Elwira Lisowska

Professor Elwira Lisowska (born May 6, 1930) is a Polish biochemist. She made significant contributions to the biochemistry of human blood groups, especially MNS and P1PK blood group systems, and to the immunochemical characterization of glycopeptide antigens.
Early life and education.
Lisowska was born in Przemyśl. She studied chemistry at the Wrocław University of Science and Technology. As a student she became interested in biomedical research, and worked with Tadeusz Baranowski in the Department of Physiological Chemistry. She moved to the Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy where she started to work on blood group antigens. She earned her doctoral degree in 1962, and in the years 1969-1970 she spent one year as a post-dotoral fellow at Massachusetts General Hospital, where she worked with Roger W. Jeanloz. 
Research and career.
For many years Lisowska worked on the M and N antigens. She identified that these antigens were carried by the glycosylated protein of the erythrocyte membrane called glycophorins. At first it was understood that the M and N antigens had carbohydrate character, but later it emerged that there were differences in amino acid sequence of polypeptide chain. Lisowska was the first to show that there was a difference between the amino acid residues at positions 1 and 5 of M and N antigens.
Beyond her work on M and N antigens, Lisowska solved the mystery of NOR polyagglutination, elucidated the structure of NOR antigen, which is the cause of NOR polyagglutination and a member of the human P1PK antigen system. and showed that the NOR antigen is recognized by antibodies present in most of human sera. In addition, she showed that carcinoembryonic antigen forms dimers in solution and was the first to demonstrate that human Band 3 anion transport protein is proteolytically degraded during the lifespan of erythrocyte. She characterized several lectins, including "Vicia graminea" lectin which is specific for human N blood group antigen, described novel methods of lectin modifications and proved that they are valuable tools in glycoconjugate research. She participated in elucidation of structure and function of glycans from human glycophorin A and glycophorin C. She obtained and characterized several monoclonal antibodies recognizng M and N blood group antigens, as well as other fragments of glycophorin A. These studies were important in characterization of antigenic properties of human glycophorins. 
She became head of Laboratory of Tissue Immunochemistry (later Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Immunochemistry) at the Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy in 1973. In 1980 she became full professor. In the years 1992–2000 she was deputy director of the Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy. She was a promoter of 9 Ph.D. theses. Elwira Lisowska served also as editor of the journal "Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis" (1980–2016), "European Journal of Biochemistry" (1979–1987), "Glycoconjugate Journal" (1984–1990), "Acta Biochimica Polonica" (1977–2015), and "Advances of Clinical and Experimental Medicine" (2000–2003). In 2001 Elwira Lisowska retired from the Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy.