Battle of the North Cape

The Battle of the North Cape was a Second World War naval battle which occurred on 26 December 1943, as part of the Arctic campaign. , on an operation to attack Arctic Convoys of war materiel from the Western Allies to the Soviet Union, was brought to battle and sunk by the Royal Navy – the battleship with cruisers and destroyers including an onslaught from the of the exiled Royal Norwegian Navy – off Norway's North Cape.
The battle was the last between big-gun capital ships in the war between Britain and Germany. The British victory confirmed the massive strategic advantage held by the British, at least in surface units. It was also the second-to-last engagement between battleships, the last being the Battle of Surigao Strait in October 1944.
Background.
Since August 1941, the western Allies had run convoys of ships from the United Kingdom and Iceland to the northern ports of the Soviet Union to provide essential supplies for their war effort on the Eastern Front. These endured much hardship, frequently attacked by German naval and air forces stationed in occupied Norway. A key concern were German "Kriegsmarine" battleships such as the and "Scharnhorst". Even the threat of these ships' presence was enough to cause disastrous consequences for the convoys, such as Convoy PQ 17 that was scattered and mostly sunk by German forces after false reports of the "Tirpitz" sailing to intercept them. To ward off the threat of Germany's capital ships in the Arctic and with a high level of success escort convoys, the Royal Navy had to outlay great assets.
Operation Ostfront was an attempt by the German "Kriegsmarine" to intercept the expected Arctic convoys. In late December 1943, there was a Russia-bound convoy JW 55B consisting of 19 cargo vessels under the command of the Commodore, retired Rear-Admiral Maitland Boucher, accompanied by a close escort of two destroyers, and , among others, and an ocean escort of eight Home Fleet destroyers led by . Also in the area was convoy RA 55A, returning to the United Kingdom from Russia, consisting of 22 cargo ships, accompanied by a close escort of two destroyers and four other vessels, and an ocean escort of six Home Fleet destroyers led by . It had arrived safely at Murmansk with its normal escorts and the additional protection by Force 1, commanded by Vice Admiral Robert Burnett, consisting of the cruiser , the flagship, and the cruisers and .
Escorting the convoys to Russia was the responsibility of the Home Fleet and its commander-in-chief, Admiral Sir Bruce Fraser. Fraser wished to neutralize "Scharnhorst", a major threat to the convoys, and planned a confrontation over Christmas 1943 in which convoy JW 55B would be used to draw the enemy out. Fraser expected and hoped that "Scharnhorst" would attempt to attack JW 55B. At a conference of the captains of the ships in his force Fraser described his plan to intercept "Scharnhorst" at a position between the convoy and the enemy's Norwegian base. He would then approach the enemy to within in the Arctic night, illuminate "Scharnhorst" with star shell, and open fire using .
Convoy JW 55B had left Loch Ewe on 20 December and was sighted two days later by a "Luftwaffe" aircraft which commenced shadowing. By 23 December it was clear to the British from intelligence reports that the convoy had been sighted and was being shadowed by enemy aircraft. Fraser then put to sea with Force 2 consisting of his flagship the battleship , the cruiser and S-class destroyers , , , and of the exiled Royal Norwegian Navy. Fraser was anxious not to discourage "Scharnhorst" from leaving its base, so did not approach before it was necessary to do so. As JW 55B and its escorts approached the area of greatest danger on the same day, the 23rd, travelling slowly eastward off the coast of north Norway, Burnett and Force 1 set out westward from Murmansk while Fraser with Force 2 approached at moderate speed from the west. On 25 December, "Scharnhorst" (under Captain Fritz Hintze) with the s , , , and left Norway's Altafjord under the overall command of "Konteradmiral" Erich Bey. "Scharnhorst" set course for the convoy's reported position as a south-westerly gale developed.
Battle.
Fraser received confirmation from the Admiralty in the early hours of 26 December that "Scharnhorst" was at sea and searching for convoy JW 55B. The stormy weather had resulted in the grounding of all "Luftwaffe" reconnaissance planes. With no ability to search for the British ships from the air and heavy seas hampering the movement of his ships, Rear Admiral Bey was unable to locate the convoy. Despite a German U-boat spotting the convoy and reporting its position, Bey was still not able to make contact with the British ships. Thinking he had overshot the enemy, he detached his destroyers and sent them southward to increase the search area, and the destroyers subsequently lost contact with their flagship. Admiral Fraser, preparing for the German attack, had diverted the returning empty convoy RA 55A northward, out of the area in which it was expected, and ordered JW 55B to reverse course to allow him to close. He later ordered four of the destroyers with RA 55A; , , and , to detach and join him.
The now unescorted "Scharnhorst" encountered Burnett's Force 1 shortly after 09:00. "Belfast" was the first ship to obtain radar contact on "Scharnhorst", and the British cruisers rapidly closed the range. At a distance of nearly , the British cruisers opened fire and "Scharnhorst" responded with her own salvoes. While no hits were scored on the British ships, the German battleship was struck twice, with one shell destroying the forward Seetakt radar controls and leaving "Scharnhorst" virtually blind in a mounting snowstorm. Without radar, gunners aboard the German battleship were forced to aim at the enemy's muzzle flashes. This was made more difficult because two of the British cruisers were using a new flashless propellant, leaving "Norfolk" the relatively easier target. Bey, believing he had engaged a battleship, turned south in an attempt to distance himself from the pursuers and perhaps draw them away from the convoy.
"Scharnhorst's" superior speed allowed Bey to shake off his pursuers, after which he turned northeast in an attempt to circle round them and attack the undefended convoy. Burnett, instead of giving chase in sea conditions that were limiting his cruisers' speed to , correctly guessed Bey's intentions and positioned Force 1 so as to protect the convoy. It was a decision that he had some personal doubts about as it would result in the cruisers losing contact with "Scharnhorst", and the decision was criticised by some of the British force's other officers but supported by Fraser. To Burnett's relief, shortly after noon, "Scharnhorst" was once again detected by the cruiser's radars as it attempted to approach the convoy. As fire was again exchanged, "Scharnhorst" scored two hits on "Norfolk" with 11-inch shells, disabling a turret and her radar. Burnett's destroyers were also unable to get close enough to "Scharnhorst" to launch a torpedo attack on the German ship. Following this exchange, Bey decided to return to port, while he ordered his destroyers to attack the convoy at a position reported by the U-boat earlier in the morning. The reported position was out-of-date, and the destroyers missed the convoy.
"Scharnhorst" ran south for several hours, once again taking advantage of its superior speed. Burnett pursued, but both "Sheffield" and "Norfolk" suffered engine problems and were forced to drop back, leaving the outgunned "Belfast" as the sole pursuer and dangerously exposed for a while. The lack of working radar aboard "Scharnhorst" prevented the Germans from taking advantage of the situation, allowing "Belfast" to reacquire the German ship on her radar set. Unbeknownst to Bey, his ship was now sailing into a trap, with Admiral Fraser's main force steaming towards "Scharnhorst's" position and perfectly placed to intercept the fleeing German ship. With "Belfast" sending a constant stream of radio signals on the "Scharnhorst's" position, the battleship "Duke of York" battled through the rough seas to reach the German ship. Fraser sent his four escorting destroyers to press ahead and try to get into torpedo-launching positions. The main British force soon picked up "Scharnhorst" on radar at 16:15 and were maneuvering to bring a full broadside to bear. At 16:17 "Scharnhorst" was detected by "Duke of York"s Type 273 radar at a range of 45,500 yards (41,500 m) and by 16:32 "Duke of York"s Type 284 radar indicated that the range had closed to 29,700 yards (27,700 m).
At 16:48, "Belfast" fired star shells to illuminate "Scharnhorst". "Scharnhorst", unprepared with her turrets trained fore and aft, was clearly visible from "Duke of York". "Duke of York" opened fire at a range of and scored a hit on the first salvo, disabling "Scharnhorst"s foremost turrets ("Anton" and "Bruno"), while another salvo destroyed the ship's aeroplane hangar. Bey turned north, but was engaged by the cruisers "Norfolk" and "Belfast", and turned east at a high speed of . "Scharnhorst" was now being engaged on one side by "Duke of York" and "Jamaica" while Burnett's cruisers engaged from the other side. The Germans took continuing heavy punishment from "Duke of York's" 14-inch shells, and at 17:24 a desperate Bey signalled to Germany "am surrounded by heavy units".
Bey was able to put some more distance between "Scharnhorst" and the British ships to increase his prospects of success. Two 11-inch shells from one of her salvoes passed through the masts of the "Duke of York", severing all the wireless aerials, and, more serious still, the wires leading from the radar scanner to the Type 284 gunnery control radar set. These hits could not have been known to Bey, and Lt H. R. K. Bates RNVR climbed the mast and managed to repair the broken wires. "Scharnhorst"'s fortunes took a dramatic turn for the worse at 18:20 when a shell fired by "Duke of York" at extreme range pierced her belt armor and destroyed the No. 1 boiler room. "Scharnhorst"s speed dropped to only , and though immediate repair work allowed it to recover to , "Scharnhorst" was now vulnerable to torpedo attacks by the destroyers. Five minutes later, Bey sent his final radio message to the German naval command: "We will fight on until the last shell is fired." At 18:50 "Scharnhorst" turned to starboard to engage the destroyers "Savage" and "Saumarez", but this allowed "Scorpion" and the Norwegian destroyer "Stord" to attack with torpedoes, scoring one hit on the starboard side. As "Scharnhorst" continued to turn to avoid the torpedoes, "Savage" and "Saumarez" scored three hits on her port side. "Saumarez" was hit several times by "Scharnhorst"s secondary armament and suffered 11 killed and 11 wounded.
Due to the torpedo hits, "Scharnhorst"s speed again fell to , allowing "Duke of York" to rapidly close the range. With "Scharnhorst" illuminated by starshells "hanging over her like a chandelier", "Duke of York" and "Jamaica" resumed fire, at a range of only . At 19:15, "Belfast" joined in from the north. The British vessels subjected the German ship to a deluge of shells, and the cruisers "Jamaica" and "Belfast" fired their remaining torpedoes at the slowing target. "Scharnhorst"s end came when the British destroyers "Opportune", "Virago", "Musketeer" and "Matchless" fired a further 19 torpedoes at her. Wracked with hits and unable to flee, "Scharnhorst" finally capsized and sank at 19:45 on 26 December, her propellers still turning, at an estimated position of . She was later identified and filmed at . Of her total complement of 1,968, only 36 were pulled from the frigid waters, 30 by "Scorpion" and six by "Matchless". Neither Rear Admiral Bey nor Captain Hintze were among those rescued (although both were reported seen in the water after the ship sank), nor were any other officers. "Scorpion" tried to rescue Bey but he foundered. British casualties, in contrast, were relatively light with only 21 killed and 11 wounded. The majority of British casualties occurred on "Saumarez", with 11 of the destroyer's sailors being killed as the ship attempted to close with "Scharnhorst". HMS "Norfolk" suffered most of the remaining casualties with seven of her men being killed while the destroyer "Scorpion" also had one of its men missing in action. Fraser ordered the force to proceed to Murmansk, making a signal to the Admiralty: "Scharnhorst sunk", to which the reply came: "Grand, well done."
Aftermath.
Later in the evening of 26 December, Admiral Fraser briefed his officers on board "Duke of York": "Gentlemen, the battle against "Scharnhorst" has ended in victory for us. I hope that if any of you are ever called upon to lead a ship into action against an opponent many times superior, you will command your ship as gallantly as "Scharnhorst" was commanded today". After the battle Admiral Fraser sent the following message to the Admiralty: "... Please convey to the C-in-C Norwegian Navy. "Stord" played a very daring role in the fight and I am very proud of her...". In an interview in The "Evening News" on 5 February 1944 the commanding officer of HMS "Duke of York", Captain Guy Russell, said: "... the Norwegian destroyer "Stord" carried out the most daring attack of the whole action...".
The loss of "Scharnhorst" demonstrated the vital importance of radar in modern naval warfare. While the German battleship should have been able to outgun all of her opponents save the battleship "Duke of York", the early loss of radar-assisted fire control combined with the problem of inclement weather left her at a significant disadvantage. "Scharnhorst" was straddled by 31 of the 52 radar-fire-controlled salvoes fired by "Duke of York". In the aftermath of the battle, the "Kriegsmarine" commander, "Großadmiral" Karl Dönitz remarked, "Surface ships are no longer able to fight without effective radar equipment."
The sinking of the "Scharnhorst" was a major victory for the Allied war effort in the Arctic theater and further altered the strategic balance at sea in their favour. The Battle of the North Cape took place only a few months after the successful Operation Source, which had severely damaged the German battleship "Tirpitz" as she lay at anchor in Norway. With "Scharnhorst" destroyed and Germany's other battleships out of service, the Allies were now for the first time in the war free from the threat of German battleships raiding their convoys in the Arctic and Atlantic. This would allow the Allies to reallocate their naval resources that had been previously tied up to counter the threat of the German 'fleet in being'. This would prove to be the final battle of battleships in European waters and was one of few major surface ship-on-ship battles in the Second World War without air support.