XOR of all the elements in the given range [ L , R ] | Function to return the required XOR ; Modulus operator are expensive on most of the computers . n & 3 will be equivalent to n % 4 n % 4 ; If n is a multiple of 4 ; If n % 4 gives remainder 1 ; If n % 4 gives remainder 2 ; If n % 4 gives remainder 3 ; Driver code
def computeXOR ( n ) : NEW_LINE INDENT switch = { 0 : n , 1 : 1 , 2 : n + 1 , 3 : 0 , } NEW_LINE return switch . get ( n & 3 , " " ) NEW_LINE DEDENT l = 1 NEW_LINE r = 4 NEW_LINE print ( computeXOR ( r ) ^ computeXOR ( l - 1 ) ) NEW_LINE