Convoy QS-33

Convoy QS 33 was a trade convoy of merchant ships during the Second World War. It was one of the numbered QS Convoys from Québec to Sydney. The convoy was attacked in the early months of the Battle of the St. Lawrence, in the St. Lawrence River and Gulf of St. Lawrence, when German U-boats were making ad hoc forays deep into Canadian waters. The convoy was found on 6 September 1942 by , which then destroyed two ships from the convoy while destroyed three.
Background.
The March 1942 St. Lawrence Conference reviewed plans for Quebec-Sydney convoys for defence against U-boats in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the St. Lawrence River as well as establishing a base at Gaspé, Quebec for the St. Lawrence patrol force, named Gaspé Force. However, by Spring 1942 the only deterrent active within the St. Lawrence were air patrols. In early May, the first U-boat arrived in the St. Lawrence, . It entered the Gulf of St. Lawrence and sank two merchant vessels.
Following the attacks, all independent sailings were cancelled and the QS-SQ convoy system was adopted. As a result of merchant ship losses in the Atlantic Ocean, many slow lake freighters, vessels built for shipping on the Great Lakes, had been brought into service supplying St. Lawrence ports. The large number of slow ships prevented the adoption of slow and fast convoys of merchants, making all the convoys uniform in speed with a maximum of . This did not stop U-boat attacks as sank three ships of QS-15 on 6 July. One ship was damaged in QS-19 by "U-132" on 20 July and sank the US troopship "Chatham" on 27 August, followed by sinking a merchant vessel in Forteau Bay.
Ships in the convoy.
Allied merchant ships.
A total of eight merchant vessels joined the convoy, either in Quebec City or later in the short voyage. The convoy comprised eight merchant vessels, split into two columns of four. The convoy departed from Bic Island, Quebec in the afternoon of 6 September. "Aeas" was transporting a load of timber and steel bound for the United Kingdom. "Mount Pindus" and "Mount Taygetus" were loaded with general cargo and had tanks lashed on deck for the United Kingdom. "Oakton" was carrying coal from Sandusky, Ohio bound for Corner Brook, Newfoundland.
Convoy escort.
Having learned from attacks in Canadian waters during the early weeks of the Battle of the St. Lawrence, a series of armed military ships escorted the convoy at various times during its short journey. The corvette "Arrowhead", with the escort commander, Commander E.G. Skinner aboard and the minesweeper "Truro" were positioned port and starboard respectively of the lead merchant vessel. The motor launch "Q-083" was situated in front of the convoy while "Q-065" was positioned astern of the last merchant ship. Further to the naval escort, three Hudson light bombers operating from the airfield at Mont-Joli provided air cover during daylight hours.
Battle.
As the convoy passed with sight of the lighthouse at Cap-Chat, Quebec on 6 September, the convoy entered an area of reduced visibility and came under attack by the , which had been shadowing the convoy. Waiting until after darkness had fallen, the submarine targeted "Aeas" first launching torpedoes around 23:00. "Aeas" was positioned at the northernmost merchant position in the convoy in the front row. Two torpedoes stuck the merchant vessel amidships, one in the fuel bunker, the other in the #3 hold. In response to the torpedo strike, "Arrowhead" went to full speed and began firing star shells. "Truro" began searching along the presumed path of the torpedo, finding nothing. "Truro"s asdic malfunctioned the night before the attack and was not fully operational and "Q-083"s asdic set had failed a few hours before the attack. As "Aeas" sank, the cold river water poured over the vessel's hot boilers, causing them to explode. "Aeas" sank in four minutes, roughly northwest of Cap-Chat. Four vessels of the convoy scattered after the explosion, seeking shelter in the shallower waters closer to shore. "Truro" was nearly hit by the fleeing merchants and was forced to take evasive action. "Arrowhead" too, retraced the suspected paths of the torpedo. Finding nothing, the corvette dropped four sets of depth charges. However, the German submarine had already moved on. After 40 minutes of searching "Arrowhead" returned to the site of "Aeas" sinking and stopped to retrieve survivors. "Raccoon" screened the corvette during the operation. After 30 minutes spent recovering the remaining crew of the merchant vessel, "Arrowhead" returned to position at the head of convoy and "Raccoon" took up position astern of the convoy on the port side. 29 of 31 of "Aeas" crew were recovered. By 0100 on 7 September, "Arrowhead" had returned to its position at the head of convoy.
At 0210, two detonations and a short blast of a whistle were heard throughout the convoy. The escorts believed that it was "Raccoon" dropping depth charges on a suspected contact. "Q-065" later reported seeing two columns of white water out in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. "Arrowhead" turned and sailed to "Raccoon"s position in the convoy defence but found no trace of the ship in the poor visibility and "Raccoon" was not equipped with a radio-telephone. Unable to find the ship, "Arrowhead" broke off the search as convoy escort took precedence and returned to its position at the head of the convoy.
The convoy sailed on until after daybreak, when the convoy was picked up again by a U-boat, this time "U-517". Poor weather that morning prevented a planned air search of the area of "Raccoon"s disappearance. The corvette was dispatched to perform a sea search. On 7 September, "Oakton" which had been one of the merchants that had fled the convoy during the attack on "Aeas", was found by an patrolling aircraft travelling along the coast of Gaspé. The aircraft ordered the merchant to rejoin the convoy. Not knowing where the convoy was, "Q-083" was sent to escort the merchant back to the convoy.
"U-517" took nearly the whole day to manoeveure itself into position after picking up transmissions of success against the convoy by "U-165". By 15:00, rain had reduced visibility again and air cover was withdrawn. During that time, the minesweeper , escorting the merchant "Sarnolite", were ordered to join with the convoy. At 17:15, off Gaspé point, "U-517" let the convoy pass over him before firing three torpedoes at three merchants which were sailing close to each other. The torpedoes struck the merchants "Mount Pindus", "Oakton" and "Mount Taygetus" in rapid succession. Within 15 minutes of the torpedoing, all three merchants had sunk. "Q-083" recovered 78 survivors in total from the three ships, later landing them in Gaspé. The other escorts, including "Vegreville" began dropping depth charges in an effort to prevent "U-517" from targeting the last ship of the convoy "Bencas". They made no contact with "U-517"; however, in an effort to draw off the escorts, "U-517" launched a "pillenwerfer", an underwater-launched noise maker meant to hide the U-boat from the asdic operators. "U-517" suffered some damage to the outer hull from the depth charge attack, but made its escape. At 16:55 "Arrowhead" ordered the Fairmile motor launches to pick up survivors. "Bencas" was sent on to Gaspé escorted by "Truro" and "Sarnolite" by "Vegreville". "Arrowhead" continued to search for the submarine in the approaches to Gaspé, supported by the Fairmiles and later joined by two aircraft, the minesweeper and corvettes and . "Arrowhead" and the Fairmiles returned to Gaspé at 20:30.
After the survivors were offloaded, the convoy was supposed to continue on to Sydney. However, the captain of "Bencas" refused to sail at night. Early on 8 September "Sarnolite" sailed with "Vegreville" for Sydney, followed by "Bencas" with "Arrowhead" and "Truro" after dawn. The convoy arrived at Sydney on 10 September.
Aftermath.
Beginning on 8 September, Gaspé Command intensified patrols in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Twelve warships combed the waters of the Gaspé Passage until 10 September. RCAF Eastern Air Command sent out 46 patrols over the Gulf over the three days. No. 113 Squadron RCAF dispatched three Hudson light bombers to establish themselves at the training airfield at Chatham, New Brunswick. The improved coverage of the Gulf provided immediate results when a Hudson spotted a U-boat south of the eastern tip of Anticosti Island. The Hudson strafed and depth charged the U-boat, causing no damage. The attack on "U-165" drove the submarine west, into the St. Lawrence River.
Further naval reinforcements were assigned to convoys in the Gulf of St. Lawrence as a result of the attacks. The escort of QS-33 had not proved strong enough, leading the Royal Canadian Navy to order two British s assigned to the Western Local Escort Force into the Gulf. They were equipped with improved radar and could locate submarines with greater ease. The sailing of QS-34 was delayed to allow for the arrival of the first destroyer. "Raccoon"s loss was declared on 10 September after all efforts to find and contact the vessel had been exhausted. Public knowledge of the sinking would not happen until 13 September, and even then, the public was not told where "Raccoon" had disappeared. Records later showed that "U-165" claimed to have sunk "Raccoon". Fragments of the ship and one body later washed up on shore. 
The two German submarines continued to sink ships in the Gulf and St. Lawrence River, sinking the corvette on 11 September and on 15 and 16 September, three merchant vessels were sunk and a further two damaged. These losses and QS-33 contributed to the Canadian government's decision to close the Gulf and St. Lawrence River to overseas shipping. On 9 September, the Canadian government informed their Allies that all overseas shipping bound for ports on the St. Lawrence River be diverted to Saint John, New Brunswick, Sydney or Halifax, Nova Scotia. Furthermore, the government intended to shut down the QS series of convoys within two weeks.