Jefimija

Jefimija (, ; 1349–1405), secular name Jelena Mrnjavčević (Serbian Cyrillic: Јелена Мрњавчевић, ), daughter of Vojihna and widow of Jovan Uglješa Mrnjavčević, is considered the first female Serbian poet. Her "Lament for a Dead Son" and "Encomium of Prince Lazar" are famous in the canon of medieval Serbian literature. The lament, a strictly feminine form of lyric, is common to South Slavic languages (called "tužbalice" in Serbian), and long narrative laments are intimately connected with heroic epic songs (e.g. Yarsolavna's lament in "The Tale of Igor's Campaign").
Biography.
Her secular name was Jelena. She was a daughter of "Kesar" Vojihna of Drama, and the wife of Jovan Uglješa Mrnjavčević, another medieval Serbian feudal lord. She is a tragic and majestic figure in Serbian history of the Mrnjavčević family. She was raised at the court of her father, who was one of the chief officers of the crown. Vojihna took part in the equitable jurisdiction of the exchequer, and was styled not merely as king's treasurer or treasurer of the exchequer, but as "kesar" (equivalent to lord high treasurer) and officer of the exchequer. (A holder of the post of "kesar" would be the third highest ranked great officer of the state, below "Despot" and "Sevastokrator"). Her father secured a proper education for Jelena.
The tragic events in her life seem to have the source of inspiration for her literary compositions, which were engraved on the golden backs of icons or embroidered on shrouds and church curtains rather than written on parchment of paper. The premature death of her infant son Uglješa, which came shortly after the death of her father Vojihna, signaled the beginning of the tragedies which were to befall her. The child was buried together with his grandfather at the Serbian Hilandar Monastery on Mount Athos, in Greece, where women were prohibited to enter. The Serbian monastery was far from the city of Serres where Jelena resided at the court of Despot Jovan Uglješa, her husband. Unable to visit the grave of her son, she engraved her lament on the back of a diptych, a two-panel icon, which the Bishop of Serres Teodosije had presented as a baptismal gift to the infant Uglješa. The precious piece of art, already valuable because of the gold, precious stones, and beautiful wood carving, became priceless after Jelena's lament was engraved on its back. The beauty of that lament is in its simplicity and its restrained and dignified, yet quite evident, maternal sorrow. The young mother admits that she cannot help grieving. What was intended to be a prayer for the deceased child became the confession of a mother unable to conceal her inner pain for her newborn. Engraved on the icons depicting Mother and Son, Jelena's lament for Uglješa immortalized the sorrow of all mothers mourning their deceased children.
The Battle of Maritsa.
The year 1371 brought another tragedy to Jelena's life. Her husband Jovan Uglješa, together with his brothers Vukašin Mrnjavčević and Gojko Mrnjavčević, gathered their armies in order to try to stop the Ottoman threat rising in the Balkans. They met the Turks at Maritsa river; and in the ensuing Battle of Maritsa, two of the Mrnjavčević brothers, as well as the major part of their armies, were killed. Unfortunately, a contemporary historical account of the battle is missing. According to legend, Vukašin was surprised by the greatly outnumbered Turks and decided to camp for the night before battle. The Osmanlis waited and attacked the Serbian camps in a night raid and managed to achieve victory against all odds. The Turkish invasion of Raška and other Serbian feudal provinces was postponed, but at a high cost - the deaths of Jovan Uglješa and his brother.
Jelena's personal tragedy was augmented by national tragedy. At twenty-two, she was already a widow—helpless and unconsolable. She had to leave the court in Serres and move to the city of Kruševac, the capital of Raška at that time, where she accepted hospitality of the court of Prince Lazar Hrebeljanović and his wife Milica Hrebeljanović. Shortly before moving to Kruševac, Jelena became a nun and took the name of Jefimija.
While at the court of Lazar Hrebeljanović, Jefemija, who seems to have been skilled in the art of embroidery, embroidered a curtain which she sent to the monastery of Hilandar as her gift. The text embroidered on the curtain is not Jefimija's original composition, but a combination of passages from the prayers of Symeon the New Theologian on Holy Communion, Symeon the Metaphrast, and Saint John Chrysostom. It is a large, beautifully embroidered, and ornamented curtain which is still treasured at the Hilandar Monastery at Mount Athos.
The Battle of Kosovo.
The tragic Battle of Maritsa in 1371 was but a prelude to the fateful confrontation between the invading Turkish forces, led by Sultan Murad I, and the Serbian warriors, led by Prince Lazar, which took place in 1389 on the field of Kosovo. The Battle of Kosovo can best be described as a draw, as the two leaders were killed and their armies decimated, or as a defeat for the Serbs, who were unable to recover from it for years to come. For the Serbs, the Battle of Kosovo marked the beginning of almost five centuries of Ottoman and Habsburg occupation of Serbian lands. Jefemija's host and protector, Prince Lazar, was beheaded at the order of Murad's son Bayezid I. Once more, Jefimija's sorrow was augmented by national tragedy through the loss of her beloved and respected friend. She expressed her grief through art: she embroidered a shroud for Lazar's coffin. On that shroud, she embroidered a poetic text of original creation in which she addressed the saint-martyr directly rather than God, as was customary. This shroud was completed in 1402.
In 1405, shortly before her death, Jefimija embroidered an epitaphion. In the text, the Mother laments her Son, indicating the possibility that Jefimija was actually thinking again of her own deceased son while working on this embroidery, her last:
Jefimija's literary compositions are characterized by her use of the first person and by her expression of concrete and personal sorrow and anxiety rather than abstraction.
This unhappy mother and unfortunate wife, who was able to convert her sorrow into beautiful art, died about 1405.
Legacy.
She is included in The 100 most prominent Serbs.