high-school level problems instead of middle-school level, or indeed it's a super elite school.

Not having seen the show, are those problems part of an overall plot point?  Could they perhaps just be an easter-egg or something? Perhaps the artists wanted to have a little fun and just tossed in some harder math for the people who would pause a show to see what math it was...?

Speaking simply about the reality, I believe the short answer is no.
The basic compulsory Japanese education is 6 years (primary) + 3 years (middle). But practically most children proceed to high school (3 years).
"Elite schools" typically (especially near Tokyo) combines middle and high school education, which means that children enters those schools at 12 and stay there for 6 years. The schools' primary objective is to prepare those children for entrance exams for universities. So, in some schools, children are taught the full contents (i.e., what is supposed to be taught in 6 years) in 5 years, and spend the last year practicing for tests. In this sense, some schools teach stuff earlier/quicker than normal, but not like teaching high school stuff in middle school (at least not fully).
That said, obviously, there are pupils in those middle schools who can solve high school problems, just as some children skip grades in the US or elsewhere. Some of those elite schools are known for producing math Olympiad medalists. But those pupils just learn on their own or learn them as extra-curricula activities, not as part of the standard teaching.

There are private prep schools whose target is pupils of elite schools and that teach 6-year stuff in 3 years (i.e., children who finished the curriculum know everything required for uni entrance at 15). But this is a little extreme case, and they are not exactly "schools" (in the sense that they are outside formal education).
Another thing is that there is Kumon (where mostly primary school pupils gets extra education, like prep school). I've heard that able children under 12 learn differentials or integrals in some cases. But as far as I know, it is about mechanically following calculations and not exactly teaching what those math concepts really are.

Re Kumon: Can confirm. It's mostly mechanical.

source: Stack Exchange

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

sort: votes


text:
Are there any differences between manga and anime copyrights?
According to the law in Japan when a mangaka dies after 50 years the copyrights are annulled and now their manga are public access, in that case what happens with the manga that were adapted to anime? the anime are also public access or only the manga?
If both copyrigths are different then under what circumstances does the anime become public? who should die? the production Company? or who?

Welcome to Anime & Manga Stack Exchange. For clarification, could you [edit] and provide some references/sources about that law?

著作権法 (Copyright Act of Japan)

Possibly related: Who generally owns the rights for a manga or anime?

Don't have time for full answer, but this article can help: https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1598&context=law_globalstudies

all_licenses: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Ubiquity of Totoro
Why is the image of Totoro (from "My Neighbor Totoro") so common? Even outside anime, background drawings can include Totoro dolls or posters.

Is it just a question of marketing or is there something special about the figure or character? I wonder if Totoro (as a toy or image) is even better known than the movie.

Just to clarify your question, you aren't asking if the image is better known than the movie, right? You're just asking why it is so well known?

I started out just with the idea of ubiquity but actually started wondering about the comparison as well. Guess these really are separate questions.

For one thing, the image of Totoro is part of Studio Ghibli's (one of the most famous and critically acclaimed animation studios) logo:

The second thing is that the movie appeals highly to both children and adults. In a paper by Rieko Okuhara titled "Walking Along With Nature: A Psychological Interpretation of My Neighbor Totoro", she starts with:

Why did My Neighbor Totoro capture the hearts of the Japanese people, including my mother, so strongly? So popular in Japan is My Neighbor Totoro that people say every Japanese family owns a copy and that every Japanese child knows Totoro. On the surface, the story is quite simple and easy to follow. The cute cuddly characters seem universally appealing. Adults may be reliving cherished childhood memories, for the film takes place in a village in Japan and portrays the post-World War II countryside in detail. But is its adult appeal just nostalgia for the forgotten days of long ago?...The lovable features of the characters are a major reason for the popularity of the film. Totoro and his friends are furry and look like stuffed animals. Totoro, or Big Totoro (Oh Totoro), is the main advertising icon for Studio Ghibli, and products featuring Totoro are popular among both children and adults. Medium Totoro (Chu Totoro), Little Totoro (Chibi Totoro), Catbus (Neko Basu), and Mei are also favorite characters of My Neighbor Totoro fans. Catbus is not really "cute" per se; he strongly recalls the Cheshire Cat from Alice in Wonderland with his big grin. Tanaka compares Catbus with a Japanese cat monster (bake neko) because of his big eyes that see through the dark and his big mouth that lets out a horrifying noise. Yet fans find Catbus adorable and enjoy the humor in the way he runs on narrow electric cables and jumps over trees. The fantasy world where Totoro and his friends belong appears almost dream-like, and Mei and Satsuki wonder several times if Totoro and his friends live in their dream world. The creatures' amiable woolly features make the children wonder even more if all the spirits are characters from their dreams. In one scene, the sisters describe the night they spend with the spirits as "a dream, but not a dream", which is exactly how they experience their time with the spirits of nature. It is easy to understand how the adorable features and comic actions of these animal-like spirits make them everyone's favorites, but this does not explain why Mei is considered a favorite character. Mei seems to have something special that appeals to adults and children, which is not clear at first glance.

Last year, Biglobe reported that "Totoro" was the most used word on Japanese Twitter
Wikipedia mentions some reasons for Totoro's ubiquity:

My Neighbor Totoro helped bring Japanese animation into the global spotlight, and set its writer-director Hayao Miyazaki on the road to success. The film's central character, Totoro, is as famous among Japanese children as Winnie-the-Pooh is among British ones. The Independent recognized Totoro as one of the greatest cartoon characters, describing the creature, "At once innocent and awe-inspiring, King Totoro captures the innocence and magic of childhood more than any of Miyazaki's other magical creations." The Financial Times recognized the character's appeal, "[Totoro] is more genuinely loved than Mickey Mouse could hope to be in his wildest—not nearly so beautifully illustrated—fantasies."The environmental journal Ambio described the influence of My Neighbor Totoro, "[It] has served as a powerful force to focus the positive feelings that the Japanese people have for satoyama and traditional village life." The film's central character Totoro was used as a mascot by the Japanese "Totoro Hometown Fund Campaign" to preserve areas of satoyama in the Saitama Prefecture. The fund, started in 1990 after the film's release, held an auction in August 2008 at Pixar Animation Studios to sell over 210 original paintings, illustrations, and sculptures inspired by My Neighbor Totoro.A main-belt asteroid was named 10160 Totoro after the film's central character Totoro.

The ubiquity of Totoro seems less about marketing and more about how great the movie and its characters are perceived, especially in Japan, and by both children and adults. In Roger Ebert's review of the movie said the movie was "based on experience, situation and exploration—not on conflict and threat". So the imagery of Totoro is both iconic and positive.
I don't know where the Okuhara paper gets the source that "every Japanese family owns a copy [of the movie] and that every Japanese child knows Totoro", but it would seem that the movie itself is better known than simply Totoro toys.

+1 Good answer. I also think that the kawaii craze really picked up only in the 80s.

Just as an addendum, here's an interview with Okada about possible urban legend involving Totoro

all_licenses: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/


text:
Why isn't Hachikuji surprised by the fact that Araragi is a vampire?
Hachikuji does not react at all when Araragi discloses to her that he is in fact a vampire. Vampires are very powerful and dangerous kais in the Monogatari universe.
The picture below is the exact frame when she learns this, in Nisemonogatari (Karen Bee) episode 1:

Why does she not react at all and also never touch this topic further in the series?

Keep in mind that the Monogatari series isn't told chronologically.

First off, it's unclear whether or not this truly was the first she had heard that he was a vampire. My Japanese isn't good enough to tell if this is a fault in the subtitles, but he seems to introduce it on the premise that he had probably told her already, and her response seems fairly neutral as to whether or not he actually had. However, in the case that he hadn't, she still has plenty of grounds on which to be less than shocked:
In Mayoi Maimai, although the severity of the wounds may just be anime-original visual flair, she inflicts several serious scratches and bites on him which are shown to then rapidly heal. Although she does not remark on this, she may on some level have recognized that he had supernatural powers of regeneration.
In Tsubasa Cat, she recounts that she (correctly) thought she recognized Shinobu at a Mister Donut, without having ever actually met her before, and that she figured that Oshino Meme would not have let her wander the town. This implies that Araragi had definitely mentioned her and some of the circumstances surrounding her to Hachikuji in prior conversations which occurred off screen. Depending on how much of the circumstances he revealed, it may have been possible to infer more or less the full picture of what happened between them, but if nothing else she knew that he was in some way involved with a vampire. (Furthermore, when he later recruits her to search for Shinobu, she expresses no reservations about attempting to make contact with a vampire.)
Lastly, regarding why vampirism would not be inherently alarming, recall that knowledge of aberrations is far from widespread, and not conferred automatically to aberrations themselves. Anything Hachikuji would have heard about aberration lore would be from Araragi himself, and there's no indication that in-universe vampire legends are any different (or even more cohesive) in some way that would clearly place them on top of the figurative food chain.


text:
Problem with Mahito's Domain Expansion
I recently read Jujutsu Kaisen manga and therein Mahito copied Satoru's domain expansion technique.
When Satoru used his domain expansion technique for a fraction of second in a crowded place, all those who got affected by it had lots of information flowing through their brain and so they were in a state of trance.
Later, while fighting Yuuji and Aoi, Mahito also reproduces the same results on Yuuji and Aoi via domain expansion for a fraction of second (as he did not want to upset Sukuna) despite the differences between the techniques of Mahito and Satoru.
While in the case of Satoru, literally endless information flows through a person's brain, that's not so in the case of Mahito. So, there should not have been any trance/oblivion effect on either of them. Since Mahito affects the shape of the soul, so, any effect should have wore off the moment the domain expansion technique ended.
I tried to convince myself with this: Mahito, in that fraction of second, may have, on a very small level changed the soul's shape of both of them which took time to adjust back to normal later on. But the problem is, this still shouldn't have affected Yuuji as he is aware of his soul's shape and also had Sukuna within himself.
Also, I guess it's reasonable to assume that there's a very high chance that Aoi is aware of his soul's shape too. Though it doesn't matter as I actually read as "copying/learning from Satoru".
Am I right in saying that Akutami (author of manga) missed this minor detail or did I not understand properly what he was trying to convey/show?

Welcome to Anime & Manga Stack Exchange. While entertainment-related SE sites are relatively more lax than technical/scientific sites, open-ended question is still discouraged. So, considering the current question "What are your thoughts on this (from my perspective) anomaly?" is a bit unclear, could you [edit] and clarify the question more explicitly? Thanks.

@AkiTanaka thanks a lot for your warm welcome and for giving me the clarification that was very much required to be present in my question :-)


text:
What is the meaning of the name "CHAM" in Perfect Blue?
Why was the girl group named "CHAM"? Does it mean anything in this context?


text:
What if a devil fruit user eats another alive devil fruit user(human/object)?
It is well known if a devil fruit user eats another devil fruit they will die(with exception). And, It seems to be possible to obtain a devil fruit by eating its user (Big Mom did this). But by that logic, if someone ate a devil fruit user alive they should die to right?

eg:- When big mom was about to eat chopper if she would have done so she would have died. Right?

We still don't have any insight on how DF work on the human body, but the rule is clear: Nobody can eat another DF while having a DF power beforehand. There are some exceptions but Oda still hasn't shine light on what transpired in those particular situations and we have to wait and find out.

It should be noted that it is implied that when a DF user dies, the fruit reincarnates into some nearby fruit (see the Axolotl Zoan in Punk Hazard). So it is still within the realm of possibility that Big Mom did not eat Soru Soru no Mi by eating Mother Caramel, but rather by eating some random fruit afterwards. Similarly, she wouldn't acquire the power from eating Chopper. Of course, the implication of BM acquiring the fruit by eating MC directly is almost as strong.


text:
Can effects/after effects of someone's fruit power's be neutralised by sea/sea water?
Can effects of someone's devil fruits like Soru-Soru(i.e. Soul-Soul of Big mom), Hobi-Hobi (Sugar), Op-Op (Law) etc. that have long lasting effects on others neutralised from sea/sea water ?
like if -

Big mom's homies drown. or,
Sugar's toys drown. or,
Law's patients with heart taken out drown or are attacked by sea water/sea stone.

P.S. when I say drown I also mean attacked by sea water / sea prism stone.

To address the second part of your questions regarding salt. Devil Fruit users are susceptible to all types of water, not just seawater. This includes the white sea surrounding Skypiea. [Oda] elaborated on this, saying that "moving" water, like rain or waves, does not weaken Devil Fruit users, while standing water does. - Wikia

The question title and description are two different things. Salt is specifically mentioned as a counter only to Kage Kage no Mi as a reference to purifying evil spirits. Sea water contains salt too, which is why that also worked on the zombies. The only equivalent to sea water seems to be sea-prism stone, not salt.
Haven't posted as an answer because I too am curious about the original question regarding sea water and law's power. I don't think we have much evidence on any other fruit effects being countered, just the users.

Basically, this question asks if the Toy Soldier would have been able to turn back to normality just by been submerged in "sea" water around Dressrosa, and then make forcefully make the other toys (who probably could not do that voluntary because of the contract) do the same. Hopefully that is not a thing, otherwise the whole arc becomes VERY stupid - Sugar power suddenly becomes far less of a problem, but I admit I also had this idea before.

Apparently all this comes from a series of misconceptions.
First, the effects water has on Devil Fruit users does not come from "salt", nor by the "water" itself (as a mere liquid). "Salt" is a specific weakness tied to Moria (in popular culture salt has a purify effect on demons and undead, see for example the common "a circle of salt can be used to protect you from a demon"), while Crocodile is weak to any form of "water", including rain or water someone could spray on him (and that is WHY he worked so hard to be sure it would never rain).
The specific weakness Devil Fruit have is not just "water". It is what Oda called "standing" water.

D: Odacchi! Here's a question for you! Crocodile can't fight water because he's "sand," right? Then how does he bathe?! Does he at all?! That's filthy!! Do you bathe, Odacchi? by Crocodile's Mother
O: First of all, let's discuss the problem of Devil Fruit users bathing themselves. People who have eaten a Devil Fruit are "hated" by the sea, and cannot swim. The "sea" here can refer to anything from rivers, pools and baths to any kind of standing water. On a worldwide level, they are all the "sea." When these people enter the water, not only can they not use their powers, they have trouble moving their bodies at all. They might be able to struggle a bit, but it wouldn't do much good. That's if their entire bodies are submerged in the "sea." With less than half the body or just the limbs, it gets easier. Also, rain and dripping water have no effect at all. Therefore, hip baths or showers are the most common choice. Now, in Crocodile's case, "water" is the weakness of his very powers, so his abilities are robbed even in the shower. But it's not like there are enemies around when you take a shower, so I'd bet he would take them even with his powers being blocked. Don't you think? ---And to answer your final question, about myself bathing. As it happens, I do bathe. Twice! In a year!

So, basically, the weakness to the "standing water" is caused by the fact that "standing water" is considered part of the "sea", and the will of the sea "hates" the Devil Fruit users. Coincidentally, the water also contains ---midiclorian--- Pyrobloin so Sea Prism Stone (which is made from Pyrobloin) still somehow carries the will of the sea.
It is also important to notice that based on Oda's answer, the sea hates the Devil Fruit user, not simply their power. Therefore the effect of the fruit is on the user, not on their power.
The difference could seem very subtle but there are enough evidences in the manga to prove that "standing water" actually works by making the victim weak to a point they can't no longer use their power willing. This does not mean that the powers are negated in any way, so any "permanent" effect that does not require active sustain will continue to exist.
Let's see some examples that should prove this.
Case #1: Arlong Park

Luffy falls in the water and while this is enough to make him basically faint Genzo and Nojiko are still able to save him by forcefully stretching his neck. So, while Luffy was rendered too weak to even move by the water his body kept all his "rubber like" properties even when submerged.
Case 2: Water Luffy

Luffy was able to use "moving" water without any effect during his fights with Crocodile. Crocodile was instead affected since his fruit is specifically weak to any form of water.
Case 3: any bath scene with a Devil Fruit user

If we compare different scenes involving fruit users it becomes quite evident that the effects scale with how much of the body is actually submerged. In the picture above Luffy and Brook are weakened since about half their body is submerged, but they don't seem to feel any effect nor does Yamato in the Wano ending onsen scene (where they are standing in the water and only their feet are submerged - see it here - warning: very fanservice and also contains spoilers ). Another blatant example is the old artwork with Nami and Robin in an onsen with the three monkeys.
Case 4: Luffy underwater fight

Luffy body wasn't actually touching the water so he was not weakened. Notice that this scene will also prove something else soon afterward.
Case 5: Zushi Zushi affecting a Marine battle ship ##
Fujitora's powers were shown to be able to make a Marine's battle ship levitate. Remember: the hull of most Marine's ships is made from Sea Primstone, so it is very possible that in this scene Fujitora powers were affecting Primstone too. If this is not enough please refer to point six.
Case 6: Law swapping  Sea Primstone shackles and cutting them

In this scene Law is able to remove his shackles because he actually swapped the Seastone ones with regular ones before. While one could claim that he didn't use his power to do so the fact he says "so I can swap them at any time" seems to clearly point in that direction.
Case 7: Mr 3 key and the Primstone shackles

The key Mr 3 created is clearly a product of his power. Yet said key was used to open a Primstone shackle and did NOT dissipate when touching it. This is similar to Aokiji being able to actually turn sea water into ice.
Case 8: Smoker's Sea Prism sword

With enough training and will, a Devil Fruit user can resist the effect of moving water.
Case 9: chained Big Mom

Apparently Big Mom chains were made from Sea Prism Stone, yet she didn't seem very effected by that.
Case 10: imprisoned Smoker and Tashigi

At that time Tashigi and Smoker were under the swapping effect of Law's fruit. The effect was not negated when they came in contact with the Sea Prism stone chains.

Now we can draw some conclusions from all this examples (notice: anytime water is mentioned we are actually referring to moving water or Sea Prism stone unless otherwise noticed):

Passive "always on" effects are NOT nullified if the user comes in contact with water.
Only standing water counts, rain or any form of moving water has no effect.
The effect scale with how much of your body is submerged.
The effect only comes from direct contact with the water.
Devil Fruit users powers can actually affect Primstone and water.
Any product of a Devil Fruit power can touch water with no effect, it is only the user that is effected.
The will of the user can negate the effect of the will of the sea
when under the effect of moving water a Devil Fruit user won't be able to create any new effect but PERMANENT effects already in place aren't negated

To summarize this in one simple line: moving water does not act on the Fruit powers. It acts by making the user weak to the point they can no longer sustain new effect of their powers (or any effect that requires constant application).
Therefore we can conclude that in most cases the effect of a Devil Fruit user power are NOT negated by contact with moving water. So, anyone turned in a toy by Sugar can't simply be tossed in the water to revert the transformation.
The effect of a fruit can be permanent (example: Luffy's rubber like body) or sustained (Sugar's power). There is no clear rule on whether a power is permanent or sustained but the difference should be clear: if a "permanent" power user is disabled (killed, fainted, submerged in water) the effects of his power stay while in the case of "sustained" power the effect dissipate.
Based on her claims, Boa petrification power is a permament effect: after you are turned to stone you would remain in that state even if she faints or is killed (or if she bathes, would be fun if Margaret simply had to wait next time Boa went to her bath pool). Sugar power instead is sustained and that is why making her faint is sufficient to make any toy turn back to their original self. Another sustained power is for example Vander Decken's (as soon as he faints the ship falls).
Notice that the distinction is not always intuitive: there is no reason Boa petrification should be permanent while Sugar power isn't. Zoan powers are also "permanent" since while moving water neutralizes the user strength they remain in whatever form they were at the moment (Chopper does NOT turn in a regular reindeer when he falls in the sea in multiple chapters, but his strength is neutralized to the point he can't no longer sustain Monster Point).
There is also another Odd-Ball worth mentioning:

For some weird reason Gild Tesoro creations are actually vulnerable to water. He shares Crocodile weakness but in his case there doesn't seem to be a "logical" reasoning behind this (like "water pokemon beats sand").
It is also worth noticing that all the evidence so far collected open a different question...
When Luffy falls in Boa's bath she is surprised that he didn't turn into stone. But she is submerged in water , so she should not be able to use her power at that time.
This can be explained if we assume that her power is not an active power she has to use directly (like Sugar's) but instead a permanent state of her "body". This should also explain why her power has permanent effects while Sugar's one can be nullified if she faints.


text:
Why was Zoro's life force being sucked by his swords?
Shimotsuki Kozaburo made Enma and Wado Ichimonji, which absorb Busoshoku Haki from the user. How did Enma work differently in the case of Zoro and Kozuki Oden?

I assume the following two points are mentioned in some way in the manga.

If an ordinary soldier uses the sword, his Haki will be drained completely just by a single swing (? I mean, just using it once).
Oden was the only one who could 'tame' the sword.

So most probably, the answer to your question is that Zoro is still not strong enough to tame the sword completely.
This site stipulates that Zoro's Haki is not completely being drained because either (1) the total amount of Zoro's Haki is much larger than an ordinary soldier or (2) he has control over Emma to some extent.


text:
Are Japanese-language anime scripts available on line?
My Japanese language study group often complains about the original Japanese in anime being too difficult to understand on the grounds of it being spoken too fast or something.  I was wondering whether the original Japanese-language scripts for a given anime (say, Toradora) can be downloaded.  From this a vocabulary list could be prepared.
If I want to see the script for Kill Bill, it's here:
http://www.script-o-rama.com/movie_scripts/k/kill-bill-script-transcript-uma.html
and The Outlaw Josie Wales is here:
https://www.scripts.com/script/the_outlaw_josey_wales_15436  (suboptimal, however)
Would anything like this exist for anime?  Nothing promising searching for とらドラ脚本

Possibly no due to potential legal issues. Related: Is there any website providing script from mangas in textual format?

Does this answer your question? Is there any website providing script from mangas in textual format?

I found the following searching for "learn japanese from anime".
https://nihongoshark.com/anime/
This describes, well, a similar learning method, where one can do things with a subtitle file (if available).
From there I found a link to
https://kitsunekko.net/
which has a reasonable selection of material.
Lastly, there is always text ripping using
https://ytmp3.cc/en13/
then
https://convertspeech.com/processing.php
(Disclosure: nothing to do with either of these, just tried them once)
You only get three free conversions (which I suppose can be subverted with multiple computers or multiple IP adresses).  It gets some things wrong and the reading level is not that good, but it's infinitely better than nothing.

I found this page that has a few anime scripts. It's not a super complete list although, you can check them in:

English
English and Romaji
English and Japanese
Japanese

Toradora only has 2 episodes scripted but, for example, Violet Evergarden has the whole series.


text:
In which episode does Beerus say "Goku, are you finished?"
I saw a lot of videos showing Goku is defeated then Beerus screams "Goku, are you finished?"
In which episode does he say this?

That's a lot of episodes to scan for this one specific line.  Also too, what language is it in?  If it's subbed, then is it a fansub (which aren't accurate)? What about a fan dub?   There's so much to this that I don't know if anyone could reasonably identify this.

I think its episode 110 from dragon ball super. The episode where goku first enter the UI form. Beerus says : Goku are you finished?, Because goku was going to lose the fight.


text:
Were the children from Darling in the Franxx artificially aged
The anime Darling in the Franxx includes several flashback scenes to the pilot's early childhood. The flashbacks imply that they occur sequentially, and are over a short period, but the children seem to age significantly between them (Episode 11, I think).
It seemed as if they went from kindergarten age to older pre-teens almost mid scene. Later on, one of the pilots ages rapidly due to battle stress. They are shown to be visibly aged, including having gray hair, and it was remarked upon by other characters that they had aged.
My interpretation of this was that the pilots did not live normal human lifespans, and that part of the process that was used to turn them into pilots included artificially aging them. Or possibly that they designed\engineered to age rapidly.
Is there anything in canon to support this, or am I just misinterpreting what I've seen?


text:
Chapter 65: Headband logo not consistent (he usually has a "sound village" symbol)
So I am starting to read Naruto and I find that there are lots of characters. To keep track I look at their headbands and I noticed something in chapter 65. Marked in photo, is this a mistake or on purpose? Cause it isn't consistent with previous few pages. If anyone knows please let me know...

Could you [edit] and clarify by "it isn't consistent with previous few pages"?

he has a "sound village" symbol. and suddenly in this picture, he has the "konoha" one.

Ah, I see. According to Fandom Wikia, looks like it was indeed a mistake.

lol, they are trying to use substitution Jutsu but :D they are worst than naruto... only able to copy headband...


text:
How did Kaguya defeat Jigen/Isshiki after they came to earth?
How did Kaguya defeat Jigen/Isshiki?
They say that Isshiki is one of the most powerful of his clan. How did Kaguya beat him?

It's not confirmed exactly how he got defeated just yet. And please correct me if I am wrong, but according to Amado, Isshiki dropped his guard and got attacked suddenly. Also, we don't know if he is one of the most powerful in the Otsutsuki Clan, but out of all revealed members, I say he is THE most powerful, I mean, even Naruto and Sasuke had a hard time against him, as Jigen too.

When Kaguya defeated Isshiki, Isshiki was almost DEAD So he had to go to another body nearby to hide which sadly was Jigen a Novice monk Who happened to be nearby and He kinda Took over Jigen but not like with the karma seal just because he was in his brain. So After some time, he put a karma seal on Jigen's chin Later (I don't know what he did) but He actually reincarnated as Jigen using Jigen as his vessel.

Considering how strong Kaguya is, even without amps, it is not impossible to think that she could at least badly damage Isshiki, off-guard or not. A lot of people tend to downplay Kaguya by saying nonsense like Base Momoshiki being stronger than her, but there is absolutely 0 evidence of it outside of a very vague statement by Sasuke, and given their feats and showings that makes it clearer even more so. This is also proven indirectly when there many statements of Naruto having gotten rusty ever since he became Hokage, and thus struggling with Momoshiki who is weaker than Kaguya.


text:
Are Kakegurui (Compulsive Gambler) episode 3 calculations correct?
Kakegurui episode 3 (Slit-Eyed Woman) calculations seem to be wrong. In the second round Yumeko put 40 chips (40 million yen) on 24th house and she says if the sword falls in the 24th hole, it would be 2 billion and 170 million yen. How is this possible?
40,000,000 x 30 = 1,200,000,000 = 1.2 billion ≠  2.17 billion

Moreover, when she lost, Yuriko won because she put 5 chips (5 million yen) on 7th house. Yumeko had to pay 310 million yen.
Yumeko debt should be:
(5 x 30) - 40 = 150 - 40 = 110 chips = 110 million yen ≠ 310 million yen
 △          △
 |          |
 Yuriko bet |
           Yumeko chips

OR
(5 x 30) - 40 + 40 = 150 chips = 150 million yen ≠ 310 million yen
 △          △    △
 |          |    |
 Yuriko bet |   Yumeko game entry
           Yumeko chips

Did I forget something? I mean there are lots of editors and proofreaders before printing a manga, let alone anime production. I think there is something about it that I don't know, because this mistake is too obvious.

Yumeko received 35 (losing) chips from Yuriko and paid 150 chips to Yuriko's Life win (5 chips x 30) for a net total of -115 million yen.
Yuriko received 40 of Yumeko's (losing) chips + 150 chips for her Life win (5 chips x 30) + kept her 5 (winning) chips for a net total of 195 million yen.
Yumeko went below 0 chips and the game ended, with her net total being her debt (115 million yen), so 310 million yen (195 + 115) was paid to Yuriko.

Thanks for your answer. But there's something I still don't understand, why 150 calculated twice? I mean 5 chips were life for Yuriko so 150 chips should be paid to Yuriko by Yumeko.

You forgot about the game ends when a player's chip total goes below 0 and the amount left at that moment will be that losing player's debt.  Yuriko so 150 (5x30) from Life, kept her 5 and took Yumeko's 40. Yumeko fell below zero chips, so the game ends and what's left is her debt (to the winner).

Yumeko

Started with 40 chips.
Loses 5*30=150 chips to Yuriko.
Loses her 40 chips because the number she placed her chips on is 外れ.
Gains Yuriko's 7*5=35 外れ chips.

Total amount of chips: 40-150-40+35=-115
Yuriko:

Started with 40 chips.
Gains 5*30=150 chips from Yumeko.
Gains 40 chips from Yumeko.
Loses 35 chips due to 外れ.

Total amount of chips: 40+150+40-35=195


text:
Why Aqua and Ruby have only one eye with star?
In the anime Oshi no Ko. Ai has eyes with star but her children Aqua and Ruby have only one eye with star. I haven't read the manga. Does it have any specific reason? Is it related to their genes? What does eye with star mean?

The star in the eyes is not an actual physical thing characters in story can see. It displays Ai's star power, and how her two children each inherited some of her star power.
It's a narrative device to display the character's internal emotions without having to state them out loud.


text:
Where does the brooch that Luna gives Usagi come from if she wasn't originally a Sailor Scout?
Using this as a reference tumblr page where I read from the images of the manga, that Sailor Moon never existed until the reincarnation of Princess Serenity as Usagi. Luna turned her into a Sailor Scout to protect her real identity as Princess from the enemies.
So, then where did the brooch come from? Is this specified in any of the manga books?

You've got the answer already. If they did that deliberately to protect her identity, it means that the brooch was specifically made during that incarnation for that specific purpose.


text:
Is Zeno still portrayed as a "neutral/good" pure character (or was he ever)?
In an episode of the Dragon Ball Super anime Zeno is shown playing a game with Future Zeno using what look like ... real planets in the universe.

Almost like they were just marbles, we see the two Zeno tossing the planets around as they crash into each other and disintegrate.  Were those actually real planets?
During the show we also see Zeno:

wiping out a timeline because he didn't like what Zamatsu caused. He didn't simply punish the culprit, he erased everyone with him.
make funny regards while killing people during the tournament (he says "bye-bye" in a joking tone after erasing Universe 9 and does that again for Universe 3)
plan to destroy every universe because "it is too much work to keep track"

Up to the Universe Survival saga, the show seems to handwave this using the usual, old excuse it always used when Goku puts everyone in danger for the sake of fighting strong stuff: they have a "pure, innocent, childlike, naive heart that simply does not grasp the consequences" (see also Is Goku still pure-hearted?).
I would like to know if anything changed afterward, especially since Whis seems to have some undisclosed reasons to want Goku and Vegeta to get stronger. Does the show new arch bring any change in the way Zeno is seen? Is he still considered an "innocent, neutral" being, or did someone allude to the possibility that he is fully aware of all the suffering he causes? Or is he more similar to Majin Bu before he knew Satan (*)? Is there any sign of Zeno being just an "all powerful simple mind" that someone else is controlling (aka the "Grand Priest is evil" theory)?

(*) that said one could argue that Bu was made to be evil, and the "fat" Bu is only him being changed after fusing with a Kai. So he WAS probably intended as evil but he was able to repent.

If the story gets stretched further, we may see that he may be the destroyer of universes and there's someone else who's the creator of the universe, similar to Kai and Beerus from Universe 7.

@zero Xenoverse and Dragon Ball Heroes already blury the idea of Zeno as the "supreme god". In a way Chronoa (and her predecessor) are superior to him since apparently Zeno is vulnerable to Time (multiple Zeno exist while the Supreme Kai of Time exist outside of Time itself. This probably mean Zeno IS vulnerable to Timeline Erasure). It is a complete mess.

oh, I didn't know about Xenoverse and Heroes, my bad

Basically, a fight between Aeos (the previous Kai of Time) and Zeno would go down to who erases the one first. And technically Aeos should have an advantage since they could just time travel to a point before Zeno is aware of them and erase the timeline there. But again, Dragon Ball logic. Arale is probably stronger than Zeno, and the final god is still Toryama Bot

Alright, the Dragon Ball logic part had me though, haha

I will be primarily writing this answer based on the manga, simply because it is easier to reference.
Zeno is a Plot Device
I will get to answering properly, but this is worth pointing out. Zeno's main purpose so far does not seem to extend to being a character. His primary usage is as a Deus Ex Machina in the fight against Zamasu, and as a way to make the Tournament of Power happen, as well as give the tournament dire stakes.
When Goku actually suggests playing the friend angle to stop Zeno from erasing everyone, Whis immediately cuts the idea down. From volume 6, page 68:

Goku: Yeah... Maybe I'll ask the Lord of Everything to call off this whole erasure thing.
Whis: I wouldn't do that if I were you. The Lord of Everything and the Grand Priest decided this. If you offend them, you'll just be erased.

If Zeno were going to mean anything as a character, then we would expect his relationship with Goku to mean something. But the story doesn't want to do that, because it would get the tournament cancelled.
Furthermore, rather than see any character development from Zeno, at the end of the tournament arc, the Grand Priest just puts words in Zeno's mouth and says he was going to wipe out all of existence if the Super Dragon Balls were used for a selfish wish. It's kind of baffling, and it's hard to know what to make of this.
Zeno is also portrayed as insurmountable, which also points to him being more a plot device than character. From volume 5, page 67:

Supreme Kai: The Lord of Everything? I'm certain he is [still around in Trunks's timeline]. No one can defeat the Lord of Everything.

Morality in Dragon Ball Super
Neither Zeno nor the Grand Priest are depicted as evil. Dragon Ball and Dragon Ball Z tended to have more clear cut villains, and take the stance that massacring people and blowing up planets was bad and should be stopped. Dragon Ball Super though, introduces the Destroyers, while also having a less serious tone at times than Dragon Ball Z. The Destroyers are deities whose job it is to destroy planets and the civilizations on them. The Supreme Kais were also given the designation of being gods of creation. This duality introduces to Dragon Ball Super the theme that the universe goes through cycles of creation and destruction. This is not seen as a bad thing in general. Though of course, when Beerus is trying to destroy earth, he becomes the antagonist for a time. And yet, as the story continues on, Goku and everyone else become friends with Beerus in spite of him not reforming (he is still a Destroyer God).
What we conclude from this is that Zeno destroying planets is not considered to be an evil act. It's just his job as the highest level destroyer god.
If we look at the case of Zamasu, the god characters are careful in their words so as to not condemn him for destroying, but rather for disrupting balance.
From volume 2, page 210:

Whis: Well, in terms of destruction, I don't see anything different between him and you.
Beerus: Hey! This jerk is just messing with whoever he doesn't like without thinking about the balance of the universe! I've got a whole different level of wisdom, dignity, and history!!
Whis: Ha ha ha... You are right.

From volume 3 page 44:

Gowasu: How absurd! Listen, Zamas! You learned this earlier. Such judgement is to be passed only by the God of Destruction.

From volume 3 page 63:

Gowasu: Our purpose, of course, is to maintain peace. If there is a planet that becomes devoid of peace and disturbs the balance, we must think of a way they can fix it themselves.
Zamas: Can you not see how easy you are on them? We must be more actively involved and crush evil in its tracks! [...]
Gowasu: I told you before. That is the work of the God of Destruction! Listen well, Zamas. Although I acknowledge your sense of justice, having too much of it is no different from fastidiousness, and it will bring you nothing but frailty. [...] It is not combat skills that make you a Lord of Lords, but a calm mind and a gentle soul.

Grand Zeno has a Pure Heart?
Good news. This is supported directly by the text of the work. From volume 5, page 142:

Beerus: Zeno-sama is surely pure of heart. But his pureness is what makes him so scary!

Grand Minister is Evil Theory?
While I myself initially was suspicious of the Grand Minister from watching the anime, reading the manga has led me to a different conclusion. He truly does seem to be just trying to interpret (and sometimes guess) what Grand Zeno wants. He definitely tacks some things on at times. I'm pretty confident Grand Zeno didn't tell him to offer the Super Dragon Balls as a reward for the best fighter in the tournament. And he seems pretty gung-ho at other times. For instance, when Zeno says managing the universes is a pain, we would want the Grand Priest to talk him down, but instead he suggests destroying some. What we have to consider is that the Grand Priest's concerns do not align with our own. Why would he talk Zeno down? And the conversation could be interpreted as him just trying to figure out what Grand Zeno wants. From volume 5, pages 146-148:

Zeno 1: Isn't this too many?
Zeno 2: It is...
Zeno 1: Why don't we get rid of a few?
Zeno 2: Let's do that.
Zeno 1: Hey, Grand Priest, how are the mortals in the 12 universes doing lately?
[Grand Priest gives report]
Zeno 1: So, they're not developing at all. It's pointless to keep all 12 of them.
Zeno 2: It is.
Zeno 1: I'm losing interest in observing them all.
Zeno 2: So am I.
Grand Priest: Would you like to get rid of a few?
Zeno 1: You're right. I guess four is good enough.
Zeno 2: Let's erase the eight universes that are lower than the others.
Grand Priest: Very well, my lord. Then let the guides in the designated universes withdraw.

Grand Zeno as Naive?
As far as I saw reading up to volume 6, there is no evidence for Grand Zeno not fully understanding the consequences of his actions when erasing the universes. At best, it is ambiguous. He always wears a fathomless expression. His mannerisms are childish, but that doesn't automatically make him naive.
When Goku summons Grand Zeno to defeat Zamasu, it's unclear how effective Goku's attempts to manipulate him were. The problem is that in the end he decides to wipe out all of existence instead of just Zamasu, which is not what Goku wanted him to do.
From volume 5 pages 70-72:

Zeno: What's this? It's all messed up.
Goku: Th-Those guys did all this...
Zeno: So many of them. Is this their fault?
Goku: Y-Yes. They are bad guys.
Zeno: How annoying.
Goku: Right? Don't you want to erase all of them?
Zeno: Yes, I think so. A world like this...
Goku: W...World?!!

It is unclear how much of the decision to do this is Zeno and how much Goku, and thus it doesn't give a clear picture of how much Zeno understands the consequences of his actions. Though the fact that he asks if Zamasu is responsible does somewhat indicate a lack of agency. It's just hard to say with that fathomless face what's going on inside Zeno's mind.
In the anime, we see Zeno hesitate destroying Universe 7, which does at least imply he knows that if he does that, he won't be seeing Goku again.
Conclusion
Zeno is primarily a plot device, he is pure of heart, and his actions are not depicted as evil. This is because it's not about good and evil--it's about balance between creation and destruction.

The "Grand Minister is evil" was an extremely popular theory.It would not have been that widespread if the anime didn't gave multiple reason to think that he saw the existence of 12 universes as a nuisance and put that idea in Zeno mind. Basically, don't blame the theory - blame the show for making that theory far too believable. Coincidentally that  also tied in to another theory - the fact that Whis has some purpose for training Goku and Vegeta (he should be impartial but it is clear he is not and also abuses future knowledge). As for the rest, I'll leave it for the chat - too long  for this


text:
How do principal Shinonome's jokes in ep1 work (what's the joke), and what could they have to do with the meaning of hard work?
In episode one of the Nichijou anime at 11:24, the principal makes some jokes, which Yuuko comments are old and wonders if they're made to show corrupt youth the meaning of hard work. I don't really understand what's supposed to be funny about the principal's jokes, and I don't understand the connection with the meaning of hard work.
I feel like I'm missing something that is lost to me in translation.
The subtitles are as follows:

Principal Shinonome: Good morning, everyone. Spring is here, and a new year has begun, but it's still quite cold. I'm twice as cold as any of you, though. *he touches his bald head and partially stifles his laughter*
*cuts to the students, showing their completely deadpan, unimpressed faces.*
Principal Shinonome: In any case, be sure not to catch a cold. All right? Please, promise your principal that you won't. If you break that promise... *pause for some dramatic effect* I'll become the principal of another school. *partially stifles his laughter*
*cuts to the students, showing their completely deadpan, unimpressed faces.*
Yuuko: Hey, Mio.
Mio: What is it? We'll get in trouble for talking.
Yuuko: Do you think that the principal knows how old all of his jokes are? He must know better than anyone that nobody thinks they're funny...
Mio: Hm. I don't know.
Yuuko (internal thought): Wait, what if he knows they're not funny, but he just wants to show today's corrupt youth the meaning of hard work? If that's the case, this principal is absolutely diabolical!

For the first joke, I'm pretty sure the joke is just that he's bald (his bald head will get cold easier compared to if he had hair). For the second joke, I have no idea. Is there a pun or other difficult-to-translate, japanese-language-based joke there? Or is the meta-joke there (to the anime viewer) that there's absolutely nothing funny about what he said? I kind of doubt that, since Yuuko's question to Mio says that the jokes are "old", which makes me think that they're actual jokes (there's something in the mechanics of humour that actually makes them funny, or at least made them funny in the past). How does the second joke "work"?
I also don't understand what bad jokes have to do with the meaning of hard work to corrupt youth (at least- in Yuuko's mind). Is there something cultural that I'm missing? Is there something lost in translation there? I know Yuuko isn't very smart, but from the way the scene is executed, I don't get the feeling that she just made a completely random association here.
TL;DR What's supposed to be funny about the principal's jokes (how do they work), and why/how did Yuuko connect his jokes with the meaning of hard work to corrupt youth?
Sorry if there's no "real answer". Whatever knowledge of Japanese culture and language or anything else necessary there is to know the answer or that there isn't one- I don't have it.
Here's my (very probably bad) attempt to romanize the principal's second joke:

tonikaku kazu yo hikanai you ni. ii desu ka? kore wa kouchou sensei tono yakusoku desu. minna san wa yuukoto o kikanakattara, kouchou sensei wa... okano gakkou no kouchou sensei ni naccha imasu yo

I have to find and watch the clip first, but based on the dialog, it's probably oyaji gag.

@AkiTanaka :OO at 12:44 Yuuko (thinking Mai is laughing at the principal's jokes) says "Masaka- ano oyaji gyagu ga?" (or "ka" and not "ga" (I don't know)). I still want to understand what/where the dad joke is though.

Not a typial oyaji-gag, but the joke should be referring to this part ' If you break that promise... pause for some dramatic effect I'll become the principal of another school'.


text:
What information is given about the age and history of Mori Summer in the Chuunibyo anime?
The first time I finished watching through "Chuunibyou demo Koi ga Shitai!", "Chuunibyou demo Koi ga Shitai! Ren", and "Chuunibyou demo Koi ga Shitai! Movie: Take On Me", I had a faint memory of the number of years Mori Summer has existed being inconsistent. Watching it again, indeed, I found that there are various inconsistent numbers given.
What information is given about the age and history of Mori Summer in the Chuunibyo anime? And what are the qualities of the sources of that information (first-hand / second-hand / possibly faulty memory / citable from writings)?
Note that I'm purposely only asking about the anime and not the light novels because of How much does the Chuunibyou anime differ from the light novels?.

(I don't know if this is an exhaustive list, but I tried).
Chuunibyou demo Koi ga Shitai!

ep4 at 12:52 read by Togashi from the Mabinogion (some page in the middle of the book) in the scene where Nibutani visits Togashi's house to retrieve it:

I may have lost my memories, but I, a true magician, have walked this sphere of existence for five centuries.

ep6 at 9:50 from the Mabinogion's Rainbow Manuscript, chapter three verse one, quoted based off memory by Dekomori in the scene where Isshiki drops in on her and Nibutani fighting about an earlier slide-kick:

I, who have been watching over this world for more than four centuries, alone understand.

ep10 at 15:58 from Suzuki presumably based off memory (one of Nibutani's classmates from her previous school) during a school festival:

Hey! Haven't seen you since junior high! How old are you this year? 716?

Chuunibyou demo Koi ga Shitai! Ren!

ep4 at 9:29 from Shichimiya based off memory when she reunites with Nibutani in a fast food restaurant:

Long time no see! So you're in the same school as the Hero? And you're 1,216 years old now, right?

ep4 at 15:00 from Dekomori based off memory when asked when she and Nibutani started getting along so well:

Mori Summer-sama and I have been joined by the holy ribbon for over three centuries!

ep4 at 17:42 from Nibutani as Mori Summer to Dekomori when Dekomori visits her house:

I am Mori Summer, a mage who has lived for over four hundred years.

ep4 at 19:59 by Dekomori from the Mabinogion chapter one, verse three, in the scene where she gives her student-council campaign speech on behalf of Nibutani:

For four hundred years, I have observed the hearts of men through the tides of time.

ep6 at 13:02 from one of Nibutani's classmates based off memory after Nibutani was asked if she had ever dated anyone before, and she answered "in middle school, maybe?":

But, Nibu, back then you said you were 1,200 years old, right?

ep8 at 14:55 from Togashi (no citation) in the scene where the gang is  being prepared to battle the fake Mori Summer:

Away with your shame! You are the Great Mage Mori Summer! You have lived for 1,200 years!

ep8 at 16:20 by Nibutani as Mori Summer in the opening of her battle with the fake Mori Summer:

Though I may have lost my memories, I am a true mage who has lived for the last 1,500 years.


text:
Does Touma know why Misaka offered her DNA to Academy City researchers?
I could very well have missed something obvious, but from what I've gathered from watching the Railgun anime, I can't recall any clear indication that Touma knows about why Misaka gave her DNA to Academy City researchers- that she was lied to and thought it was to help children with muscular dystrophy (ep2 at 0:00). If anything, what I've observed indicates that he would be more likely to think that Misaka gave her DNA to those researchers while being fully aware of their true intents.
At the end of the Sisters arc, he seems to have come to a positive mental outlook on the happenings, which he passes on to Misaka to ease her conscience, without further questioning.
It feels off to me. From what I know of Touma, he often confronts people's ideas and intentions, questioning their thoughts and (usually) finally punching them in the face to "destroy their screwed up delusions". Ex. Misaka in ep 14 at 13:25 (no punching here, thankfully), and Accelerator in ep 15 at 14:00.
Here's the timeline of what I'm aware of Touma learning about the origin of the Sisters:

ep 13 at 19:05 (Touma's first encounter with the many Sisters after seeing the dead body of Misaka 10031)

Touma: Who are you?!
The Sisters (10032 speaking): Cellular clones created as mass-produced military models of our sister, Misaka Mikoto, one of only seven Level 5s in Academy City, known as the Sisters, answers Misaka.

ep 14 at 7:07 (Touma reading the paper he found hidden in Misaka's bear stuffy)

Radio Noise... How to Shift Accelerator to Level 6... Level 6? What's that? Out of Academy City's seven Level 5s, only Accelerator is capable of hitting Level 6. As a result of the Tree Diagram calculations, 128 different battefield types will be prepared, and by killing Railgun 128 times, Level 6 can be attained. Railgun? Isn't that Biribiri? Naturally, 128 Railguns cannot be prepared. As such, mass-produced Sisters were developed. Therefore, when Accelerator kills 20,000 Sisters, he will achieve Level 6...?

Misaka herself learned that the original Radio Noise project failed and was passed on to the Level 5 Shift researchers in ep 5 at 14:38.

ep 14 at 11:26 (The bridge scene with Touma and Misaka):

Misaka: But if you've got that, (referring to the Level 6 Shift paper, which Touma brought with him to the bridge) it means you went to my room without asking me, right?
(Misaka's Internal dialogue, as if speaking to Touma and herself): The way you see it, I'm a participant in the experiment, who volunteered her DNA. So have you come here to condemn me? [...] Oh, well. Even if the facts are a little off, the end result is still the same. That actually makes being blamed by someone else a whole lot easier.
Misaka: So, in the end, you think what I've done is inexcusable, huh?

While the full contents of that Level 6 Shift paper were never shown, Misaka's thoughts here indicate that the reader of the paper would be led to disdain for her actions instead of sympathy. Disdain would make sense if the paper indicated that she knowingly volunteered her DNA for the Level 6 Shift project, or if the paper went further back and gave the same history on the project as is shown in the wiped data Misaka found in ep3 at 17:30- that the original intention with her DNA was to "resolve a genetic sequence pattern that gives rise to a Level 5, allowing a Level 5 that is born by chance to then be produced with 100 percent certainty."), or if it was left vague such that one might suspect that instead of what she was told by the Radio Noise researchers: that it was to help children with muscular dystrophy, which would naturally give rise to sympathy, because she was lied to and taken advantage of for evil purposes.
Though Touma responds with "What are you on about? I was concerned, of course.", in context, and taking into account his caring and sympathetic character, that doesn't seem to indicate to me that he somehow knows the real reason why Misaka gave her DNA to the Radio Noise researchers.

In ep16 at 12:20 (Misaka visits Touma in the hospital):

Misaka: But still, because of me... So many...
Touma: If you hadn't offered your DNA, none of them would have been born. The experiment was wrong in a lot of ways, but you should at least be able to take pride in the fact that they were born. If they hadn't been, they could never have felt happiness of sadness to begin with. Besides, they all wouldn't want to see you moping around all by yourself.

He seems to come to a happy ending by an entirely different thought process, which is fine and dandy, but if he doesn't know why Misaka originally gave her DNA to the Radio Noise researchers, I'm quite surprised that he seems so unfazed/forgiving and doesn't question deeper about why she gave her DNA- again, given that the Sisters were designed to for Academy City's military purposes, and then to level up Accelerator, and that such a big part of his character is to confront the intentions of those to act villainously, or who support or allow evil to happen.

To recap, from what's shown in the Railgun anime, Touma knows that the Sisters are military clones of Misaka. He knows about the Level 6 Shift project, and there's a possibility that he knows about the Radio Noise project (but not necessarily and not likely how exactly those researchers got their hands on Misaka's DNA. I doubt a researcher would find it important to admit in a research paper that they lied to a child to get their DNA).
Does Touma know about why Misaka gave her DNA to Academy City researchers?
I haven't read the light novels or the manga adaptations, so there may be information there that I'm missing. I've watched later parts of the Index anime, but not the first season (not any parts that overlap with the Sisters arc of Railgun).

I don't think Misaka tells him, but Touma does indeed use his best reasoning and intuition figure out that Misaka is not a collaborator in the experiment before their confrontation in episode 14, which is why he doesn't take Misaka's bait when she says he must see her as a collaborator.
In Volume 3, Chapter 3, Part 1 (pages 123-127) we get Misaka's perspective, and a bit of flashing back to how she gave her DNA map because the researchers said they'd use it to treat muscular dystrophy. Touma is not privy to this internal dialogue, but he does come into the scene immediately in Chapter 3, Part 2.
Going back to Chapter 2, Part 8, we see Touma's reasoning process after acquiring the reports on the project from inside Misaka's bear. He does initially believe Misaka is a collaborator and is furious about the Sisters' lives being used this way, but then he notices that the report, which is classified at A rank, was printed from a terminal with a C rank (a lower security clearance), and this is when he begins suspecting something is amiss. Using his phone, he starts tracing the red X marks on the map in Misaka's documents, and traces one to a particular place: a muscular dystrophy research center

Kansaki University Muscular Dystrophy Research Center
Muscular dystrophy...? he puzzled. Muscular dystrophy was an incurable disease. In simple terms, it was a sickness where you were unable to send signals to your muscles, and since they no longer moved at all, they would steadily atrophy.
But what did an institution researching muscular dystrophy have to do with this report? His head tilted to one side, he looked up the names of the other buildings with the X marks on them.
[...]
Kamijou wasn't very familiar with the institutions' names themselves, but he recalled something: the news dripping out of the big screen on the blimp. There had been three cases of research establishments related to muscular dystrophy announcing their retirement of operations, one after another [...]. What Had Mikoto said about that news?
----I really hate that blimp, you know.
[...]
Kamijou had already arrived at the conclusion that this report hadn't been acquired legally.
He had then speculated that Mikoto might not have been a collaborator with the experiment at all.
What if Mikoto had refused to cooperate with the researchers...
[...]
If [her actions] were taken in order to stop the experiment, then...
[...]
He didn't know what Mikoto wanted to do. But at least there was something he could say for sure.
Mikoto Misaka certainly hadn't thought nothing of the experiment.

In his conversation with Misaka in Chapter 3, Part 2, Touma brings up that the facilities with kill marks on the map were researching sickness, but that one comment is pretty much where that line of thought dies, so the previous part I've quoted is as close as it gets to confirming whether Touma knows about the muscular dystrophy aspect of the story.

"[...] They all seem like institutes researching sicknesses, but what are those red X marks drawn on it? It's almost like..."
[...]
"...Like they're kill marks, I presume?"

Whether or not he knows the particulars, it is clear though, that Touma believes Misaka was tricked or coerced, and that she's not a collaborator.


text:
Does Misaka's heart-flutter when Touma calls her by name also cause a nearby wind turbine to begin turning in the light novel and/or manga adaptation?
Caution: While the simple question asked here itself is ok, thanks to @ShayminGratitude's answer and some further research I did, I have found that the premises on which the deeper curiosities this question was prodding at were two wrong assumptions: One- that Misaka affects wind turbines by her machine-control ability (it's actually her EM wave ability), and two- that the wind turbine begins turning due to that ability (I later found that it was likely due to coincidental wind). Please enjoy this display of my analytical foolishness.
In the Railgun anime's second season, episode 16, starting at 19:20, Misaka is visiting Touma with homemade cookies in appreciation for saving her sisters by defeating Accelerator. After some classic tsundere-style failure to communicate, when Touma is about to leave (at 20:14), saying "Jaa na, Biribiri" ("See you later, Sparky"), Misaka asks him to remember her name, to which he responds by saying "Matana, Misaka" ("See you later, Misaka"- presumably the first time in the anime that she hears him call her by name). At that moment when he says that, the screen just shows a nearby wind turbine, and after he finishes saying it, for a split second, shows the wind turbine beginning to turn.
The implication (I'm 90% sure) is that Touma calling her by name made her heart flutter a bit, which caused the nearby turbine to begin moving, which sort of (more on this later) makes sense, since Misaka has the ability to take control of machines. I thought it was a neat/cute artistic, visual detail.
My Question
Does this little visual detail also happen in the light novel and/or the manga adaptation of the light novel?
I haven't read the light novels or the manga adaptation. I imagine it's easy to do in two panels in a manga (one panel of stationary turbine, and one of a turbine turning with some motion lines), but that something so visual would be difficult to convey "naturally" to the same effect in a novel without being an awkward distraction (I feel like it would be an awkward / unnatural reading experience to suddenly read "at that moment, a nearby wind turbine which was stationary began to turn" (or maybe I just can't imagine an elegant execution because I have no writing background)).
The deeper reason for my curiosity: "In-universe"-reality-checking the anime's faithfulness to the canonical limitations of Misaka's machine-control abilities
There's a somewhat deeper reason I'm asking this to do with Misaka's abilities. Bear with me because it'll seem like I'm overanalyzing, but I'm genuinely interested in these things, and I think it has significance in the universe of A Certain Scientific Railgun where my experience has been that the fictional, but science-based mechanics are quite self-consistent, and that the author cares about that self-consistency.
The reason I'm asking this is because I want to know how canonical it is- how faithful it is to Kazuma Kamachi (the author of the light novels)'s design of Misaka's abilities and their limitations.
In the anime, Misaka's non-magnetism-based machine-control ability demonstrations are (to my memory) always at close-range- either she is already touching the machine / one part of the connected system / a device that can communicate with the target system, or she is close enough that reaching out her hand a little further would allow her to touch it / one part of the connected system. I think you can see how that would at least make me as a viewer think that for her to be able to control a machine electrically, she needs to be within physical reaching distance of it or a device that can communicate with it.
Some examples: From season 2: ep3 at 6:48, ep3 at 17:17, ep7 0:00, ep10 at 18:26, ep10 at 18:40, ep12 at 20:14, (the same applies to the sisters) ep16 at 0:28-1:17. Some from season 3: ep1 at 0:47, ep4 at 11:28, etc.
The wind turbine is on the other side of the bridge she's standing on at that moment (see timestamp 20:54), and I'm not aware of her carrying or interacting with any device at that time that would allow her to remotely communicate with the turbine or its controlling system.
That's why I'm wondering if this was a "non-canonical" (where "canon" here refers to Kazuma Kamachi's design of Misaka's abilities and their limitations), artistic decision made by the manga adaptors or the anime producers that wasn't designed with the canonical limitations of Misaka's abilities in mind.
Note: I guess that if this long-distance machine control were found to not be canonical, one might be able to explain this with "the power of love and friendship"™, but if that's really the explanation, I'd expect it to be backed up with the same level of in-universe "rigour" as it was when that reason was given in season 2 ep24 at 16:04 when Febri wakes up Janie (emphasis added):

Nunotaba: We need Febri to release Jani from the runaway system. She's not taking any inputs from the outside, but because they share the same biological base, strong emotions from Febri just might reach her.
Saten: Naruhodo. So basically, the power of love?
Nunotaba: *blushes* Huh? I... I guess.

What can we learn from the Index light novels and Railgun manga about this scene?
In short: nothing.
This appears to be a scene that only appears in A Certain Scientific Railgun. Both the light novels and manga for A Certain Magical Index conclude the arc after the hospital scenes (with the last one being with Index). This is volume 3 of the light novel and volume 4 of the manga.
Thinking on it closely, it shouldn't have surprised me that the scene is not in the light novels. Mikoto Misaka is only able to make the homemade cookies with Saten's help, and Saten is a character not found in the light novels, but was made for the Railgun manga.
Thus, we move on to the manga for A Certain Scientific Railgun, which is, as we'd expect, the source material for the anime. The corresponding volume is 7, and the chapter is 39, at the very end in the section labeled "An Iron Bridge Is A Signal For Romance" (this might denote a special chapter, particularly as it does seem separate from the rest of the chapter).
A windmill is not shown at any point during this scene in the manga. During the moment in question when Touma calls Misaka by name, the panels show the sky and the bridge without any buildings in the background. This windmill component of the scene must have been made for the anime.
In the scene in question, is the windmill actually just being moved by wind?
Given the timing of the windmill moving, and all the electromagnetic induced windmill turning that's happened in this arc, it isn't unreasonable to think a change in Misaka's emotions is what causes the windmill to move. However, could it be this isn't what the anime is trying to imply, and the windmill turning is actually just for visual appeal?
According to user starball,

It turns out the volume I watch at is too low for me to be able to hear the ambient environment noise. With volume turned up, at 19:20, I can hear what sounds like water and/or light wind. At 20:14, all ambient noise is silenced (probably for artistic effect to complement Misaka's feelings at that moment like-"everything else went quiet"), and in the zoomed-out scene showing the turbine (20:54), once the volume is high enough, I can easily and definitely hear the sound of wind. In fact, I can even hear some clear wind sounds at 20:50.

I rewatched it myself, and I did indeed hear some wind noises too. It is highly likely that the windmill is being moved by wind, not Misaka's electricity.
Is moving the windmills something Misaka can actually do at a distance?
Misaka has actually caused wind turbines to spin without touching them. starball tipped me off again since in the anime Touma is able to find Misaka in the first place by following wind turbines. This is also in the third light novel in chapter 2, part 9:

A wind generator's propellers were spinning in the distance. I can't feel any wind right now, thought Kamijou, when suddenly he slammed on the brakes.
Its propellers were rotating in the abscence of wind.
Just that one turbine, about a hundred meters away, was slowly gyrating. [...]
The word turbine or generator really just refers to a motor. [...] In addition, a person can get the motor to turn by pouring specific electromagnetic waves into it. That's how the microwave generators on the cutting edge of Academy City tech worked.
The propeller--the motor-- [...] was reacting to invisible electromagnetic waves.
[...]
He didn't even know whether it was spinning in the first place. The wind's generator's propeller had only been swaying very slightly. [...] Beyond this spinning propeller was another propeller, turning just a teensy bit faster than the first, and beyond that one was a propeller spinning faster still.
It was like he was steadily drawing closer to some invisible explosive epicenter.

Embarassing that an assumption I was 90% sure of was self-debunked by simply turning up the volume -_-. If you want, feel free to paraphrase what I discovered into your answer post, or block-quote it in. It think it could definitely help back up your answer.

@starball Okay, I don't mind adding in any new information. It shouldn't be embarrassing though. Frankly, I kind of messed up too. I watched it once and thought the windmill began moving before Touma started speaking. But after watching it again, the movement did seem to begin when he said Misaka's name. Not sure what happened there, but it's left me quite confused.

But I guess it is a pretty typical thing in anime for a-gust-of-wind-to-blow-and-flower-petals-to-fall™ when something romantic happens. One particularly memorable instance in my head is the one in Hyouka ep22 at 22:46.

I was just doing some prep for another different question, and came across info relevant here! In season 2 ep14 at 9:14, Touma is looking for Misaka, and notices in the distance some wind turbines spinning without wind. He realizes it's due to EM waves and figures that Misaka will be near those turbines, and he's correct. The scene cuts to Misaka standing on a bridge with a little spark jittering from her head (9:28), and he soon finds her there. So my understanding was wrong- her ability to affect wind turbines is by her EM wave abilities, which is different than her machine-control ability.

^ and she seems to have a larger range than the sisters for exercising that EM wave ability, since when those sparks came out of her head indicating the use of her abilities, she wasn't standing directly next to any wind turbines.


text:
How did Misaka sever this type-Mantis robot's arm? With her bare hands?
In the Railgun anime's third season in episode 6 at 19:36, Baba orders a type-Mantis robot to seize Misaka, but as the mantis claw (pretty sure real mantises don't have claws like that- but I digress) closes in, the screen blinks white just for an instant (as if to say that moment is too cool or happens to fast for the viewer to see), and Misaka somehow severs the claw and some of the arm it is attached to, launching it into the sky. One sees as the claw arm flies up and when it lands that the separation point looks like a clean cut, and is red-hot. The screen then shows the mantis looking at what's left of the arm it tried to grab her with- also showing what looks like a red-hot, clean cut, where the red-hot quality extends what looks like at least one hand-breadth into the length of the arm where the separation happened.

Again, the screen didn't show how it happened. It showed the instants before and after it happened. Misaka herself is shown standing completely stationary right up until the moment of "impact" where the screen momentarily whites out, and again when she is back in the shot (perhaps to call to mind something like quick-draw sword combat).
This puzzled me. How did she do it? Which of her abilities did she use to do it?
She's not shown holding any weapon, and she's wearing gym clothes for the Daihaseisai festival- I don't see how she could conceal one on her body capable of doing that.
To my memory, having watched the three seasons of the anime before, and now being in the process of watching them again, she is never shown doing something similar or creating a similar effect/outcome (red-hot, clean cut of metal), so as someone who hasn't read the light novels or their manga adaptation, I also wonder if this is something that only happens in the anime, or if it also happens in the light novels and their manga adaptation, and if so- whether there's any more information there or in any other moments that explains how she did this. My memory isn't perfect, so maybe I've just overlooked or forgotten some other similar, clearer moment.
I know she can make a sword out of ironsand (season 1 ep4 at 18:12), but there's no trace of her using ironsand in this scene, and I'm also a little doubtful that her ironsand sword would cause more than one hand-breadth of red heat to linger in the severed arm. Giving a closer look at the scene, 19:16 does seem to show some specks of ironsand materializing out of seemingly nowhere / her hand, but that does seem awfully subtle.
As part of my research, I also tried to think of other scenarios in the anime where the opportunity was there to show her using a similar ability. In season one, there are two scenes against Therestina where Therestina has Misaka in the clutches of her robotic suit (ep23 at 16:04, and ep24 at 16:18), but in both those scenes, Misaka is mostly incapacitated by Capacity Down. In season two, there's the scene where she launches some steel beams at Accelerator and he reflects them back to her (ep6 at 3:54), but I don't see how such an ability to cut through metal would save her there, unless cutting the beams could divert the split sides away from impact with her body (which I find physically hard to imagine at the speeds they were travelling at), and there's a short kerfuffle with a powered suit (ep20 at 11:27), but in that fight scene, Misaka either dodged the suit's physical attacks with its blunt weapon, or blocked them using a moving stream of ironsand as a shield.

Is likely her signature iron sand.
In chapter 52 of the Railgun manga, which is anime is adapted from, for the most part, we see her gathering what looks to be iron sand (second panel).
.
On the next page we see a stoke of black, reminiscent of a veil of black iron sand.

The second attack is clearly a lighting spear strike and more of a severing attack than a slicing one.

Since I haven't read the manga, could you improve this (good) answer by adding a comparison of the veil of ironsand you show in your second image with another (or multiple other) scenes of her ironsand attacks to show that it's the same way that the manga artists draw the ironsand?

It's really much of the same in any media, a veil of black. You even see it cut off stuff in the Level Upper Arc http://i.imgur.com/STwgd3b.jpg


text:
Can't Misaka use magnetism to decelerate before impact after accelerating toward a magnetic metal to soften the impact?
In Railgun S episode 8 at 8:04, Misaka uses magnetism to escape from one of Frenda's explosives, attracting herself to a steel cage. The impact upon hitting the cage is strong enough to leave a dent in the steel (I'm pretty sure a real person would have died, but that's beside the point). She herself hints that it's quite painful, saying:

Using max magnetism to retreat... I hate to use something that does so much damage...

Presumably, she's referring to damage done to herself since she doesn't seem to have much problem with the collateral damage her railgun and other attacks often do (Ex. season 1 ep1 at 20:30 and season 2 ep1 at 19:51).
Is it scientifically possible for her to use electromagnetism to repel herself from the steel before impact to decelerate? The more general question here being- is it possible for an electromagnet to repel a magnetic metal? (Assuming that's her only magnetic ability. I'm not sure that assumption is correct)
I'm not sure if it helps to answer, but there are also many times that Misaka uses magnetism to seemingly freely control objects in the air in any direction without there being any reciprocal force applied to herself. For example:

In the same clip at 7:29, she levitates an horizontally moves some quite heavy-looking steel plating. She herself stands in place.

In Railgun S episode at 1:17, she can make a gekota finger puppet with a (presumably magnetic-but-non-permanent-magnet) hairclip inside it stand up in her hand and do a twirl. Granted- that's a lightweight object, but it doesn't seem likely that that's possible by simple magnetic attraction alone.

Note: This question is written as I would have written it before I started doing additional research enough to instant-self-answer (as I have).

This is a self-answer. I spent some time thinking, did some googling, and then some more thinking.
If her only magnetic ability was to attract, then no, she couldn't
An electromagnet (or any kind of magnet- for that matter) can only attract and cannot repel a magnetic metal.
I'm not sure how I didn't realize this when I first thought of the question, since I played with magnets quite a bit when I was a kid. Somehow that experiential intuition failed me. In my defense, I don't have a lot of science/physics background, and I thought that electromagnets could possibly be a special case in interactions with magnetic metals. They aren't.
Attraction between objects and herself isn't her only magnetic ability
At the time that I first wondered-up what is now the above question post, I was very fixated on the logic of the magnetic attraction ability shown in the clip that is the subject of the question. I had somehow "forgotten" about this.
As stated in the question post (referencing the steel plating in Railgun S ep8 at 7:29), Misaka can also move objects around magnetically without there being any "equal and opposite force" exerted upon herself. There's also the stairs at 10:32, the entire floor at 13:17, and an army of dolls in ep10 at 5:30.
Additionally, Misaka seems to be able to choose which steel object she attracts herself to (or to herself) in her vicinity. That facility she was in had a lot of steel in it (she hints toward that herself during the same battle with Frenda at 10:23: "If you wanted to make me fall, you'd have to rebuild this entire facility and this time, leave out the steel!"), presumably enough that the specific steel cage she used to escape to wasn't the only steel object nearby. In that same clip, there were some pipes to her left, and she had just shielded herself opposite to the steel she escaped to with some steel plating, which looked to be much closer to herself than the steel cage. If she could only create "mutual" attraction between objects and herself, she probably would have only been able to draw herself to the ground (the closest thing to herself) in that scenario.
When she moves the Gekota finger puppet with the hairclip inside it to stand up in her hand and twirl around, that probably wouldn't be possible if her only magnetic ability were to attract objects to herself if the hairclip doesn't have a permanent magnetic field. But if it actually had a permanent magnetic field, maybe that would be possible?
You can read more about her electromagnetic abilities on the Toaru wiki.
There's also the possibility of usage of magnetic (eddy current) braking.
So maybe, yes, but also no.
To my memory, she is never shown using such a "magnetic repel" ability (which- as already mentioned- would be scientifically bunk) in the anime's three seasons. I don't know about the manga or the light novels.
She is shown using her ability to create magnetic attraction between herself and other magnetic metals plenty of times in the anime: season 1 ep8 at 16:58, season 2 ep1 at 17:08, ep9 at 5:15, and ep12 at 12:20- just to name a few, and particularly with this cage escape clip and ep9 at 5:15, it's apparant that she can choose what she attracts herself to- even if other magnetic metal objects are closer by.
So she probably could have softened the impact to the cage by attracting herself to something opposite to her direction of movement before impact.
But that would kind of defeat the story, making it less satisfying.
In that scene, the damage done to herself serves a storytelling purpose: she's in a pinch against Frenda, and eventually the rest of the members of ITEM by herself, and having very hard time handling it. She was trying to solve everything independently. That's in stark contrast to the situation in ep23-34 after her character growth in ep21.
It's science fiction
Her ability to create magnetic attraction between objects and herself certainly seems more believable to me than the other magnetic abilities she has (a force acting between herself and another object rather than a force acting between an object and seemingly nothing), but I guess that at that point it's a bit pointless to question it too deeply, and one should just accept that it's science fiction created for entertainment value, and to just enjoy the entertainment value. It's the mixture of believable-enough abilities and limitations (like the self-damage of hitting a steel cage) that makes the story interesting and enjoyable. It's probably better to just let the story work its magic (no pun intended) to bring about immersion and some suspension of disbelief.

She could maybe lower the attractive force at some point before impact; it'd stil be a hard hit from her momentum, but at least she wouldn't continue to accelerate all the way to the moment of impact. ♂ Best not to question it; in reality her rapid creation of a magnetic field would probably induce enough electrical current in her to stun if not kill her.

In the Toaru universe, she's shown plenty of times being very resistant to electricity-related harm a normal human would experience. On top of all the times she uses her own abilities without harming herself, in season 1 ep3 17:43, the eyebrow girl fails to taser her, and in season two she uses electric current to "control the electrical signals of her nervous system" to enable movement when she should have been incapacitated by a drug (an experience which she states was "not as bad as [she] thought", though Nunotaba imagines must cause immense pain throughout her (Misaka's) body).

Haha, yeah, well mostly I just think it's funny to imagine her about to bust out some crazy move then she accidentally boils her own eyeballs or something, with a sad trombone sound effect.

@JasonC Yeah I've also been wondering about how she handles possible heat issues. I'm going to do a bit of research first and then ask a question about that.


text:
How does Misaka survive heat dissipation in her own body when using her abilities?
If a resistor produces/dissipates heat when a voltage drop is applied, how does Misaka survive when she uses her most powerful electrical attacks?
See this Q&A ("How much heat damage can Misaka's shocks do to a regular human at max output?") for calculations of the rate of temperature change that would occur in a human body of similar build to Misaka experiencing heat dissipation due to a maximum shock by her.
How is she not burnt to a crisp?
Note: I'm aware that for comedic effect, Misaka often electrically shocks Kuroko (in anime season 1, ep2 21:21, ep12 22:19, in season 2, ep4 3:25, ep17 16:21 and 18:43, ep19 7:21, ep22 13:46, ep23 10:54, in season 3, ep1 5:34 21:47, etc.), and Kuroko comes out of the experience fine. I shrug that off because I enjoy it for the comedic effect. But there's no comedic effect for most of Misaka's other attacks; those moments are quite serious in atmosphere, and the author of the Toaru series shows some dedication to logical/rational explanations for scifi phenomenon in their works, so I have some expectation/anticipation of more rigour to be applied outside of comedic contexts.
My theories of possible explanations for Misaka's survival

Possible Explanation
My Faith in the Explanation

She has a different specific heat capacity than a normal human body, which would mean a slower rate of temperature change.
I'm doubtful of this, since she seems to experience heat similarly to her peers in the anime's season 1 beach episode (season 1 ep 13 at 12:00. She does seem relatively okay in the cold (possibly due to just trying to deflect Kuroko's advances), but reacts normally to the heat).

She has greater ability to resist heat damage than a normal human, though she still experiences the sensation similar to a normal human
This would explain the beach episode, but it does seem like a strange explanation to give for an electromaster. I apologize because I have little faith (having not read the manga or light-novels myself) that a confirmation or disproval of this will be found in those: I can't see such a technical detail being given casually in the story without some "perfect context".

She has a different electrical resistance than a normal human body, which would also mean a slower rate of temperature change. Or, she can control the electrical resistance of her own body.
This seems like a logical and satisfying explanation to me in that electrical resistance (at least by intuition to someone with a very shallow science background) is a highly-electricity-related property (compared to specific heat and resistance to heat damage). I wouldn't even be surprised if she could canonically control the resistance of her own body- sure, it couldn't happen in real life, but the same goes for most of her abilities and it seems believably consistent with the rest.However, it would require higher resistence to reduce the heat dissipation by reducing the electrical power if I understand the physics correctly, so I don't understand how she could retain the power of the attack while using such a technique to protect herself against heat dissipation.

Her electric shock attacks don't involve any special electrical activity inside her own body. It's shown clearly that external electric attacks against her don't work in the anime's first season in ep3 at 17:43.
This wouldn't explain how she survives usage of her railgun, where the two rails which current flows between are supposedly simulated inside her own arm.

How is she still alive?
I've watched the three seasons of the anime, but haven't read the light novels or manga adaptation. Are any of the above explanations for her survival confirmed or denied in the light novels or manga adaptations? Or is there an explanation given that I haven't considered? If so, what is it?

I'm not an expert of the setting but aren't esper abilities based on their personal reality? They replace actual reality with their own. Trying to apply real world science to this seems to be an exercise in futility.

@Turamarth That's a good point. After all, she is immune to exterior electrical damage (s1 ep3 17:43) and highly-resistant-to or able-to-divert internal electrical damage (s2 ep23 8:16). So if I understand you correctly, your suggestion seems to lean into my "She has greater ability to resist heat damage than a normal human, though she still experiences the sensation similar to a normal human" possible explanation (or some variation of it), which I gave my thoughts on in the post: heat resistance/negation/immunity would (in my eyes) be a weird ability for an electromaster to have.

The world of A Certain Magical Index and A Certain Scientific Railgun is a world where magic and science collide. As far as the science side goes, there are still wonky forces in play. Namely, esper powers come from an individual cultivating a personal reality.
Thus, this is not purely a physics question.
From the wiki:

The concept of Personal Reality is related to quantum theory. It enables its user to ignore the Uncertainty Principle, and with regards to the Schrödinger's cat thought experiment, will allow them to interfere with and distort the microscopic world using different laws.

Since I have the first few volumes of A Certain Magical Index, I can get the actual quote from the section referenced (though the wiki does a good summary, so I won't quote the whole thing). From volume 3, chapter 2, section 8:

"What we call espers are those people whose power to see the reality of this fifty percent hard candy has been shifted away from that of normal people. RSPK Syndrome--in layman's terms, some children lose the ability to perceive reality as it is because of poltergeists, or via trauma or excessive stress. Also, the Gantzfeldt Experiment used in Ability Development purposely shuts down your five senses and essentially cuts you off from normal reality.[...] An 'esper' who has been cut off from the usual reality can acquire a personal reality that differs from the rest of us. As a result, they alter the microscopic world using laws different from regular people.... They can acquire 'powers' like breaking things without touching them or seeing the future a year from now just by closing their eyes. [...] The 'Mnemonics' we carry out refers to artificially creating one of these personal realities. To put it more simply, we help cause certain kinds of disorders in their brains by using things like medicine and suggestion."

A personal reality might be called a delusion that becomes real, precisely because one believes it is real. Misaka's powers exist in her own personal reality. Thus, she does not need to comply to the physics of the real world. It doesn't make sense that her powers would incinerate her in her own personal reality, in her own delusion.
The magic/religion side can't be discounted either, just because we're talking about the science side. For instance, continuing in the dialogue I quoted, we get this from Miss Komoe:

"[System] refers to one who arrives at heaven's intent in an ungodly body. Our objective is to see what lies beyond Level Five, after all. We humans don't understand the truth of the universe. So it's simple. If there were someone with a status above human, they should obviously be able to understand god's answer."

Additionally, the entire world of A Certain Magical Index has multiple layers of reality, so it's not just personal realities that distort laws of the world. See https://toarumajutsunoindex.fandom.com/wiki/Phase for details (spoilers). From the wiki:

 The many religions (Christian, Buddhist, Celtic, Indian, Shinto, Incan, Aztec, Greek, Roman, Norse etc) which have arisen throughout history have had the effect of applying various phases to the world. The world is said to contain as many phases are there are divine legends and religions. Extremely powerful beings, such as Magic Gods, are also capable of applying new phases and manipulating existing ones.

The details of personal reality seem to not be touched upon as much in the anime (I haven't read the light-novels or manga adaptation), and I haven't watched much of the Index anime so I didn't know about this! Thanks.