#@title Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.

"""
Explanation: <div class="devsite-table-wrapper"><table class="tfo-notebook-buttons" align="left">
<td><a target="_blank" href="https://www.tensorflow.org/tfx/tutorials/transform/census">
<img src="https://www.tensorflow.org/images/tf_logo_32px.png" />View on TensorFlow.org</a></td>
<td><a target="_blank" href="https://colab.sandbox.google.com/github/tensorflow/tfx/blob/master/docs/tutorials/transform/census.ipynb">
<img src="https://www.tensorflow.org/images/colab_logo_32px.png">Run in Google Colab</a></td>
<td><a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/tensorflow/tfx/blob/master/docs/tutorials/transform/census.ipynb">
<img width=32px src="https://www.tensorflow.org/images/GitHub-Mark-32px.png">View source on GitHub</a></td>
<td><a target="_blank" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/tensorflow_docs/tfx/docs/tutorials/transform/census.ipynb">
<img width=32px src="https://www.tensorflow.org/images/download_logo_32px.png">Download notebook</a></td>
</table></div>

Copyright 2020 The TensorFlow Authors.
End of explanation
"""


!pip install tensorflow-transform

# This cell is only necessary because packages were installed while python was
# running. It avoids the need to restart the runtime when running in Colab.
import pkg_resources
import importlib

importlib.reload(pkg_resources)

"""
Explanation: Preprocessing data with TensorFlow Transform
The Feature Engineering Component of TensorFlow Extended (TFX)
This example colab notebook provides a somewhat more advanced example of how <a target='_blank' href='https://www.tensorflow.org/tfx/transform/get_started'>TensorFlow Transform</a> (tf.Transform) can be used to preprocess data using exactly the same code for both training a model and serving inferences in production.
TensorFlow Transform is a library for preprocessing input data for TensorFlow, including creating features that require a full pass over the training dataset.  For example, using TensorFlow Transform you could:

Normalize an input value by using the mean and standard deviation
Convert strings to integers by generating a vocabulary over all of the input values
Convert floats to integers by assigning them to buckets, based on the observed data distribution

TensorFlow has built-in support for manipulations on a single example or a batch of examples. tf.Transform extends these capabilities to support full passes over the entire training dataset.
The output of tf.Transform is exported as a TensorFlow graph which you can use for both training and serving. Using the same graph for both training and serving can prevent skew, since the same transformations are applied in both stages.
Key Point: In order to understand tf.Transform and how it works with Apache Beam, you'll need to know a little bit about Apache Beam itself.  The <a target='_blank' href='https://beam.apache.org/documentation/programming-guide/'>Beam Programming Guide</a> is a great place to start.
What we're doing in this example
In this example we'll be processing a <a target='_blank' href='https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/machine-learning-databases/adult'>widely used dataset containing census data</a>, and training a model to do classification.  Along the way we'll be transforming the data using tf.Transform.
Key Point: As a modeler and developer, think about how this data is used and the potential benefits and harm a model's predictions can cause. A model like this could reinforce societal biases and disparities. Is a feature relevant to the problem you want to solve or will it introduce bias? For more information, read about <a target='_blank' href='https://developers.google.com/machine-learning/fairness-overview/'>ML fairness</a>.
Note: <a target='_blank' href='https://www.tensorflow.org/tfx/model_analysis'>TensorFlow Model Analysis</a> is a powerful tool for understanding how well your model predicts for various segments of your data, including understanding how your model may reinforce societal biases and disparities.
Install TensorFlow Transform
End of explanation
"""


import math
import os
import pprint

import pandas as pd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import tensorflow as tf
print('TF: {}'.format(tf.__version__))

import apache_beam as beam
print('Beam: {}'.format(beam.__version__))

import tensorflow_transform as tft
import tensorflow_transform.beam as tft_beam
print('Transform: {}'.format(tft.__version__))

from tfx_bsl.public import tfxio
from tfx_bsl.coders.example_coder import RecordBatchToExamples

"""
Explanation: Imports and globals
First import the stuff we need.
End of explanation
"""


!wget https://storage.googleapis.com/artifacts.tfx-oss-public.appspot.com/datasets/census/adult.data
!wget https://storage.googleapis.com/artifacts.tfx-oss-public.appspot.com/datasets/census/adult.test

train_path = './adult.data'
test_path = './adult.test'

"""
Explanation: Next download the data files:
End of explanation
"""


CATEGORICAL_FEATURE_KEYS = [
    'workclass',
    'education',
    'marital-status',
    'occupation',
    'relationship',
    'race',
    'sex',
    'native-country',
]

NUMERIC_FEATURE_KEYS = [
    'age',
    'capital-gain',
    'capital-loss',
    'hours-per-week',
    'education-num'
]

ORDERED_CSV_COLUMNS = [
    'age', 'workclass', 'fnlwgt', 'education', 'education-num',
    'marital-status', 'occupation', 'relationship', 'race', 'sex',
    'capital-gain', 'capital-loss', 'hours-per-week', 'native-country', 'label'
]

LABEL_KEY = 'label'

"""
Explanation: Name our columns
We'll create some handy lists for referencing the columns in our dataset.
End of explanation
"""


pandas_train = pd.read_csv(train_path, header=None, names=ORDERED_CSV_COLUMNS)

pandas_train.head(5)

one_row = dict(pandas_train.loc[0])

COLUMN_DEFAULTS = [
  '' if isinstance(v, str) else 0.0
  for v in  dict(pandas_train.loc[1]).values()]

"""
Explanation: Here's a quick preview of the data:
End of explanation
"""


pandas_test = pd.read_csv(test_path, header=1, names=ORDERED_CSV_COLUMNS)

pandas_test.head(5)

testing = os.getenv("WEB_TEST_BROWSER", False)
if testing:
  pandas_train = pandas_train.loc[:1]
  pandas_test = pandas_test.loc[:1]

"""
Explanation: The test data has 1 header line that needs to be skipped, and a trailing "." at the end of each line.
End of explanation
"""


RAW_DATA_FEATURE_SPEC = dict(
    [(name, tf.io.FixedLenFeature([], tf.string))
     for name in CATEGORICAL_FEATURE_KEYS] +
    [(name, tf.io.FixedLenFeature([], tf.float32))
     for name in NUMERIC_FEATURE_KEYS] + 
    [(LABEL_KEY, tf.io.FixedLenFeature([], tf.string))]
)

SCHEMA = tft.tf_metadata.dataset_metadata.DatasetMetadata(
    tft.tf_metadata.schema_utils.schema_from_feature_spec(RAW_DATA_FEATURE_SPEC)).schema

"""
Explanation: Define our features and schema
Let's define a schema based on what types the columns are in our input.  Among other things this will help with importing them correctly.
End of explanation
"""


#@title
def encode_example(input_features):
  input_features = dict(input_features)
  output_features = {}
  
  for key in CATEGORICAL_FEATURE_KEYS:
    value = input_features[key]
    feature = tf.train.Feature(
        bytes_list=tf.train.BytesList(value=[value.strip().encode()]))
    output_features[key] = feature 

  for key in NUMERIC_FEATURE_KEYS:
    value = input_features[key]
    feature = tf.train.Feature(
        float_list=tf.train.FloatList(value=[value]))
    output_features[key] = feature 

  label_value = input_features.get(LABEL_KEY, None)
  if label_value is not None:
    output_features[LABEL_KEY]  = tf.train.Feature(
        bytes_list = tf.train.BytesList(value=[label_value.strip().encode()]))

  example = tf.train.Example(
      features = tf.train.Features(feature=output_features)
  )
  return example

"""
Explanation: [Optional] Encode and decode tf.train.Example protos
This tutorial needs to convert examples from the dataset to and from tf.train.Example protos in a few places. 
The hidden encode_example function below converts a dictionary of features forom the dataset to a tf.train.Example.
End of explanation
"""


tf_example = encode_example(pandas_train.loc[0])
tf_example.features.feature['age']

serialized_example_batch = tf.constant([
  encode_example(pandas_train.loc[i]).SerializeToString()
  for i in range(3)
])

serialized_example_batch

"""
Explanation: Now you can convert dataset examples into Example protos:
End of explanation
"""


decoded_tensors = tf.io.parse_example(
    serialized_example_batch,
    features=RAW_DATA_FEATURE_SPEC
)

"""
Explanation: You can also convert batches of serialized Example protos back into a dictionary of tensors:
End of explanation
"""


features_dict = dict(pandas_train.loc[0])
features_dict.pop(LABEL_KEY)

LABEL_KEY in features_dict

"""
Explanation: In some cases the label will not be passed in, so the encode function is written so that the label is optional:
End of explanation
"""


no_label_example = encode_example(features_dict)

LABEL_KEY in no_label_example.features.feature.keys()

"""
Explanation: When creating an Example proto it will simply not contain the label key.
End of explanation
"""


NUM_OOV_BUCKETS = 1

EPOCH_SPLITS = 10
TRAIN_NUM_EPOCHS = 2*EPOCH_SPLITS
NUM_TRAIN_INSTANCES = len(pandas_train)
NUM_TEST_INSTANCES = len(pandas_test)

BATCH_SIZE = 128

STEPS_PER_TRAIN_EPOCH = tf.math.ceil(NUM_TRAIN_INSTANCES/BATCH_SIZE/EPOCH_SPLITS)
EVALUATION_STEPS = tf.math.ceil(NUM_TEST_INSTANCES/BATCH_SIZE)

# Names of temp files
TRANSFORMED_TRAIN_DATA_FILEBASE = 'train_transformed'
TRANSFORMED_TEST_DATA_FILEBASE = 'test_transformed'
EXPORTED_MODEL_DIR = 'exported_model_dir'

if testing:
  TRAIN_NUM_EPOCHS = 1

"""
Explanation: Setting hyperparameters and basic housekeeping
Constants and hyperparameters used for training.
End of explanation
"""


def preprocessing_fn(inputs):
  """Preprocess input columns into transformed columns."""
  # Since we are modifying some features and leaving others unchanged, we
  # start by setting `outputs` to a copy of `inputs.
  outputs = inputs.copy()

  # Scale numeric columns to have range [0, 1].
  for key in NUMERIC_FEATURE_KEYS:
    outputs[key] = tft.scale_to_0_1(inputs[key])

  # For all categorical columns except the label column, we generate a
  # vocabulary but do not modify the feature.  This vocabulary is instead
  # used in the trainer, by means of a feature column, to convert the feature
  # from a string to an integer id.
  for key in CATEGORICAL_FEATURE_KEYS:
    outputs[key] = tft.compute_and_apply_vocabulary(
        tf.strings.strip(inputs[key]),
        num_oov_buckets=NUM_OOV_BUCKETS,
        vocab_filename=key)

  # For the label column we provide the mapping from string to index.
  table_keys = ['>50K', '<=50K']
  with tf.init_scope():
    initializer = tf.lookup.KeyValueTensorInitializer(
        keys=table_keys,
        values=tf.cast(tf.range(len(table_keys)), tf.int64),
        key_dtype=tf.string,
        value_dtype=tf.int64)
    table = tf.lookup.StaticHashTable(initializer, default_value=-1)

  # Remove trailing periods for test data when the data is read with tf.data.
  # label_str  = tf.sparse.to_dense(inputs[LABEL_KEY])
  label_str = inputs[LABEL_KEY]
  label_str = tf.strings.regex_replace(label_str, r'\.$', '')
  label_str = tf.strings.strip(label_str)
  data_labels = table.lookup(label_str)
  transformed_label = tf.one_hot(
      indices=data_labels, depth=len(table_keys), on_value=1.0, off_value=0.0)
  outputs[LABEL_KEY] = tf.reshape(transformed_label, [-1, len(table_keys)])

  return outputs

"""
Explanation: Preprocessing with tf.Transform
Create a tf.Transform preprocessing_fn
The preprocessing function is the most important concept of tf.Transform. A preprocessing function is where the transformation of the dataset really happens. It accepts and returns a dictionary of tensors, where a tensor means a Tensor or SparseTensor. There are two main groups of API calls that typically form the heart of a preprocessing function:

TensorFlow Ops: Any function that accepts and returns tensors, which usually means TensorFlow ops. These add TensorFlow operations to the graph that transforms raw data into transformed data one feature vector at a time.  These will run for every example, during both training and serving.
Tensorflow Transform Analyzers/Mappers: Any of the analyzers/mappers provided by tf.Transform. These also accept and return tensors, and typically contain a combination of Tensorflow ops and Beam computation, but unlike TensorFlow ops they only run in the Beam pipeline during analysis requiring a full pass over the entire training dataset. The Beam computation runs only once, (prior to training, during analysis), and typically make a full pass over the entire training dataset. They create tf.constant tensors, which are added to your graph. For example, tft.min computes the minimum of a tensor over the training dataset.

Caution: When you apply your preprocessing function to serving inferences, the constants that were created by analyzers during training do not change.  If your data has trend or seasonality components, plan accordingly.
Here is a preprocessing_fn for this dataset. It does several things:

Using tft.scale_to_0_1, it scales the numeric features to the [0,1] range.
Using tft.compute_and_apply_vocabulary, it computes a vocabulary for each of the categorical features, and returns the integer IDs for each input as an tf.int64. This applies both to string and integer categorical-inputs.
It applies some manual transformations to the data using standard TensorFlow operations. Here these operations are applied to the label but could transform the features as well. The TensorFlow operations do several things:   
They build a lookup table for the label (the tf.init_scope ensures that the table is only created the first time the function is called).
They normalize the text of the label.
They convert the label to a one-hot.
End of explanation
"""


def transform_data(train_data_file, test_data_file, working_dir):
  """Transform the data and write out as a TFRecord of Example protos.

  Read in the data using the CSV reader, and transform it using a
  preprocessing pipeline that scales numeric data and converts categorical data
  from strings to int64 values indices, by creating a vocabulary for each
  category.

  Args:
    train_data_file: File containing training data
    test_data_file: File containing test data
    working_dir: Directory to write transformed data and metadata to
  """

  # The "with" block will create a pipeline, and run that pipeline at the exit
  # of the block.
  with beam.Pipeline() as pipeline:
    with tft_beam.Context(temp_dir=tempfile.mkdtemp()):
      # Create a TFXIO to read the census data with the schema. To do this we
      # need to list all columns in order since the schema doesn't specify the
      # order of columns in the csv.
      # We first read CSV files and use BeamRecordCsvTFXIO whose .BeamSource()
      # accepts a PCollection[bytes] because we need to patch the records first
      # (see "FixCommasTrainData" below). Otherwise, tfxio.CsvTFXIO can be used
      # to both read the CSV files and parse them to TFT inputs:
      # csv_tfxio = tfxio.CsvTFXIO(...)
      # raw_data = (pipeline | 'ToRecordBatches' >> csv_tfxio.BeamSource())
      train_csv_tfxio = tfxio.CsvTFXIO(
          file_pattern=train_data_file,
          telemetry_descriptors=[],
          column_names=ORDERED_CSV_COLUMNS,
          schema=SCHEMA)

      # Read in raw data and convert using CSV TFXIO.
      raw_data = (
          pipeline |
          'ReadTrainCsv' >> train_csv_tfxio.BeamSource())

      # Combine data and schema into a dataset tuple.  Note that we already used
      # the schema to read the CSV data, but we also need it to interpret
      # raw_data.
      cfg = train_csv_tfxio.TensorAdapterConfig()
      raw_dataset = (raw_data, cfg)

      # The TFXIO output format is chosen for improved performance.
      transformed_dataset, transform_fn = (
          raw_dataset | tft_beam.AnalyzeAndTransformDataset(
              preprocessing_fn, output_record_batches=True))

      # Transformed metadata is not necessary for encoding.
      transformed_data, _ = transformed_dataset

      # Extract transformed RecordBatches, encode and write them to the given
      # directory.
      # TODO(b/223384488): Switch to `RecordBatchToExamplesEncoder`.
      _ = (
          transformed_data
          | 'EncodeTrainData' >>
          beam.FlatMapTuple(lambda batch, _: RecordBatchToExamples(batch))
          | 'WriteTrainData' >> beam.io.WriteToTFRecord(
              os.path.join(working_dir, TRANSFORMED_TRAIN_DATA_FILEBASE)))

      # Now apply transform function to test data.  In this case we remove the
      # trailing period at the end of each line, and also ignore the header line
      # that is present in the test data file.
      test_csv_tfxio = tfxio.CsvTFXIO(
          file_pattern=test_data_file,
          skip_header_lines=1,
          telemetry_descriptors=[],
          column_names=ORDERED_CSV_COLUMNS,
          schema=SCHEMA)
      raw_test_data = (
          pipeline
          | 'ReadTestCsv' >> test_csv_tfxio.BeamSource())

      raw_test_dataset = (raw_test_data, test_csv_tfxio.TensorAdapterConfig())

      # The TFXIO output format is chosen for improved performance.
      transformed_test_dataset = (
          (raw_test_dataset, transform_fn)
          | tft_beam.TransformDataset(output_record_batches=True))

      # Transformed metadata is not necessary for encoding.
      transformed_test_data, _ = transformed_test_dataset

      # Extract transformed RecordBatches, encode and write them to the given
      # directory.
      _ = (
          transformed_test_data
          | 'EncodeTestData' >>
          beam.FlatMapTuple(lambda batch, _: RecordBatchToExamples(batch))
          | 'WriteTestData' >> beam.io.WriteToTFRecord(
              os.path.join(working_dir, TRANSFORMED_TEST_DATA_FILEBASE)))

      # Will write a SavedModel and metadata to working_dir, which can then
      # be read by the tft.TFTransformOutput class.
      _ = (
          transform_fn
          | 'WriteTransformFn' >> tft_beam.WriteTransformFn(working_dir))

"""
Explanation: Syntax
You're almost ready to put everything together and use <a target='_blank' href='https://beam.apache.org/'>Apache Beam</a> to run it.
Apache Beam uses a <a target='_blank' href='https://beam.apache.org/documentation/programming-guide/#applying-transforms'>special syntax to define and invoke transforms</a>.  For example, in this line:
result = pass_this | 'name this step' &gt;&gt; to_this_call
The method to_this_call is being invoked and passed the object called pass_this, and <a target='_blank' href='https://stackoverflow.com/questions/50519662/what-does-the-redirection-mean-in-apache-beam-python'>this operation will be referred to as name this step in a stack trace</a>.  The result of the call to to_this_call is returned in result.  You will often see stages of a pipeline chained together like this:
result = apache_beam.Pipeline() | 'first step' &gt;&gt; do_this_first() | 'second step' &gt;&gt; do_this_last()
and since that started with a new pipeline, you can continue like this:
next_result = result | 'doing more stuff' &gt;&gt; another_function()
Transform the data
Now we're ready to start transforming our data in an Apache Beam pipeline.

Read in the data using the tfxio.CsvTFXIO CSV reader (to process lines of text in a pipeline use tfxio.BeamRecordCsvTFXIO instead).
Analyse and transform the data using the preprocessing_fn defined above.
Write out the result as a TFRecord of Example protos, which we will use for training a model later
End of explanation
"""


import tempfile
import pathlib

output_dir = os.path.join(tempfile.mkdtemp(), 'keras')


transform_data(train_path, test_path, output_dir)

"""
Explanation: Run the pipeline:
End of explanation
"""


tf_transform_output = tft.TFTransformOutput(output_dir)

tf_transform_output.transformed_feature_spec()

"""
Explanation: Wrap up the output directory as a tft.TFTransformOutput:
End of explanation
"""


!ls -l {output_dir}

"""
Explanation: If you look in the directory you'll see it contains three things:

The train_transformed and test_transformed data files
The transform_fn directory (a tf.saved_model)
The transformed_metadata 

The followning sections show how to use these artifacts to train a model.
End of explanation
"""


def _make_training_input_fn(tf_transform_output, train_file_pattern,
                            batch_size):
  """An input function reading from transformed data, converting to model input.

  Args:
    tf_transform_output: Wrapper around output of tf.Transform.
    transformed_examples: Base filename of examples.
    batch_size: Batch size.

  Returns:
    The input data for training or eval, in the form of k.
  """
  def input_fn():
    return tf.data.experimental.make_batched_features_dataset(
        file_pattern=train_file_pattern,
        batch_size=batch_size,
        features=tf_transform_output.transformed_feature_spec(),
        reader=tf.data.TFRecordDataset,
        label_key=LABEL_KEY,
        shuffle=True)

  return input_fn

train_file_pattern = pathlib.Path(output_dir)/f'{TRANSFORMED_TRAIN_DATA_FILEBASE}*'

input_fn = _make_training_input_fn(
    tf_transform_output=tf_transform_output,
    train_file_pattern = str(train_file_pattern),
    batch_size = 10
)

"""
Explanation: Using our preprocessed data to train a model using tf.keras
To show how tf.Transform enables us to use the same code for both training and serving, and thus prevent skew, we're going to train a model.  To train our model and prepare our trained model for production we need to create input functions.  The main difference between our training input function and our serving input function is that training data contains the labels, and production data does not.  The arguments and returns are also somewhat different.
Create an input function for training
Running the pipeline in the previous section created TFRecord files containing the the transformed data.
The following code uses tf.data.experimental.make_batched_features_dataset and tft.TFTransformOutput.transformed_feature_spec to read these data files as a tf.data.Dataset:
End of explanation
"""


for example, label in input_fn().take(1):
  break

pd.DataFrame(example)

label

"""
Explanation: Below you can see a transformed sample of the data. Note how the numeric columns like education-num and hourd-per-week are converted to floats with a range of [0,1], and the string columns have been converted to IDs:
End of explanation
"""


def build_keras_model(working_dir):
  inputs = build_keras_inputs(working_dir)

  encoded_inputs = encode_inputs(inputs)

  stacked_inputs = tf.concat(tf.nest.flatten(encoded_inputs), axis=1)
  output = tf.keras.layers.Dense(100, activation='relu')(stacked_inputs)
  output = tf.keras.layers.Dense(50, activation='relu')(output)
  output = tf.keras.layers.Dense(2)(output)
  model = tf.keras.Model(inputs=inputs, outputs=output)

  return model

def build_keras_inputs(working_dir):
  tf_transform_output = tft.TFTransformOutput(working_dir)

  feature_spec = tf_transform_output.transformed_feature_spec().copy()
  feature_spec.pop(LABEL_KEY)

  # Build the `keras.Input` objects.
  inputs = {}
  for key, spec in feature_spec.items():
    if isinstance(spec, tf.io.VarLenFeature):
      inputs[key] = tf.keras.layers.Input(
          shape=[None], name=key, dtype=spec.dtype, sparse=True)
    elif isinstance(spec, tf.io.FixedLenFeature):
      inputs[key] = tf.keras.layers.Input(
          shape=spec.shape, name=key, dtype=spec.dtype)
    else:
      raise ValueError('Spec type is not supported: ', key, spec)

  return inputs

def encode_inputs(inputs):
  encoded_inputs = {}
  for key in inputs:
    feature = tf.expand_dims(inputs[key], -1)
    if key in CATEGORICAL_FEATURE_KEYS:
      num_buckets = tf_transform_output.num_buckets_for_transformed_feature(key)
      encoding_layer = (
          tf.keras.layers.CategoryEncoding(
              num_tokens=num_buckets, output_mode='binary', sparse=False))
      encoded_inputs[key] = encoding_layer(feature)
    else:
      encoded_inputs[key] = feature
  
  return encoded_inputs

model = build_keras_model(output_dir)

tf.keras.utils.plot_model(model,rankdir='LR', show_shapes=True)

"""
Explanation: Train, Evaluate the model
Build the model
End of explanation
"""


def get_dataset(working_dir, filebase):
  tf_transform_output = tft.TFTransformOutput(working_dir)

  data_path_pattern = os.path.join(
      working_dir,
      filebase + '*')
  
  input_fn = _make_training_input_fn(
      tf_transform_output,
      data_path_pattern,
      batch_size=BATCH_SIZE)
  
  dataset = input_fn()

  return dataset

"""
Explanation: Build the datasets
End of explanation
"""


def train_and_evaluate(
    model,
    working_dir):
  """Train the model on training data and evaluate on test data.

  Args:
    working_dir: The location of the Transform output.
    num_train_instances: Number of instances in train set
    num_test_instances: Number of instances in test set

  Returns:
    The results from the estimator's 'evaluate' method
  """
  train_dataset = get_dataset(working_dir, TRANSFORMED_TRAIN_DATA_FILEBASE)
  validation_dataset = get_dataset(working_dir, TRANSFORMED_TEST_DATA_FILEBASE)

  model = build_keras_model(working_dir)

  history = train_model(model, train_dataset, validation_dataset)

  metric_values = model.evaluate(validation_dataset,
                                 steps=EVALUATION_STEPS,
                                 return_dict=True)
  return model, history, metric_values

def train_model(model, train_dataset, validation_dataset):
  model.compile(optimizer='adam',
                loss=tf.losses.CategoricalCrossentropy(from_logits=True),
                metrics=['accuracy'])

  history = model.fit(train_dataset, validation_data=validation_dataset,
      epochs=TRAIN_NUM_EPOCHS,
      steps_per_epoch=STEPS_PER_TRAIN_EPOCH,
      validation_steps=EVALUATION_STEPS)
  return history

model, history, metric_values = train_and_evaluate(model, output_dir)

plt.plot(history.history['loss'], label='Train')
plt.plot(history.history['val_loss'], label='Eval')
plt.ylim(0,max(plt.ylim()))
plt.legend()
plt.title('Loss');

"""
Explanation: Train and evaluate the model:
End of explanation
"""


def read_csv(file_name, batch_size):
  return tf.data.experimental.make_csv_dataset(
        file_pattern=file_name,
        batch_size=batch_size,
        column_names=ORDERED_CSV_COLUMNS,
        column_defaults=COLUMN_DEFAULTS,
        prefetch_buffer_size=0,
        ignore_errors=True)

for ex in read_csv(test_path, batch_size=5):
  break

pd.DataFrame(ex)

"""
Explanation: Transform new data
In the previous section the training process used the hard-copies of the transformed data that were generated by tft_beam.AnalyzeAndTransformDataset in the transform_dataset function. 
For operating on new data you'll need to load final version of the preprocessing_fn that was saved by tft_beam.WriteTransformFn. 
The TFTransformOutput.transform_features_layer method loads the preprocessing_fn SavedModel from the output directory.
Here's a function to load new, unprocessed batches from a source file:
End of explanation
"""


ex2 = ex.copy()
ex2.pop('fnlwgt')

tft_layer = tf_transform_output.transform_features_layer()
t_ex = tft_layer(ex2)

label = t_ex.pop(LABEL_KEY)
pd.DataFrame(t_ex)

"""
Explanation: Load the tft.TransformFeaturesLayer to transform this data with the preprocessing_fn:
End of explanation
"""


ex2 = pd.DataFrame(ex)[['education', 'hours-per-week']]
ex2

pd.DataFrame(tft_layer(dict(ex2)))

"""
Explanation: The tft_layer is smart enough to still execute the transformation if only a subset of features are passed in. For example, if you only pass in two features, you'll get just the transformed versions of those features back:
End of explanation
"""


class Transform(tf.Module):
  def __init__(self, working_dir):
    self.working_dir = working_dir
    self.tf_transform_output = tft.TFTransformOutput(working_dir)
    self.tft_layer = tf_transform_output.transform_features_layer()
  
  @tf.function
  def __call__(self, features):
    raw_features = {}

    for key, val in features.items():
      # Skip unused keys
      if key not in RAW_DATA_FEATURE_SPEC:
        continue

      raw_features[key] = val

    # Apply the `preprocessing_fn`.
    transformed_features = tft_layer(raw_features)
    
    if LABEL_KEY in transformed_features:
      # Pop the label and return a (features, labels) pair.
      data_labels = transformed_features.pop(LABEL_KEY)
      return (transformed_features, data_labels)
    else:
      return transformed_features


transform = Transform(output_dir)

t_ex, t_label = transform(ex)

pd.DataFrame(t_ex)

"""
Explanation: Here's a more robust version that drops features that are not in the feature-spec, and returns a (features, label) pair if the label is in the provided features:
End of explanation
"""


model.evaluate(
    read_csv(test_path, batch_size=5).map(transform),
    steps=EVALUATION_STEPS,
    return_dict=True
)

"""
Explanation: Now you can use Dataset.map to apply that transformation, on the fly to new data:
End of explanation
"""


class ServingModel(tf.Module):
  def __init__(self, model, working_dir):
    self.model = model
    self.working_dir = working_dir
    self.transform = Transform(working_dir)

  @tf.function(input_signature=[tf.TensorSpec(shape=[None], dtype=tf.string)])
  def __call__(self, serialized_tf_examples):
    # parse the tf.train.Example
    feature_spec = RAW_DATA_FEATURE_SPEC.copy()
    feature_spec.pop(LABEL_KEY)
    parsed_features = tf.io.parse_example(serialized_tf_examples, feature_spec)
    # Apply the `preprocessing_fn`
    transformed_features = self.transform(parsed_features)
    # Run the model
    outputs = self.model(transformed_features)
    # Format the output
    classes_names = tf.constant([['0', '1']])
    classes = tf.tile(classes_names, [tf.shape(outputs)[0], 1])
    return {'classes': classes, 'scores': outputs}

  def export(self, output_dir):
    # Increment the directory number. This is required in order to make this
    # model servable with model_server.
    save_model_dir = pathlib.Path(output_dir)/'model'
    number_dirs = [int(p.name) for p in save_model_dir.glob('*')
                  if p.name.isdigit()]
    id = max([0] + number_dirs)+1
    save_model_dir = save_model_dir/str(id)

    # Set the signature to make it visible for serving.
    concrete_serving_fn = self.__call__.get_concrete_function()
    signatures = {'serving_default': concrete_serving_fn}

    # Export the model.
    tf.saved_model.save(
        self,
        str(save_model_dir),
        signatures=signatures)
    
    return save_model_dir

"""
Explanation: Export the model
So you have a trained model, and a method to apply the preporcessing_fn to new data. Assemble them into a new model that accepts serialized tf.train.Example protos as input.
End of explanation
"""


serving_model = ServingModel(model, output_dir)

serving_model(serialized_example_batch)

"""
Explanation: Build the model and test-run it on the batch of serialized examples:
End of explanation
"""


saved_model_dir = serving_model.export(output_dir)
saved_model_dir

"""
Explanation: Export the model as a SavedModel:
End of explanation
"""


reloaded = tf.saved_model.load(str(saved_model_dir))
run_model = reloaded.signatures['serving_default']

run_model(serialized_example_batch)

"""
Explanation: Reload the the model and test it on the same batch of examples:
End of explanation
"""


def _make_training_input_fn(tf_transform_output, transformed_examples,
                            batch_size):
  """Creates an input function reading from transformed data.

  Args:
    tf_transform_output: Wrapper around output of tf.Transform.
    transformed_examples: Base filename of examples.
    batch_size: Batch size.

  Returns:
    The input function for training or eval.
  """
  def input_fn():
    """Input function for training and eval."""
    dataset = tf.data.experimental.make_batched_features_dataset(
        file_pattern=transformed_examples,
        batch_size=batch_size,
        features=tf_transform_output.transformed_feature_spec(),
        reader=tf.data.TFRecordDataset,
        shuffle=True)

    transformed_features = tf.compat.v1.data.make_one_shot_iterator(
        dataset).get_next()

    # Extract features and label from the transformed tensors.
    transformed_labels = tf.where(
        tf.equal(transformed_features.pop(LABEL_KEY), 1))

    return transformed_features, transformed_labels[:,1]

  return input_fn

"""
Explanation: What we did
In this example we used tf.Transform to preprocess a dataset of census data, and train a model with the cleaned and transformed data.  We also created an input function that we could use when we deploy our trained model in a production environment to perform inference.  By using the same code for both training and inference we avoid any issues with data skew.  Along the way we learned about creating an Apache Beam transform to perform the transformation that we needed for cleaning the data. We also saw how to use this transformed data to train a model using tf.keras.  This is just a small piece of what TensorFlow Transform can do!  We encourage you to dive into tf.Transform and discover what it can do for you.
[Optional] Using our preprocessed data to train a model using tf.estimator

Warning: Estimators are not recommended for new code.  Estimators run
<a href="https://www.tensorflow.org/api_docs/python/tf/compat/v1/Session"><code>v1.Session</code></a>-style code which is more difficult to write correctly, and
can behave unexpectedly, especially when combined with TF 2 code. Estimators
do fall under our
compatibility guarantees, but will
receive no fixes other than security vulnerabilities. See the
migration guide for details.

<!-- <div class="tfo-display-only-on-site"><devsite-expandable>
  <button type="button" class="button-red button expand-control">Show Section</button> -->

Create an input function for training
End of explanation
"""


def _make_serving_input_fn(tf_transform_output):
  """Creates an input function reading from raw data.

  Args:
    tf_transform_output: Wrapper around output of tf.Transform.

  Returns:
    The serving input function.
  """
  raw_feature_spec = RAW_DATA_FEATURE_SPEC.copy()
  # Remove label since it is not available during serving.
  raw_feature_spec.pop(LABEL_KEY)

  def serving_input_fn():
    """Input function for serving."""
    # Get raw features by generating the basic serving input_fn and calling it.
    # Here we generate an input_fn that expects a parsed Example proto to be fed
    # to the model at serving time.  See also
    # tf.estimator.export.build_raw_serving_input_receiver_fn.
    raw_input_fn = tf.estimator.export.build_parsing_serving_input_receiver_fn(
        raw_feature_spec, default_batch_size=None)
    serving_input_receiver = raw_input_fn()

    # Apply the transform function that was used to generate the materialized
    # data.
    raw_features = serving_input_receiver.features
    transformed_features = tf_transform_output.transform_raw_features(
        raw_features)

    return tf.estimator.export.ServingInputReceiver(
        transformed_features, serving_input_receiver.receiver_tensors)

  return serving_input_fn

"""
Explanation: Create an input function for serving
Let's create an input function that we could use in production, and prepare our trained model for serving.
End of explanation
"""


def get_feature_columns(tf_transform_output):
  """Returns the FeatureColumns for the model.

  Args:
    tf_transform_output: A `TFTransformOutput` object.

  Returns:
    A list of FeatureColumns.
  """
  # Wrap scalars as real valued columns.
  real_valued_columns = [tf.feature_column.numeric_column(key, shape=())
                         for key in NUMERIC_FEATURE_KEYS]

  # Wrap categorical columns.
  one_hot_columns = [
      tf.feature_column.indicator_column(
          tf.feature_column.categorical_column_with_identity(
              key=key,
              num_buckets=(NUM_OOV_BUCKETS +
                  tf_transform_output.vocabulary_size_by_name(
                      vocab_filename=key))))
      for key in CATEGORICAL_FEATURE_KEYS]

  return real_valued_columns + one_hot_columns

"""
Explanation: Wrap our input data in FeatureColumns
Our model will expect our data in TensorFlow FeatureColumns.
End of explanation
"""


def train_and_evaluate(working_dir, num_train_instances=NUM_TRAIN_INSTANCES,
                       num_test_instances=NUM_TEST_INSTANCES):
  """Train the model on training data and evaluate on test data.

  Args:
    working_dir: Directory to read transformed data and metadata from and to
        write exported model to.
    num_train_instances: Number of instances in train set
    num_test_instances: Number of instances in test set

  Returns:
    The results from the estimator's 'evaluate' method
  """
  tf_transform_output = tft.TFTransformOutput(working_dir)

  run_config = tf.estimator.RunConfig()

  estimator = tf.estimator.LinearClassifier(
      feature_columns=get_feature_columns(tf_transform_output),
      config=run_config,
      loss_reduction=tf.losses.Reduction.SUM)

  # Fit the model using the default optimizer.
  train_input_fn = _make_training_input_fn(
      tf_transform_output,
      os.path.join(working_dir, TRANSFORMED_TRAIN_DATA_FILEBASE + '*'),
      batch_size=BATCH_SIZE)
  estimator.train(
      input_fn=train_input_fn,
      max_steps=TRAIN_NUM_EPOCHS * num_train_instances / BATCH_SIZE)

  # Evaluate model on test dataset.
  eval_input_fn = _make_training_input_fn(
      tf_transform_output,
      os.path.join(working_dir, TRANSFORMED_TEST_DATA_FILEBASE + '*'),
      batch_size=1)

  # Export the model.
  serving_input_fn = _make_serving_input_fn(tf_transform_output)
  exported_model_dir = os.path.join(working_dir, EXPORTED_MODEL_DIR)
  estimator.export_saved_model(exported_model_dir, serving_input_fn)

  return estimator.evaluate(input_fn=eval_input_fn, steps=num_test_instances)

"""
Explanation: Train, Evaluate, and Export our model
End of explanation
"""


import tempfile
temp = temp = os.path.join(tempfile.mkdtemp(),'estimator')

transform_data(train_path, test_path, temp)
results = train_and_evaluate(temp)

pprint.pprint(results)

"""
Explanation: Put it all together
We've created all the stuff we need to preprocess our census data, train a model, and prepare it for serving.  So far we've just been getting things ready.  It's time to start running!
Note: Scroll the output from this cell to see the whole process.  The results will be at the bottom.
End of explanation
"""


