Roger Bushell

Squadron Leader Roger Joyce Bushell (30 August 1910 – 29 March 1944) was a South African-born British military aviator. He is best known as the mastermind of the "Great Escape" from Stalag Luft III in 1944, but was one of the men recaptured and subsequently murdered by the Gestapo.
Birth and early life.
Bushell was born in Springs, Transvaal, South Africa, on 30 August 1910 to English parents, Benjamin Daniel and Dorothy Wingate Bushell (née White). His father, a mining engineer, had emigrated to the country from Britain and he used his wealth to ensure that Roger received a first class education. He was first schooled in Johannesburg, then aged 14 went to Wellington College in Berkshire, England. In 1929, Bushell then went to Pembroke College, Cambridge, to study law.
Keen on pursuing non-academic interests from an early age, Bushell excelled in rugby and cricket and skied for Cambridge in races between 1930 and 1932, captaining the team in 1931.
Skiing.
One of Bushell's passions and talents was skiing: in the early 1930s he was declared the fastest Briton in the male downhill category. After the war he had a black run named after him in St. Moritz, Switzerland, in memory of his efforts to organise the Swiss-Anglo ski meetings. He additionally won the slalom event of the annual Oxford-Cambridge ski race in 1931.
At an event in Canada, Bushell had an accident in which one of his skis narrowly missed his left eye, leaving him with a gash in the corner of it. Although he recovered from this accident, he developed a dark drooping in his left eye as a result of scarring from his stitches.
Bushell became fluent in French and German, with a good accent, which became extremely useful during his time as a prisoner of war.
Career.
RAF Auxiliary and legal career.
Despite his sporting prospects, one of Bushell's primary wishes was to fly. In 1932 he joined No. 601 Squadron Auxiliary Air Force (AAF), which was often referred to as "The Millionaires' Mob" because of the number of wealthy young men who paid their way solely to learn how to fly during training days (often on weekends). He was commissioned on 10 August 1932 and promoted to flying officer on 10 February 1934, and flight lieutenant on 20 July 1936.
Although Bushell was pursuing a career with the RAF, he was not hampered in his attempts to become a barrister-at-Law of Lincolns Inn, London. From the outset of his legal career, many commented on his ability as a lawyer, particularly in criminal defence. After a period, Bushell was appointed to military cases in prosecuting RAF personnel charged with various offences. These often involved pilots charged with dangerous flying. In October 1939, acting as assistant to Sir Patrick Hastings, he successfully defended two RAF pilots, John Freeborn and Paddy Byrne, court martialled after the friendly fire incident known as the Battle of Barking Creek. Byrne would later be incarcerated
with Bushell at Stalag Luft III.
Regular military career.
Bushell was given command of No. 92 Squadron in October 1939. His promotion to squadron leader was confirmed on 1 January 1940. During the squadron's first engagement with enemy aircraft on 23 May 1940, while on a patrol near Calais, to assist with the Dunkirk evacuation, he was credited with damaging two Messerschmitt Bf 110 fighter aircraft of ZG 26 before being shot down himself, probably by future ace "Oberleutnant" Günther Specht. He crash-landed his Spitfire on German-occupied ground and was captured before he had a chance to hide.
Bushell became a prisoner of war and was sent to the Dulag Luft transit camp near Frankfurt with all the other captured aircrew.
Prisoner of war.
On arrival at Stalag Luft, he was made part of the permanent British staff under the senior British officer Wing Commander Harry Day. The permanent staff's duty was to help newly captured Allied aircrew to adjust to life as a prisoner of war.
Escape, which was regarded as an important duty of all prisoners of war of officer rank, was never far from his mind and, fortunately, he was in good company with Day and Fleet Air Arm pilot Jimmy Buckley. Day placed Buckley in charge of escape operations, with Bushell as his deputy. The three of them formed the escape committee responsible for all escape attempts.
First escape.
The permanent staff of the camp started several escape tunnels, one of which was completed in May 1941. Bushell was given a place in the tunnel, but elected to escape on the same day as the tunnel break by cutting through the wire surrounding a small park in the camp grounds. His decision for not using the tunnel was to allow him an earlier get away, thus enabling him to catch a particular train.
The exact date of the escape is not known, but is believed to have occurred in June 1941. Bushell hid in a goat shed in the camp grounds and, soon as it was dark enough, he crawled to the wire and made good his escape.
Bushell was recaptured on the Swiss border, only a few hundred yards from freedom, by a German border guard. He was treated well and returned to Dulag Luft before being transferred to Stalag Luft I with all the 17 others who had escaped in the tunnel (including Day and Buckley).
Bushell was at Stalag Luft I for only a short period before being transferred to Oflag X-C at Lübeck. At this camp, he participated in the construction of another tunnel, but this was abandoned unfinished when the camp was evacuated.
Second escape.
All British and Commonwealth officer POWs were removed from the camp on 8 October 1941 and were entrained for transfer to Oflag VI-B at Warburg.
During the night of 8/9 October 1941, the train stopped briefly in Hannover, where Bushell and Czechoslovak Pilot Officer Jaroslav Zafouk jumped from the train and escaped, unnoticed at the time by the German guards. Earlier in the journey, six other officers had escaped by jumping off the train while it was moving slowly; one was immediately recaptured and one officer was killed when he fell under the wheels.
Bushell and Zafouk made their way to Prague in occupied Czechoslovakia. Using Zafouk's contacts, they made contact with the Zeithammel family - Otto, his son, Otokar, and his daughter, Blazena - who were known to the Czech underground movement. The two airmen stayed with the Zeithammels in their apartment in the Smichov area of the city while the family tried to make arrangements for their onward journey. Bushell and Zafouk remained with the family for nearly eight months, and Bushell developed a relationship with Blazena. In mid-May 1942 the RAF officers were betrayed by a former Czech soldier called Miroslav Kraus, who had had an affair with Blazena some years previously and was working as a Gestapo informer. The RAF officers were arrested on May 19, and questioned at Gestapo headquarters, a building known as the Petschek Palace. Bushell was then sent to Stalag Luft III at Sagan, while Zafouk continued to be held in Prague.
After the assassination of Reinhard Heydrich, leading light of the SS acting Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia, in Prague on May 27, Bushell was taken from the cells at Stalag Luft 111 to Berlin for further questioning by the Gestapo who suspected his involvement in the killing of Heydrich. He was returned to Sagan in October but told he would be sick if he ever fell into the Gestapo's hands again. Zafouk also underwent further questioning in Prague and was eventually sent to Oflag IV-C at Colditz. The Zeithammels were shot with other members of the Czech underground on June 30. 
At Stalag Luft III, Bushell took over control of the escape organisation from Jimmy Buckley, who was being transferred to another camp in Poland. Known as "Big X", he masterminded the building of three big tunnels known as Tom, Dick and Harry, the production and accumulation of escape material, the introduction of layers of security, and the gathering of military intelligence, which was sent to London in coded letters. Burning with hatred after witnessing the terror and suffering inflicted by the Nazis in occupied Prague, and the methods of the Gestapo at first hand, he was determined to wage war from within the camp and strike back at the Germans. In what became popularly known as #The "Great Escape"|"Great Escape"]], he planned to disrupt the Nazi war effort by getting 250 men out in one night.
The Great Escape
In the spring of 1943, Bushell masterminded a plot for a major escape from the camp. Being held in the north compound where British airmen were housed, Bushell as commander of the escape committee channelled the escape effort into probing for weaknesses and looking for opportunities. Falling back on his legal background to represent his scheme, Bushell called a meeting of the escape committee in the camp and not only shocked those present with its scope, but injected into every man a passionate and driven determination to put every energy into the escape. He declared,
The simultaneous digging of these tunnels would become an advantage if any one of them were discovered by the Germans because the guards would scarcely imagine that another two could be well under way. The most radical aspect of the plan was not merely the scale of the construction, but also the sheer number of men that Bushell intended to pass through these tunnels. Previous attempts had involved the escape of anything up to a dozen or twenty men, but Bushell was proposing to get over 200 out, all of whom would be wearing civilian clothes and possessing a complete range of forged papers and escape equipment. It was an unprecedented undertaking and would require unparalleled organisation. As the mastermind of the Great Escape, Bushell inherited the codename of "Big X". The tunnel "Tom" began in a darkened corner of a hall in one of the buildings. "Harry"'s entrance was hidden under a stove. The entrance to "Dick" had a concealed entrance in a drainage sump. More than 600 prisoners were involved in their construction.
Tom was discovered in August 1943 when nearing completion. Bushell also organised another mass breakout, which occurred on 12 June 1943. This became known as the Delousing Break, when 26 officers escaped by leaving the camp under escort with two fake guards (POWs disguised as guards) supposedly to go to the showers for delousing in the neighbouring compound. All but two were later recaptured and returned to the camp, with the remaining two officers being sent to Oflag IV-C at Colditz for attempting to steal an aircraft.
After the discovery of Tom, construction on Harry was halted. but it resumed in January 1944. On the evening of 24 March, after months of preparation, 200 officers prepared to escape. But things did not go as planned, with only 76 officers managing to get clear of the camp.
Roger and his partner Bernard Scheidhauer, among the first few to leave the tunnel, successfully boarded a train at Sagan railway station. They were caught the next day at Saarbrücken railway station, waiting for a train to Alsace, which had been annexed from France by Germany in 1871, but had since been returned to France after the First World War.
On March 29 under the pretext of being driven back to a prison camp, the car carrying Bushell and Scheidhauer stopped for a rest break at the side of the autobahn near Ramstein, Germany (just outside today's Ramstein Air Base). It was during this stop that they were murdered by members of the Gestapo, including Emil Schulz, helped by others. This was a breach of the Geneva Convention and thus constituted a war crime. The perpetrators were later tried and executed by the Allies. Fifty of the 76 escapees were killed in the Stalag Luft III murders on the personal orders of Adolf Hitler.
Roger Bushell is buried at the Poznan Old Garrison Cemetery (Coll. grave 9. A.) in Poznań, Poland.
Bushell was posthumously mentioned in despatches on 8 June 1944 for his services as a POW. This award was recorded in the "London Gazette" dated 13 June 1946.
Memorials.
Bushell Green in Bushey is named in his honour, one of a number of streets in the area named after Battle of Britain pilots.
Bushell's name also appears on the war memorial in Hermanus, South Africa, where his parents spent their last years and where they were buried.
In 2017, a memorial was erected close to the location of his murder outside what is now Ramstein Air Base.
In 1934, Bushell had fallen in love with Georgiana Curzon, but her father forced her into an unhappy marriage with someone else. For years after Bushell's death, Curzon placed an "In Memoriam" advertisement in "The Times" of London on his birthday, saying "Love is Immortal, Georgie". Words in similar vein are referred to in an article in The Times in 2013, by Simon Pearson, about Bushell's lovers. Pearson remarked that he had some years before, while working at The Times, come:

Stuart Threipland

Stuart Threipland MD, FRCPE (18 May 17161805) was a Scottish physician. He was the son of Sir David Threipland, the second baronet of Fingask and, like his father, was an active Jacobite. After qualifying MD from the University of Edinburgh in 1742 he became a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh (RCPE) two years later. In 1745 he joined Prince Charles Edward Stuart in the Jacobite rising. He became physician-in-chief to the prince and stayed with the army throughout the campaign. After the Jacobite defeat at Culloden in April 1746 he went into exile in France but was able to return to Scotland under the Act of Indemnity (1747). When his father died in 1746 he succeeded to become "de jure" the third baronet of Fingask but was technically unable to use the title which had been forfeited by his father because of his support for the Jacobite cause. He practised as a physician in Edinburgh and was elected president of the RCPE in 1766. In 1783 he was able to buy back most of the family estates in Fingask and Kinnaird which had been confiscated from his father in 1715.
Early life.
He was born in Fingask Castle to Sir David Threipland, Bart. (1666–1746), second baronet of Fingask, Perthshire, and his wife Katharine (née Smythe). At the time the castle was occupied by Hanoverian troops, and his father was in hiding nearby. His father had been an active supporter of the 1715 Jacobite Rising, during which he had been captured by the government army but had escaped and gone into hiding. His family estates were confiscated, and he was stripped of his baronetcy. Stuart Threipland studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh and in 1737 became one of the founder members of the Medical Society of Edinburgh, later the Royal Medical Society. He graduated as a Doctor of Medicine in 1742, and in 1744 he became a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh (FRCPE) and began practice as a physician in the city.
Service in the 1745 Jacobite Rising.
Threipland came from a staunchly Jacobite family, and his forename, spelt "Stuart", was a mark of the family's devotion to that cause. When Prince Charles Edward Stuart raised his standard at Glenfinnan on 19 August 1745, he and his brother David joined his army. David Threipland died of a gunshot wound at the Battle of Prestonpans in September 1745. Stuart Threipland remained with the prince throughout the campaign becoming his physician-in-chief. He was with the Jacobite army as they marched south as far as Derby, remaining with them on the retreat north into Scotland, and he was present at the Battle of Culloden. After the defeat at Culloden he went into hiding with the prince in the Highlands of Scotland. On one occasion they hid in a cave in Badenoch, where Threipland cared for another Jacobite fugitive and doctor Archibald Cameron of Locheil, who was later captured and hanged at Tyburn for his part in the rising. Assuming the disguise of a Presbyterian minister Threipland reached Edinburgh. There he changed his disguise to that of a printer's devil or apprentice and made his way to England. From there he escaped to France, where he joined Prince Charles Edward in exile in Paris.
Later life.
He was able to return to Scotland in 1747 or 1748 under the Act of Indemnity of 1747. He resumed his practice as a physician in Edinburgh and was elected president of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh on 4 December 1766. When his father died in 1746 he became d"e jure" the third baronet of Fingask but was technically unable to use the title during his lifetime. He lived at Fountain Close, close to the site of the first Hall of the Royal College of Physicians, and from 1771 in Chessel's Court in the Canongate. In later years he spent his summers at his villa at Moredun, south of Edinburgh and the winter months at his apartment in Horse Wynd, off the Canongate. Later he stayed at the Bishop's Land, a large dwelling in the High Street. His practice was a successful one and enabled him in 1783 to buy back most of the family estates in Fingask and Kinnaird that had been confiscated in 1715.
He died at Edinburgh in 1805.
Family.
He married his first wife, Janet Sinclair, in 1753, and after her death he married Janet Budge-Murray in 1761. When Stuart Threipland died in 1805, Patrick, the eldest of their six children, inherited the baronetcy, and the title was formally restored in 1826 by Act of Parliament.
Threipland's medicine chest.
The medicine chest is thought to have been given to Threipland by Prince Charles Edward Stuart. The later provenance of the chest has been documented. Threipland donated it to the surgeon Alexander Wood (1725–1807), and his son Dr George Wood left it to a Dr John Smith. He presented it to the RCPE. It is 10 inches square. The chest contains 147 preparations, most of which are in glass bottles. These include "gums, ointments, powders, balsams and pills". When the chest was in use medicine was dominated by the theory of humours. This involved the use of purgatives, emetics, and enemas, and many of the preparations in the chest are intended to produce such effects. Most of the preparations are vegetable-based, but the increasing use of chemically based drugs in the mid-18th century is demonstrated by the presence of "borax, potassium acid tartarate, dilute sulphuric acid, calamine, zinc oxide and lead acetate". In addition to the drugs, there were compartments for mortar and pestle, scales with weights, scissors, forceps, spatula, suturing needles, paper, and pens.